Unnamed: 0
int64 0
350k
| ApplicationNumber
int64 9.75M
96.1M
| ArtUnit
int64 1.6k
3.99k
| Abstract
stringlengths 7
8.37k
| Claims
stringlengths 3
292k
| abstract-claims
stringlengths 68
293k
| TechCenter
int64 1.6k
3.9k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3,000 | 14,524,381 | 1,715 | A coated article and a method for producing a coating are disclosed. The method for producing a coating includes providing an iron-based alloy substrate, and depositing a protective coating over a surface of the iron-based alloy substrate. The protective coating includes a cobalt-chromium-based coating material having at least one anodic element distributed therein. The at least one anodic element being anodic to the iron-based alloy substrate. Another method for producing a coating includes providing an iron-based alloy substrate, depositing an underlayer including at least one anodic element over a surface of the iron-based alloy substrate, and depositing a top coat including a cobalt-chromium-based coating material over the underlayer. The at least one anodic element being anodic to the iron-based alloy substrate. The coated article includes a protective coating having at least one anodic element distributed therein deposited over a surface of an iron-based alloy substrate. | 1. A method for producing a coating, comprising:
providing an iron-based alloy substrate; and depositing a protective coating over a surface of the iron-based alloy substrate, the protective coating comprising a cobalt-chromium-based coating material having at least one anodic element distributed therein; wherein the at least one anodic element is anodic to the iron-based alloy substrate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one anodic element is selected from the group consisting of elemental aluminum, elemental zinc, and combinations thereof. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising combining the cobalt-chromium-based coating material and the at least one anodic element prior to the depositing of the protective coating. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the depositing of the protective coating is selected from the group consisting of cold spraying, thermal spraying, and combinations thereof. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one anodic element is deposited separately from the cobalt-chromium-based coating material. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the at least one anodic element is deposited by vapor deposition. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the vapor deposition is selected from the group consisting of chemical vapor deposition, electron beam vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and combinations thereof. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising depositing the protective coating to a thickness of between 3 and 4 mils. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one anodic element comprises particles having an angular flattened anodic geometry. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein a composition of the cobalt-chromium-based coating material comprises, in weight percent:
between about 27% and about 32% chromium; between about 4% and about 6% tungsten; between about 0.9% and about 1.4% carbon; up to about 3% nickel; up to about 3% iron; up to about 3% silicon; up to about 2% manganese; up to about 1.5% molybdenum; and a balance essentially cobalt and incidental impurities. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition of the cobalt-chromium-based coating material comprises, in weight percent:
between about 29.8% and about 30.2% chromium; between about 5.9% and about 6.1% tungsten; between about 1.05% and about 1.15% silicon; between about 1.4% and about 1.5% carbon; between about 0.5% and about 1.3% nickel; up to about 0.1% iron; up to about 0.1% manganese; between about 0.4% and about 0.6% molybdenum; and a balance essentially cobalt and incidental impurities. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition of the cobalt-chromium-based coating material comprises, in weight percent:
between about 29.8% and about 30.2% chromium; between about 6.9% and about 7.1% tungsten; between about 0.95% and about 1.05% silicon; between about 1.45% and about 1.55% carbon; between about 4.1% and about 4.9% nickel; up to about 0.1% iron; up to about 0.5% manganese; between about 1.9% and about 2.1% molybdenum; and a balance essentially cobalt and incidental impurities. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein a volume fraction of the at least on anodic element comprises between about 10% and about 30%. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein a volume fraction of the at least one anodic element comprises between about 1.5% and about 14%. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the protective coating is substantially devoid of precipitates. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one anodic element in the protective coating decreases corrosion of the iron-based alloy substrate. 17. A method for producing a coating, comprising:
providing an iron-based alloy substrate; depositing an underlayer over a surface of the iron-based alloy substrate, the underlayer comprising at least one anodic element; and depositing a top coat over the underlayer, the top coat comprising a cobalt-chromium-based coating material; wherein the at least one anodic element is anodic to the iron-based alloy substrate. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the at least one anodic element is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, zinc, lithium, and combinations thereof. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising depositing the underlayer to a thickness of between 2 and 3 mils. 20. A coated article, comprising:
an iron-based alloy substrate; and a protective coating deposited over a surface of the iron-based alloy substrate, the protective coating comprising a cobalt-chromium-based coating material having at least one anodic element distributed therein; wherein the at least one anodic element is anodic to the iron-based alloy substrate; and wherein the protective coating including the at least one anodic element forms an anode with respect to the iron-based alloy substrate, the protective coating reducing galvanic corrosion of the iron-based alloy substrate. | A coated article and a method for producing a coating are disclosed. The method for producing a coating includes providing an iron-based alloy substrate, and depositing a protective coating over a surface of the iron-based alloy substrate. The protective coating includes a cobalt-chromium-based coating material having at least one anodic element distributed therein. The at least one anodic element being anodic to the iron-based alloy substrate. Another method for producing a coating includes providing an iron-based alloy substrate, depositing an underlayer including at least one anodic element over a surface of the iron-based alloy substrate, and depositing a top coat including a cobalt-chromium-based coating material over the underlayer. The at least one anodic element being anodic to the iron-based alloy substrate. The coated article includes a protective coating having at least one anodic element distributed therein deposited over a surface of an iron-based alloy substrate.1. A method for producing a coating, comprising:
providing an iron-based alloy substrate; and depositing a protective coating over a surface of the iron-based alloy substrate, the protective coating comprising a cobalt-chromium-based coating material having at least one anodic element distributed therein; wherein the at least one anodic element is anodic to the iron-based alloy substrate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one anodic element is selected from the group consisting of elemental aluminum, elemental zinc, and combinations thereof. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising combining the cobalt-chromium-based coating material and the at least one anodic element prior to the depositing of the protective coating. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the depositing of the protective coating is selected from the group consisting of cold spraying, thermal spraying, and combinations thereof. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one anodic element is deposited separately from the cobalt-chromium-based coating material. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the at least one anodic element is deposited by vapor deposition. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the vapor deposition is selected from the group consisting of chemical vapor deposition, electron beam vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and combinations thereof. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising depositing the protective coating to a thickness of between 3 and 4 mils. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one anodic element comprises particles having an angular flattened anodic geometry. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein a composition of the cobalt-chromium-based coating material comprises, in weight percent:
between about 27% and about 32% chromium; between about 4% and about 6% tungsten; between about 0.9% and about 1.4% carbon; up to about 3% nickel; up to about 3% iron; up to about 3% silicon; up to about 2% manganese; up to about 1.5% molybdenum; and a balance essentially cobalt and incidental impurities. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition of the cobalt-chromium-based coating material comprises, in weight percent:
between about 29.8% and about 30.2% chromium; between about 5.9% and about 6.1% tungsten; between about 1.05% and about 1.15% silicon; between about 1.4% and about 1.5% carbon; between about 0.5% and about 1.3% nickel; up to about 0.1% iron; up to about 0.1% manganese; between about 0.4% and about 0.6% molybdenum; and a balance essentially cobalt and incidental impurities. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition of the cobalt-chromium-based coating material comprises, in weight percent:
between about 29.8% and about 30.2% chromium; between about 6.9% and about 7.1% tungsten; between about 0.95% and about 1.05% silicon; between about 1.45% and about 1.55% carbon; between about 4.1% and about 4.9% nickel; up to about 0.1% iron; up to about 0.5% manganese; between about 1.9% and about 2.1% molybdenum; and a balance essentially cobalt and incidental impurities. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein a volume fraction of the at least on anodic element comprises between about 10% and about 30%. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein a volume fraction of the at least one anodic element comprises between about 1.5% and about 14%. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the protective coating is substantially devoid of precipitates. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one anodic element in the protective coating decreases corrosion of the iron-based alloy substrate. 17. A method for producing a coating, comprising:
providing an iron-based alloy substrate; depositing an underlayer over a surface of the iron-based alloy substrate, the underlayer comprising at least one anodic element; and depositing a top coat over the underlayer, the top coat comprising a cobalt-chromium-based coating material; wherein the at least one anodic element is anodic to the iron-based alloy substrate. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the at least one anodic element is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, zinc, lithium, and combinations thereof. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising depositing the underlayer to a thickness of between 2 and 3 mils. 20. A coated article, comprising:
an iron-based alloy substrate; and a protective coating deposited over a surface of the iron-based alloy substrate, the protective coating comprising a cobalt-chromium-based coating material having at least one anodic element distributed therein; wherein the at least one anodic element is anodic to the iron-based alloy substrate; and wherein the protective coating including the at least one anodic element forms an anode with respect to the iron-based alloy substrate, the protective coating reducing galvanic corrosion of the iron-based alloy substrate. | 1,700 |
3,001 | 14,770,696 | 1,783 | The present invention provides a network structure having excellent repeated compression durability, the network structure having a low repeated compression residual strain and a high hardness retention after repeated compression.
A network structure comprising a three-dimensional random loop bonded structure obtained by forming random loops with curling treatment of a continuous linear structure including a polyester-based thermoplastic elastomer and having a fineness of not less than 100 dtex and not more than 60000 dtex, and by making each loop mutually contact in a molten state, wherein the network structure has an apparent density of 0.005 g/cm 3 to 0.20 g/cm 3 , a 50%-constant displacement repeated compression residual strain of not more than 15%, and a 50%-compression hardness retention of not less than 85% after 50%-constant displacement repeated compression. | 1. A network structure comprising a three-dimensional random loop bonded structure obtained by forming random loops with curling treatment of a continuous linear structure including a polyester-based thermoplastic elastomer and having a fineness of not less than 100 dtex and not more than 60000 dtex, and by making each loop mutually contact in a molten state, wherein the network structure has an apparent density of 0.005 g/cm3 to 0.20 g/cm3, a 50%-constant displacement repeated compression residual strain of not more than 15%, and a 50%-compression hardness retention of not less than 85% after 50%-constant displacement repeated compression. 2. The network structure according to claim 1, wherein the network structure has a 25%-compression hardness retention of not less than 85% after 50%-constant displacement repeated compression. 3. The network structure according to claim 1, wherein the network structure has a thickness of not less than 10 mm and not more than 300 mm. 4. The network structure according to claim 1, wherein the cross section of the continuous linear structure that forms the network structure is a hollow cross section and/or a modified cross section. 5. The network structure according to claim 1, wherein the network structure has a hysteresis loss of not more than 28%. 6. The network structure according to claim 1, wherein the network structure has a number of bonding points per unit weight of 60/g to 500/g. 7. The network structure according to claim 1, wherein the 50%-compression hardness retention is not less than 90% after 50%-constant displacement repeated compression. | The present invention provides a network structure having excellent repeated compression durability, the network structure having a low repeated compression residual strain and a high hardness retention after repeated compression.
A network structure comprising a three-dimensional random loop bonded structure obtained by forming random loops with curling treatment of a continuous linear structure including a polyester-based thermoplastic elastomer and having a fineness of not less than 100 dtex and not more than 60000 dtex, and by making each loop mutually contact in a molten state, wherein the network structure has an apparent density of 0.005 g/cm 3 to 0.20 g/cm 3 , a 50%-constant displacement repeated compression residual strain of not more than 15%, and a 50%-compression hardness retention of not less than 85% after 50%-constant displacement repeated compression.1. A network structure comprising a three-dimensional random loop bonded structure obtained by forming random loops with curling treatment of a continuous linear structure including a polyester-based thermoplastic elastomer and having a fineness of not less than 100 dtex and not more than 60000 dtex, and by making each loop mutually contact in a molten state, wherein the network structure has an apparent density of 0.005 g/cm3 to 0.20 g/cm3, a 50%-constant displacement repeated compression residual strain of not more than 15%, and a 50%-compression hardness retention of not less than 85% after 50%-constant displacement repeated compression. 2. The network structure according to claim 1, wherein the network structure has a 25%-compression hardness retention of not less than 85% after 50%-constant displacement repeated compression. 3. The network structure according to claim 1, wherein the network structure has a thickness of not less than 10 mm and not more than 300 mm. 4. The network structure according to claim 1, wherein the cross section of the continuous linear structure that forms the network structure is a hollow cross section and/or a modified cross section. 5. The network structure according to claim 1, wherein the network structure has a hysteresis loss of not more than 28%. 6. The network structure according to claim 1, wherein the network structure has a number of bonding points per unit weight of 60/g to 500/g. 7. The network structure according to claim 1, wherein the 50%-compression hardness retention is not less than 90% after 50%-constant displacement repeated compression. | 1,700 |
3,002 | 14,590,501 | 1,792 | A system and method for processing shrimp and other shellfish species are disclosed. Embodiments of the disclosed system and method provide a shellfish product having a longer refrigerated shelf-life than experienced with conventional processing methods and the shellfish product produced retains more of its original sensory qualities, such as texture, flavor and odor, than is retained by current processing methods. | 1. A method of producing a shellfish having an extended shelf life comprising the steps:
pre-treating raw shellfish in a solution containing sodium tripolyphosphate or functionally equivalent additive(s); pre-cooking said shellfish at a temperature not higher than 190° F. for a time sufficient to coagulate fully the proteins in the shellfish and obtain a pre-cooked shellfish; immediately cooling the hot pre-cooked shellfish to a temperature to stop the cooking process; packaging the cooled shellfish product in a container conducive to rapid heat penetration and suitable to withstand pasteurization temperatures; filling the containers of pre-cooked shellfish with brine when using rigid or semi-rigid containers; seaming or sealing the containers of pre-cooked shellfish; pasteurizing the packaged shellfish product by heating the shellfish to a pasteurizing temperature not higher than a temperature of said pre-cooking step; and immediately cooling the pasteurized shellfish to stop the pasteurizing process. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein
said pre-cooking step comprises submersing the shellfish in a heated first brine solution to a temperature and for a sufficient time to pre-cook the shellfish product, where said first brine solution has a NaCl concentration of about 1.25 wt % to 2.0 wt %. 3. The method of claim 1, where
said pre-cooking step comprises soaking or dipping and holding, raw peeled or unpeeled shellfish in an unheated brine solution prior to cooking. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising
rinsing the pre-cooked shellfish product with a second brine solution having a salt concentration of 1.25 to 2.0 wt % NaCl after said cooling step and before packaging the shellfish in containers. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein
said pre-cooking step comprises cooking said shellfish after said soaking or dipping step in a high humidity atmosphere having a relative humidity of 85-100% at a temperature of 180° to 190° F. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein
said pre-cooking step comprises first soaking said raw shellfish in a salt solution of not higher that 2.0 wt % NaCl, or dipping raw shellfish in a salt solution of sufficient concentration and holding the shellfish sufficiently long so as to achieve similar uptake of NaCl by the shellfish and cooking in a high humidity atmosphere having relative humidity of 85% to 100% at a temperature of about 180° to 190° F. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein
said salt solution has a concentration of about 1.50 to 1.75 wt % NaCl. 8. The method of claim 4, wherein
said first brine solution for said pre-cooking step is maintained at a temperature within the range of 180° F. to 190° F., and said pasteurizing temperature is maintained within the range of 180° F. to 190° F., selected so that pasteurization temperature does not exceed cooking temperature. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein
said pre-cooked shellfish is cooled immediately after said pre-cooking step by immersing said hot pre-cooked shellfish into a first ice bath or refrigerated bath having a salt concentration between about 1.25 and 2.0 wt % NaCl and chilling said shellfish to a temperature of about 40° F. or below. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein
said container or rigid or semi-rigid containers contains a brine having a concentration between 1.25 and 2.0 wt % NaCl. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising
storing said pasteurized shellfish product at a temperature of 32° F. to 36° F. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein prior to said pre-treating step comprises
soaking said raw shellfish product in a solution containing one or more water retention additives selected from the group consisting of sodium tripolyphosphate, a food phosphate, a non-phosphate blend, sodium chloride, and mixtures thereof, wherein said solution has the functional equivalence of a sodium tripolyphosphate concentration of less than or equal to 4.0 wt %. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein
said soaking step is continued for less than about 20 minutes. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein
said shellfish is selected from the group consisting of shrimp. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein
said shellfish is selected from the group consisting of clams, mussels, scallops, squid and lobster. 16. A method of producing a refrigerated stable shellfish comprising the steps of:
precooking raw shellfish in a hot aqueous brine solution for a time sufficient to cook and fully coagulate protein in said shellfish, said aqueous solution being maintained at a temperature of about 180° F. to about 190° F. and having a NaCl concentration of about 1.25 wt % to 2.0 wt %; immediately cooling the shellfish in an aqueous cooling liquid having a NaCl concentration of about 1.25 wt % to about 2.0 wt %, packing the cooled shellfish in a container having a sufficient amount of a 1.25 wt % to 2.0 wt % aqueous brine solution to cover the shellfish, and sealing the container, heating said container and the shellfish and brine in the container to a temperature of not higher than the pre-cooking temperature for a time sufficient to pasteurize said shellfish and to obtain said refrigerator stable shellfish, and immediately cooling the pasteurized shellfish to stop the pasteurizing process. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising
rinsing said cooled shellfish prior to packaging with a rinse solution having a NaCl concentration of about 1.25 wt % to about 2.0 wt %. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising
treating said raw shellfish prior to said pre-cooking with an aqueous solution containing sodium chloride, sodium tripolyphosphate, mixtures thereof, or functionally equivalent water retention additives; 19. A system for processing and producing packaged shellfish comprising:
a pre-cooker consisting of either a controlled heated brine solution or a high humidity heated chamber having a humidity level above 85% relative humidity, for producing a pre-cooked shellfish; a first cooling apparatus containing a first ice bath or refrigerated bath and configured for receiving the pre-cooked shellfish directly from the pre-cooker, where said first ice bath or refrigerated water bath contains a brine solution having a concentration between 1.25 and 2.0 wt % NaCl for obtaining a cooled shellfish; a pasteurizing apparatus downstream of said first cooling apparatus and having an agitated hot water bath at a controlled temperature in the range of 180° F. to 190° F., said pasteurizing apparatus configured for rapidly heating said packaged, pre-cooked shellfish to a pasteurizing temperature for a time determined by a thermal process study; and a second cooling apparatus containing a second ice bath or refrigerated bath and configured for receiving said pasteurized containers of shellfish and rapidly cooling said shellfish. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein
said heated brine solution has a salt concentration of 1.25 to 2.0 wt % and said pre-cooker maintains said brine solution at a temperature of 180° F. to 190° F. 21. The system of claim 19, wherein
said shellfish is chilled to a temperature at or below 40° F. in said first cooling apparatus and said second cooling apparatus. 22. The system of claim 21, further comprising
a packaging apparatus downstream of said first cooling apparatus and configured for packaging said cooled, pre-cooked shellfish in a closed container having a length or width dimension that is larger than a height dimension. 23. The system of claim 21, wherein
at least one of said first and second cooling apparatus includes an agitation device that agitates the respective ice bath and provides rapid movement of uniform temperature cooling medium immediately adjacent to said shellfish product. | A system and method for processing shrimp and other shellfish species are disclosed. Embodiments of the disclosed system and method provide a shellfish product having a longer refrigerated shelf-life than experienced with conventional processing methods and the shellfish product produced retains more of its original sensory qualities, such as texture, flavor and odor, than is retained by current processing methods.1. A method of producing a shellfish having an extended shelf life comprising the steps:
pre-treating raw shellfish in a solution containing sodium tripolyphosphate or functionally equivalent additive(s); pre-cooking said shellfish at a temperature not higher than 190° F. for a time sufficient to coagulate fully the proteins in the shellfish and obtain a pre-cooked shellfish; immediately cooling the hot pre-cooked shellfish to a temperature to stop the cooking process; packaging the cooled shellfish product in a container conducive to rapid heat penetration and suitable to withstand pasteurization temperatures; filling the containers of pre-cooked shellfish with brine when using rigid or semi-rigid containers; seaming or sealing the containers of pre-cooked shellfish; pasteurizing the packaged shellfish product by heating the shellfish to a pasteurizing temperature not higher than a temperature of said pre-cooking step; and immediately cooling the pasteurized shellfish to stop the pasteurizing process. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein
said pre-cooking step comprises submersing the shellfish in a heated first brine solution to a temperature and for a sufficient time to pre-cook the shellfish product, where said first brine solution has a NaCl concentration of about 1.25 wt % to 2.0 wt %. 3. The method of claim 1, where
said pre-cooking step comprises soaking or dipping and holding, raw peeled or unpeeled shellfish in an unheated brine solution prior to cooking. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising
rinsing the pre-cooked shellfish product with a second brine solution having a salt concentration of 1.25 to 2.0 wt % NaCl after said cooling step and before packaging the shellfish in containers. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein
said pre-cooking step comprises cooking said shellfish after said soaking or dipping step in a high humidity atmosphere having a relative humidity of 85-100% at a temperature of 180° to 190° F. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein
said pre-cooking step comprises first soaking said raw shellfish in a salt solution of not higher that 2.0 wt % NaCl, or dipping raw shellfish in a salt solution of sufficient concentration and holding the shellfish sufficiently long so as to achieve similar uptake of NaCl by the shellfish and cooking in a high humidity atmosphere having relative humidity of 85% to 100% at a temperature of about 180° to 190° F. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein
said salt solution has a concentration of about 1.50 to 1.75 wt % NaCl. 8. The method of claim 4, wherein
said first brine solution for said pre-cooking step is maintained at a temperature within the range of 180° F. to 190° F., and said pasteurizing temperature is maintained within the range of 180° F. to 190° F., selected so that pasteurization temperature does not exceed cooking temperature. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein
said pre-cooked shellfish is cooled immediately after said pre-cooking step by immersing said hot pre-cooked shellfish into a first ice bath or refrigerated bath having a salt concentration between about 1.25 and 2.0 wt % NaCl and chilling said shellfish to a temperature of about 40° F. or below. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein
said container or rigid or semi-rigid containers contains a brine having a concentration between 1.25 and 2.0 wt % NaCl. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising
storing said pasteurized shellfish product at a temperature of 32° F. to 36° F. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein prior to said pre-treating step comprises
soaking said raw shellfish product in a solution containing one or more water retention additives selected from the group consisting of sodium tripolyphosphate, a food phosphate, a non-phosphate blend, sodium chloride, and mixtures thereof, wherein said solution has the functional equivalence of a sodium tripolyphosphate concentration of less than or equal to 4.0 wt %. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein
said soaking step is continued for less than about 20 minutes. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein
said shellfish is selected from the group consisting of shrimp. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein
said shellfish is selected from the group consisting of clams, mussels, scallops, squid and lobster. 16. A method of producing a refrigerated stable shellfish comprising the steps of:
precooking raw shellfish in a hot aqueous brine solution for a time sufficient to cook and fully coagulate protein in said shellfish, said aqueous solution being maintained at a temperature of about 180° F. to about 190° F. and having a NaCl concentration of about 1.25 wt % to 2.0 wt %; immediately cooling the shellfish in an aqueous cooling liquid having a NaCl concentration of about 1.25 wt % to about 2.0 wt %, packing the cooled shellfish in a container having a sufficient amount of a 1.25 wt % to 2.0 wt % aqueous brine solution to cover the shellfish, and sealing the container, heating said container and the shellfish and brine in the container to a temperature of not higher than the pre-cooking temperature for a time sufficient to pasteurize said shellfish and to obtain said refrigerator stable shellfish, and immediately cooling the pasteurized shellfish to stop the pasteurizing process. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising
rinsing said cooled shellfish prior to packaging with a rinse solution having a NaCl concentration of about 1.25 wt % to about 2.0 wt %. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising
treating said raw shellfish prior to said pre-cooking with an aqueous solution containing sodium chloride, sodium tripolyphosphate, mixtures thereof, or functionally equivalent water retention additives; 19. A system for processing and producing packaged shellfish comprising:
a pre-cooker consisting of either a controlled heated brine solution or a high humidity heated chamber having a humidity level above 85% relative humidity, for producing a pre-cooked shellfish; a first cooling apparatus containing a first ice bath or refrigerated bath and configured for receiving the pre-cooked shellfish directly from the pre-cooker, where said first ice bath or refrigerated water bath contains a brine solution having a concentration between 1.25 and 2.0 wt % NaCl for obtaining a cooled shellfish; a pasteurizing apparatus downstream of said first cooling apparatus and having an agitated hot water bath at a controlled temperature in the range of 180° F. to 190° F., said pasteurizing apparatus configured for rapidly heating said packaged, pre-cooked shellfish to a pasteurizing temperature for a time determined by a thermal process study; and a second cooling apparatus containing a second ice bath or refrigerated bath and configured for receiving said pasteurized containers of shellfish and rapidly cooling said shellfish. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein
said heated brine solution has a salt concentration of 1.25 to 2.0 wt % and said pre-cooker maintains said brine solution at a temperature of 180° F. to 190° F. 21. The system of claim 19, wherein
said shellfish is chilled to a temperature at or below 40° F. in said first cooling apparatus and said second cooling apparatus. 22. The system of claim 21, further comprising
a packaging apparatus downstream of said first cooling apparatus and configured for packaging said cooled, pre-cooked shellfish in a closed container having a length or width dimension that is larger than a height dimension. 23. The system of claim 21, wherein
at least one of said first and second cooling apparatus includes an agitation device that agitates the respective ice bath and provides rapid movement of uniform temperature cooling medium immediately adjacent to said shellfish product. | 1,700 |
3,003 | 14,926,570 | 1,741 | A method for producing ceramizable green glass components provided, as well as apparatus for performing such method and ceramizable green glass components producible by such method. The method is a redrawing process in which a preform is heated, in a deformation zone, to a temperature that enables redrawing of the glass. The deformation zone is particularly small, which permits redrawing of the ceramizable green glass bodies while avoiding ceramization during the redrawing. The method provides plate-like or sheet-like green glass components that have a particularly smooth surface. | 1. A method for producing a glass ceramic article, comprising the steps of:
preparing a glass melt of ceramizable glass; producing, from the glass melt, a ceramizable green glass body as a preform, wherein the preform is substantially unceramized; providing the preform to a redrawing apparatus; heating at least a portion of the preform; redrawing the preform into a ceramizable green glass component, wherein the ceramizable green glass component has a crystalline content of less than 20 vol %. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the crystalline content is less than 10 vol %. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ceramizable green glass component has a crystalline content of less than 2.5 vol %. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the preform has a plate-like or sheet-like shape with a thickness D, a width B, and a length L, and wherein the green glass component has a plate-like or sheet-like or strip-like shape with a thickness d, a width b, and a length l, and wherein a width-to-thickness ratio changes due to the redrawing. 5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the redrawing develops a deformation zone that has a height H of not more than 50*D, the deformation zone being a portion of the preform having a thickness between 0.95*D and 1.05*d. 6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the height H is not more than 6*D. 7. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the redrawing comprises:
advancing the preform at a constant velocity v1; withdrawing the ceramizable green glass component at a constant velocity v2; and maintaining a dwell time of the preform in the deformation zone of less than 10 minutes. 8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the dwell time is less than 30 seconds. 9. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the redrawing comprises:
maintaining a predetermined glass volume of the preform at a temperature above the temperature critical for crystallization for a time of not more than 5 seconds. 10. The method as claimed in claim 5, further comprising:
heating the preform to a first temperature below a crystallization temperature and below a softening point of the green glass; and heating the preform to a second temperature above the softening point in the deformation zone. 11. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ceramizable glass is selected from the group consisting of barium titanate glass ceramics, lithium aluminum silicate glass ceramics, lithium silicate glass ceramics, magnesium aluminosilicate glass ceramics, zinc aluminosilicate glass ceramics, magnesium silicate glass ceramics, sodium aluminosilicate glass ceramics, potassium aluminosilicate glass ceramics, phosphate glass ceramics, and calcium aluminosilicate glass ceramics. 12. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ceramizable glass comprises a composition, in mol %:
SiO2 5-20; Al2O3 4-15; B2O3 0-5; BaO 20-45; TiO2 20-60; CaO 0-5; SrO 0-10; CeO2 0-5; ZrO2 0-10; La2O3 0-40; MnO2 0-5; Y2O3 0-5; Nb2O3 0-30; and others <10. 13. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ceramizable glass comprises a composition, in mol %:
Al2O3 3-12; BaO 30-45; B2O3 0-5; La2O3 0-5; CeO2 0-5; SiO2 5-25; TiO2 25-42; CaO 0-5; ΣAl2O3+B2O3+SiO2+P2O5 15-30; ΣTiO2+ZrO2+Nb2O3+V2O5+HfO2+Sc2O3 20-50; ΣBaO+CaO+SrO+CeO2+RE2O3 30-50; and others <5. 14. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ceramizable glass comprises a composition, in mol %:
Al2O3 5-15; BaO 20-30; La2O3 0-10; CeO2 0-2; SiO2 5-20; TiO2 40-60; ZrO2 5-10; Others: <5; ΣAl2O3+B2O3+SiO2+P2O5 15-30; ΣTiO2+ZrO2+Nb2O3+V2O5+HfO2+Sc2O3 30-55; and ΣBaO+CaO+SrO+CeO2+RE2O3 25-40, wherein RE is one or more rare earth elements having atomic numbers selected from the group consisting of 39 and from 57 to 71. 15. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ceramizable glass comprises the following components, in % of cations:
Si4+
45 to 65;
Crystal agonists
Li+
25 to 40;
K+
0 to 8;
Na+
0 to 8;
Crystal antagonists
B3+
0 to 5;
Al3+
0 to 10;
Zn2+
0 to 4;
Nucleating agents
Ce3+/Ce4+
>0 to 0.3; and
Ag+
>0 to 0.5. 16. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ceramizable green glass component comprises a thickness d of less than 2000 μm. 17. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ceramizable green glass component comprises a thickness d of less than less than 10 μm. 18. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ceramizable green glass component comprises a thickness-to-width ratio d/b of not more than 1:200. 19. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ceramizable green glass component comprises a thickness-to-width ratio d/b of not more than 1:200,000. 20. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ceramizable green glass component comprises a surface having at least one section with a fire-polished surface quality of Ra≦20 nm. 21. The method of claim 1, further comprising subjecting the ceramizable green glass component to a ceramization process, with or without intermediate processing, after having been cooled to less than 300° C., wherein during the ceramization process the ceramizable green glass component is reheated and ceramized to produce the glass ceramic article. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the ceramization process provides the glass ceramic article with a crystalline content of at least 20 vol %. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the ceramization process provides the glass ceramic article with a crystalline content of at least 90 vol %. 24. The method of claim 21, further comprising configuring the glass ceramic article for a use selected from the group consisting of a dielectric component in a capacitor, an antenna, an interposer in an electronic component, a separator in a battery, a substrate for a thin film battery, a flexible substrate for a display, a mask or filter for a display, a substrate for a high-temperature deposition processes, a cover or protection for an optical component, a cover or protection for an electronic component, and an electronic substrate. 25. The ceramizable green glass component made by the method of claim 1, wherein the ceramizable green glass component comprises a thickness of less than 2000 μm and a surface having at least one section with a fire-polished surface quality of Ra≦20 nm. 26. The ceramizable green glass component as claimed in claim 25, wherein the ceramizable green glass component has a plate-like shape with two faces and a peripheral edge, and wherein the surface having the at least one section with the fire-polished surface is at least one of the two faces. 27. The ceramizable green glass component as claimed in claim 25, wherein the ceramizable green glass component has a thickness-to-width ratio d/b of not more than 1:200. | A method for producing ceramizable green glass components provided, as well as apparatus for performing such method and ceramizable green glass components producible by such method. The method is a redrawing process in which a preform is heated, in a deformation zone, to a temperature that enables redrawing of the glass. The deformation zone is particularly small, which permits redrawing of the ceramizable green glass bodies while avoiding ceramization during the redrawing. The method provides plate-like or sheet-like green glass components that have a particularly smooth surface.1. A method for producing a glass ceramic article, comprising the steps of:
preparing a glass melt of ceramizable glass; producing, from the glass melt, a ceramizable green glass body as a preform, wherein the preform is substantially unceramized; providing the preform to a redrawing apparatus; heating at least a portion of the preform; redrawing the preform into a ceramizable green glass component, wherein the ceramizable green glass component has a crystalline content of less than 20 vol %. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the crystalline content is less than 10 vol %. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ceramizable green glass component has a crystalline content of less than 2.5 vol %. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the preform has a plate-like or sheet-like shape with a thickness D, a width B, and a length L, and wherein the green glass component has a plate-like or sheet-like or strip-like shape with a thickness d, a width b, and a length l, and wherein a width-to-thickness ratio changes due to the redrawing. 5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the redrawing develops a deformation zone that has a height H of not more than 50*D, the deformation zone being a portion of the preform having a thickness between 0.95*D and 1.05*d. 6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the height H is not more than 6*D. 7. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the redrawing comprises:
advancing the preform at a constant velocity v1; withdrawing the ceramizable green glass component at a constant velocity v2; and maintaining a dwell time of the preform in the deformation zone of less than 10 minutes. 8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the dwell time is less than 30 seconds. 9. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the redrawing comprises:
maintaining a predetermined glass volume of the preform at a temperature above the temperature critical for crystallization for a time of not more than 5 seconds. 10. The method as claimed in claim 5, further comprising:
heating the preform to a first temperature below a crystallization temperature and below a softening point of the green glass; and heating the preform to a second temperature above the softening point in the deformation zone. 11. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ceramizable glass is selected from the group consisting of barium titanate glass ceramics, lithium aluminum silicate glass ceramics, lithium silicate glass ceramics, magnesium aluminosilicate glass ceramics, zinc aluminosilicate glass ceramics, magnesium silicate glass ceramics, sodium aluminosilicate glass ceramics, potassium aluminosilicate glass ceramics, phosphate glass ceramics, and calcium aluminosilicate glass ceramics. 12. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ceramizable glass comprises a composition, in mol %:
SiO2 5-20; Al2O3 4-15; B2O3 0-5; BaO 20-45; TiO2 20-60; CaO 0-5; SrO 0-10; CeO2 0-5; ZrO2 0-10; La2O3 0-40; MnO2 0-5; Y2O3 0-5; Nb2O3 0-30; and others <10. 13. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ceramizable glass comprises a composition, in mol %:
Al2O3 3-12; BaO 30-45; B2O3 0-5; La2O3 0-5; CeO2 0-5; SiO2 5-25; TiO2 25-42; CaO 0-5; ΣAl2O3+B2O3+SiO2+P2O5 15-30; ΣTiO2+ZrO2+Nb2O3+V2O5+HfO2+Sc2O3 20-50; ΣBaO+CaO+SrO+CeO2+RE2O3 30-50; and others <5. 14. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ceramizable glass comprises a composition, in mol %:
Al2O3 5-15; BaO 20-30; La2O3 0-10; CeO2 0-2; SiO2 5-20; TiO2 40-60; ZrO2 5-10; Others: <5; ΣAl2O3+B2O3+SiO2+P2O5 15-30; ΣTiO2+ZrO2+Nb2O3+V2O5+HfO2+Sc2O3 30-55; and ΣBaO+CaO+SrO+CeO2+RE2O3 25-40, wherein RE is one or more rare earth elements having atomic numbers selected from the group consisting of 39 and from 57 to 71. 15. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ceramizable glass comprises the following components, in % of cations:
Si4+
45 to 65;
Crystal agonists
Li+
25 to 40;
K+
0 to 8;
Na+
0 to 8;
Crystal antagonists
B3+
0 to 5;
Al3+
0 to 10;
Zn2+
0 to 4;
Nucleating agents
Ce3+/Ce4+
>0 to 0.3; and
Ag+
>0 to 0.5. 16. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ceramizable green glass component comprises a thickness d of less than 2000 μm. 17. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ceramizable green glass component comprises a thickness d of less than less than 10 μm. 18. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ceramizable green glass component comprises a thickness-to-width ratio d/b of not more than 1:200. 19. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ceramizable green glass component comprises a thickness-to-width ratio d/b of not more than 1:200,000. 20. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ceramizable green glass component comprises a surface having at least one section with a fire-polished surface quality of Ra≦20 nm. 21. The method of claim 1, further comprising subjecting the ceramizable green glass component to a ceramization process, with or without intermediate processing, after having been cooled to less than 300° C., wherein during the ceramization process the ceramizable green glass component is reheated and ceramized to produce the glass ceramic article. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the ceramization process provides the glass ceramic article with a crystalline content of at least 20 vol %. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the ceramization process provides the glass ceramic article with a crystalline content of at least 90 vol %. 24. The method of claim 21, further comprising configuring the glass ceramic article for a use selected from the group consisting of a dielectric component in a capacitor, an antenna, an interposer in an electronic component, a separator in a battery, a substrate for a thin film battery, a flexible substrate for a display, a mask or filter for a display, a substrate for a high-temperature deposition processes, a cover or protection for an optical component, a cover or protection for an electronic component, and an electronic substrate. 25. The ceramizable green glass component made by the method of claim 1, wherein the ceramizable green glass component comprises a thickness of less than 2000 μm and a surface having at least one section with a fire-polished surface quality of Ra≦20 nm. 26. The ceramizable green glass component as claimed in claim 25, wherein the ceramizable green glass component has a plate-like shape with two faces and a peripheral edge, and wherein the surface having the at least one section with the fire-polished surface is at least one of the two faces. 27. The ceramizable green glass component as claimed in claim 25, wherein the ceramizable green glass component has a thickness-to-width ratio d/b of not more than 1:200. | 1,700 |
3,004 | 14,503,473 | 1,798 | A method for the homogeneous distribution of cell components suspended in a liquid on a surface and a device for the implementation thereof. | 1. A method for the homogeneous distribution of cell components suspended in a liquid on a surface, comprising:
a. positioning a liquid carrier having an upper surface on a table; b. positioning a distributing bar above the liquid carrier upper surface a distance from about 50 μm to about 1000 μm; c. applying a liquid comprising cell components suspended therein onto the liquid carrier upper surface; and d. moving one or more of the distributing bar, the table, and liquid carrier to distribute the cell components suspended in the liquid on the liquid carrier upper surface uniformly. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid sufficiently adheres to the distributing bar to enable the movement and distribution of the liquid uniformly on the liquid carrier upper surface. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell components within the liquid are separated. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell components within the liquid comprise cytology fine needle aspiration, Pap test or circulating tumour cell components. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the distance is from about 350 μm to about 1000 μm. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid carrier upper surface comprises a coating or other cell retaining property. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the surface of the liquid carrier positioned on the table has an at least partly electrostatically charged surface or a coating of one or more antibodies and/or lipophilic molecules thereon. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising at least one of the steps:
a. removing the liquid after the liquid has been homogeneously distributed on the liquid carrier surface, wherein a uniform layer of cell components are retained on the carrier surface; b. drying the liquid carrier to retain the cell components uniformly positioned on the carrier surface; and c. applying additional fluid or fluids to the liquid carrier upper surface after drying the liquid carrier, such as for fixation or staining purposes of the cell components retained thereon. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell components suspended in the liquid comprise at least one subgroup which is to be detected. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid carrier is a microscope slide. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid carrier is circular. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the area of the liquid carrier upper surface is at least 100 cm2, between 100 cm2 and 1000 cm2, or the size of a CD or a record. 13. A device for the homogeneous distribution of cell components suspended in a liquid on a surface, the device comprising:
a. a table on which a liquid carrier can be positioned; b. a liquid application device for applying a liquid onto a liquid carrier positioned on the table, wherein the liquid comprises cell components suspended therein; c. a distributing bar spaced above and apart from the liquid carrier; and d. a drive device capable of moving the table, the distributing bar or both individually or simultaneously, to move the liquid uniformly across the liquid carrier surface. 14. The device of claim 13, wherein a section of the distributing bar on which the liquid on the liquid carrier is in adhesion to the distributing bar is of a convex shape. 15. The device of claim 13, wherein the liquid carrier comprises one or more microscope slide(s). 16. The device of claim 13, wherein the liquid carrier is circular in cross-section. 17. The device of claim 13, wherein the distributing bar, the liquid carrier, or both have positioning elements for maintenance of a fixed distance from the liquid carrier surface during engagement of the drive device. 18. The device of claim 13, wherein the liquid application device comprises a central channel and one or more inlets or outlets in the distributing bar. 19. The device of claim 13, wherein the liquid application device is a pipette. 20. The device of claim 13, wherein the surface of the liquid carrier positioned on the table has an at least partly electrostatically charged surface or a coating of one or more antibodies and/or lipophilic molecules. | A method for the homogeneous distribution of cell components suspended in a liquid on a surface and a device for the implementation thereof.1. A method for the homogeneous distribution of cell components suspended in a liquid on a surface, comprising:
a. positioning a liquid carrier having an upper surface on a table; b. positioning a distributing bar above the liquid carrier upper surface a distance from about 50 μm to about 1000 μm; c. applying a liquid comprising cell components suspended therein onto the liquid carrier upper surface; and d. moving one or more of the distributing bar, the table, and liquid carrier to distribute the cell components suspended in the liquid on the liquid carrier upper surface uniformly. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid sufficiently adheres to the distributing bar to enable the movement and distribution of the liquid uniformly on the liquid carrier upper surface. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell components within the liquid are separated. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell components within the liquid comprise cytology fine needle aspiration, Pap test or circulating tumour cell components. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the distance is from about 350 μm to about 1000 μm. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid carrier upper surface comprises a coating or other cell retaining property. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the surface of the liquid carrier positioned on the table has an at least partly electrostatically charged surface or a coating of one or more antibodies and/or lipophilic molecules thereon. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising at least one of the steps:
a. removing the liquid after the liquid has been homogeneously distributed on the liquid carrier surface, wherein a uniform layer of cell components are retained on the carrier surface; b. drying the liquid carrier to retain the cell components uniformly positioned on the carrier surface; and c. applying additional fluid or fluids to the liquid carrier upper surface after drying the liquid carrier, such as for fixation or staining purposes of the cell components retained thereon. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell components suspended in the liquid comprise at least one subgroup which is to be detected. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid carrier is a microscope slide. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid carrier is circular. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the area of the liquid carrier upper surface is at least 100 cm2, between 100 cm2 and 1000 cm2, or the size of a CD or a record. 13. A device for the homogeneous distribution of cell components suspended in a liquid on a surface, the device comprising:
a. a table on which a liquid carrier can be positioned; b. a liquid application device for applying a liquid onto a liquid carrier positioned on the table, wherein the liquid comprises cell components suspended therein; c. a distributing bar spaced above and apart from the liquid carrier; and d. a drive device capable of moving the table, the distributing bar or both individually or simultaneously, to move the liquid uniformly across the liquid carrier surface. 14. The device of claim 13, wherein a section of the distributing bar on which the liquid on the liquid carrier is in adhesion to the distributing bar is of a convex shape. 15. The device of claim 13, wherein the liquid carrier comprises one or more microscope slide(s). 16. The device of claim 13, wherein the liquid carrier is circular in cross-section. 17. The device of claim 13, wherein the distributing bar, the liquid carrier, or both have positioning elements for maintenance of a fixed distance from the liquid carrier surface during engagement of the drive device. 18. The device of claim 13, wherein the liquid application device comprises a central channel and one or more inlets or outlets in the distributing bar. 19. The device of claim 13, wherein the liquid application device is a pipette. 20. The device of claim 13, wherein the surface of the liquid carrier positioned on the table has an at least partly electrostatically charged surface or a coating of one or more antibodies and/or lipophilic molecules. | 1,700 |
3,005 | 15,163,075 | 1,749 | A tire has an axis of rotation. The tire includes two inextensible annular bead structures for attachment to a vehicle rim, a carcass-like structure having at least one reinforced ply, the carcass-like structure being wound about the two bead structures, a tread disposed radially outward of the carcass-like structure, and a shear band structure disposed radially between the carcass-like structure and the tread. The two bead structures include at least one layer of a lightweight foam material. | 1. A tire having an axis of rotation, the tire comprising:
two inextensible annular bead structures for attachment to a vehicle rim; a carcass-like structure having at least one reinforced ply, the carcass-like structure being wound about the two bead structures; a tread disposed radially outward of the carcass-like structure; and a shear band structure disposed radially between the carcass-like structure and the tread, the two bead structures including at least one layer of a lightweight foam material. 2. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein open cells of the lightweight foam material are maintained by axially extending walls. 3. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the tire is a pneumatic tire. 4. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the tire is a non-pneumatic tire. 5. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the at least one layer further comprises an adhesion promoter disposed thereon. 6. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the lightweight foam material comprises at least two different materials. 7. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the shear band structure is a belt structure. 8. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the lightweight foam material is an acoustic absorbing material. 9. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the lightweight foam material is an open cell acoustic insulation material engineered to target specific acoustic frequencies. 10. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the lightweight foam material is an open cell structure with a complex pore geometry for effectively absorbing airborne sound. | A tire has an axis of rotation. The tire includes two inextensible annular bead structures for attachment to a vehicle rim, a carcass-like structure having at least one reinforced ply, the carcass-like structure being wound about the two bead structures, a tread disposed radially outward of the carcass-like structure, and a shear band structure disposed radially between the carcass-like structure and the tread. The two bead structures include at least one layer of a lightweight foam material.1. A tire having an axis of rotation, the tire comprising:
two inextensible annular bead structures for attachment to a vehicle rim; a carcass-like structure having at least one reinforced ply, the carcass-like structure being wound about the two bead structures; a tread disposed radially outward of the carcass-like structure; and a shear band structure disposed radially between the carcass-like structure and the tread, the two bead structures including at least one layer of a lightweight foam material. 2. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein open cells of the lightweight foam material are maintained by axially extending walls. 3. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the tire is a pneumatic tire. 4. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the tire is a non-pneumatic tire. 5. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the at least one layer further comprises an adhesion promoter disposed thereon. 6. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the lightweight foam material comprises at least two different materials. 7. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the shear band structure is a belt structure. 8. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the lightweight foam material is an acoustic absorbing material. 9. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the lightweight foam material is an open cell acoustic insulation material engineered to target specific acoustic frequencies. 10. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the lightweight foam material is an open cell structure with a complex pore geometry for effectively absorbing airborne sound. | 1,700 |
3,006 | 14,025,813 | 1,793 | The present disclosure provides shelf stable dairy-based compositions having a thick texture while also satisfying nutritional requirements for babies and young children and methods for producing the same. Methods of thickening dairy-based compositions are also provided. In a general embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method for producing a shelf stable dairy-based nutritional composition by providing a dairy-based composition and a specially formulated fruit or flavor preparation to create a thickened dairy-based nutritional composition having textures and nutritional components that are appealing to children. | 1. A method of making a thick-textured, dairy-based nutritional composition, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a dairy-based composition; providing a preparation comprising hydrocolloids; mixing the dairy-based composition and the preparation, causing a thickening of the composition; depositing the composition into packaging; and allowing post-thickening of the composition to occur, wherein the dairy-based nutritional composition is shelf stable at ambient temperatures. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dairy-based composition is a fermented dairy-based composition. 3. The method according to claims 1-2, wherein the dairy-based composition comprises a dairy ingredient selected from the group consisting of yogurt, sour cream, buttermilk, kefir, sour milk, crèfraiche, fermented cheese, cow's milk, sheep's milk, goat's milk, non-fermented cheese, cream, butter, and combinations thereof. 4. The method according to claims 1-3, wherein the dairy-based composition comprises a dairy-substitute ingredient selected from the group consisting of rice milk, soy milk, coconut milk, almond milk, nut milk, and combinations thereof. 5. The method according to claims 1-4, wherein the preparation comprises hydrocolloids selected from the group consisting of non-fully hydrated hydrocolloids, pectin, carrageenan, gelatin, guar gum, tapioca, starches, and combinations thereof. 6. The method according to claims 1-5, wherein the nutritional composition comprises at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of a source of carbohydrate, a source of fat, canola oil, flaxseed oil, a source of omega-3 fatty acids, a source of protein, a source of fiber, a flavor, a color, a vegetable puree, vitamins, minerals, DHA, EPA, sources of ω-6 fatty acids, Arachidonic acid (“AA”), phospholipids, egg lipids, antioxidants, amino acids, fish oil, phytochemicals, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, non-replicating microorganism, liquid whole grain, and combinations thereof. 7. The method according to claims 1-6, wherein the nutritional composition comprises macronutrients and micronutrients tailored to the nutritional needs of babies and toddlers about 6 to about 36 months of age. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the preparation is mixed with the dairy-based composition immediately before depositing the nutritional composition into the packaging. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises hot filling the nutritional composition at a temperature ranging from about 50° to about 80° C. and post-setting in the final packaging. 10. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of:
providing a fruit preparation; and mixing the dairy-based composition and the fruit preparation so as to create a nutritional composition having a greater viscosity than the viscosity of either the dairy-based composition or the fruit preparation. 11. A method of providing nutrition to young children beginning to self-feed, the method comprising the steps of:
producing a nutritional product by mixing a dairy-based composition comprising nutrients for child development and a flavor preparation, thereby causing a thickening of the composition, depositing the product into packaging and allowing post-thickening of the nutritional product to occur; and marketing the nutritional product for ingestion by a target market comprising young children. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the dairy-based composition is a fermented dairy-based composition. 13. The method according to claims 11-12, wherein the dairy-based composition comprises a dairy ingredient selected from the group consisting of yogurt, sour cream, buttermilk, kefir, sour milk, crèfraiche, fermented cheese, cow's milk, sheep's milk, goat's milk, non-fermented cheese, cream, butter, and combinations thereof. 14. The method according to claims 11-13, wherein the dairy-based composition comprises a dairy-substitute ingredient selected from the group consisting of rice milk, soy milk, coconut milk, almond milk, nut milk, and combinations thereof. 15. The method according to claims 11-14, wherein the preparation comprises hydrocolloids selected from the group consisting of non-fully hydrated hydrocolloids, pectin, carrageenan, gelatin, guar gum, tapioca, starches, and combinations thereof. 16. The method according to claims 11-15, wherein the nutritional composition comprises at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of a source of carbohydrate, a source of fat, canola oil, flaxseed oil, a source of omega-3 fatty acids, a source of protein, a source of fiber, a flavor, a color, a vegetable puree, vitamins, minerals, DHA, EPA, sources of ω-6 fatty acids such as Arachidonic acid (“AA”), phospholipids, egg lipids, antioxidants, amino acids, fish oil, phytochemicals, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, non-replicating microorganism, liquid whole grain, and combinations thereof. 17. The method according to claims 11-16, wherein the nutritional composition comprises macronutrients and micronutrients tailored to the nutritional needs of babies and toddlers about 6 to about 36 months of age. 18. The method according to claim 11, wherein the preparation is mixed with the dairy-based composition immediately before depositing the nutritional composition into the packaging. 19. The method according to claim 11, wherein the nutritional composition is made by a method selected from the group consisting of the methods claimed in any one of claims 1 to claim 10. 20. The method according to claims 11-19, wherein providing nutrition to young children promotes growth and development of the child. 21. A nutritional composition made by a method selected from the group consisting of the methods claimed in any one of claims 1 to claim 10. | The present disclosure provides shelf stable dairy-based compositions having a thick texture while also satisfying nutritional requirements for babies and young children and methods for producing the same. Methods of thickening dairy-based compositions are also provided. In a general embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method for producing a shelf stable dairy-based nutritional composition by providing a dairy-based composition and a specially formulated fruit or flavor preparation to create a thickened dairy-based nutritional composition having textures and nutritional components that are appealing to children.1. A method of making a thick-textured, dairy-based nutritional composition, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a dairy-based composition; providing a preparation comprising hydrocolloids; mixing the dairy-based composition and the preparation, causing a thickening of the composition; depositing the composition into packaging; and allowing post-thickening of the composition to occur, wherein the dairy-based nutritional composition is shelf stable at ambient temperatures. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dairy-based composition is a fermented dairy-based composition. 3. The method according to claims 1-2, wherein the dairy-based composition comprises a dairy ingredient selected from the group consisting of yogurt, sour cream, buttermilk, kefir, sour milk, crèfraiche, fermented cheese, cow's milk, sheep's milk, goat's milk, non-fermented cheese, cream, butter, and combinations thereof. 4. The method according to claims 1-3, wherein the dairy-based composition comprises a dairy-substitute ingredient selected from the group consisting of rice milk, soy milk, coconut milk, almond milk, nut milk, and combinations thereof. 5. The method according to claims 1-4, wherein the preparation comprises hydrocolloids selected from the group consisting of non-fully hydrated hydrocolloids, pectin, carrageenan, gelatin, guar gum, tapioca, starches, and combinations thereof. 6. The method according to claims 1-5, wherein the nutritional composition comprises at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of a source of carbohydrate, a source of fat, canola oil, flaxseed oil, a source of omega-3 fatty acids, a source of protein, a source of fiber, a flavor, a color, a vegetable puree, vitamins, minerals, DHA, EPA, sources of ω-6 fatty acids, Arachidonic acid (“AA”), phospholipids, egg lipids, antioxidants, amino acids, fish oil, phytochemicals, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, non-replicating microorganism, liquid whole grain, and combinations thereof. 7. The method according to claims 1-6, wherein the nutritional composition comprises macronutrients and micronutrients tailored to the nutritional needs of babies and toddlers about 6 to about 36 months of age. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the preparation is mixed with the dairy-based composition immediately before depositing the nutritional composition into the packaging. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises hot filling the nutritional composition at a temperature ranging from about 50° to about 80° C. and post-setting in the final packaging. 10. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of:
providing a fruit preparation; and mixing the dairy-based composition and the fruit preparation so as to create a nutritional composition having a greater viscosity than the viscosity of either the dairy-based composition or the fruit preparation. 11. A method of providing nutrition to young children beginning to self-feed, the method comprising the steps of:
producing a nutritional product by mixing a dairy-based composition comprising nutrients for child development and a flavor preparation, thereby causing a thickening of the composition, depositing the product into packaging and allowing post-thickening of the nutritional product to occur; and marketing the nutritional product for ingestion by a target market comprising young children. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the dairy-based composition is a fermented dairy-based composition. 13. The method according to claims 11-12, wherein the dairy-based composition comprises a dairy ingredient selected from the group consisting of yogurt, sour cream, buttermilk, kefir, sour milk, crèfraiche, fermented cheese, cow's milk, sheep's milk, goat's milk, non-fermented cheese, cream, butter, and combinations thereof. 14. The method according to claims 11-13, wherein the dairy-based composition comprises a dairy-substitute ingredient selected from the group consisting of rice milk, soy milk, coconut milk, almond milk, nut milk, and combinations thereof. 15. The method according to claims 11-14, wherein the preparation comprises hydrocolloids selected from the group consisting of non-fully hydrated hydrocolloids, pectin, carrageenan, gelatin, guar gum, tapioca, starches, and combinations thereof. 16. The method according to claims 11-15, wherein the nutritional composition comprises at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of a source of carbohydrate, a source of fat, canola oil, flaxseed oil, a source of omega-3 fatty acids, a source of protein, a source of fiber, a flavor, a color, a vegetable puree, vitamins, minerals, DHA, EPA, sources of ω-6 fatty acids such as Arachidonic acid (“AA”), phospholipids, egg lipids, antioxidants, amino acids, fish oil, phytochemicals, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, non-replicating microorganism, liquid whole grain, and combinations thereof. 17. The method according to claims 11-16, wherein the nutritional composition comprises macronutrients and micronutrients tailored to the nutritional needs of babies and toddlers about 6 to about 36 months of age. 18. The method according to claim 11, wherein the preparation is mixed with the dairy-based composition immediately before depositing the nutritional composition into the packaging. 19. The method according to claim 11, wherein the nutritional composition is made by a method selected from the group consisting of the methods claimed in any one of claims 1 to claim 10. 20. The method according to claims 11-19, wherein providing nutrition to young children promotes growth and development of the child. 21. A nutritional composition made by a method selected from the group consisting of the methods claimed in any one of claims 1 to claim 10. | 1,700 |
3,007 | 15,097,264 | 1,726 | The dye-sensitized solar panel includes a metal oxide layer and an organic photosensitizing dye on the metal oxide layer. The organic photosensitizing dye is extracted from chard ( B. vulgaris subsp. cicla ), and the metal oxide layer is composed of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using B. vulgaris subsp. cicla dye as a reducing agent. A working electrode is mounted on a first transparent substrate. The working electrode includes a metal electrode and the metal oxide layer formed thereon. A counter electrode is mounted on a second transparent substrate. An electrolyte is sandwiched between the working electrode and the counter electrode. | 1. A dye-sensitized solar panel, comprising:
a first transparent substrate having opposed inner and outer surfaces; a working electrode mounted on the inner surface of the first transparent substrate, the working electrode comprising:
a metal electrode;
a metal oxide layer, said metal oxide layer comprising zinc oxide nanoparticles, the zinc oxide nanoparticles being synthesized using B. vulgaris subsp. cicla extract as a reducing agent; and
an organic photosensitizing dye supported on the metal oxide layer, wherein the organic photosensitizing dye includes B. vulgaris subsp. cicla dye;
a second transparent substrate having opposed inner and outer surfaces; a counter electrode mounted on the inner surface of the second transparent substrate, the counter electrode comprising a conductive layer; and an electrolyte sandwiched between the working electrode and the counter electrode. 2. The dye-sensitized solar panel as recited in claim 1, wherein said first and second transparent substrates each comprise fluorine-doped tin oxide. 3. The dye-sensitized solar panel as recited in claim 2, wherein said conductive layer of said counter electrode comprises graphite. 4. The dye-sensitized solar panel as recited in claim 3, wherein said electrolyte comprises lemon juice. 5. A method of making a dye-sensitized solar panel, comprising the steps of:
securing a metal electrode to an inner surface of a first transparent substrate; coating the first transparent substrate with a metal oxide layer, the metal oxide layer comprising zinc oxide nanoparticles, the zinc oxide nanoparticles being synthesized using B. vulgaris subsp. cicla dye as a reducing agent; soaking the metal oxide layer in an organic photosensitizing dye to adsorb the organic photosensitizing dye therein, the organic photosensitizing dye comprising B. vulgaris subsp. cicla dye; mounting a counter electrode to an inner surface of a second transparent substrate; and sandwiching an electrolyte between the working electrode and the counter electrode. 6. The method of making a dye-sensitized solar panel as recited in claim 5, wherein the step of soaking the metal oxide layer in the organic photosensitizing dye comprises soaking the metal oxide layer in the organic photosensitizing dye for 24 hours. 7. The method of making a dye-sensitized solar panel as recited in claim 6, wherein the step of mounting the counter electrode to the inner surface of the second transparent substrate comprises mounting a graphite layer to the inner surface of the second transparent substrate. 8. The method of making a dye-sensitized solar panel as recited in claim 7, wherein the step of sandwiching the electrolyte between the working electrode and the counter electrode comprises sandwiching lemon juice between the working electrode and the counter electrode. 9. The method of making a dye-sensitized solar panel as recited in claim 5, further comprising the steps of:
blending leaves of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla in water; centrifuging the blended leaves of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla in the water to provide the B. vulgaris subsp. cicla dye. 10. The method of making a dye-sensitized solar panel as recited in claim 5, further comprising the steps of:
blending leaves of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla in methanol; centrifuging the blended leaves of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla in the water to provide the B. vulgaris subsp. cicla dye. | The dye-sensitized solar panel includes a metal oxide layer and an organic photosensitizing dye on the metal oxide layer. The organic photosensitizing dye is extracted from chard ( B. vulgaris subsp. cicla ), and the metal oxide layer is composed of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using B. vulgaris subsp. cicla dye as a reducing agent. A working electrode is mounted on a first transparent substrate. The working electrode includes a metal electrode and the metal oxide layer formed thereon. A counter electrode is mounted on a second transparent substrate. An electrolyte is sandwiched between the working electrode and the counter electrode.1. A dye-sensitized solar panel, comprising:
a first transparent substrate having opposed inner and outer surfaces; a working electrode mounted on the inner surface of the first transparent substrate, the working electrode comprising:
a metal electrode;
a metal oxide layer, said metal oxide layer comprising zinc oxide nanoparticles, the zinc oxide nanoparticles being synthesized using B. vulgaris subsp. cicla extract as a reducing agent; and
an organic photosensitizing dye supported on the metal oxide layer, wherein the organic photosensitizing dye includes B. vulgaris subsp. cicla dye;
a second transparent substrate having opposed inner and outer surfaces; a counter electrode mounted on the inner surface of the second transparent substrate, the counter electrode comprising a conductive layer; and an electrolyte sandwiched between the working electrode and the counter electrode. 2. The dye-sensitized solar panel as recited in claim 1, wherein said first and second transparent substrates each comprise fluorine-doped tin oxide. 3. The dye-sensitized solar panel as recited in claim 2, wherein said conductive layer of said counter electrode comprises graphite. 4. The dye-sensitized solar panel as recited in claim 3, wherein said electrolyte comprises lemon juice. 5. A method of making a dye-sensitized solar panel, comprising the steps of:
securing a metal electrode to an inner surface of a first transparent substrate; coating the first transparent substrate with a metal oxide layer, the metal oxide layer comprising zinc oxide nanoparticles, the zinc oxide nanoparticles being synthesized using B. vulgaris subsp. cicla dye as a reducing agent; soaking the metal oxide layer in an organic photosensitizing dye to adsorb the organic photosensitizing dye therein, the organic photosensitizing dye comprising B. vulgaris subsp. cicla dye; mounting a counter electrode to an inner surface of a second transparent substrate; and sandwiching an electrolyte between the working electrode and the counter electrode. 6. The method of making a dye-sensitized solar panel as recited in claim 5, wherein the step of soaking the metal oxide layer in the organic photosensitizing dye comprises soaking the metal oxide layer in the organic photosensitizing dye for 24 hours. 7. The method of making a dye-sensitized solar panel as recited in claim 6, wherein the step of mounting the counter electrode to the inner surface of the second transparent substrate comprises mounting a graphite layer to the inner surface of the second transparent substrate. 8. The method of making a dye-sensitized solar panel as recited in claim 7, wherein the step of sandwiching the electrolyte between the working electrode and the counter electrode comprises sandwiching lemon juice between the working electrode and the counter electrode. 9. The method of making a dye-sensitized solar panel as recited in claim 5, further comprising the steps of:
blending leaves of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla in water; centrifuging the blended leaves of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla in the water to provide the B. vulgaris subsp. cicla dye. 10. The method of making a dye-sensitized solar panel as recited in claim 5, further comprising the steps of:
blending leaves of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla in methanol; centrifuging the blended leaves of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla in the water to provide the B. vulgaris subsp. cicla dye. | 1,700 |
3,008 | 15,666,925 | 1,783 | A metallic decorative part for a vehicle display device includes a substrate body molded with a synthetic resin, a metal thin film made of metal and provided on a surface of the substrate body, and a plurality of grooves formed on a surface of the metal thin film in accordance with a shape of the surface of the substrate body. The plurality of grooves are formed so that the radius of the curved surface of a corner forming an apex between adjacent grooves is larger than 0 and equal to or smaller than 38.0 μm. Accordingly, the metallic decorative part for a vehicle display device can appropriately ensure metal texture to be given to a viewer in a structure in which the metal thin film is provided on the surface of the substrate body made of a resin. | 1. A metallic decorative part for a vehicle display device, the metallic decorative part comprising:
a substrate body that is molded with a synthetic resin; a metal thin film that is made of metal and is provided on a surface of the substrate body; and a plurality of grooves that are formed on a surface of the metal thin film in accordance with a shape of the surface of the substrate body, wherein the plurality of grooves are formed so that a radius of a curved surface of a corner forming an apex between adjacent grooves is larger than 0 and equal to or smaller than 38.0 μm. 2. The metallic decorative part for a vehicle display device according to claim 1, wherein
the plurality of grooves are formed so that a radius of a curved surface of a corner forming an apex between adjacent grooves is larger than 0 and equal to or smaller than 36.0 μm. 3. The metallic decorative part for a vehicle display device according to claim 1, wherein
the plurality of grooves are formed so that a radius of a curved surface of a corner forming an apex between adjacent grooves is larger than 0 and equal to or smaller than 33.0 μm. 4. The metallic decorative part for a vehicle display device according to claim 2, wherein
the plurality of grooves are formed so that a radius of a curved surface of a corner forming an apex between adjacent grooves is larger than 0 and equal to or smaller than 33.0 μm. 5. The metallic decorative part for a vehicle display device according to claim 1, wherein
the substrate body is formed by including a cycloolefin polymer resin, and the metal thin film is formed by including titanium. 6. The metallic decorative part for a vehicle display device according to claim 2, wherein
the substrate body is formed by including a cycloolefin polymer resin, and the metal thin film is formed by including titanium. 7. The metallic decorative part for a vehicle display device according to claim 3, wherein
the substrate body is formed by including a cycloolefin polymer resin, and the metal thin film is formed by including titanium. 8. The metallic decorative part for a vehicle display device according to claim 4, wherein
the substrate body is formed by including a cycloolefin polymer resin, and the metal thin film is formed by including titanium. 9. A vehicle display device comprising:
a display unit that displays information about a vehicle; and a metallic decorative part for the vehicle display device that includes a substrate body molded with a synthetic resin, a metal thin film made of metal and provided on a surface of the substrate body, and a plurality of grooves formed on a surface of the metal thin film in accordance with a shape of the surface of the substrate body, wherein the plurality of grooves are formed so that a radius of a curved surface of a corner forming an apex between adjacent grooves is larger than 0 and equal to or smaller than 38.0 μm. | A metallic decorative part for a vehicle display device includes a substrate body molded with a synthetic resin, a metal thin film made of metal and provided on a surface of the substrate body, and a plurality of grooves formed on a surface of the metal thin film in accordance with a shape of the surface of the substrate body. The plurality of grooves are formed so that the radius of the curved surface of a corner forming an apex between adjacent grooves is larger than 0 and equal to or smaller than 38.0 μm. Accordingly, the metallic decorative part for a vehicle display device can appropriately ensure metal texture to be given to a viewer in a structure in which the metal thin film is provided on the surface of the substrate body made of a resin.1. A metallic decorative part for a vehicle display device, the metallic decorative part comprising:
a substrate body that is molded with a synthetic resin; a metal thin film that is made of metal and is provided on a surface of the substrate body; and a plurality of grooves that are formed on a surface of the metal thin film in accordance with a shape of the surface of the substrate body, wherein the plurality of grooves are formed so that a radius of a curved surface of a corner forming an apex between adjacent grooves is larger than 0 and equal to or smaller than 38.0 μm. 2. The metallic decorative part for a vehicle display device according to claim 1, wherein
the plurality of grooves are formed so that a radius of a curved surface of a corner forming an apex between adjacent grooves is larger than 0 and equal to or smaller than 36.0 μm. 3. The metallic decorative part for a vehicle display device according to claim 1, wherein
the plurality of grooves are formed so that a radius of a curved surface of a corner forming an apex between adjacent grooves is larger than 0 and equal to or smaller than 33.0 μm. 4. The metallic decorative part for a vehicle display device according to claim 2, wherein
the plurality of grooves are formed so that a radius of a curved surface of a corner forming an apex between adjacent grooves is larger than 0 and equal to or smaller than 33.0 μm. 5. The metallic decorative part for a vehicle display device according to claim 1, wherein
the substrate body is formed by including a cycloolefin polymer resin, and the metal thin film is formed by including titanium. 6. The metallic decorative part for a vehicle display device according to claim 2, wherein
the substrate body is formed by including a cycloolefin polymer resin, and the metal thin film is formed by including titanium. 7. The metallic decorative part for a vehicle display device according to claim 3, wherein
the substrate body is formed by including a cycloolefin polymer resin, and the metal thin film is formed by including titanium. 8. The metallic decorative part for a vehicle display device according to claim 4, wherein
the substrate body is formed by including a cycloolefin polymer resin, and the metal thin film is formed by including titanium. 9. A vehicle display device comprising:
a display unit that displays information about a vehicle; and a metallic decorative part for the vehicle display device that includes a substrate body molded with a synthetic resin, a metal thin film made of metal and provided on a surface of the substrate body, and a plurality of grooves formed on a surface of the metal thin film in accordance with a shape of the surface of the substrate body, wherein the plurality of grooves are formed so that a radius of a curved surface of a corner forming an apex between adjacent grooves is larger than 0 and equal to or smaller than 38.0 μm. | 1,700 |
3,009 | 14,992,839 | 1,735 | An object of the present invention is to provide an ultrasonic bonding tool capable of bonding a lead wire, without any trouble, even to a surface of a thin-film base having a plate thickness of 2 mm or less such as a glass substrate. In the present invention, a surface portion of a chip portion ( 1 c ) of an ultrasonic bonding tool ( 1 ) used in an ultrasonic bonding apparatus has a plurality of planar portions ( 10 ) formed so as to be separated from one another, and a plurality of concavities ( 11 ) formed between the plurality of planar portions. Each of the plurality of planar portions ( 10 ) has a flatness of 2 μm or less. | 1. (canceled) 2. A method for manufacturing an ultrasonic bonding tool, said ultrasonic bonding tool including a chip portion at a distal end portion of the tool, the chip portion including a surface portion, the surface portion including a plurality of planar portions and a plurality of concavities between planar portions of the plurality of planar portions, the plurality of planar portions having an unevenness with a flatness of 2 μm or less formed, and the tool being capable of applying ultrasonic vibration, said method for manufacturing the tool comprising:
preparing a tool original material comprising a distal planar portion with a flatness of more than 2 μm;
grinding the tool original material to enhance the flatness of the distal planar portion to a flatness of 2 μm or less;
selectively forming the plurality of concavities by wire cutting or with a cutting wheel, wherein the plurality of concavities separate the distal planar portion into the plurality of planar portions;
shot-blasting an edge of an outer peripheral portion of planar portions in the plurality of planar portions, thereby rounding the edge, and
shot-blasting to form the unevenness having a flatness of 2 μm or less in each planar portion in the plurality of planar portions. 3. The method for manufacturing the ultrasonic bonding tool according to claim 2, wherein an edge of an outer peripheral portion of planar portions in the plurality of planar portions is rounded. 4. The method for manufacturing the ultrasonic bonding tool according to claim 2, wherein the plurality of planar portions has a fine unevenness with a flatness of 2 μm or less. 5. The method for manufacturing the ultrasonic bonding tool according to claim 2, wherein
the chip portion comprises: a first layer and a second layer on the first layer as a most distal end portion of the chip portion, and wherein the second layer is harder than the first layer. 6. The method for manufacturing the ultrasonic bonding tool according to claim 2, wherein
the chip portion comprises: a first layer and a second layer on the first layer, as a most distal end portion of the chip portion, and wherein an affinity between the second layer and a material to be bonded is lower than an affinity between the first layer and the material to be bonded. 7. The method for manufacturing the ultrasonic bonding tool according to claim 2, wherein an interval between adjacent concavities of the plurality of concavities is 1.0 mm or less. 8. The method for manufacturing the ultrasonic bonding tool according to claim 2, wherein an average depth of concavities of the plurality of concavities is 0.15 mm or less. 9. The method for manufacturing the ultrasonic bonding tool according to claim 2, wherein the plurality of concavities comprises a plurality of first grooves and a plurality of second grooves that cross the plurality of first grooves. 10. The method for manufacturing the ultrasonic bonding tool according to claim 2, wherein the planar portions of the plurality of planar portions have a rectangular shape, a circular shape, or a rhombic shape. 11. The method for manufacturing the ultrasonic bonding tool according to claim 5, wherein the first layer comprises a steel material and the second layer comprises a super-steel material. 12. The method for manufacturing the ultrasonic bonding tool according to claim 11, wherein the super-steel material is tungsten carbide. 13. The method for manufacturing the ultrasonic bonding tool according to claim 6, wherein an affinity between the second layer and aluminum is lower than an affinity between the first layer and aluminum. | An object of the present invention is to provide an ultrasonic bonding tool capable of bonding a lead wire, without any trouble, even to a surface of a thin-film base having a plate thickness of 2 mm or less such as a glass substrate. In the present invention, a surface portion of a chip portion ( 1 c ) of an ultrasonic bonding tool ( 1 ) used in an ultrasonic bonding apparatus has a plurality of planar portions ( 10 ) formed so as to be separated from one another, and a plurality of concavities ( 11 ) formed between the plurality of planar portions. Each of the plurality of planar portions ( 10 ) has a flatness of 2 μm or less.1. (canceled) 2. A method for manufacturing an ultrasonic bonding tool, said ultrasonic bonding tool including a chip portion at a distal end portion of the tool, the chip portion including a surface portion, the surface portion including a plurality of planar portions and a plurality of concavities between planar portions of the plurality of planar portions, the plurality of planar portions having an unevenness with a flatness of 2 μm or less formed, and the tool being capable of applying ultrasonic vibration, said method for manufacturing the tool comprising:
preparing a tool original material comprising a distal planar portion with a flatness of more than 2 μm;
grinding the tool original material to enhance the flatness of the distal planar portion to a flatness of 2 μm or less;
selectively forming the plurality of concavities by wire cutting or with a cutting wheel, wherein the plurality of concavities separate the distal planar portion into the plurality of planar portions;
shot-blasting an edge of an outer peripheral portion of planar portions in the plurality of planar portions, thereby rounding the edge, and
shot-blasting to form the unevenness having a flatness of 2 μm or less in each planar portion in the plurality of planar portions. 3. The method for manufacturing the ultrasonic bonding tool according to claim 2, wherein an edge of an outer peripheral portion of planar portions in the plurality of planar portions is rounded. 4. The method for manufacturing the ultrasonic bonding tool according to claim 2, wherein the plurality of planar portions has a fine unevenness with a flatness of 2 μm or less. 5. The method for manufacturing the ultrasonic bonding tool according to claim 2, wherein
the chip portion comprises: a first layer and a second layer on the first layer as a most distal end portion of the chip portion, and wherein the second layer is harder than the first layer. 6. The method for manufacturing the ultrasonic bonding tool according to claim 2, wherein
the chip portion comprises: a first layer and a second layer on the first layer, as a most distal end portion of the chip portion, and wherein an affinity between the second layer and a material to be bonded is lower than an affinity between the first layer and the material to be bonded. 7. The method for manufacturing the ultrasonic bonding tool according to claim 2, wherein an interval between adjacent concavities of the plurality of concavities is 1.0 mm or less. 8. The method for manufacturing the ultrasonic bonding tool according to claim 2, wherein an average depth of concavities of the plurality of concavities is 0.15 mm or less. 9. The method for manufacturing the ultrasonic bonding tool according to claim 2, wherein the plurality of concavities comprises a plurality of first grooves and a plurality of second grooves that cross the plurality of first grooves. 10. The method for manufacturing the ultrasonic bonding tool according to claim 2, wherein the planar portions of the plurality of planar portions have a rectangular shape, a circular shape, or a rhombic shape. 11. The method for manufacturing the ultrasonic bonding tool according to claim 5, wherein the first layer comprises a steel material and the second layer comprises a super-steel material. 12. The method for manufacturing the ultrasonic bonding tool according to claim 11, wherein the super-steel material is tungsten carbide. 13. The method for manufacturing the ultrasonic bonding tool according to claim 6, wherein an affinity between the second layer and aluminum is lower than an affinity between the first layer and aluminum. | 1,700 |
3,010 | 14,505,477 | 1,747 | The invention relates to heat not burn products comprising an encapsulated aerosol generating agent, the encapsulation having the effect of controlling the release of the agent during use of the heat not burn product. The encapsulation will control the tinting of the release of the aerosol generating agent during the use of the heat not burn product, to allow greater control of the puff yield. In the case of some aerosol generating agents, the encapsulation may also increase the stability of the agent and/or prevent its migration within the product. | 1. A heat not burn product comprising an encapsulated aerosol generation agent having a plurality of encapsulation materials and/or formed by a plurality of encapsulation processes such that the encapsulated aerosol generation agent is released during use to produce a predefined puff yield of total particulate matter based on the plurality of encapsulation materials and/or the plurality of encapsulation processes. 2. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aerosol generation agent is encapsulated with at least two distinct barrier materials, the barrier materials having different melting points. 3. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aerosol generation agent is encapsulated with different thicknesses of barrier material, the thickness of the barrier material determining when the aerosol generation agent is released during use. 4. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 1, wherein distribution of the encapsulated aerosol generation agent is configured to control timing of the release of the aerosol generation agent during use. 5. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aerosol generation agent is a polyol. 6. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 2, wherein the at least two distinct barrier materials are at least one of a polysaccharide, a gelatin, a gum, and/or a gel. 7. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aerosol generation agent is configured for release during use to provide a substantially constant delivery of total particulate matter per puff. 8. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aerosol generation agent is configured for release during use to provide a gradually increasing delivery of total particulate matter per puff. 9. Use of an encapsulated aerosol generation agent in a heat not burn product, wherein the agent is encapsulated using a plurality of encapsulation materials or a plurality of encapsulation techniques, in order to control release of the aerosol generation agent, so as to produce a predefined puff yield of total particulate matter. 10. A method for controlling release of an aerosol generation agent, so as to produce a desired puff yield of total particulate matter, in a heat not burn product by including in said product an encapsulated aerosol generation agent, wherein the aerosol generation agent is encapsulated using a plurality of encapsulation materials or a plurality of encapsulation techniques. 11. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 5, wherein the polyol is at least one of sorbitol, glycerol, and/or a glycol. 12. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 11, wherein the glycol is at least one of propylene glycol and/or triethylene glycol. 13. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aerosol generation agent is a non-polyol. 14. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 13, wherein the non-polyol is at least one of a monohydric alcohol, a high-boiling point hydrocarbon, an acid, an ester, and/or an aliphatic carboxylic acid ester. 15. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 14, wherein the acid is lactic acid. 16. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 14, wherein the ester is at least one of diacetin, triacetin, triethyl citrate and/or isopropyl myristate. 17. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 14, wherein the aliphatic carboxylic acid ester is at least one of methyl stearate, dimethyl dodecanedioate and/or dimethyl tetradecanedioate. 18. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 6, wherein the polysaccharide is at least one of alginate, dextran, maltodextrin, cyclodextrin and/or pectin. 19. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 6, wherein the cellulosic barrier material is at least one of methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, and/or cellulose ethers. 20. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 6, wherein the gum is at least one of gum Arabic, gum ghatti, gum tragacanth, Karaya, locust bean gum, acacia gum, guar gum, quince seed gum, and/or xanthan gum. 21. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 6, wherein the gel is at least one of agar, agarose, carrageenans, furoidan and/or furcellaran. | The invention relates to heat not burn products comprising an encapsulated aerosol generating agent, the encapsulation having the effect of controlling the release of the agent during use of the heat not burn product. The encapsulation will control the tinting of the release of the aerosol generating agent during the use of the heat not burn product, to allow greater control of the puff yield. In the case of some aerosol generating agents, the encapsulation may also increase the stability of the agent and/or prevent its migration within the product.1. A heat not burn product comprising an encapsulated aerosol generation agent having a plurality of encapsulation materials and/or formed by a plurality of encapsulation processes such that the encapsulated aerosol generation agent is released during use to produce a predefined puff yield of total particulate matter based on the plurality of encapsulation materials and/or the plurality of encapsulation processes. 2. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aerosol generation agent is encapsulated with at least two distinct barrier materials, the barrier materials having different melting points. 3. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aerosol generation agent is encapsulated with different thicknesses of barrier material, the thickness of the barrier material determining when the aerosol generation agent is released during use. 4. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 1, wherein distribution of the encapsulated aerosol generation agent is configured to control timing of the release of the aerosol generation agent during use. 5. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aerosol generation agent is a polyol. 6. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 2, wherein the at least two distinct barrier materials are at least one of a polysaccharide, a gelatin, a gum, and/or a gel. 7. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aerosol generation agent is configured for release during use to provide a substantially constant delivery of total particulate matter per puff. 8. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aerosol generation agent is configured for release during use to provide a gradually increasing delivery of total particulate matter per puff. 9. Use of an encapsulated aerosol generation agent in a heat not burn product, wherein the agent is encapsulated using a plurality of encapsulation materials or a plurality of encapsulation techniques, in order to control release of the aerosol generation agent, so as to produce a predefined puff yield of total particulate matter. 10. A method for controlling release of an aerosol generation agent, so as to produce a desired puff yield of total particulate matter, in a heat not burn product by including in said product an encapsulated aerosol generation agent, wherein the aerosol generation agent is encapsulated using a plurality of encapsulation materials or a plurality of encapsulation techniques. 11. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 5, wherein the polyol is at least one of sorbitol, glycerol, and/or a glycol. 12. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 11, wherein the glycol is at least one of propylene glycol and/or triethylene glycol. 13. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aerosol generation agent is a non-polyol. 14. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 13, wherein the non-polyol is at least one of a monohydric alcohol, a high-boiling point hydrocarbon, an acid, an ester, and/or an aliphatic carboxylic acid ester. 15. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 14, wherein the acid is lactic acid. 16. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 14, wherein the ester is at least one of diacetin, triacetin, triethyl citrate and/or isopropyl myristate. 17. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 14, wherein the aliphatic carboxylic acid ester is at least one of methyl stearate, dimethyl dodecanedioate and/or dimethyl tetradecanedioate. 18. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 6, wherein the polysaccharide is at least one of alginate, dextran, maltodextrin, cyclodextrin and/or pectin. 19. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 6, wherein the cellulosic barrier material is at least one of methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, and/or cellulose ethers. 20. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 6, wherein the gum is at least one of gum Arabic, gum ghatti, gum tragacanth, Karaya, locust bean gum, acacia gum, guar gum, quince seed gum, and/or xanthan gum. 21. The heat not burn product as claimed in claim 6, wherein the gel is at least one of agar, agarose, carrageenans, furoidan and/or furcellaran. | 1,700 |
3,011 | 14,783,221 | 1,733 | A manganese-containing molten steel production method comprises: a preparation step in which a molten ferroalloy or a molten non-ferrous metal is prepared by carrying out denitrification or nitrogen-absorption prevention during a procedure of retaining the molten ferroalloy or molten non-ferrous metal, in order to prevent later processing or additional denitrification due to nitrogen absorption; a maintaining step in which the molten ferroalloy or molten non-ferrous metal is maintained at a temperature at or above the melting point thereof; and a united pouring step in which the molten ferroalloy or molten non-ferrous metal is subjected to united pouring together with pre-prepared molten steel. In the present invention, while the maintaining step is being carried out, so too is a nitrogen-absorption prevention or denitrification step in which the molten ferroalloy or molten non-ferrous metal is subjected to nitrogen-absorption prevention or denitrification. | 1. A method of producing molten manganese-containing steel, the method comprising:
preparing a molten ferroalloy or a molten nonferrous metal; maintaining the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal at a temperature equal to or higher than a melting point thereof; and pouring the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal into prepared molten steel, wherein in the maintaining of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal, the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal is subjected to a nitrogen-absorption prevention process or a denitrification process. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the maintaining of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal is carried out in a holding furnace together with the nitrogen-absorption prevention process or the denitrification process, and
the nitrogen-absorption prevention process or the denitrification process comprises supplying argon (Ar) gas to the holding furnace as an atmospheric gas to maintain an interior of the holding furnace at a positive pressure. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the maintaining of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal is carried out in a holding furnace together with the nitrogen-absorption prevention process or the denitrification process, and
the nitrogen-absorption prevention process or the denitrification process comprises agitating the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal in at least one of upper and lower regions of the holding furnace using argon (Ar) gas. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the nitrogen-absorption prevention process or the denitrification process comprises adding silicon (Si) to the molten ferroalloy such that the molten ferroalloy has a silicon (Si) content of 1.5 wt % or greater. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the holding furnace comprises:
a case; an accommodation unit disposed in the case and comprising an internal space to accommodate a molten or solid ferroalloy or nonferrous metal; a heating unit configured to heat the ferroalloy or nonferrous metal contained in the accommodation unit; and a cover disposed on an upper side of the accommodation unit to close the internal space of the accommodation unit, wherein the cover comprises an atmospheric gas supply unit connected to an inert gas supply unit and supplying an atmospheric gas to the accommodation unit so that the ferroalloy or the nonferrous metal melted in the accommodation unit is denitrified or prevented from absorbing nitrogen. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the preparing of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal is performed in the holding furnace. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal is prepared in an amount greater than a required amount in the pouring of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal, and
after the required amount of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal is poured into the molten steel, a remaining amount of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal is continuously maintained at a temperature equal to or greater than the melting point. 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the preparing of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal comprises melting solid FeMN or a solid Mn metal having a manganese (Mn) content and a phosphorus (P) content according to the following formula:
P content (wt %)<−0.026×(target Mn content (wt %) of Mn-containing molten steel+(4.72×10−4)×(target Mn content (wt %) of Mn-containing molten steel)2. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the heating unit of the holding furnace comprises an induction coil, and
the preparing of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal comprises induction heating using the induction coil. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the pouring of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal comprises:
pouring the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal into a ladle in which the molten steel is contained; and agitating the molten steel together with the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal, wherein the agitating is performed by supplying an inert gas through a lower side of the ladle. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the pouring of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal comprises:
pouring the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal into a ladle in which the molten steel is contained; and agitating the molten steel together with the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal, wherein the agitating is performed using an agitator inserted through an upper side of the ladle into the molten steel and the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein in the maintaining of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal, the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal is maintained at a temperature of 1300° C. to 1500° C., and
immediately prior to the pouring of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal, the method further comprises heating the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal in consideration of states of the molten steel and target states of high manganese molten steel. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein after the pouring of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal, the method further comprises performing an RH vacuum refining process or a ladle furnace (LF) refining process in which at least one of Al, C, Cu, W, Ti, Nb, Sn, Sb, Cr, B, Ca, Si, and Ni is supplied to the molten steel and the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the RH vacuum refining process is performed together with a dehydrogenation process. 15. A holding furnace comprising:
a case; an accommodation unit disposed in the case and comprising an internal space to accommodate a solid or molten ferroalloy or a solid or molten nonferrous metal; a heating unit configured to heat the ferroalloy or nonferrous metal contained in the accommodation unit; and a cover disposed on an upper side of the accommodation unit to close the internal space of the accommodation unit, wherein the cover comprises an atmospheric gas supply unit connected to an inert gas supply unit and supplying an atmospheric gas to the accommodation unit so that the ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal melted in the accommodation unit is denitrified or prevented from absorbing nitrogen. 16. The holding furnace of claim 15, wherein the heating unit comprises at least one of:
an induction coil wound around the accommodation unit; an electrode bar disposed in the cover; and a plasma generator disposed in the cover. 17. The holding furnace of claim 16, further comprising a control unit connected to the heating unit,
wherein the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal is maintained at a temperature of 1300° C. to 1500° C. under the control of the control unit, and immediately prior to the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal is poured into molten steel, the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal is heated under the control of the control unit. 18. The holding furnace of claim 15, wherein an atmospheric gas supply tube is disposed in the cover disposed on the upper side of the accommodation unit, and the cover comprises a vent to maintain an interior of the holding furnace at a constant positive pressure when an atmospheric gas is supplied to the interior of the holding furnace. 19. The holding furnace of claim 15, further comprising:
a siphon structure comprising a suction part inserted through the cover into the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal contained in the accommodation unit, a discharge part connected to the suction unit so as to discharge the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal drawn through the suction part to a ladle, a transfer part connected between the suction part and the discharge part to transfer the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal, and an initial pressure port connected to the transfer part for creating an initial pressure difference; and a driving unit connected to a lower side of the case to assist operations of the siphon structure by lifting or lowering the case. 20. The holding furnace of claim 15, further comprising:
a driving unit connected to the case for lifting or lowering the case and the accommodation unit; a first guide disposed on an outer surface of the case; and a guide frame disposed at an outer side of the case and comprising a guide roller, the guide roller blocking an upward movement of the first guide by engaging with the first guide when the first guide is moved upwardly, wherein a connection point at which the driving unit is connected to the case is located behind the guide roller when viewed on a horizontal plane, and when the case is moved upwardly by the driving unit, the first guide is hooked on the guide roller and then the case is tilted. 21. (canceled) 22. (canceled) | A manganese-containing molten steel production method comprises: a preparation step in which a molten ferroalloy or a molten non-ferrous metal is prepared by carrying out denitrification or nitrogen-absorption prevention during a procedure of retaining the molten ferroalloy or molten non-ferrous metal, in order to prevent later processing or additional denitrification due to nitrogen absorption; a maintaining step in which the molten ferroalloy or molten non-ferrous metal is maintained at a temperature at or above the melting point thereof; and a united pouring step in which the molten ferroalloy or molten non-ferrous metal is subjected to united pouring together with pre-prepared molten steel. In the present invention, while the maintaining step is being carried out, so too is a nitrogen-absorption prevention or denitrification step in which the molten ferroalloy or molten non-ferrous metal is subjected to nitrogen-absorption prevention or denitrification.1. A method of producing molten manganese-containing steel, the method comprising:
preparing a molten ferroalloy or a molten nonferrous metal; maintaining the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal at a temperature equal to or higher than a melting point thereof; and pouring the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal into prepared molten steel, wherein in the maintaining of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal, the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal is subjected to a nitrogen-absorption prevention process or a denitrification process. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the maintaining of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal is carried out in a holding furnace together with the nitrogen-absorption prevention process or the denitrification process, and
the nitrogen-absorption prevention process or the denitrification process comprises supplying argon (Ar) gas to the holding furnace as an atmospheric gas to maintain an interior of the holding furnace at a positive pressure. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the maintaining of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal is carried out in a holding furnace together with the nitrogen-absorption prevention process or the denitrification process, and
the nitrogen-absorption prevention process or the denitrification process comprises agitating the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal in at least one of upper and lower regions of the holding furnace using argon (Ar) gas. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the nitrogen-absorption prevention process or the denitrification process comprises adding silicon (Si) to the molten ferroalloy such that the molten ferroalloy has a silicon (Si) content of 1.5 wt % or greater. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the holding furnace comprises:
a case; an accommodation unit disposed in the case and comprising an internal space to accommodate a molten or solid ferroalloy or nonferrous metal; a heating unit configured to heat the ferroalloy or nonferrous metal contained in the accommodation unit; and a cover disposed on an upper side of the accommodation unit to close the internal space of the accommodation unit, wherein the cover comprises an atmospheric gas supply unit connected to an inert gas supply unit and supplying an atmospheric gas to the accommodation unit so that the ferroalloy or the nonferrous metal melted in the accommodation unit is denitrified or prevented from absorbing nitrogen. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the preparing of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal is performed in the holding furnace. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal is prepared in an amount greater than a required amount in the pouring of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal, and
after the required amount of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal is poured into the molten steel, a remaining amount of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal is continuously maintained at a temperature equal to or greater than the melting point. 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the preparing of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal comprises melting solid FeMN or a solid Mn metal having a manganese (Mn) content and a phosphorus (P) content according to the following formula:
P content (wt %)<−0.026×(target Mn content (wt %) of Mn-containing molten steel+(4.72×10−4)×(target Mn content (wt %) of Mn-containing molten steel)2. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the heating unit of the holding furnace comprises an induction coil, and
the preparing of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal comprises induction heating using the induction coil. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the pouring of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal comprises:
pouring the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal into a ladle in which the molten steel is contained; and agitating the molten steel together with the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal, wherein the agitating is performed by supplying an inert gas through a lower side of the ladle. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the pouring of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal comprises:
pouring the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal into a ladle in which the molten steel is contained; and agitating the molten steel together with the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal, wherein the agitating is performed using an agitator inserted through an upper side of the ladle into the molten steel and the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein in the maintaining of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal, the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal is maintained at a temperature of 1300° C. to 1500° C., and
immediately prior to the pouring of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal, the method further comprises heating the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal in consideration of states of the molten steel and target states of high manganese molten steel. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein after the pouring of the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal, the method further comprises performing an RH vacuum refining process or a ladle furnace (LF) refining process in which at least one of Al, C, Cu, W, Ti, Nb, Sn, Sb, Cr, B, Ca, Si, and Ni is supplied to the molten steel and the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the RH vacuum refining process is performed together with a dehydrogenation process. 15. A holding furnace comprising:
a case; an accommodation unit disposed in the case and comprising an internal space to accommodate a solid or molten ferroalloy or a solid or molten nonferrous metal; a heating unit configured to heat the ferroalloy or nonferrous metal contained in the accommodation unit; and a cover disposed on an upper side of the accommodation unit to close the internal space of the accommodation unit, wherein the cover comprises an atmospheric gas supply unit connected to an inert gas supply unit and supplying an atmospheric gas to the accommodation unit so that the ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal melted in the accommodation unit is denitrified or prevented from absorbing nitrogen. 16. The holding furnace of claim 15, wherein the heating unit comprises at least one of:
an induction coil wound around the accommodation unit; an electrode bar disposed in the cover; and a plasma generator disposed in the cover. 17. The holding furnace of claim 16, further comprising a control unit connected to the heating unit,
wherein the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal is maintained at a temperature of 1300° C. to 1500° C. under the control of the control unit, and immediately prior to the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal is poured into molten steel, the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal is heated under the control of the control unit. 18. The holding furnace of claim 15, wherein an atmospheric gas supply tube is disposed in the cover disposed on the upper side of the accommodation unit, and the cover comprises a vent to maintain an interior of the holding furnace at a constant positive pressure when an atmospheric gas is supplied to the interior of the holding furnace. 19. The holding furnace of claim 15, further comprising:
a siphon structure comprising a suction part inserted through the cover into the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal contained in the accommodation unit, a discharge part connected to the suction unit so as to discharge the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal drawn through the suction part to a ladle, a transfer part connected between the suction part and the discharge part to transfer the molten ferroalloy or the molten nonferrous metal, and an initial pressure port connected to the transfer part for creating an initial pressure difference; and a driving unit connected to a lower side of the case to assist operations of the siphon structure by lifting or lowering the case. 20. The holding furnace of claim 15, further comprising:
a driving unit connected to the case for lifting or lowering the case and the accommodation unit; a first guide disposed on an outer surface of the case; and a guide frame disposed at an outer side of the case and comprising a guide roller, the guide roller blocking an upward movement of the first guide by engaging with the first guide when the first guide is moved upwardly, wherein a connection point at which the driving unit is connected to the case is located behind the guide roller when viewed on a horizontal plane, and when the case is moved upwardly by the driving unit, the first guide is hooked on the guide roller and then the case is tilted. 21. (canceled) 22. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,012 | 15,492,084 | 1,727 | An exemplary support assembly for a battery array includes a spacer axially separating a first battery cell from a second battery cell, a frame that holds the spacer, and an insert secured to the frame. The insert is compressed against the first battery cell. An exemplary method of supporting a battery cell includes compressing an insert against a corner region of a battery cell. The insert is secured to a frame made of a first material. The insert is made of a second material that is softer than the first material. | 1. A support assembly for a battery array, comprising:
a spacer axially separating a first battery cell from a second battery cell; a frame that holds the spacer; and an insert secured to the frame and compressed against the first battery cell. 2. The support assembly of claim 1, the frame made of a first material and the insert made of a second material that is softer than the first material. 3. The support assembly of claim 2, wherein the first material has a higher durometer than the second material. 4. The support assembly of claim 1, wherein the frame is distributed about a periphery of the spacer. 5. The support assembly of claim 1, wherein the spacer is a metal or metal alloy fin. 6. The support assembly of claim 1, wherein the first and second battery cells are pouch cells. 7. The support assembly of claim 1, wherein the frame has a perimeter including a plurality of frame corners, and the insert secured to the frame such that the insert compresses against the frame corners. 8. The support assembly of claim 1, wherein the insert comprises a foam or a rubber. 9. The support assembly of claim 1, wherein the first and second battery cells are disposed along an axis, the first battery cells having a corner region where an axially facing surface of the first battery cell meets a radially facing surface of the first battery cells, the insert compressed against the corner region. 10. The support assembly of claim 1, wherein one of the frame or the insert includes a tab that is received within a groove provided by the other of the frame of the insert. 11. The support assembly of claim 1, wherein the frame and insert are portions of a traction battery pack of an electrified vehicle. 12. The support assembly of claim 1, wherein the insert is a first insert, the support assembly further comprising a second insert secured to the frame, the insert compressed against the second battery cell. 13. An electrified vehicle battery array comprising the support assembly of claim 1 as a first support assembly and further comprising:
a plurality of second support assemblies disposed along an axis with first support assembly, the first support assembly and the second support assemblies compressed along the axis. 14. A method of supporting a battery cell, comprising:
compressing an insert against a corner region of at least one battery cell, the insert secured to a frame made of a first material, the insert made of a second material that is softer than the first material. 15. The method of claim 14, comprising securing the insert to the frame by molding the insert on to the frame. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the frame and the insert are portions of a traction battery pack of an electrified vehicle. 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising powering at least one drive wheel of an electrified vehicle with the at least one battery cell. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the corner region is where an axially facing surface of the battery cell meets a radially facing surface of the battery cell. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the at least one battery cell is a pouch cell. 20. The method of claim 14, further comprising separating the battery cell from an adjacent battery cell with a spacer that is held by the frame, and communicating thermal energy from the battery cell using the spacer. | An exemplary support assembly for a battery array includes a spacer axially separating a first battery cell from a second battery cell, a frame that holds the spacer, and an insert secured to the frame. The insert is compressed against the first battery cell. An exemplary method of supporting a battery cell includes compressing an insert against a corner region of a battery cell. The insert is secured to a frame made of a first material. The insert is made of a second material that is softer than the first material.1. A support assembly for a battery array, comprising:
a spacer axially separating a first battery cell from a second battery cell; a frame that holds the spacer; and an insert secured to the frame and compressed against the first battery cell. 2. The support assembly of claim 1, the frame made of a first material and the insert made of a second material that is softer than the first material. 3. The support assembly of claim 2, wherein the first material has a higher durometer than the second material. 4. The support assembly of claim 1, wherein the frame is distributed about a periphery of the spacer. 5. The support assembly of claim 1, wherein the spacer is a metal or metal alloy fin. 6. The support assembly of claim 1, wherein the first and second battery cells are pouch cells. 7. The support assembly of claim 1, wherein the frame has a perimeter including a plurality of frame corners, and the insert secured to the frame such that the insert compresses against the frame corners. 8. The support assembly of claim 1, wherein the insert comprises a foam or a rubber. 9. The support assembly of claim 1, wherein the first and second battery cells are disposed along an axis, the first battery cells having a corner region where an axially facing surface of the first battery cell meets a radially facing surface of the first battery cells, the insert compressed against the corner region. 10. The support assembly of claim 1, wherein one of the frame or the insert includes a tab that is received within a groove provided by the other of the frame of the insert. 11. The support assembly of claim 1, wherein the frame and insert are portions of a traction battery pack of an electrified vehicle. 12. The support assembly of claim 1, wherein the insert is a first insert, the support assembly further comprising a second insert secured to the frame, the insert compressed against the second battery cell. 13. An electrified vehicle battery array comprising the support assembly of claim 1 as a first support assembly and further comprising:
a plurality of second support assemblies disposed along an axis with first support assembly, the first support assembly and the second support assemblies compressed along the axis. 14. A method of supporting a battery cell, comprising:
compressing an insert against a corner region of at least one battery cell, the insert secured to a frame made of a first material, the insert made of a second material that is softer than the first material. 15. The method of claim 14, comprising securing the insert to the frame by molding the insert on to the frame. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the frame and the insert are portions of a traction battery pack of an electrified vehicle. 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising powering at least one drive wheel of an electrified vehicle with the at least one battery cell. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the corner region is where an axially facing surface of the battery cell meets a radially facing surface of the battery cell. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the at least one battery cell is a pouch cell. 20. The method of claim 14, further comprising separating the battery cell from an adjacent battery cell with a spacer that is held by the frame, and communicating thermal energy from the battery cell using the spacer. | 1,700 |
3,013 | 14,545,566 | 1,735 | The present invention describes a method of casting a metal alloy comprising forming a sand based mold having the geometry to generate a desired object to be cast, placing the mold in an open pressure vessel, filling the mold with a molten metal alloy, immediately thereafter closing and pressure sealing the pressure vessel, pressurizing the sealed pressure vessel with an inert gas for a measured time said predetermined measured time sufficient for the molten metal to cool and fully solidify, depressurizing the sealed pressure vessel and removing the metal filled sand mold, and extracting the desired object from the mold. | 1. A method of casting a metal alloy comprising the following steps:
forming a sand based mold having the appropriate geometry to generate a desired object to be cast; placing the sand based mold in an open pressure vessel; filling the sand based mold with a molten metal alloy; immediately thereafter closing and pressure sealing the pressure vessel; pressurizing the sealed pressure vessel with an inert gas for a predetermined measured time; said predetermined measured time sufficient for the molten metal to cool and solidify; depressurizing the sealed pressure vessel; opening the pressure vessel and removing the metal filled sand mold; and extracting the desired object from the sand mold. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the sand based mold may be comprised of silica sand (SiO2), chromite sand (FeCr2O), zircon sand (ZrSiO4), olivine, staurolite, graphite, bentonite (clay), anthracite, water, organic and inorganic binders, and combinations thereof. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the inert gas may be helium, argon, nitrogen, oxygen or combinations thereof. 4. The device of claim 1 wherein the sealed pressure vessel is pressurized to a value in the range of 50 to 180 pounds per square inch with the inert gas. 5. A method of casting a metal alloy comprising the following steps:
forming a sand based mold having the appropriate geometry to generate a desired object to be cast; placing the sand based mold in an open pressure vessel; filling the sand based mold with a molten metal alloy; immediately thereafter closing and pressure sealing the pressure vessel; pressurizing the sealed pressure vessel with an inert gas for a predetermined measured time; said predetermined measured time sufficient for the molten metal to cool and solidify; withdrawing the inert gas from the sealed pressure vessel and transferring said inert gas into a reusable storage device thereby depressurizing the sealed pressure vessel; opening the pressure vessel and removing the metal filled sand mold; and extracting the desired object from the sand mold. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein withdrawing the inert gas from the sealed pressure vessel may include filtering and separating unwanted gaseous compounds prior to transferring the said inert gas into a reusable storage device. 7. A method of casting a metal alloy comprising the following steps:
forming a sand based mold having the appropriate geometry to generate a desired object to be cast; filling the sand based mold with a molten metal alloy placing the sand based mold in an open pressure vessel; immediately thereafter closing and pressure sealing the pressure vessel; pressurizing the sealed pressure vessel with an inert gas for a predetermined measured time; said predetermined measured time sufficient for the molten metal to cool and solidify; withdrawing the inert gas from the sealed pressure vessel and transferring said inert gas into a reusable storage device thereby depressurizing the sealed pressure vessel; opening the pressure vessel and removing the metal filled sand mold; and extracting the desired object from the sand mold. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein withdrawing the inert gas from the sealed pressure vessel may include filtering and separating unwanted gaseous compounds prior to transferring the said inert gas into a reusable storage device. 9. A method to reduce porosity defects in sand casted metal objects comprising:
forming a sand based mold having the appropriate geometry to generate a desired object to be cast; placing the sand based mold in an open pressure vessel; filling the sand based mold with a molten metal alloy; immediately thereafter closing and pressure sealing the pressure vessel; pressurizing the sealed pressure vessel with an inert gas for a predetermined measured time; said predetermined measured time sufficient for the molten metal to cool and solidify; depressurizing the sealed pressure vessel; opening the pressure vessel and removing the metal filled sand mold; and extracting the desired object from the sand mold. 10. A method to reduce porosity defects from mold-metal interface reactions comprising:
forming a sand based mold having the appropriate geometry to generate a desired object to be cast; placing the sand based mold in an open pressure vessel; filling the sand based mold with a molten metal alloy; immediately thereafter closing and pressure sealing the pressure vessel; pressurizing the sealed pressure vessel with an inert gas for a predetermined measured time; said predetermined measured time sufficient for the molten metal to cool and solidify; depressurizing the sealed pressure vessel; opening the pressure vessel and removing the metal filled sand mold; and extracting the desired object from the sand mold. 11. A method to improve the tensile strength, yield strength, and percent elongation of a sand casting comprising the following steps:
forming a sand based mold having the appropriate geometry to generate a desired object to be cast; placing the sand based mold in an open pressure vessel; filling the sand based mold with a molten metal alloy; immediately thereafter closing and pressure sealing the pressure vessel; pressurizing the sealed pressure vessel with an inert gas for a predetermined measured time; said predetermined measured time sufficient for the molten metal to cool and solidify; depressurizing the sealed pressure vessel; opening the pressure vessel and removing the metal filled sand mold; and extracting the desired object from the sand mold. 12. A method to reduce hazardous air pollutants in a sand casting process comprising:
forming a sand based mold having the appropriate geometry to generate a desired object to be cast; placing the sand based mold in an open pressure vessel; filling the sand based mold with a molten metal alloy; immediately thereafter closing and pressure sealing the pressure vessel; pressurizing the sealed pressure vessel with an inert gas for a predetermined measured time; said predetermined measured time sufficient for the molten metal to cool and solidify; depressurizing the sealed pressure vessel; reclaiming and purifying the inert gas during the said depressurizing; releasing non hazardous by-products separated from the inert gas back into the atmosphere; containing hazardous by-products separated from the inert gas; opening the pressure vessel and removing the metal filled sand mold; and extracting the desired object from the sand mold. 13. A device for casting a metal alloy comprising the following elements:
a pressure vessel head; a pressure vessel base incorporating a surface to support a sand casting mold; a vertical travel guide in mechanical communication with the pressure vessel head and the pressure vessel base; said pressure vessel head and pressure vessel base incorporating interlocking members capable of forming a pressure seal when interlocked; and an actuator capable of engaging the interlocking members thereby forming a pressure seal when the pressure vessel head is in mechanical communication with the pressure vessel base. 14. The device of claim 13 wherein the pressure vessel base incorporates a unidirectional valve device to receive an inert gas from an external source. 15. The device of claim 13 wherein the pressure vessel base incorporates a bidirectional valve device with the means to receive an inert gas from an external source and exhaust said inert gas into an external source for later reuse. 16. A method of casting a metal alloy comprising the following steps:
forming a sand based mold having the appropriate geometry to generate a desired object to be cast; placing the sand based mold in an open pressure vessel; filling the sand based mold with a molten metal alloy; immediately thereafter closing and pressure sealing the pressure vessel; pressurizing the sealed pressure vessel with helium for a predetermined measured time; said predetermined measured time sufficient for the molten metal to cool and solidify; depressurizing the sealed pressure vessel; opening the pressure vessel and removing the metal filled sand mold; and extracting the desired object from the sand mold. | The present invention describes a method of casting a metal alloy comprising forming a sand based mold having the geometry to generate a desired object to be cast, placing the mold in an open pressure vessel, filling the mold with a molten metal alloy, immediately thereafter closing and pressure sealing the pressure vessel, pressurizing the sealed pressure vessel with an inert gas for a measured time said predetermined measured time sufficient for the molten metal to cool and fully solidify, depressurizing the sealed pressure vessel and removing the metal filled sand mold, and extracting the desired object from the mold.1. A method of casting a metal alloy comprising the following steps:
forming a sand based mold having the appropriate geometry to generate a desired object to be cast; placing the sand based mold in an open pressure vessel; filling the sand based mold with a molten metal alloy; immediately thereafter closing and pressure sealing the pressure vessel; pressurizing the sealed pressure vessel with an inert gas for a predetermined measured time; said predetermined measured time sufficient for the molten metal to cool and solidify; depressurizing the sealed pressure vessel; opening the pressure vessel and removing the metal filled sand mold; and extracting the desired object from the sand mold. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the sand based mold may be comprised of silica sand (SiO2), chromite sand (FeCr2O), zircon sand (ZrSiO4), olivine, staurolite, graphite, bentonite (clay), anthracite, water, organic and inorganic binders, and combinations thereof. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the inert gas may be helium, argon, nitrogen, oxygen or combinations thereof. 4. The device of claim 1 wherein the sealed pressure vessel is pressurized to a value in the range of 50 to 180 pounds per square inch with the inert gas. 5. A method of casting a metal alloy comprising the following steps:
forming a sand based mold having the appropriate geometry to generate a desired object to be cast; placing the sand based mold in an open pressure vessel; filling the sand based mold with a molten metal alloy; immediately thereafter closing and pressure sealing the pressure vessel; pressurizing the sealed pressure vessel with an inert gas for a predetermined measured time; said predetermined measured time sufficient for the molten metal to cool and solidify; withdrawing the inert gas from the sealed pressure vessel and transferring said inert gas into a reusable storage device thereby depressurizing the sealed pressure vessel; opening the pressure vessel and removing the metal filled sand mold; and extracting the desired object from the sand mold. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein withdrawing the inert gas from the sealed pressure vessel may include filtering and separating unwanted gaseous compounds prior to transferring the said inert gas into a reusable storage device. 7. A method of casting a metal alloy comprising the following steps:
forming a sand based mold having the appropriate geometry to generate a desired object to be cast; filling the sand based mold with a molten metal alloy placing the sand based mold in an open pressure vessel; immediately thereafter closing and pressure sealing the pressure vessel; pressurizing the sealed pressure vessel with an inert gas for a predetermined measured time; said predetermined measured time sufficient for the molten metal to cool and solidify; withdrawing the inert gas from the sealed pressure vessel and transferring said inert gas into a reusable storage device thereby depressurizing the sealed pressure vessel; opening the pressure vessel and removing the metal filled sand mold; and extracting the desired object from the sand mold. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein withdrawing the inert gas from the sealed pressure vessel may include filtering and separating unwanted gaseous compounds prior to transferring the said inert gas into a reusable storage device. 9. A method to reduce porosity defects in sand casted metal objects comprising:
forming a sand based mold having the appropriate geometry to generate a desired object to be cast; placing the sand based mold in an open pressure vessel; filling the sand based mold with a molten metal alloy; immediately thereafter closing and pressure sealing the pressure vessel; pressurizing the sealed pressure vessel with an inert gas for a predetermined measured time; said predetermined measured time sufficient for the molten metal to cool and solidify; depressurizing the sealed pressure vessel; opening the pressure vessel and removing the metal filled sand mold; and extracting the desired object from the sand mold. 10. A method to reduce porosity defects from mold-metal interface reactions comprising:
forming a sand based mold having the appropriate geometry to generate a desired object to be cast; placing the sand based mold in an open pressure vessel; filling the sand based mold with a molten metal alloy; immediately thereafter closing and pressure sealing the pressure vessel; pressurizing the sealed pressure vessel with an inert gas for a predetermined measured time; said predetermined measured time sufficient for the molten metal to cool and solidify; depressurizing the sealed pressure vessel; opening the pressure vessel and removing the metal filled sand mold; and extracting the desired object from the sand mold. 11. A method to improve the tensile strength, yield strength, and percent elongation of a sand casting comprising the following steps:
forming a sand based mold having the appropriate geometry to generate a desired object to be cast; placing the sand based mold in an open pressure vessel; filling the sand based mold with a molten metal alloy; immediately thereafter closing and pressure sealing the pressure vessel; pressurizing the sealed pressure vessel with an inert gas for a predetermined measured time; said predetermined measured time sufficient for the molten metal to cool and solidify; depressurizing the sealed pressure vessel; opening the pressure vessel and removing the metal filled sand mold; and extracting the desired object from the sand mold. 12. A method to reduce hazardous air pollutants in a sand casting process comprising:
forming a sand based mold having the appropriate geometry to generate a desired object to be cast; placing the sand based mold in an open pressure vessel; filling the sand based mold with a molten metal alloy; immediately thereafter closing and pressure sealing the pressure vessel; pressurizing the sealed pressure vessel with an inert gas for a predetermined measured time; said predetermined measured time sufficient for the molten metal to cool and solidify; depressurizing the sealed pressure vessel; reclaiming and purifying the inert gas during the said depressurizing; releasing non hazardous by-products separated from the inert gas back into the atmosphere; containing hazardous by-products separated from the inert gas; opening the pressure vessel and removing the metal filled sand mold; and extracting the desired object from the sand mold. 13. A device for casting a metal alloy comprising the following elements:
a pressure vessel head; a pressure vessel base incorporating a surface to support a sand casting mold; a vertical travel guide in mechanical communication with the pressure vessel head and the pressure vessel base; said pressure vessel head and pressure vessel base incorporating interlocking members capable of forming a pressure seal when interlocked; and an actuator capable of engaging the interlocking members thereby forming a pressure seal when the pressure vessel head is in mechanical communication with the pressure vessel base. 14. The device of claim 13 wherein the pressure vessel base incorporates a unidirectional valve device to receive an inert gas from an external source. 15. The device of claim 13 wherein the pressure vessel base incorporates a bidirectional valve device with the means to receive an inert gas from an external source and exhaust said inert gas into an external source for later reuse. 16. A method of casting a metal alloy comprising the following steps:
forming a sand based mold having the appropriate geometry to generate a desired object to be cast; placing the sand based mold in an open pressure vessel; filling the sand based mold with a molten metal alloy; immediately thereafter closing and pressure sealing the pressure vessel; pressurizing the sealed pressure vessel with helium for a predetermined measured time; said predetermined measured time sufficient for the molten metal to cool and solidify; depressurizing the sealed pressure vessel; opening the pressure vessel and removing the metal filled sand mold; and extracting the desired object from the sand mold. | 1,700 |
3,014 | 13,225,135 | 1,783 | A method of producing uniform multilayer graphene by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is provided. The method is limited in size only by CVD reaction chamber size and is scalable to produce multilayer graphene films on a wafer scale that have the same number of layers of graphene throughout substantially the entire film. Uniform bilayer graphene may be produced using a method that does not require assembly of independently produced single layer graphene. The method includes a CVD process wherein a reaction gas is flowed in the chamber at a relatively low pressure compared to conventional processes and the temperature in the reaction chamber is thereafter decreased relatively slowly compared to conventional processes. One application for uniform multilayer graphene is transparent conductors. In processes that require multiple transfers of single layer graphene to achieve multilayer graphene structures, the disclosed method can reduce the number of process steps by at least half. | 1. A method of directly synthesizing uniform multilayer graphene by chemical vapor deposition. 2. The method of claim 1, comprising the steps of:
(a) placing a substrate in a reaction chamber of a furnace; (b) increasing the temperature in the reaction chamber to a desired level; and (c) after the temperature in the reaction chamber reaches the desired level, flowing a reaction gas in the reaction chamber under at least one of the following conditions: without H2 gas, or at a pressure in the reaction chamber of less than 0.5 Torr. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the substrate includes a transition metal surface. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the desired level of the temperature in the reaction chamber is about 1000° C. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein flowing the reaction gas in the reaction chamber occurs for about fifteen minutes in step (c). 6. The method of claim 2, further comprising the steps of:
flowing H2 gas in the reaction chamber prior to step (c); and thereafter ceasing the flow of H2 gas prior to step (c). 7. The method of claim 2, wherein step (c) is carried out at a pressure in the reaction chamber of less than about 0.5 Torr. 8. The method of claim 2, further comprising the step of:
decreasing the temperature in the reaction chamber at a controlled rate of less than about 100° C/min after step (c). 9. Uniform bilayer graphene produced by the method of claim 1. 10. A semiconductor device including the bilayer graphene of claim 9. 11. A transparent conductor including multilayer graphene produced according to the method of claim 1. 12. The transparent conductor of claim 11, wherein the multilayer graphene includes a plurality of uniform bilayer graphene films synthesized by chemical vapor deposition and stacked together. 13. A method of producing multilayer graphene, comprising the steps of:
(a) placing a substrate having a metal surface in a reaction chamber of a furnace; (b) flowing H2 gas in the reaction chamber; (c) increasing the temperature in the reaction chamber to a desired level; (d) after the temperature in the reaction chamber reaches the desired level, ceasing flow of the H2 gas, and flowing reaction gas in the reaction chamber for a desired time; and (e) after the desired time, decreasing the temperature in the reaction chamber at a controlled rate. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the desired level of the temperature in the reaction chamber is about 1000° C. in steps (c) and (d), and the desired time is about fifteen minutes in step (d). 15. The method of claim 13, wherein step (d) is carried out at a pressure in the reaction chamber of less than 0.5 Torr and the controlled rate of step (e) is less than 100° C./min. 16. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
flowing the H2 gas at a flow rate of about 100 standard cc/min at a reaction chamber pressure of about 0.35 Torr during step (b); maintaining the flow rate of the H2 gas and the reaction chamber pressure of step (b) and increasing the temperature in the reaction chamber to about 1000° C. in about 25 minutes during step (c); maintaining the temperature in the reaction chamber at about 1000° C. and flowing the reaction gas at a flow rate of about 70 standard cc/min at a reaction chamber pressure of about 0.45 Torr for about 15 minutes during step (d); and decreasing the temperature at a controlled rate of about 18° C. during step (e). 17. A method of producing multilayer graphene, comprising the steps of:
(a) placing a substrate having a metal surface in a reaction chamber of a furnace; (b) evacuating the reaction chamber; (c) purging the reaction chamber with a working gas; (d) flowing H2 gas in the reaction chamber; (e) increasing the temperature in the reaction chamber to a desired level; (f) after the temperature in the reaction chamber reaches the desired level, ceasing flow of the H2 gas so that the reaction chamber is free of H2 gas, and flowing reaction gas in the reaction chamber at a pressure in the reaction chamber of less than 0.5 Torr; and (g) thereafter decreasing the temperature in the reaction chamber at a rate of less than 100° C./min. 18. A method of making a multilayer graphene film, comprising the steps of:
(a) synthesizing uniform multilayer graphene by chemical vapor deposition; (b) providing a uniform graphene sheet having at least one layer of graphene; and (c) stacking the uniform multilayer graphene of step (a) together with the uniform graphene sheet of step (b). 19. The method of claim 18, wherein step (b) comprises chemical vapor deposition. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein step (b) comprises synthesizing uniform multilayer graphene. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein at least one of steps (a) or (b) comprises synthesizing uniform bilayer graphene. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein both of steps (a) and (b) comprise synthesizing bilayer graphene. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein step (c) comprises a transfer process that includes transferring the graphene from at least one of steps (a) or (b) from a polymer film to the graphene from the other of steps (a) or (b). 24. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of doping the graphene of both of steps (a) and (b) prior to step (c). 25. A multilayer graphene film having interlayer uniformity and the same number of graphene layers throughout a major portion of the sheet. 26. A bilayer graphene film according to claim 25. 27. The multilayer graphene film as defined in claim 25 having the same number of graphene layers throughout substantially the entire sheet. 28. The multilayer graphene film as defined in claim 25 having at least two dimensions on a macroscale. 29. The multilayer graphene film as defined in claim 28 having at least one dimension greater than or equal to about 2 inches. | A method of producing uniform multilayer graphene by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is provided. The method is limited in size only by CVD reaction chamber size and is scalable to produce multilayer graphene films on a wafer scale that have the same number of layers of graphene throughout substantially the entire film. Uniform bilayer graphene may be produced using a method that does not require assembly of independently produced single layer graphene. The method includes a CVD process wherein a reaction gas is flowed in the chamber at a relatively low pressure compared to conventional processes and the temperature in the reaction chamber is thereafter decreased relatively slowly compared to conventional processes. One application for uniform multilayer graphene is transparent conductors. In processes that require multiple transfers of single layer graphene to achieve multilayer graphene structures, the disclosed method can reduce the number of process steps by at least half.1. A method of directly synthesizing uniform multilayer graphene by chemical vapor deposition. 2. The method of claim 1, comprising the steps of:
(a) placing a substrate in a reaction chamber of a furnace; (b) increasing the temperature in the reaction chamber to a desired level; and (c) after the temperature in the reaction chamber reaches the desired level, flowing a reaction gas in the reaction chamber under at least one of the following conditions: without H2 gas, or at a pressure in the reaction chamber of less than 0.5 Torr. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the substrate includes a transition metal surface. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the desired level of the temperature in the reaction chamber is about 1000° C. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein flowing the reaction gas in the reaction chamber occurs for about fifteen minutes in step (c). 6. The method of claim 2, further comprising the steps of:
flowing H2 gas in the reaction chamber prior to step (c); and thereafter ceasing the flow of H2 gas prior to step (c). 7. The method of claim 2, wherein step (c) is carried out at a pressure in the reaction chamber of less than about 0.5 Torr. 8. The method of claim 2, further comprising the step of:
decreasing the temperature in the reaction chamber at a controlled rate of less than about 100° C/min after step (c). 9. Uniform bilayer graphene produced by the method of claim 1. 10. A semiconductor device including the bilayer graphene of claim 9. 11. A transparent conductor including multilayer graphene produced according to the method of claim 1. 12. The transparent conductor of claim 11, wherein the multilayer graphene includes a plurality of uniform bilayer graphene films synthesized by chemical vapor deposition and stacked together. 13. A method of producing multilayer graphene, comprising the steps of:
(a) placing a substrate having a metal surface in a reaction chamber of a furnace; (b) flowing H2 gas in the reaction chamber; (c) increasing the temperature in the reaction chamber to a desired level; (d) after the temperature in the reaction chamber reaches the desired level, ceasing flow of the H2 gas, and flowing reaction gas in the reaction chamber for a desired time; and (e) after the desired time, decreasing the temperature in the reaction chamber at a controlled rate. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the desired level of the temperature in the reaction chamber is about 1000° C. in steps (c) and (d), and the desired time is about fifteen minutes in step (d). 15. The method of claim 13, wherein step (d) is carried out at a pressure in the reaction chamber of less than 0.5 Torr and the controlled rate of step (e) is less than 100° C./min. 16. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
flowing the H2 gas at a flow rate of about 100 standard cc/min at a reaction chamber pressure of about 0.35 Torr during step (b); maintaining the flow rate of the H2 gas and the reaction chamber pressure of step (b) and increasing the temperature in the reaction chamber to about 1000° C. in about 25 minutes during step (c); maintaining the temperature in the reaction chamber at about 1000° C. and flowing the reaction gas at a flow rate of about 70 standard cc/min at a reaction chamber pressure of about 0.45 Torr for about 15 minutes during step (d); and decreasing the temperature at a controlled rate of about 18° C. during step (e). 17. A method of producing multilayer graphene, comprising the steps of:
(a) placing a substrate having a metal surface in a reaction chamber of a furnace; (b) evacuating the reaction chamber; (c) purging the reaction chamber with a working gas; (d) flowing H2 gas in the reaction chamber; (e) increasing the temperature in the reaction chamber to a desired level; (f) after the temperature in the reaction chamber reaches the desired level, ceasing flow of the H2 gas so that the reaction chamber is free of H2 gas, and flowing reaction gas in the reaction chamber at a pressure in the reaction chamber of less than 0.5 Torr; and (g) thereafter decreasing the temperature in the reaction chamber at a rate of less than 100° C./min. 18. A method of making a multilayer graphene film, comprising the steps of:
(a) synthesizing uniform multilayer graphene by chemical vapor deposition; (b) providing a uniform graphene sheet having at least one layer of graphene; and (c) stacking the uniform multilayer graphene of step (a) together with the uniform graphene sheet of step (b). 19. The method of claim 18, wherein step (b) comprises chemical vapor deposition. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein step (b) comprises synthesizing uniform multilayer graphene. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein at least one of steps (a) or (b) comprises synthesizing uniform bilayer graphene. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein both of steps (a) and (b) comprise synthesizing bilayer graphene. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein step (c) comprises a transfer process that includes transferring the graphene from at least one of steps (a) or (b) from a polymer film to the graphene from the other of steps (a) or (b). 24. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of doping the graphene of both of steps (a) and (b) prior to step (c). 25. A multilayer graphene film having interlayer uniformity and the same number of graphene layers throughout a major portion of the sheet. 26. A bilayer graphene film according to claim 25. 27. The multilayer graphene film as defined in claim 25 having the same number of graphene layers throughout substantially the entire sheet. 28. The multilayer graphene film as defined in claim 25 having at least two dimensions on a macroscale. 29. The multilayer graphene film as defined in claim 28 having at least one dimension greater than or equal to about 2 inches. | 1,700 |
3,015 | 15,853,740 | 1,712 | A system and method for applying a coating to a surface. The coating can include any typical coating, but in some examples includes a styrenated acrylic coating. The coating is first applied. Thereafter, a quick-set formula which includes a brine solution is applied atop the first coating. The quick-set formula sets the first coating. Thereafter, a second coating, or multiple coatings, can be applied atop the first coating. Due to the quick-set formula, the second coating can be applied in less than 15 minutes. | 1. A method for applying a coating to a surface, said method comprising:
a. applying a first coating; b. applying a quick-set formula atop said first coating, wherein said quick-set formula sets said first coating, and wherein said quick-set formula comprises a brine solution; c. applying a second coating atop said first coating. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said coating comprises an acrylic coating. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said quick-set formula sets said first coating in under 15 minutes. 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising step d) of applying a quick-set formula after step c). 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said coating comprises a styrenated acrylic coating. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein said brine solution comprises calcium chloride. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein said applying of steps a, b, and c comprise spraying with a single spray gun. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein said first coating and said quick-set formula are applied at a ratio of between about 3.1:1 and about 20:1. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein said quick-set formula comprises 1-10% by weight salt. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein said quick-set formula comprises a ratio of water to salt of between about 4:1 to about 10:1. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein said applying of step c) occurs within 15 minutes after said applying of step a). 12. An apparatus for spraying, said apparatus comprising:
a handle coupled to a first barrel, wherein said first barrel is coupled to a second barrel; a first nozzle coupled to said first barrel; a second nozzle coupled to said second barrel. 13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said handle comprises a valve, and wherein said first and second barrels are in fluid communication with dissimilar fluids, wherein said second barrel is in fluid communication with a coating source, and wherein said first barrel is in fluid communication with a quick-set formula source. 14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein said coating source comprises an acrylic coating, and wherein said quick-set formula comprises a brine solution. 15. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said handle comprises a valve, and wherein said first and second barrels are in fluid communication with dissimilar fluids, wherein said first barrel is in fluid communication with a coating source, and wherein said second barrel is in fluid communication with a quick-set formula source. 16. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein said second nozzle is oriented approximately parallel with said second barrel, and wherein said first nozzle is oriented at an angular relationship to said second nozzle. 17. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein said first and second barrels are approximately the same length. 18. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the second barrel is longer than said first barrel. | A system and method for applying a coating to a surface. The coating can include any typical coating, but in some examples includes a styrenated acrylic coating. The coating is first applied. Thereafter, a quick-set formula which includes a brine solution is applied atop the first coating. The quick-set formula sets the first coating. Thereafter, a second coating, or multiple coatings, can be applied atop the first coating. Due to the quick-set formula, the second coating can be applied in less than 15 minutes.1. A method for applying a coating to a surface, said method comprising:
a. applying a first coating; b. applying a quick-set formula atop said first coating, wherein said quick-set formula sets said first coating, and wherein said quick-set formula comprises a brine solution; c. applying a second coating atop said first coating. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said coating comprises an acrylic coating. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said quick-set formula sets said first coating in under 15 minutes. 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising step d) of applying a quick-set formula after step c). 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said coating comprises a styrenated acrylic coating. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein said brine solution comprises calcium chloride. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein said applying of steps a, b, and c comprise spraying with a single spray gun. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein said first coating and said quick-set formula are applied at a ratio of between about 3.1:1 and about 20:1. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein said quick-set formula comprises 1-10% by weight salt. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein said quick-set formula comprises a ratio of water to salt of between about 4:1 to about 10:1. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein said applying of step c) occurs within 15 minutes after said applying of step a). 12. An apparatus for spraying, said apparatus comprising:
a handle coupled to a first barrel, wherein said first barrel is coupled to a second barrel; a first nozzle coupled to said first barrel; a second nozzle coupled to said second barrel. 13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said handle comprises a valve, and wherein said first and second barrels are in fluid communication with dissimilar fluids, wherein said second barrel is in fluid communication with a coating source, and wherein said first barrel is in fluid communication with a quick-set formula source. 14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein said coating source comprises an acrylic coating, and wherein said quick-set formula comprises a brine solution. 15. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said handle comprises a valve, and wherein said first and second barrels are in fluid communication with dissimilar fluids, wherein said first barrel is in fluid communication with a coating source, and wherein said second barrel is in fluid communication with a quick-set formula source. 16. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein said second nozzle is oriented approximately parallel with said second barrel, and wherein said first nozzle is oriented at an angular relationship to said second nozzle. 17. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein said first and second barrels are approximately the same length. 18. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the second barrel is longer than said first barrel. | 1,700 |
3,016 | 15,322,059 | 1,711 | Provided is a mold cleaning system. When cleaning a mold, the mold cleaning system acquires three-dimensional image data of a molding surface of the mold by a camera and, on the basis of the acquired image data, the mold cleaning system controls the movement of arms using a control device, moves a laser head along the molding surface while irradiating with a laser beam supplied by a laser oscillator and, as a result, removes dirt adhered to the molding surface. | 1. A mold cleaning system comprising:
a laser oscillator; a laser head configured to irradiate a molding surface of a mold with a laser beam supplied from the laser oscillator; an arm configured to move the laser head freely in three dimensions; a control device configured to control motion of the arm; and a camera configured to acquire three-dimensional image data of a molding surface of a mold to be cleaned; wherein by controlling the motion of the arm on a basis of the image data acquired by the camera when the mold is cleaned, the laser head is moved along the molding surface while irradiating with the laser beam to clean the molding surface. 2. The mold cleaning system according to claim 1, wherein the mold cleaning system is configured to:
grasp a cleaning state of the molding surface on a basis of three-dimensional image data of a cleaned molding surface of a mold acquired by the camera; store the grasped cleaning state and position information of the molding surface in the control device; and for positions on the molding surface in which the grasped cleaning state does not satisfy a preset standard, perform cleaning again by irradiating with the laser beam from the laser head. 3. The mold cleaning system according to claim 1, further comprising a plurality of laser heads having different laser irradiation widths as the laser head, wherein the mold cleaning system is configured to perform cleaning for particular preset portions by using a laser head having a relatively small laser irradiation width or by using a laser head having a relatively large laser irradiation width with the laser head having a relatively small laser irradiation width. 4. The mold cleaning system according to claim 1, further comprising a temperature sensor configured to successively detect a temperature of the molding surface that is irradiated with the laser beam, wherein the mold cleaning system is configured to suspend an irradiation with the laser beam when the temperature detected by the temperature sensor exceeds a preset acceptable temperature. 5. The mold cleaning system according to claim 1, wherein the mold is a studless-tire vulcanization mold or a cast splicing mold for pneumatic tire vulcanization. 6. The mold cleaning system according to claim 2, further comprising a plurality of laser heads having different laser irradiation widths as the laser head, wherein the mold cleaning system is configured to perform cleaning for particular preset portions by using a laser head having a relatively small laser irradiation width or by using a laser head having a relatively large laser irradiation width with the laser head having a relatively small laser irradiation width. 7. The mold cleaning system according to claim 6, further comprising a temperature sensor configured to successively detect a temperature of the molding surface that is irradiated with the laser beam, wherein the mold cleaning system is configured to suspend an irradiation with the laser beam when the temperature detected by the temperature sensor exceeds a preset acceptable temperature. 8. The mold cleaning system according to claim 7, wherein the mold is a studless-tire vulcanization mold or a cast splicing mold for pneumatic tire vulcanization. | Provided is a mold cleaning system. When cleaning a mold, the mold cleaning system acquires three-dimensional image data of a molding surface of the mold by a camera and, on the basis of the acquired image data, the mold cleaning system controls the movement of arms using a control device, moves a laser head along the molding surface while irradiating with a laser beam supplied by a laser oscillator and, as a result, removes dirt adhered to the molding surface.1. A mold cleaning system comprising:
a laser oscillator; a laser head configured to irradiate a molding surface of a mold with a laser beam supplied from the laser oscillator; an arm configured to move the laser head freely in three dimensions; a control device configured to control motion of the arm; and a camera configured to acquire three-dimensional image data of a molding surface of a mold to be cleaned; wherein by controlling the motion of the arm on a basis of the image data acquired by the camera when the mold is cleaned, the laser head is moved along the molding surface while irradiating with the laser beam to clean the molding surface. 2. The mold cleaning system according to claim 1, wherein the mold cleaning system is configured to:
grasp a cleaning state of the molding surface on a basis of three-dimensional image data of a cleaned molding surface of a mold acquired by the camera; store the grasped cleaning state and position information of the molding surface in the control device; and for positions on the molding surface in which the grasped cleaning state does not satisfy a preset standard, perform cleaning again by irradiating with the laser beam from the laser head. 3. The mold cleaning system according to claim 1, further comprising a plurality of laser heads having different laser irradiation widths as the laser head, wherein the mold cleaning system is configured to perform cleaning for particular preset portions by using a laser head having a relatively small laser irradiation width or by using a laser head having a relatively large laser irradiation width with the laser head having a relatively small laser irradiation width. 4. The mold cleaning system according to claim 1, further comprising a temperature sensor configured to successively detect a temperature of the molding surface that is irradiated with the laser beam, wherein the mold cleaning system is configured to suspend an irradiation with the laser beam when the temperature detected by the temperature sensor exceeds a preset acceptable temperature. 5. The mold cleaning system according to claim 1, wherein the mold is a studless-tire vulcanization mold or a cast splicing mold for pneumatic tire vulcanization. 6. The mold cleaning system according to claim 2, further comprising a plurality of laser heads having different laser irradiation widths as the laser head, wherein the mold cleaning system is configured to perform cleaning for particular preset portions by using a laser head having a relatively small laser irradiation width or by using a laser head having a relatively large laser irradiation width with the laser head having a relatively small laser irradiation width. 7. The mold cleaning system according to claim 6, further comprising a temperature sensor configured to successively detect a temperature of the molding surface that is irradiated with the laser beam, wherein the mold cleaning system is configured to suspend an irradiation with the laser beam when the temperature detected by the temperature sensor exceeds a preset acceptable temperature. 8. The mold cleaning system according to claim 7, wherein the mold is a studless-tire vulcanization mold or a cast splicing mold for pneumatic tire vulcanization. | 1,700 |
3,017 | 15,164,798 | 1,799 | A device is described having a first surface having a plurality of first areas and a second surface having a plurality of second areas. The first surface and the second surface are opposed to one another and can move relative to each other from at least a first position where none of the plurality of first areas, having a first substance, are exposed to plurality of second areas, having a second substance, to a second position. When in the second position, the plurality of first and second areas, and therefore the first and second substances, are exposed to one another. The device may further include a series of ducts in communication with a plurality of first second areas to allow for a substance to be disposed in, or upon, the plurality of second areas when in the first position. | 1. An apparatus for determining the quantity of an analyte present in a sample, the apparatus comprising: a top plate comprising a plurality of areas arranged to form a plurality of rows extending parallel to one another; and a bottom plate comprising a plurality of areas arranged to form a plurality of rows extending parallel to one another, and a plurality of channels extending perpendicularly to the plurality of rows of the bottom plate; wherein the top plate and the bottom plate are assembled together so that the top plate is on top of the bottom plate and the areas of the top plate communicate with the areas of the bottom plate so as to form a plurality of rows; wherein at least one of the top plate and the bottom plate is configured to slide relative to the other of the top plate and the bottom plate in order to form a plurality of columns, with each of the plurality of columns in communication with each of the plurality of channels; and wherein the areas in the top plate and the areas in the bottom plate extend at a 45 degree angle relative to the axis of a row. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the top plate is transparent. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least one of the plurality of rows formed in the top plate comprises an inlet and an outlet. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of channels is connected to an area formed in the bottom plate. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the top plate is preloaded with one or more capture agents which absorb, adsorb or react with the analyte present in the sample. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the top plate is preloaded with at least two different capture agents in separate areas. 7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the capture agent is a nucleic acid, a peptide, a protein, an antibody, an aptamer, a bead, a particle or a cell. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising ink positioned in an area in a row adjacent to the plurality of channels. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the top plate and the bottom plate are made from a material selected from the group consisting of glass, silicon, plastics, ceramics and metal oxide. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the analyte is a nucleic acid, a peptide, a protein, an antibody, a cell, an organism, an allergen, a drug or its metabolites, a toxin, or an environmental pollutant. 11. An apparatus for determining the quantity f an analyte present in a sample, the apparatus comprising: a top plate comprising a plurality of areas arranged to form a plurality of rows extending parallel to one another; and a bottom plate comprising a plurality of areas arranged to form a plurality of rows extending parallel to one another, and a plurality of channels extending perpendicularly to the plurality of rows of the bottom plate; wherein the top plate and the bottom plate are assembled together so that the top plate is on top of the bottom plate and the areas of the top plate communicate with the areas of the bottom plate so as to forma plurality of rows; wherein at least one of the top plate and the bottom plate is configured to slide relative to the other of the top plate and the bottom plate in order to form a plurality of columns, with each of the plurality of columns in communication with each of the plurality of channels; and wherein each of the plurality of channels is connected to an area formed in the bottom plate. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein top plate is transparent. 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein at least one of the plurality of rows formed in the top plate comprises an inlet and an outlet. 14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the areas in the top plate and the areas in the bottom plate extend at a 45 degree angle relative to the axis of a row. 15. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the top plate is preloaded with one or more capture agents which absorb, adsorb or react with the analyte present in the sample. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the top plate is preloaded with at least two different capture agents in separate areas. 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the capture agent is a nucleic acid, a peptide, a protein, an antibody, an aptamer, a bead, a particle or a cell. 18. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising ink positioned in an area in a row adjacent to the plurality of channels. 19. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the top plate and the bottom plate are made from a material selected from the group consisting of glass, silicon, plastics, ceramics and metal oxide. 20. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the analyte is a nucleic acid, a peptide, a protein, an antibody, a cell, an organism, an allergen, a drug or its metabolites, a toxin, or an environmental pollutant. 21. A method for determining the quantity of an analyte present in a sample, the method comprising: providing an apparatus comprising: atop plate comprising a plurality of areas arranged to form a plurality of rows extending parallel to one another; and a bottom plate comprising a plurality of areas arranged to form a plurality of rows extending parallel to one another, and a plurality of channels extending perpendicularly to the plurality of rows of the bottom plate; wherein the top plate and the bottom plate are assembled together so that the top plate is on top of the bottom plate and the areas of the top plate communicate with the areas of the bottom plate so as to form a plurality of rows; wherein at least one of the top plate and the bottom plate is configured to slide relative to the other of the top plate and the bottom plate in order to form a plurality of columns, with each of the plurality of columns in communication with each of the plurality of channels; binding a capture agent in at least one area forming one of the plurality of rows of the top plate; introducing a sample into the at least one area so that an analyte contained in the sample is bound to the capture agent, and binding a probe to the bound analyte; and positioning a reagent in an area adjacent to the row containing the capture agent, bound analyte and bound probe; and positioning ink in an area in a row adjacent to the plurality of channels; sliding one of the top plate and the bottom plate relative to the other of the top plate and the bottom plate so as to form the plurality of columns, with each column being in communication with one of the plurality of channels; and determining the quantity of the analyte present in the sample by detecting the longitudinal position of the ink contained in the plurality of channels. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the top plate is transparent. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein at least one of the plurality of rows formed in the top plate comprises an inlet and an outlet. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the areas in the top plate and the areas in the bottom plate extend at a 45 degree angle relative to the axis of a row. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein each of the plurality of Channels is connected to an area formed in the bottom plate. 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the top plate is preloaded with one or more capture agents which absorb, adsorb or react with the analyte present in the sample. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the top plate is preloaded with at least two different capture agents in separate areas. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the capture agent is a nucleic acid, a peptide, a protein, an antibody, an aptamer, a bead, a particle or a cell. 29. The method of claim 21, wherein the top plate and the bottom plate are made from a material selected from the group consisting of glass, silicon, plastics, ceramics and metal oxide. 30. The method of claim 21, wherein the analyte is a nucleic acid, a peptide, a protein, an antibody, a cell, an organism, an allergen, a drug or its metabolites, a toxin, or an environmental pollutant. | A device is described having a first surface having a plurality of first areas and a second surface having a plurality of second areas. The first surface and the second surface are opposed to one another and can move relative to each other from at least a first position where none of the plurality of first areas, having a first substance, are exposed to plurality of second areas, having a second substance, to a second position. When in the second position, the plurality of first and second areas, and therefore the first and second substances, are exposed to one another. The device may further include a series of ducts in communication with a plurality of first second areas to allow for a substance to be disposed in, or upon, the plurality of second areas when in the first position.1. An apparatus for determining the quantity of an analyte present in a sample, the apparatus comprising: a top plate comprising a plurality of areas arranged to form a plurality of rows extending parallel to one another; and a bottom plate comprising a plurality of areas arranged to form a plurality of rows extending parallel to one another, and a plurality of channels extending perpendicularly to the plurality of rows of the bottom plate; wherein the top plate and the bottom plate are assembled together so that the top plate is on top of the bottom plate and the areas of the top plate communicate with the areas of the bottom plate so as to form a plurality of rows; wherein at least one of the top plate and the bottom plate is configured to slide relative to the other of the top plate and the bottom plate in order to form a plurality of columns, with each of the plurality of columns in communication with each of the plurality of channels; and wherein the areas in the top plate and the areas in the bottom plate extend at a 45 degree angle relative to the axis of a row. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the top plate is transparent. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least one of the plurality of rows formed in the top plate comprises an inlet and an outlet. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of channels is connected to an area formed in the bottom plate. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the top plate is preloaded with one or more capture agents which absorb, adsorb or react with the analyte present in the sample. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the top plate is preloaded with at least two different capture agents in separate areas. 7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the capture agent is a nucleic acid, a peptide, a protein, an antibody, an aptamer, a bead, a particle or a cell. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising ink positioned in an area in a row adjacent to the plurality of channels. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the top plate and the bottom plate are made from a material selected from the group consisting of glass, silicon, plastics, ceramics and metal oxide. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the analyte is a nucleic acid, a peptide, a protein, an antibody, a cell, an organism, an allergen, a drug or its metabolites, a toxin, or an environmental pollutant. 11. An apparatus for determining the quantity f an analyte present in a sample, the apparatus comprising: a top plate comprising a plurality of areas arranged to form a plurality of rows extending parallel to one another; and a bottom plate comprising a plurality of areas arranged to form a plurality of rows extending parallel to one another, and a plurality of channels extending perpendicularly to the plurality of rows of the bottom plate; wherein the top plate and the bottom plate are assembled together so that the top plate is on top of the bottom plate and the areas of the top plate communicate with the areas of the bottom plate so as to forma plurality of rows; wherein at least one of the top plate and the bottom plate is configured to slide relative to the other of the top plate and the bottom plate in order to form a plurality of columns, with each of the plurality of columns in communication with each of the plurality of channels; and wherein each of the plurality of channels is connected to an area formed in the bottom plate. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein top plate is transparent. 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein at least one of the plurality of rows formed in the top plate comprises an inlet and an outlet. 14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the areas in the top plate and the areas in the bottom plate extend at a 45 degree angle relative to the axis of a row. 15. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the top plate is preloaded with one or more capture agents which absorb, adsorb or react with the analyte present in the sample. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the top plate is preloaded with at least two different capture agents in separate areas. 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the capture agent is a nucleic acid, a peptide, a protein, an antibody, an aptamer, a bead, a particle or a cell. 18. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising ink positioned in an area in a row adjacent to the plurality of channels. 19. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the top plate and the bottom plate are made from a material selected from the group consisting of glass, silicon, plastics, ceramics and metal oxide. 20. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the analyte is a nucleic acid, a peptide, a protein, an antibody, a cell, an organism, an allergen, a drug or its metabolites, a toxin, or an environmental pollutant. 21. A method for determining the quantity of an analyte present in a sample, the method comprising: providing an apparatus comprising: atop plate comprising a plurality of areas arranged to form a plurality of rows extending parallel to one another; and a bottom plate comprising a plurality of areas arranged to form a plurality of rows extending parallel to one another, and a plurality of channels extending perpendicularly to the plurality of rows of the bottom plate; wherein the top plate and the bottom plate are assembled together so that the top plate is on top of the bottom plate and the areas of the top plate communicate with the areas of the bottom plate so as to form a plurality of rows; wherein at least one of the top plate and the bottom plate is configured to slide relative to the other of the top plate and the bottom plate in order to form a plurality of columns, with each of the plurality of columns in communication with each of the plurality of channels; binding a capture agent in at least one area forming one of the plurality of rows of the top plate; introducing a sample into the at least one area so that an analyte contained in the sample is bound to the capture agent, and binding a probe to the bound analyte; and positioning a reagent in an area adjacent to the row containing the capture agent, bound analyte and bound probe; and positioning ink in an area in a row adjacent to the plurality of channels; sliding one of the top plate and the bottom plate relative to the other of the top plate and the bottom plate so as to form the plurality of columns, with each column being in communication with one of the plurality of channels; and determining the quantity of the analyte present in the sample by detecting the longitudinal position of the ink contained in the plurality of channels. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the top plate is transparent. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein at least one of the plurality of rows formed in the top plate comprises an inlet and an outlet. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the areas in the top plate and the areas in the bottom plate extend at a 45 degree angle relative to the axis of a row. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein each of the plurality of Channels is connected to an area formed in the bottom plate. 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the top plate is preloaded with one or more capture agents which absorb, adsorb or react with the analyte present in the sample. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the top plate is preloaded with at least two different capture agents in separate areas. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the capture agent is a nucleic acid, a peptide, a protein, an antibody, an aptamer, a bead, a particle or a cell. 29. The method of claim 21, wherein the top plate and the bottom plate are made from a material selected from the group consisting of glass, silicon, plastics, ceramics and metal oxide. 30. The method of claim 21, wherein the analyte is a nucleic acid, a peptide, a protein, an antibody, a cell, an organism, an allergen, a drug or its metabolites, a toxin, or an environmental pollutant. | 1,700 |
3,018 | 14,266,074 | 1,797 | A portable combination for measuring a glucose concentration value in a sample has a portable glucose meter (GM) having a test strip port for receiving a disposable electrochemical test strip, means for calculating a glucose concentration value in a sample applied to a test strip received in the test strip port, and optionally a rechargeable GM battery. Next the combination has a portable rechargeable supplemental battery pack (SBP). The combination also has a web enabled portable device (WEPD) having a rechargeable WEPD battery and a wireless connection to the Internet. The GM, the SBP, and the WEPD are electrically coupled to allow power transfer between the GM, the SBP, and the WEPD. The GM and the WEPD are communicatively coupled to allow for data transfer between the GM and the WEPD. The GM and SBP are detachable from and reattachable to the WEPD to form the portable combination. Lastly the combination has means for managing battery operations of the combination. These means are effective to cause the GM to draw operating power first from the SBP, second from the WEPD battery, and third from the GM battery, if the GM battery is present. | 1. A portable combination for measuring a glucose concentration value in a sample, the combination comprising:
(A) a portable glucose meter (GM) having a test strip port for receiving a disposable electrochemical test strip, means for calculating a glucose concentration value in a sample applied to a test strip received in the test strip port; and (B) a web enabled portable device (WEPD) having a rechargeable WEPD battery and a wireless connection to the internet, wherein:
(I) the GM and the WEPD are electrically coupled to allow power transfer between the GM, and the WEPD,
(II) the GM and the WEPD are communicatively coupled to allow for data transfer between the GM and the WEPD, and
(III) the GM and WEPD are detachable from and reattachable to the WEPD to form the portable combination. 2. The combination of claim 1, wherein the GM has a display for displaying information. 3. The combination of claim 1, further comprising a portable rechargeable supplemental battery pack (SBP). 4. The combination of claim 3, wherein the GM further comprises a GM battery. 5. The combination of claim 4, further comprising means for managing battery operations of the combination effective to cause the GM to draw operating power first from the SBP and then from the GM battery, and effective to cause the GM battery to be recharged first, followed by the SBP, when the combination is connected to an external recharging power source | A portable combination for measuring a glucose concentration value in a sample has a portable glucose meter (GM) having a test strip port for receiving a disposable electrochemical test strip, means for calculating a glucose concentration value in a sample applied to a test strip received in the test strip port, and optionally a rechargeable GM battery. Next the combination has a portable rechargeable supplemental battery pack (SBP). The combination also has a web enabled portable device (WEPD) having a rechargeable WEPD battery and a wireless connection to the Internet. The GM, the SBP, and the WEPD are electrically coupled to allow power transfer between the GM, the SBP, and the WEPD. The GM and the WEPD are communicatively coupled to allow for data transfer between the GM and the WEPD. The GM and SBP are detachable from and reattachable to the WEPD to form the portable combination. Lastly the combination has means for managing battery operations of the combination. These means are effective to cause the GM to draw operating power first from the SBP, second from the WEPD battery, and third from the GM battery, if the GM battery is present.1. A portable combination for measuring a glucose concentration value in a sample, the combination comprising:
(A) a portable glucose meter (GM) having a test strip port for receiving a disposable electrochemical test strip, means for calculating a glucose concentration value in a sample applied to a test strip received in the test strip port; and (B) a web enabled portable device (WEPD) having a rechargeable WEPD battery and a wireless connection to the internet, wherein:
(I) the GM and the WEPD are electrically coupled to allow power transfer between the GM, and the WEPD,
(II) the GM and the WEPD are communicatively coupled to allow for data transfer between the GM and the WEPD, and
(III) the GM and WEPD are detachable from and reattachable to the WEPD to form the portable combination. 2. The combination of claim 1, wherein the GM has a display for displaying information. 3. The combination of claim 1, further comprising a portable rechargeable supplemental battery pack (SBP). 4. The combination of claim 3, wherein the GM further comprises a GM battery. 5. The combination of claim 4, further comprising means for managing battery operations of the combination effective to cause the GM to draw operating power first from the SBP and then from the GM battery, and effective to cause the GM battery to be recharged first, followed by the SBP, when the combination is connected to an external recharging power source | 1,700 |
3,019 | 12,298,998 | 1,721 | A light-heat gathering solar energy device belonging to the energy device, which is a device for decreasing the area occupied by the solar energy device and increasing the light-heat absorbing efficiency of the sun light, comprising: a bracket structure, which is a structural member having a hollow body; at least one solar energy absorbing device disposed within the hollow body of said bracket structure, the hollow body is formed by the container wall having a geometry structure of upper-wide lower-narrow shape, and at least one cup-shaped bottom structure is disposed therein, said container wall is composed of an outer wall and an inner wall, said outer wall is made of a light-heat absorbing material, said inner wall is made of a light reflecting material, allowing invisible light to penetrate, inward and downward reflection is enabled in the energy absorbing device through the inner wall when the sun light irradiates from the top to the bottom such that the light-heat energy gathering effect is produced within the solar energy absorbing device, and said cup-shaped bottom structure is made of a light-heat absorbing material without a light reflecting layer. Different materials are used in the invention based on different applications, and the device can be used as a solar energy electricity device or a heat energy device and as equipment configured to provide heat energy and electricity. | 1. A light-heat gathering solar energy device, comprising:
a bracket structure, which is a structural member having a hollow body; and at least one solar energy absorbing device disposed within the hollow body of said bracket structure, wherein the hollow body is made of the a container wall having a geometry structure of upper-wide lower-narrow shape, and is disposed with at least one cup-shaped bottom structure, wherein: said container wall is composed of an outer wall and an inner wall which is attached closely to said outer wall, said outer wall is made of light-heat absorbing material, said inner wall is made of a kind of or kinds of material which can reflect light and be penetrated by invisible light, said inner wall structure has an arc shape or a plate shape to enable inward and downward reflection of sun light irradiating from the top to the bottom in the energy absorbing device to produce light-heat energy gathering effect within the cup-shaped bottom structure inside the solar energy absorbing device, and said cup-shaped bottom structure is made of the same material as that of the outer wall of the solar energy absorbing device. 2. The light-heat gathering solar energy device according to claim 1, wherein:
several energy absorbing holes arranged in order and formed by the hole walls and the bottom plates are disposed on the inner wall of said solar energy absorbing device, the material for producing the hole wall of said energy absorbing hole is the same as that for producing the container wall of said solar energy absorbing device, the material for producing the bottom plate of said energy absorbing hole is the same as that for producing the container wall of said solar energy absorbing device. 3. The light-heat gathering solar energy device according to claim 1, wherein:
an energy absorbing post is also disposed on the central region of the cup-shaped bottom structure of said solar energy absorbing device, and the energy absorbing post is made of a heat-light absorbing material without light reflecting layer. 4. The light-heat gathering solar energy device according to claim 1, wherein:
a heat insulating seal layer made of transparent, light transmitting material is disposed on the top portion of said solar energy absorbing device to enhance the heat preserving and heat gathering effect of heat energy. 5. The light-heat gathering solar energy device according to claim 1, wherein:
when a light heat absorbing material used for the outer wall of the container wall of said solar energy absorbing device is used as a heat gathering tube plate for a heat energy plate, a light reflecting material for absorbing heat is used for said inner wall, a heat gathering tube plate as same as that of said outer wall is used for said cup-shaped bottom structure, and a layer of the heat insulating material layer is disposed outside said outer wall and said cup-shaped bottom structure. 6. The light-heat gathering solar energy device according to claim 1, wherein:
when the outer wall of the container wall of said solar energy absorbing device is used as a solar cell plate for a photovoltaic cell plate, a light reflecting material allowing invisible light to penetrate is used for said inner wall, a solar cell plate as same as that of said outer wall is used for said cup-shaped bottom structure, and a cell plate assembly is disposed outside said outer wall and said cup-shaped bottom structure. 7. The light-heat gathering solar energy device according to claim 1, wherein:
when the outer wall of the container wall of said solar energy absorbing device is used as a solar cell plate for a photovoltaic cell plate, a light reflecting material allowing invisible light to penetrate is used for said inner wall, and a heat gathering tube plate used as a heat energy plate is used for said cup-shaped bottom structure. 8. The light-heat gathering solar energy device according to claim 1, wherein:
when the outer wall of the container wall of said solar energy absorbing device is used as a heat gathering tube plate for a heat energy plate, a light reflecting material for absorbing heat is used for said inner wall, and a solar cell plate used as a photovoltaic cell plate is used for said cup-shaped bottom structure. 9. The light-heat gathering solar energy device according to claim 1, wherein:
a solar energy application device secured on said bracket structure is disposed at the lower portion of said solar energy absorbing device, said solar energy application device comprises solar stove, solar oven, and solar fireplace. 10. The light-heat gathering solar energy device according to claim 1, wherein:
said bracket structure is composed of a metal structure, a frame structure, or a member of brick concrete structure. | A light-heat gathering solar energy device belonging to the energy device, which is a device for decreasing the area occupied by the solar energy device and increasing the light-heat absorbing efficiency of the sun light, comprising: a bracket structure, which is a structural member having a hollow body; at least one solar energy absorbing device disposed within the hollow body of said bracket structure, the hollow body is formed by the container wall having a geometry structure of upper-wide lower-narrow shape, and at least one cup-shaped bottom structure is disposed therein, said container wall is composed of an outer wall and an inner wall, said outer wall is made of a light-heat absorbing material, said inner wall is made of a light reflecting material, allowing invisible light to penetrate, inward and downward reflection is enabled in the energy absorbing device through the inner wall when the sun light irradiates from the top to the bottom such that the light-heat energy gathering effect is produced within the solar energy absorbing device, and said cup-shaped bottom structure is made of a light-heat absorbing material without a light reflecting layer. Different materials are used in the invention based on different applications, and the device can be used as a solar energy electricity device or a heat energy device and as equipment configured to provide heat energy and electricity.1. A light-heat gathering solar energy device, comprising:
a bracket structure, which is a structural member having a hollow body; and at least one solar energy absorbing device disposed within the hollow body of said bracket structure, wherein the hollow body is made of the a container wall having a geometry structure of upper-wide lower-narrow shape, and is disposed with at least one cup-shaped bottom structure, wherein: said container wall is composed of an outer wall and an inner wall which is attached closely to said outer wall, said outer wall is made of light-heat absorbing material, said inner wall is made of a kind of or kinds of material which can reflect light and be penetrated by invisible light, said inner wall structure has an arc shape or a plate shape to enable inward and downward reflection of sun light irradiating from the top to the bottom in the energy absorbing device to produce light-heat energy gathering effect within the cup-shaped bottom structure inside the solar energy absorbing device, and said cup-shaped bottom structure is made of the same material as that of the outer wall of the solar energy absorbing device. 2. The light-heat gathering solar energy device according to claim 1, wherein:
several energy absorbing holes arranged in order and formed by the hole walls and the bottom plates are disposed on the inner wall of said solar energy absorbing device, the material for producing the hole wall of said energy absorbing hole is the same as that for producing the container wall of said solar energy absorbing device, the material for producing the bottom plate of said energy absorbing hole is the same as that for producing the container wall of said solar energy absorbing device. 3. The light-heat gathering solar energy device according to claim 1, wherein:
an energy absorbing post is also disposed on the central region of the cup-shaped bottom structure of said solar energy absorbing device, and the energy absorbing post is made of a heat-light absorbing material without light reflecting layer. 4. The light-heat gathering solar energy device according to claim 1, wherein:
a heat insulating seal layer made of transparent, light transmitting material is disposed on the top portion of said solar energy absorbing device to enhance the heat preserving and heat gathering effect of heat energy. 5. The light-heat gathering solar energy device according to claim 1, wherein:
when a light heat absorbing material used for the outer wall of the container wall of said solar energy absorbing device is used as a heat gathering tube plate for a heat energy plate, a light reflecting material for absorbing heat is used for said inner wall, a heat gathering tube plate as same as that of said outer wall is used for said cup-shaped bottom structure, and a layer of the heat insulating material layer is disposed outside said outer wall and said cup-shaped bottom structure. 6. The light-heat gathering solar energy device according to claim 1, wherein:
when the outer wall of the container wall of said solar energy absorbing device is used as a solar cell plate for a photovoltaic cell plate, a light reflecting material allowing invisible light to penetrate is used for said inner wall, a solar cell plate as same as that of said outer wall is used for said cup-shaped bottom structure, and a cell plate assembly is disposed outside said outer wall and said cup-shaped bottom structure. 7. The light-heat gathering solar energy device according to claim 1, wherein:
when the outer wall of the container wall of said solar energy absorbing device is used as a solar cell plate for a photovoltaic cell plate, a light reflecting material allowing invisible light to penetrate is used for said inner wall, and a heat gathering tube plate used as a heat energy plate is used for said cup-shaped bottom structure. 8. The light-heat gathering solar energy device according to claim 1, wherein:
when the outer wall of the container wall of said solar energy absorbing device is used as a heat gathering tube plate for a heat energy plate, a light reflecting material for absorbing heat is used for said inner wall, and a solar cell plate used as a photovoltaic cell plate is used for said cup-shaped bottom structure. 9. The light-heat gathering solar energy device according to claim 1, wherein:
a solar energy application device secured on said bracket structure is disposed at the lower portion of said solar energy absorbing device, said solar energy application device comprises solar stove, solar oven, and solar fireplace. 10. The light-heat gathering solar energy device according to claim 1, wherein:
said bracket structure is composed of a metal structure, a frame structure, or a member of brick concrete structure. | 1,700 |
3,020 | 13,651,796 | 1,782 | This invention provides a polymer that is useful in a variety of applications, including as a binder polymer of a coating composition, and especially a packaging coating composition. Packaging articles (e.g., containers) comprising the polymer and methods of making such packaging articles are also provided. | 1. An article comprising:
a metal substrate of a food or beverage container or a portion thereof; and a coating applied on at least a portion of a major surface of the metal substrate, wherein the coating comprises:
a film-forming amount of a polyether polymer having:
one or more segment of the following Formula I: —O—Ar—(Rn—Ar)n—O—, wherein:
each Ar is independently an aryl or heteroaryl group,
each n is independently 0 or 1,
R, if present, is a divalent organic group, and
the two oxygen atoms are each ether oxygen; and
a glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least 70° C.; and
wherein the coating composition is at least substantially free of bisphenol A and the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the polyether polymer has a Tg of from 70 to 150° C. 3. The article of claim 1, wherein the polyether polymer has a Tg of from 80 to 110° C. 4. The article of claim 1, wherein the polyether polymer includes one or more pendant hydroxyl groups attached to backbone carbon atoms. 5. The article of claim 4, wherein the backbone includes —CH2—CH(OH)—CH2-segments. 6. The article of claim 1, wherein aryl or heteroaryl groups constitute at least 20 weight percent of the polyether polymer, based on the total weight of aryl and heteroaryl groups present in the polymer relative to the weight of the polymer. 7. The article of claim 1, wherein the polyether polymer is a reaction product of ingredients including a polyepoxide and a polyhydric phenol. 8. The article of claim 7, wherein each of the polyepoxide and the polyhydric phenol independently include an aryl or heteroaryl group. 9. The article of claim 7, wherein one or more of the polyepoxide or polyhydric phenol are selected from 1,1-di(4-hydroxyphenyl)-cyclohexane, 1,1-di(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-cyclohexane, 1,1-di(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)-cyclohexane, or the diglycidyl ether of any of these. 10. The article of claim 7, wherein one or more of the polyepoxide or polyhydric phenol are selected from: 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexane or the diglycidyl ether of 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexane. 11. The article of claim 1, wherein the polyether polymer has a number average molecular weight of at least 2,000. 12. The article of claim 1, wherein R, if present, is a divalent group other than —C(CH3)2—. 13. The article of claim 1, wherein n is 1 and R includes a quaternary carbon atom in a backbone segment connecting the two Ar groups. 14. The article of claim 13, wherein R includes at least one cyclic group. 15. The article of claim 14, wherein: (i) R is free of ester linkages and (ii) the at least one cyclic group is a divalent alicyclic group. 16. The article of claim 1, wherein n is 1 and R includes at least one ester linkage. 17. The article of claim 16, wherein R comprises a segment of the below formula:
—R5 t—C(O)—O—R4—O—C(O)—R5 t—
wherein:
R4 is a divalent organic group;
each R5 is a divalent organic group; and
each t is 0 or 1. 18. The article of claim 1, wherein the polyether polymer is free of ester linkages. 19. The article of claim 1, wherein the coating composition includes a liquid carrier and comprises a water-based system. 20. The article of claim 1, wherein the coating composition includes a liquid carrier and comprises an organic-solvent-based system. 21. The article of claim 1, wherein the coating composition is a food-contact coating. 22. A method, comprising:
providing a metal substrate; providing a coating composition, comprising:
a polyether polymer having:
one or more segment of the following Formula I: —O—Ar—(Rn—Ar)n—O—, wherein:
each Ar is independently an aryl or heteroaryl group,
each n is independently 0 or 1,
R, if present, is a divalent organic group, and
the two oxygen atoms are each ether oxygen; and
a glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least 70° C.; and
wherein the coating composition is at least substantially free of bisphenol A and the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A; and
applying the coating composition on at least a portion of a major surface of the substrate prior to, or after, forming the substrate into a food or beverage container or a portion thereof. 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising:
forming the metal substrate having the coating composition applied thereon into a food or beverage container or a portion thereof. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the metal substrate comprises a portion of a preformed food or beverage container. 25. A coating composition, comprising:
a film-forming amount of a polyether polymer having:
one or more segment of the following Formula I: —O—Ar—(Rn—Ar)n—O—, wherein:
each Ar is independently an aryl or heteroaryl group,
each n is independently 0 or 1,
R, if present, is a divalent organic group, and
the two oxygen atoms are each ether oxygen; and
a glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least 70° C.; and
a liquid carrier; wherein the coating composition is at least substantially free of bisphenol A and the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A. 26. An article comprising:
a metal substrate of a food or beverage container or a portion thereof; and a coating applied on at least a portion of a major surface of the metal substrate, wherein the coating comprises a film-forming amount of a polyether polymer having polycyclic groups and a glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least 70° C., wherein the coating composition is at least substantially free of bisphenol A and the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A. | This invention provides a polymer that is useful in a variety of applications, including as a binder polymer of a coating composition, and especially a packaging coating composition. Packaging articles (e.g., containers) comprising the polymer and methods of making such packaging articles are also provided.1. An article comprising:
a metal substrate of a food or beverage container or a portion thereof; and a coating applied on at least a portion of a major surface of the metal substrate, wherein the coating comprises:
a film-forming amount of a polyether polymer having:
one or more segment of the following Formula I: —O—Ar—(Rn—Ar)n—O—, wherein:
each Ar is independently an aryl or heteroaryl group,
each n is independently 0 or 1,
R, if present, is a divalent organic group, and
the two oxygen atoms are each ether oxygen; and
a glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least 70° C.; and
wherein the coating composition is at least substantially free of bisphenol A and the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the polyether polymer has a Tg of from 70 to 150° C. 3. The article of claim 1, wherein the polyether polymer has a Tg of from 80 to 110° C. 4. The article of claim 1, wherein the polyether polymer includes one or more pendant hydroxyl groups attached to backbone carbon atoms. 5. The article of claim 4, wherein the backbone includes —CH2—CH(OH)—CH2-segments. 6. The article of claim 1, wherein aryl or heteroaryl groups constitute at least 20 weight percent of the polyether polymer, based on the total weight of aryl and heteroaryl groups present in the polymer relative to the weight of the polymer. 7. The article of claim 1, wherein the polyether polymer is a reaction product of ingredients including a polyepoxide and a polyhydric phenol. 8. The article of claim 7, wherein each of the polyepoxide and the polyhydric phenol independently include an aryl or heteroaryl group. 9. The article of claim 7, wherein one or more of the polyepoxide or polyhydric phenol are selected from 1,1-di(4-hydroxyphenyl)-cyclohexane, 1,1-di(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-cyclohexane, 1,1-di(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)-cyclohexane, or the diglycidyl ether of any of these. 10. The article of claim 7, wherein one or more of the polyepoxide or polyhydric phenol are selected from: 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexane or the diglycidyl ether of 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexane. 11. The article of claim 1, wherein the polyether polymer has a number average molecular weight of at least 2,000. 12. The article of claim 1, wherein R, if present, is a divalent group other than —C(CH3)2—. 13. The article of claim 1, wherein n is 1 and R includes a quaternary carbon atom in a backbone segment connecting the two Ar groups. 14. The article of claim 13, wherein R includes at least one cyclic group. 15. The article of claim 14, wherein: (i) R is free of ester linkages and (ii) the at least one cyclic group is a divalent alicyclic group. 16. The article of claim 1, wherein n is 1 and R includes at least one ester linkage. 17. The article of claim 16, wherein R comprises a segment of the below formula:
—R5 t—C(O)—O—R4—O—C(O)—R5 t—
wherein:
R4 is a divalent organic group;
each R5 is a divalent organic group; and
each t is 0 or 1. 18. The article of claim 1, wherein the polyether polymer is free of ester linkages. 19. The article of claim 1, wherein the coating composition includes a liquid carrier and comprises a water-based system. 20. The article of claim 1, wherein the coating composition includes a liquid carrier and comprises an organic-solvent-based system. 21. The article of claim 1, wherein the coating composition is a food-contact coating. 22. A method, comprising:
providing a metal substrate; providing a coating composition, comprising:
a polyether polymer having:
one or more segment of the following Formula I: —O—Ar—(Rn—Ar)n—O—, wherein:
each Ar is independently an aryl or heteroaryl group,
each n is independently 0 or 1,
R, if present, is a divalent organic group, and
the two oxygen atoms are each ether oxygen; and
a glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least 70° C.; and
wherein the coating composition is at least substantially free of bisphenol A and the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A; and
applying the coating composition on at least a portion of a major surface of the substrate prior to, or after, forming the substrate into a food or beverage container or a portion thereof. 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising:
forming the metal substrate having the coating composition applied thereon into a food or beverage container or a portion thereof. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the metal substrate comprises a portion of a preformed food or beverage container. 25. A coating composition, comprising:
a film-forming amount of a polyether polymer having:
one or more segment of the following Formula I: —O—Ar—(Rn—Ar)n—O—, wherein:
each Ar is independently an aryl or heteroaryl group,
each n is independently 0 or 1,
R, if present, is a divalent organic group, and
the two oxygen atoms are each ether oxygen; and
a glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least 70° C.; and
a liquid carrier; wherein the coating composition is at least substantially free of bisphenol A and the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A. 26. An article comprising:
a metal substrate of a food or beverage container or a portion thereof; and a coating applied on at least a portion of a major surface of the metal substrate, wherein the coating comprises a film-forming amount of a polyether polymer having polycyclic groups and a glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least 70° C., wherein the coating composition is at least substantially free of bisphenol A and the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A. | 1,700 |
3,021 | 13,810,867 | 1,744 | A mould tool ( 10 ) for moulding mouldable material, the mould tool comprises a tool body ( 12 ) having a plurality of tool body sections ( 14 ), at least two of which comprise an inner polymer foam core ( 16 ) within an outer skin ( 18 ) of resinous material and are stacked one above the other, the tool ( 10 ) further comprises a mould skin ( 20 ) extending over the body ( 12 ) to provide a mould surface ( 22 ) on which mouldable material can be moulded. A method of manufacturing such a mould tool and a tool body are also provided. | 1. A mould tool for moulding mouldable material, the tool comprising a tool body comprising a plurality of tool body sections at least two of which comprise an inner polymer foam core enclosed along its length by an outer skin of resinous material and are stacked one above the other, the tool further comprising a mould skin extending over the tool body to provide a mould surface on which mouldable material can be moulded. 2-4. (canceled) 5. A mould tool as claimed in claim 1, in which the tool sections are in direct mutual contact. 6. A mould tool as claimed in claim 1, in which a series of tool body sections extends in a side-by-side configuration to form a layer of tool body sections. 7. A mould tool as claimed in claim 6, in which the tool body comprises a plurality of layers of tool body sections in a stacked configuration. 8. (canceled) 9. A mould tool as claimed in claim 1, in which the resinous material is a fibre-reinforced resinous material comprising fibre reinforcement. 10. (canceled) 11. A mould tool as claimed in claim 1, in which the resinous material is curable. 12. A mould tool as claimed in claim 9, in which the fibre reinforcement is directional providing a tool body section with relatively high strength in a particular direction. 13-15. (canceled) 16. A mould tool as claimed in claim 9, in which the fibre-reinforced resinous material has a coefficient of thermal expansion of less than 8 ppm. 17-19. (canceled) 20. A mould tool as claimed in claim 1, in which the polymer foam core has a density of less than 250 kg/m3. 21. (canceled) 22. A mould tool as claimed in claim 1, in which the polymer foam has a coefficient of thermal expansion of between 20 and 80 ppm. 23-26. (canceled) 27. A mould tool as claimed in claim 1, in which at least some of the tool body sections are elongate and fibre reinforcement within the outer skin of a tool body section extends at least generally in a direction along the length of the section. 28-38. (canceled) 39. A mould tool as claimed in claim 1, in which the mould skin has the same or similar coefficient of thermal expansion as the outer skin of the or the majority of the tool body sections within the tool body. 40-42. (canceled) 43. A tool body comprising a plurality of tool body sections, at least two of which comprise an inner polymer foam core enclosed along its length by an outer skin of resinous material and are stacked one above the other. 44-65. (canceled) 66. A method of manufacturing a tool body comprising stacking at least two tool body sections one above the other, each of the tool body sections comprising an inner polymer foam core enclosed along its length by an outer skin of resinous material. 67. A method of moulding an article comprising placing mouldable material on a mould surface of a mould tool as claimed in claim 1 and subjecting the material to moulding conditions. 68-76. (canceled) | A mould tool ( 10 ) for moulding mouldable material, the mould tool comprises a tool body ( 12 ) having a plurality of tool body sections ( 14 ), at least two of which comprise an inner polymer foam core ( 16 ) within an outer skin ( 18 ) of resinous material and are stacked one above the other, the tool ( 10 ) further comprises a mould skin ( 20 ) extending over the body ( 12 ) to provide a mould surface ( 22 ) on which mouldable material can be moulded. A method of manufacturing such a mould tool and a tool body are also provided.1. A mould tool for moulding mouldable material, the tool comprising a tool body comprising a plurality of tool body sections at least two of which comprise an inner polymer foam core enclosed along its length by an outer skin of resinous material and are stacked one above the other, the tool further comprising a mould skin extending over the tool body to provide a mould surface on which mouldable material can be moulded. 2-4. (canceled) 5. A mould tool as claimed in claim 1, in which the tool sections are in direct mutual contact. 6. A mould tool as claimed in claim 1, in which a series of tool body sections extends in a side-by-side configuration to form a layer of tool body sections. 7. A mould tool as claimed in claim 6, in which the tool body comprises a plurality of layers of tool body sections in a stacked configuration. 8. (canceled) 9. A mould tool as claimed in claim 1, in which the resinous material is a fibre-reinforced resinous material comprising fibre reinforcement. 10. (canceled) 11. A mould tool as claimed in claim 1, in which the resinous material is curable. 12. A mould tool as claimed in claim 9, in which the fibre reinforcement is directional providing a tool body section with relatively high strength in a particular direction. 13-15. (canceled) 16. A mould tool as claimed in claim 9, in which the fibre-reinforced resinous material has a coefficient of thermal expansion of less than 8 ppm. 17-19. (canceled) 20. A mould tool as claimed in claim 1, in which the polymer foam core has a density of less than 250 kg/m3. 21. (canceled) 22. A mould tool as claimed in claim 1, in which the polymer foam has a coefficient of thermal expansion of between 20 and 80 ppm. 23-26. (canceled) 27. A mould tool as claimed in claim 1, in which at least some of the tool body sections are elongate and fibre reinforcement within the outer skin of a tool body section extends at least generally in a direction along the length of the section. 28-38. (canceled) 39. A mould tool as claimed in claim 1, in which the mould skin has the same or similar coefficient of thermal expansion as the outer skin of the or the majority of the tool body sections within the tool body. 40-42. (canceled) 43. A tool body comprising a plurality of tool body sections, at least two of which comprise an inner polymer foam core enclosed along its length by an outer skin of resinous material and are stacked one above the other. 44-65. (canceled) 66. A method of manufacturing a tool body comprising stacking at least two tool body sections one above the other, each of the tool body sections comprising an inner polymer foam core enclosed along its length by an outer skin of resinous material. 67. A method of moulding an article comprising placing mouldable material on a mould surface of a mould tool as claimed in claim 1 and subjecting the material to moulding conditions. 68-76. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,022 | 14,596,044 | 1,761 | Compositions including olefinic ester compounds are generally disclosed. In some embodiments, such compositions are cleaning compositions, and can be used to clean various surfaces (e.g., hard surfaces, etc.) and/or materials (e.g., textiles, fibers, etc.). In some embodiments, the olefinic ester compounds are derived from a natural oil or a natural oil derivative, for example, by catalytic olefin metathesis. | 1. A composition comprising olefinic ester compounds, wherein the olefinic ester compounds are C1-6 alkanol esters of C10-18 carboxylic acids having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the olefinic ester compounds make up at least 50 percent by weight, or at least 60 percent by weight, or at least 70 percent by weight, or at least 80 percent by weight, or at least 90 percent by weight, or at least 95 percent by weight of the composition, based on the total weight of the composition. 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the olefinic ester compounds make up no more than 99 percent by weight of the composition, based on the total weight of the composition. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the olefinic ester compounds make up from 1 to 70 percent by weight, or from 1 to 50 percent by weight, or from 1 to 30 percent by weight, or from 1 to 20 percent by weight of the composition, based on the total weight of the composition. 5. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a carrier, an additional solvent, a co-solvents, a surfactant, a co-surfactant, an emulsifier, a natural or synthetic colorant, a natural or synthetic fragrance, an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, or an antimicrobial agent. 6. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a surfactant. 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, a non-ionic surfactant, and combinations thereof. 8-10. (canceled) 11. The composition of claim 1 further comprising water. 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the composition is an emulsion. 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is substantially free of water. 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. The composition of claim 1, wherein the olefinic ester compounds are methyl, ethyl, or isopropyl esters of C10-18 carboxylic acids having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. 19. (canceled) 20. The composition of claim 18, wherein at least 50 percent by weight, or at least 60 percent by weight, or at least 70 percent by weight, or at least 80 percent by weight of the olefinic ester compounds in the composition are methyl esters of C10-12 carboxylic acids having one carbon-carbon double bond. 21. The composition of claim 20, wherein at least 50 percent by weight, or at least 60 percent by weight, or at least 70 percent by weight, or at least 80 percent by weight of the olefinic ester compounds in the composition are methyl esters of 9-decenoic acid, 9-undecenoid acid, or 9-dodecenoic acid. 22. The composition of claim 21, wherein at least 50 percent by weight, or at least 60 percent by weight, or at least 70 percent by weight, or at least 80 percent by weight of the olefinic ester compounds in the composition are methyl 9-dodecenoate. 23. (canceled) 24. (canceled) 25. The composition of claim 1, wherein the olefinic ester compounds are compounds of formula (I):
wherein:
R1 is C9-17 alkenyl; and
R2 is C1-6 alkyl. 26. The composition of claim 25, wherein R1 is C9-11 alkenyl. 27-29. (canceled) 30. The composition of claim 26, wherein R1 is —(CH2)7—CH═CH—CH2—CH3. 31. (canceled) 32. (canceled) 33. The composition of claim 30, wherein R2 is methyl. 34-36. (canceled) 37. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is a cleaning composition. 38. A method for cleaning a surface, comprising: contacting a surface with the composition of claim 1. 39-45. (canceled) | Compositions including olefinic ester compounds are generally disclosed. In some embodiments, such compositions are cleaning compositions, and can be used to clean various surfaces (e.g., hard surfaces, etc.) and/or materials (e.g., textiles, fibers, etc.). In some embodiments, the olefinic ester compounds are derived from a natural oil or a natural oil derivative, for example, by catalytic olefin metathesis.1. A composition comprising olefinic ester compounds, wherein the olefinic ester compounds are C1-6 alkanol esters of C10-18 carboxylic acids having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the olefinic ester compounds make up at least 50 percent by weight, or at least 60 percent by weight, or at least 70 percent by weight, or at least 80 percent by weight, or at least 90 percent by weight, or at least 95 percent by weight of the composition, based on the total weight of the composition. 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the olefinic ester compounds make up no more than 99 percent by weight of the composition, based on the total weight of the composition. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the olefinic ester compounds make up from 1 to 70 percent by weight, or from 1 to 50 percent by weight, or from 1 to 30 percent by weight, or from 1 to 20 percent by weight of the composition, based on the total weight of the composition. 5. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a carrier, an additional solvent, a co-solvents, a surfactant, a co-surfactant, an emulsifier, a natural or synthetic colorant, a natural or synthetic fragrance, an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, or an antimicrobial agent. 6. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a surfactant. 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, a non-ionic surfactant, and combinations thereof. 8-10. (canceled) 11. The composition of claim 1 further comprising water. 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the composition is an emulsion. 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is substantially free of water. 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. The composition of claim 1, wherein the olefinic ester compounds are methyl, ethyl, or isopropyl esters of C10-18 carboxylic acids having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. 19. (canceled) 20. The composition of claim 18, wherein at least 50 percent by weight, or at least 60 percent by weight, or at least 70 percent by weight, or at least 80 percent by weight of the olefinic ester compounds in the composition are methyl esters of C10-12 carboxylic acids having one carbon-carbon double bond. 21. The composition of claim 20, wherein at least 50 percent by weight, or at least 60 percent by weight, or at least 70 percent by weight, or at least 80 percent by weight of the olefinic ester compounds in the composition are methyl esters of 9-decenoic acid, 9-undecenoid acid, or 9-dodecenoic acid. 22. The composition of claim 21, wherein at least 50 percent by weight, or at least 60 percent by weight, or at least 70 percent by weight, or at least 80 percent by weight of the olefinic ester compounds in the composition are methyl 9-dodecenoate. 23. (canceled) 24. (canceled) 25. The composition of claim 1, wherein the olefinic ester compounds are compounds of formula (I):
wherein:
R1 is C9-17 alkenyl; and
R2 is C1-6 alkyl. 26. The composition of claim 25, wherein R1 is C9-11 alkenyl. 27-29. (canceled) 30. The composition of claim 26, wherein R1 is —(CH2)7—CH═CH—CH2—CH3. 31. (canceled) 32. (canceled) 33. The composition of claim 30, wherein R2 is methyl. 34-36. (canceled) 37. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is a cleaning composition. 38. A method for cleaning a surface, comprising: contacting a surface with the composition of claim 1. 39-45. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,023 | 15,355,712 | 1,777 | A method and system of treatment of agricultural and industrial wastewaters that contain high concentrations of suspended solids, nitrogen, and phosphorus compounds is disclosed. The method and system includes pre-treating the wastewater, controlling the amount of coagulants used, and controlling the mean velocity used for mixing, surface loading rate, and solids loading rate. The method and system functions as a sedimentation unit and gas flotation unit (solid/liquid separator). The pH of the effluent wastewater is stabilized within the separator by ensuring that there is sufficient alkalinity to buffer the wastewater. Sufficient gas is produced in the coagulation reactions to float and concentrate the solids, which results in as high as 99 percent reduction in suspended solids, a 96 percent reduction of the phosphorus concentration, and a 50 percent reduction of the nitrogen concentration in the effluent from the separator. | 1. A system of treatment of wastewater, the system comprising:
a chemical feed system configured to add acids, bases, or any combination thereof, to adjust a pH of a wastewater until at least 90 percent of alkalinity of the wastewater is in the form of a bicarbonate ion and the pH is between about 6.3 and 10.3, wherein the bicarbonate ion is a predominate carbonate species; a coagulant feed system configured to add a coagulant of ferric sulfate to the wastewater to produce carbon dioxide to buoy up coagulated solids; a separator having a lower settling zone configured to collect settled solids and an upper flotation zone to collect the coagulated solids of nitrogen compounds, phosphorous compounds, suspended solids, or any combination thereof buoyed up by the carbon dioxide by reacting the coagulant with the wastewater; and an effluent collection system in fluid communication with the separator. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a wastewater source to provide the wastewater for treatment. 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a pretreatment system to remove at least a portion of suspended solids from the wastewater. 4. The system of claim 3, further comprising a controller to control the chemical feed system and the coagulant feed system. 5. The system of claim 3, wherein the pretreatment system is a screw press, belt press, drum separator, filter press, or any combination thereof. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the coagulant is aluminum sulfide, ferric sulfate, or any combination thereof. 7. The system of claim 1, further comprising a mixer to mix the coagulant with the wastewater. 8. The system of claim 1, further comprising a recycle return pump to provide a loop between effluent and influent flows of the separator. | A method and system of treatment of agricultural and industrial wastewaters that contain high concentrations of suspended solids, nitrogen, and phosphorus compounds is disclosed. The method and system includes pre-treating the wastewater, controlling the amount of coagulants used, and controlling the mean velocity used for mixing, surface loading rate, and solids loading rate. The method and system functions as a sedimentation unit and gas flotation unit (solid/liquid separator). The pH of the effluent wastewater is stabilized within the separator by ensuring that there is sufficient alkalinity to buffer the wastewater. Sufficient gas is produced in the coagulation reactions to float and concentrate the solids, which results in as high as 99 percent reduction in suspended solids, a 96 percent reduction of the phosphorus concentration, and a 50 percent reduction of the nitrogen concentration in the effluent from the separator.1. A system of treatment of wastewater, the system comprising:
a chemical feed system configured to add acids, bases, or any combination thereof, to adjust a pH of a wastewater until at least 90 percent of alkalinity of the wastewater is in the form of a bicarbonate ion and the pH is between about 6.3 and 10.3, wherein the bicarbonate ion is a predominate carbonate species; a coagulant feed system configured to add a coagulant of ferric sulfate to the wastewater to produce carbon dioxide to buoy up coagulated solids; a separator having a lower settling zone configured to collect settled solids and an upper flotation zone to collect the coagulated solids of nitrogen compounds, phosphorous compounds, suspended solids, or any combination thereof buoyed up by the carbon dioxide by reacting the coagulant with the wastewater; and an effluent collection system in fluid communication with the separator. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a wastewater source to provide the wastewater for treatment. 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a pretreatment system to remove at least a portion of suspended solids from the wastewater. 4. The system of claim 3, further comprising a controller to control the chemical feed system and the coagulant feed system. 5. The system of claim 3, wherein the pretreatment system is a screw press, belt press, drum separator, filter press, or any combination thereof. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the coagulant is aluminum sulfide, ferric sulfate, or any combination thereof. 7. The system of claim 1, further comprising a mixer to mix the coagulant with the wastewater. 8. The system of claim 1, further comprising a recycle return pump to provide a loop between effluent and influent flows of the separator. | 1,700 |
3,024 | 14,605,295 | 1,793 | The invention provides an improved antioxidant for food, animal feed, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, as well as compositions that contain this antioxidant as preferably the only additive having an antioxidative effect. | 1. A method for improving the aging stability, the oxygen stability and/or shelf-life of an oxygen-sensitive food, animal feed, cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition containing at least one oxygen-sensitive component comprising incorporating an antioxidant effective amount of trehalulose and a synergistically effective amount isomaltulose into the oxygen-sensitive food, animal feed, cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one oxidation-sensitive component is an oxidation-sensitive unsaturated fatty acid. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the unsaturated fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the food is selected from the group consisting of:
i. milk products and dairy products; ii. pudding, crème, mousse and other desserts; iii. butterfat products, mixed fat products, edible fats and edible oils; iv. baked goods; v. bread spreads; vi. instant products and steeped beverages; vii. fruit products or preparations; viii. cereals, muesli and cereal mixtures, muesli bars and breakfast products; ix. primary nonalcoholic beverages, beverage bases and beverage powders, chocolate drinks, chocolate-drink powders; x. primary alcoholic drinks and fermented products, wine, mixed wine beverages, beer, mixed beer beverages, alcohol-free beer or mixed beer beverage, reduced-alcohol beer or mixed beer beverage; xi. meat products and sausage products; xii. sweets;
and dietetic nutritional products derived therefrom. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the animal feed is an animal food concentrate. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the food is a milk product, yogurt or mixed milk product containing omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acid. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the food is a beer, alcohol-free beer or reduced-alcohol beer. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the trehalulose and the isomaltulose are incorporated in form of a single syrup. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the syrup is the only adjuvant with an antioxidative effect. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the at least one oxidation-sensitive component is at least one oxidation-sensitive unsaturated fatty acid. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the unsaturated fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the food is selected from the group consisting of:
i. milk products and dairy products; ii. pudding, crème, mousse and other desserts; iii. butterfat products, mixed fat products, edible fats and edible oils; iv. baked goods; v. bread spreads; vi. instant products and steeped beverages; vii. fruit products or preparations; viii. cereals, muesli and cereal mixtures, muesli bars and breakfast products; ix. primary nonalcoholic beverages, beverage bases and beverage powders, chocolate drinks, chocolate-drink powders; x. primary alcoholic drinks and fermented products, wine, mixed wine beverages, beer, mixed beer beverages, alcohol-free beer or mixed beer beverage, reduced-alcohol beer or mixed beer beverage; xi. meat products and sausage products; xii. sweets;
and dietetic nutritional products derived therefrom. 13. The method according to claim 12, in which:
the i milk products and dairy products are selected from the group consisting of cheese, butter, yogurt, kefir, quark, sour milk, buttermilk, cream, condensed milk, powdered milk, whey, lactose, milk protein, mixed milk, low-fat milk, mixed-whey or butterfat preparations; the iv baked goods are selected from the group consisting of bread, pastries and specialty baked goods, long-life cookies and cakes, biscuit products and wafers; the v bread spreads are selected from the group consisting of fat-containing bread spreads, margarine products and shortenings; the vii fruit products or preparations are selected from the group consisting of preserves, marmalades, jellies, fruit compote, fruit pulps, fruit concentrate, fruit juices, fruit-juice concentrates, fruit nectar and powdered fruit juice; and the xii sweets are selected from the group consisting of chocolates, hard caramels, soft caramels, chewing gum, drops, fondant products, jelly products, licorices; foamed sweets, flakes, drops, compressed sweets, candied fruits, pralines, nougat products, ice-cream confections, marzipan and ice cream. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the food is a milk product, yogurt or mixed milk product containing omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acid. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the food is a beer, alcohol-free beer or reduced-alcohol beer. 16. The method according to claim 4, in which:
the i milk products and dairy products are selected from the group consisting of cheese, butter, yogurt, kefir, quark, sour milk, buttermilk, cream, condensed milk, powdered milk, whey, lactose, milk protein, mixed milk, low-fat milk, mixed-whey or butterfat preparations; the iv baked goods are selected from the group consisting of bread, pastries and specialty baked goods, long-life cookies and cakes, biscuit products and wafers; the v bread spreads are selected from the group consisting of fat-containing bread spreads, margarine products and shortenings; the vii fruit products or preparations are selected from the group consisting of preserves, marmalades, jellies, fruit compote, fruit pulps, fruit concentrate, fruit juices, fruit juice concentrates, fruit nectar and powdered fruit juice; and the xii sweets are selected from the group consisting of chocolates, hard caramels, soft caramels, chewing gum, drops, fondant products, jelly products, licorices; foamed sweets, flakes, drops, compressed sweets, candied fruits, pralines, nougat products, ice-cream confections, marzipan and ice cream. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the food is a milk product, yogurt or mixed milk product containing omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acid. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the food is a beer, alcohol-free beer or reduced-alcohol beer. | The invention provides an improved antioxidant for food, animal feed, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, as well as compositions that contain this antioxidant as preferably the only additive having an antioxidative effect.1. A method for improving the aging stability, the oxygen stability and/or shelf-life of an oxygen-sensitive food, animal feed, cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition containing at least one oxygen-sensitive component comprising incorporating an antioxidant effective amount of trehalulose and a synergistically effective amount isomaltulose into the oxygen-sensitive food, animal feed, cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one oxidation-sensitive component is an oxidation-sensitive unsaturated fatty acid. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the unsaturated fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the food is selected from the group consisting of:
i. milk products and dairy products; ii. pudding, crème, mousse and other desserts; iii. butterfat products, mixed fat products, edible fats and edible oils; iv. baked goods; v. bread spreads; vi. instant products and steeped beverages; vii. fruit products or preparations; viii. cereals, muesli and cereal mixtures, muesli bars and breakfast products; ix. primary nonalcoholic beverages, beverage bases and beverage powders, chocolate drinks, chocolate-drink powders; x. primary alcoholic drinks and fermented products, wine, mixed wine beverages, beer, mixed beer beverages, alcohol-free beer or mixed beer beverage, reduced-alcohol beer or mixed beer beverage; xi. meat products and sausage products; xii. sweets;
and dietetic nutritional products derived therefrom. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the animal feed is an animal food concentrate. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the food is a milk product, yogurt or mixed milk product containing omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acid. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the food is a beer, alcohol-free beer or reduced-alcohol beer. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the trehalulose and the isomaltulose are incorporated in form of a single syrup. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the syrup is the only adjuvant with an antioxidative effect. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the at least one oxidation-sensitive component is at least one oxidation-sensitive unsaturated fatty acid. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the unsaturated fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the food is selected from the group consisting of:
i. milk products and dairy products; ii. pudding, crème, mousse and other desserts; iii. butterfat products, mixed fat products, edible fats and edible oils; iv. baked goods; v. bread spreads; vi. instant products and steeped beverages; vii. fruit products or preparations; viii. cereals, muesli and cereal mixtures, muesli bars and breakfast products; ix. primary nonalcoholic beverages, beverage bases and beverage powders, chocolate drinks, chocolate-drink powders; x. primary alcoholic drinks and fermented products, wine, mixed wine beverages, beer, mixed beer beverages, alcohol-free beer or mixed beer beverage, reduced-alcohol beer or mixed beer beverage; xi. meat products and sausage products; xii. sweets;
and dietetic nutritional products derived therefrom. 13. The method according to claim 12, in which:
the i milk products and dairy products are selected from the group consisting of cheese, butter, yogurt, kefir, quark, sour milk, buttermilk, cream, condensed milk, powdered milk, whey, lactose, milk protein, mixed milk, low-fat milk, mixed-whey or butterfat preparations; the iv baked goods are selected from the group consisting of bread, pastries and specialty baked goods, long-life cookies and cakes, biscuit products and wafers; the v bread spreads are selected from the group consisting of fat-containing bread spreads, margarine products and shortenings; the vii fruit products or preparations are selected from the group consisting of preserves, marmalades, jellies, fruit compote, fruit pulps, fruit concentrate, fruit juices, fruit-juice concentrates, fruit nectar and powdered fruit juice; and the xii sweets are selected from the group consisting of chocolates, hard caramels, soft caramels, chewing gum, drops, fondant products, jelly products, licorices; foamed sweets, flakes, drops, compressed sweets, candied fruits, pralines, nougat products, ice-cream confections, marzipan and ice cream. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the food is a milk product, yogurt or mixed milk product containing omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acid. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the food is a beer, alcohol-free beer or reduced-alcohol beer. 16. The method according to claim 4, in which:
the i milk products and dairy products are selected from the group consisting of cheese, butter, yogurt, kefir, quark, sour milk, buttermilk, cream, condensed milk, powdered milk, whey, lactose, milk protein, mixed milk, low-fat milk, mixed-whey or butterfat preparations; the iv baked goods are selected from the group consisting of bread, pastries and specialty baked goods, long-life cookies and cakes, biscuit products and wafers; the v bread spreads are selected from the group consisting of fat-containing bread spreads, margarine products and shortenings; the vii fruit products or preparations are selected from the group consisting of preserves, marmalades, jellies, fruit compote, fruit pulps, fruit concentrate, fruit juices, fruit juice concentrates, fruit nectar and powdered fruit juice; and the xii sweets are selected from the group consisting of chocolates, hard caramels, soft caramels, chewing gum, drops, fondant products, jelly products, licorices; foamed sweets, flakes, drops, compressed sweets, candied fruits, pralines, nougat products, ice-cream confections, marzipan and ice cream. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the food is a milk product, yogurt or mixed milk product containing omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acid. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the food is a beer, alcohol-free beer or reduced-alcohol beer. | 1,700 |
3,025 | 13,103,490 | 1,726 | A Schottky Barrier solar cell having at least one of a low work function region and a high work function region provided on the front or back surface of a lightly-doped absorber material, which may be produced in a variety of different geometries. The method of producing the Schottky Barrier solar cells allows for short processing times and the use of low temperatures. | 1. A Schottky barrier solar cell comprising
a lightly-doped absorber having a front surface and a back surface; at least one of a p-doped region and a high work function region disposed on the lightly-doped absorber; and at least one of a n-doped region and a low work function region abutting the lightly-doped absorber and being spaced apart from the at least one of p-doped region or high work function region; wherein the Schottky barrier solar cell comprises at least one of the high work function region or the low high work function region. 2. The Schottky barrier cell according to claim 1, wherein the lightly doped absorber is monocrystalline or polycrystalline. 3. The Schottky barrier cell according to claim 1, wherein the lightly doped absorber is selected from the group consisting of Si, Ge, and SiGe alloys. 4. The Schottky barrier cell according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the high work function region or the low high work function region is selected from the group consisting of metal, metal silicide, metal germanide, or mixtures or multilayers thereof 5. The Schottky barrier cell according to claim 4, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of nickel, palladium, platinum, cobalt, titanium, tungsten, Er, Yb or an alloy of two or more of these metals. 6. The Schottky barrier cell according to claim 1, wherein the at least one of the high work function region or the low high work function region comprises a dopant that is distributed within the at least one of the high work function region or the low high work function region and/or at an interface of the at least one of the high work function region or the low high work function region with the lightly-doped absorber, and
wherein the dopant is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, arsenic, boron, gallium, indium, phosphorous, antimony, sulfur, selenium and fluorine. 7. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 1, further comprising a blanket or patterned conductive contact layer on at least a part of the front surface or of the back surface. 8. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the at least one p-doped region or high work function region is disposed on the front surface of the absorber layer and the at least one n-doped region or low work function region is disposed on the back surface of the lightly-doped absorber, or wherein the at least one p-doped region or high work function region is disposed on the back surface of the absorber layer and the at least one n-doped region or low work function region is disposed on the front surface of the lightly-doped absorber. 9. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the at least one p-doped region or high work function region and the at least one n-doped region or low work function region are laterally spaced apart in an interdigitated pattern on a same surface of the lightly doped absorber. 10. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 9, wherein the same surface is the front surface. 11. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 9, further comprising a supplemental doped layer on the same surface, wherein the supplemental doped layer has a same dopant as the lightly doped absorber, and wherein a concentration of the same dopant is greater in the supplemental doped layer than in the lightly doped absorber. 12. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 8, comprising the high work function region and the low work function region, wherein the high work function region and the low work function region include a same metal. 13. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 1, further comprising at least one of a conductive contact, a transparent conductive oxide layer, an antireflective coating, a surface texture, and a surface passivation layer. 14. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the lightly-doped absorber is p-doped. 15. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the lightly-doped absorber is n-doped. 16. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 1, wherein a concentration of a dopant in the lightly-doped absorber is of from about 1·1013 atoms cm−3 to about 1·1017 atoms cm−3. 17. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 11, wherein a concentration of the same dopant in the supplemental absorber region is of from about 1·1017 atoms cm−3 to about 1·1021 atoms cm−3. 18. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 1, wherein a concentration of a dopant in the p-doped region is of from about 1·1013 atoms cm−3 to about 1·1017 atoms cm−3. 19. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 1, wherein a concentration of a dopant in the n-doped region is of from about 1·1017 atoms cm−3 to about 1·1021 atoms cm−3. 20. A method of forming a Schottky barrier solar cell, comprising:
providing a lightly-doped absorber having a front surface and a back surface; forming at least one of a p-doped region and a high work function region on the lightly-doped absorber; and forming at least one of a n-doped region and a low work function region abutting the lightly-doped absorber and being spaced apart from the at least one of p-doped region or high work function region; wherein the Schottky barrier solar cell comprises at least one of the high work function region or the low high work function region; and adjusting a potential difference at an interface between the high work function region with the lightly-doped absorber or the low high work function region and the lightly-doped absorber to be at least 0.2 volts. 21. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 9, wherein the same surface is the front surface and wherein the front surface is a light-receiving surface. 22. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 9, wherein the same surface is the back surface and wherein the front surface is a light-receiving surface. | A Schottky Barrier solar cell having at least one of a low work function region and a high work function region provided on the front or back surface of a lightly-doped absorber material, which may be produced in a variety of different geometries. The method of producing the Schottky Barrier solar cells allows for short processing times and the use of low temperatures.1. A Schottky barrier solar cell comprising
a lightly-doped absorber having a front surface and a back surface; at least one of a p-doped region and a high work function region disposed on the lightly-doped absorber; and at least one of a n-doped region and a low work function region abutting the lightly-doped absorber and being spaced apart from the at least one of p-doped region or high work function region; wherein the Schottky barrier solar cell comprises at least one of the high work function region or the low high work function region. 2. The Schottky barrier cell according to claim 1, wherein the lightly doped absorber is monocrystalline or polycrystalline. 3. The Schottky barrier cell according to claim 1, wherein the lightly doped absorber is selected from the group consisting of Si, Ge, and SiGe alloys. 4. The Schottky barrier cell according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the high work function region or the low high work function region is selected from the group consisting of metal, metal silicide, metal germanide, or mixtures or multilayers thereof 5. The Schottky barrier cell according to claim 4, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of nickel, palladium, platinum, cobalt, titanium, tungsten, Er, Yb or an alloy of two or more of these metals. 6. The Schottky barrier cell according to claim 1, wherein the at least one of the high work function region or the low high work function region comprises a dopant that is distributed within the at least one of the high work function region or the low high work function region and/or at an interface of the at least one of the high work function region or the low high work function region with the lightly-doped absorber, and
wherein the dopant is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, arsenic, boron, gallium, indium, phosphorous, antimony, sulfur, selenium and fluorine. 7. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 1, further comprising a blanket or patterned conductive contact layer on at least a part of the front surface or of the back surface. 8. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the at least one p-doped region or high work function region is disposed on the front surface of the absorber layer and the at least one n-doped region or low work function region is disposed on the back surface of the lightly-doped absorber, or wherein the at least one p-doped region or high work function region is disposed on the back surface of the absorber layer and the at least one n-doped region or low work function region is disposed on the front surface of the lightly-doped absorber. 9. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the at least one p-doped region or high work function region and the at least one n-doped region or low work function region are laterally spaced apart in an interdigitated pattern on a same surface of the lightly doped absorber. 10. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 9, wherein the same surface is the front surface. 11. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 9, further comprising a supplemental doped layer on the same surface, wherein the supplemental doped layer has a same dopant as the lightly doped absorber, and wherein a concentration of the same dopant is greater in the supplemental doped layer than in the lightly doped absorber. 12. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 8, comprising the high work function region and the low work function region, wherein the high work function region and the low work function region include a same metal. 13. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 1, further comprising at least one of a conductive contact, a transparent conductive oxide layer, an antireflective coating, a surface texture, and a surface passivation layer. 14. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the lightly-doped absorber is p-doped. 15. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the lightly-doped absorber is n-doped. 16. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 1, wherein a concentration of a dopant in the lightly-doped absorber is of from about 1·1013 atoms cm−3 to about 1·1017 atoms cm−3. 17. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 11, wherein a concentration of the same dopant in the supplemental absorber region is of from about 1·1017 atoms cm−3 to about 1·1021 atoms cm−3. 18. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 1, wherein a concentration of a dopant in the p-doped region is of from about 1·1013 atoms cm−3 to about 1·1017 atoms cm−3. 19. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 1, wherein a concentration of a dopant in the n-doped region is of from about 1·1017 atoms cm−3 to about 1·1021 atoms cm−3. 20. A method of forming a Schottky barrier solar cell, comprising:
providing a lightly-doped absorber having a front surface and a back surface; forming at least one of a p-doped region and a high work function region on the lightly-doped absorber; and forming at least one of a n-doped region and a low work function region abutting the lightly-doped absorber and being spaced apart from the at least one of p-doped region or high work function region; wherein the Schottky barrier solar cell comprises at least one of the high work function region or the low high work function region; and adjusting a potential difference at an interface between the high work function region with the lightly-doped absorber or the low high work function region and the lightly-doped absorber to be at least 0.2 volts. 21. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 9, wherein the same surface is the front surface and wherein the front surface is a light-receiving surface. 22. The Schottky barrier solar cell according to claim 9, wherein the same surface is the back surface and wherein the front surface is a light-receiving surface. | 1,700 |
3,026 | 13,570,743 | 1,782 | This invention provides a polymer, which is preferably a polyether polymer. The polymer may be uses in coating compositions. Containers and other articles comprising the polymer and methods of making such containers and other articles are also provided. The invention further provides compositions including the polymer (e.g., powder coatings), which have utility in a variety of coating end uses, including, for example, valve and pipe coatings. | 1. An article comprising:
a food or beverage container, or a portion thereof, having a metal substrate and a coating composition applied on at least a portion of the metal substrate, wherein the coating composition comprises a polyether polymer that is substantially free of bound bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S, and epoxides thereof; and wherein the polymer is formed by reacting ingredients including: (i) an extender and (ii) a diepoxide compound that includes a segment of the below Formula (I):
wherein:
each of the oxygen atoms depicted in Formula (I) is present in an ether or ester linkage;
each R1 is independently an atom or group having an atomic weight of at least 15 Daltons;
v is independently 1 to 4;
w is 4;
R2, if present, is a divalent group;
each of the phenylene groups depicted in Formula (I) includes at least one R1 attached to the phenylene ring at an ortho position relative to the depicted oxygen atom;
n is 0 or 1, with the proviso that if n is 0, the phenylene groups depicted in Formula (I) can optionally join to form a fused ring system in which case w is 3 and each v is independently 1 to 3;
t is 0 or 1; and
two or more R1 and/or R2 groups can join to form one or more cyclic groups. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein t is 1 and each depicted oxygen atom is present in an ether linkage. 3. The article of claim 2, wherein each phenylene group depicted in Formula (I) includes R1's attached to the ring at both ortho positions relative to the oxygen atom. 4. The article of claim 2, wherein each R1 is independently selected from an organic group or a sulfur-containing group and is free of halogen atoms. 5. The article of claim 4, wherein each of the at least one R1 attached to the phenylene rings at an ortho position is independently a group selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or an isomer thereof. 6. The article of claim 4, wherein each of the at least one R1 attached to the rings of the depicted phenylene groups is an organic group containing one or two carbon atoms. 7. The article of claim 2, wherein the ether oxygen atom of each phenylene group depicted in Formula (I) is located at a para position relative to: (i) R2 or (ii) the ring-ring covalent linkage if n is 0 and R2 is absent. 8. The article of claim 2, wherein n is 1. 9. The article of claim 8, wherein R2 is an organic group having either 1 carbon atom or 8 or more carbon atoms. 10. The article of claim 8, wherein R2 is a segment of the structure —C(R7)(R8)—, wherein R7 and R8 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an organic group, a sulfur-containing group, or a nitrogen-containing group, and wherein R7 and R8 can optionally join to form a cyclic group, with the proviso that R7 and R8 are not both —CH3. 11. The article of claim 10, wherein R7 and R8 are each a hydrogen atom. 12. The article of claim 11, wherein one or more of R7 or R8 includes one or more heteroatoms. 13. The article of claim 1, wherein the polyether polymer includes at least 25% by weight of phenylene groups. 14. The article of claim 1, wherein the segment of Formula (I) has an atomic weight of less than 600 Daltons. 15. The article of claim 1, wherein the segments of Formula (I) constitute at least 30% by weight of the polyether polymer. 16. The article of claim 1, wherein the polyether polymer is substantially free of bound polyhydric phenols having estrogenic activity greater than or equal to that of bisphenol S, and epoxides thereof, and wherein the coating composition is substantially free of bisphenol A and the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A. 17. The article of claim 1, wherein the polyether polymer is substantially free of bound polyhydric phenols, and epoxides thereof, having estrogenic activity greater than that of 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid, and wherein the coating composition is substantially free of any such bound or mobile compounds. 18. The article of claim 1, wherein the diepoxide compound is non-genotoxic and is derived from a dihydric phenol that that exhibits a log Relative Proliferative Effect value in the MCF-7 cell proliferation assay of less than −3. 19. The article of claim 1, wherein the diepoxide compound is selected from the diglycidyl ether of 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-di-t-butylphenol), the diglycidyl ether of 2,2′-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-t-butylphenol), the diglycidyl ether of 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-dimethylphenol), the diglycidyl ether of 4,4′ butylidenebis(2-t-butyl-5-methylphenol), the diglycidyl ether of 2,5-di-t-butylhydroquinone, or a mixture thereof. 20. The article of claim 1, wherein the extender comprises a dihydric phenol. 21. The article of claim 20, wherein the dihydric phenol comprises catechol, hydroquinone, or resorcinol. 22. The article of claim 1, wherein the depicted oxygen atoms are each present in an ether linkage and the polymer includes —CH2—CH(OH)—CH2— or —CH2—CH2—CH(OH)-segments. 23. The article of claim 1, wherein the polymer has a glass transition temperature of at least 60° C. 24. The article of claim 1, wherein coating composition is applied as a food-contact coating on an interior surface. 25. A coating composition, comprising:
at least 10 weight percent, based on total resin solids in the coating composition, of a polyether polymer that has a number average molecular weight of at least 2,000 and is substantially free of bound bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S, and epoxides thereof; and wherein the polymer is formed by reacting ingredients including: (i) an extender and (ii) a diepoxide compound that includes a segment of the below Formula (I):
wherein:
each of the oxygen atoms depicted in Formula (I) is present in an ether or ester linkage;
each R1 is independently an atom or group having an atomic weight of at least 15 Daltons;
v is independently 1 to 4;
w is 4;
R2, if present, is a divalent group;
each of the phenylene groups depicted in Formula (I) includes at least one R1 attached to the phenylene ring at an ortho position relative to the depicted oxygen atom;
n is 0 or 1, with the proviso that if n is 0, the phenylene groups depicted in Formula (I) can optionally join to form a fused ring system in which case w is 3 and each v is independently 1 to 3;
t is 0 or 1; and
two or more R1 and/or R2 groups can join to form one or more cyclic groups. 26. A method comprising:
providing a metal substrate; and applying the coating composition of claim 25 on at least a portion of the substrate. 27. The method of claim 26, further comprising: causing the metal substrate to be formed into a food or beverage container or a portion thereof. | This invention provides a polymer, which is preferably a polyether polymer. The polymer may be uses in coating compositions. Containers and other articles comprising the polymer and methods of making such containers and other articles are also provided. The invention further provides compositions including the polymer (e.g., powder coatings), which have utility in a variety of coating end uses, including, for example, valve and pipe coatings.1. An article comprising:
a food or beverage container, or a portion thereof, having a metal substrate and a coating composition applied on at least a portion of the metal substrate, wherein the coating composition comprises a polyether polymer that is substantially free of bound bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S, and epoxides thereof; and wherein the polymer is formed by reacting ingredients including: (i) an extender and (ii) a diepoxide compound that includes a segment of the below Formula (I):
wherein:
each of the oxygen atoms depicted in Formula (I) is present in an ether or ester linkage;
each R1 is independently an atom or group having an atomic weight of at least 15 Daltons;
v is independently 1 to 4;
w is 4;
R2, if present, is a divalent group;
each of the phenylene groups depicted in Formula (I) includes at least one R1 attached to the phenylene ring at an ortho position relative to the depicted oxygen atom;
n is 0 or 1, with the proviso that if n is 0, the phenylene groups depicted in Formula (I) can optionally join to form a fused ring system in which case w is 3 and each v is independently 1 to 3;
t is 0 or 1; and
two or more R1 and/or R2 groups can join to form one or more cyclic groups. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein t is 1 and each depicted oxygen atom is present in an ether linkage. 3. The article of claim 2, wherein each phenylene group depicted in Formula (I) includes R1's attached to the ring at both ortho positions relative to the oxygen atom. 4. The article of claim 2, wherein each R1 is independently selected from an organic group or a sulfur-containing group and is free of halogen atoms. 5. The article of claim 4, wherein each of the at least one R1 attached to the phenylene rings at an ortho position is independently a group selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or an isomer thereof. 6. The article of claim 4, wherein each of the at least one R1 attached to the rings of the depicted phenylene groups is an organic group containing one or two carbon atoms. 7. The article of claim 2, wherein the ether oxygen atom of each phenylene group depicted in Formula (I) is located at a para position relative to: (i) R2 or (ii) the ring-ring covalent linkage if n is 0 and R2 is absent. 8. The article of claim 2, wherein n is 1. 9. The article of claim 8, wherein R2 is an organic group having either 1 carbon atom or 8 or more carbon atoms. 10. The article of claim 8, wherein R2 is a segment of the structure —C(R7)(R8)—, wherein R7 and R8 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an organic group, a sulfur-containing group, or a nitrogen-containing group, and wherein R7 and R8 can optionally join to form a cyclic group, with the proviso that R7 and R8 are not both —CH3. 11. The article of claim 10, wherein R7 and R8 are each a hydrogen atom. 12. The article of claim 11, wherein one or more of R7 or R8 includes one or more heteroatoms. 13. The article of claim 1, wherein the polyether polymer includes at least 25% by weight of phenylene groups. 14. The article of claim 1, wherein the segment of Formula (I) has an atomic weight of less than 600 Daltons. 15. The article of claim 1, wherein the segments of Formula (I) constitute at least 30% by weight of the polyether polymer. 16. The article of claim 1, wherein the polyether polymer is substantially free of bound polyhydric phenols having estrogenic activity greater than or equal to that of bisphenol S, and epoxides thereof, and wherein the coating composition is substantially free of bisphenol A and the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A. 17. The article of claim 1, wherein the polyether polymer is substantially free of bound polyhydric phenols, and epoxides thereof, having estrogenic activity greater than that of 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid, and wherein the coating composition is substantially free of any such bound or mobile compounds. 18. The article of claim 1, wherein the diepoxide compound is non-genotoxic and is derived from a dihydric phenol that that exhibits a log Relative Proliferative Effect value in the MCF-7 cell proliferation assay of less than −3. 19. The article of claim 1, wherein the diepoxide compound is selected from the diglycidyl ether of 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-di-t-butylphenol), the diglycidyl ether of 2,2′-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-t-butylphenol), the diglycidyl ether of 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-dimethylphenol), the diglycidyl ether of 4,4′ butylidenebis(2-t-butyl-5-methylphenol), the diglycidyl ether of 2,5-di-t-butylhydroquinone, or a mixture thereof. 20. The article of claim 1, wherein the extender comprises a dihydric phenol. 21. The article of claim 20, wherein the dihydric phenol comprises catechol, hydroquinone, or resorcinol. 22. The article of claim 1, wherein the depicted oxygen atoms are each present in an ether linkage and the polymer includes —CH2—CH(OH)—CH2— or —CH2—CH2—CH(OH)-segments. 23. The article of claim 1, wherein the polymer has a glass transition temperature of at least 60° C. 24. The article of claim 1, wherein coating composition is applied as a food-contact coating on an interior surface. 25. A coating composition, comprising:
at least 10 weight percent, based on total resin solids in the coating composition, of a polyether polymer that has a number average molecular weight of at least 2,000 and is substantially free of bound bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S, and epoxides thereof; and wherein the polymer is formed by reacting ingredients including: (i) an extender and (ii) a diepoxide compound that includes a segment of the below Formula (I):
wherein:
each of the oxygen atoms depicted in Formula (I) is present in an ether or ester linkage;
each R1 is independently an atom or group having an atomic weight of at least 15 Daltons;
v is independently 1 to 4;
w is 4;
R2, if present, is a divalent group;
each of the phenylene groups depicted in Formula (I) includes at least one R1 attached to the phenylene ring at an ortho position relative to the depicted oxygen atom;
n is 0 or 1, with the proviso that if n is 0, the phenylene groups depicted in Formula (I) can optionally join to form a fused ring system in which case w is 3 and each v is independently 1 to 3;
t is 0 or 1; and
two or more R1 and/or R2 groups can join to form one or more cyclic groups. 26. A method comprising:
providing a metal substrate; and applying the coating composition of claim 25 on at least a portion of the substrate. 27. The method of claim 26, further comprising: causing the metal substrate to be formed into a food or beverage container or a portion thereof. | 1,700 |
3,027 | 14,453,203 | 1,764 | This invention provides a polymer, which is preferably a polyether polymer, for use in coating compositions. Containers comprising the polymer and methods of making such containers are also provided. The invention further provides powder coating compositions including the polymer, which have utility in a variety of coating end uses, including, for example, valve and pipe coatings. | 1. (canceled) 2. An article comprising:
a food or beverage container, or a portion thereof, having:
a metal substrate;
a coating composition disposed on at least a portion of the substrate, the coating composition comprising:
a polyether polymer that includes at least 25% by weight of aryl or heteroaryl groups and is substantially free of bound bisphenol monomer, or a diepoxide thereof, and includes one or more segments of the below Formula (II):
wherein:
H denotes a hydrogen atom, if present,
each R1, if present, is independently an atom or group having an atomic weight of at least 15 Daltons,
v is 0 to 4, and
wherein two or more R1 groups can join to form one or more cyclic groups. 3. The article of claim 2, wherein the food or beverage container, or a portion thereof, has the coating composition disposed on at least a portion of an inside surface. 4. The article of claim 2, wherein each of the depicted oxygen atoms in Formula (II) is present in an ether linkage. 5. The article of claim 2, wherein the polymer includes one or more of —CH2—CH(OH)—CH2— or —CH2—CH2—CH(OH)— segments. 6. The article of claim 2, wherein v is 1 to 4. 7. The article of claim 2, wherein v is 2 to 4. 8. (canceled) 9. The article of claim 6, wherein each depicted oxygen atom in Formula (II) has at least one R1 positioned ortho to it on the phenylene ring. 10. The article of claim 6, wherein each R1 is independently selected from an organic group, a sulfur-containing group, or a nitrogen-containing group. 11. The article of claim 6, wherein each R1 is an organic group. 12. The article of claim 11, wherein each R1 is a hydrocarbon moiety that includes from one to four carbon atoms. 13. The article of claim 2, wherein the polyether polymer is a reaction product of reactants including a diepoxide and a dihydric monophenol. 14. The article of claim 13, wherein each of the diepoxide and the dihydric monophenol include a segment of Formula (II). 15-16. (canceled) 17. The article of claim 13, wherein the diepoxide is non-genotoxic. 18. The article of claim 17, wherein the diepoxide is a compound of the below Formula (IV):
wherein:
H and R1 are as described in Formula (II);
v is 1 to 4;
s is 0 to 1;
R3, if present, is a divalent group; and
each R4 is independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or an organic group that may include one or more heteroatoms. 19-20. (canceled) 21. The article of claim 2, wherein the polyether polymer exhibits a glass transition temperature of at least 60° C. 22. The article of claim 2, wherein phenylene groups constitute at least 25 weight percent of the polyether polymer. 23. The article of claim 2, wherein phenylene groups constitute at least 45 weight percent of the polyether polymer. 24. The article of claim 2, wherein the polyether polymer has a polydispersity index of from 2 to 3.5 prior to any cure of the coating composition. 25. The article of claim 2, wherein the polyether polymer does not include any halogens. 26. The article of claim 2, wherein the polyether polymer has a number average molecular weight of at least 2,000 and a glass transition temperature of at least 30° C., and wherein the coating composition includes at least 10 weight percent of the polyether polymer, based on total resin solids in the coating composition. 27. The article of claim 2, wherein a backbone of the polyether polymer is free of ester linkages. 28-29. (canceled) 30. The article of claim 2, wherein the article includes a food or beverage product packaged therein. 31. The coating composition of claim 26. 32. A method comprising,
providing a coating composition comprising:
a polyether polymer having a number average molecular weight of at least 2,000 and a glass transition temperature of at least 60° C., wherein the polyether polymer is free of halogens, includes at least 25% by weight of phenylene groups, is substantially free of bound bisphenol monomer, or a diepoxide thereof, and includes one or more segments of the below Formula (II):
wherein:
H denotes a hydrogen atom, if present,
each R1, if present, is independently an atom or group having an atomic weight of at least 15 Daltons,
v is 0 to 4, and
wherein two or more R1 groups can join to form one or more cyclic groups; and
applying the coating composition to at least a portion of a metal substrate prior to or after forming the metal substrate into a food or beverage container or a portion thereof. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the coating composition is applied to at least a portion of an interior surface of a preformed food or beverage container, or a portion thereof. 34-40. (canceled) 41. The method of claim 32, wherein the polyether polymer is a reaction product of reactants including a diepoxide and a dihydric monophenol. | This invention provides a polymer, which is preferably a polyether polymer, for use in coating compositions. Containers comprising the polymer and methods of making such containers are also provided. The invention further provides powder coating compositions including the polymer, which have utility in a variety of coating end uses, including, for example, valve and pipe coatings.1. (canceled) 2. An article comprising:
a food or beverage container, or a portion thereof, having:
a metal substrate;
a coating composition disposed on at least a portion of the substrate, the coating composition comprising:
a polyether polymer that includes at least 25% by weight of aryl or heteroaryl groups and is substantially free of bound bisphenol monomer, or a diepoxide thereof, and includes one or more segments of the below Formula (II):
wherein:
H denotes a hydrogen atom, if present,
each R1, if present, is independently an atom or group having an atomic weight of at least 15 Daltons,
v is 0 to 4, and
wherein two or more R1 groups can join to form one or more cyclic groups. 3. The article of claim 2, wherein the food or beverage container, or a portion thereof, has the coating composition disposed on at least a portion of an inside surface. 4. The article of claim 2, wherein each of the depicted oxygen atoms in Formula (II) is present in an ether linkage. 5. The article of claim 2, wherein the polymer includes one or more of —CH2—CH(OH)—CH2— or —CH2—CH2—CH(OH)— segments. 6. The article of claim 2, wherein v is 1 to 4. 7. The article of claim 2, wherein v is 2 to 4. 8. (canceled) 9. The article of claim 6, wherein each depicted oxygen atom in Formula (II) has at least one R1 positioned ortho to it on the phenylene ring. 10. The article of claim 6, wherein each R1 is independently selected from an organic group, a sulfur-containing group, or a nitrogen-containing group. 11. The article of claim 6, wherein each R1 is an organic group. 12. The article of claim 11, wherein each R1 is a hydrocarbon moiety that includes from one to four carbon atoms. 13. The article of claim 2, wherein the polyether polymer is a reaction product of reactants including a diepoxide and a dihydric monophenol. 14. The article of claim 13, wherein each of the diepoxide and the dihydric monophenol include a segment of Formula (II). 15-16. (canceled) 17. The article of claim 13, wherein the diepoxide is non-genotoxic. 18. The article of claim 17, wherein the diepoxide is a compound of the below Formula (IV):
wherein:
H and R1 are as described in Formula (II);
v is 1 to 4;
s is 0 to 1;
R3, if present, is a divalent group; and
each R4 is independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or an organic group that may include one or more heteroatoms. 19-20. (canceled) 21. The article of claim 2, wherein the polyether polymer exhibits a glass transition temperature of at least 60° C. 22. The article of claim 2, wherein phenylene groups constitute at least 25 weight percent of the polyether polymer. 23. The article of claim 2, wherein phenylene groups constitute at least 45 weight percent of the polyether polymer. 24. The article of claim 2, wherein the polyether polymer has a polydispersity index of from 2 to 3.5 prior to any cure of the coating composition. 25. The article of claim 2, wherein the polyether polymer does not include any halogens. 26. The article of claim 2, wherein the polyether polymer has a number average molecular weight of at least 2,000 and a glass transition temperature of at least 30° C., and wherein the coating composition includes at least 10 weight percent of the polyether polymer, based on total resin solids in the coating composition. 27. The article of claim 2, wherein a backbone of the polyether polymer is free of ester linkages. 28-29. (canceled) 30. The article of claim 2, wherein the article includes a food or beverage product packaged therein. 31. The coating composition of claim 26. 32. A method comprising,
providing a coating composition comprising:
a polyether polymer having a number average molecular weight of at least 2,000 and a glass transition temperature of at least 60° C., wherein the polyether polymer is free of halogens, includes at least 25% by weight of phenylene groups, is substantially free of bound bisphenol monomer, or a diepoxide thereof, and includes one or more segments of the below Formula (II):
wherein:
H denotes a hydrogen atom, if present,
each R1, if present, is independently an atom or group having an atomic weight of at least 15 Daltons,
v is 0 to 4, and
wherein two or more R1 groups can join to form one or more cyclic groups; and
applying the coating composition to at least a portion of a metal substrate prior to or after forming the metal substrate into a food or beverage container or a portion thereof. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the coating composition is applied to at least a portion of an interior surface of a preformed food or beverage container, or a portion thereof. 34-40. (canceled) 41. The method of claim 32, wherein the polyether polymer is a reaction product of reactants including a diepoxide and a dihydric monophenol. | 1,700 |
3,028 | 14,885,369 | 1,718 | A method of preparing a composite article is disclosed. The method comprises the step of providing a substrate having a melting point temperature T 1 . The method additionally comprises the step of forming a buffer layer having a melting point temperature T 2 on the substrate. Finally, the method comprises the step of forming a metallic layer having a melting point temperature T 3 on the buffer layer to prepare the composite article. In the method to prepare the composite article, T 1 <T 2 <T 3 . | 1. A method of preparing a composite article, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a substrate having a melting point temperature T1;
forming a buffer layer having a melting point temperature T2 on the substrate; and
forming a metallic layer having a melting point temperature T3 on the buffer layer to prepare the composite article;
wherein T1<T2<T3. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the buffer layer comprises metal and forming the metallic layer on the buffer layer comprises forming the metallic layer on the buffer layer via a direct-metal deposition process. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the direct metal deposition process comprises:
directing a laser beam of a controllable laser to a region of the buffer layer to form a melt pool in the region with the laser beam; feeding a metallic material into the melt pool to be melted by the laser beam; and forming the metallic layer with the metallic material and the laser beam. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the controllable laser is part of a system including an optoelectric sensor to output an electrical signal as a function of a height of the metallic layer. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the system includes a feedback controller and wherein the method further comprises adjusting a rate of feeding the metallic material into the melt pool as a function of the electrical signal of the optoelectric sensor. 6. The method of claim 3 wherein the metallic material is a powder. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a polymeric material. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the polymeric material is selected polycarbonates, polyamides, polyimides, polysulfones, polyesters, polyolefins, polynorbornenes, (meth)acrylic polymers, epoxy polymers, episulfide polymers, polystyrenes, celluloses, poly(vinyl chlorides), poly(vinyl alcohols), poly(ethylene vinyl alcohols), polyacetylenes, polyarylenes, polyarylene vinylenes, polyarylene ethynylenes, or an interpolymer thereof. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the buffer layer comprises at least a first buffer layer having a melting point temperature T2a disposed on the substrate and a second buffer layer having a melting point temperature T2b disposed on the first buffer layer, and wherein T2a<T2b. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein forming the buffer layer comprises forming a plurality of sequential layers disposed on one another outwardly from the substrate, and wherein each of the sequential layers has a melting point temperature which is between the melting point temperatures of adjacent layers such that each of the plurality of sequential layers has an increased melting point temperature outwardly from the substrate. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein at least one of the sequential layers of the buffer layer is formed via a direct-metal deposition process. 12. The method of claim 10 wherein the plurality of sequential layers are formed via a direct-metal deposition process to give the buffer layer. 13. The method of claim 10 wherein at least one of the sequential layers of the buffer layer is formed via a kinetic spray process, a thermal spray process, physical vapor deposition, or chemical vapor deposition. 14. The method of claim 10 wherein at least the sequential layer disposed on the substrate comprises a polymeric material. 15. The method of claim 1 wherein the buffer layer comprises steel, nickel, or copper. 15. The method claim 1 wherein the metallic layer comprises steel. 16. A composite article formed in accordance with the method of claim 1. | A method of preparing a composite article is disclosed. The method comprises the step of providing a substrate having a melting point temperature T 1 . The method additionally comprises the step of forming a buffer layer having a melting point temperature T 2 on the substrate. Finally, the method comprises the step of forming a metallic layer having a melting point temperature T 3 on the buffer layer to prepare the composite article. In the method to prepare the composite article, T 1 <T 2 <T 3 .1. A method of preparing a composite article, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a substrate having a melting point temperature T1;
forming a buffer layer having a melting point temperature T2 on the substrate; and
forming a metallic layer having a melting point temperature T3 on the buffer layer to prepare the composite article;
wherein T1<T2<T3. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the buffer layer comprises metal and forming the metallic layer on the buffer layer comprises forming the metallic layer on the buffer layer via a direct-metal deposition process. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the direct metal deposition process comprises:
directing a laser beam of a controllable laser to a region of the buffer layer to form a melt pool in the region with the laser beam; feeding a metallic material into the melt pool to be melted by the laser beam; and forming the metallic layer with the metallic material and the laser beam. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the controllable laser is part of a system including an optoelectric sensor to output an electrical signal as a function of a height of the metallic layer. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the system includes a feedback controller and wherein the method further comprises adjusting a rate of feeding the metallic material into the melt pool as a function of the electrical signal of the optoelectric sensor. 6. The method of claim 3 wherein the metallic material is a powder. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a polymeric material. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the polymeric material is selected polycarbonates, polyamides, polyimides, polysulfones, polyesters, polyolefins, polynorbornenes, (meth)acrylic polymers, epoxy polymers, episulfide polymers, polystyrenes, celluloses, poly(vinyl chlorides), poly(vinyl alcohols), poly(ethylene vinyl alcohols), polyacetylenes, polyarylenes, polyarylene vinylenes, polyarylene ethynylenes, or an interpolymer thereof. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the buffer layer comprises at least a first buffer layer having a melting point temperature T2a disposed on the substrate and a second buffer layer having a melting point temperature T2b disposed on the first buffer layer, and wherein T2a<T2b. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein forming the buffer layer comprises forming a plurality of sequential layers disposed on one another outwardly from the substrate, and wherein each of the sequential layers has a melting point temperature which is between the melting point temperatures of adjacent layers such that each of the plurality of sequential layers has an increased melting point temperature outwardly from the substrate. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein at least one of the sequential layers of the buffer layer is formed via a direct-metal deposition process. 12. The method of claim 10 wherein the plurality of sequential layers are formed via a direct-metal deposition process to give the buffer layer. 13. The method of claim 10 wherein at least one of the sequential layers of the buffer layer is formed via a kinetic spray process, a thermal spray process, physical vapor deposition, or chemical vapor deposition. 14. The method of claim 10 wherein at least the sequential layer disposed on the substrate comprises a polymeric material. 15. The method of claim 1 wherein the buffer layer comprises steel, nickel, or copper. 15. The method claim 1 wherein the metallic layer comprises steel. 16. A composite article formed in accordance with the method of claim 1. | 1,700 |
3,029 | 14,208,463 | 1,791 | The present invention relates to stable, propylene glycol-free and glycerin-free, spray-dried compositions containing flavors and optional surfactants for use in optically clear, liquid beverages and liquid beverage concentrates. | 1. A stable, propylene glycol-free and glycerin-free, spray-dried flavor composition produced by spray drying a flavor that contains volatile compounds and an optional surfactant in a spray dryer having an inlet temperature of less than 100° C. and an air inlet dew point −10° C. to 5° C. 2. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 1, wherein the spray-dried flavor composition is further dried in a fluid bed chamber attached at the spray dryer outlet, wherein the temperature of the air of the fluid-bed unit is at or below the outlet temperature of the spray dryer. 3. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 1, wherein the surfactant comprises a polysorbate, a polyglycerol fatty acid ester, a diglyceride ester of diacetyltartaric acid, a monoglyceride ester of diacetyltartaric acid or quillaja extract. 4. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 3, wherein the polysorbate comprises polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60 or polysorbate 80. 5. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 3, wherein the polyglycerol fatty acid ester comprises polyglyceryl-3 stearate, polyglyceryl-6 distearate, polyglyceryl-10 stearate, polyglyceryl-10 dipalmitate, olyglyceryl-10 oleate, and polyglyceryl-10 caprylate/caprate. 6. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 1, wherein the volatile compounds are acetaldehydes, dimethyl sulfides, ethyl acetates, ethyl propionates, methyl butyrates, or ethyl butyrates. 7. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 1, wherein the volatile compounds have a boiling point of less than 200° C., less than 100° C., or less than 60° C. 8. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 1, further comprising a carrier material. 9. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 8, wherein the carrier material is a sugar, sugar alcohol, sugar derivative, modified starch, protein, cellulose, salt, dextrin, polyol, peptide, acid, carbohydrate or hydrocolloid. 10. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 1, wherein the flavor further comprises a solvent. 11. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 10, wherein the solvent is a volatile solvent. 12. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 1, wherein the air inlet temperature is in the range of 40° C. to 99° C. 13. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 1, wherein the water activity of the composition is in the range of 0.1 to 0.6. 14. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 1, wherein said composition provides a high intensity flavor. 15. A liquid beverage or liquid beverage concentrate comprising the spray-dried flavor composition of claim 1. 16. The liquid beverage or liquid beverage concentrate of claim 15, wherein said liquid beverage or liquid beverage concentrate comprises an acidulant. | The present invention relates to stable, propylene glycol-free and glycerin-free, spray-dried compositions containing flavors and optional surfactants for use in optically clear, liquid beverages and liquid beverage concentrates.1. A stable, propylene glycol-free and glycerin-free, spray-dried flavor composition produced by spray drying a flavor that contains volatile compounds and an optional surfactant in a spray dryer having an inlet temperature of less than 100° C. and an air inlet dew point −10° C. to 5° C. 2. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 1, wherein the spray-dried flavor composition is further dried in a fluid bed chamber attached at the spray dryer outlet, wherein the temperature of the air of the fluid-bed unit is at or below the outlet temperature of the spray dryer. 3. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 1, wherein the surfactant comprises a polysorbate, a polyglycerol fatty acid ester, a diglyceride ester of diacetyltartaric acid, a monoglyceride ester of diacetyltartaric acid or quillaja extract. 4. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 3, wherein the polysorbate comprises polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60 or polysorbate 80. 5. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 3, wherein the polyglycerol fatty acid ester comprises polyglyceryl-3 stearate, polyglyceryl-6 distearate, polyglyceryl-10 stearate, polyglyceryl-10 dipalmitate, olyglyceryl-10 oleate, and polyglyceryl-10 caprylate/caprate. 6. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 1, wherein the volatile compounds are acetaldehydes, dimethyl sulfides, ethyl acetates, ethyl propionates, methyl butyrates, or ethyl butyrates. 7. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 1, wherein the volatile compounds have a boiling point of less than 200° C., less than 100° C., or less than 60° C. 8. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 1, further comprising a carrier material. 9. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 8, wherein the carrier material is a sugar, sugar alcohol, sugar derivative, modified starch, protein, cellulose, salt, dextrin, polyol, peptide, acid, carbohydrate or hydrocolloid. 10. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 1, wherein the flavor further comprises a solvent. 11. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 10, wherein the solvent is a volatile solvent. 12. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 1, wherein the air inlet temperature is in the range of 40° C. to 99° C. 13. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 1, wherein the water activity of the composition is in the range of 0.1 to 0.6. 14. The spray-dried flavor composition of claim 1, wherein said composition provides a high intensity flavor. 15. A liquid beverage or liquid beverage concentrate comprising the spray-dried flavor composition of claim 1. 16. The liquid beverage or liquid beverage concentrate of claim 15, wherein said liquid beverage or liquid beverage concentrate comprises an acidulant. | 1,700 |
3,030 | 15,197,813 | 1,771 | An additive package for a two- or four-stroke marine engine lubricant comprises an oil of lubricating viscosity, a salicylate detergent and a sulfonate detergent in a ratio of 90/10 to 10/90 (expressed as mmol of soap), and 1 to 10 mass % of a hydrocarbylphenol-aldehyde condensate. | 1. An additive package for a two-stroke or four-stroke marine engine lubricating oil composition, comprising an oil of lubricating viscosity in a minor amount; a major amount of (A) an overbased metal hydroxybenzoate detergent additive and (B) an overbased metal sulfonate detergent additive; and (C) an oil-soluble hydrocarbylphenol-aldehyde condensate additive in an amount in the range of 1 to 10 mass %; wherein the ratio of (A) to (B), expressed as mmol of soap, is in the range of 90:10 to 10:90. 2. A two-stroke or four-stroke marine engine lubricating oil composition comprising an oil of lubricating viscosity in a major amount, blended with a minor amount of the additive package claimed in claim 1; wherein the composition, when a two-stroke engine composition, has a TBN of 10 to 120 mg KOH/g, as measured using ASTM D2896; and, when a four-stroke engine composition, has a TBN of 25 to 60 mg KOH/g, as measured using ASTM D2896. 3. The additive package of claim 1, where (A) is an overbased calcium salicylate detergent. 4. The composition of claim 2, where (A) is an overbased calcium salicylate detergent. 5. The additive package of claims 1, where (B) is an overbased calcium sulfonate detergent. 6. The composition of claim 2, where (B) is an overbased calcium sulfonate detergent. 7. The additive package of claim 1, where (C) is a methylene-bridged alkylphenol, the hydroxyl groups of which are either capped or uncapped. 8. The composition of claim 2, where (C) is a methylene-bridged alkyiphenol, the hydroxyl groups of which are either capped or uncapped. 9. The composition of claim 2 in the form of a marine diesel cylinder lubricant. 10. A method of lubricating a cross-head marine diesel engine comprising supplying a composition of claim 2 to the piston/cylinder of the engine during its operation. | An additive package for a two- or four-stroke marine engine lubricant comprises an oil of lubricating viscosity, a salicylate detergent and a sulfonate detergent in a ratio of 90/10 to 10/90 (expressed as mmol of soap), and 1 to 10 mass % of a hydrocarbylphenol-aldehyde condensate.1. An additive package for a two-stroke or four-stroke marine engine lubricating oil composition, comprising an oil of lubricating viscosity in a minor amount; a major amount of (A) an overbased metal hydroxybenzoate detergent additive and (B) an overbased metal sulfonate detergent additive; and (C) an oil-soluble hydrocarbylphenol-aldehyde condensate additive in an amount in the range of 1 to 10 mass %; wherein the ratio of (A) to (B), expressed as mmol of soap, is in the range of 90:10 to 10:90. 2. A two-stroke or four-stroke marine engine lubricating oil composition comprising an oil of lubricating viscosity in a major amount, blended with a minor amount of the additive package claimed in claim 1; wherein the composition, when a two-stroke engine composition, has a TBN of 10 to 120 mg KOH/g, as measured using ASTM D2896; and, when a four-stroke engine composition, has a TBN of 25 to 60 mg KOH/g, as measured using ASTM D2896. 3. The additive package of claim 1, where (A) is an overbased calcium salicylate detergent. 4. The composition of claim 2, where (A) is an overbased calcium salicylate detergent. 5. The additive package of claims 1, where (B) is an overbased calcium sulfonate detergent. 6. The composition of claim 2, where (B) is an overbased calcium sulfonate detergent. 7. The additive package of claim 1, where (C) is a methylene-bridged alkylphenol, the hydroxyl groups of which are either capped or uncapped. 8. The composition of claim 2, where (C) is a methylene-bridged alkyiphenol, the hydroxyl groups of which are either capped or uncapped. 9. The composition of claim 2 in the form of a marine diesel cylinder lubricant. 10. A method of lubricating a cross-head marine diesel engine comprising supplying a composition of claim 2 to the piston/cylinder of the engine during its operation. | 1,700 |
3,031 | 14,509,824 | 1,786 | The present disclosure relates to a cable wrapping tape, including a band-shaped support ( 1 ) made of a textile fabric with warp threads ( 2 ) and weft threads ( 3 ) made of a PET plastic. The warp and weft threads ( 2, 3 ) are made of filament yarns, the size of the weft threads ( 3 ) being larger than the size of the warp threads ( 2 ). An adhesive coating is applied to the support ( 1 ). The size of the warp threads ( 2 ) is larger than/equal to 20 dtex and smaller than/equal to 40 dtex. | 1. A cable wrapping tape, comprising
a band-shaped support (1) made of a textile fabric consisting of warp threads (2) and weft threads (3) made of PET plastic, the warp and weft threads (2, 3) being made of filament yarns, the weft threads (3) being larger than the size of the warp threads (2), and an adhesive layer (4) applied to the support (1), wherein the size of the warp threads (2) is at least 20 dtex and at most 40 dtex. 2. The cable wrapping tape according to claim 1, wherein polyester is used as the plastic material for the warp threads (2) and for the weft threads (3). 3. The cable wrapping tape according to claim 1, wherein the count of wherein the warp threads (2) have a thread count of at least 20 per cm and at most 30 per cm. 4. The cable wrapping tape according to wherein the warp threads (2) have a filament count between 23 and 96 per warp thread. 5. The cable wrapping tape according to wherein the count of the weft threads (3) is at least 28 per cm and at most 40 per cm. 6. The cable wrapping tape according to wherein the size of the weft threads (3) is between 155 dtex and 200 dtex. 7. The cable wrapping tape according to claim 4, wherein the warp threads (3) consist of between 24 and 36 filaments per warp thread. 8. The cable wrapping tape according to wherein the grammage of the support (1) is at least 40 g/m2 and at most 120 g/m2. 9. The cable wrapping tape according to wherein the warp or weft threads (2, 3) or both the warp threads and the weft threads are spun dyed. 10. The cable wrapping tape according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer (4) is made of an acrylate adhesive or of synthetic rubber. 11. The cable wrapping tape according to claim 8, wherein the grammage of the support (1) is between 80 g/m2 and 100 g/m2 | The present disclosure relates to a cable wrapping tape, including a band-shaped support ( 1 ) made of a textile fabric with warp threads ( 2 ) and weft threads ( 3 ) made of a PET plastic. The warp and weft threads ( 2, 3 ) are made of filament yarns, the size of the weft threads ( 3 ) being larger than the size of the warp threads ( 2 ). An adhesive coating is applied to the support ( 1 ). The size of the warp threads ( 2 ) is larger than/equal to 20 dtex and smaller than/equal to 40 dtex.1. A cable wrapping tape, comprising
a band-shaped support (1) made of a textile fabric consisting of warp threads (2) and weft threads (3) made of PET plastic, the warp and weft threads (2, 3) being made of filament yarns, the weft threads (3) being larger than the size of the warp threads (2), and an adhesive layer (4) applied to the support (1), wherein the size of the warp threads (2) is at least 20 dtex and at most 40 dtex. 2. The cable wrapping tape according to claim 1, wherein polyester is used as the plastic material for the warp threads (2) and for the weft threads (3). 3. The cable wrapping tape according to claim 1, wherein the count of wherein the warp threads (2) have a thread count of at least 20 per cm and at most 30 per cm. 4. The cable wrapping tape according to wherein the warp threads (2) have a filament count between 23 and 96 per warp thread. 5. The cable wrapping tape according to wherein the count of the weft threads (3) is at least 28 per cm and at most 40 per cm. 6. The cable wrapping tape according to wherein the size of the weft threads (3) is between 155 dtex and 200 dtex. 7. The cable wrapping tape according to claim 4, wherein the warp threads (3) consist of between 24 and 36 filaments per warp thread. 8. The cable wrapping tape according to wherein the grammage of the support (1) is at least 40 g/m2 and at most 120 g/m2. 9. The cable wrapping tape according to wherein the warp or weft threads (2, 3) or both the warp threads and the weft threads are spun dyed. 10. The cable wrapping tape according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer (4) is made of an acrylate adhesive or of synthetic rubber. 11. The cable wrapping tape according to claim 8, wherein the grammage of the support (1) is between 80 g/m2 and 100 g/m2 | 1,700 |
3,032 | 15,100,181 | 1,782 | A coating composition for a food and/or beverage container comprising a polyester material, the polyester material comprising the reaction product of; (a) 1,2-propanediol, (b) terephthalic acid, and (c) a molecular weight increasing agent, characterised in that the polyester material has a number-average molecular weight (Mn) of at least 6,100 Da and a glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least 80° C., wherein the molecular weight increasing agent comprises a polyacid, a polyol or a combination thereof, the polyacid comprises a diacid of formula (I) wherein each R independently represents hydrogen or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or aryl group; n=0 or 1; X represents a bridging group selected from: an alkylene group; an alkenylene group; an alkynylene group; an arylene group; the bridge between the —COOR groups is C 1 or C 2 , and the hydroxyl groups of the polyol are connected by a C 1 to C 3 alkylene group. | 1. A coating composition for a food and/or beverage container comprising a polyester material, wherein the polyester material comprises the reaction product of;
(a) 1,2-propanediol, (b) terephthalic acid, and (c) a molecular weight increasing agent,
characterised in that the polyester material has a number-average molecular weight (Mn) of at least 6,100 Da and a glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least 80° C.;
wherein the molecular weight increasing agent (c) comprises a polyacid, a polyol or a combination thereof;
wherein the polyacid comprises a diacid of general formula (I)
wherein each R independently represents hydrogen or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or aryl group; n=0 or 1; wherein X represents a bridging group selected from: an alkylene group; an alkenylene group; an alkynylene group; an arylene group; wherein the bridge between the —COOR groups is C1 or C2;
and wherein the hydroxyl groups of the polyol are connected by a C1 to C3 alkylene group. 2. A coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyacid comprises maleic anhydride or itaconic acid or a combination thereof 3. A coating composition according to either of claim 1 or 2, wherein the polyol comprises trimethylolpropane, glycerol or a combination thereof. 4. A coating composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the molar ratio of (a):(b) ranges from 5:1 to 1:5. 5. A coating composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the molar ratio of (a)+(b):(c) ranges from 100:1 to 1:1. 6. A coating composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the coating compositions comprise from 1 to 100 wt % of the polyester material based on the total solid weight of the coating composition. 7. A coating composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the coating composition further comprises a crosslinking agent. 8. A coating composition according to claim 7, wherein the crosslinking agent comprises a phenolic resin. 9. A coating composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the polyester material has a gross hydroxyl value (OHV) from 0 to 30 mg KOH/g. 10. A coating composition according to any preceding claims, wherein the polyester material has an acid value (AV) from 0 to 20 mg KOH/g. 11. A coating composition according any preceding claim, wherein the coating composition comprises from 1 to 100 wt % of the polyester material based on the total solid weight of the coating composition. 12. A coating composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the coating composition further comprises an additive or combination of additives. 13. A coating composition for a food and/or beverage container comprising a polyester material, wherein the polyester material comprises the reaction product of a one step process, the one step process comprising contacting:
(a) 1,2-propanediol, (b) terephthalic acid, and (c) a polyol molecular weight increasing agent,
characterised in that the polyester material has a number-average molecular weight (Mn) of at least 6,100 Da and a glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least 80° C.;
wherein the molecular weight increasing agent (c) comprises a polyacid, a polyol or a combination thereof;
wherein the polyacid comprises a diacid of general formula (I)
wherein each R independently represents hydrogen or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or aryl group; n=0 or 1; wherein X represents a bridging group selected from: an alkylene group; an alkenylene group; an alkynylene group; an arylene group; wherein the bridge between the —COOR groups is C1 or C2;
and wherein the hydroxyl groups of the polyol are connected by a C1 to C3 alkylene group. 14. A coating composition according to any preceding claim, which is substantially free of bisphenol A (BPA) and derivatives thereof. 15. A food and/or beverage container coated on at least a portion thereof with a coating composition of any of the preceding claims. | A coating composition for a food and/or beverage container comprising a polyester material, the polyester material comprising the reaction product of; (a) 1,2-propanediol, (b) terephthalic acid, and (c) a molecular weight increasing agent, characterised in that the polyester material has a number-average molecular weight (Mn) of at least 6,100 Da and a glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least 80° C., wherein the molecular weight increasing agent comprises a polyacid, a polyol or a combination thereof, the polyacid comprises a diacid of formula (I) wherein each R independently represents hydrogen or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or aryl group; n=0 or 1; X represents a bridging group selected from: an alkylene group; an alkenylene group; an alkynylene group; an arylene group; the bridge between the —COOR groups is C 1 or C 2 , and the hydroxyl groups of the polyol are connected by a C 1 to C 3 alkylene group.1. A coating composition for a food and/or beverage container comprising a polyester material, wherein the polyester material comprises the reaction product of;
(a) 1,2-propanediol, (b) terephthalic acid, and (c) a molecular weight increasing agent,
characterised in that the polyester material has a number-average molecular weight (Mn) of at least 6,100 Da and a glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least 80° C.;
wherein the molecular weight increasing agent (c) comprises a polyacid, a polyol or a combination thereof;
wherein the polyacid comprises a diacid of general formula (I)
wherein each R independently represents hydrogen or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or aryl group; n=0 or 1; wherein X represents a bridging group selected from: an alkylene group; an alkenylene group; an alkynylene group; an arylene group; wherein the bridge between the —COOR groups is C1 or C2;
and wherein the hydroxyl groups of the polyol are connected by a C1 to C3 alkylene group. 2. A coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyacid comprises maleic anhydride or itaconic acid or a combination thereof 3. A coating composition according to either of claim 1 or 2, wherein the polyol comprises trimethylolpropane, glycerol or a combination thereof. 4. A coating composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the molar ratio of (a):(b) ranges from 5:1 to 1:5. 5. A coating composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the molar ratio of (a)+(b):(c) ranges from 100:1 to 1:1. 6. A coating composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the coating compositions comprise from 1 to 100 wt % of the polyester material based on the total solid weight of the coating composition. 7. A coating composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the coating composition further comprises a crosslinking agent. 8. A coating composition according to claim 7, wherein the crosslinking agent comprises a phenolic resin. 9. A coating composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the polyester material has a gross hydroxyl value (OHV) from 0 to 30 mg KOH/g. 10. A coating composition according to any preceding claims, wherein the polyester material has an acid value (AV) from 0 to 20 mg KOH/g. 11. A coating composition according any preceding claim, wherein the coating composition comprises from 1 to 100 wt % of the polyester material based on the total solid weight of the coating composition. 12. A coating composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the coating composition further comprises an additive or combination of additives. 13. A coating composition for a food and/or beverage container comprising a polyester material, wherein the polyester material comprises the reaction product of a one step process, the one step process comprising contacting:
(a) 1,2-propanediol, (b) terephthalic acid, and (c) a polyol molecular weight increasing agent,
characterised in that the polyester material has a number-average molecular weight (Mn) of at least 6,100 Da and a glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least 80° C.;
wherein the molecular weight increasing agent (c) comprises a polyacid, a polyol or a combination thereof;
wherein the polyacid comprises a diacid of general formula (I)
wherein each R independently represents hydrogen or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or aryl group; n=0 or 1; wherein X represents a bridging group selected from: an alkylene group; an alkenylene group; an alkynylene group; an arylene group; wherein the bridge between the —COOR groups is C1 or C2;
and wherein the hydroxyl groups of the polyol are connected by a C1 to C3 alkylene group. 14. A coating composition according to any preceding claim, which is substantially free of bisphenol A (BPA) and derivatives thereof. 15. A food and/or beverage container coated on at least a portion thereof with a coating composition of any of the preceding claims. | 1,700 |
3,033 | 15,112,535 | 1,767 | The present invention concerns polyester resins of General Formula I (HO—[R 1 R 2 C(CH 2 —)] a [—OCOC x H y CO 2 —] b [—C p H z O—] c —H) or General Formula II (HO—[R 1 R 2 C(CH 2 —) 2 ] a [—OCOC x H y CO 2 —] b [—CH 2 CR 3 (CO 2 H)CH 2 O] d —H), wherein R 1 , R 2 , a, b, c, d, x, y, p, and z are as defined herein, for use in inks and coating compositions. The polyester resins of the present invention are particularly, but not exclusively, suitable to enhance the adhesion between a printing ink or coating composition and a substrate, especially a plastic substrate, to which it is applied. The polyester adhesion promoters of the invention are compatible with urethane-based inks and coating compositions. | 1. A polyester resin according to General Formula I:
HO—[R1R2C(CH2—)]a[—OCOCxHyCO2—]b[—CpHzO—]c—H
wherein: R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C4alkyl, and —CH2OH; x is an integer 1 through 10; y is an integer 2 through 20; p is an integer 2 through 8; z is two times p; each CxHy and CpHz are each independently linear or branched alkyl, optionally comprising an aromatic, or saturated or unsaturated alicyclic ring; a, b, and c are each independently an integer 1 through 100; provided that b<a+c; the MW is less than 10,000; the Tg is less than 5° C.; the hydroxyl value is 225-300; and wherein the polyester resin is formed by the reaction of one or more unsaturated condensation polymers produced by a reaction of dibasic organic acids, one or more organic compounds with multiple functional groups, and one or more polyols. 2. A polyester resin of the General Formula II:
HO—[R1R2C(CH2—)2]a[—OCOCxHyCO2—]b[—CH2CR3(CO2H)CH2O]d—H
wherein: R1, R2, and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C4alkyl, and —CH2OH; x is an integer 1 through 10; y is an integer 2 through 20; each CxHy is independently linear or branched alkyl, optionally comprising an aromatic, or saturated or unsaturated alicyclic ring; a, b, and d are each independently an integer 1 through 100; provided that b>a+d; the MW is less than 10,000; the Tg is less than 5° C.; the hydroxyl value is 225-290; the acid value is 75-100; and wherein the polyester resin is formed by the reaction of one or more unsaturated condensation polymers produced by a reaction of dibasic organic acids, one or more organic compounds with multiple functional groups, and one or more polyols. 3. The polyester resin of claim 1, wherein at least one of R1 and R2 is methyl or —CH2OH. 4. (canceled) 5. The polyester resin of claim 1, wherein one of R1 and R2 is methyl, and the other is —CH2OH. 6. The polyester resin of claim 2, wherein at least one of R1, R2, and R3 is methyl or —CH2OH. 7. (canceled) 8. The polyester resin of claim 2, wherein at least one of R1, R2, and R3 is methyl, and at least one of R1, R2, and R3 is —CH2OH. 9. The polyester resin of claim 1, wherein x is 6, v is 2-10, p is 4 and z is 8. 10. (canceled) 11. The polyester resin of claim 1, wherein y is 8 or 10. 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. The polyester resin of claim 1, wherein the hydroxyl value is 290 or 250. 15. The polyester resin of claim 1, wherein the ratio a:c is between 1:2 and about 1:4. 16. The polyester resin of claim 1, wherein the ratio a:c is 3:7. 17. (canceled) 18. The polyester resin of claim 2, wherein the acid value is about 85. 19. The polyester resin of claim 2, wherein the ratio a:d is between 1:2 and 1:4. 20. The polyester resin of claim 2, wherein the ratio a:d is 3:7. 21. The polyester resin of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the total concentration of hydroxyl moieties in the combined starting materials to the total concentration of the carboxylic acid moieties is between 1.5:1 and 2.0:1. 22. (canceled) 23. The polyester resin of claim 1, wherein the dibasic organic acids are selected from the group consisting of a phthalic acid, a maleic acid and tetrahydrophthalic acid. 24. (canceled) 25. The polyester resin of claim 1, wherein the polyols are glycols. 26. The polyester resin of claim 1, wherein the MW is less than 8,000, less than 5,000 or less than 1,000. 27. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 29. The polyester resin of claim 1, wherein the Tg is less than 3° C., is less than 1° C. or less than 0° C. 30. (canceled) 31. (canceled) 32. A printing ink or coating composition comprising the polyester resin of claim 1. 33. The printing ink or coating composition of claim 32, wherein the polyester resin is present in an amount of from 0.1 to 10% or from 0.1 to 5%. 34. (canceled) 35. The printing ink or coating composition of claim 32, wherein the polyester resin is present in an amount of from 10.1 to 35%. 36. The printing ink or coating composition of claim 32, wherein the ink or coating composition comprises a polyurethane or a polyurethane in combination with other polymeric binders. 37. (canceled) 38. The printing ink or coating composition of claim 36, wherein the polyurethane is the predominant resin. 39. The printing ink or coating composition of claim 32, further comprising a colorant. 40. A method of making a polyester resin of claim 1, comprising reacting one or more unsaturated condensation polymers produced by a reaction of dibasic organic acids, one or more organic compounds with multiple functional groups, and one or more polyols. | The present invention concerns polyester resins of General Formula I (HO—[R 1 R 2 C(CH 2 —)] a [—OCOC x H y CO 2 —] b [—C p H z O—] c —H) or General Formula II (HO—[R 1 R 2 C(CH 2 —) 2 ] a [—OCOC x H y CO 2 —] b [—CH 2 CR 3 (CO 2 H)CH 2 O] d —H), wherein R 1 , R 2 , a, b, c, d, x, y, p, and z are as defined herein, for use in inks and coating compositions. The polyester resins of the present invention are particularly, but not exclusively, suitable to enhance the adhesion between a printing ink or coating composition and a substrate, especially a plastic substrate, to which it is applied. The polyester adhesion promoters of the invention are compatible with urethane-based inks and coating compositions.1. A polyester resin according to General Formula I:
HO—[R1R2C(CH2—)]a[—OCOCxHyCO2—]b[—CpHzO—]c—H
wherein: R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C4alkyl, and —CH2OH; x is an integer 1 through 10; y is an integer 2 through 20; p is an integer 2 through 8; z is two times p; each CxHy and CpHz are each independently linear or branched alkyl, optionally comprising an aromatic, or saturated or unsaturated alicyclic ring; a, b, and c are each independently an integer 1 through 100; provided that b<a+c; the MW is less than 10,000; the Tg is less than 5° C.; the hydroxyl value is 225-300; and wherein the polyester resin is formed by the reaction of one or more unsaturated condensation polymers produced by a reaction of dibasic organic acids, one or more organic compounds with multiple functional groups, and one or more polyols. 2. A polyester resin of the General Formula II:
HO—[R1R2C(CH2—)2]a[—OCOCxHyCO2—]b[—CH2CR3(CO2H)CH2O]d—H
wherein: R1, R2, and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C4alkyl, and —CH2OH; x is an integer 1 through 10; y is an integer 2 through 20; each CxHy is independently linear or branched alkyl, optionally comprising an aromatic, or saturated or unsaturated alicyclic ring; a, b, and d are each independently an integer 1 through 100; provided that b>a+d; the MW is less than 10,000; the Tg is less than 5° C.; the hydroxyl value is 225-290; the acid value is 75-100; and wherein the polyester resin is formed by the reaction of one or more unsaturated condensation polymers produced by a reaction of dibasic organic acids, one or more organic compounds with multiple functional groups, and one or more polyols. 3. The polyester resin of claim 1, wherein at least one of R1 and R2 is methyl or —CH2OH. 4. (canceled) 5. The polyester resin of claim 1, wherein one of R1 and R2 is methyl, and the other is —CH2OH. 6. The polyester resin of claim 2, wherein at least one of R1, R2, and R3 is methyl or —CH2OH. 7. (canceled) 8. The polyester resin of claim 2, wherein at least one of R1, R2, and R3 is methyl, and at least one of R1, R2, and R3 is —CH2OH. 9. The polyester resin of claim 1, wherein x is 6, v is 2-10, p is 4 and z is 8. 10. (canceled) 11. The polyester resin of claim 1, wherein y is 8 or 10. 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. The polyester resin of claim 1, wherein the hydroxyl value is 290 or 250. 15. The polyester resin of claim 1, wherein the ratio a:c is between 1:2 and about 1:4. 16. The polyester resin of claim 1, wherein the ratio a:c is 3:7. 17. (canceled) 18. The polyester resin of claim 2, wherein the acid value is about 85. 19. The polyester resin of claim 2, wherein the ratio a:d is between 1:2 and 1:4. 20. The polyester resin of claim 2, wherein the ratio a:d is 3:7. 21. The polyester resin of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the total concentration of hydroxyl moieties in the combined starting materials to the total concentration of the carboxylic acid moieties is between 1.5:1 and 2.0:1. 22. (canceled) 23. The polyester resin of claim 1, wherein the dibasic organic acids are selected from the group consisting of a phthalic acid, a maleic acid and tetrahydrophthalic acid. 24. (canceled) 25. The polyester resin of claim 1, wherein the polyols are glycols. 26. The polyester resin of claim 1, wherein the MW is less than 8,000, less than 5,000 or less than 1,000. 27. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 29. The polyester resin of claim 1, wherein the Tg is less than 3° C., is less than 1° C. or less than 0° C. 30. (canceled) 31. (canceled) 32. A printing ink or coating composition comprising the polyester resin of claim 1. 33. The printing ink or coating composition of claim 32, wherein the polyester resin is present in an amount of from 0.1 to 10% or from 0.1 to 5%. 34. (canceled) 35. The printing ink or coating composition of claim 32, wherein the polyester resin is present in an amount of from 10.1 to 35%. 36. The printing ink or coating composition of claim 32, wherein the ink or coating composition comprises a polyurethane or a polyurethane in combination with other polymeric binders. 37. (canceled) 38. The printing ink or coating composition of claim 36, wherein the polyurethane is the predominant resin. 39. The printing ink or coating composition of claim 32, further comprising a colorant. 40. A method of making a polyester resin of claim 1, comprising reacting one or more unsaturated condensation polymers produced by a reaction of dibasic organic acids, one or more organic compounds with multiple functional groups, and one or more polyols. | 1,700 |
3,034 | 15,319,185 | 1,798 | A particulate matter detection sensor includes a particulate matter detection unit for changing the output of an electrical signal in accordance with change in the electrical characteristics due to the deposition of particulate matter contained in an exhaust gas G discharged from an internal combustion engine, and a cover member having a cylindrical cover wall and disposed to surround the particulate matter detection unit. The particulate matter detection unit includes a deposition portion on which a part of the particulate matter is deposited, and a plurality of detection electrodes disposed being spaced apart from each other on the deposition portion. The deposition portion of the particulate matter detection unit is arranged so as to be oriented towards the tip side of the cover member. The cover wall of the cover member includes a plurality of exhaust gas introduction holes formed at positions closer to the tip side than is the deposition portion. | 1. A particulate matter detection sensor, comprising:
a particulate matter detection unit including a deposition portion on which a part of particulate matter contained in an exhaust gas discharged from an internal combustion engine is deposited, and a plurality of detection electrodes disposed being spaced apart from each other on the deposition portion, wherein an output of an electrical signal is changed according to change of electrical characteristics due to the deposition of the particulate matter on the deposition portion; and a cover member including a cylindrical cover wall arranged so as to surround the particulate matter detection unit, wherein: the deposition portion of the particulate matter detection unit is disposed so as to be oriented towards a tip side in an axial direction of the cover member; and the cover wall of the cover member is provided with a plurality of exhaust gas introduction holes which are formed at positions closer to the tip side than the deposition portion is. 2. The particulate matter detection sensor according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of exhaust gas introduction holes, when viewed from the axial direction, are formed at even intervals. 3. The particulate matter detection sensor according to claim 1, wherein the cover member has an exhaust gas discharge hole which is opened in a tip thereof. 4. The particulate matter detection sensor according to claim 1, wherein the exhaust gas introduction holes are each provided with a rectifying member which is designed to come close to the deposition portion as the rectifying member inclines towards the inside of the cover member. 5. The particulate matter detection sensor according to claim 1, wherein the cover member has an outer periphery around which a cylindrical outer cover member is arranged so as to be coaxial with the cover member, the outer cover member having a plurality of outer introduction holes so that an exhaust gas introduced from the plurality of outer introduction holes is ensured to be introduced to the inside of the cover member from the exhaust gas introduction holes after change of the introduction direction. 6. The particulate matter detection sensor according to claim 5, wherein the plurality of outer introduction holes are formed at positions closer to the tip side than the plurality of exhaust gas introduction holes are. 7. The particulate matter detection sensor according to claim 6, wherein, when viewed from the axial direction, the plurality of outer introduction holes are formed so as to be radially align with the respective plurality of exhaust gas introduction holes. 8. The particulate matter detection sensor according to claim 5, wherein, when viewed from the axial direction, the plurality of outer introduction holes are formed at positions deviated in a circumferential direction from positions of the respective plurality of exhaust gas introduction holes. 9. The particulate matter detection sensor according to claim 5, wherein the outer cover member has an outer discharge hole which is opened in a tip thereof. 10. The particulate matter detection sensor according to claim 1, wherein the particulate matter detection unit changes an output of the electrical signal in accordance with change in an electrical resistance across the detection electrodes. | A particulate matter detection sensor includes a particulate matter detection unit for changing the output of an electrical signal in accordance with change in the electrical characteristics due to the deposition of particulate matter contained in an exhaust gas G discharged from an internal combustion engine, and a cover member having a cylindrical cover wall and disposed to surround the particulate matter detection unit. The particulate matter detection unit includes a deposition portion on which a part of the particulate matter is deposited, and a plurality of detection electrodes disposed being spaced apart from each other on the deposition portion. The deposition portion of the particulate matter detection unit is arranged so as to be oriented towards the tip side of the cover member. The cover wall of the cover member includes a plurality of exhaust gas introduction holes formed at positions closer to the tip side than is the deposition portion.1. A particulate matter detection sensor, comprising:
a particulate matter detection unit including a deposition portion on which a part of particulate matter contained in an exhaust gas discharged from an internal combustion engine is deposited, and a plurality of detection electrodes disposed being spaced apart from each other on the deposition portion, wherein an output of an electrical signal is changed according to change of electrical characteristics due to the deposition of the particulate matter on the deposition portion; and a cover member including a cylindrical cover wall arranged so as to surround the particulate matter detection unit, wherein: the deposition portion of the particulate matter detection unit is disposed so as to be oriented towards a tip side in an axial direction of the cover member; and the cover wall of the cover member is provided with a plurality of exhaust gas introduction holes which are formed at positions closer to the tip side than the deposition portion is. 2. The particulate matter detection sensor according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of exhaust gas introduction holes, when viewed from the axial direction, are formed at even intervals. 3. The particulate matter detection sensor according to claim 1, wherein the cover member has an exhaust gas discharge hole which is opened in a tip thereof. 4. The particulate matter detection sensor according to claim 1, wherein the exhaust gas introduction holes are each provided with a rectifying member which is designed to come close to the deposition portion as the rectifying member inclines towards the inside of the cover member. 5. The particulate matter detection sensor according to claim 1, wherein the cover member has an outer periphery around which a cylindrical outer cover member is arranged so as to be coaxial with the cover member, the outer cover member having a plurality of outer introduction holes so that an exhaust gas introduced from the plurality of outer introduction holes is ensured to be introduced to the inside of the cover member from the exhaust gas introduction holes after change of the introduction direction. 6. The particulate matter detection sensor according to claim 5, wherein the plurality of outer introduction holes are formed at positions closer to the tip side than the plurality of exhaust gas introduction holes are. 7. The particulate matter detection sensor according to claim 6, wherein, when viewed from the axial direction, the plurality of outer introduction holes are formed so as to be radially align with the respective plurality of exhaust gas introduction holes. 8. The particulate matter detection sensor according to claim 5, wherein, when viewed from the axial direction, the plurality of outer introduction holes are formed at positions deviated in a circumferential direction from positions of the respective plurality of exhaust gas introduction holes. 9. The particulate matter detection sensor according to claim 5, wherein the outer cover member has an outer discharge hole which is opened in a tip thereof. 10. The particulate matter detection sensor according to claim 1, wherein the particulate matter detection unit changes an output of the electrical signal in accordance with change in an electrical resistance across the detection electrodes. | 1,700 |
3,035 | 14,299,008 | 1,777 | Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as energy, fuels, foods or materials. For example, equipment, systems and methods are described that can be used to treat feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials. Process streams can be upgraded, e.g., by removing undesired components utilizing simulated moving bed systems such as simulated moving bed chromatography, improved simulated moving bed chromatography, sequential simulated moving bed chromatography and/or related systems. | 1. A method of upgrading a process stream, the method comprising:
removing undesired components from saccharified biomass liquids, utilizing a simulated moving bed chromatography system. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the saccharified biomass liquids is derived from a reduced recalcitrance cellulosic or lignocellulosic material that has been saccharified. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the cellulosic or lignocellulosic material has had its recalcitrance reduced by treatment with ionizing radiation. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the ionizing radiation is in the form of accelerated electrons. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the cellulosic or lignocellulosic material has been saccharified utilizing one or more enzymes. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the undesired components are selected from the group consisting of colored bodies, soluble lignin fragments, ionic compounds or mixtures thereof. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the saccharified biomass liquids comprise one or more mono saccharide. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the one or more mono saccharide is selected from the group consisting of glucose, xylose, arabinose and mixtures thereof. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the one or more mono saccharide is present at a total concentration of between about 50 g/L and about 500 g/L. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the saccharified biomass liquids enter the simulated moving bed chromatography system at a first concentration and the liquids exit the simulated moving bed chromatography system at a second concentration that is from about 0.1 to about 0.90 times the first concentration. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the saccharified biomass liquids include less than about 0.1 percent suspended solids. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the saccharified biomass liquids include suspended solids having a particle size in the range of between about 0.05 micron and about 50 microns. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising treating the saccharified biomass liquids by a method selected from the group consisting of chromatography, filtration, centrifugation, precipitation, distillation, complexation, de-ionization and combinations thereof, prior to utilizing the simulated moving bed chromatography system to remove undesired components. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the saccharified biomass liquids comprise one or more saccharides and one or more fermentation products. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the fermentation product is an alcohol. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the alcohol is ethanol. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the one or more saccharides comprise xylose. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the one or more fermentation products are isolated by distillation. 19. The method of claim 1, further comprising decolorizing the saccharified biomass liquids with a decolorizing agent prior to utilizing the simulated moving bed chromatography system, wherein the decolorizing agent is selected from the group consisting of powdered carbon, granular carbon, extruded carbon, bone char carbon, bead activated carbon, styrenic resins, acrylic resins, magnetic resins, decolorizing clays, bentonite, attapulgite, montmorillonite, hormite, and combinations thereof. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein after decolorizing, the color of the solution is less than about 100 as measured by the Platinum-Cobalt method. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the simulated moving bed chromatography system allows for contacting of the saccharified biomass liquids with one or more resins packed in one or more columns so as to remove the undesired components. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the one or more resins comprise a polystyrenic resin. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the one or more resins include a pendent cation, selected from the group consisting of Al3+, Me2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+ and combinations thereof. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the one or more resins include a pendent functional group selected from the group consisting of sulfonate groups, sulfonic acid groups, ester groups and combinations thereof. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the one or more resins are crosslinked resins. 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the one or more resins are substantially spherical in shape, and the resins have a particle size between about 100 micron to about 500 micron. 27. The method of claim 21, wherein the one or more resins have a density of between about 1 g/cc to about 1.75 g/cc. 28. The method of claim 21, wherein the one or more resins have an ion exchange capacity of greater than about 1.0 meq/mL. | Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as energy, fuels, foods or materials. For example, equipment, systems and methods are described that can be used to treat feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials. Process streams can be upgraded, e.g., by removing undesired components utilizing simulated moving bed systems such as simulated moving bed chromatography, improved simulated moving bed chromatography, sequential simulated moving bed chromatography and/or related systems.1. A method of upgrading a process stream, the method comprising:
removing undesired components from saccharified biomass liquids, utilizing a simulated moving bed chromatography system. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the saccharified biomass liquids is derived from a reduced recalcitrance cellulosic or lignocellulosic material that has been saccharified. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the cellulosic or lignocellulosic material has had its recalcitrance reduced by treatment with ionizing radiation. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the ionizing radiation is in the form of accelerated electrons. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the cellulosic or lignocellulosic material has been saccharified utilizing one or more enzymes. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the undesired components are selected from the group consisting of colored bodies, soluble lignin fragments, ionic compounds or mixtures thereof. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the saccharified biomass liquids comprise one or more mono saccharide. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the one or more mono saccharide is selected from the group consisting of glucose, xylose, arabinose and mixtures thereof. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the one or more mono saccharide is present at a total concentration of between about 50 g/L and about 500 g/L. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the saccharified biomass liquids enter the simulated moving bed chromatography system at a first concentration and the liquids exit the simulated moving bed chromatography system at a second concentration that is from about 0.1 to about 0.90 times the first concentration. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the saccharified biomass liquids include less than about 0.1 percent suspended solids. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the saccharified biomass liquids include suspended solids having a particle size in the range of between about 0.05 micron and about 50 microns. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising treating the saccharified biomass liquids by a method selected from the group consisting of chromatography, filtration, centrifugation, precipitation, distillation, complexation, de-ionization and combinations thereof, prior to utilizing the simulated moving bed chromatography system to remove undesired components. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the saccharified biomass liquids comprise one or more saccharides and one or more fermentation products. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the fermentation product is an alcohol. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the alcohol is ethanol. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the one or more saccharides comprise xylose. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the one or more fermentation products are isolated by distillation. 19. The method of claim 1, further comprising decolorizing the saccharified biomass liquids with a decolorizing agent prior to utilizing the simulated moving bed chromatography system, wherein the decolorizing agent is selected from the group consisting of powdered carbon, granular carbon, extruded carbon, bone char carbon, bead activated carbon, styrenic resins, acrylic resins, magnetic resins, decolorizing clays, bentonite, attapulgite, montmorillonite, hormite, and combinations thereof. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein after decolorizing, the color of the solution is less than about 100 as measured by the Platinum-Cobalt method. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the simulated moving bed chromatography system allows for contacting of the saccharified biomass liquids with one or more resins packed in one or more columns so as to remove the undesired components. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the one or more resins comprise a polystyrenic resin. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the one or more resins include a pendent cation, selected from the group consisting of Al3+, Me2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+ and combinations thereof. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the one or more resins include a pendent functional group selected from the group consisting of sulfonate groups, sulfonic acid groups, ester groups and combinations thereof. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the one or more resins are crosslinked resins. 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the one or more resins are substantially spherical in shape, and the resins have a particle size between about 100 micron to about 500 micron. 27. The method of claim 21, wherein the one or more resins have a density of between about 1 g/cc to about 1.75 g/cc. 28. The method of claim 21, wherein the one or more resins have an ion exchange capacity of greater than about 1.0 meq/mL. | 1,700 |
3,036 | 14,805,418 | 1,794 | A protective coating on a front surface of a glass, by forming a diamond-like coating over the front surface of the glass; performing passive sputtering to form a protective layer directly on the diamond-like coating; performing reactive sputtering to form an adhesion layer directly on the protective layer; forming an anti-finger print layer directly over the adhesion layer. | 1. A glass for use on an electronic display screen, comprising:
a glass substrate; a diamond-like coating over a front surface of the glass; an intermediate coating comprising a first layer formed directly on the diamond-like coating and containing silicon, and a second layer formed directly on the first layer and containing silicon and at least one of oxygen and nitrogen; an anti-fingerprint coating provided directly on the second layer. 2. The glass of claim 1, wherein the first layer consists of silicon. 3. The glass of claim 2, wherein the second layer consists of silicon and oxygen. 4. The glass of claim 2, wherein the second layer consists of silicon and nitrogen. 5. The glass of claim 2, wherein the second layer consists of silicon, nitrogen and oxygen. 6. The glass of claim 1, wherein the first layer consists of silicon and nitrogen. 7. The glass of claim 6, wherein the second layer consists of silicon and oxygen. 8. The glass of claim 1, further comprising an anti-reflective coating formed between the front surface of the glass and the diamond like coating. 9. The glass of claim 8, wherein the anti-reflective coating comprises alternating layers of SiO2 and Nb2O5, with a terminating layer being SiO2, and wherein the diamond-like coating is formed directly on the terminating layer. 10. The glass of claim 8, wherein the anti-reflective coating consists of alternating layers of low-index film and high-index film, wherein a terminating layer of the anti-reflective coating consists of a low index film, and the diamond like coating is formed directly on the terminating layer, wherein the diamond like coating is configured to have an index of refraction higher than the low index film but lower than the high index film, and wherein the diamond like coating is formed to have a fraction of a thickness of the terminating film. 11. A method for providing protective coating on a front surface of a glass, comprising:
forming a diamond-like coating over the front surface of the glass; performing passive sputtering to form a protective layer directly on the diamond-like coating; performing reactive sputtering to form an adhesion layer directly on the protective layer; forming an anti-finger print layer directly over the adhesion layer. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the passive sputtering is performed using a target consisting of silicon. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the reactive sputtering is performed using a target consisting of silicon while injecting at least one of oxygen and nitrogen gas. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising hydrogenating the adhesion layer prior to forming the anti-finger print layer. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising dehydrating an interface between the adhesion layer and the anti-finger print layer. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein dehydration comprises annealing the glass. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein hydrogenating comprises placing the glass in a chamber and injecting steam into the chamber. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the steps of forming a diamond-like coating, hydrogenating, and forming an anti-finger printing coating is performed without removing the glass from a vacuum environment. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the anti-finger print coating consists of fluoroalkylsilane. 20. The method of claim 11, further comprising forming an anti-reflective coating between the glass and the diamond-like coating. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein forming an anti-reflective coating comprises forming alternating layers of SiO2 and Nb2O5, with a terminating layer being SiO2, and wherein the diamond-like coating is formed directly on the terminating layer. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising exposing the front surface of the glass to plasma of oxygen and argon gas prior to forming the anti-reflective coating. | A protective coating on a front surface of a glass, by forming a diamond-like coating over the front surface of the glass; performing passive sputtering to form a protective layer directly on the diamond-like coating; performing reactive sputtering to form an adhesion layer directly on the protective layer; forming an anti-finger print layer directly over the adhesion layer.1. A glass for use on an electronic display screen, comprising:
a glass substrate; a diamond-like coating over a front surface of the glass; an intermediate coating comprising a first layer formed directly on the diamond-like coating and containing silicon, and a second layer formed directly on the first layer and containing silicon and at least one of oxygen and nitrogen; an anti-fingerprint coating provided directly on the second layer. 2. The glass of claim 1, wherein the first layer consists of silicon. 3. The glass of claim 2, wherein the second layer consists of silicon and oxygen. 4. The glass of claim 2, wherein the second layer consists of silicon and nitrogen. 5. The glass of claim 2, wherein the second layer consists of silicon, nitrogen and oxygen. 6. The glass of claim 1, wherein the first layer consists of silicon and nitrogen. 7. The glass of claim 6, wherein the second layer consists of silicon and oxygen. 8. The glass of claim 1, further comprising an anti-reflective coating formed between the front surface of the glass and the diamond like coating. 9. The glass of claim 8, wherein the anti-reflective coating comprises alternating layers of SiO2 and Nb2O5, with a terminating layer being SiO2, and wherein the diamond-like coating is formed directly on the terminating layer. 10. The glass of claim 8, wherein the anti-reflective coating consists of alternating layers of low-index film and high-index film, wherein a terminating layer of the anti-reflective coating consists of a low index film, and the diamond like coating is formed directly on the terminating layer, wherein the diamond like coating is configured to have an index of refraction higher than the low index film but lower than the high index film, and wherein the diamond like coating is formed to have a fraction of a thickness of the terminating film. 11. A method for providing protective coating on a front surface of a glass, comprising:
forming a diamond-like coating over the front surface of the glass; performing passive sputtering to form a protective layer directly on the diamond-like coating; performing reactive sputtering to form an adhesion layer directly on the protective layer; forming an anti-finger print layer directly over the adhesion layer. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the passive sputtering is performed using a target consisting of silicon. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the reactive sputtering is performed using a target consisting of silicon while injecting at least one of oxygen and nitrogen gas. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising hydrogenating the adhesion layer prior to forming the anti-finger print layer. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising dehydrating an interface between the adhesion layer and the anti-finger print layer. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein dehydration comprises annealing the glass. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein hydrogenating comprises placing the glass in a chamber and injecting steam into the chamber. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the steps of forming a diamond-like coating, hydrogenating, and forming an anti-finger printing coating is performed without removing the glass from a vacuum environment. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the anti-finger print coating consists of fluoroalkylsilane. 20. The method of claim 11, further comprising forming an anti-reflective coating between the glass and the diamond-like coating. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein forming an anti-reflective coating comprises forming alternating layers of SiO2 and Nb2O5, with a terminating layer being SiO2, and wherein the diamond-like coating is formed directly on the terminating layer. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising exposing the front surface of the glass to plasma of oxygen and argon gas prior to forming the anti-reflective coating. | 1,700 |
3,037 | 14,634,426 | 1,782 | A substrate used for a liquid crystal display element having two or more substrates arranged oppositely to each other and a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase between the substrates, where a polar component of surface free energy on a substrate surface in contact with the liquid crystal material is less than 5 mJm −2 ; and a substrate used for a liquid crystal display element having two or more substrates arranged oppositely to each other and a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase between the substrates, where a polar component of surface free energy on a substrate surface in contact with the liquid crystal material is in the range of 5 to 20 mJm −2 , and a contact angle with an isotropic phase of the liquid crystal material on the substrate surface is 50 degrees or less. | 1-49. (canceled) 50. A liquid crystal display element having two or more substrates arranged oppositely to each other and a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase between the substrates,
where a polar component of surface free energy on a substrate surface in contact with the liquid crystal material is in the range of 5 to 20 mJm−2, and a contact angle with an isotropic phase of the liquid crystal material on the substrate surface is 50 degrees or less, wherein the substrate surface is subjected to coupling treatment. 51. The substrate according to claim 50, where the polar component of surface free energy on the substrate surface is in the range of 5 to 15 mJm−2, and
the contact angle is 30 degrees or less. 52. The substrate according to claim 50, where the contact angle on the substrate surface of the liquid crystal material in the isotropic phase is 20 degrees or less. 53. The substrate according to claim 50, wherein the contact angle on the substrate surface of the liquid crystal material in the isotropic phase is in the range of 5 to 10 degrees. 54. The substrate according to claim 50, wherein total surface free energy on the substrate surface is 30 mJm−2 or more. 55. The substrate according to claim 50, wherein the contact angle with water on the substrate surface is 10 degrees or more. 56. The substrate according to claim 50, where the substrate surface is subjected to rubbing treatment. 57. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates,
where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 50, and diffraction from a (110) plane or (200) plane of blue phase I is observed. 58. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates,
where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 50, and only diffraction from a (110) plane of blue phase II is observed. 59. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates,
where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 50, and a lattice plane of the blue phase of the liquid crystal material is single. 60. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates,
where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 50, and a lattice plane of blue phase I of the liquid crystal material is single. 61. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates,
where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 50, only diffraction from a (110) plane of blue phase I is observed, and a wavelength of diffracted light from the (110) plane is in the range of 700 to 1,000 nanometers. | A substrate used for a liquid crystal display element having two or more substrates arranged oppositely to each other and a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase between the substrates, where a polar component of surface free energy on a substrate surface in contact with the liquid crystal material is less than 5 mJm −2 ; and a substrate used for a liquid crystal display element having two or more substrates arranged oppositely to each other and a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase between the substrates, where a polar component of surface free energy on a substrate surface in contact with the liquid crystal material is in the range of 5 to 20 mJm −2 , and a contact angle with an isotropic phase of the liquid crystal material on the substrate surface is 50 degrees or less.1-49. (canceled) 50. A liquid crystal display element having two or more substrates arranged oppositely to each other and a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase between the substrates,
where a polar component of surface free energy on a substrate surface in contact with the liquid crystal material is in the range of 5 to 20 mJm−2, and a contact angle with an isotropic phase of the liquid crystal material on the substrate surface is 50 degrees or less, wherein the substrate surface is subjected to coupling treatment. 51. The substrate according to claim 50, where the polar component of surface free energy on the substrate surface is in the range of 5 to 15 mJm−2, and
the contact angle is 30 degrees or less. 52. The substrate according to claim 50, where the contact angle on the substrate surface of the liquid crystal material in the isotropic phase is 20 degrees or less. 53. The substrate according to claim 50, wherein the contact angle on the substrate surface of the liquid crystal material in the isotropic phase is in the range of 5 to 10 degrees. 54. The substrate according to claim 50, wherein total surface free energy on the substrate surface is 30 mJm−2 or more. 55. The substrate according to claim 50, wherein the contact angle with water on the substrate surface is 10 degrees or more. 56. The substrate according to claim 50, where the substrate surface is subjected to rubbing treatment. 57. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates,
where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 50, and diffraction from a (110) plane or (200) plane of blue phase I is observed. 58. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates,
where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 50, and only diffraction from a (110) plane of blue phase II is observed. 59. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates,
where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 50, and a lattice plane of the blue phase of the liquid crystal material is single. 60. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates,
where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 50, and a lattice plane of blue phase I of the liquid crystal material is single. 61. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates,
where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 50, only diffraction from a (110) plane of blue phase I is observed, and a wavelength of diffracted light from the (110) plane is in the range of 700 to 1,000 nanometers. | 1,700 |
3,038 | 14,414,518 | 1,734 | Provided is an Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact, comprising BN and SiO 2 as non-magnetic materials, wherein Si and O are present in a region where B or N is present at a cut surface of the sintered compact. An object of the present invention is to provide a high density sputtering target which enables production of a magnetic thin film for heat-assisted magnetic recording media, and also reduces the amount of particles generated during sputtering. | 1. A Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact, comprising hexagonal BN and SiO2 as non-magnetic materials, wherein Si and O are present in a region where B or N is present at a cut surface of the sintered compact. 2. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 1, wherein an X-ray diffraction peak of a (002) plane of hexagonal BN appears in X-ray diffraction of the sintered compact, and an X-ray 10 diffraction peak intensity ratio of a (101) plane of cristobalite, which is crystallized SiO2, is 1.40 or less relative to a background intensity. 3. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 2, wherein an X-ray diffraction peak ratio of the (002) plane of hexagonal BN relative to the background intensity is 1.50 or more. 4. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 3, wherein the content of SiO2 relative to hexagonal BN is 1 mol % or more. 5. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 4, comprising 5 mol % or more and 60 mol % or less of Pt, 1 mol % or more and 50 mol % or less of BN, 0.5 mol % or more and 20 mol % or less of SiO2, and the remainder being Fe. 6. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 5, further comprising 0.5 mol % or more and 40 mol % or less of C. 7. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 6, comprising 0.5 mol % or more and 10.0 mol % or less of one or more elements selected from the group consisting of B, Ru, Ag, Au and Cu as an additive element. 8. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 7, comprising one or more inorganic materials selected from the group consisting of oxides, nitrides, carbides and carbon nitrides as an additive. 9. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 1, wherein an X-ray diffraction peak ratio of a (002) plane of hexagonal BN relative to a background intensity is 1.50 or more. 10. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 1, wherein the content of SiO2 relative to hexagonal BN is 1 mol % or more. 11. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 1, comprising 5 mol % or more and 60 mol % or less of Pt, 1 mol % or more and 50 mol % or less of BN, 0.5 mol % or more and 20 mol % or less of SiO2, and the remainder being Fe. 12. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 1, further comprising 0.5 mol % or more and 40 mol % or less of C. 13. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 1, comprising 0.5 mol % or more and 10.0 mol % or less of one or more elements selected from the group consisting of B, Ru, Ag, Au and Cu as an additive element. 14. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 1, comprising one or more inorganic materials selected from the group consisting of oxides, nitrides, carbides and carbon nitrides as an additive. | Provided is an Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact, comprising BN and SiO 2 as non-magnetic materials, wherein Si and O are present in a region where B or N is present at a cut surface of the sintered compact. An object of the present invention is to provide a high density sputtering target which enables production of a magnetic thin film for heat-assisted magnetic recording media, and also reduces the amount of particles generated during sputtering.1. A Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact, comprising hexagonal BN and SiO2 as non-magnetic materials, wherein Si and O are present in a region where B or N is present at a cut surface of the sintered compact. 2. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 1, wherein an X-ray diffraction peak of a (002) plane of hexagonal BN appears in X-ray diffraction of the sintered compact, and an X-ray 10 diffraction peak intensity ratio of a (101) plane of cristobalite, which is crystallized SiO2, is 1.40 or less relative to a background intensity. 3. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 2, wherein an X-ray diffraction peak ratio of the (002) plane of hexagonal BN relative to the background intensity is 1.50 or more. 4. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 3, wherein the content of SiO2 relative to hexagonal BN is 1 mol % or more. 5. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 4, comprising 5 mol % or more and 60 mol % or less of Pt, 1 mol % or more and 50 mol % or less of BN, 0.5 mol % or more and 20 mol % or less of SiO2, and the remainder being Fe. 6. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 5, further comprising 0.5 mol % or more and 40 mol % or less of C. 7. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 6, comprising 0.5 mol % or more and 10.0 mol % or less of one or more elements selected from the group consisting of B, Ru, Ag, Au and Cu as an additive element. 8. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 7, comprising one or more inorganic materials selected from the group consisting of oxides, nitrides, carbides and carbon nitrides as an additive. 9. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 1, wherein an X-ray diffraction peak ratio of a (002) plane of hexagonal BN relative to a background intensity is 1.50 or more. 10. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 1, wherein the content of SiO2 relative to hexagonal BN is 1 mol % or more. 11. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 1, comprising 5 mol % or more and 60 mol % or less of Pt, 1 mol % or more and 50 mol % or less of BN, 0.5 mol % or more and 20 mol % or less of SiO2, and the remainder being Fe. 12. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 1, further comprising 0.5 mol % or more and 40 mol % or less of C. 13. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 1, comprising 0.5 mol % or more and 10.0 mol % or less of one or more elements selected from the group consisting of B, Ru, Ag, Au and Cu as an additive element. 14. The Fe—Pt based magnetic material sintered compact according to claim 1, comprising one or more inorganic materials selected from the group consisting of oxides, nitrides, carbides and carbon nitrides as an additive. | 1,700 |
3,039 | 15,134,469 | 1,795 | An aqueous trivalent chromium electrolyte comprising trivalent chromium ions and amino acids that allow for producing a dark colored hue in the trivalent chromium coating which is plated on a substrate. The amino acids described herein comprise a cationic side chain and are at least essentially free of sulfur. The cationic side chain of the amino acid further comprises nitrogen. When used in the trivalent chromium electrolyte, these amino acids allow for producing significantly darker trivalent chromium deposits. The trivalent chromium electrolyte is used in a method for producing the desired dark colored hue in the trivalent chromium coating that is produced on a substrate using electrodeposition. | 1. A trivalent chromium electrolyte comprising:
i) trivalent chromium ions, ii) one or more complexants capable of maintaining the trivalent chromium ions in solution; and iii) one or more amino acids; wherein the amino acids comprise a cationic side chain comprising nitrogen and wherein the cationic side chain is at least essentially free of sulfur; and wherein the electrolyte is substantially free of hexavalent chromium salts; wherein the electrolyte further comprises thiocyanate ions; wherein concentration of the amino acids in the electrolyte is such that a dark colored chromium deposit produced on a substrate, when the electrolyte is used to plate chromium on said substrate, has an L* value of 78.47 or lower as measured according to an L*a*b* colorspace system. 2. A trivalent chromium electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the one or more amino acids are selected from the group consisting of arginine, histidine, lysine, tryptophan, and combinations thereof. 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. A trivalent chromium electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the total concentration of amino acids is between about 5 g/L and about 10 WI. 6. (canceled) 7. The trivalent chromium electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the thiocyanate ions are present in a concentration between about 0.2 g/L and about 5 g/L. 8. The trivalent chromium electrolyte according to claim 2, wherein the amino acid comprises histidine. 9. The trivalent chromium electrolyte according to claim 2, wherein the amino acid comprises arginine. 10. The trivalent chromium electrolyte according to claim 2, wherein the amino acid comprises a mixture of histidine and arginine. 11. A method of producing a dark colored chromium deposit on a substrate comprising the steps of:
i) providing a trivalent chromium based electrolyte comprising:
a) trivalent chromium ions,
b) one or more complexants capable of maintaining the trivalent chromium ions in solution, and
c) one or more amino acids,
wherein the amino acids comprise a cationic side chain comprising nitrogen and wherein the cationic side chain is at least essentially free of sulfur; and
wherein the electrolyte is substantially free of hexavalent chromium salts; and
adding such a concentration of the amino acids to the electrolyte such that the dark colored chromium deposit produced on the substrate, after electrodepositing, has an L* value of 78.47 or lower as measured according to an L*a*b* colorspace system; and
ii) electrodepositing the dark colored chromium deposit on the substrate using the trivalent chromium based electrolyte. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the one or more amino acids are selected from the group consisting of arginine, histidine, lysine, tryptophan, and combinations thereof. 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. The method according to claim 11, wherein the total concentration of amino acids is between about 5 g/L and about 10 el. 16. The method according to claim 11, wherein the trivalent chromium based electrolyte further comprises thiocyanate ions. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the thiocyanate ions are present in a concentration between about 0.2 g/L and about 5 g/L. 18. The method according to claim 12, wherein the one or more amino acids comprises histidine. 19. The method according to claim 12, wherein the one or more amino acid comprises arginine. 20. The method according to claim 12, wherein the one or more amino acids comprises a mixture of histidine and arginine. 21. (canceled) 22. The method according to claim 11, wherein the substrate comprises a nickel deposit on the substrate and the trivalent chromium is plated on the nickel deposit. 23. The method according to claim 11, wherein the pH of the trivalent chromium electrolyte is between about 2.0 and about 5.0. 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the pH of the trivalent chromium electrolyte is about 3.5. 25. A method of producing a dark colored chromium deposit on a substrate comprising the steps of:
i) providing a trivalent chromium based electrolyte comprising:
a) trivalent chromium ions,
b) one or more complexants capable of maintaining the trivalent chromium ions in solution, and
c) one or more amino acids,
wherein the amino acids comprise a cationic side chain comprising nitrogen and wherein the cationic side chain is at least essentially free of sulfur; and
wherein the electrolyte is substantially free of hexavalent chromium salts; and
ii) electrodepositing the dark colored chromium deposit on the substrate using the trivalent chromium based electrolyte; wherein the dark colored chromium deposit produced on the substrate has an L* value, measured according to an L*a*b* colorspace system, at least 5.3% lower than the trivalent chromium deposit produced by the same trivalent chromium electrolyte that does not comprise the one or more amino acids. | An aqueous trivalent chromium electrolyte comprising trivalent chromium ions and amino acids that allow for producing a dark colored hue in the trivalent chromium coating which is plated on a substrate. The amino acids described herein comprise a cationic side chain and are at least essentially free of sulfur. The cationic side chain of the amino acid further comprises nitrogen. When used in the trivalent chromium electrolyte, these amino acids allow for producing significantly darker trivalent chromium deposits. The trivalent chromium electrolyte is used in a method for producing the desired dark colored hue in the trivalent chromium coating that is produced on a substrate using electrodeposition.1. A trivalent chromium electrolyte comprising:
i) trivalent chromium ions, ii) one or more complexants capable of maintaining the trivalent chromium ions in solution; and iii) one or more amino acids; wherein the amino acids comprise a cationic side chain comprising nitrogen and wherein the cationic side chain is at least essentially free of sulfur; and wherein the electrolyte is substantially free of hexavalent chromium salts; wherein the electrolyte further comprises thiocyanate ions; wherein concentration of the amino acids in the electrolyte is such that a dark colored chromium deposit produced on a substrate, when the electrolyte is used to plate chromium on said substrate, has an L* value of 78.47 or lower as measured according to an L*a*b* colorspace system. 2. A trivalent chromium electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the one or more amino acids are selected from the group consisting of arginine, histidine, lysine, tryptophan, and combinations thereof. 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. A trivalent chromium electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the total concentration of amino acids is between about 5 g/L and about 10 WI. 6. (canceled) 7. The trivalent chromium electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the thiocyanate ions are present in a concentration between about 0.2 g/L and about 5 g/L. 8. The trivalent chromium electrolyte according to claim 2, wherein the amino acid comprises histidine. 9. The trivalent chromium electrolyte according to claim 2, wherein the amino acid comprises arginine. 10. The trivalent chromium electrolyte according to claim 2, wherein the amino acid comprises a mixture of histidine and arginine. 11. A method of producing a dark colored chromium deposit on a substrate comprising the steps of:
i) providing a trivalent chromium based electrolyte comprising:
a) trivalent chromium ions,
b) one or more complexants capable of maintaining the trivalent chromium ions in solution, and
c) one or more amino acids,
wherein the amino acids comprise a cationic side chain comprising nitrogen and wherein the cationic side chain is at least essentially free of sulfur; and
wherein the electrolyte is substantially free of hexavalent chromium salts; and
adding such a concentration of the amino acids to the electrolyte such that the dark colored chromium deposit produced on the substrate, after electrodepositing, has an L* value of 78.47 or lower as measured according to an L*a*b* colorspace system; and
ii) electrodepositing the dark colored chromium deposit on the substrate using the trivalent chromium based electrolyte. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the one or more amino acids are selected from the group consisting of arginine, histidine, lysine, tryptophan, and combinations thereof. 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. The method according to claim 11, wherein the total concentration of amino acids is between about 5 g/L and about 10 el. 16. The method according to claim 11, wherein the trivalent chromium based electrolyte further comprises thiocyanate ions. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the thiocyanate ions are present in a concentration between about 0.2 g/L and about 5 g/L. 18. The method according to claim 12, wherein the one or more amino acids comprises histidine. 19. The method according to claim 12, wherein the one or more amino acid comprises arginine. 20. The method according to claim 12, wherein the one or more amino acids comprises a mixture of histidine and arginine. 21. (canceled) 22. The method according to claim 11, wherein the substrate comprises a nickel deposit on the substrate and the trivalent chromium is plated on the nickel deposit. 23. The method according to claim 11, wherein the pH of the trivalent chromium electrolyte is between about 2.0 and about 5.0. 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the pH of the trivalent chromium electrolyte is about 3.5. 25. A method of producing a dark colored chromium deposit on a substrate comprising the steps of:
i) providing a trivalent chromium based electrolyte comprising:
a) trivalent chromium ions,
b) one or more complexants capable of maintaining the trivalent chromium ions in solution, and
c) one or more amino acids,
wherein the amino acids comprise a cationic side chain comprising nitrogen and wherein the cationic side chain is at least essentially free of sulfur; and
wherein the electrolyte is substantially free of hexavalent chromium salts; and
ii) electrodepositing the dark colored chromium deposit on the substrate using the trivalent chromium based electrolyte; wherein the dark colored chromium deposit produced on the substrate has an L* value, measured according to an L*a*b* colorspace system, at least 5.3% lower than the trivalent chromium deposit produced by the same trivalent chromium electrolyte that does not comprise the one or more amino acids. | 1,700 |
3,040 | 13,392,803 | 1,782 | A substrate used for a liquid crystal display element having two or more substrates arranged oppositely to each other and a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase between the substrates, where a polar component of surface free energy on a substrate surface in contact with the liquid crystal material is less than 5 mJm −2 ; and a substrate used for a liquid crystal display element having two or more substrates arranged oppositely to each other and a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase between the substrates, where a polar component of surface free energy on a substrate surface in contact with the liquid crystal material is in the range of 5 to 20 mJm −2 , and a contact angle with an isotropic phase of the liquid crystal material on the substrate surface is 50 degrees or less. | 1. A substrate used for a liquid crystal display element having two or more substrates arranged oppositely to each other and a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase between the substrates, where a polar component of surface free energy on a substrate surface in contact with the liquid crystal material is less than 5 mJm−2. 2. The substrate according to claim 1, where the polar component of surface free energy on the substrate surface is 3 mJm−2 or less. 3. The substrate according to claim 1, where the polar component of surface free energy on the substrate surface is 2 mJm−2 or less. 4. The substrate according to claim 1, where total surface free energy on the substrate surface is 30 mJm−2 or less. 5. The substrate according to claim 1, where a contact angle with water on the substrate surface is 10 degrees or more. 6. The substrate according to claim 1, subjected to silane coupling treatment. 7. A substrate used for a liquid crystal display element having two or more substrates arranged oppositely to each other and a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase between the substrates, where a polar component of surface free energy on a substrate surface in contact with the liquid crystal material is in the range of 5 to 20 mJm−2, and a contact angle with an isotropic phase of the liquid crystal material on the substrate surface is 50 degrees or less. 8. The substrate according to claim 7, where the polar component of surface free energy on the substrate surface is in the range of 5 to 15 mJm−2, and the contact angle is 30 degrees or less. 9. The substrate according to claim 7, where the contact angle on the substrate surface of the liquid crystal material in the isotropic phase is 20 degrees or less. 10. The substrate according to claim 7, wherein the contact angle on the substrate surface of the liquid crystal material in the isotropic phase is in the range of 5 to 10 degrees. 11. The substrate according to claim 7, wherein total surface free energy on the substrate surface is 30 mJm−2 or more. 12. The substrate according to claim 7, wherein the contact angle with water on the substrate surface is 10 degrees or more. 13. The substrate according to claim 7, wherein the substrate surface is subjected to silane coupling treatment. 14. The substrate according to claim 7, where the substrate surface is subjected to rubbing treatment. 15. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates, where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 1, and a lattice plane of the blue phase of the liquid crystal material is single. 16. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates, where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 1, and a lattice plane of blue phase I of the liquid crystal material is single. 17. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates, where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 1, and only diffraction from a (110) plane of blue phase I is observed. 18. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates, where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 1, and only diffraction from a (110) plane of blue phase II is observed. 19. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates, where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 7, and diffraction from a (110) plane or (200) plane of blue phase I is observed. 20. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates, where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 7, and only diffraction from a (110) plane of blue phase II is observed. 21. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates, where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 1, only diffraction from a (110) plane of blue phase I is observed, and a wavelength of diffracted light from the (110) plane is in the range of 700 to 1,000 nanometers. 22-44. (canceled) 45. A polyimide resin thin film, used for the substrate according to claim 1. 46. A polyimide resin thin film, used for the substrate according to claim 7. 47-48. (canceled) 49. An organosilane thin film, used for the substrate according to claim 7. 50. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates, where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 7, and a lattice plane of the blue phase of the liquid crystal material is single. 51. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates, where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 7, and a lattice plane of blue phase I of the liquid crystal material is single. 52. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates, where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 7, only diffraction from a (110) plane of blue phase I is observed, and a wavelength of diffracted light from the (110) plane is in the range of 700 to 1,000 nanometers. | A substrate used for a liquid crystal display element having two or more substrates arranged oppositely to each other and a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase between the substrates, where a polar component of surface free energy on a substrate surface in contact with the liquid crystal material is less than 5 mJm −2 ; and a substrate used for a liquid crystal display element having two or more substrates arranged oppositely to each other and a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase between the substrates, where a polar component of surface free energy on a substrate surface in contact with the liquid crystal material is in the range of 5 to 20 mJm −2 , and a contact angle with an isotropic phase of the liquid crystal material on the substrate surface is 50 degrees or less.1. A substrate used for a liquid crystal display element having two or more substrates arranged oppositely to each other and a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase between the substrates, where a polar component of surface free energy on a substrate surface in contact with the liquid crystal material is less than 5 mJm−2. 2. The substrate according to claim 1, where the polar component of surface free energy on the substrate surface is 3 mJm−2 or less. 3. The substrate according to claim 1, where the polar component of surface free energy on the substrate surface is 2 mJm−2 or less. 4. The substrate according to claim 1, where total surface free energy on the substrate surface is 30 mJm−2 or less. 5. The substrate according to claim 1, where a contact angle with water on the substrate surface is 10 degrees or more. 6. The substrate according to claim 1, subjected to silane coupling treatment. 7. A substrate used for a liquid crystal display element having two or more substrates arranged oppositely to each other and a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase between the substrates, where a polar component of surface free energy on a substrate surface in contact with the liquid crystal material is in the range of 5 to 20 mJm−2, and a contact angle with an isotropic phase of the liquid crystal material on the substrate surface is 50 degrees or less. 8. The substrate according to claim 7, where the polar component of surface free energy on the substrate surface is in the range of 5 to 15 mJm−2, and the contact angle is 30 degrees or less. 9. The substrate according to claim 7, where the contact angle on the substrate surface of the liquid crystal material in the isotropic phase is 20 degrees or less. 10. The substrate according to claim 7, wherein the contact angle on the substrate surface of the liquid crystal material in the isotropic phase is in the range of 5 to 10 degrees. 11. The substrate according to claim 7, wherein total surface free energy on the substrate surface is 30 mJm−2 or more. 12. The substrate according to claim 7, wherein the contact angle with water on the substrate surface is 10 degrees or more. 13. The substrate according to claim 7, wherein the substrate surface is subjected to silane coupling treatment. 14. The substrate according to claim 7, where the substrate surface is subjected to rubbing treatment. 15. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates, where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 1, and a lattice plane of the blue phase of the liquid crystal material is single. 16. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates, where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 1, and a lattice plane of blue phase I of the liquid crystal material is single. 17. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates, where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 1, and only diffraction from a (110) plane of blue phase I is observed. 18. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates, where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 1, and only diffraction from a (110) plane of blue phase II is observed. 19. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates, where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 7, and diffraction from a (110) plane or (200) plane of blue phase I is observed. 20. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates, where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 7, and only diffraction from a (110) plane of blue phase II is observed. 21. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates, where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 1, only diffraction from a (110) plane of blue phase I is observed, and a wavelength of diffracted light from the (110) plane is in the range of 700 to 1,000 nanometers. 22-44. (canceled) 45. A polyimide resin thin film, used for the substrate according to claim 1. 46. A polyimide resin thin film, used for the substrate according to claim 7. 47-48. (canceled) 49. An organosilane thin film, used for the substrate according to claim 7. 50. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates, where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 7, and a lattice plane of the blue phase of the liquid crystal material is single. 51. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates, where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 7, and a lattice plane of blue phase I of the liquid crystal material is single. 52. A liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase is arranged between substrates, and an electric field application means is provided for applying an electric field to a liquid crystal medium through an electrode provided on one or both of the substrates, where at least one of the substrates includes the substrate according to claim 7, only diffraction from a (110) plane of blue phase I is observed, and a wavelength of diffracted light from the (110) plane is in the range of 700 to 1,000 nanometers. | 1,700 |
3,041 | 14,369,309 | 1,723 | A fuel cell system comprising a fuel cell and a secondary cell as power supply sources to a load, in which, during normal operation, a first control part allows a first converter (boost converter at the fuel cell side) to control an output voltage of the fuel cell and a second control part allows a second converter (boost converter at the secondary cell side) to control an output voltage to a first load side, whereas during an occurrence of an abnormality of the secondary cell, the first control part allows the first converter to control an output voltage thereof and the second control part allows the second converter to control an output voltage to a second load side. | 1. A fuel cell system comprising a fuel cell and a secondary cell as power supply sources to a load, the system comprising:
a fuel cell power supply path that connects the fuel cell and a first load; a first converter provided on the fuel cell power supply path, the first converter being capable of boosting an output of the fuel cell; a first secondary cell power supply path that connects the secondary cell to a first connecting point on the fuel cell power supply path located closer to the first load side than the first converter; a second converter provided on the first secondary cell power supply path, the second converter being capable of boosting an output of the secondary cell; a second secondary cell power supply path that connects a second load to a second connecting point on the first secondary cell power supply path located between the second converter and the secondary cell; a first control part that controls the first converter; and a second control part that controls the second converter, wherein, during normal operation, the first control part allows the first converter to control an output voltage of the fuel cell, and the second control part allows the second converter to control an output voltage to the first load side, and wherein, during an occurrence of an abnormality of the secondary cell, the first control part allows the first converter to control an output voltage thereof, and the second control part allows the second converter to control an output voltage to the second load side. 2. The fuel cell system according to claim 1, wherein, during an occurrence of an abnormality of the secondary cell, the output voltage of the first converter is controlled so as to match a requested output of the fuel cell system, and the output voltage of the second converter to the second load side is controlled at a constant voltage. 3. The fuel cell system according to claim 1, wherein, during an occurrence of an abnormality of the secondary cell, the output voltage of the first converter is controlled at a constant voltage and the output voltage of the second converter to the second load side is controlled so as to match a requested output of the second load. 4. The fuel cell system according to claim 1, comprising a circuit breaking part between the secondary cell and the second connecting point on the first secondary cell power supply path, wherein the circuit breaking part is disconnected during an occurrence of an abnormality of the secondary cell. 5. The fuel cell system according to claim 1, comprising:
an abnormality detection part that detects an occurrence of an abnormality of the secondary cell; and a third control part that forcibly disconnects the circuit breaking part when the occurrence of an abnormality of the secondary cell has been detected by the abnormality detection part. | A fuel cell system comprising a fuel cell and a secondary cell as power supply sources to a load, in which, during normal operation, a first control part allows a first converter (boost converter at the fuel cell side) to control an output voltage of the fuel cell and a second control part allows a second converter (boost converter at the secondary cell side) to control an output voltage to a first load side, whereas during an occurrence of an abnormality of the secondary cell, the first control part allows the first converter to control an output voltage thereof and the second control part allows the second converter to control an output voltage to a second load side.1. A fuel cell system comprising a fuel cell and a secondary cell as power supply sources to a load, the system comprising:
a fuel cell power supply path that connects the fuel cell and a first load; a first converter provided on the fuel cell power supply path, the first converter being capable of boosting an output of the fuel cell; a first secondary cell power supply path that connects the secondary cell to a first connecting point on the fuel cell power supply path located closer to the first load side than the first converter; a second converter provided on the first secondary cell power supply path, the second converter being capable of boosting an output of the secondary cell; a second secondary cell power supply path that connects a second load to a second connecting point on the first secondary cell power supply path located between the second converter and the secondary cell; a first control part that controls the first converter; and a second control part that controls the second converter, wherein, during normal operation, the first control part allows the first converter to control an output voltage of the fuel cell, and the second control part allows the second converter to control an output voltage to the first load side, and wherein, during an occurrence of an abnormality of the secondary cell, the first control part allows the first converter to control an output voltage thereof, and the second control part allows the second converter to control an output voltage to the second load side. 2. The fuel cell system according to claim 1, wherein, during an occurrence of an abnormality of the secondary cell, the output voltage of the first converter is controlled so as to match a requested output of the fuel cell system, and the output voltage of the second converter to the second load side is controlled at a constant voltage. 3. The fuel cell system according to claim 1, wherein, during an occurrence of an abnormality of the secondary cell, the output voltage of the first converter is controlled at a constant voltage and the output voltage of the second converter to the second load side is controlled so as to match a requested output of the second load. 4. The fuel cell system according to claim 1, comprising a circuit breaking part between the secondary cell and the second connecting point on the first secondary cell power supply path, wherein the circuit breaking part is disconnected during an occurrence of an abnormality of the secondary cell. 5. The fuel cell system according to claim 1, comprising:
an abnormality detection part that detects an occurrence of an abnormality of the secondary cell; and a third control part that forcibly disconnects the circuit breaking part when the occurrence of an abnormality of the secondary cell has been detected by the abnormality detection part. | 1,700 |
3,042 | 12,477,795 | 1,771 | Methods of lubricating food processing equipment that include applying a food grade, high temperature lubricant composition to the food processing equipment are described. The composition includes a polyol polyester base oil that is a reaction product of at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol and at least one monocarboxylic acid. Also described are methods of preparing a food grade, high temperature composition comprising reacting at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol and at least one monocarboxylic acid. The composition may be a lubricant composition. Additionally, the invention provides a food grade, high temperature lubricant composition comprising a polyol polyester base oil that is a reaction product of at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol and at least one monocarboxylic acid. | 1. A method of lubricating food processing equipment comprising applying a food grade, high temperature lubricant composition to the food processing equipment, wherein the composition comprises a polyol polyester base oil that is a reaction product of at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol and at least one monocarboxylic acid and the composition is capable of achieving an H1 classification. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol comprises dipentaerythritol. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one monocarboxylic acid contains about 5 to about 12 carbon atoms. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the polyol polyester base oil is a reaction product of at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol and at least two monocarboxylic acids that each has a different structure from the other. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the first of the at least two monocarboxylic acids is straight chained and the second of the at least two monocarboxylic acids is branched. 6. The method of claim 6, wherein the at least one monocarboxylic acid is chosen from a monocarboxylic acid having about 5 to about 10 carbon atoms and a monocarboxylic acid having about 5 or about 7 carbon atoms. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the at least one monocarboxylic acid comprises 3,5,5 trimethyl hexanoic acid. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol comprises dipentaerythritol, and the at least one monocarboxylic acid is chosen from pentanoic acid, heptanoic acid, 3,5,5-trimethyl hexanoic acid and combinations thereof. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises one or more of an additive chosen from an antioxidant, an antioxidant system, a metal passivating agent, a rheology modifier, a lubricating property modifier and combinations thereof. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the antioxidant system is chosen from a system having at least three antioxidants and a system having at least five antioxidants. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the antioxidant or the antioxidant system is present in an amount of about 1% to about 5% by weight of the total composition. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the antioxidant system comprises at least three antioxidants chosen from (a) benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-,2,2-bis[[3-[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-1-oxopropoxy]methyl]-1,3-propanediyl ester (CAS number [6683-19-8]); (b) alkylated phenyl alpha naphthylamine or N-phenyl-ar-(1,1,3,3,-tetramethylbutyl)-1-naphthalenamine (CAS number [68259-36-9]); (c) benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethyl)-4-hydroxy-,1,6-hexanediyl ester (CAS number [35074-77-2]); (d) benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-,thiodi-2,1-ethanediyl ester (CAS number [41484-35-9]); (e) a mixture containing 1-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylbenzene; (f) N-phenyl-1-naphthyl amine (CAS number [90-30-2]); (g) a liquid diphenylamine-based antioxidant) and (h) mixed octylated and butylated diphenylamine or benzeneamine,-N-phenyl-, reaction product with 2,4,4-trimethylpentane and 2-methylpropene (CAS number [184378-08-3]); and (i) liquid dl-alpha tocopherol; 2H-1-Benzopyran-6-ol, 3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-(CAS number [10191-41-0]). 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the antioxidant system comprises at least four or at least five antioxidants. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein each of antioxidant (a) to (h), if chosen for use in the system, is present independently in an amount of about 0.1% to about 0.5% by weight of the total composition. 15. The method of claim 12, comprising an additive in an amount of about 1% or less by weight of the total composition, wherein the additive is chosen from a lubricating property modifier and a metal passivating agent. 16. The method of claim 9, wherein the rheology modifier is present in an amount of about 0.2% to about 60% by weight of the total composition. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition has a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of about 60 to about 400 centistokes and a flash point of at least about 270° C. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein application of the composition to the equipment is accomplished by a process chosen from spraying and dipping. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein application of the composition to the equipment is accomplished by a process chosen from brushing, sponging, wiping, flushing, and irrigating. 20. A method of preparing a food grade high temperature lubricant comprising reacting at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol and at least one monocarboxylic acid, and the lubricant composition is capable of achieving an H1 classification. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol comprises dipentaerythritol. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the at least one monocarboxylic acid contains about 5 to about 12 carbon atoms. 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the polyol polyester base oil is a reaction product of at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol and at least two monocarboxylic acids that each has a different structure from the other. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the first of the at least two monocarboxylic acids is straight chained and the second of the at least two monocarboxylic acids is branched. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein the at least one monocarboxylic acid is chosen from a monocarboxylic acid having about 5 to about 10 carbon atoms and a monocarboxylic acid having about 5 or about 7 carbon atoms. 26. The method of claim 20, wherein the at least one monocarboxylic acid comprises 3,5,5 trimethyl hexanoic acid. 27. The method of claim 20, wherein the at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol comprises dipentaerythritol, and the at least one monocarboxylic acid is chosen from pentanoic acid, heptanoic acid, 3,5,5-trimethyl hexanoic acid and combinations thereof. 28. The method of claim 20, wherein the composition further comprises one or more of an additive chosen from an antioxidant, an antioxidant system, a rheology modifier, a metal passivating agent, a lubricating property modifier, and combinations thereof. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the antioxidant system comprises at least three different antioxidants. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the antioxidant system comprises at least three antioxidants chosen from (a) benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-,2,2-bis[[3-[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-1-oxopropoxy]methyl]-1,3-propanediyl ester (CAS number [6683-19-8]); (b) alkylated phenyl alpha naphthylamine or N-phenyl-ar-(1,1,3,3,-tetramethylbutyl)-1-naphthalenamine (CAS number [68259-36-9]); (c) benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethyl)-4-hydroxy-,1,6-hexanediyl ester (CAS number [35074-77-2]); (d) benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-,thiodi-2,1-ethanediyl ester (CAS number [41484-35-9]); (e) a mixture containing 1-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylbenzene; (f) N-phenyl-1-naphthyl amine (CAS number [90-30-2]); (g) a liquid diphenylamine-based antioxidant) and (h) mixed octylated and butylated diphenylamine or benzeneamine,-N-phenyl-, reaction product with 2,4,4-trimethylpentane and 2-methylpropene (CAS number [184378-08-3]); and (i) liquid dl-alpha tocopherol; 2H-1-Benzopyran-6-ol, 3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-(CAS number [10191-41-0]). 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the antioxidant system comprises at least four or at least five antioxidants. 32. The method of claim 30, wherein each of antioxidant (a) to (h), if chosen for use in the system, is present independently in an amount of about 0.1%to about 0.5% by weight of the total composition. 33. The method of claim 28, wherein the antioxidant or the antioxidant system is present in an amount of about 1% to about 5% by weight of the total composition. 34. The method of claim 28, comprising an additive in an amount of about 1% or less by weight of the total composition, wherein the additive is chosen from a lubricating property modifier and a metal passivating agent. 35. The method of claim 28, wherein the rheology modifier is present in an amount of about 0.2% to about 60% by weight of the total composition. 36. The method of claim 20, wherein the composition has a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of about 60 to about 400 centistokes and a flash point of at least about 270° C. 37. A food grade, high temperature lubricant composition comprising a polyol polyester base oil that is a reaction product of at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol and at least one monocarboxylic acid. 38. The composition of claim 37, further comprising an antioxidant system comprising at least three antioxidants chosen from (a) benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-,2,2-bis[[3-[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-1-oxopropoxy]methyl]-1,3-propanediyl ester (CAS number [6683-19-8]); (b) alkylated phenyl alpha naphthylamine or N-phenyl-ar-(1,1,3,3,-tetramethylbutyl)-1-naphthalenamine (CAS number [68259-36-9]); (c) benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethyl)-4-hydroxy-,1,6-hexanediyl ester (CAS number [35074-77-2]); (d) benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(l,l-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-,thiodi-2,1-ethanediyl ester (CAS number [41484-35-9]); (e) a mixture containing 1-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylbenzene; (f) N-phenyl-1-naphthyl amine (CAS number [90-30-2]); (g) a liquid diphenylamine-based antioxidant) and (h) mixed octylated and butylated diphenylamine or benzeneamine,-N-phenyl-, reaction product with 2,4,4-trimethylpentane and 2-methylpropene (CAS number [184378-08-3]); and (i) liquid dl-alpha tocopherol; 2H-1-Benzopyran-6-ol, 3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-(CAS number [10191-41-0]). 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the antioxidant system comprises at least four or at least five antioxidants. 40. The method of claim 38, wherein each of antioxidant (a) to (h), if chosen for use in the system, is present independently in an amount of about 0.1% to about 0.5% by weight of the total composition. 41. The composition of claim 37, wherein the at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol comprises dipentaerythritol. 42. The composition of claim 37, wherein the at least one monocarboxylic acid comprises 3,5,5 trimethyl hexanoic acid. 43. The composition of claim 37, wherein the at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol comprises dipentaerythritol, and the at least one monocarboxylic acid is chosen from pentanoic acid, heptanoic acid, 3,5,5-trimethyl hexanoic acid and combinations thereof. 44. The composition of claim 37, further comprising one or more of an additive chosen from an antioxidant, an antioxidant system, a rheology modifier, a metal passivating agent, a lubricating property modifier, and combinations thereof. 45. The composition of claim 37 having a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of about 60 to about 400 centistokes and a flash point of at least about 270° C. 46. A method of lubricating food processing equipment comprising applying a food grade, high temperature lubricant composition to the food processing equipment, wherein the composition comprises a polyol polyester base oil that is a reaction product of at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol and at least one monocarboxylic acid. 47. The method of claim 46, wherein the at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol comprises dipentaerythritol. 48. The method of claim 46, wherein the composition further comprises one or more of an additive chosen from an antioxidant, an antioxidant system, a metal passivating agent, a rheology modifier, a lubricating property modifier and combinations thereof. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the antioxidant system comprises at least three antioxidants chosen from (a) benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-,2,2-bis[[3-[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-1-oxopropoxy]methyl]-1,3-propanediyl ester (CAS number [6683-19-8]); (b) alkylated phenyl alpha naphthylamine or N-phenyl-ar-(1,1,3,3,-tetramethylbutyl)-1-naphthalenamine (CAS number [68259-36-9]); (c) benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethyl)-4-hydroxy-,1,6-hexanediyl ester (CAS number [35074-77-2]); (d) benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-,thiodi-2,1-ethanediyl ester (CAS number [41484-35-9]); (e) a mixture containing 1-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylbenzene; (f) N-phenyl-1-naphthyl amine (CAS number [90-30-2]); (g) a liquid diphenylamine-based antioxidant) and (h) mixed octylated and butylated diphenylamine or benzeneamine,-N-phenyl-, reaction product with 2,4,4-trimethylpentane and 2-methylpropene (CAS number [184378-08-3]); and (i) liquid dl-alphatocopherol; 2H-1-Benzopyran-6-ol, 3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-(CAS number [10191-41-0]). 50. The method of claim 49, wherein the antioxidant system comprises at least four or at least five antioxidants. 51. The method of claim 48, wherein the antioxidant or the antioxidant system is present in an amount of about 1%to about 5% by weight of the total composition. | Methods of lubricating food processing equipment that include applying a food grade, high temperature lubricant composition to the food processing equipment are described. The composition includes a polyol polyester base oil that is a reaction product of at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol and at least one monocarboxylic acid. Also described are methods of preparing a food grade, high temperature composition comprising reacting at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol and at least one monocarboxylic acid. The composition may be a lubricant composition. Additionally, the invention provides a food grade, high temperature lubricant composition comprising a polyol polyester base oil that is a reaction product of at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol and at least one monocarboxylic acid.1. A method of lubricating food processing equipment comprising applying a food grade, high temperature lubricant composition to the food processing equipment, wherein the composition comprises a polyol polyester base oil that is a reaction product of at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol and at least one monocarboxylic acid and the composition is capable of achieving an H1 classification. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol comprises dipentaerythritol. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one monocarboxylic acid contains about 5 to about 12 carbon atoms. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the polyol polyester base oil is a reaction product of at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol and at least two monocarboxylic acids that each has a different structure from the other. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the first of the at least two monocarboxylic acids is straight chained and the second of the at least two monocarboxylic acids is branched. 6. The method of claim 6, wherein the at least one monocarboxylic acid is chosen from a monocarboxylic acid having about 5 to about 10 carbon atoms and a monocarboxylic acid having about 5 or about 7 carbon atoms. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the at least one monocarboxylic acid comprises 3,5,5 trimethyl hexanoic acid. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol comprises dipentaerythritol, and the at least one monocarboxylic acid is chosen from pentanoic acid, heptanoic acid, 3,5,5-trimethyl hexanoic acid and combinations thereof. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises one or more of an additive chosen from an antioxidant, an antioxidant system, a metal passivating agent, a rheology modifier, a lubricating property modifier and combinations thereof. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the antioxidant system is chosen from a system having at least three antioxidants and a system having at least five antioxidants. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the antioxidant or the antioxidant system is present in an amount of about 1% to about 5% by weight of the total composition. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the antioxidant system comprises at least three antioxidants chosen from (a) benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-,2,2-bis[[3-[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-1-oxopropoxy]methyl]-1,3-propanediyl ester (CAS number [6683-19-8]); (b) alkylated phenyl alpha naphthylamine or N-phenyl-ar-(1,1,3,3,-tetramethylbutyl)-1-naphthalenamine (CAS number [68259-36-9]); (c) benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethyl)-4-hydroxy-,1,6-hexanediyl ester (CAS number [35074-77-2]); (d) benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-,thiodi-2,1-ethanediyl ester (CAS number [41484-35-9]); (e) a mixture containing 1-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylbenzene; (f) N-phenyl-1-naphthyl amine (CAS number [90-30-2]); (g) a liquid diphenylamine-based antioxidant) and (h) mixed octylated and butylated diphenylamine or benzeneamine,-N-phenyl-, reaction product with 2,4,4-trimethylpentane and 2-methylpropene (CAS number [184378-08-3]); and (i) liquid dl-alpha tocopherol; 2H-1-Benzopyran-6-ol, 3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-(CAS number [10191-41-0]). 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the antioxidant system comprises at least four or at least five antioxidants. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein each of antioxidant (a) to (h), if chosen for use in the system, is present independently in an amount of about 0.1% to about 0.5% by weight of the total composition. 15. The method of claim 12, comprising an additive in an amount of about 1% or less by weight of the total composition, wherein the additive is chosen from a lubricating property modifier and a metal passivating agent. 16. The method of claim 9, wherein the rheology modifier is present in an amount of about 0.2% to about 60% by weight of the total composition. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition has a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of about 60 to about 400 centistokes and a flash point of at least about 270° C. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein application of the composition to the equipment is accomplished by a process chosen from spraying and dipping. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein application of the composition to the equipment is accomplished by a process chosen from brushing, sponging, wiping, flushing, and irrigating. 20. A method of preparing a food grade high temperature lubricant comprising reacting at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol and at least one monocarboxylic acid, and the lubricant composition is capable of achieving an H1 classification. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol comprises dipentaerythritol. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the at least one monocarboxylic acid contains about 5 to about 12 carbon atoms. 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the polyol polyester base oil is a reaction product of at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol and at least two monocarboxylic acids that each has a different structure from the other. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the first of the at least two monocarboxylic acids is straight chained and the second of the at least two monocarboxylic acids is branched. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein the at least one monocarboxylic acid is chosen from a monocarboxylic acid having about 5 to about 10 carbon atoms and a monocarboxylic acid having about 5 or about 7 carbon atoms. 26. The method of claim 20, wherein the at least one monocarboxylic acid comprises 3,5,5 trimethyl hexanoic acid. 27. The method of claim 20, wherein the at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol comprises dipentaerythritol, and the at least one monocarboxylic acid is chosen from pentanoic acid, heptanoic acid, 3,5,5-trimethyl hexanoic acid and combinations thereof. 28. The method of claim 20, wherein the composition further comprises one or more of an additive chosen from an antioxidant, an antioxidant system, a rheology modifier, a metal passivating agent, a lubricating property modifier, and combinations thereof. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the antioxidant system comprises at least three different antioxidants. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the antioxidant system comprises at least three antioxidants chosen from (a) benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-,2,2-bis[[3-[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-1-oxopropoxy]methyl]-1,3-propanediyl ester (CAS number [6683-19-8]); (b) alkylated phenyl alpha naphthylamine or N-phenyl-ar-(1,1,3,3,-tetramethylbutyl)-1-naphthalenamine (CAS number [68259-36-9]); (c) benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethyl)-4-hydroxy-,1,6-hexanediyl ester (CAS number [35074-77-2]); (d) benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-,thiodi-2,1-ethanediyl ester (CAS number [41484-35-9]); (e) a mixture containing 1-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylbenzene; (f) N-phenyl-1-naphthyl amine (CAS number [90-30-2]); (g) a liquid diphenylamine-based antioxidant) and (h) mixed octylated and butylated diphenylamine or benzeneamine,-N-phenyl-, reaction product with 2,4,4-trimethylpentane and 2-methylpropene (CAS number [184378-08-3]); and (i) liquid dl-alpha tocopherol; 2H-1-Benzopyran-6-ol, 3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-(CAS number [10191-41-0]). 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the antioxidant system comprises at least four or at least five antioxidants. 32. The method of claim 30, wherein each of antioxidant (a) to (h), if chosen for use in the system, is present independently in an amount of about 0.1%to about 0.5% by weight of the total composition. 33. The method of claim 28, wherein the antioxidant or the antioxidant system is present in an amount of about 1% to about 5% by weight of the total composition. 34. The method of claim 28, comprising an additive in an amount of about 1% or less by weight of the total composition, wherein the additive is chosen from a lubricating property modifier and a metal passivating agent. 35. The method of claim 28, wherein the rheology modifier is present in an amount of about 0.2% to about 60% by weight of the total composition. 36. The method of claim 20, wherein the composition has a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of about 60 to about 400 centistokes and a flash point of at least about 270° C. 37. A food grade, high temperature lubricant composition comprising a polyol polyester base oil that is a reaction product of at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol and at least one monocarboxylic acid. 38. The composition of claim 37, further comprising an antioxidant system comprising at least three antioxidants chosen from (a) benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-,2,2-bis[[3-[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-1-oxopropoxy]methyl]-1,3-propanediyl ester (CAS number [6683-19-8]); (b) alkylated phenyl alpha naphthylamine or N-phenyl-ar-(1,1,3,3,-tetramethylbutyl)-1-naphthalenamine (CAS number [68259-36-9]); (c) benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethyl)-4-hydroxy-,1,6-hexanediyl ester (CAS number [35074-77-2]); (d) benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(l,l-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-,thiodi-2,1-ethanediyl ester (CAS number [41484-35-9]); (e) a mixture containing 1-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylbenzene; (f) N-phenyl-1-naphthyl amine (CAS number [90-30-2]); (g) a liquid diphenylamine-based antioxidant) and (h) mixed octylated and butylated diphenylamine or benzeneamine,-N-phenyl-, reaction product with 2,4,4-trimethylpentane and 2-methylpropene (CAS number [184378-08-3]); and (i) liquid dl-alpha tocopherol; 2H-1-Benzopyran-6-ol, 3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-(CAS number [10191-41-0]). 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the antioxidant system comprises at least four or at least five antioxidants. 40. The method of claim 38, wherein each of antioxidant (a) to (h), if chosen for use in the system, is present independently in an amount of about 0.1% to about 0.5% by weight of the total composition. 41. The composition of claim 37, wherein the at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol comprises dipentaerythritol. 42. The composition of claim 37, wherein the at least one monocarboxylic acid comprises 3,5,5 trimethyl hexanoic acid. 43. The composition of claim 37, wherein the at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol comprises dipentaerythritol, and the at least one monocarboxylic acid is chosen from pentanoic acid, heptanoic acid, 3,5,5-trimethyl hexanoic acid and combinations thereof. 44. The composition of claim 37, further comprising one or more of an additive chosen from an antioxidant, an antioxidant system, a rheology modifier, a metal passivating agent, a lubricating property modifier, and combinations thereof. 45. The composition of claim 37 having a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of about 60 to about 400 centistokes and a flash point of at least about 270° C. 46. A method of lubricating food processing equipment comprising applying a food grade, high temperature lubricant composition to the food processing equipment, wherein the composition comprises a polyol polyester base oil that is a reaction product of at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol and at least one monocarboxylic acid. 47. The method of claim 46, wherein the at least one neopentyl polyhydric alcohol comprises dipentaerythritol. 48. The method of claim 46, wherein the composition further comprises one or more of an additive chosen from an antioxidant, an antioxidant system, a metal passivating agent, a rheology modifier, a lubricating property modifier and combinations thereof. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the antioxidant system comprises at least three antioxidants chosen from (a) benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-,2,2-bis[[3-[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-1-oxopropoxy]methyl]-1,3-propanediyl ester (CAS number [6683-19-8]); (b) alkylated phenyl alpha naphthylamine or N-phenyl-ar-(1,1,3,3,-tetramethylbutyl)-1-naphthalenamine (CAS number [68259-36-9]); (c) benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethyl)-4-hydroxy-,1,6-hexanediyl ester (CAS number [35074-77-2]); (d) benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-,thiodi-2,1-ethanediyl ester (CAS number [41484-35-9]); (e) a mixture containing 1-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylbenzene; (f) N-phenyl-1-naphthyl amine (CAS number [90-30-2]); (g) a liquid diphenylamine-based antioxidant) and (h) mixed octylated and butylated diphenylamine or benzeneamine,-N-phenyl-, reaction product with 2,4,4-trimethylpentane and 2-methylpropene (CAS number [184378-08-3]); and (i) liquid dl-alphatocopherol; 2H-1-Benzopyran-6-ol, 3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-(CAS number [10191-41-0]). 50. The method of claim 49, wherein the antioxidant system comprises at least four or at least five antioxidants. 51. The method of claim 48, wherein the antioxidant or the antioxidant system is present in an amount of about 1%to about 5% by weight of the total composition. | 1,700 |
3,043 | 15,380,439 | 1,717 | An adhesive application apparatus is provided. The apparatus uses a rolled on adhesive applied to a substrate. After roll application, an adhesive activator is sprayed onto the substrate. By spraying an activator onto the substrate after the adhesive is applied, the adhesive may be made tacky for adhesion, but the adhesive used for rolling may be highly stable and slow to dry/cure without said activator, which enhances rolled application effectiveness. | 1) An adhesive application apparatus comprising:
a roll applicator configured to roll-apply an adhesive to a substrate; and an activator sprayer positioned downstream of the application direction, the activator sprayer configured to spray an adhesive activator on the substrate after the application of the adhesive. 2) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a conveyor configured to allow movement of the substrate in an application direction, the roll applicator configured to apply the adhesive to the substrate on the conveyor; 3) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 1 wherein the substrate is a foam. 4) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 1 wherein the sprayer is a spray gun. 5) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 1 wherein the sprayer is a mechanized sprayer. 6) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 2 wherein the conveyor is a motorized conveyor. 7) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of activator sprayers arranged to spray along a width of the substrate. 8) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 7 wherein the plurality of sprayers are configured to spray the activator on only a portion of the substrate. 9) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 1 wherein the activator sprayer is configured to spray the activator on only a portion of the substrate. 10) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 1 wherein the roll applicator is formed as a primary roller in contact with the substrate, a secondary roller in contact with the primary roller, and an adhesive trough formed between the primary roller and the secondary roller. 11) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 8 wherein the plurality of sprayers are configured to spray the activator on approximately 5%-50% of the surface of the substrate. 12) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 1 wherein the activator is applied in at a volume ratio of 25:1 to 2.5:1 activator to adhesive. 13) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 1 wherein the sprayer is movable. 14) An adhesive application conveyor system comprising:
a roll applicator configured to roll-apply an adhesive to a substrate; a conveyor configured to move the substrate in an application direction, the roll applicator configured to apply the adhesive to the substrate on the conveyor; and a plurality of activator sprayers positioned downstream of the application direction, the activator sprayer configured to spray an adhesive activator on the substrate after the application of the adhesive. 15) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 14 wherein the substrate is a foam. 16) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 14 wherein the conveyor is a motorized conveyor. 17) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 14 wherein the plurality of sprayers are configured to spray the activator on only a portion of the substrate. 18) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 14 wherein the plurality of sprayers are configured to spray the activator on approximately 5%-50% of the surface of the substrate. 19) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 14 wherein the activator is applied in at a ratio of 25:1 to 2.5:1 activator to adhesive. 20) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 14 wherein the roll applicator provides a force to the substrate to move the substrate along the conveyor. | An adhesive application apparatus is provided. The apparatus uses a rolled on adhesive applied to a substrate. After roll application, an adhesive activator is sprayed onto the substrate. By spraying an activator onto the substrate after the adhesive is applied, the adhesive may be made tacky for adhesion, but the adhesive used for rolling may be highly stable and slow to dry/cure without said activator, which enhances rolled application effectiveness.1) An adhesive application apparatus comprising:
a roll applicator configured to roll-apply an adhesive to a substrate; and an activator sprayer positioned downstream of the application direction, the activator sprayer configured to spray an adhesive activator on the substrate after the application of the adhesive. 2) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a conveyor configured to allow movement of the substrate in an application direction, the roll applicator configured to apply the adhesive to the substrate on the conveyor; 3) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 1 wherein the substrate is a foam. 4) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 1 wherein the sprayer is a spray gun. 5) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 1 wherein the sprayer is a mechanized sprayer. 6) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 2 wherein the conveyor is a motorized conveyor. 7) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of activator sprayers arranged to spray along a width of the substrate. 8) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 7 wherein the plurality of sprayers are configured to spray the activator on only a portion of the substrate. 9) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 1 wherein the activator sprayer is configured to spray the activator on only a portion of the substrate. 10) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 1 wherein the roll applicator is formed as a primary roller in contact with the substrate, a secondary roller in contact with the primary roller, and an adhesive trough formed between the primary roller and the secondary roller. 11) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 8 wherein the plurality of sprayers are configured to spray the activator on approximately 5%-50% of the surface of the substrate. 12) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 1 wherein the activator is applied in at a volume ratio of 25:1 to 2.5:1 activator to adhesive. 13) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 1 wherein the sprayer is movable. 14) An adhesive application conveyor system comprising:
a roll applicator configured to roll-apply an adhesive to a substrate; a conveyor configured to move the substrate in an application direction, the roll applicator configured to apply the adhesive to the substrate on the conveyor; and a plurality of activator sprayers positioned downstream of the application direction, the activator sprayer configured to spray an adhesive activator on the substrate after the application of the adhesive. 15) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 14 wherein the substrate is a foam. 16) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 14 wherein the conveyor is a motorized conveyor. 17) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 14 wherein the plurality of sprayers are configured to spray the activator on only a portion of the substrate. 18) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 14 wherein the plurality of sprayers are configured to spray the activator on approximately 5%-50% of the surface of the substrate. 19) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 14 wherein the activator is applied in at a ratio of 25:1 to 2.5:1 activator to adhesive. 20) The adhesive application apparatus of claim 14 wherein the roll applicator provides a force to the substrate to move the substrate along the conveyor. | 1,700 |
3,044 | 15,018,221 | 1,765 | Provided are novel 4- and 5-substituted 1,2,3-triazoles, and regioisomer mixtures thereof, modified polymers, wherein the substituted 1,2,3-triazoles are modified by reaction with a modifying polymer (maleic anhydride based polymer). Depending upon the ratio of the substituted 1,2,3-triazole to the maleic anhydride based polymer employed, the resulting modified polymers can provide maleic anhydride based polymers that are partially or fully reacted with the substituted 1,2,3-triazoles. The resulting modified polymers may be partially or fully opened to provide amic acids, carboxylic acids, carboxylic acidic salts, imides, or esters. The novel 4- or 5-substituted 1,2,3-triazoles, and regioisomer mixtures thereof, modified polymers can be converted to a wide variety of useful polymers and may be employed in a wide variety of compositions. An example of a modified polymer may be represented by the structure: formula: (1) wherein m, n, and q are defined herein. | 1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. A composition comprising a 4- or 5-substituted 1,2,3-triazole, or regioisomer mixtures thereof, modified polymer, wherein the substituted 1,2,3-triazole is modified by a modifying polymer represented by the structure:
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, functionalized and unfunctionalized alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, and aryl groups, wherein any of the before mentioned groups may be with or without heteroatoms, and mixtures thereof, wherein the composition further comprises an agent selected from the group consisting of an adhesive, an aerosol, an agricultural, a beverage, a biocide, a cleaning, a coating, a cosmetic, a dental, a detergent, a drug, an electronic, an encapsulation, a food, a hair spray, a household-industrial-institutional ink, a lithographic solution, a membrane, a metal fluid, an oilfield, a paint, a paper, a personal care, a pharmaceutical, a plaster, a plastic, a printing, a wood-care, and mixtures thereof. 12. The composition according to claim 11, wherein the 4- or 5-substituted 1,2,3-triazole, or regioisomer mixtures thereof, are represented by the structures, respectively:
wherein X is OH or NHR2; each R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, functionalized and unfunctionalized alkyl, alkoxy cycloalkyl, alkenyl, and aryl groups, wherein any of the before mentioned groups may be with or without heteroatoms, and mixtures thereof; and each p is an integer independently ranging from 1 to about 50. 13. The composition according to claim 12, wherein R2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and functionalized and unfunctionalized alkyl and alkoxy groups, wherein any of the before mentioned groups may be with or without heteroatoms, and mixtures thereof; X is OH; and each p is an integer independently ranging from 1 to about 6. 14. The composition according to claim 11, wherein the modified polymer is selected from the group consisting of:
wherein R1, R2, and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, functionalized and unfunctionalized alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, and aryl groups, wherein any of the before mentioned groups may be with or without heteroatoms, and mixtures thereof; M1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkali metals, and alkaline earth metals; M2 is an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal; each m, n, and q is an integer independently ranging from about 2 to about 500; and each p is an integer independently ranging from 1 to about 50. 15. The composition according to claim 14, wherein R1, R2, and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and functionalized and unfunctionalized alkyl, alkoxy groups, wherein any of the before mentioned groups may be with or without heteroatoms, and mixtures thereof; X is OH; and each p is an integer independently ranging from 1 to about 50. 16. The composition according to claim 14, wherein the modified polymer is represented by the structure 17. The composition according to claim 14, wherein the modified polymer is represented by the structure 18. The composition according to claim 14, wherein the modified polymer is represented by the structure 19. The composition according to claim 14, wherein the modified polymer is represented by the structure 20. The composition according to claim 14, wherein the modified polymer is represented by the structure 21. (canceled) 22. A composition comprising a 4- or 5-substituted 1,2,3-triazole, or regioisomer mixtures thereof, modified polymer, wherein the substituted 1,2,3-triazole is modified by a modifying polymer represented by the structure:
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, functionalized and unfunctionalized alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, and aryl groups, wherein any of the before mentioned groups may be with or without heteroatoms, and mixtures thereof, wherein the composition further comprises an agent selected from the group consisting of a cosmetic, a drug delivery system, a hair, an oil, a pharmaceutical, a pigment dispersion, a preservative, a color, a skin, a sun, a tissue regeneration scaffold, a modified natural oil for increased flexibility in styling, a durable styling, an increased humidity resistance for hair, a color, a cosmetic, a sun care water-proof/resistance, wear-resistance, a shower gel, a shampoo, a thermal protecting/enhancing, a denture adhesive, toothpaste, a mouth wash, a tablet coating, a tablet binder, a transdental patch, and mixtures thereof. | Provided are novel 4- and 5-substituted 1,2,3-triazoles, and regioisomer mixtures thereof, modified polymers, wherein the substituted 1,2,3-triazoles are modified by reaction with a modifying polymer (maleic anhydride based polymer). Depending upon the ratio of the substituted 1,2,3-triazole to the maleic anhydride based polymer employed, the resulting modified polymers can provide maleic anhydride based polymers that are partially or fully reacted with the substituted 1,2,3-triazoles. The resulting modified polymers may be partially or fully opened to provide amic acids, carboxylic acids, carboxylic acidic salts, imides, or esters. The novel 4- or 5-substituted 1,2,3-triazoles, and regioisomer mixtures thereof, modified polymers can be converted to a wide variety of useful polymers and may be employed in a wide variety of compositions. An example of a modified polymer may be represented by the structure: formula: (1) wherein m, n, and q are defined herein.1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. A composition comprising a 4- or 5-substituted 1,2,3-triazole, or regioisomer mixtures thereof, modified polymer, wherein the substituted 1,2,3-triazole is modified by a modifying polymer represented by the structure:
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, functionalized and unfunctionalized alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, and aryl groups, wherein any of the before mentioned groups may be with or without heteroatoms, and mixtures thereof, wherein the composition further comprises an agent selected from the group consisting of an adhesive, an aerosol, an agricultural, a beverage, a biocide, a cleaning, a coating, a cosmetic, a dental, a detergent, a drug, an electronic, an encapsulation, a food, a hair spray, a household-industrial-institutional ink, a lithographic solution, a membrane, a metal fluid, an oilfield, a paint, a paper, a personal care, a pharmaceutical, a plaster, a plastic, a printing, a wood-care, and mixtures thereof. 12. The composition according to claim 11, wherein the 4- or 5-substituted 1,2,3-triazole, or regioisomer mixtures thereof, are represented by the structures, respectively:
wherein X is OH or NHR2; each R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, functionalized and unfunctionalized alkyl, alkoxy cycloalkyl, alkenyl, and aryl groups, wherein any of the before mentioned groups may be with or without heteroatoms, and mixtures thereof; and each p is an integer independently ranging from 1 to about 50. 13. The composition according to claim 12, wherein R2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and functionalized and unfunctionalized alkyl and alkoxy groups, wherein any of the before mentioned groups may be with or without heteroatoms, and mixtures thereof; X is OH; and each p is an integer independently ranging from 1 to about 6. 14. The composition according to claim 11, wherein the modified polymer is selected from the group consisting of:
wherein R1, R2, and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, functionalized and unfunctionalized alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, and aryl groups, wherein any of the before mentioned groups may be with or without heteroatoms, and mixtures thereof; M1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkali metals, and alkaline earth metals; M2 is an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal; each m, n, and q is an integer independently ranging from about 2 to about 500; and each p is an integer independently ranging from 1 to about 50. 15. The composition according to claim 14, wherein R1, R2, and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and functionalized and unfunctionalized alkyl, alkoxy groups, wherein any of the before mentioned groups may be with or without heteroatoms, and mixtures thereof; X is OH; and each p is an integer independently ranging from 1 to about 50. 16. The composition according to claim 14, wherein the modified polymer is represented by the structure 17. The composition according to claim 14, wherein the modified polymer is represented by the structure 18. The composition according to claim 14, wherein the modified polymer is represented by the structure 19. The composition according to claim 14, wherein the modified polymer is represented by the structure 20. The composition according to claim 14, wherein the modified polymer is represented by the structure 21. (canceled) 22. A composition comprising a 4- or 5-substituted 1,2,3-triazole, or regioisomer mixtures thereof, modified polymer, wherein the substituted 1,2,3-triazole is modified by a modifying polymer represented by the structure:
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, functionalized and unfunctionalized alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, and aryl groups, wherein any of the before mentioned groups may be with or without heteroatoms, and mixtures thereof, wherein the composition further comprises an agent selected from the group consisting of a cosmetic, a drug delivery system, a hair, an oil, a pharmaceutical, a pigment dispersion, a preservative, a color, a skin, a sun, a tissue regeneration scaffold, a modified natural oil for increased flexibility in styling, a durable styling, an increased humidity resistance for hair, a color, a cosmetic, a sun care water-proof/resistance, wear-resistance, a shower gel, a shampoo, a thermal protecting/enhancing, a denture adhesive, toothpaste, a mouth wash, a tablet coating, a tablet binder, a transdental patch, and mixtures thereof. | 1,700 |
3,045 | 14,958,335 | 1,779 | Manifolds suitable for use in hemodialysis, hemofiltration, hemodiafiltration, and peritoneal dialysis are provided. One or more of the manifolds can include a manifold body and an external tube. The manifold body can include at least one conduit including a first conduit and at least one port including a first port in fluid communication with the first conduit. The external tube can be in fluid communication with the first port and can include a main segment, a first branch segment, and a second branch segment containing at least one bacterial filter. The first branch segment and/or second branch segment can include at least one flow restrictor. Dialysis machines, systems, and kits including one or more such manifold are also provided, as are methods of performing hemodiafiltration using such manifolds. | 1. A manifold comprising:
a manifold body comprising
at least one conduit comprising a first conduit
at least one port comprising a first port in fluid communication with the first conduit;
an external tube in fluid communication with the first port and comprising
a main segment,
a first branch segment comprising a first flow restrictor, and
a second branch segment comprising a second flow restrictor and at least one bacterial filter,
wherein the second flow restrictor is located between the at least one bacterial filter and the main segment. 2. The manifold of claim 1, further comprising a dialyzer in fluid communication with the first branch segment. 3. The manifold of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second flow restrictors comprises a static flow restrictor. 4. The manifold of claim 1, wherein the manifold is configured to engage a dialysis machine and the first conduit is configured to join a first circuit. 5. The manifold of claim 4, wherein the dialysis machine comprises at least one pump and the manifold is configured to engage the at least one pump to allow for movement of a first fluid through the first circuit. 6. The manifold of claim 4, wherein the manifold comprises a second conduit configured to join a second circuit. 7. The manifold of claim 6, wherein the dialysis machine comprises a second pump and the manifold is configured to engage the second pump to allow for movement of a second fluid in the second circuit. 8. The manifold of claim 6, wherein the external tube is in fluid communication with the first and second conduits. 9. The manifold of claim 6, wherein the second branch segment comprises a valve between the at least one bacterial filter and the main segment. 10. The manifold of claim 6, wherein the first circuit is a dialysate circuit and the second circuit is an extracorporeal blood circuit. 11. A dialysis machine comprising:
a housing; a receptacle mounted on the housing and configured to accept a manifold the manifold operatively engaged with the receptacle, the manifold comprising
a manifold body comprising
at least one conduit comprising a first conduit
at least one port comprising a first port in fluid communication
with the first conduit;
an external tube in fluid communication with the first port and comprising
a main segment,
a first branch segment, and
a second branch segment comprising at least one bacterial filter; and
at least one flow restrictor mounted on the housing and configured for accepting at least one of the first branch segment and the second branch segment. 12. The dialysis machine of claim 11, wherein the at least one flow restrictor comprises a first flow restrictor configured to receive the first branch segment and a second flow restrictor configured to receive the second branch segment. 13. The dialysis machine of claim 11, wherein the at least one flow restrictor comprises a static flow restrictor. 14. The dialysis machine of claim 11, wherein the at least one flow restrictor comprises a dynamic flow restrictor. 15. A manifold comprising:
a manifold body comprising
a first transom comprising a first edge, and second and third edges substantially parallel to the first edge,
a trunk substantially perpendicular to and adjacent the first transom,
a second transom comprising a fourth edge, and fifth and sixth edges substantially parallel to the first, second, and third edges, the second transom being substantially perpendicular to and adjacent the trunk and substantially parallel to the first transom;
a plurality of ports arrayed along the fourth edge, and comprising
at least a first port and a second port,
a third port located on the second edge, and
a fourth port located on the fifth edge;
a first conduit in the second transom and in fluid communication with the first and fourth ports, a second conduit in the first transom and in fluid communication with the second and third ports; a first pump tube in fluid communication with the third and fourth ports; and a first external tube in fluid communication with the second port and comprising
a main segment,
a first branch segment, and
a second branch segment. 16. The manifold of claim 15, wherein at least one of the first branch segment and the second branch segment comprises a flow restrictor. 17. The manifold of claim 15, wherein the manifold is configured to engage a dialysis machine and the first conduit is configured to join a first circuit. 18. The manifold of claim 17, wherein the dialysis machine comprises at least one pump and the manifold is configured to engage the at least one pump with the first pump tube to allow for a movement of a first fluid in the first circuit. 19. The manifold of claim 18, wherein the manifold comprises a second pump tube in fluid communication with a fifth port on the second edge and a sixth port on the fifth edge, the second pump tube being configured to join a second circuit, wherein the dialysis machine comprises a second pump and the manifold is configured to engage the second pump with the second pump tube to allow for movement of a second fluid through the second circuit. 20. A dialysis system comprising:
a dialysis machine; the manifold of claim 19 operatively engaged with the dialysis machine; and a supply of dialysate in fluid communication with the manifold; wherein the second branch segment comprises at least one bacterial filter and the dialysis system is configured to perform hemodiafiltration. | Manifolds suitable for use in hemodialysis, hemofiltration, hemodiafiltration, and peritoneal dialysis are provided. One or more of the manifolds can include a manifold body and an external tube. The manifold body can include at least one conduit including a first conduit and at least one port including a first port in fluid communication with the first conduit. The external tube can be in fluid communication with the first port and can include a main segment, a first branch segment, and a second branch segment containing at least one bacterial filter. The first branch segment and/or second branch segment can include at least one flow restrictor. Dialysis machines, systems, and kits including one or more such manifold are also provided, as are methods of performing hemodiafiltration using such manifolds.1. A manifold comprising:
a manifold body comprising
at least one conduit comprising a first conduit
at least one port comprising a first port in fluid communication with the first conduit;
an external tube in fluid communication with the first port and comprising
a main segment,
a first branch segment comprising a first flow restrictor, and
a second branch segment comprising a second flow restrictor and at least one bacterial filter,
wherein the second flow restrictor is located between the at least one bacterial filter and the main segment. 2. The manifold of claim 1, further comprising a dialyzer in fluid communication with the first branch segment. 3. The manifold of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second flow restrictors comprises a static flow restrictor. 4. The manifold of claim 1, wherein the manifold is configured to engage a dialysis machine and the first conduit is configured to join a first circuit. 5. The manifold of claim 4, wherein the dialysis machine comprises at least one pump and the manifold is configured to engage the at least one pump to allow for movement of a first fluid through the first circuit. 6. The manifold of claim 4, wherein the manifold comprises a second conduit configured to join a second circuit. 7. The manifold of claim 6, wherein the dialysis machine comprises a second pump and the manifold is configured to engage the second pump to allow for movement of a second fluid in the second circuit. 8. The manifold of claim 6, wherein the external tube is in fluid communication with the first and second conduits. 9. The manifold of claim 6, wherein the second branch segment comprises a valve between the at least one bacterial filter and the main segment. 10. The manifold of claim 6, wherein the first circuit is a dialysate circuit and the second circuit is an extracorporeal blood circuit. 11. A dialysis machine comprising:
a housing; a receptacle mounted on the housing and configured to accept a manifold the manifold operatively engaged with the receptacle, the manifold comprising
a manifold body comprising
at least one conduit comprising a first conduit
at least one port comprising a first port in fluid communication
with the first conduit;
an external tube in fluid communication with the first port and comprising
a main segment,
a first branch segment, and
a second branch segment comprising at least one bacterial filter; and
at least one flow restrictor mounted on the housing and configured for accepting at least one of the first branch segment and the second branch segment. 12. The dialysis machine of claim 11, wherein the at least one flow restrictor comprises a first flow restrictor configured to receive the first branch segment and a second flow restrictor configured to receive the second branch segment. 13. The dialysis machine of claim 11, wherein the at least one flow restrictor comprises a static flow restrictor. 14. The dialysis machine of claim 11, wherein the at least one flow restrictor comprises a dynamic flow restrictor. 15. A manifold comprising:
a manifold body comprising
a first transom comprising a first edge, and second and third edges substantially parallel to the first edge,
a trunk substantially perpendicular to and adjacent the first transom,
a second transom comprising a fourth edge, and fifth and sixth edges substantially parallel to the first, second, and third edges, the second transom being substantially perpendicular to and adjacent the trunk and substantially parallel to the first transom;
a plurality of ports arrayed along the fourth edge, and comprising
at least a first port and a second port,
a third port located on the second edge, and
a fourth port located on the fifth edge;
a first conduit in the second transom and in fluid communication with the first and fourth ports, a second conduit in the first transom and in fluid communication with the second and third ports; a first pump tube in fluid communication with the third and fourth ports; and a first external tube in fluid communication with the second port and comprising
a main segment,
a first branch segment, and
a second branch segment. 16. The manifold of claim 15, wherein at least one of the first branch segment and the second branch segment comprises a flow restrictor. 17. The manifold of claim 15, wherein the manifold is configured to engage a dialysis machine and the first conduit is configured to join a first circuit. 18. The manifold of claim 17, wherein the dialysis machine comprises at least one pump and the manifold is configured to engage the at least one pump with the first pump tube to allow for a movement of a first fluid in the first circuit. 19. The manifold of claim 18, wherein the manifold comprises a second pump tube in fluid communication with a fifth port on the second edge and a sixth port on the fifth edge, the second pump tube being configured to join a second circuit, wherein the dialysis machine comprises a second pump and the manifold is configured to engage the second pump with the second pump tube to allow for movement of a second fluid through the second circuit. 20. A dialysis system comprising:
a dialysis machine; the manifold of claim 19 operatively engaged with the dialysis machine; and a supply of dialysate in fluid communication with the manifold; wherein the second branch segment comprises at least one bacterial filter and the dialysis system is configured to perform hemodiafiltration. | 1,700 |
3,046 | 15,299,952 | 1,723 | A battery pack and transport coupler for enabling the battery pack to reduce the pack power capacity. The battery pack include a plurality of strings of battery cells and a switching network for coupling and decoupling the strings of battery cells from each other. When the plurality of strings of battery cells are coupled together in a default configuration the transport coupler includes a decoupler for decoupling the strings of battery cells and when the plurality of strings of battery cells are not coupled together in a default configuration the transport coupler includes a coupler for coupling the strings of battery cells for operation with an electronic device such as a power tool. | 1. A removable, secondary battery pack for providing electrical power to an electrical device, the battery pack comprising:
a primary housing configured with a mechanical interface to mechanically couple the battery pack to each of a plurality of electrical devices within a system of electrical devices, wherein each of the plurality of electrical devices within the system of electrical devices includes a housing configured with a mechanical interface to mechanically couple the electrical device with the battery pack; sets of electrically connected battery cells housed within the primary housing; a switching network having a first state in which the sets of battery cells are electrically connected to each other and a second state in which the sets of battery cells are electrically disconnected from each other; and a coupler that causes the switching network to convert between the first state and the second state. 2. A battery pack, as recited in claim 1, wherein the sets comprise a number of sets and the output power from the battery pack in the first state is 1 over the number sets of electrically connected battery cells. 3. A battery pack, as recited in claim 1, wherein the coupler maintains the switching network in the particular state during transportation of the battery pack. 4. A battery pack, as recited in claim 1, wherein the coupler includes a cap and a converter element, wherein the cap engages the converter element and the converter element connects contacts of the switching network. 5. A battery pack, as recited in claim 1, wherein the coupler includes a screw. 6. A battery pack, as recited in claim 1, wherein the coupler includes a tab. 7. A battery pack, as recited in claim 1, wherein the coupler includes a jumper. 8. A battery pack, as recited in claim 1, wherein the coupler includes an insulator. 9. A battery pack, as recited in claim 4, wherein the cap couples to an exterior surface of the primary housing. 10. A battery pack, as recited in claim 1, wherein each set of battery cells includes a positive and a negative terminal and the switching network comprises at least one of the positive terminals and the negative terminals of the sets of battery cells and a corresponding set of contacts to connect the at least one of the positive and negative terminals of the sets of battery cells. 11. A removable battery pack for providing electrical power to an electrical device, the battery pack comprising:
a housing configured to mechanically mate with an electrical device; a plurality of sets of electrically connected battery cells housed within the housing; a switching network configured to electrically connect the sets of battery cells to each other and electrically disconnect the sets of battery cells from each other; and a coupler for causing the switching network to convert from the first state to the second state and to maintain the switching network in the first state during transportation of the battery pack. 12. A battery pack, as recited in claim 11, wherein the coupler is for electrically disconnecting the sets of battery cells from each other. 13. A battery pack, as recited in claim 11, wherein the coupler is a separating device for electrically disconnecting the sets of battery cells from each other. 14. A battery pack, as recited in claim 11, wherein the coupler operates the switching networks 15. A battery pack, as recited in claim 13, wherein the separating device is configured to mate with the battery pack housing in the same manner as the electrical device. 16. A battery pack, as recited in claim 13, wherein upon the separating device mating with the battery pack housing the sets of battery cells are electrically disconnected. 17. A battery pack, as recited in claim 11, wherein the sets of battery cells are electrically connected to each other within the housing in a default configuration. 18. A removable, secondary battery pack for providing electrical power to an electrical device, the battery pack comprising:
a housing configured to mechanically mate with an electrical device; a plurality of sets of battery cells housed within the housing; a switching network housed within the housing and configured to electrically connect the sets of battery cells to each other and electrically disconnect the sets of battery cells from each other; and a converter for operating the switching network to electrically connect the sets of battery cells to each other. 19. A battery pack, as recited in claim 18, wherein the converter operates the switching networks. 20. A battery pack, as recited in claim 18, wherein the converter is a screw. 21. A battery pack, as recited in claim 18, wherein the converter is a pull tab. 22. A battery pack, as recited in claim 18, wherein the converter is a coupling device for electrically connecting the sets of battery cells to each other. 23. A battery pack, as recited in claim 18, wherein the sets of battery cells are electrically disconnected from each other within the housing in a default configuration. 24. A battery pack, comprising:
a housing, a plurality of sets of battery cells housed within the housing, each set of battery cells having a positive terminal and a negative terminal, a set of battery pack terminals extending from the housing, wherein a first terminal of the set of battery pack terminals extends from the housing for mating with an electrical device and is electrically coupled to the positive terminal of a first set of battery cells, a second terminal of the set of battery pack terminals extends from the housing for mating with the electrical device and is electrically coupled to the positive terminal of a second set of battery cells, a third terminal of the set of battery pack terminals extends from the housing for mating with the electrical device and is electrically coupled to the negative terminal of the first set of battery cells and a fourth terminal of the set of battery pack terminals extends from the housing for mating with the electrical device and is electrically coupled to the negative terminal of the second set of battery cells such that the first set of battery cells is electrically isolated from the second set of battery cells. | A battery pack and transport coupler for enabling the battery pack to reduce the pack power capacity. The battery pack include a plurality of strings of battery cells and a switching network for coupling and decoupling the strings of battery cells from each other. When the plurality of strings of battery cells are coupled together in a default configuration the transport coupler includes a decoupler for decoupling the strings of battery cells and when the plurality of strings of battery cells are not coupled together in a default configuration the transport coupler includes a coupler for coupling the strings of battery cells for operation with an electronic device such as a power tool.1. A removable, secondary battery pack for providing electrical power to an electrical device, the battery pack comprising:
a primary housing configured with a mechanical interface to mechanically couple the battery pack to each of a plurality of electrical devices within a system of electrical devices, wherein each of the plurality of electrical devices within the system of electrical devices includes a housing configured with a mechanical interface to mechanically couple the electrical device with the battery pack; sets of electrically connected battery cells housed within the primary housing; a switching network having a first state in which the sets of battery cells are electrically connected to each other and a second state in which the sets of battery cells are electrically disconnected from each other; and a coupler that causes the switching network to convert between the first state and the second state. 2. A battery pack, as recited in claim 1, wherein the sets comprise a number of sets and the output power from the battery pack in the first state is 1 over the number sets of electrically connected battery cells. 3. A battery pack, as recited in claim 1, wherein the coupler maintains the switching network in the particular state during transportation of the battery pack. 4. A battery pack, as recited in claim 1, wherein the coupler includes a cap and a converter element, wherein the cap engages the converter element and the converter element connects contacts of the switching network. 5. A battery pack, as recited in claim 1, wherein the coupler includes a screw. 6. A battery pack, as recited in claim 1, wherein the coupler includes a tab. 7. A battery pack, as recited in claim 1, wherein the coupler includes a jumper. 8. A battery pack, as recited in claim 1, wherein the coupler includes an insulator. 9. A battery pack, as recited in claim 4, wherein the cap couples to an exterior surface of the primary housing. 10. A battery pack, as recited in claim 1, wherein each set of battery cells includes a positive and a negative terminal and the switching network comprises at least one of the positive terminals and the negative terminals of the sets of battery cells and a corresponding set of contacts to connect the at least one of the positive and negative terminals of the sets of battery cells. 11. A removable battery pack for providing electrical power to an electrical device, the battery pack comprising:
a housing configured to mechanically mate with an electrical device; a plurality of sets of electrically connected battery cells housed within the housing; a switching network configured to electrically connect the sets of battery cells to each other and electrically disconnect the sets of battery cells from each other; and a coupler for causing the switching network to convert from the first state to the second state and to maintain the switching network in the first state during transportation of the battery pack. 12. A battery pack, as recited in claim 11, wherein the coupler is for electrically disconnecting the sets of battery cells from each other. 13. A battery pack, as recited in claim 11, wherein the coupler is a separating device for electrically disconnecting the sets of battery cells from each other. 14. A battery pack, as recited in claim 11, wherein the coupler operates the switching networks 15. A battery pack, as recited in claim 13, wherein the separating device is configured to mate with the battery pack housing in the same manner as the electrical device. 16. A battery pack, as recited in claim 13, wherein upon the separating device mating with the battery pack housing the sets of battery cells are electrically disconnected. 17. A battery pack, as recited in claim 11, wherein the sets of battery cells are electrically connected to each other within the housing in a default configuration. 18. A removable, secondary battery pack for providing electrical power to an electrical device, the battery pack comprising:
a housing configured to mechanically mate with an electrical device; a plurality of sets of battery cells housed within the housing; a switching network housed within the housing and configured to electrically connect the sets of battery cells to each other and electrically disconnect the sets of battery cells from each other; and a converter for operating the switching network to electrically connect the sets of battery cells to each other. 19. A battery pack, as recited in claim 18, wherein the converter operates the switching networks. 20. A battery pack, as recited in claim 18, wherein the converter is a screw. 21. A battery pack, as recited in claim 18, wherein the converter is a pull tab. 22. A battery pack, as recited in claim 18, wherein the converter is a coupling device for electrically connecting the sets of battery cells to each other. 23. A battery pack, as recited in claim 18, wherein the sets of battery cells are electrically disconnected from each other within the housing in a default configuration. 24. A battery pack, comprising:
a housing, a plurality of sets of battery cells housed within the housing, each set of battery cells having a positive terminal and a negative terminal, a set of battery pack terminals extending from the housing, wherein a first terminal of the set of battery pack terminals extends from the housing for mating with an electrical device and is electrically coupled to the positive terminal of a first set of battery cells, a second terminal of the set of battery pack terminals extends from the housing for mating with the electrical device and is electrically coupled to the positive terminal of a second set of battery cells, a third terminal of the set of battery pack terminals extends from the housing for mating with the electrical device and is electrically coupled to the negative terminal of the first set of battery cells and a fourth terminal of the set of battery pack terminals extends from the housing for mating with the electrical device and is electrically coupled to the negative terminal of the second set of battery cells such that the first set of battery cells is electrically isolated from the second set of battery cells. | 1,700 |
3,047 | 14,439,655 | 1,726 | Nanometer sized materials can be produced by exposing a target to a laser source to remove material from the target and deposit the removed material onto a surface of a substrate to grow a thin film in a vacuum chamber | 1. A method for producing nanometer sized materials comprising exposing a target to a laser source to remove material from the target and deposit the removed material onto a surface of a substrate to grow a thin film in a vacuum chamber at a pressure of between 10 mTorr and 500 mTorr. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the thin film includes nanowalls. 3. The method of claim herein the substrate is silicon wafer. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is glass. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the substrate is coated with a conductive layer. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the conductive layer is ITO. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises pumping down the vacuum chamber to a base pressure of 10−6 Torr. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises cleaning the substrate. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the method further comprises ablating the surface of the target in the presence of a substrate-masked flag. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the target is zinc oxide. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the nanowalls are grown in the presence of oxygen. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperature of the substrate is between 400° C. and 650° C. when growing the thin film. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the time for growing nanowalls varies from 10 minutes to 45 minutes. 14. A method for producing nanometer sized materials comprising:
exposing a target to a laser source to remove material from the target and deposit the removed material onto a surface of a substrate to grow a thin film as a seed layer; and exposing a target to a laser source to remove material from the target and deposit the removed material onto the surface of the substrate to grow nanometer sized materials at a pressure of between 2.5 Torr and 10 Torr. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the nanometer sized materials are nanowires. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the target is zinc oxide. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the substrate is silicon. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the substrate is glass. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the substrate is coated with a conductive layer. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the conductive layer is ITO. 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the substrate is sapphire. 22. The method of claim 14, wherein the method further comprises cleaning the substrate. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the method further comprises cleaning the substrate ultrasonically. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the method further comprises cleaning the substrate with acetone and isopropanol. 25. The method of claim 22, wherein the method further comprises drying the substrate by compressed gas. 26. The method of claim 14, wherein the laser source is KrF excimer laser. 27. The method of claim 14, wherein the method further comprises pumping down the vacuum chamber to a base pressure of 10−6 Torr. 28. The method of claim 14, wherein a zinc oxide seed layer is deposited onto the substrate. 29. The method of claim 4, wherein zinc oxide nanowalls are grown as the seed layer. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the zinc oxide seed layer is grown at about 600° C. in the presence of oxygen with a pressure of about 10 mTorr. 31. The method of claim 14, wherein the nanometer sized materials are grown at a temperature lower than 500° C. 32. The method of claim 14, wherein the nanometer sized materials are grown in a background gas. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the background gas is argon. 34. The method of claim 14, wherein the distance between the target and the source 6.5 to 9 cm. 35. A nanometer sized structure comprising zinc oxide nanowalls that contain no catalyst. 36. The structure of claim 35, wherein the nanowalls are highly crystalline. 37. A nanometer sized structure comprising zinc oxide nanowires that contain catalyst and are vertically oriented on a substrate. 38. The structure of claim 37, wherein the nanometer sized materials are highly crystalline. 39. A photovoltaic device, comprising:
a first electrode; a second electrode; and a nanometer sized structure comprising zinc oxide nanowalls that contain no catalyst. 40. The structure of claim 9, wherein the nanowalls are highly crystalline. 41. A photovoltaic device, comprising:
a first electrode; a second electrode; and a nanometer sized structure comprising zinc oxide nanowires that contain no catalyst and are vertically oriented on a substrate. 42. The structure of claim 41, wherein the nanometer sized materials are highly crystalline. 43. The method of claim 15, wherein a surface of the nanowires includes a nanoparticle. 44. The method of claim 15, wherein a surface of the nanowires includes a lead sulfide nanoparticle. 45. The structure of claim 37, wherein a surface of the zinc oxide nanowires includes a nanoparticle. 46. The structure of claim 37, wherein a surface of the zinc oxide nanowires includes a lead sulfide nanoparticle. 47. The device of claim 41, wherein a surface of the zinc oxide nanowires includes a nanoparticle. 48. The device of claim 41, wherein a surface of the zinc oxide nanowires includes a lead sulfide nanoparticle. | Nanometer sized materials can be produced by exposing a target to a laser source to remove material from the target and deposit the removed material onto a surface of a substrate to grow a thin film in a vacuum chamber1. A method for producing nanometer sized materials comprising exposing a target to a laser source to remove material from the target and deposit the removed material onto a surface of a substrate to grow a thin film in a vacuum chamber at a pressure of between 10 mTorr and 500 mTorr. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the thin film includes nanowalls. 3. The method of claim herein the substrate is silicon wafer. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is glass. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the substrate is coated with a conductive layer. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the conductive layer is ITO. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises pumping down the vacuum chamber to a base pressure of 10−6 Torr. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises cleaning the substrate. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the method further comprises ablating the surface of the target in the presence of a substrate-masked flag. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the target is zinc oxide. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the nanowalls are grown in the presence of oxygen. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperature of the substrate is between 400° C. and 650° C. when growing the thin film. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the time for growing nanowalls varies from 10 minutes to 45 minutes. 14. A method for producing nanometer sized materials comprising:
exposing a target to a laser source to remove material from the target and deposit the removed material onto a surface of a substrate to grow a thin film as a seed layer; and exposing a target to a laser source to remove material from the target and deposit the removed material onto the surface of the substrate to grow nanometer sized materials at a pressure of between 2.5 Torr and 10 Torr. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the nanometer sized materials are nanowires. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the target is zinc oxide. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the substrate is silicon. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the substrate is glass. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the substrate is coated with a conductive layer. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the conductive layer is ITO. 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the substrate is sapphire. 22. The method of claim 14, wherein the method further comprises cleaning the substrate. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the method further comprises cleaning the substrate ultrasonically. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the method further comprises cleaning the substrate with acetone and isopropanol. 25. The method of claim 22, wherein the method further comprises drying the substrate by compressed gas. 26. The method of claim 14, wherein the laser source is KrF excimer laser. 27. The method of claim 14, wherein the method further comprises pumping down the vacuum chamber to a base pressure of 10−6 Torr. 28. The method of claim 14, wherein a zinc oxide seed layer is deposited onto the substrate. 29. The method of claim 4, wherein zinc oxide nanowalls are grown as the seed layer. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the zinc oxide seed layer is grown at about 600° C. in the presence of oxygen with a pressure of about 10 mTorr. 31. The method of claim 14, wherein the nanometer sized materials are grown at a temperature lower than 500° C. 32. The method of claim 14, wherein the nanometer sized materials are grown in a background gas. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the background gas is argon. 34. The method of claim 14, wherein the distance between the target and the source 6.5 to 9 cm. 35. A nanometer sized structure comprising zinc oxide nanowalls that contain no catalyst. 36. The structure of claim 35, wherein the nanowalls are highly crystalline. 37. A nanometer sized structure comprising zinc oxide nanowires that contain catalyst and are vertically oriented on a substrate. 38. The structure of claim 37, wherein the nanometer sized materials are highly crystalline. 39. A photovoltaic device, comprising:
a first electrode; a second electrode; and a nanometer sized structure comprising zinc oxide nanowalls that contain no catalyst. 40. The structure of claim 9, wherein the nanowalls are highly crystalline. 41. A photovoltaic device, comprising:
a first electrode; a second electrode; and a nanometer sized structure comprising zinc oxide nanowires that contain no catalyst and are vertically oriented on a substrate. 42. The structure of claim 41, wherein the nanometer sized materials are highly crystalline. 43. The method of claim 15, wherein a surface of the nanowires includes a nanoparticle. 44. The method of claim 15, wherein a surface of the nanowires includes a lead sulfide nanoparticle. 45. The structure of claim 37, wherein a surface of the zinc oxide nanowires includes a nanoparticle. 46. The structure of claim 37, wherein a surface of the zinc oxide nanowires includes a lead sulfide nanoparticle. 47. The device of claim 41, wherein a surface of the zinc oxide nanowires includes a nanoparticle. 48. The device of claim 41, wherein a surface of the zinc oxide nanowires includes a lead sulfide nanoparticle. | 1,700 |
3,048 | 14,697,138 | 1,792 | A pan system may have a closed configuration and an open configuration to selectively release a food product. The system comprise a base portion having a sidewall connected to a bottom with an opening, a removable portion configured to span the opening, and an attachment configured to releasably secure the removable portion relative to the base portion in the closed condition and selectively release the removable portion from the base portion in the open condition. The base portion and removable portion may be configured to contain the food product in the closed condition and separate to release the food product from the base portion in the open condition. | 1. A pan system having a closed condition and an open condition to selectively release a food product, the system comprising:
a base portion having a sidewall connected to a bottom with an opening; a removable portion configured to span the opening; and an attachment configured to releasably secure the removable portion relative to the base portion in the closed condition and selectively release the removable portion from the base portion in the open condition, wherein the base portion and removable portion are configured to contain the food product in the closed condition and separate to release the food product from the base portion in the open condition. 2. The pan system of claim 1, wherein the attachment includes an adhesive to releasably secure the removable portion relative to the base portion. 3. The pan system of claim 2, wherein the attachment is configured to maintain the closed condition prior to baking and allow the open condition after baking. 4. The pan system of claim 2, wherein the adhesive is configured to release the removable portion in response to heat. 5. The pan system of claim 1, wherein the attachment includes an arcuate configuration. 6. The pan system of claim 1, wherein the attachment is a mechanical interlock that includes a perforation between the base portion and removable portion. 7. The pan system of claim 1, wherein the base portion includes a lip with a turn-down relative to the sidewall. 8. A pan system having a closed configuration and an open configuration to selectively release a food product, the system comprising:
a food product; a base portion having a sidewall connected to a bottom with an opening; a removable portion configured to span the opening; and an attachment configured to releasably secure the removable portion relative to the base portion in the closed condition and selectively release the removable portion from the base portion in the open condition, wherein the base portion and removable portion are configured to contain the food product in the closed condition and separate to release the food product from the base portion in the open condition. 9. The pan system of claim 8, wherein the attachment includes an adhesive to releasably secure the removable portion relative to the base portion. 10. The pan system of claim 9, wherein the attachment is configured to maintain the closed condition prior to baking and allow the open condition after baking. 11. The pan system of claim 9, wherein the adhesive is configured to release the removable portion in response to heat. 12. The pan system of claim 8, wherein the attachment includes an arcuate configuration. 13. The pan system of claim 8, wherein the attachment is a mechanical interlock that includes a perforation between the base portion and removable portion. 14. The pan system of claim 8, wherein the base portion includes a lip with a turn-down relative to the sidewall. 15. A method for using a pan system to selectively release a food product, the method comprising:
placing the food product in the pan system having a removable portion and a base portion with an opening, the removable portion spanning the opening and being releasably secured to the base portion with an attachment; applying a heat to the pan system with the food product thereby allowing the food product to cook; releasing the attachment in response to the heat; allowing the pan system with the food product to cool; applying a force to the removable portion through the opening; and separating the removable portion with the food product from the base portion. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the attachment includes an adhesive to releasably secure the removable portion relative to the base portion. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the adhesive is configured to release the removable portion in response to heat. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the attachment includes an arcuate configuration. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the attachment is a mechanical interlock that includes a perforation between the base portion and removable portion. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the base portion includes a lip with a turn-down relative to the sidewall. | A pan system may have a closed configuration and an open configuration to selectively release a food product. The system comprise a base portion having a sidewall connected to a bottom with an opening, a removable portion configured to span the opening, and an attachment configured to releasably secure the removable portion relative to the base portion in the closed condition and selectively release the removable portion from the base portion in the open condition. The base portion and removable portion may be configured to contain the food product in the closed condition and separate to release the food product from the base portion in the open condition.1. A pan system having a closed condition and an open condition to selectively release a food product, the system comprising:
a base portion having a sidewall connected to a bottom with an opening; a removable portion configured to span the opening; and an attachment configured to releasably secure the removable portion relative to the base portion in the closed condition and selectively release the removable portion from the base portion in the open condition, wherein the base portion and removable portion are configured to contain the food product in the closed condition and separate to release the food product from the base portion in the open condition. 2. The pan system of claim 1, wherein the attachment includes an adhesive to releasably secure the removable portion relative to the base portion. 3. The pan system of claim 2, wherein the attachment is configured to maintain the closed condition prior to baking and allow the open condition after baking. 4. The pan system of claim 2, wherein the adhesive is configured to release the removable portion in response to heat. 5. The pan system of claim 1, wherein the attachment includes an arcuate configuration. 6. The pan system of claim 1, wherein the attachment is a mechanical interlock that includes a perforation between the base portion and removable portion. 7. The pan system of claim 1, wherein the base portion includes a lip with a turn-down relative to the sidewall. 8. A pan system having a closed configuration and an open configuration to selectively release a food product, the system comprising:
a food product; a base portion having a sidewall connected to a bottom with an opening; a removable portion configured to span the opening; and an attachment configured to releasably secure the removable portion relative to the base portion in the closed condition and selectively release the removable portion from the base portion in the open condition, wherein the base portion and removable portion are configured to contain the food product in the closed condition and separate to release the food product from the base portion in the open condition. 9. The pan system of claim 8, wherein the attachment includes an adhesive to releasably secure the removable portion relative to the base portion. 10. The pan system of claim 9, wherein the attachment is configured to maintain the closed condition prior to baking and allow the open condition after baking. 11. The pan system of claim 9, wherein the adhesive is configured to release the removable portion in response to heat. 12. The pan system of claim 8, wherein the attachment includes an arcuate configuration. 13. The pan system of claim 8, wherein the attachment is a mechanical interlock that includes a perforation between the base portion and removable portion. 14. The pan system of claim 8, wherein the base portion includes a lip with a turn-down relative to the sidewall. 15. A method for using a pan system to selectively release a food product, the method comprising:
placing the food product in the pan system having a removable portion and a base portion with an opening, the removable portion spanning the opening and being releasably secured to the base portion with an attachment; applying a heat to the pan system with the food product thereby allowing the food product to cook; releasing the attachment in response to the heat; allowing the pan system with the food product to cool; applying a force to the removable portion through the opening; and separating the removable portion with the food product from the base portion. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the attachment includes an adhesive to releasably secure the removable portion relative to the base portion. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the adhesive is configured to release the removable portion in response to heat. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the attachment includes an arcuate configuration. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the attachment is a mechanical interlock that includes a perforation between the base portion and removable portion. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the base portion includes a lip with a turn-down relative to the sidewall. | 1,700 |
3,049 | 14,362,694 | 1,745 | Disclosed are a connecting arrangement of a fiber composite component with a second component and a process for producing the arrangement. The second component comprises at least one flat section having one or more cut-outs which pass through the flat section. The flat section is arranged between at least two sublayers of the fiber composite component and at least one of the at least two sublayers with a layer thickness S F comprises one or more embossments which have an essentially even layer thickness S F and are molded into the one or more cut-outs. | 1.-15. (canceled) 16. A connecting arrangement of a fiber composite component with a second component, wherein the second component comprises at least one flat section having one or more cut-outs which pass through the flat section, and wherein the at least one flat section is arranged between at least two sublayers of the fiber composite component, at least one of the at least two sublayers with a layer thickness SF comprising one or more embossments which have an essentially even layer thickness SF and are molded into the one or more cut-outs. 17. The connecting arrangement of claim 16, wherein in an area of the one or more cut-outs the at least two sublayers are connected directly or indirectly. 18. The connecting arrangement of claim 17, wherein in an area of the one or more cut-outs the at least two sublayers are firmly bonded. 19. The connecting arrangement of claim 16, wherein at least one of the at least two sublayers is connected directly or indirectly to the at least one flat section of the second component. 20. The connecting arrangement of claim 19, wherein at least one of the at least two sublayers is firmly bonded to the at least one flat section of the second component. 21. The connecting arrangement of claim 16, wherein the one or more cut-outs have a round diameter. 22. The connecting arrangement of claim 16, wherein a sublayer that is molded into the cut-outs has one or more embossments that correspond to a number and form of the cut-outs. 23. The connecting arrangement of claim 16, wherein one upper and one lower sublayer are molded into the one or more cut-outs in an identical way, so that the one or more embossments of the upper and lower sublayers are mirror-symmetrical in form and arrangement. 24. The connecting arrangement of claim 16, wherein one upper and one lower sublayer are molded into the one or more cut-outs in a non-identical way, so that the one or more embossments of the upper and lower sublayers are asymmetrical in form and arrangement. 25. The connecting arrangement of claim 16, wherein a moldability of upper and lower sublayers is different. 26. A process for the production of the connecting arrangement of claim 16, wherein the process comprises:
positioning the at least one flat section of the second component between at least two sublayers of a pre-form of the fiber composite component, so that the at least two sublayers lie flat against the at least one flat section of the second component, at least one of the at least two sublayers covering and overlapping the one or more cut-outs passing through the at least one flat section of the second component, subsequently shaping in at least in one of the at least two sublayers having a layer thickness SF one or more embossments with an essentially even layer thickness SF, which embossments are molded into the one or more cut-outs by a molding tool so that a pre-form of the fiber composite component connects with the second component firmly bonded, and consolidating the pre-form of the fiber composite component before or after removal from the mold of a joined-together connecting arrangement. 27. The process of claim 26, wherein a sublayer is treated thermally before or during molding into the one or more cut-outs. 28. The process of claim 26, wherein the molding tool comprises two tool parts which are arranged opposite each other, at least one tool part being formed with a tool surface for molding the one or more sublayers into the one or more cut-outs. 29. The process of claim 28, wherein tool surfaces of an upper tool part and a lower tool part have an identical contour for molding the one or more sublayers. 30. The process of claim 28, wherein one tool part has an even tool surface. 31. The process of claim 28, wherein for molding of the at least two sublayers the tool surface comprises one or more nubs which correspond to at least number and form of the one or more cut-outs. 32. The process of claim 28, wherein for molding of the at least two sublayers the tool surface is inherently unstable. | Disclosed are a connecting arrangement of a fiber composite component with a second component and a process for producing the arrangement. The second component comprises at least one flat section having one or more cut-outs which pass through the flat section. The flat section is arranged between at least two sublayers of the fiber composite component and at least one of the at least two sublayers with a layer thickness S F comprises one or more embossments which have an essentially even layer thickness S F and are molded into the one or more cut-outs.1.-15. (canceled) 16. A connecting arrangement of a fiber composite component with a second component, wherein the second component comprises at least one flat section having one or more cut-outs which pass through the flat section, and wherein the at least one flat section is arranged between at least two sublayers of the fiber composite component, at least one of the at least two sublayers with a layer thickness SF comprising one or more embossments which have an essentially even layer thickness SF and are molded into the one or more cut-outs. 17. The connecting arrangement of claim 16, wherein in an area of the one or more cut-outs the at least two sublayers are connected directly or indirectly. 18. The connecting arrangement of claim 17, wherein in an area of the one or more cut-outs the at least two sublayers are firmly bonded. 19. The connecting arrangement of claim 16, wherein at least one of the at least two sublayers is connected directly or indirectly to the at least one flat section of the second component. 20. The connecting arrangement of claim 19, wherein at least one of the at least two sublayers is firmly bonded to the at least one flat section of the second component. 21. The connecting arrangement of claim 16, wherein the one or more cut-outs have a round diameter. 22. The connecting arrangement of claim 16, wherein a sublayer that is molded into the cut-outs has one or more embossments that correspond to a number and form of the cut-outs. 23. The connecting arrangement of claim 16, wherein one upper and one lower sublayer are molded into the one or more cut-outs in an identical way, so that the one or more embossments of the upper and lower sublayers are mirror-symmetrical in form and arrangement. 24. The connecting arrangement of claim 16, wherein one upper and one lower sublayer are molded into the one or more cut-outs in a non-identical way, so that the one or more embossments of the upper and lower sublayers are asymmetrical in form and arrangement. 25. The connecting arrangement of claim 16, wherein a moldability of upper and lower sublayers is different. 26. A process for the production of the connecting arrangement of claim 16, wherein the process comprises:
positioning the at least one flat section of the second component between at least two sublayers of a pre-form of the fiber composite component, so that the at least two sublayers lie flat against the at least one flat section of the second component, at least one of the at least two sublayers covering and overlapping the one or more cut-outs passing through the at least one flat section of the second component, subsequently shaping in at least in one of the at least two sublayers having a layer thickness SF one or more embossments with an essentially even layer thickness SF, which embossments are molded into the one or more cut-outs by a molding tool so that a pre-form of the fiber composite component connects with the second component firmly bonded, and consolidating the pre-form of the fiber composite component before or after removal from the mold of a joined-together connecting arrangement. 27. The process of claim 26, wherein a sublayer is treated thermally before or during molding into the one or more cut-outs. 28. The process of claim 26, wherein the molding tool comprises two tool parts which are arranged opposite each other, at least one tool part being formed with a tool surface for molding the one or more sublayers into the one or more cut-outs. 29. The process of claim 28, wherein tool surfaces of an upper tool part and a lower tool part have an identical contour for molding the one or more sublayers. 30. The process of claim 28, wherein one tool part has an even tool surface. 31. The process of claim 28, wherein for molding of the at least two sublayers the tool surface comprises one or more nubs which correspond to at least number and form of the one or more cut-outs. 32. The process of claim 28, wherein for molding of the at least two sublayers the tool surface is inherently unstable. | 1,700 |
3,050 | 10,535,174 | 1,734 | The invention concerns steel building components whereof the chemical composition comprises, by weight: 0.40 %=C=0.50%, 0.50%=Si=1.50%, 0%=Mn=3%, 0%=Ni=5%, 0%=Cr=4%, 0%=Cu=1%, 0%=Mo+W/2 =1.5%, 0.0005%=B=0.010%, N=0.025 %, Al≦0.9%, Si+Al=2.0%, optionally at least one element selected among V, Nb, Ta, S and Ca, in contents less than 0.3%, and among Ti and Zr in contents not more than 0.5%, the rest being iron and impurities resulting from the preparation, the aluminium, boron, titanium and nitrogen contents, expressed in thousandths of %, of said composition further satisfying the following relationship: B=⅓×K+0.5, (1) with K=Min (1*; J*), I*=Max (0;1) and J*=Max(0;J), I=Min(N; N−0.29(Ti−5)), J=Min [N; 0.5 (N−0.52 Al+v(N−0.52 Al) 2 +283)], and whereof the structure is bainitic, martensitic or martensitic/bainitic and additionally comprises 3 to 20% of residual austenite. The invention also concerns a method for making said components. | 1. Weldable component of structural steel, characterized in that its chemical composition comprises, by weight:
0.40%≦C≦0.50% 0.50%≦Si≦1.50% 0%≦Mn≦3% 0%≦Ni≦5% 0%≦Cr≦4% 0%≦Cu≦1% 0%≦Mo+W/2≦1.5% 0.0005%≦B≦0.010% N≦0.025% Al≦0.9% Si+Al≦2.0% optionally at least one element selected from V, Nb, Ta, S and Ca, at contents of less than 0.3%, and/or from Ti and Zr at contents of less than or equal to 0.5%, the remainder being iron and impurities resulting from the production operation, the contents of aluminium, boron, titanium and nitrogen, expressed in thousandths of %, of the composition also satisfying the following relationship: B ≥ 1 3 × K + 0 , 5 , ( 1 ) with K=Min(I*; J*) I*=Max(0; I) and J*=Max(0; J) I=Min(N;N−0.29(Ti−5)) J=Min(N; 0.5(N−0.52 Al+√{square root over ((N−0.52Al)2+283)})), and whose structure is bainitic, martensitic or martensitic-bainitic and also comprises from 3 to 20% of residual austenite. 2. Steel component according to claim 1, characterized in that its chemical composition also satisfies the following relationship:
1.1% Mn+0.7% Ni+0.6% Cr+1.5(% Mo+% W/2)≧1 (2) 3. Steel component according to claim 2, characterized also in that its chemical composition satisfies the following relationship:
1.1% Mn+0.7% Ni+0.6% Cr+1.5(% Mo+% W/2)≧2 (2) 4. Steel component according to claim 1, characterized in that its chemical composition also satisfies the following relationship:
% Cr+3(% Mo+% W/2)≧1.8. 5. Steel component according to claim 4, characterized in that its chemical composition also satisfies the following relationship:
% Cr+3(% Mo+% W/2)≧2.0. 6. Method for manufacturing a weldable steel component according to claim 1, characterized in that
the component is austenitized by heating at a temperature of from Ac3 to 1000° C., and it is then cooled to a temperature of less than or equal to 200° C., in such a manner that, at the core of the component, the rate of cooling between 800° C. and 500° C. is greater than or equal to the critical bainitic velocity, optionally, tempering is effected at a temperature of less than or equal to Ac1. 7. Method according to claim 6, characterized in that, at the core of the component, the cooling rate between 500° C. and a temperature of less than or equal to 200° C. is from 0.07° C./s to 5° C./s. 8. Method according to claim 6, characterized in that tempering is effected at a temperature of less than 300° C. for a period of time of less than 10 hours, at the end of the cooling operation to a temperature of less than or equal to 200° C. 9. Method according to claim 6, characterized in that no tempering is carried out at the end of the cooling operation to a temperature of less than or equal to 200° C. 10. Method for manufacturing a weldable steel plate according to any one of claims 1 to 5, the thickness of which is from 3 mm to 150 mm, characterized in that the plate is quenched, the cooling rate VR at the core of the component between 800° C. and 500° C. and the composition of the steel being such that:
1.1% Mn+0.7% Ni+0.6% Cr+1.5(% Mo+% W/2)+log VR≧5.5. 11. Method for manufacturing a weldable steel plate according to claim 10, the thickness of which is from 3 mm to 150 mm, characterized, in addition, in that the plate is quenched, the cooling rate VR at the core of the component between 800° C. and 500° C. and the composition of the steel being such that:
1.1% Mn+0.7% Ni+0.6% Cr+1.5(% Mo+% W/2)+log VR≧6. | The invention concerns steel building components whereof the chemical composition comprises, by weight: 0.40 %=C=0.50%, 0.50%=Si=1.50%, 0%=Mn=3%, 0%=Ni=5%, 0%=Cr=4%, 0%=Cu=1%, 0%=Mo+W/2 =1.5%, 0.0005%=B=0.010%, N=0.025 %, Al≦0.9%, Si+Al=2.0%, optionally at least one element selected among V, Nb, Ta, S and Ca, in contents less than 0.3%, and among Ti and Zr in contents not more than 0.5%, the rest being iron and impurities resulting from the preparation, the aluminium, boron, titanium and nitrogen contents, expressed in thousandths of %, of said composition further satisfying the following relationship: B=⅓×K+0.5, (1) with K=Min (1*; J*), I*=Max (0;1) and J*=Max(0;J), I=Min(N; N−0.29(Ti−5)), J=Min [N; 0.5 (N−0.52 Al+v(N−0.52 Al) 2 +283)], and whereof the structure is bainitic, martensitic or martensitic/bainitic and additionally comprises 3 to 20% of residual austenite. The invention also concerns a method for making said components.1. Weldable component of structural steel, characterized in that its chemical composition comprises, by weight:
0.40%≦C≦0.50% 0.50%≦Si≦1.50% 0%≦Mn≦3% 0%≦Ni≦5% 0%≦Cr≦4% 0%≦Cu≦1% 0%≦Mo+W/2≦1.5% 0.0005%≦B≦0.010% N≦0.025% Al≦0.9% Si+Al≦2.0% optionally at least one element selected from V, Nb, Ta, S and Ca, at contents of less than 0.3%, and/or from Ti and Zr at contents of less than or equal to 0.5%, the remainder being iron and impurities resulting from the production operation, the contents of aluminium, boron, titanium and nitrogen, expressed in thousandths of %, of the composition also satisfying the following relationship: B ≥ 1 3 × K + 0 , 5 , ( 1 ) with K=Min(I*; J*) I*=Max(0; I) and J*=Max(0; J) I=Min(N;N−0.29(Ti−5)) J=Min(N; 0.5(N−0.52 Al+√{square root over ((N−0.52Al)2+283)})), and whose structure is bainitic, martensitic or martensitic-bainitic and also comprises from 3 to 20% of residual austenite. 2. Steel component according to claim 1, characterized in that its chemical composition also satisfies the following relationship:
1.1% Mn+0.7% Ni+0.6% Cr+1.5(% Mo+% W/2)≧1 (2) 3. Steel component according to claim 2, characterized also in that its chemical composition satisfies the following relationship:
1.1% Mn+0.7% Ni+0.6% Cr+1.5(% Mo+% W/2)≧2 (2) 4. Steel component according to claim 1, characterized in that its chemical composition also satisfies the following relationship:
% Cr+3(% Mo+% W/2)≧1.8. 5. Steel component according to claim 4, characterized in that its chemical composition also satisfies the following relationship:
% Cr+3(% Mo+% W/2)≧2.0. 6. Method for manufacturing a weldable steel component according to claim 1, characterized in that
the component is austenitized by heating at a temperature of from Ac3 to 1000° C., and it is then cooled to a temperature of less than or equal to 200° C., in such a manner that, at the core of the component, the rate of cooling between 800° C. and 500° C. is greater than or equal to the critical bainitic velocity, optionally, tempering is effected at a temperature of less than or equal to Ac1. 7. Method according to claim 6, characterized in that, at the core of the component, the cooling rate between 500° C. and a temperature of less than or equal to 200° C. is from 0.07° C./s to 5° C./s. 8. Method according to claim 6, characterized in that tempering is effected at a temperature of less than 300° C. for a period of time of less than 10 hours, at the end of the cooling operation to a temperature of less than or equal to 200° C. 9. Method according to claim 6, characterized in that no tempering is carried out at the end of the cooling operation to a temperature of less than or equal to 200° C. 10. Method for manufacturing a weldable steel plate according to any one of claims 1 to 5, the thickness of which is from 3 mm to 150 mm, characterized in that the plate is quenched, the cooling rate VR at the core of the component between 800° C. and 500° C. and the composition of the steel being such that:
1.1% Mn+0.7% Ni+0.6% Cr+1.5(% Mo+% W/2)+log VR≧5.5. 11. Method for manufacturing a weldable steel plate according to claim 10, the thickness of which is from 3 mm to 150 mm, characterized, in addition, in that the plate is quenched, the cooling rate VR at the core of the component between 800° C. and 500° C. and the composition of the steel being such that:
1.1% Mn+0.7% Ni+0.6% Cr+1.5(% Mo+% W/2)+log VR≧6. | 1,700 |
3,051 | 14,948,526 | 1,735 | The present invention relates to a method for arranging a reinforcement ( 8, 9 ) on a TiAl component ( 1 ) of a turbomachine, the reinforcement being formed by a reinforcing molding, which is applied to the TiAl component ( 1 ) by means of brazing, a nickel-base alloy with the chemical composition 7.5% to 22.5% by weight Cr, 0.5% to 7% by weight B, remainder Ni, being used as the brazing filler metal. | 1. A method for arranging a reinforcement on a TiAl component of a turbomachine, wherein the method comprises applying to the TiAl component a reinforcement in the form of reinforcing molding by brazing, using as brazing filler metal a nickel-base alloy which comprises, based on a total weight of the alloy, from 7.5% to 22.5% by weight Cr and from 0.5% to 7% by weight B, remainder Ni and unavoidable impurities. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the nickel-base alloy comprises from 10% to 20% by weight Cr and from 2% to 5% by weight B. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the nickel-base alloy comprises from 12.5% to 17.5% by weight Cr. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the nickel-base alloy comprises from 3% to 4% by weight B. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the nickel-base alloy comprises from 3% to 4% by weight B. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the nickel-base alloy comprises about 3.5% by weight B. 7. The method of claim 3, wherein the nickel-base alloy comprises about 15% by weight Cr. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the reinforcing molding is formed from a metallic material. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the reinforcing molding is formed from a Co base alloy. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the Co-base alloy is a Co—Cr alloy which comprises more than 25% by weight Cr, based on a total weight of the alloy. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the Co-base alloy comprises, based on a total weight of the alloy, one or more of from 4% to 20% by weight W, 1% to 3% by weight C, 0% to 1.5% by weight Si, 0% to 3% by weight Fe, 0% to 3% by weight Ni. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the brazing filler metal is attached to the reinforcing molding as a brazing foil. 13. The method of claim 12, the brazing foil is attached to the reinforcing molding by spot welding and/or resistance welding and/or adhesive bonding. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the reinforcing molding is formed as a parallelepiped with two diagonally opposite edges, which are rounded off, so that one surface has a convex curvature with a radius of curvature, the reinforcing molding being formed in longitudinal section as a parallelogram, in which opposite corners are rounded off, and in cross section forming a rectangle. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the TiAl component is provided with a pocket which is at least partially complementary to the reinforcing molding. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the TiAl component is surface-treated, at least in a region of the pocket and/or the reinforcing molding, before application of the reinforcing molding in the pocket. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the TiAl component is surface-treated by blasting it with particles. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the reinforcing molding is held during brazing by a bar. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the brazing process is monitored and/or controlled in an open-loop and/or closed-loop manner by a pyrometer and/or a thermal imaging camera. 20. A component of a turbomachine with a reinforcement, wherein the reinforcement is produced by the method of claim 1. | The present invention relates to a method for arranging a reinforcement ( 8, 9 ) on a TiAl component ( 1 ) of a turbomachine, the reinforcement being formed by a reinforcing molding, which is applied to the TiAl component ( 1 ) by means of brazing, a nickel-base alloy with the chemical composition 7.5% to 22.5% by weight Cr, 0.5% to 7% by weight B, remainder Ni, being used as the brazing filler metal.1. A method for arranging a reinforcement on a TiAl component of a turbomachine, wherein the method comprises applying to the TiAl component a reinforcement in the form of reinforcing molding by brazing, using as brazing filler metal a nickel-base alloy which comprises, based on a total weight of the alloy, from 7.5% to 22.5% by weight Cr and from 0.5% to 7% by weight B, remainder Ni and unavoidable impurities. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the nickel-base alloy comprises from 10% to 20% by weight Cr and from 2% to 5% by weight B. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the nickel-base alloy comprises from 12.5% to 17.5% by weight Cr. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the nickel-base alloy comprises from 3% to 4% by weight B. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the nickel-base alloy comprises from 3% to 4% by weight B. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the nickel-base alloy comprises about 3.5% by weight B. 7. The method of claim 3, wherein the nickel-base alloy comprises about 15% by weight Cr. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the reinforcing molding is formed from a metallic material. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the reinforcing molding is formed from a Co base alloy. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the Co-base alloy is a Co—Cr alloy which comprises more than 25% by weight Cr, based on a total weight of the alloy. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the Co-base alloy comprises, based on a total weight of the alloy, one or more of from 4% to 20% by weight W, 1% to 3% by weight C, 0% to 1.5% by weight Si, 0% to 3% by weight Fe, 0% to 3% by weight Ni. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the brazing filler metal is attached to the reinforcing molding as a brazing foil. 13. The method of claim 12, the brazing foil is attached to the reinforcing molding by spot welding and/or resistance welding and/or adhesive bonding. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the reinforcing molding is formed as a parallelepiped with two diagonally opposite edges, which are rounded off, so that one surface has a convex curvature with a radius of curvature, the reinforcing molding being formed in longitudinal section as a parallelogram, in which opposite corners are rounded off, and in cross section forming a rectangle. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the TiAl component is provided with a pocket which is at least partially complementary to the reinforcing molding. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the TiAl component is surface-treated, at least in a region of the pocket and/or the reinforcing molding, before application of the reinforcing molding in the pocket. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the TiAl component is surface-treated by blasting it with particles. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the reinforcing molding is held during brazing by a bar. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the brazing process is monitored and/or controlled in an open-loop and/or closed-loop manner by a pyrometer and/or a thermal imaging camera. 20. A component of a turbomachine with a reinforcement, wherein the reinforcement is produced by the method of claim 1. | 1,700 |
3,052 | 15,253,983 | 1,749 | A tire includes a tread portion having at least one circumferential main groove extending in a circumferential direction of the tire and spaced axially apart from an equator of the tire. The groove has a circumferential profile shape including an inner wall portion extending radially inward from an axially inner edge of the groove, an inner arc portion continuous with the inner wall portion and having a smaller radius of curvature than the inner wall portion, an outer wall portion extending radially inward from an axially outer edge of the groove and having a larger length than the inner wall portion, an outer arc portion continuous with the outer wall portion and having a smaller radius of curvature than the outer wall portion, and a groove bottom portion extending straight from the outer arc portion toward the inner arc portion while being inclined in a radially inward direction whereby the groove bottom portion has a constant radius of curvature. | 1. A tire comprising a tread portion having at least one circumferential main groove extending in a circumferential direction of the tire and spaced axially apart from an equator of the tire,
the groove having a circumferential profile shape including an inner wall portion extending radially inward from an axially inner edge of the groove, an inner arc portion continuous with the inner wall portion and having a smaller radius of curvature than the inner wall portion, an outer wall portion extending radially inward from an axially outer edge of the groove and having a larger length than the inner wall portion, an outer arc portion continuous with the outer wall portion and having a smaller radius of curvature than the outer wall portion, and a groove bottom portion extending straight from the outer arc portion toward the inner arc portion while being inclined in a radially inward direction whereby the groove bottom portion has a constant radius of curvature. 2. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the groove has an axial tread surface width between 10.0 mm and 20.0 mm. 3. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the groove has an axial tread surface width of 14.84 mm. 4. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the groove has an upper base radius between 3.0 mm and 8.0 mm. 5. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the groove has an upper base radius of 5.0 mm. 6. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the groove has a bottom base radii between 1.0 mm and 5.0 mm. 7. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the groove has a bottom base radius of 3.0 mm. 8. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the groove has two asymmetric draft angles of between 0.0° and 5.0° and 10.0° and 20.0°, respectively. 9. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the groove has a draft angle radially inward of asymmetric draft angles between 10.0° and 20.0°. 10. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the groove is located at an axial position apart from the tire equator by a distance of 10.0 to 35.0 percent of an axial tread width. 11. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the groove has a radius of curvature of the outer arc portion gradually decreasing away from a radially outer tread surface of the tire. 12. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the groove extends at an angle of less than 45° with respect to the circumferential direction of the tire. | A tire includes a tread portion having at least one circumferential main groove extending in a circumferential direction of the tire and spaced axially apart from an equator of the tire. The groove has a circumferential profile shape including an inner wall portion extending radially inward from an axially inner edge of the groove, an inner arc portion continuous with the inner wall portion and having a smaller radius of curvature than the inner wall portion, an outer wall portion extending radially inward from an axially outer edge of the groove and having a larger length than the inner wall portion, an outer arc portion continuous with the outer wall portion and having a smaller radius of curvature than the outer wall portion, and a groove bottom portion extending straight from the outer arc portion toward the inner arc portion while being inclined in a radially inward direction whereby the groove bottom portion has a constant radius of curvature.1. A tire comprising a tread portion having at least one circumferential main groove extending in a circumferential direction of the tire and spaced axially apart from an equator of the tire,
the groove having a circumferential profile shape including an inner wall portion extending radially inward from an axially inner edge of the groove, an inner arc portion continuous with the inner wall portion and having a smaller radius of curvature than the inner wall portion, an outer wall portion extending radially inward from an axially outer edge of the groove and having a larger length than the inner wall portion, an outer arc portion continuous with the outer wall portion and having a smaller radius of curvature than the outer wall portion, and a groove bottom portion extending straight from the outer arc portion toward the inner arc portion while being inclined in a radially inward direction whereby the groove bottom portion has a constant radius of curvature. 2. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the groove has an axial tread surface width between 10.0 mm and 20.0 mm. 3. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the groove has an axial tread surface width of 14.84 mm. 4. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the groove has an upper base radius between 3.0 mm and 8.0 mm. 5. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the groove has an upper base radius of 5.0 mm. 6. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the groove has a bottom base radii between 1.0 mm and 5.0 mm. 7. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the groove has a bottom base radius of 3.0 mm. 8. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the groove has two asymmetric draft angles of between 0.0° and 5.0° and 10.0° and 20.0°, respectively. 9. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the groove has a draft angle radially inward of asymmetric draft angles between 10.0° and 20.0°. 10. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the groove is located at an axial position apart from the tire equator by a distance of 10.0 to 35.0 percent of an axial tread width. 11. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the groove has a radius of curvature of the outer arc portion gradually decreasing away from a radially outer tread surface of the tire. 12. The tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the groove extends at an angle of less than 45° with respect to the circumferential direction of the tire. | 1,700 |
3,053 | 14,129,865 | 1,725 | A novel electrode current collector design that can improve performance and extend cycle life for rechargeable batteries based on metal electrodeposition is disclosed. The novel electrode current collector has a reduced effective surface area that can help to balance efficiencies between battery electrodes and to ensure non-uniform electrodeposition of metal onto the anode current collector during charge. One result is mitigation of internal short circuits that can cause a battery to fail prematurely. | 1. A rechargeable battery, comprising:
a cathode, the cathode having a first overall surface area and a first effective surface area; an anode current collector, the anode current collector having a second overall surface area and a second effective surface area; and an electrolyte in ionic communication with both the cathode and the anode current collector; wherein the second effective surface area is between about 10 and 90% of the first effective surface area. 2. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 wherein the anode current collector is configured to accept electrodeposition of an anode metal selected from the group consisting of zinc, lead, lithium, cadmium, and copper. 3. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 wherein the first overall surface area and the first effective surface area are the same. 4. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 wherein the first overall surface area and the second overall surface area are about the same. 5. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 wherein the second effective surface area is between about 25% and 75% of the first effective surface area. 6. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 wherein the second effective surface area is between about 40% and 60% of the first effective surface area. 7. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 wherein the cathode comprises nickel. 8. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 wherein the anode current collector comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of nickel, nickel-coated copper, copper, silver-coated copper, cadmium-coated copper, and brass. 9. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 wherein the anode current collector has one or more forms selected from the group consisting of perforated sheets, expanded metals, meshes, thin strip metal sheets, and wires. 10. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 wherein the anode current collector has one or more regions that are coated to prevent electrodeposition of metals. 11. The rechargeable battery of claim 10 wherein the regions are coated with a material selected from the group consisting of polymers and glasses. 12. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte comprises one or more selected from the group consisting potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and lithium hydroxide. 13. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte is configured to flow along the cathode and the anode current collector as the battery charges. 14. The rechargeable battery of claim 13, further comprising a pump configured to cause the electrolyte to flow. 15. A Ni—Zn rechargeable battery, comprising:
a nickel oxide hydroxide or nickel oxyhydroxide cathode, the cathode having a first overall surface area and a first effective surface area;
a perforated nickel anode current collector, the perforated nickel anode current collector having a second overall surface area and a second effective surface area; and
a potassium hydroxide electrolyte in ionic communication with both the cathode and the anode current collector;
wherein the second effective surface area is between about 10 and 90% of the first effective surface area. 16. The Ni—Zn rechargeable battery of claim 15 wherein the electrolyte is configured to flow along the cathode and the anode current collector as the battery charges. 17. A method of making a rechargeable battery, comprising:
providing a cathode having a first overall surface area and a first effective surface area; providing an anode current collector, the anode current collector having a second overall surface area that is approximately the same as the first overall surface area and a second effective surface area that is between about 10 and 90% of the first effective surface area; and allowing an electrolyte solution to provide ionic communication the cathode and the anode current collector as the battery charges and discharges. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the battery is capable of cycling for more than 100 cycles. 19. The method of claim 17 wherein the electrolyte flows along the cathode and the anode current collector as the battery charges. | A novel electrode current collector design that can improve performance and extend cycle life for rechargeable batteries based on metal electrodeposition is disclosed. The novel electrode current collector has a reduced effective surface area that can help to balance efficiencies between battery electrodes and to ensure non-uniform electrodeposition of metal onto the anode current collector during charge. One result is mitigation of internal short circuits that can cause a battery to fail prematurely.1. A rechargeable battery, comprising:
a cathode, the cathode having a first overall surface area and a first effective surface area; an anode current collector, the anode current collector having a second overall surface area and a second effective surface area; and an electrolyte in ionic communication with both the cathode and the anode current collector; wherein the second effective surface area is between about 10 and 90% of the first effective surface area. 2. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 wherein the anode current collector is configured to accept electrodeposition of an anode metal selected from the group consisting of zinc, lead, lithium, cadmium, and copper. 3. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 wherein the first overall surface area and the first effective surface area are the same. 4. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 wherein the first overall surface area and the second overall surface area are about the same. 5. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 wherein the second effective surface area is between about 25% and 75% of the first effective surface area. 6. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 wherein the second effective surface area is between about 40% and 60% of the first effective surface area. 7. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 wherein the cathode comprises nickel. 8. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 wherein the anode current collector comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of nickel, nickel-coated copper, copper, silver-coated copper, cadmium-coated copper, and brass. 9. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 wherein the anode current collector has one or more forms selected from the group consisting of perforated sheets, expanded metals, meshes, thin strip metal sheets, and wires. 10. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 wherein the anode current collector has one or more regions that are coated to prevent electrodeposition of metals. 11. The rechargeable battery of claim 10 wherein the regions are coated with a material selected from the group consisting of polymers and glasses. 12. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte comprises one or more selected from the group consisting potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and lithium hydroxide. 13. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte is configured to flow along the cathode and the anode current collector as the battery charges. 14. The rechargeable battery of claim 13, further comprising a pump configured to cause the electrolyte to flow. 15. A Ni—Zn rechargeable battery, comprising:
a nickel oxide hydroxide or nickel oxyhydroxide cathode, the cathode having a first overall surface area and a first effective surface area;
a perforated nickel anode current collector, the perforated nickel anode current collector having a second overall surface area and a second effective surface area; and
a potassium hydroxide electrolyte in ionic communication with both the cathode and the anode current collector;
wherein the second effective surface area is between about 10 and 90% of the first effective surface area. 16. The Ni—Zn rechargeable battery of claim 15 wherein the electrolyte is configured to flow along the cathode and the anode current collector as the battery charges. 17. A method of making a rechargeable battery, comprising:
providing a cathode having a first overall surface area and a first effective surface area; providing an anode current collector, the anode current collector having a second overall surface area that is approximately the same as the first overall surface area and a second effective surface area that is between about 10 and 90% of the first effective surface area; and allowing an electrolyte solution to provide ionic communication the cathode and the anode current collector as the battery charges and discharges. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the battery is capable of cycling for more than 100 cycles. 19. The method of claim 17 wherein the electrolyte flows along the cathode and the anode current collector as the battery charges. | 1,700 |
3,054 | 14,967,825 | 1,742 | The invention is related to a method for making a silicone hydrogel contact lens having a nano-textured surface which mimics the surface texture of cornea of human eye. A method of the invention comprises creating a prime coating having nano-textures through controlled imbibition and/or depositions of a reactive polymeric coating material and fixing the nano-textures by crosslinking a hydrophilic polymeric material onto the prime coating to form a crosslinked polymeric coating that preserves the nano-textures of the prime coating and provides a nano-textured surface to the contact lens. | 1-17. (canceled) 18. A silicone hydrogel contact lens, comprising: a silicone hydrogel lens body and a non-silicone hydrogel coating thereon, wherein the non-silicone hydrogel coating comprises winkle surface patterns (nano-textures) having a roughness (Ra) of from about 5 nm to about 600 nm. 19. The silicone hydrogel contact lens of claim 18, wherein the silicone hydrogel contact lens has at least one of properties selected from the group consisting of (1) a surface hydrophilicity/wettability characterized by having an averaged water contact angle of about 80 degrees or less; (2) an oxygen transmissibility of at least about 50 barrers/mm; (3) an elastic modulus of about 1.5 MPa or less; (4) a water content of from about 18% to about 70% by weight when fully hydrated; and (5) combinations thereof. 20. The silicone hydrogel contact lens of claim 19, wherein the winkle surface patterns are worm-like patterns. | The invention is related to a method for making a silicone hydrogel contact lens having a nano-textured surface which mimics the surface texture of cornea of human eye. A method of the invention comprises creating a prime coating having nano-textures through controlled imbibition and/or depositions of a reactive polymeric coating material and fixing the nano-textures by crosslinking a hydrophilic polymeric material onto the prime coating to form a crosslinked polymeric coating that preserves the nano-textures of the prime coating and provides a nano-textured surface to the contact lens.1-17. (canceled) 18. A silicone hydrogel contact lens, comprising: a silicone hydrogel lens body and a non-silicone hydrogel coating thereon, wherein the non-silicone hydrogel coating comprises winkle surface patterns (nano-textures) having a roughness (Ra) of from about 5 nm to about 600 nm. 19. The silicone hydrogel contact lens of claim 18, wherein the silicone hydrogel contact lens has at least one of properties selected from the group consisting of (1) a surface hydrophilicity/wettability characterized by having an averaged water contact angle of about 80 degrees or less; (2) an oxygen transmissibility of at least about 50 barrers/mm; (3) an elastic modulus of about 1.5 MPa or less; (4) a water content of from about 18% to about 70% by weight when fully hydrated; and (5) combinations thereof. 20. The silicone hydrogel contact lens of claim 19, wherein the winkle surface patterns are worm-like patterns. | 1,700 |
3,055 | 14,377,636 | 1,712 | A method is disclosed for fabricating a ribbon yarn, the method including: spreading the yarn such that not more than five filaments are lying over one another, fixing the yarn by forming a matrix of one or more fixatives, winding the fixed yarn, wherein the fixative or fixatives are selected from a group consisting of copolyamides, copolyesters and silicones and also mixtures or blends thereof. Also described is the ribbon yarn and the application of the ribbon yarns for airbag fabrics, as a tire reinforcement and in textile construction. | 1. A method for producing a ribbon yarn comprising:
spreading a yarn made of multifilaments such that not more than five filaments overlie one another, wherein the multifilaments are based on polyamide and/or polyester, fixing the yarn by forming a matrix comprising one or more fixing agents, wherein the fixing agents are selected from a group consisting of copolyamides, copolyesters, silicones, and mixtures or blends thereof, and optionally winding the fixed yarn. 2. The method according to claim 1,
wherein the spreading is performed such that not more than three filaments overlie one another. 3. The method according to claim 1,
wherein the fixing agent comprises a copolyamide in aqueous suspension or as an ethanol/aqueous solution, and the fixing agent is applied either directly or is diluted to a suspension or a solution comprising approximately 10 to 20% of the fixing agent before the applying. 4. The method according to claim 3,
wherein the copolyamide is an adhesive with an average particle size of less than 1 μm. 5. The method according to claim 1,
wherein a reactive silicone is used as the fixing agent. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein before the spreading, the method further comprises substantially removing finishing and sizing agents from the yarn made of multifilaments. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the finishing and sizing agents are removed by treatment with ramjet washers. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises winding the fixed yarn, and the fixed yarn is calendered prior to the winding. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the winding is carried out without twist. 10. A ribbon yarn made of multifilament yarns based on polyamide and/or polyester,
wherein not more than 5 filaments overlie one another within the ribbon yarn, wherein the ribbon yarn is fixed by the formation of a matrix comprising one or more fixing agents, wherein the one or more fixing agents are selected from a group consisting of copolyamides, copolyesters, silicones, and mixtures or blends thereof. 11. The ribbon yarn according to claim 10,
wherein not more than three filaments overlie one another. 12. An airbag fabric comprising the ribbon yarn according to claim 10. 13. The airbag fabric according to claim 12, wherein the fabric is unsized, unwashed, and/or uncoated. 14. A tire reinforcement comprising the ribbon yarn according to claim 10, wherein the tire reinforcement optionally comprises at least one adhesion promoter. 15. A textile, wherein the textile comprises the ribbon yarn according to claim 10. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the matrix consists of the one or more fixing agents. 17. The ribbon yarn according to claim 10, wherein the matrix consists of the one or more fixing agents. | A method is disclosed for fabricating a ribbon yarn, the method including: spreading the yarn such that not more than five filaments are lying over one another, fixing the yarn by forming a matrix of one or more fixatives, winding the fixed yarn, wherein the fixative or fixatives are selected from a group consisting of copolyamides, copolyesters and silicones and also mixtures or blends thereof. Also described is the ribbon yarn and the application of the ribbon yarns for airbag fabrics, as a tire reinforcement and in textile construction.1. A method for producing a ribbon yarn comprising:
spreading a yarn made of multifilaments such that not more than five filaments overlie one another, wherein the multifilaments are based on polyamide and/or polyester, fixing the yarn by forming a matrix comprising one or more fixing agents, wherein the fixing agents are selected from a group consisting of copolyamides, copolyesters, silicones, and mixtures or blends thereof, and optionally winding the fixed yarn. 2. The method according to claim 1,
wherein the spreading is performed such that not more than three filaments overlie one another. 3. The method according to claim 1,
wherein the fixing agent comprises a copolyamide in aqueous suspension or as an ethanol/aqueous solution, and the fixing agent is applied either directly or is diluted to a suspension or a solution comprising approximately 10 to 20% of the fixing agent before the applying. 4. The method according to claim 3,
wherein the copolyamide is an adhesive with an average particle size of less than 1 μm. 5. The method according to claim 1,
wherein a reactive silicone is used as the fixing agent. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein before the spreading, the method further comprises substantially removing finishing and sizing agents from the yarn made of multifilaments. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the finishing and sizing agents are removed by treatment with ramjet washers. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises winding the fixed yarn, and the fixed yarn is calendered prior to the winding. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the winding is carried out without twist. 10. A ribbon yarn made of multifilament yarns based on polyamide and/or polyester,
wherein not more than 5 filaments overlie one another within the ribbon yarn, wherein the ribbon yarn is fixed by the formation of a matrix comprising one or more fixing agents, wherein the one or more fixing agents are selected from a group consisting of copolyamides, copolyesters, silicones, and mixtures or blends thereof. 11. The ribbon yarn according to claim 10,
wherein not more than three filaments overlie one another. 12. An airbag fabric comprising the ribbon yarn according to claim 10. 13. The airbag fabric according to claim 12, wherein the fabric is unsized, unwashed, and/or uncoated. 14. A tire reinforcement comprising the ribbon yarn according to claim 10, wherein the tire reinforcement optionally comprises at least one adhesion promoter. 15. A textile, wherein the textile comprises the ribbon yarn according to claim 10. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the matrix consists of the one or more fixing agents. 17. The ribbon yarn according to claim 10, wherein the matrix consists of the one or more fixing agents. | 1,700 |
3,056 | 15,973,782 | 1,735 | A wire bonding machine window clamp assembly. The assembly includes a support plate adapted to support a leadframe strip. The assembly also includes a frame structure defining a central clamp opening adapted to expose a portion of the leadframe strip. The frame structure includes at least one elongate frame member having a first surface portion adapted to engage a top surface of the leadframe strip and a second surface portion adapted to engage upper surfaces of integrated circuit (“IC”) component stacks mounted on the leadframe strip. | 1. A wire bonding machine window clamp assembly comprising:
a support plate adapted to support a leadframe strip; and a frame structure defining a central clamp opening adapted to expose a portion of said leadframe strip, said frame structure comprising at least one elongate frame member having a first surface portion adapted to engage a top surface of said leadframe strip and an second surface portion adapted to engage upper surfaces of integrated circuit (“IC”) component stacks mounted on said leadframe strip. 2. The wire bonding machine window clamp assembly of claim 1, said frame structure comprising at least two oppositely positioned elongate frame members, each having a first surface portion adapted to engage a top surface of said leadframe strip and an second surface portion adapted to engage upper surfaces of IC component stacks mounted on said leadframe strip. 3. The wire bonding machine window clamp assembly of claim 1, said frame structure comprising four orthogonally positioned elongate frame members each having a first surface portion adapted to engage a top surface of said leadframe strip and an second surface portion adapted to engage upper surfaces of IC component stacks mounted on said leadframe strip. 4. The wire bonding machine window clamp assembly of claim 1 wherein said second surface portion adapted to engage upper surface portions of IC component stacks is adapted to engage upper surface portions of clip leadframes. 5. The wire bonding machine window clamp assembly of claim 1 wherein said elongate frame member first and second surface portions are parallel. 6. The wire bonding machine window clamp assembly of claim 1 wherein said elongate frame member first and second surface portions are flat. 7. The wire bonding machine window clamp assembly of claim 6 wherein said elongate frame member second surface portion is adapted to engage an upper surface of a plurality of IC component clips mounted on a plurality of different IC component stacks arranged in one of a single row and a single column on said leadframe strip. 8. The wire bonding machine window clamp assembly of claim 1 wherein said at least one elongate frame member comprises a lip portion. 9. The wire bonding machine window clamp assembly of claim 8 wherein said lip portion comprises a downwardly facing surface portion. 10. The wire bonding machine window clamp assembly of claim 9 wherein said lip portion extends inwardly relative to said central clamp opening. 11. The wire bonding machine window clamp assembly of claim 9 wherein said downwardly facing surface portion of said lip portion extends parallel to said first surface portion of said frame member. 12. The wire bonding machine window clamp assembly of claim 9, wherein said lip portion is integrally formed with said elongate frame member. 13. A wire bonding assembly comprising:
a window clamp comprising:
a generally rectangular frame structure having four orthogonally arranged frame structure portions, said frame structure portions having substantially coplanar bottom surfaces, each of said four orthogonally arranged frame structure portions having an second surface portion substantially coplanar with said frame structure bottom surfaces; and
a plurality of clip Quad Rat No-lead Packages (“QFNs”) assemblies each comprising:
a bottom leadframe;
a vertical stack of components mounted on said bottom leadframe; and
a clip leadframe mounted on said vertical stack;
wherein said second surface portions of said frame structure portions engage a plurality of said clip leadframes of said plurality of QFNs. | A wire bonding machine window clamp assembly. The assembly includes a support plate adapted to support a leadframe strip. The assembly also includes a frame structure defining a central clamp opening adapted to expose a portion of the leadframe strip. The frame structure includes at least one elongate frame member having a first surface portion adapted to engage a top surface of the leadframe strip and a second surface portion adapted to engage upper surfaces of integrated circuit (“IC”) component stacks mounted on the leadframe strip.1. A wire bonding machine window clamp assembly comprising:
a support plate adapted to support a leadframe strip; and a frame structure defining a central clamp opening adapted to expose a portion of said leadframe strip, said frame structure comprising at least one elongate frame member having a first surface portion adapted to engage a top surface of said leadframe strip and an second surface portion adapted to engage upper surfaces of integrated circuit (“IC”) component stacks mounted on said leadframe strip. 2. The wire bonding machine window clamp assembly of claim 1, said frame structure comprising at least two oppositely positioned elongate frame members, each having a first surface portion adapted to engage a top surface of said leadframe strip and an second surface portion adapted to engage upper surfaces of IC component stacks mounted on said leadframe strip. 3. The wire bonding machine window clamp assembly of claim 1, said frame structure comprising four orthogonally positioned elongate frame members each having a first surface portion adapted to engage a top surface of said leadframe strip and an second surface portion adapted to engage upper surfaces of IC component stacks mounted on said leadframe strip. 4. The wire bonding machine window clamp assembly of claim 1 wherein said second surface portion adapted to engage upper surface portions of IC component stacks is adapted to engage upper surface portions of clip leadframes. 5. The wire bonding machine window clamp assembly of claim 1 wherein said elongate frame member first and second surface portions are parallel. 6. The wire bonding machine window clamp assembly of claim 1 wherein said elongate frame member first and second surface portions are flat. 7. The wire bonding machine window clamp assembly of claim 6 wherein said elongate frame member second surface portion is adapted to engage an upper surface of a plurality of IC component clips mounted on a plurality of different IC component stacks arranged in one of a single row and a single column on said leadframe strip. 8. The wire bonding machine window clamp assembly of claim 1 wherein said at least one elongate frame member comprises a lip portion. 9. The wire bonding machine window clamp assembly of claim 8 wherein said lip portion comprises a downwardly facing surface portion. 10. The wire bonding machine window clamp assembly of claim 9 wherein said lip portion extends inwardly relative to said central clamp opening. 11. The wire bonding machine window clamp assembly of claim 9 wherein said downwardly facing surface portion of said lip portion extends parallel to said first surface portion of said frame member. 12. The wire bonding machine window clamp assembly of claim 9, wherein said lip portion is integrally formed with said elongate frame member. 13. A wire bonding assembly comprising:
a window clamp comprising:
a generally rectangular frame structure having four orthogonally arranged frame structure portions, said frame structure portions having substantially coplanar bottom surfaces, each of said four orthogonally arranged frame structure portions having an second surface portion substantially coplanar with said frame structure bottom surfaces; and
a plurality of clip Quad Rat No-lead Packages (“QFNs”) assemblies each comprising:
a bottom leadframe;
a vertical stack of components mounted on said bottom leadframe; and
a clip leadframe mounted on said vertical stack;
wherein said second surface portions of said frame structure portions engage a plurality of said clip leadframes of said plurality of QFNs. | 1,700 |
3,057 | 15,978,043 | 1,735 | A wire bonding machine window clamp assembly. The assembly includes a support plate adapted to support a leadframe strip. The assembly also includes a frame structure defining a central clamp opening adapted to expose a portion of the leadframe strip. The frame structure includes at least one elongate frame member having a first surface portion adapted to engage a top surface of the leadframe strip and a second surface portion adapted to engage upper surfaces of integrated circuit (“IC”) component stacks mounted on the leadframe strip. | 1. A method of making a semiconductor device, comprising:
using a frame member to clampingly engage a peripheral portion of the leadframe strip having multiple leadframe portions, more than one of the leadframe portions being adjacent to the engaged peripheral portion of the leadframe strip and more than one of the leadframe portions not being adjacent to the engaged peripheral portion of the leadframe strip, each of the multiple leadframe portions having an IC component stack mounted on it; using the frame member to urge only the IC component stacks that are mounted on the more than one of the leadframe portions that are adjacent to the engaged peripheral portion of the leadframe strip downwardly; wire bonding the IC component stacks to their respective leadframe portion; singulating the leadframe to separate the multiple leadframe portions; and packaging one of the singulated leadframe portions to form the semiconductor device. 2. The method of claim 1 comprising performing said urging during said clampingly engaging. 3. The method of claim 1, said urging comprising engaging clip leadframes on said component stacks. 4. The method of claim 1, said clampingly engaging a peripheral portion of the leadframe strip comprising clampingly engaging a peripheral portion of the leadframe strip with a first surface portion of the frame member. 5. The method of claim 4, said urging component stacks mounted adjacent to the engaged peripheral portion of the leadframe strip downwardly comprising urging said component stacks downwardly with a second surface portion of the frame member. 6. The method of claim 4, said urging component stacks mounted adjacent to the engaged peripheral portion of the leadframe strip downwardly comprising urging said component stacks downwardly with a second surface portion of a frame structure of a window clamp. 7. The method of claim 6, said clampingly engaging and said urging occurring simultaneously. | A wire bonding machine window clamp assembly. The assembly includes a support plate adapted to support a leadframe strip. The assembly also includes a frame structure defining a central clamp opening adapted to expose a portion of the leadframe strip. The frame structure includes at least one elongate frame member having a first surface portion adapted to engage a top surface of the leadframe strip and a second surface portion adapted to engage upper surfaces of integrated circuit (“IC”) component stacks mounted on the leadframe strip.1. A method of making a semiconductor device, comprising:
using a frame member to clampingly engage a peripheral portion of the leadframe strip having multiple leadframe portions, more than one of the leadframe portions being adjacent to the engaged peripheral portion of the leadframe strip and more than one of the leadframe portions not being adjacent to the engaged peripheral portion of the leadframe strip, each of the multiple leadframe portions having an IC component stack mounted on it; using the frame member to urge only the IC component stacks that are mounted on the more than one of the leadframe portions that are adjacent to the engaged peripheral portion of the leadframe strip downwardly; wire bonding the IC component stacks to their respective leadframe portion; singulating the leadframe to separate the multiple leadframe portions; and packaging one of the singulated leadframe portions to form the semiconductor device. 2. The method of claim 1 comprising performing said urging during said clampingly engaging. 3. The method of claim 1, said urging comprising engaging clip leadframes on said component stacks. 4. The method of claim 1, said clampingly engaging a peripheral portion of the leadframe strip comprising clampingly engaging a peripheral portion of the leadframe strip with a first surface portion of the frame member. 5. The method of claim 4, said urging component stacks mounted adjacent to the engaged peripheral portion of the leadframe strip downwardly comprising urging said component stacks downwardly with a second surface portion of the frame member. 6. The method of claim 4, said urging component stacks mounted adjacent to the engaged peripheral portion of the leadframe strip downwardly comprising urging said component stacks downwardly with a second surface portion of a frame structure of a window clamp. 7. The method of claim 6, said clampingly engaging and said urging occurring simultaneously. | 1,700 |
3,058 | 13,809,362 | 1,731 | A bonded mineral fibre product exhibiting high fire resistance in accordance with Class A1 of Standard EN 13501-1 as well as improved punking resistance comprises man-made vitreous fibres (MMVF)) bound by a cured binder composition, the non-cured binder composition comprising (a) a sugar component, and either (b) a polycarboxylic acid component and an alkanolamine, or (c) a reaction product of a polycarboxylic acid component and an alkanolamine, or (d) a combination of (b) and (c), the amount of sugar component (a) being within the range of 42 to 72 percent by weight, based on the total weight (dry matter) of the binder components. | 1.-17. (canceled) 18. A bonded mineral fiber product exhibiting high fire resistance in accordance with Class A1 of Standard EN 13501-1 as well as improved punking resistance, wherein the mineral fiber product comprises man-made vitreous fibers (MMVF) bound by a cured binder composition, the non-cured binder composition comprising
(a) a sugar component, and one or both of (b) a polycarboxylic acid component and an alkanolamine, and (c) a reaction product of a polycarboxylic acid component and an alkanolamine,
an amount of (a) being from 42% to 72% by weight, based on a total dry matter weight of binder components. 19. The mineral fiber product of claim 18, wherein (a) is present in an amount of from 45% to 70% by weight. 20. The mineral fiber product of claim 18, wherein the product has a density of from 10 to 250 kg/m3. 21. The mineral fiber product of claim 18, wherein the product has a density of from 20 to 200 kg/m3. 22. The mineral fiber product of claim 18, wherein the product has an organic content of from 0.25 to 14 kg/m3. 23. The mineral fiber product of claim 18, wherein the product has an organic content of from 1 to 10 kg/m3. 24. The mineral fiber product of claim 18, wherein the product has an organic content of from 3 to 10 kg/m3. 25. The mineral fiber product of claim 18, wherein the product exhibits a loss on ignition (LOI) of from 0.3 to 7.0%. 26. The mineral fiber product of claim 18, wherein the product exhibits a loss on ignition (LOI) of from 0.5 to 6.0%. 27. The mineral fiber product of claim 18, wherein (a) is selected from sucrose, reducing sugars, and mixtures thereof. 28. The mineral fiber product of claim 27, wherein (a) comprises a reducing sugar having a dextrose equivalent (DE) of from 40 to 100. 29. The mineral fiber product of claim 18, wherein (a) comprises a reducing sugar selected from high DE glucose syrup, high-fructose syrup, and mixtures thereof. 30. The mineral fiber product of claim 18, wherein the polycarboxylic acid component is selected from dicarboxylic, tricarboxylic, tetracarboxylic, pentacarboxylic, and like polycarboxylic acids, and anhydrides, salts, and combinations thereof. 31. The mineral fiber product of claim 30, wherein the polycarboxylic acid component comprises one or more of tetrahydrophthalic acid, hexahydrophthalic acid, methyltetrahydrophthalic acid, phthalic acid, methylphthalic acid, trimellitic acid, pyromellitic acid, and corresponding anhydrides. 32. The mineral fiber product of claim 31, wherein the polycarboxylic acid component additionally comprises one or more polycarboxylic acids selected from adipic acid, aspartic acid, azelaic acid, butane tricarboxylic acid, butane tetracarboxylic acid, citraconic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, glutaric acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, malic acid, mesaconic acid, oxalic acid, sebacic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, and trimesic acid. 33. The mineral fiber product of claim 18, wherein the alkanolamine comprises one or more of monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, diisopropanolamine, triisopropanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, ethyldiethanolamine, n-butyldiethanolamine, methyldiisopropanol-amine, ethylisopropanolamine, ethyldiisopropanolamine, 3-amino-1,2-propanediol, 2-amino-1,3-propanediol, aminoethylethanolamine, and tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane. 34. The mineral fiber product of claim 20, wherein the product is present as a roofing board product having a density of from 80 to 200 kg/m3. 35. The mineral fiber product of claim 28, wherein the product has a density of from 20 to 200 kg/m3 and exhibits a loss on ignition (LOI) of from 0.5 to 6.0%, and wherein (a) comprises a reducing sugar having a dextrose equivalent (DE) of from 86 to 100. 36. A method of producing a bonded mineral fiber product exhibiting high fire resistance in accordance with Class A1 of Standard EN 13501-1 as well as improved punking resistance, wherein the method comprises
(i) contacting man-made vitreous fibers (MMVF) with an aqueous binder composition comprising
(a) a sugar component,
and one or both of
(b) a polycarboxylic acid component and an alkanolamine, and
(c) a reaction product of a polycarboxylic acid component and an alkanolamine,
the binder composition comprising from 42% to 72% by weight of (a), based on a total dry matter weight of binder components, and
(ii) curing the binder composition to form the bonded mineral fiber product. 37. A method of improving the fire resistance and anti-punk properties of a bonded mineral fiber product, wherein the method comprises binding mineral fibers with an aqueous binder composition comprising
(a) a sugar component, and one or both of (b) a polycarboxylic acid component and an alkanolamine, and (c) a reaction product of a polycarboxylic acid component and an alkanolamine,
the binder composition comprising from 42% to 72% by weight of (a), based on a total dry matter weight of binder components. | A bonded mineral fibre product exhibiting high fire resistance in accordance with Class A1 of Standard EN 13501-1 as well as improved punking resistance comprises man-made vitreous fibres (MMVF)) bound by a cured binder composition, the non-cured binder composition comprising (a) a sugar component, and either (b) a polycarboxylic acid component and an alkanolamine, or (c) a reaction product of a polycarboxylic acid component and an alkanolamine, or (d) a combination of (b) and (c), the amount of sugar component (a) being within the range of 42 to 72 percent by weight, based on the total weight (dry matter) of the binder components.1.-17. (canceled) 18. A bonded mineral fiber product exhibiting high fire resistance in accordance with Class A1 of Standard EN 13501-1 as well as improved punking resistance, wherein the mineral fiber product comprises man-made vitreous fibers (MMVF) bound by a cured binder composition, the non-cured binder composition comprising
(a) a sugar component, and one or both of (b) a polycarboxylic acid component and an alkanolamine, and (c) a reaction product of a polycarboxylic acid component and an alkanolamine,
an amount of (a) being from 42% to 72% by weight, based on a total dry matter weight of binder components. 19. The mineral fiber product of claim 18, wherein (a) is present in an amount of from 45% to 70% by weight. 20. The mineral fiber product of claim 18, wherein the product has a density of from 10 to 250 kg/m3. 21. The mineral fiber product of claim 18, wherein the product has a density of from 20 to 200 kg/m3. 22. The mineral fiber product of claim 18, wherein the product has an organic content of from 0.25 to 14 kg/m3. 23. The mineral fiber product of claim 18, wherein the product has an organic content of from 1 to 10 kg/m3. 24. The mineral fiber product of claim 18, wherein the product has an organic content of from 3 to 10 kg/m3. 25. The mineral fiber product of claim 18, wherein the product exhibits a loss on ignition (LOI) of from 0.3 to 7.0%. 26. The mineral fiber product of claim 18, wherein the product exhibits a loss on ignition (LOI) of from 0.5 to 6.0%. 27. The mineral fiber product of claim 18, wherein (a) is selected from sucrose, reducing sugars, and mixtures thereof. 28. The mineral fiber product of claim 27, wherein (a) comprises a reducing sugar having a dextrose equivalent (DE) of from 40 to 100. 29. The mineral fiber product of claim 18, wherein (a) comprises a reducing sugar selected from high DE glucose syrup, high-fructose syrup, and mixtures thereof. 30. The mineral fiber product of claim 18, wherein the polycarboxylic acid component is selected from dicarboxylic, tricarboxylic, tetracarboxylic, pentacarboxylic, and like polycarboxylic acids, and anhydrides, salts, and combinations thereof. 31. The mineral fiber product of claim 30, wherein the polycarboxylic acid component comprises one or more of tetrahydrophthalic acid, hexahydrophthalic acid, methyltetrahydrophthalic acid, phthalic acid, methylphthalic acid, trimellitic acid, pyromellitic acid, and corresponding anhydrides. 32. The mineral fiber product of claim 31, wherein the polycarboxylic acid component additionally comprises one or more polycarboxylic acids selected from adipic acid, aspartic acid, azelaic acid, butane tricarboxylic acid, butane tetracarboxylic acid, citraconic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, glutaric acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, malic acid, mesaconic acid, oxalic acid, sebacic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, and trimesic acid. 33. The mineral fiber product of claim 18, wherein the alkanolamine comprises one or more of monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, diisopropanolamine, triisopropanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, ethyldiethanolamine, n-butyldiethanolamine, methyldiisopropanol-amine, ethylisopropanolamine, ethyldiisopropanolamine, 3-amino-1,2-propanediol, 2-amino-1,3-propanediol, aminoethylethanolamine, and tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane. 34. The mineral fiber product of claim 20, wherein the product is present as a roofing board product having a density of from 80 to 200 kg/m3. 35. The mineral fiber product of claim 28, wherein the product has a density of from 20 to 200 kg/m3 and exhibits a loss on ignition (LOI) of from 0.5 to 6.0%, and wherein (a) comprises a reducing sugar having a dextrose equivalent (DE) of from 86 to 100. 36. A method of producing a bonded mineral fiber product exhibiting high fire resistance in accordance with Class A1 of Standard EN 13501-1 as well as improved punking resistance, wherein the method comprises
(i) contacting man-made vitreous fibers (MMVF) with an aqueous binder composition comprising
(a) a sugar component,
and one or both of
(b) a polycarboxylic acid component and an alkanolamine, and
(c) a reaction product of a polycarboxylic acid component and an alkanolamine,
the binder composition comprising from 42% to 72% by weight of (a), based on a total dry matter weight of binder components, and
(ii) curing the binder composition to form the bonded mineral fiber product. 37. A method of improving the fire resistance and anti-punk properties of a bonded mineral fiber product, wherein the method comprises binding mineral fibers with an aqueous binder composition comprising
(a) a sugar component, and one or both of (b) a polycarboxylic acid component and an alkanolamine, and (c) a reaction product of a polycarboxylic acid component and an alkanolamine,
the binder composition comprising from 42% to 72% by weight of (a), based on a total dry matter weight of binder components. | 1,700 |
3,059 | 13,978,050 | 1,781 | Paper with a grammage of 10-100 g/m 2 including at least 20 wt. % of microfilaments and at least 20 wt. % of a non-resinous binder, the microfilaments having an average filament length in the range of 2-25 mm and titer less than 1.3 dtex, the non-resinous binder comprising at least one of fibril or pulp. The paper shows high strength and other attractive properties. | 1. A paper with a grammage of 10-100 g/m2 comprising:
at least 20 wt. % of microfilaments, and at least 20 wt. % of a non-resinous binder, wherein
the microfilaments have an average filament length in the range of 2-25 mm and a titer less than 1.3 dtex, and
the non-resinous binder comprise at least one of fibrids or pulp. 2. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the paper comprises at least 20% of fibrids the non-resinous binder. 3. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the paper comprises at least 20% of pulp as the non-resinous binder. 4. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the paper comprises at least 20% of cellulose pulp as the non-resinous binder. 5. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the microfilaments are aramid microfilaments. 6. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the paper comprises aramid fibrids as the non-resinous binder. 7. The paper according to claim 6, wherein the aramid fibrids comprise meta-aramid fibrids and/or para-aramid fibrids. 8. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the length of the microfilaments is at least 3 mm. 9. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the microfilament titer is less than 1.2 dtex. 10. The paper according to claim 9, wherein the microfilament has a titer of at least at least 0.3 dtex. 11. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the microfilaments have an average diameter of 1 to 499 nm. 12. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the paper has a grammage of less than 60 g/m2. 13. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the filaments have an aspect ratio of a least 4 mm/dtex. 14. A fuel cell, a battery, a capacitor, a printed wiring board, a honeycomb, a packaging, a separator for electrical isolation, or a filter comprising the paper according to claim 1. 15. (canceled) 16. The paper according to claim 2, wherein the paper further comprises at least 20% of pulp as the non-resinous binder. 17. The paper according to claim 5, wherein the aramid microfilaments are para-aramid microfilaments. 18. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the length of the microfilaments is at least 4 mm. 19. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the length of the microfilaments is at most 15 mm. 20. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the length of the microfilaments is at most 8 mm. 21. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the microfilaments have an average diameter of particular 50-300 nm. | Paper with a grammage of 10-100 g/m 2 including at least 20 wt. % of microfilaments and at least 20 wt. % of a non-resinous binder, the microfilaments having an average filament length in the range of 2-25 mm and titer less than 1.3 dtex, the non-resinous binder comprising at least one of fibril or pulp. The paper shows high strength and other attractive properties.1. A paper with a grammage of 10-100 g/m2 comprising:
at least 20 wt. % of microfilaments, and at least 20 wt. % of a non-resinous binder, wherein
the microfilaments have an average filament length in the range of 2-25 mm and a titer less than 1.3 dtex, and
the non-resinous binder comprise at least one of fibrids or pulp. 2. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the paper comprises at least 20% of fibrids the non-resinous binder. 3. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the paper comprises at least 20% of pulp as the non-resinous binder. 4. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the paper comprises at least 20% of cellulose pulp as the non-resinous binder. 5. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the microfilaments are aramid microfilaments. 6. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the paper comprises aramid fibrids as the non-resinous binder. 7. The paper according to claim 6, wherein the aramid fibrids comprise meta-aramid fibrids and/or para-aramid fibrids. 8. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the length of the microfilaments is at least 3 mm. 9. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the microfilament titer is less than 1.2 dtex. 10. The paper according to claim 9, wherein the microfilament has a titer of at least at least 0.3 dtex. 11. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the microfilaments have an average diameter of 1 to 499 nm. 12. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the paper has a grammage of less than 60 g/m2. 13. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the filaments have an aspect ratio of a least 4 mm/dtex. 14. A fuel cell, a battery, a capacitor, a printed wiring board, a honeycomb, a packaging, a separator for electrical isolation, or a filter comprising the paper according to claim 1. 15. (canceled) 16. The paper according to claim 2, wherein the paper further comprises at least 20% of pulp as the non-resinous binder. 17. The paper according to claim 5, wherein the aramid microfilaments are para-aramid microfilaments. 18. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the length of the microfilaments is at least 4 mm. 19. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the length of the microfilaments is at most 15 mm. 20. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the length of the microfilaments is at most 8 mm. 21. The paper according to claim 1, wherein the microfilaments have an average diameter of particular 50-300 nm. | 1,700 |
3,060 | 14,403,808 | 1,776 | A wet electrostatic precipitator includes an electric field forming unit including a first electrode and a second electrode which form an alternating electric field. The first electrode is a flat plate, and has a plurality of discharge electrodes on a surface that opposes the second electrode. The second electrode includes a discharge frame, a first flat plate portion and a second flat plate portion. The first flat plate portion opposes the discharge electrode of the first electrode. A plurality of discharge electrodes are formed on a surface of the second flat plate portion that opposes the first electrode. The discharge electrodes alternately generate corona discharges having opposite polarities in a direction perpendicular to a flow direction of gas, and alternately apply charges having opposite polarities to mist and dust. The first electrode and the first flat plate portion trap the charged mist and the dust. | 1. A wet electrostatic precipitator for removing SO3 and dust contained in gas, comprising:
an electric field forming unit which includes a first electrode and a second electrode that are arranged to oppose each other along a flow direction of the gas containing mist having the SO3 incorporated therein and the dust so as to form a direct current electric field, wherein the first electrode is a flat plate and includes a plurality of discharge electrodes formed on a surface of the first electrode that opposes the second electrode, along the flow direction of the gas at predetermined intervals, the second electrode includes a discharge frame, a first flat plate portion which extends in a direction substantially perpendicular to the flow direction of the gas and is provided at a position that opposes the discharge electrode of the first electrode, and a second flat plate portion which extends in the direction substantially perpendicular to the flow direction of the gas and has a plurality of discharge electrodes formed on a surface that opposes a flat surface part of the first electrode, the first flat plate portion and the second flat plate portion are arranged along the flow direction of the gas, the discharge electrode of the first electrode and the discharge electrode of the second electrode alternately generate corona discharges having opposite polarities in the direction perpendicular to the flow direction of the gas so as to alternately apply charges having opposite polarities to the mist and the dust by the corona discharges when the gas passes through between the first electrode and the second electrode, and the first electrode and the first flat plate portion trap the charged mist and the dust. 2. The wet electrostatic precipitator according to claim 1,
wherein, in the second electrode, the first flat plate portion and the second flat plate portion are alternately arranged in the flow direction of the gas. 3. The wet electrostatic precipitator according to claim 1,
wherein, on an upstream side of the gas, the discharge electrodes are formed in the first electrode, the first flat plate portion and the second flat plate portion are alternately arranged in the second electrode, the discharge electrodes of the first electrode and the discharge electrodes of the second electrode alternately generate the corona discharges having opposite polarities in the direction perpendicular to the flow direction of the gas, and on a downstream side of the gas, the first electrode has a flat surface shape, the second flat plate portion is arranged in the second electrode, and the discharge electrodes of the second electrode generate a negative corona discharge in the direction perpendicular to the flow direction of the gas. 4. A flue gas treatment method of removing SO3 and dust contained in gas by using the wet electrostatic precipitator according to claim 1, comprising the processes of:
forming a direct current electric field between the first electrode and the second electrode; alternately generating the corona discharges having opposite polarities in the first electrode and the second electrode in the direct current electric field; allowing the gas to pass through between the first electrode and the second electrode where the direct current electric field is formed and the corona discharges are generated, and alternately applying the corona discharges having opposite polarities to the mist and the dust; and allowing the first electrode and the first flat plate portion to trap the charged mist and the dust. 5. A flue gas treatment method of removing SO3 and dust contained in gas by using the wet electrostatic precipitator according to claim 2, comprising the processes of:
forming a direct current electric field between the first electrode and the second electrode; alternately generating the corona discharges having opposite polarities in the first electrode and the second electrode in the direct current electric field; allowing the gas to pass through between the first electrode and the second electrode where the direct current electric field is formed and the corona discharges are generated, and alternately applying the corona discharges having opposite polarities to the mist and the dust; and allowing the first electrode and the first flat plate portion to trap the charged mist and the dust. 6. A flue gas treatment method of removing SO3 and dust contained in gas by using the wet electrostatic precipitator according to claim 3, comprising the processes of:
forming a direct current electric field between the first electrode and the second electrode; alternately generating the corona discharges having opposite polarities in the first electrode and the second electrode in the direct current electric field; allowing the gas to pass through between the first electrode and the second electrode where the direct current electric field is formed and the corona discharges are generated, and alternately applying the corona discharges having opposite polarities to the mist and the dust; and allowing the first electrode and the first flat plate portion to trap the charged mist and the dust. | A wet electrostatic precipitator includes an electric field forming unit including a first electrode and a second electrode which form an alternating electric field. The first electrode is a flat plate, and has a plurality of discharge electrodes on a surface that opposes the second electrode. The second electrode includes a discharge frame, a first flat plate portion and a second flat plate portion. The first flat plate portion opposes the discharge electrode of the first electrode. A plurality of discharge electrodes are formed on a surface of the second flat plate portion that opposes the first electrode. The discharge electrodes alternately generate corona discharges having opposite polarities in a direction perpendicular to a flow direction of gas, and alternately apply charges having opposite polarities to mist and dust. The first electrode and the first flat plate portion trap the charged mist and the dust.1. A wet electrostatic precipitator for removing SO3 and dust contained in gas, comprising:
an electric field forming unit which includes a first electrode and a second electrode that are arranged to oppose each other along a flow direction of the gas containing mist having the SO3 incorporated therein and the dust so as to form a direct current electric field, wherein the first electrode is a flat plate and includes a plurality of discharge electrodes formed on a surface of the first electrode that opposes the second electrode, along the flow direction of the gas at predetermined intervals, the second electrode includes a discharge frame, a first flat plate portion which extends in a direction substantially perpendicular to the flow direction of the gas and is provided at a position that opposes the discharge electrode of the first electrode, and a second flat plate portion which extends in the direction substantially perpendicular to the flow direction of the gas and has a plurality of discharge electrodes formed on a surface that opposes a flat surface part of the first electrode, the first flat plate portion and the second flat plate portion are arranged along the flow direction of the gas, the discharge electrode of the first electrode and the discharge electrode of the second electrode alternately generate corona discharges having opposite polarities in the direction perpendicular to the flow direction of the gas so as to alternately apply charges having opposite polarities to the mist and the dust by the corona discharges when the gas passes through between the first electrode and the second electrode, and the first electrode and the first flat plate portion trap the charged mist and the dust. 2. The wet electrostatic precipitator according to claim 1,
wherein, in the second electrode, the first flat plate portion and the second flat plate portion are alternately arranged in the flow direction of the gas. 3. The wet electrostatic precipitator according to claim 1,
wherein, on an upstream side of the gas, the discharge electrodes are formed in the first electrode, the first flat plate portion and the second flat plate portion are alternately arranged in the second electrode, the discharge electrodes of the first electrode and the discharge electrodes of the second electrode alternately generate the corona discharges having opposite polarities in the direction perpendicular to the flow direction of the gas, and on a downstream side of the gas, the first electrode has a flat surface shape, the second flat plate portion is arranged in the second electrode, and the discharge electrodes of the second electrode generate a negative corona discharge in the direction perpendicular to the flow direction of the gas. 4. A flue gas treatment method of removing SO3 and dust contained in gas by using the wet electrostatic precipitator according to claim 1, comprising the processes of:
forming a direct current electric field between the first electrode and the second electrode; alternately generating the corona discharges having opposite polarities in the first electrode and the second electrode in the direct current electric field; allowing the gas to pass through between the first electrode and the second electrode where the direct current electric field is formed and the corona discharges are generated, and alternately applying the corona discharges having opposite polarities to the mist and the dust; and allowing the first electrode and the first flat plate portion to trap the charged mist and the dust. 5. A flue gas treatment method of removing SO3 and dust contained in gas by using the wet electrostatic precipitator according to claim 2, comprising the processes of:
forming a direct current electric field between the first electrode and the second electrode; alternately generating the corona discharges having opposite polarities in the first electrode and the second electrode in the direct current electric field; allowing the gas to pass through between the first electrode and the second electrode where the direct current electric field is formed and the corona discharges are generated, and alternately applying the corona discharges having opposite polarities to the mist and the dust; and allowing the first electrode and the first flat plate portion to trap the charged mist and the dust. 6. A flue gas treatment method of removing SO3 and dust contained in gas by using the wet electrostatic precipitator according to claim 3, comprising the processes of:
forming a direct current electric field between the first electrode and the second electrode; alternately generating the corona discharges having opposite polarities in the first electrode and the second electrode in the direct current electric field; allowing the gas to pass through between the first electrode and the second electrode where the direct current electric field is formed and the corona discharges are generated, and alternately applying the corona discharges having opposite polarities to the mist and the dust; and allowing the first electrode and the first flat plate portion to trap the charged mist and the dust. | 1,700 |
3,061 | 15,868,095 | 1,747 | Provided is a method of manufacturing a pouched, oral tobacco product including a porous membrane having a liner and an inner filling material. The inner filling material includes loose, fibrous tobacco material and tobacco beads formed from tobacco fines and dust which are too small to be included in traditional pouched tobacco products. The tobacco beads are extruded and spheronized. | 1. A method of making a pouched, oral tobacco product comprising:
spheronizing and/or extruding a plurality of tobacco beads; mixing the plurality of tobacco beads with loose, fibrous tobacco material to form an inner filling material; forming a pouch from a porous membrane material; adding a dissolvable liner to the pouch to form a lined pouch; placing the inner filling material in the lined pouch; and sealing the lined pouch to form a pouched, oral tobacco product. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the tobacco beads includes an agglomeration of tobacco fines, water and an optional binder, and wherein the optional binder is sugar beet fiber. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the ratio of the agglomeration of tobacco fines to water in each of the tobacco beads is about 1:4 to about 4:1. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the tobacco beads further includes a coating, and wherein the coating is a time release coating. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the tobacco beads comprise a majority amount of tobacco fines having a particle size of less than about 60 mesh, the tobacco fines being dispersed uniformly throughout the entirety of each tobacco bead, the tobacco beads having a moisture content of about 0.5% to about 25%, and the tobacco beads included in an amount of about 10% to about 95% by weight based on the weight of the pouched, oral tobacco product. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the tobacco beads include tobacco fines in an amount of about 5 wt % to about 100 wt %. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the pouched, oral product is made during a high speed pouch filling operation. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the tobacco beads each have a diameter of about 0.1 mm to about 2.5 mm. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the liner is dissolvable in saliva. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the tobacco beads further include a binder. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the binder is sugar beet fiber. 12. The method of claim 4, wherein the coating is a time release coating. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating includes at least one flavorant selected from the group consisting of lavender, cinnamon, cardamom, apium graveolens, fenugreek, cascarilla, sandalwood, bergamot, geranium, honey essence, rose oil, vanilla, lemon oil, orange oil, mint oils, cassia, caraway, cognac, jasmine, chamomile, menthol, cassia, ylang-ylang, sage, spearmint, ginger, coriander, coffee, combinations thereof, and combinations thereof. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least one flavorant is included in each of the tobacco beads in an amount of about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the weight of each of the tobacco beads. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the liner includes at least one flavorant selected from the group consisting of lavender, cinnamon, cardamom, apium graveolens, fenugreek, cascarilla, sandalwood, bergamot, geranium, honey essence, rose oil, vanilla, lemon oil, orange oil, mint oils, cassia, caraway, cognac, jasmine, chamomile, menthol, cassia, ylang-ylang, sage, spearmint, ginger, coriander, coffee and combinations thereof. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one flavorant is included in the liner in an amount of about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the weight of the liner. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the pouched, oral tobacco product has a maximum length of less than about two inches and a maximum thickness of less than about two inches. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the liner is made of a material selected from the group consisting of cellulosic materials, gums, polymers, starches, proteins, food grade materials, such as polysaccharide, protein films, porous papers and fabrics, synthetic polymers, and combinations thereof. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the liner includes at least one flavorant selected from the group consisting of lavender, cinnamon, cardamom, apium graveolens, fenugreek, cascarilla, sandalwood, bergamot, geranium, honey essence, rose oil, vanilla, lemon oil, orange oil, mint oils, cassia, caraway, cognac, jasmine, chamomile, menthol, cassia, ylang-ylang, sage, spearmint, ginger, coriander, coffee, and combinations thereof. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the liner is at least one sheet, layer, and/or coating. | Provided is a method of manufacturing a pouched, oral tobacco product including a porous membrane having a liner and an inner filling material. The inner filling material includes loose, fibrous tobacco material and tobacco beads formed from tobacco fines and dust which are too small to be included in traditional pouched tobacco products. The tobacco beads are extruded and spheronized.1. A method of making a pouched, oral tobacco product comprising:
spheronizing and/or extruding a plurality of tobacco beads; mixing the plurality of tobacco beads with loose, fibrous tobacco material to form an inner filling material; forming a pouch from a porous membrane material; adding a dissolvable liner to the pouch to form a lined pouch; placing the inner filling material in the lined pouch; and sealing the lined pouch to form a pouched, oral tobacco product. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the tobacco beads includes an agglomeration of tobacco fines, water and an optional binder, and wherein the optional binder is sugar beet fiber. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the ratio of the agglomeration of tobacco fines to water in each of the tobacco beads is about 1:4 to about 4:1. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the tobacco beads further includes a coating, and wherein the coating is a time release coating. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the tobacco beads comprise a majority amount of tobacco fines having a particle size of less than about 60 mesh, the tobacco fines being dispersed uniformly throughout the entirety of each tobacco bead, the tobacco beads having a moisture content of about 0.5% to about 25%, and the tobacco beads included in an amount of about 10% to about 95% by weight based on the weight of the pouched, oral tobacco product. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the tobacco beads include tobacco fines in an amount of about 5 wt % to about 100 wt %. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the pouched, oral product is made during a high speed pouch filling operation. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the tobacco beads each have a diameter of about 0.1 mm to about 2.5 mm. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the liner is dissolvable in saliva. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the tobacco beads further include a binder. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the binder is sugar beet fiber. 12. The method of claim 4, wherein the coating is a time release coating. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating includes at least one flavorant selected from the group consisting of lavender, cinnamon, cardamom, apium graveolens, fenugreek, cascarilla, sandalwood, bergamot, geranium, honey essence, rose oil, vanilla, lemon oil, orange oil, mint oils, cassia, caraway, cognac, jasmine, chamomile, menthol, cassia, ylang-ylang, sage, spearmint, ginger, coriander, coffee, combinations thereof, and combinations thereof. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least one flavorant is included in each of the tobacco beads in an amount of about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the weight of each of the tobacco beads. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the liner includes at least one flavorant selected from the group consisting of lavender, cinnamon, cardamom, apium graveolens, fenugreek, cascarilla, sandalwood, bergamot, geranium, honey essence, rose oil, vanilla, lemon oil, orange oil, mint oils, cassia, caraway, cognac, jasmine, chamomile, menthol, cassia, ylang-ylang, sage, spearmint, ginger, coriander, coffee and combinations thereof. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one flavorant is included in the liner in an amount of about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the weight of the liner. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the pouched, oral tobacco product has a maximum length of less than about two inches and a maximum thickness of less than about two inches. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the liner is made of a material selected from the group consisting of cellulosic materials, gums, polymers, starches, proteins, food grade materials, such as polysaccharide, protein films, porous papers and fabrics, synthetic polymers, and combinations thereof. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the liner includes at least one flavorant selected from the group consisting of lavender, cinnamon, cardamom, apium graveolens, fenugreek, cascarilla, sandalwood, bergamot, geranium, honey essence, rose oil, vanilla, lemon oil, orange oil, mint oils, cassia, caraway, cognac, jasmine, chamomile, menthol, cassia, ylang-ylang, sage, spearmint, ginger, coriander, coffee, and combinations thereof. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the liner is at least one sheet, layer, and/or coating. | 1,700 |
3,062 | 14,890,367 | 1,725 | A negative electrode active material for use in a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery. The negative electrode active material is composed of a mixture of a silicon-contained material and a carbon material and capable of being doped with lithium and de-doped. Silicon contained in the silicon-contained material has a crystallite size of 10 nm or less. This crystallite size is calculated by a Scherrer method from a half width of a diffraction peak attributable to Si (220) in X-ray diffraction. This negative electrode active material can maintain a high usage rate of the silicon-contained material at the time of charging and discharging in a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery that uses the mixture of the silicon-contained material and the carbon material as the negative electrode active material. | 1-13. (canceled) 14. A negative electrode active material for use in a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, comprising:
a mixture of a silicon-contained material and a carbon material, wherein the negative electrode active material is capable of being doped with lithium and de-doped, and silicon contained in the silicon-contained material has a crystallite size of 10 nm or less, the crystallite size being calculated by a Scherrer method from a half width of a diffraction peak attributable to Si (220) in X-ray diffraction. 15. The negative electrode active material according to claim 14, wherein the silicon-contained material is configured such that silicon fine crystals or silicon fine particles are dispersed in a substance having a different composition from a composition of the silicon fine crystals or the silicon fine particles. 16. The negative electrode active material according to claim 15, wherein the substance having the different composition from the composition of the silicon fine crystals or the silicon fine particles is a silicon compound. 17. The negative electrode active material according to claim 16, wherein the silicon compound is silicon dioxide. 18. The negative electrode active material according to claim 14, wherein the silicon-contained material is a silicon oxide represented by a general formula of SiOx (where 0.9≦x<1.6). 19. The negative electrode active material according to claim 15, wherein the silicon-contained material is a silicon oxide represented by a general formula of SiOx (where 0.9≦x<1.6). 20. The negative electrode active material according to claim 16, wherein the silicon-contained material is a silicon oxide represented by a general formula of SiOx (where 0.9≦x<1.6). 21. The negative electrode active material according to claim 17, wherein the silicon-contained material is a silicon oxide represented by a general formula of SiOx (where 0.9≦x<1.6). 22. The negative electrode active material according to claim 14, wherein the silicon-contained material is coated with a conductive coating. 23. The negative electrode active material according to claim 22, wherein the conductive coating is a coating containing carbon. 24. The negative electrode active material according to claim 14, wherein an average particle size of the silicon-contained material is equal to or less than 25 percent of an average particle size of the carbon material. 25. The negative electrode active material according to claim 14, wherein a content of the silicon-contained material in the mixture of the silicon-contained material and the carbon material is 40 mass % or less. 26. A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising:
a negative electrode containing a negative electrode active material according to claim 14; a positive electrode; and a non-aqueous electrolyte. 27. The non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 26, wherein the positive electrode uses a positive electrode active material having a charging capacity of 190 mAh/g or more. 28. A method of producing a negative electrode active material composed of a mixture of a silicon-contained material and a carbon material, the negative electrode active material being capable of being doped with lithium and de-doped, comprising
selectively using a material containing silicon having a crystallite size of 10 nm or less as the silicon-contained material, the crystallite size being calculated by a Scherrer method from a half width of a diffraction peak attributable to Si (220) in X-ray diffraction. 29. A method of producing a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, comprising:
making a negative electrode out of a negative electrode active material produced by the method according to claim 28; and producing the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery from the made negative electrode, a positive electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte. | A negative electrode active material for use in a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery. The negative electrode active material is composed of a mixture of a silicon-contained material and a carbon material and capable of being doped with lithium and de-doped. Silicon contained in the silicon-contained material has a crystallite size of 10 nm or less. This crystallite size is calculated by a Scherrer method from a half width of a diffraction peak attributable to Si (220) in X-ray diffraction. This negative electrode active material can maintain a high usage rate of the silicon-contained material at the time of charging and discharging in a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery that uses the mixture of the silicon-contained material and the carbon material as the negative electrode active material.1-13. (canceled) 14. A negative electrode active material for use in a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, comprising:
a mixture of a silicon-contained material and a carbon material, wherein the negative electrode active material is capable of being doped with lithium and de-doped, and silicon contained in the silicon-contained material has a crystallite size of 10 nm or less, the crystallite size being calculated by a Scherrer method from a half width of a diffraction peak attributable to Si (220) in X-ray diffraction. 15. The negative electrode active material according to claim 14, wherein the silicon-contained material is configured such that silicon fine crystals or silicon fine particles are dispersed in a substance having a different composition from a composition of the silicon fine crystals or the silicon fine particles. 16. The negative electrode active material according to claim 15, wherein the substance having the different composition from the composition of the silicon fine crystals or the silicon fine particles is a silicon compound. 17. The negative electrode active material according to claim 16, wherein the silicon compound is silicon dioxide. 18. The negative electrode active material according to claim 14, wherein the silicon-contained material is a silicon oxide represented by a general formula of SiOx (where 0.9≦x<1.6). 19. The negative electrode active material according to claim 15, wherein the silicon-contained material is a silicon oxide represented by a general formula of SiOx (where 0.9≦x<1.6). 20. The negative electrode active material according to claim 16, wherein the silicon-contained material is a silicon oxide represented by a general formula of SiOx (where 0.9≦x<1.6). 21. The negative electrode active material according to claim 17, wherein the silicon-contained material is a silicon oxide represented by a general formula of SiOx (where 0.9≦x<1.6). 22. The negative electrode active material according to claim 14, wherein the silicon-contained material is coated with a conductive coating. 23. The negative electrode active material according to claim 22, wherein the conductive coating is a coating containing carbon. 24. The negative electrode active material according to claim 14, wherein an average particle size of the silicon-contained material is equal to or less than 25 percent of an average particle size of the carbon material. 25. The negative electrode active material according to claim 14, wherein a content of the silicon-contained material in the mixture of the silicon-contained material and the carbon material is 40 mass % or less. 26. A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising:
a negative electrode containing a negative electrode active material according to claim 14; a positive electrode; and a non-aqueous electrolyte. 27. The non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 26, wherein the positive electrode uses a positive electrode active material having a charging capacity of 190 mAh/g or more. 28. A method of producing a negative electrode active material composed of a mixture of a silicon-contained material and a carbon material, the negative electrode active material being capable of being doped with lithium and de-doped, comprising
selectively using a material containing silicon having a crystallite size of 10 nm or less as the silicon-contained material, the crystallite size being calculated by a Scherrer method from a half width of a diffraction peak attributable to Si (220) in X-ray diffraction. 29. A method of producing a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, comprising:
making a negative electrode out of a negative electrode active material produced by the method according to claim 28; and producing the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery from the made negative electrode, a positive electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte. | 1,700 |
3,063 | 14,232,707 | 1,792 | The present invention provides a method of forming an edible animal chew comprising the steps of (a) extruding an edible composition; followed by (b) contacting the extrudate with a plurality of post-form rollers, at least one of said post-form rollers exhibits an undulated surface and contacts the extrudate with said undulated surface, the undulated surface comprising a plurality of nodules for imparting undulations onto the extrudate surface, wherein at least some of the nodules have an elongate shape and are offset at an angle to the rotation direction of the post-form roller, said elongate shapes being oriented in two or more different directions. | 1. A method of forming an edible animal chew comprising the steps of
a. extruding an edible composition; followed by b. contacting the extrudate with a plurality of post-form rollers, at least one of said post-form rollers exhibits an undulated surface and contacts the extrudate with said undulated surface, the undulated surface comprising a plurality of nodules for imparting undulations onto the extrudate surface, wherein at least some of the nodules have an elongate shape and are offset at an angle to the rotation direction of the post-form roller, said elongate shapes being oriented in two or more different directions. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the edible composition is a two part composition and is coextruded into an inner and outer portion. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the extrudate has an irregular cross-sectional shape comprising curved sections before contact with the plurality of post-form rollers. 4. The method according to claim 1, comprising the additional step of cutting the extrudate into sections substantially perpendicular to the extrusion direction after contact with the post-form rollers. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein each post-form roller with an undulated surface imparts two undulations per section of extrudate. 6. An apparatus for modifying the surface of an extrudate comprising a plurality of post-form rollers, wherein at least one of said post-form rollers exhibits an undulated surface and the post-form rollers are positioned around a central axis extending in the extrusion direction, the undulated surface comprising a plurality of nodules for imparting undulations onto the extrudate surface, wherein at least some of the nodules have an elongate shape and are offset at an angle to the rotation direction of the post-form roller, said elongate shapes being oriented in two or more different directions. 7. The method claim 1, wherein the majority of nodules have an elongate shape and are offset at an angle to the rotation direction of the post-form roller. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of post-form rollers is two post-form rollers. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the two post-form rollers each exhibit an undulated surface that contacts the extrudate. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the two post-form rollers are oriented in a vertical plane. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the elongate nodules are between 2 cm and 2.5 cm long. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of nodules comprises nodules that are circular in shape. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the nodules protrude from the post-form roller surface by a distance from 1 cm to 1.5 cm. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein each of the post-form rollers are in the form of a disc. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the undulated post-form roller surface is the circumferential surface of the disc. 16. An edible animal chew comprising a longitudinal axis and an outer surface extending in the longitudinal direction, the outer surface comprising a plurality of indentations, wherein at least some of the indentations have an elongate shape and are oriented to be offset at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the animal chew, said elongate indentations being angularly offset in at least two different directions, wherein the outer surface has no more than two indentations per 15 mm of length measured along the longitudinal direction of the chew. 17. The edible animal chew of claim 16, wherein the indentations result in the chew having a naturally formed, rather than manufactured, appearance. 18. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the majority of nodules have an elongate shape and are offset at an angle to the rotation direction of the post-form roller. 19. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the plurality of post-form rollers is two post-form rollers. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the two post-form rollers each exhibit an undulated surface that contacts the extrudate. 21. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the two post-form rollers are oriented in a vertical plane. 22. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the elongate nodules are between 2 cm and 2.5 cm long. 23. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the plurality of nodules comprises nodules that are circular in shape. 24. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the nodules protrude from the post-form roller surface by a distance from 1 cm to 1.5 cm. 25. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein each of the post-form rollers are in the form of a disc. 26. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the undulated post-form roller surface is the circumferential surface of the disc. | The present invention provides a method of forming an edible animal chew comprising the steps of (a) extruding an edible composition; followed by (b) contacting the extrudate with a plurality of post-form rollers, at least one of said post-form rollers exhibits an undulated surface and contacts the extrudate with said undulated surface, the undulated surface comprising a plurality of nodules for imparting undulations onto the extrudate surface, wherein at least some of the nodules have an elongate shape and are offset at an angle to the rotation direction of the post-form roller, said elongate shapes being oriented in two or more different directions.1. A method of forming an edible animal chew comprising the steps of
a. extruding an edible composition; followed by b. contacting the extrudate with a plurality of post-form rollers, at least one of said post-form rollers exhibits an undulated surface and contacts the extrudate with said undulated surface, the undulated surface comprising a plurality of nodules for imparting undulations onto the extrudate surface, wherein at least some of the nodules have an elongate shape and are offset at an angle to the rotation direction of the post-form roller, said elongate shapes being oriented in two or more different directions. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the edible composition is a two part composition and is coextruded into an inner and outer portion. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the extrudate has an irregular cross-sectional shape comprising curved sections before contact with the plurality of post-form rollers. 4. The method according to claim 1, comprising the additional step of cutting the extrudate into sections substantially perpendicular to the extrusion direction after contact with the post-form rollers. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein each post-form roller with an undulated surface imparts two undulations per section of extrudate. 6. An apparatus for modifying the surface of an extrudate comprising a plurality of post-form rollers, wherein at least one of said post-form rollers exhibits an undulated surface and the post-form rollers are positioned around a central axis extending in the extrusion direction, the undulated surface comprising a plurality of nodules for imparting undulations onto the extrudate surface, wherein at least some of the nodules have an elongate shape and are offset at an angle to the rotation direction of the post-form roller, said elongate shapes being oriented in two or more different directions. 7. The method claim 1, wherein the majority of nodules have an elongate shape and are offset at an angle to the rotation direction of the post-form roller. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of post-form rollers is two post-form rollers. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the two post-form rollers each exhibit an undulated surface that contacts the extrudate. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the two post-form rollers are oriented in a vertical plane. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the elongate nodules are between 2 cm and 2.5 cm long. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of nodules comprises nodules that are circular in shape. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the nodules protrude from the post-form roller surface by a distance from 1 cm to 1.5 cm. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein each of the post-form rollers are in the form of a disc. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the undulated post-form roller surface is the circumferential surface of the disc. 16. An edible animal chew comprising a longitudinal axis and an outer surface extending in the longitudinal direction, the outer surface comprising a plurality of indentations, wherein at least some of the indentations have an elongate shape and are oriented to be offset at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the animal chew, said elongate indentations being angularly offset in at least two different directions, wherein the outer surface has no more than two indentations per 15 mm of length measured along the longitudinal direction of the chew. 17. The edible animal chew of claim 16, wherein the indentations result in the chew having a naturally formed, rather than manufactured, appearance. 18. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the majority of nodules have an elongate shape and are offset at an angle to the rotation direction of the post-form roller. 19. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the plurality of post-form rollers is two post-form rollers. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the two post-form rollers each exhibit an undulated surface that contacts the extrudate. 21. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the two post-form rollers are oriented in a vertical plane. 22. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the elongate nodules are between 2 cm and 2.5 cm long. 23. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the plurality of nodules comprises nodules that are circular in shape. 24. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the nodules protrude from the post-form roller surface by a distance from 1 cm to 1.5 cm. 25. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein each of the post-form rollers are in the form of a disc. 26. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the undulated post-form roller surface is the circumferential surface of the disc. | 1,700 |
3,064 | 15,247,411 | 1,791 | A method for enzymatically treating pomace involves subjecting pomace to at least one enzyme in an amount between 0.15-1.0 wt % of the pomace. The pomace-enzyme mixture is heated to 25-57° C. for 10-60 minutes before the at least one enzyme is deactivated to form the enzymatically-treated pomace. Thereafter, the enzymatically-treated pomace may be added to food and beverage products. | 1. A beverage product comprising:
liquid; and about 1-40 wt % enzymatically-treated pomace, wherein the enzymatically-treated pomace is derived from pomace selected from a group consisting of at least one fruit, at least one vegetable, or combinations thereof; and wherein the enzymatically-treated pomace comprises an amount of fiber that is the same before and after enzymatic treatment. 2. The beverage product of claim 1, wherein the beverage product has a viscosity between 20-4000 cP at 20° C. 3. The beverage product of claim 1, wherein the enzymatically-treated pomace is between 1-30 wt %, and wherein the beverage product has a viscosity between 60-250 cP at 20° C. 4. The beverage product of claim 1, wherein the enzymatically-treated pomace is between 25-40 wt %, and wherein the beverage product has a viscosity between 700-1800 cP at 20° C. 5. The beverage product of claim 1, wherein the enzymatically-treated pomace is about 36 wt %, and wherein the viscosity is between 1300-1500 cP at 20° C. 6. The beverage product of claim 1, further comprising:
between 20-40 wt % of a viscous ingredient; and wherein the viscosity of the beverage product is between 2000-4000 cP at 20° C. 7. The beverage product of claim 1, further comprising:
between 1-20 wt % of a viscosity-building ingredient. 8. The beverage product of claim 1 wherein the liquid comprises a juice selected from a group comprising orange, pineapple, apple, mango, cranberry, grapefruit, blueberry, acai, strawberry, grape, passion fruit, tomato, cucumber, kale, spinach, broccoli, carrot, lemons, limes, tangerine, mandarin orange, tangelo, pomelo, celery, beets, lettuce, spinach, cabbage, artichoke, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, watercress, peas, beans, lentils, asparagus, radish, peach, banana, pear, guava, apricot, watermelon, pomegranate, blackberry, papaya, lychee, plum, prune, fig and combinations thereof. 9. The beverage product of claim 1 wherein the pomace is derived from at least one fruit or vegetable selected from the group comprising orange, pineapple, apple, mango, cranberry, grapefruit, blueberry, acai, strawberry, grape, passion fruit, tomato, lemon, lime, tangerine, mandarin orange, tangelo, pomelo, peach, banana, pear, guava, apricot, watermelon, pomegranate, blackberry, papaya, lychee, plum, prune, fig, cucumber, kale, spinach, broccoli, carrot, celery, beets, lettuce, spinach, cabbage, artichoke, coconut, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, watercress, peas, beans, lentils, asparagus, radish, wheat grass and combinations thereof. 10. The beverage product of claim 1 wherein the enzymatically-treated pomace is obtained by treating the pomace with enzymes selected from the group consisting of pectinase, cellulase, hemicellulase or combinations thereof. 11. The beverage product of claim 1, wherein the fiber in the enzymatically-treated pomace has a shorter chain length than native fiber in the pomace before the enzymatic treatment. 12. The beverage product of claim 1, wherein the beverage product is a reduced calorie beverage comprising a non-nutritive sweetener, and wherein a taste profile of the reduced calorie beverage product is similar to a full-calorie beverage lacking the non-nutritive sweetener. 13. The beverage product of claim 8, wherein the beverage product further comprises at least one grain. 14. The beverage product of claim 13, wherein the liquid further comprises dairy. 15. The beverage product of claim 1, wherein the liquid comprises dairy, and wherein the beverage product further comprises a viscosity-building ingredient. 16. A food product comprising:
about 1-40 wt % enzymatically-treated pomace, wherein the pomace is derived from the group consisting of at least one fruit, at least one vegetable, or combinations thereof; wherein the amount of fiber in the pomace remains the same before and after enzymatic treatment; and wherein the food product exhibits a microbial shelf stability of 6 months. 17. The food product of claim 16 wherein the pomace is derived from at least one fruit or vegetable selected from the group comprising orange, pineapple, apple, mango, cranberry, grapefruit, blueberry, acai, strawberry, grape, passion fruit, tomato, lemons, limes, tangerine, mandarin orange, tangelo, pomelo, peach, banana, pear, guava, apricot, watermelon, pomegranate, blackberry, papaya, lychee, plum, prune, fig, cucumber, kale, spinach, broccoli, carrot, celery, beets, lettuce, spinach, cabbage, artichoke, coconut, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, watercress, peas, beans, lentils, asparagus, radish, wheat grass and combinations thereof. 18. A method comprising:
subjecting pomace to at least one enzyme to form a pomace-enzyme mixture, wherein the pomace comprises fiber and the pomace-enzyme mixture comprises the at least one enzyme in an amount between 0.15-1.0 wt % of the pomace; heating the pomace-enzyme mixture to 25-57° C. for 10-60 minutes; and deactivating the at least one enzyme to form the enzymatically-treated pomace. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the range of the at least one enzyme is between 0.15-0.75 wt % of the pomace. 20. The method of claim 18 wherein the pomace contains a fiber content of between 3-8 wt %, and wherein the fiber content is the same before and after enzyme treatment. 21. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
deactivating the enzyme by heating the pomace-enzyme mixture to 75-107° C. for 6-600 seconds. 22. The method of claim 18 wherein the enzyme is pectinase, hemicellulase, cellulase, or any combination thereof. 23. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
reducing a particle size of the enzymatically-treated pomace. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the particle size of the enzyme-treated pomace is reduced by processes selected from the group consisting of micronization, homogenization, or combinations thereof. 25. The method of claim 19, further comprising:
agitating the pomace-enzyme mixture during the heating step. 26. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
adding the enzymatically-treated pomace to juice to form a high fiber beverage product, wherein the enzymatically-treated pomace is added in an amount between 1-40 wt % of the high fiber beverage product, and wherein a viscosity of the high fiber beverage product has a viscosity of 20-4000 cP measured at 20° C. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the amount of enzymatically-treated pomace is 36 wt % of the high fiber beverage product, and wherein the viscosity of the high fiber beverage product is between 1300-1500 cP at 20° C. 28. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
adding the enzymatically-treated pomace to food to form a high fiber food product, wherein the food product exhibits a microbial shelf stability of 6 months. | A method for enzymatically treating pomace involves subjecting pomace to at least one enzyme in an amount between 0.15-1.0 wt % of the pomace. The pomace-enzyme mixture is heated to 25-57° C. for 10-60 minutes before the at least one enzyme is deactivated to form the enzymatically-treated pomace. Thereafter, the enzymatically-treated pomace may be added to food and beverage products.1. A beverage product comprising:
liquid; and about 1-40 wt % enzymatically-treated pomace, wherein the enzymatically-treated pomace is derived from pomace selected from a group consisting of at least one fruit, at least one vegetable, or combinations thereof; and wherein the enzymatically-treated pomace comprises an amount of fiber that is the same before and after enzymatic treatment. 2. The beverage product of claim 1, wherein the beverage product has a viscosity between 20-4000 cP at 20° C. 3. The beverage product of claim 1, wherein the enzymatically-treated pomace is between 1-30 wt %, and wherein the beverage product has a viscosity between 60-250 cP at 20° C. 4. The beverage product of claim 1, wherein the enzymatically-treated pomace is between 25-40 wt %, and wherein the beverage product has a viscosity between 700-1800 cP at 20° C. 5. The beverage product of claim 1, wherein the enzymatically-treated pomace is about 36 wt %, and wherein the viscosity is between 1300-1500 cP at 20° C. 6. The beverage product of claim 1, further comprising:
between 20-40 wt % of a viscous ingredient; and wherein the viscosity of the beverage product is between 2000-4000 cP at 20° C. 7. The beverage product of claim 1, further comprising:
between 1-20 wt % of a viscosity-building ingredient. 8. The beverage product of claim 1 wherein the liquid comprises a juice selected from a group comprising orange, pineapple, apple, mango, cranberry, grapefruit, blueberry, acai, strawberry, grape, passion fruit, tomato, cucumber, kale, spinach, broccoli, carrot, lemons, limes, tangerine, mandarin orange, tangelo, pomelo, celery, beets, lettuce, spinach, cabbage, artichoke, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, watercress, peas, beans, lentils, asparagus, radish, peach, banana, pear, guava, apricot, watermelon, pomegranate, blackberry, papaya, lychee, plum, prune, fig and combinations thereof. 9. The beverage product of claim 1 wherein the pomace is derived from at least one fruit or vegetable selected from the group comprising orange, pineapple, apple, mango, cranberry, grapefruit, blueberry, acai, strawberry, grape, passion fruit, tomato, lemon, lime, tangerine, mandarin orange, tangelo, pomelo, peach, banana, pear, guava, apricot, watermelon, pomegranate, blackberry, papaya, lychee, plum, prune, fig, cucumber, kale, spinach, broccoli, carrot, celery, beets, lettuce, spinach, cabbage, artichoke, coconut, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, watercress, peas, beans, lentils, asparagus, radish, wheat grass and combinations thereof. 10. The beverage product of claim 1 wherein the enzymatically-treated pomace is obtained by treating the pomace with enzymes selected from the group consisting of pectinase, cellulase, hemicellulase or combinations thereof. 11. The beverage product of claim 1, wherein the fiber in the enzymatically-treated pomace has a shorter chain length than native fiber in the pomace before the enzymatic treatment. 12. The beverage product of claim 1, wherein the beverage product is a reduced calorie beverage comprising a non-nutritive sweetener, and wherein a taste profile of the reduced calorie beverage product is similar to a full-calorie beverage lacking the non-nutritive sweetener. 13. The beverage product of claim 8, wherein the beverage product further comprises at least one grain. 14. The beverage product of claim 13, wherein the liquid further comprises dairy. 15. The beverage product of claim 1, wherein the liquid comprises dairy, and wherein the beverage product further comprises a viscosity-building ingredient. 16. A food product comprising:
about 1-40 wt % enzymatically-treated pomace, wherein the pomace is derived from the group consisting of at least one fruit, at least one vegetable, or combinations thereof; wherein the amount of fiber in the pomace remains the same before and after enzymatic treatment; and wherein the food product exhibits a microbial shelf stability of 6 months. 17. The food product of claim 16 wherein the pomace is derived from at least one fruit or vegetable selected from the group comprising orange, pineapple, apple, mango, cranberry, grapefruit, blueberry, acai, strawberry, grape, passion fruit, tomato, lemons, limes, tangerine, mandarin orange, tangelo, pomelo, peach, banana, pear, guava, apricot, watermelon, pomegranate, blackberry, papaya, lychee, plum, prune, fig, cucumber, kale, spinach, broccoli, carrot, celery, beets, lettuce, spinach, cabbage, artichoke, coconut, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, watercress, peas, beans, lentils, asparagus, radish, wheat grass and combinations thereof. 18. A method comprising:
subjecting pomace to at least one enzyme to form a pomace-enzyme mixture, wherein the pomace comprises fiber and the pomace-enzyme mixture comprises the at least one enzyme in an amount between 0.15-1.0 wt % of the pomace; heating the pomace-enzyme mixture to 25-57° C. for 10-60 minutes; and deactivating the at least one enzyme to form the enzymatically-treated pomace. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the range of the at least one enzyme is between 0.15-0.75 wt % of the pomace. 20. The method of claim 18 wherein the pomace contains a fiber content of between 3-8 wt %, and wherein the fiber content is the same before and after enzyme treatment. 21. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
deactivating the enzyme by heating the pomace-enzyme mixture to 75-107° C. for 6-600 seconds. 22. The method of claim 18 wherein the enzyme is pectinase, hemicellulase, cellulase, or any combination thereof. 23. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
reducing a particle size of the enzymatically-treated pomace. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the particle size of the enzyme-treated pomace is reduced by processes selected from the group consisting of micronization, homogenization, or combinations thereof. 25. The method of claim 19, further comprising:
agitating the pomace-enzyme mixture during the heating step. 26. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
adding the enzymatically-treated pomace to juice to form a high fiber beverage product, wherein the enzymatically-treated pomace is added in an amount between 1-40 wt % of the high fiber beverage product, and wherein a viscosity of the high fiber beverage product has a viscosity of 20-4000 cP measured at 20° C. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the amount of enzymatically-treated pomace is 36 wt % of the high fiber beverage product, and wherein the viscosity of the high fiber beverage product is between 1300-1500 cP at 20° C. 28. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
adding the enzymatically-treated pomace to food to form a high fiber food product, wherein the food product exhibits a microbial shelf stability of 6 months. | 1,700 |
3,065 | 15,224,744 | 1,714 | A connector cleaning system includes (a) one or more cleaning elements adapted to engage a connector and remove contaminants from a contact portion of the connector and (b) an image processing device adapted to capture an image of the contact portion after removal of contaminants. | 1. A connector cleaning system comprising:
(a) one or more cleaning elements adapted to engage a connector and remove contaminants from a contact portion of the connector; and (b) an image processing device adapted to capture an image of the contact portion after removal of contaminants. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a control circuit arranged to store the image in a storage medium. 3. The system of claim 2, further comprising a transmitter configured to send the image to another device. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the control circuit is operative to store the image in the storage medium within a record that associates the image with the connector. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the control circuit includes a reader operative to read indicia on the connector and associate the image with the connector by storing the information read from the indicia in the record along with the image. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the camera is operative to capture an image of the connector that contains the indicia and the reader is operative to read the indicia from the image. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of said one or more cleaning elements is physically connected to the image processing device. 8. The system of claim 1, further comprising an exterior housing, wherein the one or more cleaning elements and the image processing device are mounted to the housing. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the exterior housing has at least one chamber and at least one of the one or more cleaning elements and the image processing device are disposed in the at least one chamber. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the exterior housing has a first chamber and a second chamber, and wherein the one more cleaning elements are disposed in the first chamber and the image processing device is disposed in the second chamber. 11. The system of claim 1, further comprising a nozzle adapted to apply a cleaning medium to the connector, wherein the one or more cleaning elements are adapted to remove the cleaning medium and the contaminants after the cleaning medium has been applied. 12. The system of claim 11, further comprising a light source, wherein the connector is illuminated by the light source at least when the image is captured by the image processing device. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the image processing device comprises at least a camera with a lens element that is operable to focus the image for camera. 14. The system of claim 12, wherein the light source has one or more lamps operable at a first intensity to extinguish microorganisms and a second intensity to illuminate the connector for the image processing device. 15. A method of processing a connector of an implantable medical device comprising the steps of:
(a) removing contaminants from a contact portion of the connector during implantation of the device; and (b) capturing an image of the contact portion after step (a). 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the step of removing contaminants comprises engaging the contacts with one or more cleaning elements to remove the contaminants. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the step of removing contaminants comprises:
applying a cleaning medium to the contacts, and removing the cleaning medium and the contaminants after the cleaning medium has been applied. 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising a control circuit arranged to store the image in a storage medium. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the control circuit includes a reader operative to read indicia on the connector and the step of capturing an image further comprises:
(c) reading indicia on the connector; and (d) storing information read from the indicia along with the image in the storage medium within a record to associate the image with the connector. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the control circuit includes a reader operative to identify and read indicia on the connector and the step of capturing an image further comprises:
(c) focusing the camera upon the connector; (d) taking a first image of the connector; (e) identifying a location of indicia from the first image; (f) focusing the camera upon the location of the indicia; (g) taking a second image of the location of the indicia; (h) reading indicia from the second image; and (i) storing information read from the indicia along with the first and second images in the storage medium within a record to associate the image with the connector. 21. The method of claim 15, further comprising the step of illuminating the contact portion with a light source at least when the image is captured by the image processing device. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the light source is operable at a first intensity to extinguish microorganisms and a second intensity to illuminate the connector for the image processing device, further comprising the steps of illuminating the connector for a first period of time at the first intensity, and illuminating the connector for a second period of time at a second intensity. 23. A device implantation kit comprising:
an implantable device attached to a connector with a contact portion; and a cleaning apparatus adapted to clean the contact portion during implantation of the device, the apparatus having:
at least one cleaning element adapted to engage the connector and remove contaminants from the contact portion; and
at least one imaging device adapted to capture an image of the contact portion after removal of the contaminants. 24. The kit of claim 21, where the cleaning apparatus further comprises a control circuit arranged to store the image in a storage medium within a record that associates the image with the connector. 25. The kit of claim 21, further comprising a quantity of liquid cleaning medium, wherein the cleaning apparatus has a nozzle with a pump adapted to apply an amount of the quantity of the liquid cleaning medium to the contact portion. | A connector cleaning system includes (a) one or more cleaning elements adapted to engage a connector and remove contaminants from a contact portion of the connector and (b) an image processing device adapted to capture an image of the contact portion after removal of contaminants.1. A connector cleaning system comprising:
(a) one or more cleaning elements adapted to engage a connector and remove contaminants from a contact portion of the connector; and (b) an image processing device adapted to capture an image of the contact portion after removal of contaminants. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a control circuit arranged to store the image in a storage medium. 3. The system of claim 2, further comprising a transmitter configured to send the image to another device. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the control circuit is operative to store the image in the storage medium within a record that associates the image with the connector. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the control circuit includes a reader operative to read indicia on the connector and associate the image with the connector by storing the information read from the indicia in the record along with the image. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the camera is operative to capture an image of the connector that contains the indicia and the reader is operative to read the indicia from the image. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of said one or more cleaning elements is physically connected to the image processing device. 8. The system of claim 1, further comprising an exterior housing, wherein the one or more cleaning elements and the image processing device are mounted to the housing. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the exterior housing has at least one chamber and at least one of the one or more cleaning elements and the image processing device are disposed in the at least one chamber. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the exterior housing has a first chamber and a second chamber, and wherein the one more cleaning elements are disposed in the first chamber and the image processing device is disposed in the second chamber. 11. The system of claim 1, further comprising a nozzle adapted to apply a cleaning medium to the connector, wherein the one or more cleaning elements are adapted to remove the cleaning medium and the contaminants after the cleaning medium has been applied. 12. The system of claim 11, further comprising a light source, wherein the connector is illuminated by the light source at least when the image is captured by the image processing device. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the image processing device comprises at least a camera with a lens element that is operable to focus the image for camera. 14. The system of claim 12, wherein the light source has one or more lamps operable at a first intensity to extinguish microorganisms and a second intensity to illuminate the connector for the image processing device. 15. A method of processing a connector of an implantable medical device comprising the steps of:
(a) removing contaminants from a contact portion of the connector during implantation of the device; and (b) capturing an image of the contact portion after step (a). 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the step of removing contaminants comprises engaging the contacts with one or more cleaning elements to remove the contaminants. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the step of removing contaminants comprises:
applying a cleaning medium to the contacts, and removing the cleaning medium and the contaminants after the cleaning medium has been applied. 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising a control circuit arranged to store the image in a storage medium. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the control circuit includes a reader operative to read indicia on the connector and the step of capturing an image further comprises:
(c) reading indicia on the connector; and (d) storing information read from the indicia along with the image in the storage medium within a record to associate the image with the connector. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the control circuit includes a reader operative to identify and read indicia on the connector and the step of capturing an image further comprises:
(c) focusing the camera upon the connector; (d) taking a first image of the connector; (e) identifying a location of indicia from the first image; (f) focusing the camera upon the location of the indicia; (g) taking a second image of the location of the indicia; (h) reading indicia from the second image; and (i) storing information read from the indicia along with the first and second images in the storage medium within a record to associate the image with the connector. 21. The method of claim 15, further comprising the step of illuminating the contact portion with a light source at least when the image is captured by the image processing device. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the light source is operable at a first intensity to extinguish microorganisms and a second intensity to illuminate the connector for the image processing device, further comprising the steps of illuminating the connector for a first period of time at the first intensity, and illuminating the connector for a second period of time at a second intensity. 23. A device implantation kit comprising:
an implantable device attached to a connector with a contact portion; and a cleaning apparatus adapted to clean the contact portion during implantation of the device, the apparatus having:
at least one cleaning element adapted to engage the connector and remove contaminants from the contact portion; and
at least one imaging device adapted to capture an image of the contact portion after removal of the contaminants. 24. The kit of claim 21, where the cleaning apparatus further comprises a control circuit arranged to store the image in a storage medium within a record that associates the image with the connector. 25. The kit of claim 21, further comprising a quantity of liquid cleaning medium, wherein the cleaning apparatus has a nozzle with a pump adapted to apply an amount of the quantity of the liquid cleaning medium to the contact portion. | 1,700 |
3,066 | 14,662,638 | 1,793 | The present invention relates generally to improving the taste of natural high-potency non-caloric or low-caloric sweeteners and compositions sweetened therewith. In particular, the present invention relates to compositions that can improve the tastes of natural high-potency non-caloric or low-caloric sweeteners by imparting a more sugar-like taste or characteristic. In particular, the compositions and methods provide a more sugar-like temporal profile, including sweetness onset and sweetness linger, and/or a more sugar-like flavor profile, including osmotic taste. | 1. A sweetener composition comprising:
at least one natural high-potency sweetener, at least one modified natural high-potency sweetener, or combinations thereof; and at least one sweet taste improving composition selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, polyamino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants, astringent compounds, polymers, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, flavonoids, alcohols, synthetic sweeteners, and combinations thereof. 2. The sweetener composition of claim 1,
wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition is present in the sweetener composition in an amount effective for the sweetener composition to impart an osmolarity from 10 mOsmole/L to 500 mOsmole/L to an aqueous solution of the sweetener composition, and wherein the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener is present in the aqueous solution in an amount sufficient to impart a maximum sweetness intensity equivalent to that of a 10% aqueous solution of sucrose by weight. 3. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition imparts a more sugar-like flavor profile to the sweetener composition than a natural high-potency sweetener without the at least one sweet taste improving composition. 4. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition imparts a more sugar-like temporal profile to the sweetener composition than a natural high-potency sweetener without the at least one sweet taste improving composition. 5. The sweetener composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one second sweet taste improving composition different from the first sweet taste improving composition and selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, polyamino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants, astringent compounds, polymers, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, flavonoids, alcohols, synthetic sweeteners, and combinations thereof. 6. The sweetener composition of claim 5,
wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition are present in the sweetener composition in an amount effective for the sweetener composition to impart an osmolarity from 10 mOsmole/L to 500 mOsmole/L to an aqueous solution of the sweetener composition, and wherein the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener is present in the aqueous solution in an amount sufficient to impart a maximum sweetness intensity equivalent to that of a 10% aqueous solution of sucrose by weight. 7. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener is selected from the group consisting of rebaudioside A, stevia, stevioside, mogroside IV, mogroside V, Lo Han Guo sweetener, monatin, and curculin. 8. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener comprises rebaudioside A. 9. The sweetener composition of claim 8, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 70% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 10. The sweetener composition of 8, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 80% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 11. The sweetener composition of 8, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 90% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 12. The sweetener composition of 8, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 97% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 13. The sweetener composition of 8, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 98% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 14. The sweetener composition of 8, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 99 rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 15. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener is selected from the group consisting of rebaudioside A, stevia, stevioside, mogroside IV, mogroside V, Lo Han Guo sweetener, monatin, and curculin. 16. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener comprises rebaudioside A. 17. The sweetener composition of 16, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 70% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 18. The sweetener composition of 16, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 80% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 19. The sweetener composition of 16, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 90% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 20. The sweetener composition of 16, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 97% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 21. The sweetener composition of 16, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 98% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 22. The sweetener composition of 16, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 99% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 23. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is a polyol. 24. The sweetener composition of claim 23, wherein the polyol comprises erythritol. 25. The sweetener composition of claim 23, wherein the polyol comprises xylitol. 26. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition comprises at least one amino acid. 27. The sweetener composition of claim 32, wherein the at least one amino acid comprises glycine, alanine, proline, hydroxyproline, glutamine, or combinations thereof. 28. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is a polyamino acid. 29. The sweetener composition of claim 28, wherein the at least one polyamino acid comprises poly-L-aspartic acid, poly-L-α-lysine, poly-L-ε-lysine, poly-L-α-ornithine, poly-ε-ornithine, poly-L-arginine, salts thereof, or combinations thereof. 30. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is a sugar acid or salt thereof. 31. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is an inorganic acid. 32. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is a bitter compound. 33. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is an astringent compound. 34. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is a protein or a protein hydrolysate. 35. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is a surfactant. 36. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is an emulsifier. 37. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is a flavonoid. 38. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is an alcohol. 39. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises at least one inorganic salt. 40. The sweetener composition of claim 39, wherein the at least one inorganic salt comprises a sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium salt. 41. The sweetener composition of claim 39, further comprising at least one inorganic phosphate. 42. The sweetener composition of claim 41, wherein the at least one inorganic phosphate comprises a sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium phosphate. 43. The sweetener composition of claim 39, further comprising at least one inorganic chloride. 44. The sweetener composition of claim 43, wherein the at least one inorganic chloride comprises a sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium chloride. 45. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition comprises at least one carbohydrate. 46. The sweetener composition of claim 45, wherein the at least one carbohydrate comprises sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, glucose, or sucrose. 47. The sweetener composition of claim 46, wherein the at least one carbohydrate is present in the sweetener composition in an amount from about 10,000 ppm to about 80,000 ppm of the composition. 48. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is a synthetic sweetener. 49. The sweetener composition of claim 48, wherein the at least one synthetic high-potency sweetener comprises saccharin or acesulfame potassium or other salts. 50. The sweetener composition of claim 49, wherein the at least one synthetic sweetener is present in the sweetener composition in an amount from about 10 ppm to about 100 ppm of the composition. 51. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is a polymer selected from the group consisting of poly-L-α-lysine, poly-L-ε-lysine, poly-L-α-ornithine, poly-ε-ornithine, polyethylenimine, chitosan, sucrose ester, sorbic acid ester, sorbitan, sorbitan ester, anionic detergent, polysorbate, polyethylene sorbitan ester, propylene glycolmonoester, glycerol mono-ester, polyglycerol ester, polyethylene ester, complex ester, cationic detergent, gum acacia senegal, gum acacia seyal, anionic polymers, polyethylene glycol, lecithins, inositol phosphate, and saponins. 52. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a polyol and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises an amino acid. 53. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a carbohydrate and wherein the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises an amino acid. 54. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a carbohydrate and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises an inorganic salt. 55. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises an inorganic salt and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises an amino acid. 56. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a protein or a protein hydrolysate and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises an amino acid. 57. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a polyol and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises a protein or a protein hydrolysate. 58. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a polyol and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises a carbohydrate. 59. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a polyol and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises an inorganic salt. 60. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a polyol and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises a polymer. 61. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a bitter compound and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises an inorganic salt. 62. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises an amino acid and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises an polyamino acid. 63. The sweetener composition of claim 5, further comprising at least one third sweet taste improving composition different from the at least one first sweet taste improving composition and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition, wherein the at least one third sweet taste improving composition is selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, polyamino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants, astringent compounds, polymers, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, flavonoids, alcohols, synthetic sweeteners, and combinations thereof. 64. The sweetener composition of claim 63, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a polyol, the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises a carbohydrate, and the at least one third sweet taste improving composition comprises an inorganic salt. 65. The sweetener composition of claim 63, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a carbohydrate, the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises an amino acid, and the at least one third sweet taste improving composition comprises an inorganic salt. 66. The sweetener composition of claim 63, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a polyol, the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises an amino acid, and the at least one third sweet taste improving composition comprises a carbohydrate. 67. The sweetener composition of claim 63, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a polyol, the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises an amino acid, and the at least one third sweet taste improving composition comprises an inorganic salt. 68. The sweetener composition of claim 63, further comprising at least one fourth sweet taste improving composition different from the at least one first sweet taste improving composition, the at least one second sweet taste improving composition, and the at least one third sweet taste improving composition, and wherein the at least one fourth sweet taste improving composition is selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, polyamino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants, astringent compounds, polymers, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, flavonoids, alcohols, synthetic sweeteners, and combinations thereof. 69. The sweetener composition of claim 68, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a polyol, the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises an amino acid, the at least one third sweet taste improving composition comprises an inorganic salt, and the at least one fourth sweet taste improving composition comprises an organic acid salt. 70. A method for imparting a more sugar-like temporal profile, more sugar-like flavor profile, or both to a natural high-potency sweetener comprising combining at least one natural high-potency sweetener, at least one modified natural high-potency sweetener, or combinations thereof, with at least one sweet taste improving composition selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, polyamino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants, astringent compounds, polymers, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, flavonoids, alcohols, synthetic sweeteners, and combinations thereof. 71. The method of claim 70,
wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition is added to the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener in an amount effective for the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener and at least one sweet taste improving composition in combination to impart an osmolarity from 10 mOsmole/L to 500 mOsmole/L to an aqueous solution of the combination, and wherein the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener is present in the aqueous solution in an amount sufficient to impart a maximum sweetness intensity equivalent to that of a 10% aqueous solution of sucrose by weight. 72. The method of claim 70, wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition imparts a more sugar-like flavor profile to the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener and at least one sweet taste improving composition in combination than a natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener without the at least one sweet taste improving composition. 73. The method of claim 70, wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition imparts a more sugar-like temporal profile to the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener and at least one sweet taste improving composition in combination than a natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener without the at least one sweet taste improving composition. 74. The method of claim 70, further comprising combining with the at least one natural high-potency sweetener and the at least one sweet taste improving composition, at least one second sweet taste improving composition different from the first sweet taste improving composition and selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, polyamino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants, astringent compounds, polymers, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, flavonoids, alcohols, synthetic sweeteners, and combinations thereof. 75. The method of claim 74,
wherein at least one natural high-potency sweetener and/or at least one modified natural high-potency sweetener, the at least one first sweet taste improving composition, and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition are present in an amount effective for the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener, at least one first sweet taste improving composition, and at least one second sweet taste improving composition in combination to impart an osmolarity from 10 mOsmole/L to 500 mOsmole/L to an aqueous solution of the combination, and wherein the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener is present in the aqueous solution in an amount sufficient to impart a maximum sweetness intensity equivalent to that of a 10% aqueous solution of sucrose by weight. 76. The method of claim 70, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener is selected from the group consisting of rebaudioside A, stevia, stevioside, mogroside IV, mogroside V, Lo Han Guo sweetener, monatin, and curculin. 77. The method of claim 70, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener comprises rebaudioside A. 78. The method of claim 77, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 70% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 79. The method of claim 77, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 80% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 80. The method of claim 77, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 90% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 81. The method of claim 77, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 97% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 82. The method of claim 77, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 98% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 83. The method of claim 77, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 99% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 84. The method of claim 77, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener is selected from the group consisting of rebaudioside A, stevia, stevioside, mogroside IV, mogroside V, Lo Han Guo sweetener, monatin, and curculin. 85. The method of claim 77, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is a polyol. 86. The method of claim 85, wherein the polyol comprises erythritol. 87. The method of claim 85, wherein the polyol comprises xylitol. 88. The method of claim 77, wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition comprises at least one amino acid. 89. The method of claim 88, wherein the at least one amino acid comprises glycine, alanine, proline, hydroxyproline, glutamine, or combinations thereof. 90. The method of claim 77, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is a polyamino acid. 91. The method of claim 89, wherein the at least one polyamino acid comprises poly-L-aspartic acid, poly-L-α-lysine, poly-L-ε-lysine, poly-L-α-ornithine, poly-ε-ornithine, poly-L-arginine, salts thereof, or combinations thereof. 92. The method of claim 77, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises at least one inorganic salt. 93. The method of claim 92, wherein the at least one inorganic salt comprises a sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium salt. 94. The method of claim 92, further comprising at least one inorganic phosphate. 95. The method of claim 94, wherein the at least one inorganic phosphate comprises a sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium phosphate. 96. The method of claim 92, further comprising at least one inorganic chloride. 97. The method of claim 96, wherein the at least one inorganic chloride comprises a sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium chloride. 98. The method of claim 77, wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition comprises at least one carbohydrate. 99. The method of claim 78, wherein the at least one carbohydrate comprises sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, glucose, or sucrose. 100. The method of claim 99, wherein the at least one carbohydrate is present in the sweetener composition in an amount from about 10,000 ppm to about 80,000 ppm of the composition. 101. The method of claim 77, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is a synthetic sweetener. 102. The method of claim 101, wherein the at least one synthetic high-potency sweetener comprises saccharin or acesulfame potassium or other salts. 103. The method of claim 102, wherein the at least one synthetic sweetener is present in the sweetener composition in an amount from about 10 ppm to about 100 ppm of the composition. 104. The method of claim 73, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener comprises rebaudioside A. 105. The method of claim 104, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 70% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 106. The method of claim 104, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 80% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 107. The method of claim 104, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 90% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 108. The method of claim 104, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 97% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 109. The method of claim 104, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 98% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 110. The method of claim 104, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 99% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 111. A sweetened composition comprising:
a sweetenable composition, at least one natural high-potency sweetener, at least one modified natural high-potency sweetener, or combinations thereof; and at least one sweet taste improving composition selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, polyamino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants, astringent compounds, polymers, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, flavonoids, alcohols, synthetic sweeteners, and combinations thereof. 112. The sweetened composition of claim 111,
wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition is present in the sweetened composition in an amount effective for the at least one natural high-potency sweetener and/or at least one modified natural high-potency sweetener and at least one sweet taste improving composition in combination to impart an osmolarity from 10 mOsmole/L to 500 mOsmole/L to an aqueous solution of the combination, and wherein the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener is present in the aqueous solution in an amount sufficient to impart a maximum sweetness intensity equivalent to that of a 10% aqueous solution of sucrose by weight. 113. The sweetened composition of claim 111, wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition imparts a more sugar-like flavor profile to the sweetened composition than a natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener without the at least one sweet taste improving composition. 114. The sweetened composition of claim 111, wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition imparts a more sugar-like temporal profile to the sweetened composition than a natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener without the at least one sweet taste improving composition. 115. The sweetened composition of claim 111, further comprising at least one second sweet taste improving composition different from the first sweet taste improving composition and selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, polyamino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants, astringent compounds, polymers, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, flavonoids, alcohols, synthetic sweeteners, and combinations thereof. 116. The sweetened composition of claim 115,
wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener and/or at least one modified natural high-potency sweetener, the at least one first sweet taste improving composition, and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition in combination are present in the sweetened composition in an amount effective for the combination to impart an osmolarity from 10 mOsmole/L to 500 mOsmole/L to an aqueous solution of the combination, and wherein the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener is present in the aqueous solution in an amount sufficient to impart a maximum sweetness intensity equivalent to that of a 10% aqueous solution of sucrose by weight. 117. The sweetened composition of claim 115, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener is selected from the group consisting of rebaudioside A, stevia, stevioside, mogroside IV, mogroside V, Lo Han Guo sweetener, monatin, and curculin. 118. The sweetened composition of claim 111, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener comprises rebaudioside A. 119. The sweetened composition of claim 118, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 70% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 120. The sweetened composition of claim 118, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 80% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 121. The sweetened composition of claim 118, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 90% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 122. The sweetened composition of claim 118, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 97% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 123. The sweetened composition of claim 118, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 98% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 124. The sweetened composition of claim 118, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 99% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 125. The sweetened composition of claim 118, wherein the sweetenable composition is selected from the group consisting of foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, tobacco, nutraceuticals, oral hygienic products, and cosmetic products. 126. The sweetened composition of claim 115, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener is selected from the group consisting of rebaudioside A, stevia, stevioside, mogroside IV, mogroside V, Lo Han Guo sweetener, monatin, and curculin. 127. The sweetened composition of claim 115, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener comprises rebaudioside A. 128. The sweetened composition of claim 127, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 70% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 129. The sweetened composition of claim 127, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 80% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 130. The sweetened composition of claim 127, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 90% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 131. The sweetened composition of claim 127, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 97% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 132. The sweetened composition of claim 127, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 98% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 133. The sweetened composition of claim 127, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 99% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 134. The sweetened composition of claim 127, wherein the sweetenable composition is selected from the group consisting of foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, tobacco, nutraceuticals, oral hygienic products, and cosmetic products. 135. A method for imparting a more sugar-like temporal profile, flavor profile, or both to a natural high-potency sweetened composition comprising combining with a sweetenable composition, at least one natural high-potency sweetener and/or at least one modified natural high-potency sweetener, and at least one sweet taste improving composition selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, polyamino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants, astringent compounds, polymers, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, flavonoids, alcohols, synthetic sweeteners, and combinations thereof. 136. The method of claim 135,
wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener and/or at least one modified natural high-potency sweetener and the at least one sweet taste improving composition are combined with the sweetenable composition in an amount effective for the at least one natural high-potency sweetener and/or at least one modified natural high-potency sweetener and at least one sweet taste improving composition in combination to impart an osmolarity from 10 mOsmole/L to 500 mOsmole/L to an aqueous solution of the combination, and wherein the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener is present in the aqueous solution in an amount sufficient to impart a maximum sweetness intensity equivalent to that of a 10% aqueous solution of sucrose by weight. 137. The method of claim 135, wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition imparts a more sugar-like flavor profile to the sweetened composition than a natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener without the at least one sweet taste improving composition. 138. The method of claim 135, wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition imparts a more sugar-like temporal profile to the sweetened composition than a natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener without the at least one sweet taste improving composition. 139. The method of claim 136, further comprising combining with the sweetenable composition, the at least one natural high-potency sweetener and/or at least one modified natural high-potency sweetener, and the at least one first sweet taste improving composition, at least one second sweet taste improving composition different from the first sweet taste improving composition and selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, polyamino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants, astringent compounds, polymers, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, flavonoids, alcohols, synthetic sweeteners, and combinations thereof. 140. The method of claim 139,
wherein at least one natural high-potency sweetener and/or at least one modified natural high-potency sweetener, the at least one first sweet taste improving composition, and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition in combination are combined with the sweetened composition in an amount effective for the combination to impart an osmolarity from 10 mOsmole/L to 500 mOsmole/L to an aqueous solution of the combination, and wherein the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener is present in the aqueous solution in an amount sufficient to impart a maximum sweetness intensity equivalent to that of a 10% aqueous solution of sucrose by weight. 141. The method of claim 135, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener is selected from the group consisting of rebaudioside A, stevia, stevioside, mogroside IV, mogroside V, Lo Han Guo sweetener, monatin, and curculin. 142. The method of claim 135, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener comprises rebaudioside A. 143. The method of claim 142, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 70% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 144. The method of claim 142, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 80% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 145. The method of claim 142, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 90% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 146. The method of claim 142, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 97% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 147. The method of claim 142, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 98% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 148. The method of claim 142, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 99% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 149. The method of claim 135, wherein the sweetenable composition is selected from the group consisting of foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, tobacco, nutraceuticals, oral hygienic products, and cosmetic products. 150. The method of claim 139, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener is selected from the group consisting of rebaudioside A, stevia, stevioside, mogroside IV, mogroside V, Lo Han Guo sweetener, monatin, and curculin. 151. The method of claim 139, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener comprises rebaudioside A. 152. The method of claim 151, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 70% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 153. The method of claim 151, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 80% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 154. The method of claim 151, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 90% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 155. The method of claim 151, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 97% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 156. The method of claim 151, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 98% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 157. The method of claim 151, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 99% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 158. The method of claim 139, wherein the sweetenable composition is selected from the group consisting of foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, tobacco, nutraceuticals, oral hygienic products, and cosmetic products. | The present invention relates generally to improving the taste of natural high-potency non-caloric or low-caloric sweeteners and compositions sweetened therewith. In particular, the present invention relates to compositions that can improve the tastes of natural high-potency non-caloric or low-caloric sweeteners by imparting a more sugar-like taste or characteristic. In particular, the compositions and methods provide a more sugar-like temporal profile, including sweetness onset and sweetness linger, and/or a more sugar-like flavor profile, including osmotic taste.1. A sweetener composition comprising:
at least one natural high-potency sweetener, at least one modified natural high-potency sweetener, or combinations thereof; and at least one sweet taste improving composition selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, polyamino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants, astringent compounds, polymers, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, flavonoids, alcohols, synthetic sweeteners, and combinations thereof. 2. The sweetener composition of claim 1,
wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition is present in the sweetener composition in an amount effective for the sweetener composition to impart an osmolarity from 10 mOsmole/L to 500 mOsmole/L to an aqueous solution of the sweetener composition, and wherein the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener is present in the aqueous solution in an amount sufficient to impart a maximum sweetness intensity equivalent to that of a 10% aqueous solution of sucrose by weight. 3. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition imparts a more sugar-like flavor profile to the sweetener composition than a natural high-potency sweetener without the at least one sweet taste improving composition. 4. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition imparts a more sugar-like temporal profile to the sweetener composition than a natural high-potency sweetener without the at least one sweet taste improving composition. 5. The sweetener composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one second sweet taste improving composition different from the first sweet taste improving composition and selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, polyamino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants, astringent compounds, polymers, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, flavonoids, alcohols, synthetic sweeteners, and combinations thereof. 6. The sweetener composition of claim 5,
wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition are present in the sweetener composition in an amount effective for the sweetener composition to impart an osmolarity from 10 mOsmole/L to 500 mOsmole/L to an aqueous solution of the sweetener composition, and wherein the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener is present in the aqueous solution in an amount sufficient to impart a maximum sweetness intensity equivalent to that of a 10% aqueous solution of sucrose by weight. 7. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener is selected from the group consisting of rebaudioside A, stevia, stevioside, mogroside IV, mogroside V, Lo Han Guo sweetener, monatin, and curculin. 8. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener comprises rebaudioside A. 9. The sweetener composition of claim 8, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 70% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 10. The sweetener composition of 8, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 80% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 11. The sweetener composition of 8, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 90% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 12. The sweetener composition of 8, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 97% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 13. The sweetener composition of 8, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 98% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 14. The sweetener composition of 8, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 99 rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 15. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener is selected from the group consisting of rebaudioside A, stevia, stevioside, mogroside IV, mogroside V, Lo Han Guo sweetener, monatin, and curculin. 16. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener comprises rebaudioside A. 17. The sweetener composition of 16, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 70% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 18. The sweetener composition of 16, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 80% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 19. The sweetener composition of 16, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 90% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 20. The sweetener composition of 16, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 97% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 21. The sweetener composition of 16, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 98% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 22. The sweetener composition of 16, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 99% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 23. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is a polyol. 24. The sweetener composition of claim 23, wherein the polyol comprises erythritol. 25. The sweetener composition of claim 23, wherein the polyol comprises xylitol. 26. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition comprises at least one amino acid. 27. The sweetener composition of claim 32, wherein the at least one amino acid comprises glycine, alanine, proline, hydroxyproline, glutamine, or combinations thereof. 28. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is a polyamino acid. 29. The sweetener composition of claim 28, wherein the at least one polyamino acid comprises poly-L-aspartic acid, poly-L-α-lysine, poly-L-ε-lysine, poly-L-α-ornithine, poly-ε-ornithine, poly-L-arginine, salts thereof, or combinations thereof. 30. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is a sugar acid or salt thereof. 31. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is an inorganic acid. 32. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is a bitter compound. 33. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is an astringent compound. 34. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is a protein or a protein hydrolysate. 35. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is a surfactant. 36. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is an emulsifier. 37. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is a flavonoid. 38. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is an alcohol. 39. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises at least one inorganic salt. 40. The sweetener composition of claim 39, wherein the at least one inorganic salt comprises a sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium salt. 41. The sweetener composition of claim 39, further comprising at least one inorganic phosphate. 42. The sweetener composition of claim 41, wherein the at least one inorganic phosphate comprises a sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium phosphate. 43. The sweetener composition of claim 39, further comprising at least one inorganic chloride. 44. The sweetener composition of claim 43, wherein the at least one inorganic chloride comprises a sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium chloride. 45. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition comprises at least one carbohydrate. 46. The sweetener composition of claim 45, wherein the at least one carbohydrate comprises sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, glucose, or sucrose. 47. The sweetener composition of claim 46, wherein the at least one carbohydrate is present in the sweetener composition in an amount from about 10,000 ppm to about 80,000 ppm of the composition. 48. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is a synthetic sweetener. 49. The sweetener composition of claim 48, wherein the at least one synthetic high-potency sweetener comprises saccharin or acesulfame potassium or other salts. 50. The sweetener composition of claim 49, wherein the at least one synthetic sweetener is present in the sweetener composition in an amount from about 10 ppm to about 100 ppm of the composition. 51. The sweetener composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is a polymer selected from the group consisting of poly-L-α-lysine, poly-L-ε-lysine, poly-L-α-ornithine, poly-ε-ornithine, polyethylenimine, chitosan, sucrose ester, sorbic acid ester, sorbitan, sorbitan ester, anionic detergent, polysorbate, polyethylene sorbitan ester, propylene glycolmonoester, glycerol mono-ester, polyglycerol ester, polyethylene ester, complex ester, cationic detergent, gum acacia senegal, gum acacia seyal, anionic polymers, polyethylene glycol, lecithins, inositol phosphate, and saponins. 52. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a polyol and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises an amino acid. 53. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a carbohydrate and wherein the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises an amino acid. 54. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a carbohydrate and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises an inorganic salt. 55. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises an inorganic salt and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises an amino acid. 56. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a protein or a protein hydrolysate and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises an amino acid. 57. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a polyol and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises a protein or a protein hydrolysate. 58. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a polyol and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises a carbohydrate. 59. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a polyol and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises an inorganic salt. 60. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a polyol and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises a polymer. 61. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a bitter compound and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises an inorganic salt. 62. The sweetener composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises an amino acid and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises an polyamino acid. 63. The sweetener composition of claim 5, further comprising at least one third sweet taste improving composition different from the at least one first sweet taste improving composition and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition, wherein the at least one third sweet taste improving composition is selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, polyamino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants, astringent compounds, polymers, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, flavonoids, alcohols, synthetic sweeteners, and combinations thereof. 64. The sweetener composition of claim 63, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a polyol, the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises a carbohydrate, and the at least one third sweet taste improving composition comprises an inorganic salt. 65. The sweetener composition of claim 63, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a carbohydrate, the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises an amino acid, and the at least one third sweet taste improving composition comprises an inorganic salt. 66. The sweetener composition of claim 63, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a polyol, the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises an amino acid, and the at least one third sweet taste improving composition comprises a carbohydrate. 67. The sweetener composition of claim 63, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a polyol, the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises an amino acid, and the at least one third sweet taste improving composition comprises an inorganic salt. 68. The sweetener composition of claim 63, further comprising at least one fourth sweet taste improving composition different from the at least one first sweet taste improving composition, the at least one second sweet taste improving composition, and the at least one third sweet taste improving composition, and wherein the at least one fourth sweet taste improving composition is selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, polyamino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants, astringent compounds, polymers, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, flavonoids, alcohols, synthetic sweeteners, and combinations thereof. 69. The sweetener composition of claim 68, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises a polyol, the at least one second sweet taste improving composition comprises an amino acid, the at least one third sweet taste improving composition comprises an inorganic salt, and the at least one fourth sweet taste improving composition comprises an organic acid salt. 70. A method for imparting a more sugar-like temporal profile, more sugar-like flavor profile, or both to a natural high-potency sweetener comprising combining at least one natural high-potency sweetener, at least one modified natural high-potency sweetener, or combinations thereof, with at least one sweet taste improving composition selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, polyamino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants, astringent compounds, polymers, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, flavonoids, alcohols, synthetic sweeteners, and combinations thereof. 71. The method of claim 70,
wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition is added to the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener in an amount effective for the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener and at least one sweet taste improving composition in combination to impart an osmolarity from 10 mOsmole/L to 500 mOsmole/L to an aqueous solution of the combination, and wherein the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener is present in the aqueous solution in an amount sufficient to impart a maximum sweetness intensity equivalent to that of a 10% aqueous solution of sucrose by weight. 72. The method of claim 70, wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition imparts a more sugar-like flavor profile to the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener and at least one sweet taste improving composition in combination than a natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener without the at least one sweet taste improving composition. 73. The method of claim 70, wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition imparts a more sugar-like temporal profile to the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener and at least one sweet taste improving composition in combination than a natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener without the at least one sweet taste improving composition. 74. The method of claim 70, further comprising combining with the at least one natural high-potency sweetener and the at least one sweet taste improving composition, at least one second sweet taste improving composition different from the first sweet taste improving composition and selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, polyamino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants, astringent compounds, polymers, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, flavonoids, alcohols, synthetic sweeteners, and combinations thereof. 75. The method of claim 74,
wherein at least one natural high-potency sweetener and/or at least one modified natural high-potency sweetener, the at least one first sweet taste improving composition, and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition are present in an amount effective for the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener, at least one first sweet taste improving composition, and at least one second sweet taste improving composition in combination to impart an osmolarity from 10 mOsmole/L to 500 mOsmole/L to an aqueous solution of the combination, and wherein the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener is present in the aqueous solution in an amount sufficient to impart a maximum sweetness intensity equivalent to that of a 10% aqueous solution of sucrose by weight. 76. The method of claim 70, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener is selected from the group consisting of rebaudioside A, stevia, stevioside, mogroside IV, mogroside V, Lo Han Guo sweetener, monatin, and curculin. 77. The method of claim 70, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener comprises rebaudioside A. 78. The method of claim 77, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 70% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 79. The method of claim 77, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 80% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 80. The method of claim 77, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 90% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 81. The method of claim 77, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 97% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 82. The method of claim 77, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 98% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 83. The method of claim 77, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 99% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 84. The method of claim 77, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener is selected from the group consisting of rebaudioside A, stevia, stevioside, mogroside IV, mogroside V, Lo Han Guo sweetener, monatin, and curculin. 85. The method of claim 77, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is a polyol. 86. The method of claim 85, wherein the polyol comprises erythritol. 87. The method of claim 85, wherein the polyol comprises xylitol. 88. The method of claim 77, wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition comprises at least one amino acid. 89. The method of claim 88, wherein the at least one amino acid comprises glycine, alanine, proline, hydroxyproline, glutamine, or combinations thereof. 90. The method of claim 77, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is a polyamino acid. 91. The method of claim 89, wherein the at least one polyamino acid comprises poly-L-aspartic acid, poly-L-α-lysine, poly-L-ε-lysine, poly-L-α-ornithine, poly-ε-ornithine, poly-L-arginine, salts thereof, or combinations thereof. 92. The method of claim 77, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition comprises at least one inorganic salt. 93. The method of claim 92, wherein the at least one inorganic salt comprises a sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium salt. 94. The method of claim 92, further comprising at least one inorganic phosphate. 95. The method of claim 94, wherein the at least one inorganic phosphate comprises a sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium phosphate. 96. The method of claim 92, further comprising at least one inorganic chloride. 97. The method of claim 96, wherein the at least one inorganic chloride comprises a sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium chloride. 98. The method of claim 77, wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition comprises at least one carbohydrate. 99. The method of claim 78, wherein the at least one carbohydrate comprises sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, glucose, or sucrose. 100. The method of claim 99, wherein the at least one carbohydrate is present in the sweetener composition in an amount from about 10,000 ppm to about 80,000 ppm of the composition. 101. The method of claim 77, wherein the at least one first sweet taste improving composition is a synthetic sweetener. 102. The method of claim 101, wherein the at least one synthetic high-potency sweetener comprises saccharin or acesulfame potassium or other salts. 103. The method of claim 102, wherein the at least one synthetic sweetener is present in the sweetener composition in an amount from about 10 ppm to about 100 ppm of the composition. 104. The method of claim 73, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener comprises rebaudioside A. 105. The method of claim 104, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 70% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 106. The method of claim 104, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 80% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 107. The method of claim 104, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 90% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 108. The method of claim 104, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 97% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 109. The method of claim 104, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 98% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 110. The method of claim 104, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 99% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 111. A sweetened composition comprising:
a sweetenable composition, at least one natural high-potency sweetener, at least one modified natural high-potency sweetener, or combinations thereof; and at least one sweet taste improving composition selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, polyamino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants, astringent compounds, polymers, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, flavonoids, alcohols, synthetic sweeteners, and combinations thereof. 112. The sweetened composition of claim 111,
wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition is present in the sweetened composition in an amount effective for the at least one natural high-potency sweetener and/or at least one modified natural high-potency sweetener and at least one sweet taste improving composition in combination to impart an osmolarity from 10 mOsmole/L to 500 mOsmole/L to an aqueous solution of the combination, and wherein the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener is present in the aqueous solution in an amount sufficient to impart a maximum sweetness intensity equivalent to that of a 10% aqueous solution of sucrose by weight. 113. The sweetened composition of claim 111, wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition imparts a more sugar-like flavor profile to the sweetened composition than a natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener without the at least one sweet taste improving composition. 114. The sweetened composition of claim 111, wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition imparts a more sugar-like temporal profile to the sweetened composition than a natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener without the at least one sweet taste improving composition. 115. The sweetened composition of claim 111, further comprising at least one second sweet taste improving composition different from the first sweet taste improving composition and selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, polyamino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants, astringent compounds, polymers, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, flavonoids, alcohols, synthetic sweeteners, and combinations thereof. 116. The sweetened composition of claim 115,
wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener and/or at least one modified natural high-potency sweetener, the at least one first sweet taste improving composition, and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition in combination are present in the sweetened composition in an amount effective for the combination to impart an osmolarity from 10 mOsmole/L to 500 mOsmole/L to an aqueous solution of the combination, and wherein the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener is present in the aqueous solution in an amount sufficient to impart a maximum sweetness intensity equivalent to that of a 10% aqueous solution of sucrose by weight. 117. The sweetened composition of claim 115, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener is selected from the group consisting of rebaudioside A, stevia, stevioside, mogroside IV, mogroside V, Lo Han Guo sweetener, monatin, and curculin. 118. The sweetened composition of claim 111, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener comprises rebaudioside A. 119. The sweetened composition of claim 118, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 70% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 120. The sweetened composition of claim 118, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 80% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 121. The sweetened composition of claim 118, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 90% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 122. The sweetened composition of claim 118, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 97% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 123. The sweetened composition of claim 118, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 98% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 124. The sweetened composition of claim 118, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 99% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 125. The sweetened composition of claim 118, wherein the sweetenable composition is selected from the group consisting of foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, tobacco, nutraceuticals, oral hygienic products, and cosmetic products. 126. The sweetened composition of claim 115, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener is selected from the group consisting of rebaudioside A, stevia, stevioside, mogroside IV, mogroside V, Lo Han Guo sweetener, monatin, and curculin. 127. The sweetened composition of claim 115, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener comprises rebaudioside A. 128. The sweetened composition of claim 127, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 70% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 129. The sweetened composition of claim 127, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 80% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 130. The sweetened composition of claim 127, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 90% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 131. The sweetened composition of claim 127, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 97% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 132. The sweetened composition of claim 127, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 98% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 133. The sweetened composition of claim 127, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 99% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 134. The sweetened composition of claim 127, wherein the sweetenable composition is selected from the group consisting of foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, tobacco, nutraceuticals, oral hygienic products, and cosmetic products. 135. A method for imparting a more sugar-like temporal profile, flavor profile, or both to a natural high-potency sweetened composition comprising combining with a sweetenable composition, at least one natural high-potency sweetener and/or at least one modified natural high-potency sweetener, and at least one sweet taste improving composition selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, polyamino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants, astringent compounds, polymers, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, flavonoids, alcohols, synthetic sweeteners, and combinations thereof. 136. The method of claim 135,
wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener and/or at least one modified natural high-potency sweetener and the at least one sweet taste improving composition are combined with the sweetenable composition in an amount effective for the at least one natural high-potency sweetener and/or at least one modified natural high-potency sweetener and at least one sweet taste improving composition in combination to impart an osmolarity from 10 mOsmole/L to 500 mOsmole/L to an aqueous solution of the combination, and wherein the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener is present in the aqueous solution in an amount sufficient to impart a maximum sweetness intensity equivalent to that of a 10% aqueous solution of sucrose by weight. 137. The method of claim 135, wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition imparts a more sugar-like flavor profile to the sweetened composition than a natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener without the at least one sweet taste improving composition. 138. The method of claim 135, wherein the at least one sweet taste improving composition imparts a more sugar-like temporal profile to the sweetened composition than a natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener without the at least one sweet taste improving composition. 139. The method of claim 136, further comprising combining with the sweetenable composition, the at least one natural high-potency sweetener and/or at least one modified natural high-potency sweetener, and the at least one first sweet taste improving composition, at least one second sweet taste improving composition different from the first sweet taste improving composition and selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, polyamino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants, astringent compounds, polymers, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, flavonoids, alcohols, synthetic sweeteners, and combinations thereof. 140. The method of claim 139,
wherein at least one natural high-potency sweetener and/or at least one modified natural high-potency sweetener, the at least one first sweet taste improving composition, and the at least one second sweet taste improving composition in combination are combined with the sweetened composition in an amount effective for the combination to impart an osmolarity from 10 mOsmole/L to 500 mOsmole/L to an aqueous solution of the combination, and wherein the natural high-potency sweetener and/or modified natural high-potency sweetener is present in the aqueous solution in an amount sufficient to impart a maximum sweetness intensity equivalent to that of a 10% aqueous solution of sucrose by weight. 141. The method of claim 135, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener is selected from the group consisting of rebaudioside A, stevia, stevioside, mogroside IV, mogroside V, Lo Han Guo sweetener, monatin, and curculin. 142. The method of claim 135, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener comprises rebaudioside A. 143. The method of claim 142, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 70% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 144. The method of claim 142, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 80% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 145. The method of claim 142, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 90% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 146. The method of claim 142, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 97% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 147. The method of claim 142, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 98% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 148. The method of claim 142, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 99% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 149. The method of claim 135, wherein the sweetenable composition is selected from the group consisting of foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, tobacco, nutraceuticals, oral hygienic products, and cosmetic products. 150. The method of claim 139, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener is selected from the group consisting of rebaudioside A, stevia, stevioside, mogroside IV, mogroside V, Lo Han Guo sweetener, monatin, and curculin. 151. The method of claim 139, wherein the at least one natural high-potency sweetener comprises rebaudioside A. 152. The method of claim 151, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 70% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 153. The method of claim 151, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 80% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 154. The method of claim 151, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 90% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 155. The method of claim 151, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 97% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 156. The method of claim 151, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 98% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 157. The method of claim 151, wherein the rebaudioside A comprises rebaudioside A in a purity greater than about 99% rebaudioside A by weight on a dry basis. 158. The method of claim 139, wherein the sweetenable composition is selected from the group consisting of foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, tobacco, nutraceuticals, oral hygienic products, and cosmetic products. | 1,700 |
3,067 | 15,093,050 | 1,774 | Cleaning system for a mixing vessel with at least one stirring element within a working area including at least one fixed spray device and a movable spraying device, wherein the fixed spray device is arranged and oriented so that their blasting a spray shadow of the movable spray cover. | 1. A cleaning system for a mixing container with at least one stirring element inside a working chamber, comprising at least one stationary spraying device, and a mobile spraying device, wherein the stationary spraying device is disposed and orientated into such a way that its cleaning jets cover a spray shadow of the mobile spraying device. 2. The cleaning system according to claim 1, wherein the stationary spraying device is assigned to a mixing container cover. 3. The cleaning system according to claim 2, wherein the cleaning jets of the stationary spraying device enter into the working chamber through an opening in the mixing container cover. 4. The cleaning system according to claim 1, wherein the stationary spraying device is adjustable. 5. The cleaning system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one spraying device is provided with a self-rotating spray head. 6. The cleaning system according to claim 1, wherein the stationary spraying device and the mobile spraying device are coupled by means of a control device. 7. The cleaning system according to claim 1, with an adjustable spraying device, the angle of inclination whereof is adjustable. 8. The cleaning system according to claim 1, with a stationary spraying device, which is provided with a protection device. 9. A dissolver with a cleaning system for a mixing container with at least one stirring element inside a working chamber, comprising at least one stationary spraying device and a mobile spraying device, wherein the stationary spraying device is disposed and orientated into such a way that its cleaning jets cover a spray shadow of the mobile spraying device. 10. The dissolver of claim 9, wherein the stationary spraying device is assigned to a mixing container cover. 11. The dissolver of claim 9, wherein the stationary spraying device is adjustable. 12. The cleaning system according to claim 2, wherein the stationary spraying device is adjustable. 13. The cleaning system according to claim 2, wherein the at least one spraying device is provided with a self-rotating spray head. 14. The cleaning system according to claim 4, wherein the at least one spraying device is provided with a self-rotating spray head. 15. The cleaning system according to claim 2, wherein the stationary spraying device and the mobile spraying device are coupled by means of a control device. 16. The cleaning system according to claim 4, wherein the stationary spraying device and the mobile spraying device are coupled by means of a control device. 17. The cleaning system according to claim 2, with an adjustable spraying device, the angle of inclination whereof is adjustable. 18. The cleaning system according to claim 4, with an adjustable spraying device, the angle of inclination whereof is adjustable. | Cleaning system for a mixing vessel with at least one stirring element within a working area including at least one fixed spray device and a movable spraying device, wherein the fixed spray device is arranged and oriented so that their blasting a spray shadow of the movable spray cover.1. A cleaning system for a mixing container with at least one stirring element inside a working chamber, comprising at least one stationary spraying device, and a mobile spraying device, wherein the stationary spraying device is disposed and orientated into such a way that its cleaning jets cover a spray shadow of the mobile spraying device. 2. The cleaning system according to claim 1, wherein the stationary spraying device is assigned to a mixing container cover. 3. The cleaning system according to claim 2, wherein the cleaning jets of the stationary spraying device enter into the working chamber through an opening in the mixing container cover. 4. The cleaning system according to claim 1, wherein the stationary spraying device is adjustable. 5. The cleaning system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one spraying device is provided with a self-rotating spray head. 6. The cleaning system according to claim 1, wherein the stationary spraying device and the mobile spraying device are coupled by means of a control device. 7. The cleaning system according to claim 1, with an adjustable spraying device, the angle of inclination whereof is adjustable. 8. The cleaning system according to claim 1, with a stationary spraying device, which is provided with a protection device. 9. A dissolver with a cleaning system for a mixing container with at least one stirring element inside a working chamber, comprising at least one stationary spraying device and a mobile spraying device, wherein the stationary spraying device is disposed and orientated into such a way that its cleaning jets cover a spray shadow of the mobile spraying device. 10. The dissolver of claim 9, wherein the stationary spraying device is assigned to a mixing container cover. 11. The dissolver of claim 9, wherein the stationary spraying device is adjustable. 12. The cleaning system according to claim 2, wherein the stationary spraying device is adjustable. 13. The cleaning system according to claim 2, wherein the at least one spraying device is provided with a self-rotating spray head. 14. The cleaning system according to claim 4, wherein the at least one spraying device is provided with a self-rotating spray head. 15. The cleaning system according to claim 2, wherein the stationary spraying device and the mobile spraying device are coupled by means of a control device. 16. The cleaning system according to claim 4, wherein the stationary spraying device and the mobile spraying device are coupled by means of a control device. 17. The cleaning system according to claim 2, with an adjustable spraying device, the angle of inclination whereof is adjustable. 18. The cleaning system according to claim 4, with an adjustable spraying device, the angle of inclination whereof is adjustable. | 1,700 |
3,068 | 15,292,418 | 1,717 | An improved moistening brush assembly is provided for moistening opened envelope flaps that are transported below it. Bristles of the brush are enclosed in a housing at an upper end of the brush. The bristles are supported at an inclined angle such that liquid flows from the top to the bottom. The housing further includes an opening that receives a flow of moistening liquid from a liquid supply tube and fitting. At the location where the liquid enters the housing, there is a horizontal channel extending across a majority of a width of the bristles of the moistening brush. As a result of this channel, liquid from the liquid supply opening is distributed evenly across the width of the bristles. | 1. A moistening brush assembly for moistening opened envelope flaps that are transported below a moistening brush so that adhesive on an interior side of the envelope flaps comes into contact with a lower end of the moistening brush, the moistening brush comprising:
bristles that are enclosed in a housing at an upper end of the bristles, and that are exposed at a lower end of the bristles, the bristles being supported in the housing at an inclined angle such that a liquid flows from the upper end to the lower end; and wherein the housing includes a liquid supply opening located on a first side of the housing along a length of the bristles and proximal to the upper end of the bristles, the liquid supply opening being coupled to a liquid supply fitting that receives the liquid from a liquid supply, the housing further comprising a horizontal channel opening contiguous with the liquid supply opening, the horizontal channel opening extending across a majority of a width of the first side of the housing and the bristles of the moistening brush, and whereby the liquid entering the horizontal channel opening from the liquid supply opening is distributed evenly across the width of the bristles. 2. The moistening brush assembly of claim 1 wherein the housing comprises:
a bristle holder that encloses the upper end of the bristles, the bristle holder having the horizontal channel opening; and
a brush mounting support having the liquid supply opening, the bristle holder being removably attached to the brush mounting support, and whereby the liquid supply opening is in contiguous connection with the horizontal channel opening when the brush mounting support and the bristle holder are attached. 3. The moistening brush assembly of claim 2 further comprising an o-ring seal around the horizontal channel opening to prevent leaking when the bristle holder is attached to the brush mounting support. 4. The moistening brush assembly of claim 2 wherein the brush mounting support includes an adjustable pivoting mount at its upper end so that a height of the lower end of the bristles can be adjusted to make contact with the envelope flaps. 5. The moistening brush assembly of claim 1 wherein the lower end of the bristles is positioned over a cutout gap in a deck surface such that the bristles do not rest on any solid surface. | An improved moistening brush assembly is provided for moistening opened envelope flaps that are transported below it. Bristles of the brush are enclosed in a housing at an upper end of the brush. The bristles are supported at an inclined angle such that liquid flows from the top to the bottom. The housing further includes an opening that receives a flow of moistening liquid from a liquid supply tube and fitting. At the location where the liquid enters the housing, there is a horizontal channel extending across a majority of a width of the bristles of the moistening brush. As a result of this channel, liquid from the liquid supply opening is distributed evenly across the width of the bristles.1. A moistening brush assembly for moistening opened envelope flaps that are transported below a moistening brush so that adhesive on an interior side of the envelope flaps comes into contact with a lower end of the moistening brush, the moistening brush comprising:
bristles that are enclosed in a housing at an upper end of the bristles, and that are exposed at a lower end of the bristles, the bristles being supported in the housing at an inclined angle such that a liquid flows from the upper end to the lower end; and wherein the housing includes a liquid supply opening located on a first side of the housing along a length of the bristles and proximal to the upper end of the bristles, the liquid supply opening being coupled to a liquid supply fitting that receives the liquid from a liquid supply, the housing further comprising a horizontal channel opening contiguous with the liquid supply opening, the horizontal channel opening extending across a majority of a width of the first side of the housing and the bristles of the moistening brush, and whereby the liquid entering the horizontal channel opening from the liquid supply opening is distributed evenly across the width of the bristles. 2. The moistening brush assembly of claim 1 wherein the housing comprises:
a bristle holder that encloses the upper end of the bristles, the bristle holder having the horizontal channel opening; and
a brush mounting support having the liquid supply opening, the bristle holder being removably attached to the brush mounting support, and whereby the liquid supply opening is in contiguous connection with the horizontal channel opening when the brush mounting support and the bristle holder are attached. 3. The moistening brush assembly of claim 2 further comprising an o-ring seal around the horizontal channel opening to prevent leaking when the bristle holder is attached to the brush mounting support. 4. The moistening brush assembly of claim 2 wherein the brush mounting support includes an adjustable pivoting mount at its upper end so that a height of the lower end of the bristles can be adjusted to make contact with the envelope flaps. 5. The moistening brush assembly of claim 1 wherein the lower end of the bristles is positioned over a cutout gap in a deck surface such that the bristles do not rest on any solid surface. | 1,700 |
3,069 | 14,085,127 | 1,787 | Processes for coating medical devices are provided herein. The processes include contacting a substrate with a sulfur-functional silane and an additional silane. The resulting coating includes a silane layer having improved adherence to the medical device, covering a greater area. | 1. A medical device, comprising:
a substrate; a silane layer comprising at least one sulfur-functional silane and at least one additional silane, on at least a portion of the substrate; at least one additional component bound to the silane layer, the at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of monomers, polymers, bioactive agents, and combinations thereof. 2. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises an inert material selected from the group consisting of glass, ceramics, and metals. 3. The medical device of claim 2, wherein the substrate comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of gold, silver, copper, steel, aluminum, cobalt, chromium, platinum, titanium, niobium, tantalum, alloys thereof, and combinations thereof. 4. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the at least one sulfur-functional silane is selected from the group consisting of bis-[triethoxysilylpropyl]tetrasulfide, 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane, 2,2-dimethoxy-1-thia-2-silacyclo-pentane, 11-mercaptoundecyltrimethoxysilane,s-(octanoyl)mercaptopropyl-triethoxysilane, 2-(2-pyridylethyl)thiopropyltri-methoxysilane, 2-(4-pyridylethyl)thiopropyltri-methoxysilane, 3-thiocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane, 2-(3-trimethoxysilylpropylthio)-thiophene, mercaptomethylmethyldiethoxy-silane, 3-mercaptopropylmethyldimethoxy-silane, bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]-disulfide, bis-[m-(2-triethoxysilylethyl)tolyl]-polysulfide, bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]thio-urea, bis-triethoxy silyl propyl polysulfide, and combinations thereof. 5. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the at least one additional silane possesses functional groups selected from the group consisting of acrylates, methacrylates, aldehydes, amino, epoxy, esters, anhydride, azide, carboxylate, phosphonate, sulfonate, halogen, hydroxyl, isocyanate, masked isocyanate, phosphine, phosphate, vinyl, olefin, dipodal silanes, UV active components, fluorescent components, chiral components, biomolecular probes, silyl hydrides and combinations thereof. 6. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the at least one sulfur-functional silane is present in amounts from about 0.5% to about 95% by weight of the silane layer. 7. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the at least one additional silane is present in amounts from about 99.5% to about 5% by weight of the silane layer. 8. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the at least one additional component bound to the silane layer is selected from the group consisting of betaines, phosphorylcholines, [2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide, 3-(Methacryloylamino)propyl]dimethyl(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide inner salt, and combinations thereof. 9. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the at least one additional component bound to the silane layer comprises a phosphorylcholine selected from the group consisting of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, 2-acryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, 2-acryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 3-(meth)acryloyloxypropyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 4-(meth)acryloyloxybutyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 5-(meth)acryloyloxypentyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 6-(meth)acryloyloxyhexyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl-2′-(triethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl-2′-(tripropylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl-2′-(tributylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxypropyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxybutyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxypentyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyhexyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl-3′-(trimethylammonio)propyl phosphate, 3-(meth)acryloyloxypropyl-3′-(trimethylammonio)propyl phosphate, 4-(meth)acryloyloxybutyl-3′-(trimethylammonio)propyl phosphate, 5-(meth)acryloyloxypentyl-3′-(trimethylammonio)propyl phosphate, 6-(meth)acryloyloxyhexyl-3′-(trimethylammonio)propyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl-4′-(trimethylammonio)butyl phosphate, 3-(meth)acryloyloxypropyl-4′-(trimethylammonio)butyl phosphate, 4-(meth)acryloyloxybutyl-4′-(trimethylammonio)butyl phosphate, 5-(meth)acryloyloxypentyl-4′-(trimethylammonio)butyl phosphate, 6-(meth)acryloyloxyhexyl-4′-(trimethylammonio)butylphosphate, and combinations thereof. 10. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the at least one additional component is chemically bonded to the silane layer. 11. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the at least one additional component is covalently bonded to the silane layer. 12. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the at least one additional component comprises a bioactive agent selected from the group consisting of antimicrobials, analgesics, anesthetics, antihistamines, anti-inflammatories, cardiovascular drugs, diagnostic agents, sympathomimetics, cholinomimetics, antimuscarinics, antispasmodics, hormones, growth factors, muscle relaxants, adrenergic neuron blockers, antineoplastics, immunogenic agents, immunosuppressants, steroids, lipids, lipopolysaccharides, polysaccharides, enzymes, and combinations thereof. 13. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the medical device is selected from the group consisting of stents, filters, stent coatings, grafts, catheters, stent/grafts, clips and other fasteners, staples, sutures, pins, screws, prosthetic devices, drug delivery devices, anastomosis rings, surgical blades, contact lenses, intraocular lenses, surgical meshes, knotless wound closures, sealants, adhesives, intraocular lenses, anti-adhesion devices, anchors, tunnels, bone fillers, synthetic tendons, synthetic ligaments, tissue scaffolds, stapling devices, buttresses, lapbands, orthopedic hardware, pacers, pacemakers, and implants. 14. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the medical device comprises a stent. 15. A method for forming a silane layer on a surface of a medical device comprising:
contacting the surface of the medical device with at least one sulfur-functional silane and at least one additional silane to form the silane layer, and contacting the silane layer with at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of monomers, polymers, bioactive agents, and combinations thereof. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one sulfur-functional silane is selected from the group consisting of bis-[triethoxysilylpropyl]tetrasulfide, 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane, 2,2-dimethoxy-1-thia-2-silacyclo-pentane, 11-mercaptoundecyltrimethoxysilane, s-(octanoyl)mercaptopropyl-triethoxysilane, 2-(2-pyridylethyl)thiopropyltri-methoxysilane, 2-(4-pyridylethyl)thiopropyltri-methoxysilane, 3-thiocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane, 2-(3-trimethoxysilylpropylthio)-thiophene, mercaptomethylmethyldiethoxy-silane, 3-mercaptopropylmethyldimethoxy-silane, bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]-disulfide, bis-[m-(2-triethoxysilylethyl)tolyl]-polysulfide, bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]thio-urea, bis-triethoxy silyl propyl polysulfide, and combinations thereof. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one additional silane possesses functional groups selected from the group consisting of acrylates, methacrylates, aldehydes, amino, epoxy, esters, anhydride, azide, carboxylate, phosphonate, sulfonate, halogen, hydroxyl, isocyanate, masked isocyanate, phosphine, phosphate, vinyl, olefin, dipodal silanes, UV active components, fluorescent components, chiral components, biomolecular probes, silyl hydrides, and combinations thereof. 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising hydroxylating the surface of the medical device prior to contacting the surface with the at least one sulfur-functional silane and the at least one additional silane. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the surface of the medical device is hydroxylated by subjecting the surface to a treatment selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, ammonium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, tert-butyllyn hydroperoxide, potassium dichromate, perchloric acid, oxygen plasma, water plasma, corona discharge, ozone, UV, and combinations thereof. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one sulfur-functional silane is present in amounts from about 0.5% to about 95% by weight of the silane layer. 21. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one additional silane is present in amounts from about 99.5% to about 5% by weight of the silane layer. 22. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one sulfur-functional silane and the at least one additional silane are sequentially applied. 23. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one sulfur-functional silane and the at least one additional silane are applied in a single mixture. 24. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one additional component bound to the silane layer is selected from the group consisting of betaines, phosphorylcholines, [2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide, 3-(Methacryloylamino)propyl]dimethyl(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide inner salt, and combinations thereof. 25. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one additional component bound to the silane layer comprises a phosphorylcholine selected from the group consisting of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, 2-acryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, 2-acryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 3-(meth)acryloyloxypropyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 4-(meth)acryloyloxybutyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 5-(meth)acryloyloxypentyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 6-(meth)acryloyloxyhexyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl-2′-(triethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl-2′-(tripropylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl-2′-(tributylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxypropyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxybutyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxypentyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyhexyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl-3′-(trimethylammonio)propyl phosphate, 3-(meth)acryloyloxypropyl-3′-(trimethylammonio)propyl phosphate, 4-(meth)acryloyloxybutyl-3′-(trimethylammonio)propyl phosphate, 5-(meth)acryloyloxypentyl-3′-(trimethylammonio)propyl phosphate, 6-(meth)acryloyloxyhexyl-3′-(trimethylammonio)propyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl-4′-(trimethylammonio)butyl phosphate, 3-(meth)acryloyloxypropyl-4′-(trimethylammonio)butyl phosphate, 4-(meth)acryloyloxybutyl-4′-(trimethylammonio)butyl phosphate, 5-(meth)acryloyloxypentyl-4′-(trimethylammonio)butyl phosphate, 6-(meth)acryloyloxyhexyl-4′-(trimethylammonio)butylphosphate, and combinations thereof. 26. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one additional component is chemically bonded to the silane layer. 27. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one additional component is covalently bonded to the silane layer. 28. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one additional component comprises a bioactive agent selected from the group consisting of antimicrobials, analgesics, anesthetics, antihistamines, anti-inflammatories, cardiovascular drugs, diagnostic agents, sympathomimetics, cholinomimetics, antimuscarinics, antispasmodics, hormones, growth factors, muscle relaxants, adrenergic neuron blockers, antineoplastics, immunogenic agents, immunosuppressants, steroids, lipids, lipopolysaccharides, polysaccharides, enzymes, and combinations thereof. 29. The method of claim 15, wherein the medical device is selected from the group consisting of stents, filters, stent coatings, grafts, catheters, stent/grafts, clips and other fasteners, staples, sutures, pins, screws, prosthetic devices, drug delivery devices, anastomosis rings, surgical blades, contact lenses, intraocular lenses, surgical meshes, knotless wound closures, sealants, adhesives, intraocular lenses, anti-adhesion devices, anchors, tunnels, bone fillers, synthetic tendons, synthetic ligaments, tissue scaffolds, stapling devices, buttresses, lapbands, orthopedic hardware, pacers, pacemakers, and implants. 30. The method of claim 15, wherein the medical device comprises a stent. | Processes for coating medical devices are provided herein. The processes include contacting a substrate with a sulfur-functional silane and an additional silane. The resulting coating includes a silane layer having improved adherence to the medical device, covering a greater area.1. A medical device, comprising:
a substrate; a silane layer comprising at least one sulfur-functional silane and at least one additional silane, on at least a portion of the substrate; at least one additional component bound to the silane layer, the at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of monomers, polymers, bioactive agents, and combinations thereof. 2. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises an inert material selected from the group consisting of glass, ceramics, and metals. 3. The medical device of claim 2, wherein the substrate comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of gold, silver, copper, steel, aluminum, cobalt, chromium, platinum, titanium, niobium, tantalum, alloys thereof, and combinations thereof. 4. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the at least one sulfur-functional silane is selected from the group consisting of bis-[triethoxysilylpropyl]tetrasulfide, 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane, 2,2-dimethoxy-1-thia-2-silacyclo-pentane, 11-mercaptoundecyltrimethoxysilane,s-(octanoyl)mercaptopropyl-triethoxysilane, 2-(2-pyridylethyl)thiopropyltri-methoxysilane, 2-(4-pyridylethyl)thiopropyltri-methoxysilane, 3-thiocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane, 2-(3-trimethoxysilylpropylthio)-thiophene, mercaptomethylmethyldiethoxy-silane, 3-mercaptopropylmethyldimethoxy-silane, bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]-disulfide, bis-[m-(2-triethoxysilylethyl)tolyl]-polysulfide, bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]thio-urea, bis-triethoxy silyl propyl polysulfide, and combinations thereof. 5. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the at least one additional silane possesses functional groups selected from the group consisting of acrylates, methacrylates, aldehydes, amino, epoxy, esters, anhydride, azide, carboxylate, phosphonate, sulfonate, halogen, hydroxyl, isocyanate, masked isocyanate, phosphine, phosphate, vinyl, olefin, dipodal silanes, UV active components, fluorescent components, chiral components, biomolecular probes, silyl hydrides and combinations thereof. 6. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the at least one sulfur-functional silane is present in amounts from about 0.5% to about 95% by weight of the silane layer. 7. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the at least one additional silane is present in amounts from about 99.5% to about 5% by weight of the silane layer. 8. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the at least one additional component bound to the silane layer is selected from the group consisting of betaines, phosphorylcholines, [2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide, 3-(Methacryloylamino)propyl]dimethyl(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide inner salt, and combinations thereof. 9. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the at least one additional component bound to the silane layer comprises a phosphorylcholine selected from the group consisting of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, 2-acryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, 2-acryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 3-(meth)acryloyloxypropyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 4-(meth)acryloyloxybutyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 5-(meth)acryloyloxypentyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 6-(meth)acryloyloxyhexyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl-2′-(triethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl-2′-(tripropylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl-2′-(tributylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxypropyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxybutyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxypentyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyhexyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl-3′-(trimethylammonio)propyl phosphate, 3-(meth)acryloyloxypropyl-3′-(trimethylammonio)propyl phosphate, 4-(meth)acryloyloxybutyl-3′-(trimethylammonio)propyl phosphate, 5-(meth)acryloyloxypentyl-3′-(trimethylammonio)propyl phosphate, 6-(meth)acryloyloxyhexyl-3′-(trimethylammonio)propyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl-4′-(trimethylammonio)butyl phosphate, 3-(meth)acryloyloxypropyl-4′-(trimethylammonio)butyl phosphate, 4-(meth)acryloyloxybutyl-4′-(trimethylammonio)butyl phosphate, 5-(meth)acryloyloxypentyl-4′-(trimethylammonio)butyl phosphate, 6-(meth)acryloyloxyhexyl-4′-(trimethylammonio)butylphosphate, and combinations thereof. 10. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the at least one additional component is chemically bonded to the silane layer. 11. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the at least one additional component is covalently bonded to the silane layer. 12. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the at least one additional component comprises a bioactive agent selected from the group consisting of antimicrobials, analgesics, anesthetics, antihistamines, anti-inflammatories, cardiovascular drugs, diagnostic agents, sympathomimetics, cholinomimetics, antimuscarinics, antispasmodics, hormones, growth factors, muscle relaxants, adrenergic neuron blockers, antineoplastics, immunogenic agents, immunosuppressants, steroids, lipids, lipopolysaccharides, polysaccharides, enzymes, and combinations thereof. 13. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the medical device is selected from the group consisting of stents, filters, stent coatings, grafts, catheters, stent/grafts, clips and other fasteners, staples, sutures, pins, screws, prosthetic devices, drug delivery devices, anastomosis rings, surgical blades, contact lenses, intraocular lenses, surgical meshes, knotless wound closures, sealants, adhesives, intraocular lenses, anti-adhesion devices, anchors, tunnels, bone fillers, synthetic tendons, synthetic ligaments, tissue scaffolds, stapling devices, buttresses, lapbands, orthopedic hardware, pacers, pacemakers, and implants. 14. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the medical device comprises a stent. 15. A method for forming a silane layer on a surface of a medical device comprising:
contacting the surface of the medical device with at least one sulfur-functional silane and at least one additional silane to form the silane layer, and contacting the silane layer with at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of monomers, polymers, bioactive agents, and combinations thereof. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one sulfur-functional silane is selected from the group consisting of bis-[triethoxysilylpropyl]tetrasulfide, 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane, 2,2-dimethoxy-1-thia-2-silacyclo-pentane, 11-mercaptoundecyltrimethoxysilane, s-(octanoyl)mercaptopropyl-triethoxysilane, 2-(2-pyridylethyl)thiopropyltri-methoxysilane, 2-(4-pyridylethyl)thiopropyltri-methoxysilane, 3-thiocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane, 2-(3-trimethoxysilylpropylthio)-thiophene, mercaptomethylmethyldiethoxy-silane, 3-mercaptopropylmethyldimethoxy-silane, bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]-disulfide, bis-[m-(2-triethoxysilylethyl)tolyl]-polysulfide, bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]thio-urea, bis-triethoxy silyl propyl polysulfide, and combinations thereof. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one additional silane possesses functional groups selected from the group consisting of acrylates, methacrylates, aldehydes, amino, epoxy, esters, anhydride, azide, carboxylate, phosphonate, sulfonate, halogen, hydroxyl, isocyanate, masked isocyanate, phosphine, phosphate, vinyl, olefin, dipodal silanes, UV active components, fluorescent components, chiral components, biomolecular probes, silyl hydrides, and combinations thereof. 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising hydroxylating the surface of the medical device prior to contacting the surface with the at least one sulfur-functional silane and the at least one additional silane. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the surface of the medical device is hydroxylated by subjecting the surface to a treatment selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, ammonium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, tert-butyllyn hydroperoxide, potassium dichromate, perchloric acid, oxygen plasma, water plasma, corona discharge, ozone, UV, and combinations thereof. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one sulfur-functional silane is present in amounts from about 0.5% to about 95% by weight of the silane layer. 21. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one additional silane is present in amounts from about 99.5% to about 5% by weight of the silane layer. 22. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one sulfur-functional silane and the at least one additional silane are sequentially applied. 23. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one sulfur-functional silane and the at least one additional silane are applied in a single mixture. 24. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one additional component bound to the silane layer is selected from the group consisting of betaines, phosphorylcholines, [2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide, 3-(Methacryloylamino)propyl]dimethyl(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide inner salt, and combinations thereof. 25. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one additional component bound to the silane layer comprises a phosphorylcholine selected from the group consisting of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, 2-acryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, 2-acryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 3-(meth)acryloyloxypropyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 4-(meth)acryloyloxybutyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 5-(meth)acryloyloxypentyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 6-(meth)acryloyloxyhexyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl-2′-(triethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl-2′-(tripropylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl-2′-(tributylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxypropyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxybutyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxypentyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyhexyl-2′-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl-3′-(trimethylammonio)propyl phosphate, 3-(meth)acryloyloxypropyl-3′-(trimethylammonio)propyl phosphate, 4-(meth)acryloyloxybutyl-3′-(trimethylammonio)propyl phosphate, 5-(meth)acryloyloxypentyl-3′-(trimethylammonio)propyl phosphate, 6-(meth)acryloyloxyhexyl-3′-(trimethylammonio)propyl phosphate, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl-4′-(trimethylammonio)butyl phosphate, 3-(meth)acryloyloxypropyl-4′-(trimethylammonio)butyl phosphate, 4-(meth)acryloyloxybutyl-4′-(trimethylammonio)butyl phosphate, 5-(meth)acryloyloxypentyl-4′-(trimethylammonio)butyl phosphate, 6-(meth)acryloyloxyhexyl-4′-(trimethylammonio)butylphosphate, and combinations thereof. 26. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one additional component is chemically bonded to the silane layer. 27. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one additional component is covalently bonded to the silane layer. 28. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one additional component comprises a bioactive agent selected from the group consisting of antimicrobials, analgesics, anesthetics, antihistamines, anti-inflammatories, cardiovascular drugs, diagnostic agents, sympathomimetics, cholinomimetics, antimuscarinics, antispasmodics, hormones, growth factors, muscle relaxants, adrenergic neuron blockers, antineoplastics, immunogenic agents, immunosuppressants, steroids, lipids, lipopolysaccharides, polysaccharides, enzymes, and combinations thereof. 29. The method of claim 15, wherein the medical device is selected from the group consisting of stents, filters, stent coatings, grafts, catheters, stent/grafts, clips and other fasteners, staples, sutures, pins, screws, prosthetic devices, drug delivery devices, anastomosis rings, surgical blades, contact lenses, intraocular lenses, surgical meshes, knotless wound closures, sealants, adhesives, intraocular lenses, anti-adhesion devices, anchors, tunnels, bone fillers, synthetic tendons, synthetic ligaments, tissue scaffolds, stapling devices, buttresses, lapbands, orthopedic hardware, pacers, pacemakers, and implants. 30. The method of claim 15, wherein the medical device comprises a stent. | 1,700 |
3,070 | 14,489,632 | 1,782 | A moulding composition, comprising at least 40 wt. % of the following components:
a) 60 to 99 parts by wt. of a partially aromatic copolyamide which comprises as polymerized monomer units: I. 30 to 90 mol % of a combination of hexamethylenediamine and terephthalic acid; and II. 70 to 10 mol % of a lactam and/or of an ω-aminocarboxylic acid with 11 or 12 C atoms; and b) 40 to 1 parts by wt. of an olefinic copolymer comprising as polymerized monomer units: i) 35 to 94.9 wt. % of ethene-based monomer units, ii) 5 to 65 wt. % of monomer units based on a 1-alkene with 4 to 8 C atoms, iii) 0 to 10 wt. % of monomer units based on an olefin different from i) and ii), and iv) 0.1 to 2.5 wt. % of monomer units based on an aliphatically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid anhydride, wherein a sum of the weight % values of i), ii), iii) and iv) is 100%, and the sum of the parts by wt. of a) and b) is 100; which can is processed into moulded articles with improved thermal aging resistance is provided. | 1. A moulding composition, comprising at least 40 wt. % of the following components:
a) 60 to 99 parts by wt. of a partially aromatic copolyamide which comprises as polymerized monomer units: I. 30 to 90 mol % of a combination of hexamethylenediamine and terephthalic acid; and II. 70 to 10 mol % of a lactam and/or of an ω-aminocarboxylic acid with 11 or 12 C atoms, wherein the mol % values relate to the sum of I and II and wherein at most 20% of the hexamethylenediamine can be replaced by the equivalent quantity of another diamine and/or wherein at most 20% of the terephthalic acid can be replaced by the equivalent quantity of another aromatic dicarboxylic acid and/or 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid and/or wherein at most 20% of the repeating units of a lactam and/or of an ω-aminocarboxylic acid with 11 or 12 C atoms can be replaced respectively by the equivalent number of units which are derived from a combination of hexamethylenediamine and a linear aliphatic dicarboxylic acid with 8 to 19 C atoms and/or caprolactam; b) 40 to 1 parts by wt. of an olefinic copolymer comprising as polymerized monomer units: i) 35 to 94.9 wt. % of ethene-based monomer units, ii) 5 to 65 wt. % of monomer units based on a 1-alkene with 4 to 8 C atoms, iii) 0 to 10 wt. % of monomer units based on an olefin different from i) and ii), and iv) 0.1 to 2.5 wt. % of monomer units based on an aliphatically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid anhydride, wherein a sum of the weight % values of i), ii), iii) and iv) is 100%, and the sum of the parts by wt. of a) and b) is 100. 2. The moulding composition according to claim 1,
wherein a crystallite melting point Tm of the copolyamide a) is from 240° C. to 300° C. when determined according to ISO 11357, measured during the 2nd heating stage. 3. The moulding composition according to claim 1,
wherein a ratio of amino end groups to a sum of amino and carboxyl end groups of the partially aromatic copolyamide is from 0.3 to 0.7. 4. The moulding moulding composition according to claim 1,
wherein the monomer unit iii) of the olefinic copolymer b) does not comprise an unconjugated diene. 5. The moulding composition according to claim 1,
wherein the monomer unit iii) of the olefinic copolymer b) does not comprise styrene or propene. 6. The moulding composition according to claim 1, wherein
the olefinic copolymer consists of: i) 35 to 94.9 wt. % of ethene-based monomer units, ii) 5 to 65 wt. % of monomer units based on a 1-alkene with 4 to 8 C atoms, and iv) 0.1 to 2.5 wt. % of monomer units based on an aliphatically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid anhydride. 7. The moulding composition according to claim 1,
wherein the 1-alkene with 4 to 8 C atoms ii) is at least one of 1-butene, 1-hexene and 1-octene. 8. The moulding composition according to claim 1, further comprising 0.01 to 60 wt. % of an additive selected from the group consisting of a stabilizer, a polymer different from a) and b), a fibrous reinforcing material, a filler, a plasticizer, a pigment, a colorant, a flame retardant and a processing aid. 9. The moulding composition according to claim 8,
wherein the moulding composition comprises a stabilizer which is a copper-containing stabilizer. 10. The moulding composition according to claim 9, wherein the copper-containing stabilizer is a copper(I) salt in combination with an alkali metal halide. 11. The moulding composition according to claim 10, wherein the copper(I) salt is selected from the group consisting of copper acetate, copper stearate, copper acetylacetonate, and a copper halide. 12. The moulding composition according to claim 10, wherein the alkali metal halide is selected from the group consisting of iodides and bromides of lithium, sodium and potassium. 13. The moulding composition according to claim 9, wherein a copper content of the moulding composition is from 20 to 2000 ppm of copper. 14. The moulding composition according to claim 8,
wherein the moulding composition comprises a stabilizer which is an oxidation stabilizer. 15. A moulded article comprising the moulding composition of claim 1. 16. The moulded article according to claim 15, wherein the moulded article is a monolayer pipe or a multilayer pipe. 17. The moulded article according to claim 15, wherein the moulded article is a monolayer container or a multilayer container. | A moulding composition, comprising at least 40 wt. % of the following components:
a) 60 to 99 parts by wt. of a partially aromatic copolyamide which comprises as polymerized monomer units: I. 30 to 90 mol % of a combination of hexamethylenediamine and terephthalic acid; and II. 70 to 10 mol % of a lactam and/or of an ω-aminocarboxylic acid with 11 or 12 C atoms; and b) 40 to 1 parts by wt. of an olefinic copolymer comprising as polymerized monomer units: i) 35 to 94.9 wt. % of ethene-based monomer units, ii) 5 to 65 wt. % of monomer units based on a 1-alkene with 4 to 8 C atoms, iii) 0 to 10 wt. % of monomer units based on an olefin different from i) and ii), and iv) 0.1 to 2.5 wt. % of monomer units based on an aliphatically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid anhydride, wherein a sum of the weight % values of i), ii), iii) and iv) is 100%, and the sum of the parts by wt. of a) and b) is 100; which can is processed into moulded articles with improved thermal aging resistance is provided.1. A moulding composition, comprising at least 40 wt. % of the following components:
a) 60 to 99 parts by wt. of a partially aromatic copolyamide which comprises as polymerized monomer units: I. 30 to 90 mol % of a combination of hexamethylenediamine and terephthalic acid; and II. 70 to 10 mol % of a lactam and/or of an ω-aminocarboxylic acid with 11 or 12 C atoms, wherein the mol % values relate to the sum of I and II and wherein at most 20% of the hexamethylenediamine can be replaced by the equivalent quantity of another diamine and/or wherein at most 20% of the terephthalic acid can be replaced by the equivalent quantity of another aromatic dicarboxylic acid and/or 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid and/or wherein at most 20% of the repeating units of a lactam and/or of an ω-aminocarboxylic acid with 11 or 12 C atoms can be replaced respectively by the equivalent number of units which are derived from a combination of hexamethylenediamine and a linear aliphatic dicarboxylic acid with 8 to 19 C atoms and/or caprolactam; b) 40 to 1 parts by wt. of an olefinic copolymer comprising as polymerized monomer units: i) 35 to 94.9 wt. % of ethene-based monomer units, ii) 5 to 65 wt. % of monomer units based on a 1-alkene with 4 to 8 C atoms, iii) 0 to 10 wt. % of monomer units based on an olefin different from i) and ii), and iv) 0.1 to 2.5 wt. % of monomer units based on an aliphatically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid anhydride, wherein a sum of the weight % values of i), ii), iii) and iv) is 100%, and the sum of the parts by wt. of a) and b) is 100. 2. The moulding composition according to claim 1,
wherein a crystallite melting point Tm of the copolyamide a) is from 240° C. to 300° C. when determined according to ISO 11357, measured during the 2nd heating stage. 3. The moulding composition according to claim 1,
wherein a ratio of amino end groups to a sum of amino and carboxyl end groups of the partially aromatic copolyamide is from 0.3 to 0.7. 4. The moulding moulding composition according to claim 1,
wherein the monomer unit iii) of the olefinic copolymer b) does not comprise an unconjugated diene. 5. The moulding composition according to claim 1,
wherein the monomer unit iii) of the olefinic copolymer b) does not comprise styrene or propene. 6. The moulding composition according to claim 1, wherein
the olefinic copolymer consists of: i) 35 to 94.9 wt. % of ethene-based monomer units, ii) 5 to 65 wt. % of monomer units based on a 1-alkene with 4 to 8 C atoms, and iv) 0.1 to 2.5 wt. % of monomer units based on an aliphatically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid anhydride. 7. The moulding composition according to claim 1,
wherein the 1-alkene with 4 to 8 C atoms ii) is at least one of 1-butene, 1-hexene and 1-octene. 8. The moulding composition according to claim 1, further comprising 0.01 to 60 wt. % of an additive selected from the group consisting of a stabilizer, a polymer different from a) and b), a fibrous reinforcing material, a filler, a plasticizer, a pigment, a colorant, a flame retardant and a processing aid. 9. The moulding composition according to claim 8,
wherein the moulding composition comprises a stabilizer which is a copper-containing stabilizer. 10. The moulding composition according to claim 9, wherein the copper-containing stabilizer is a copper(I) salt in combination with an alkali metal halide. 11. The moulding composition according to claim 10, wherein the copper(I) salt is selected from the group consisting of copper acetate, copper stearate, copper acetylacetonate, and a copper halide. 12. The moulding composition according to claim 10, wherein the alkali metal halide is selected from the group consisting of iodides and bromides of lithium, sodium and potassium. 13. The moulding composition according to claim 9, wherein a copper content of the moulding composition is from 20 to 2000 ppm of copper. 14. The moulding composition according to claim 8,
wherein the moulding composition comprises a stabilizer which is an oxidation stabilizer. 15. A moulded article comprising the moulding composition of claim 1. 16. The moulded article according to claim 15, wherein the moulded article is a monolayer pipe or a multilayer pipe. 17. The moulded article according to claim 15, wherein the moulded article is a monolayer container or a multilayer container. | 1,700 |
3,071 | 14,364,712 | 1,723 | A flow battery includes a liquid electrolyte that has an electrochemically active specie and a bipolar plate that has channels for receiving flow of the liquid electrolyte. A porous electrode is arranged immediately adjacent the bipolar plate. The porous electrode is catalytically active with regard to the liquid electrolyte. The channels of the bipolar plate have at least one of a channel arrangement or a channel shape that is configured to positively force at least a portion of the flow of the liquid electrolyte into the porous electrode. | 1. A flow battery comprising:
a liquid electrolyte including an electrochemically active specie; a bipolar plate including channels for receiving flow of the liquid electrolyte; and a porous electrode immediately adjacent the bipolar plate, the porous electrode being catalytically active with regard to the liquid electrolyte, and wherein the channels of the bipolar plate have at least one of a channel arrangement or a channel shape that is configured to positively force at least a portion of the flow of the liquid electrolyte into the porous electrode. 2. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein the channel arrangement includes a first channel and a second, adjacent channel separated from the first channel by a rib. 3. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein the channels have a serpentine channel arrangement. 4. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein the channel shape defines a cross-sectional area that decreases from a channel inlet to a channel outlet. 5. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein the channel shape defines a cross-sectional area that increases from a channel inlet to a channel outlet. 6. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein the channels include first channels that each have a cross-sectional area that increases from a channel inlet to a channel outlet and second channels that each have a cross-sectional area that decreases from the channel inlet to the channel outlet, and the first channels are interdigitated with the second channels. 7. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the channels has a width extending between side walls and a depth extending between a bottom wall and an open top, and the channel shape includes a plurality of protrusions that extend from the bottom wall toward the open top. 8. The flow battery as recited in claim 7, wherein each of the plurality of protrusions extends from one of the side walls to the other of the side walls. 9. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the channels has a uniform cross-sectional area along its length, a width dimension (W) extending between side walls and a depth dimension (D) extending between a bottom wall and an open top, and wherein a scalable ratio W:D is from 1.5:1 to 3:1. 10. A flow battery comprising:
a liquid electrolyte including an electrochemically active specie; a bipolar plate including channels for receiving flow of the liquid electrolyte; and a porous electrode immediately adjacent the bipolar plate, the porous electrode being catalytically active with regard to the liquid electrolyte, and wherein the channels of the bipolar plate have at least one of the following features to positively force at least a portion of the flow of the liquid electrolyte into the porous electrode:
a channel arrangement including a first channel and a second, adjacent channel separated from the first channel by a rib, and
a channel shape having a cross-sectional area that varies over the length of the channel. 11. A method of operating a flow battery, the method comprising:
providing a bipolar plate including channels and a porous electrode immediately adjacent the bipolar plate; establishing a flow of a liquid electrolyte in the channels, the liquid electrolyte including an electrochemically active specie and the porous electrode being catalytically active with regard to the liquid electrolyte; and positively forcing at least a portion of the flow of the liquid electrolyte from the channels into the porous electrode. 12. The method as recited in claim 11, including positively forcing the at least a portion of the flow by establishing a pressure gradient between a first channel and a second, adjacent channel to force the at least a portion of the flow over a rib between the first channel and the second channel. 13. The method as recited in claim 11, including using a serpentine channel arrangement to positively force the at least a portion of the flow of the liquid electrolyte from the channels into the porous electrode. 14. The method as recited in claim 11, including using a channel shape that has a cross-sectional area that decreases from a channel inlet to a channel outlet to positively force the at least a portion of the flow of the liquid electrolyte from the channels into the porous electrode. 15. The method as recited in claim 11, including using a channel shape that has a cross-sectional area that increases from a channel inlet to a channel outlet to positively force the at least a portion of the flow of the liquid electrolyte from the channels into the porous electrode. 16. The method as recited in claim 11, including using a channel arrangement that has first channels that are interdigitated with second channels to positively force the at least a portion of the flow of the liquid electrolyte from the channels into the porous electrode, the first channels each having a cross-sectional area that increases from a channel inlet to a channel outlet and the second channels each having a cross-sectional area that decreases from the channel inlet to the channel outlet. 17. The method as recited in claim 11, including using a channel shape that has a width extending between side walls, a depth extending between a bottom wall and an open top and a plurality of protrusions extending from the bottom wall toward the open top to positively force the at least a portion of the flow of the liquid electrolyte from the channels into the porous electrode. 18. The method as recited in claim 11, wherein each channel has a uniform cross-sectional area along its length, a width dimension (W) extending between side walls and a depth dimension (D) extending between a bottom wall and an open top, and including using a scalable ratio W:D that is from 1.5:1 to 3:1 to positively force the at least a portion of the flow of the liquid electrolyte from the channels into the porous electrode. | A flow battery includes a liquid electrolyte that has an electrochemically active specie and a bipolar plate that has channels for receiving flow of the liquid electrolyte. A porous electrode is arranged immediately adjacent the bipolar plate. The porous electrode is catalytically active with regard to the liquid electrolyte. The channels of the bipolar plate have at least one of a channel arrangement or a channel shape that is configured to positively force at least a portion of the flow of the liquid electrolyte into the porous electrode.1. A flow battery comprising:
a liquid electrolyte including an electrochemically active specie; a bipolar plate including channels for receiving flow of the liquid electrolyte; and a porous electrode immediately adjacent the bipolar plate, the porous electrode being catalytically active with regard to the liquid electrolyte, and wherein the channels of the bipolar plate have at least one of a channel arrangement or a channel shape that is configured to positively force at least a portion of the flow of the liquid electrolyte into the porous electrode. 2. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein the channel arrangement includes a first channel and a second, adjacent channel separated from the first channel by a rib. 3. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein the channels have a serpentine channel arrangement. 4. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein the channel shape defines a cross-sectional area that decreases from a channel inlet to a channel outlet. 5. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein the channel shape defines a cross-sectional area that increases from a channel inlet to a channel outlet. 6. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein the channels include first channels that each have a cross-sectional area that increases from a channel inlet to a channel outlet and second channels that each have a cross-sectional area that decreases from the channel inlet to the channel outlet, and the first channels are interdigitated with the second channels. 7. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the channels has a width extending between side walls and a depth extending between a bottom wall and an open top, and the channel shape includes a plurality of protrusions that extend from the bottom wall toward the open top. 8. The flow battery as recited in claim 7, wherein each of the plurality of protrusions extends from one of the side walls to the other of the side walls. 9. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the channels has a uniform cross-sectional area along its length, a width dimension (W) extending between side walls and a depth dimension (D) extending between a bottom wall and an open top, and wherein a scalable ratio W:D is from 1.5:1 to 3:1. 10. A flow battery comprising:
a liquid electrolyte including an electrochemically active specie; a bipolar plate including channels for receiving flow of the liquid electrolyte; and a porous electrode immediately adjacent the bipolar plate, the porous electrode being catalytically active with regard to the liquid electrolyte, and wherein the channels of the bipolar plate have at least one of the following features to positively force at least a portion of the flow of the liquid electrolyte into the porous electrode:
a channel arrangement including a first channel and a second, adjacent channel separated from the first channel by a rib, and
a channel shape having a cross-sectional area that varies over the length of the channel. 11. A method of operating a flow battery, the method comprising:
providing a bipolar plate including channels and a porous electrode immediately adjacent the bipolar plate; establishing a flow of a liquid electrolyte in the channels, the liquid electrolyte including an electrochemically active specie and the porous electrode being catalytically active with regard to the liquid electrolyte; and positively forcing at least a portion of the flow of the liquid electrolyte from the channels into the porous electrode. 12. The method as recited in claim 11, including positively forcing the at least a portion of the flow by establishing a pressure gradient between a first channel and a second, adjacent channel to force the at least a portion of the flow over a rib between the first channel and the second channel. 13. The method as recited in claim 11, including using a serpentine channel arrangement to positively force the at least a portion of the flow of the liquid electrolyte from the channels into the porous electrode. 14. The method as recited in claim 11, including using a channel shape that has a cross-sectional area that decreases from a channel inlet to a channel outlet to positively force the at least a portion of the flow of the liquid electrolyte from the channels into the porous electrode. 15. The method as recited in claim 11, including using a channel shape that has a cross-sectional area that increases from a channel inlet to a channel outlet to positively force the at least a portion of the flow of the liquid electrolyte from the channels into the porous electrode. 16. The method as recited in claim 11, including using a channel arrangement that has first channels that are interdigitated with second channels to positively force the at least a portion of the flow of the liquid electrolyte from the channels into the porous electrode, the first channels each having a cross-sectional area that increases from a channel inlet to a channel outlet and the second channels each having a cross-sectional area that decreases from the channel inlet to the channel outlet. 17. The method as recited in claim 11, including using a channel shape that has a width extending between side walls, a depth extending between a bottom wall and an open top and a plurality of protrusions extending from the bottom wall toward the open top to positively force the at least a portion of the flow of the liquid electrolyte from the channels into the porous electrode. 18. The method as recited in claim 11, wherein each channel has a uniform cross-sectional area along its length, a width dimension (W) extending between side walls and a depth dimension (D) extending between a bottom wall and an open top, and including using a scalable ratio W:D that is from 1.5:1 to 3:1 to positively force the at least a portion of the flow of the liquid electrolyte from the channels into the porous electrode. | 1,700 |
3,072 | 14,651,797 | 1,715 | A process for making a sheet for packaging a foodstuff product, in particular a confectionery product, comprising the steps of:
providing a sheet material ( 4; 101 ) having a first side and a second side opposite to one another; and providing on said first side a surface structure having an array of formations in relief ( 2 ).
The process is characterized in that the step of providing said array of formations in relief envisages application on said first side of a discontinuous coating ( 2; 106 ) and/or a coating having a variable thickness that forms said array of formations in relief. | 1. A process for making a sheet for packaging a foodstuff product, in particular a confectionery product, comprising the steps of:
providing a sheet material (4; 101) having a first side and a second side opposite to one another; and providing on said first side a surface structure having an array of formations in relief (2) such as to determine on said material a visual and tactile effect of roughness; said process being characterized in that: said step of providing said array of formations in relief envisages application on said first side of a discontinuous coating (2; 106) and/or a coating having a variable thickness that forms said array of formations in relief. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein said step of application of said coating on said first side envisages application on said first side of a paint containing mineral fillers, which comes to constitute said coating. 3. The process according to claim 2, wherein said mineral fillers have a grain size of between 15 μm and 150 μm. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein said mineral fillers are substantially constituted by quartz and/or mica and/or silica. 5. The process according to either claim 2, wherein said step of application of said paint on said first side envisages:
providing a cylinder (105), made on the outer surface of which is an array of cavities that substantially reproduces in negative said array of formations in relief; filling said cavities with said paint; and carrying out an operation of printing, via said cylinder, on said first side of said sheet. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein coupled to said second side of said sheet material is a further sheet material (102), so as to form a plastically deformable semi-rigid laminar structure. 7. The process according to claim 1, which envisages coupling to said second side of said sheet material a further sheet material so as to obtain a plastically deformable semi-rigid laminar structure, said coupling step being performed after application of said coating (106) on said first side of said sheet material. 8. The process according to claim 1, which envisages coupling to said second side of said sheet material a further sheet material so as to obtain a plastically deformable semi-rigid laminar structure, said coupling step being performed prior to application of said coating (106) on said first side of said sheet material. 9. The process according to claim 6, which envisages providing said sheet materials coupled together via a co-extrusion process (111). 10. The process according to either claim 7, wherein said step of coupling together said sheet materials is performed via a process of lamination (108). 11. The process according to claim 6, wherein at least one of the two sheet materials is a plastic material, in particular polypropylene or polyester or polyethylene or polylactide or polyamide or polystyrene or polyvinyl chloride or else a combination of these, and, possibly, is treated with a process of metallization or lacquering. 12. The process according to claim 1, wherein said surface structure has a roughness of between 5 μm and 200 μm. 13. The process according to claim 1, comprising a step in which said sheet material with said coating applied thereon is subjected to an operation of thermoforming or heat sealing. 14. A sheet of packaging material obtained through the process according to claim 1. 15. A semi-rigid housing element for packages of foodstuff products, in particular confectionery products, comprising a semi-rigid laminar structure consisting of:
a first sheet material having a first side and a second side opposite to one another; and a second sheet material coupled on said second side of said first material; said housing element being characterized in that it has, on said first side of said first material, a discontinuous coating, and/or a coating having a variable thickness, which forms an array of formations in relief designed to determine a visual and tactile appearance of roughness. 16. The housing element according to claim 15, wherein said coating is a paint containing mineral fillers. 17. The housing element according to claim 16, wherein said mineral fillers have a grain size of between 15 μm and 150 μm. 18. The housing element according to claim 15, wherein said mineral fillers are substantially constituted by quartz and/or mica and/or silica. 19. The housing element according to claim 15, wherein at least one of the two sheet materials is a plastic material, in particular polypropylene, or polyester, or polyethylene, or polylactide, or polyamide, or polystyrene, or polyvinyl chloride, or else a combination of these, and, possibly, is treated with a process of metallization or lacquering. | A process for making a sheet for packaging a foodstuff product, in particular a confectionery product, comprising the steps of:
providing a sheet material ( 4; 101 ) having a first side and a second side opposite to one another; and providing on said first side a surface structure having an array of formations in relief ( 2 ).
The process is characterized in that the step of providing said array of formations in relief envisages application on said first side of a discontinuous coating ( 2; 106 ) and/or a coating having a variable thickness that forms said array of formations in relief.1. A process for making a sheet for packaging a foodstuff product, in particular a confectionery product, comprising the steps of:
providing a sheet material (4; 101) having a first side and a second side opposite to one another; and providing on said first side a surface structure having an array of formations in relief (2) such as to determine on said material a visual and tactile effect of roughness; said process being characterized in that: said step of providing said array of formations in relief envisages application on said first side of a discontinuous coating (2; 106) and/or a coating having a variable thickness that forms said array of formations in relief. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein said step of application of said coating on said first side envisages application on said first side of a paint containing mineral fillers, which comes to constitute said coating. 3. The process according to claim 2, wherein said mineral fillers have a grain size of between 15 μm and 150 μm. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein said mineral fillers are substantially constituted by quartz and/or mica and/or silica. 5. The process according to either claim 2, wherein said step of application of said paint on said first side envisages:
providing a cylinder (105), made on the outer surface of which is an array of cavities that substantially reproduces in negative said array of formations in relief; filling said cavities with said paint; and carrying out an operation of printing, via said cylinder, on said first side of said sheet. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein coupled to said second side of said sheet material is a further sheet material (102), so as to form a plastically deformable semi-rigid laminar structure. 7. The process according to claim 1, which envisages coupling to said second side of said sheet material a further sheet material so as to obtain a plastically deformable semi-rigid laminar structure, said coupling step being performed after application of said coating (106) on said first side of said sheet material. 8. The process according to claim 1, which envisages coupling to said second side of said sheet material a further sheet material so as to obtain a plastically deformable semi-rigid laminar structure, said coupling step being performed prior to application of said coating (106) on said first side of said sheet material. 9. The process according to claim 6, which envisages providing said sheet materials coupled together via a co-extrusion process (111). 10. The process according to either claim 7, wherein said step of coupling together said sheet materials is performed via a process of lamination (108). 11. The process according to claim 6, wherein at least one of the two sheet materials is a plastic material, in particular polypropylene or polyester or polyethylene or polylactide or polyamide or polystyrene or polyvinyl chloride or else a combination of these, and, possibly, is treated with a process of metallization or lacquering. 12. The process according to claim 1, wherein said surface structure has a roughness of between 5 μm and 200 μm. 13. The process according to claim 1, comprising a step in which said sheet material with said coating applied thereon is subjected to an operation of thermoforming or heat sealing. 14. A sheet of packaging material obtained through the process according to claim 1. 15. A semi-rigid housing element for packages of foodstuff products, in particular confectionery products, comprising a semi-rigid laminar structure consisting of:
a first sheet material having a first side and a second side opposite to one another; and a second sheet material coupled on said second side of said first material; said housing element being characterized in that it has, on said first side of said first material, a discontinuous coating, and/or a coating having a variable thickness, which forms an array of formations in relief designed to determine a visual and tactile appearance of roughness. 16. The housing element according to claim 15, wherein said coating is a paint containing mineral fillers. 17. The housing element according to claim 16, wherein said mineral fillers have a grain size of between 15 μm and 150 μm. 18. The housing element according to claim 15, wherein said mineral fillers are substantially constituted by quartz and/or mica and/or silica. 19. The housing element according to claim 15, wherein at least one of the two sheet materials is a plastic material, in particular polypropylene, or polyester, or polyethylene, or polylactide, or polyamide, or polystyrene, or polyvinyl chloride, or else a combination of these, and, possibly, is treated with a process of metallization or lacquering. | 1,700 |
3,073 | 14,703,585 | 1,777 | A method and apparatus for collecting agricultural manure in a confined animal feeding operation includes a separator which receives heavy manure removing particulate from suspension to produce light manure. Heavy manure is collected to a volume of heavy manure sufficient to substantially fill the first tank. Within the first tank, particulate migrates, due to the influence of gravity to form a layer containing manure comprising a lesser density of particulate than is present in the volume of heavy manure. Additional heavy manure buoys the layer such that the upper surface exceeds a height of a weir. The weir is situated in a channel communicating between the first tank and a second tank configured to receive light manure from the separator. | 1. A method for collecting agricultural manure in a confined animal feeding operation, the feeding operation having a separator which receives heavy manure removing particulate from suspension to produce light manure, comprising:
collecting in a first tank a volume of heavy manure sufficient to substantially fill the first tank; allowing particulate to migrate due to the influence of gravity from proximity to an upper surface of the volume of heavy manure thereby to form a layer containing manure comprising a lesser density of particulate than is present in the volume of heavy manure; receiving an additional volume of heavy manure so as to buoy the layer containing manure such that the upper surface exceeds a height of a weir, the weir being situated between a channel and a wall of which the first tank defines, the channel communicating between the first tank and a second tank; and receiving in the second tank, a volume of the manure comprising the lesser density of particulate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises:
receiving in the second tank, a volume of light manure sufficient to substantially fill the second tank to the height of the weir; and receiving in the second tank, an additional volume of light manure, the volume sufficient to overflow the weir and, thereby to flow into the first tank. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises:
drawing heavy manure from the first tank to feed the separator; removing, at the separator, a mass of particulate from the heavy manure to produce light manure; and conducting, from the separator, the produced light manure to flow into the first tank. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
adulterating heavy manure to feed the separator with a chemical selected to increase the mass of particulate the separator removes from a unit volume of heavy manure to produce light manure. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the separator is selected from a group consisting of a reception pit, a sediment tank, a sand lane, a centrifuge, a slope separator, a screen separator, a screw press, a roller press, a belt press, a filter press, a flighted conveyer screen, and a wedge wire screen. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising;
adjusting by either of raising or lowering the height of the weir to simultaneously adjust a first tank capacity and a second tank capacity such that raising the height of the weir increases each of the first tank capacity and the second tank capacity and lowering the height of the weir decreases each of the first tank capacity and the second tank capacity. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
transporting the volume of light manure to or from a lagoon for long-term storage in order to retain in the second tank a selected volume of light manure necessary to flush manure from surfaces the confined animal feeding operation comprises. 8. An apparatus for buffering a flow of heavy manure to a separator and receiving a flow of light manure the separator produces, the apparatus comprising:
a first tank for receiving the flow of heavy manure to retain a volume of heavy manure; a second tank for receiving the flow of light manure to retain a volume of light manure; a channel defined by each of a wall the first tank comprises and a wall the second tank comprises; and a weir situated within the channel to regulate flow along the channel between the first tank and the second tank. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein a weir height is adjustable such that by either of raising or lowering the height of the weir that raising or lowering simultaneously adjusts a first tank capacity and a second tank capacity such that raising the height of the weir increases each of the first tank capacity and the second tank capacity and lowering the height of the weir decreases each of the first tank capacity and the second tank capacity. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the second tank defines a lagoon conduit such that the volume of light manure can be either removed to the lagoon from the second tank or transported to the second tank from the lagoon in order to maintain a select volume of light manure in the second tank. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the separator is selected from a group consisting of a reception pit, a sediment tank, a sand lane, a centrifuge, a slope separator, a screen separator, a screw press, a roller press, a belt press, a filter press, a flighted conveyer screen, and a wedge wire screen. 12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the first tank defines a separator channel, the separator channel including a chemical feed configured for adulterating heavy manure drawn from the first tank to feed the separator, the chemical feed charged with a chemical selected to increase a mass of particulate the separator removes from a unit volume of heavy manure to produce light manure. 13. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the first tank includes a first tank pump to feed the separator. 14. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the second tank includes a second tank pump to transport light manure to flush surfaces of a confined animal feeding operation. 15. A confined animal feeding operation comprising:
a floor surface defining floor channels for receiving urine and feces from animals; nozzles situated to introduce a flow of light manure to the floor surface to flush urine and feces from the floor surface, entraining the urine and feces in light manure to produce heavy manure; a first tank for reception of heavy manure from the floor channels and collection of the heavy manure therein; a second tank for storage of the light manure, the second tank including a pump to feed the nozzles with the flow of light manure; a communicating channel extending from the first tank to the second tank and defining a weir having a weir height; and a separator to draw manure for separation from the first tank and in operation removing particulate from the heavy manure to produce light manure conducted to the second tank. 16. The confined animal feeding operation of claim 15, wherein the separator is selected from a group consisting of a reception pit, a sediment tank, a sand lane, a centrifuge, a slope separator, a screen separator, a screw press, a roller press, a belt press, a filter press, a flighted conveyer screen, and a wedge wire screen. 17. The confined animal feeding operation of claim 15, wherein the first tank defines a separator channel, the separator channel including a chemical feed configured for adulterating heavy manure drawn from the first tank to feed the separator, the chemical feed charged with a chemical selected to increase the mass of particulate the separator removes from a unit volume of heavy manure to produce light manure. 18. The confined animal feeding operation of claim 15, wherein the second tank defines a lagoon conduit such that a volume of light manure can be either removed to the lagoon from the second tank or transported to the second tank from the lagoon in order to maintain the selected volume of light manure in the second tank. 19. The confined animal feeding operation of claim 15, wherein the weir height is adjustable such that by either of raising or lowering the height of the weir that raising or lowering simultaneously adjusts a first tank capacity and a second tank capacity such that raising the height of the weir increases each of the first tank capacity and the second tank capacity and lowering the height of the weir decreases each of the first tank capacity and the second tank capacity. 20. The confined animal feeding application of claim 15, wherein the first tank includes a first tank pump to feed the separator. | A method and apparatus for collecting agricultural manure in a confined animal feeding operation includes a separator which receives heavy manure removing particulate from suspension to produce light manure. Heavy manure is collected to a volume of heavy manure sufficient to substantially fill the first tank. Within the first tank, particulate migrates, due to the influence of gravity to form a layer containing manure comprising a lesser density of particulate than is present in the volume of heavy manure. Additional heavy manure buoys the layer such that the upper surface exceeds a height of a weir. The weir is situated in a channel communicating between the first tank and a second tank configured to receive light manure from the separator.1. A method for collecting agricultural manure in a confined animal feeding operation, the feeding operation having a separator which receives heavy manure removing particulate from suspension to produce light manure, comprising:
collecting in a first tank a volume of heavy manure sufficient to substantially fill the first tank; allowing particulate to migrate due to the influence of gravity from proximity to an upper surface of the volume of heavy manure thereby to form a layer containing manure comprising a lesser density of particulate than is present in the volume of heavy manure; receiving an additional volume of heavy manure so as to buoy the layer containing manure such that the upper surface exceeds a height of a weir, the weir being situated between a channel and a wall of which the first tank defines, the channel communicating between the first tank and a second tank; and receiving in the second tank, a volume of the manure comprising the lesser density of particulate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises:
receiving in the second tank, a volume of light manure sufficient to substantially fill the second tank to the height of the weir; and receiving in the second tank, an additional volume of light manure, the volume sufficient to overflow the weir and, thereby to flow into the first tank. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises:
drawing heavy manure from the first tank to feed the separator; removing, at the separator, a mass of particulate from the heavy manure to produce light manure; and conducting, from the separator, the produced light manure to flow into the first tank. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
adulterating heavy manure to feed the separator with a chemical selected to increase the mass of particulate the separator removes from a unit volume of heavy manure to produce light manure. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the separator is selected from a group consisting of a reception pit, a sediment tank, a sand lane, a centrifuge, a slope separator, a screen separator, a screw press, a roller press, a belt press, a filter press, a flighted conveyer screen, and a wedge wire screen. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising;
adjusting by either of raising or lowering the height of the weir to simultaneously adjust a first tank capacity and a second tank capacity such that raising the height of the weir increases each of the first tank capacity and the second tank capacity and lowering the height of the weir decreases each of the first tank capacity and the second tank capacity. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
transporting the volume of light manure to or from a lagoon for long-term storage in order to retain in the second tank a selected volume of light manure necessary to flush manure from surfaces the confined animal feeding operation comprises. 8. An apparatus for buffering a flow of heavy manure to a separator and receiving a flow of light manure the separator produces, the apparatus comprising:
a first tank for receiving the flow of heavy manure to retain a volume of heavy manure; a second tank for receiving the flow of light manure to retain a volume of light manure; a channel defined by each of a wall the first tank comprises and a wall the second tank comprises; and a weir situated within the channel to regulate flow along the channel between the first tank and the second tank. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein a weir height is adjustable such that by either of raising or lowering the height of the weir that raising or lowering simultaneously adjusts a first tank capacity and a second tank capacity such that raising the height of the weir increases each of the first tank capacity and the second tank capacity and lowering the height of the weir decreases each of the first tank capacity and the second tank capacity. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the second tank defines a lagoon conduit such that the volume of light manure can be either removed to the lagoon from the second tank or transported to the second tank from the lagoon in order to maintain a select volume of light manure in the second tank. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the separator is selected from a group consisting of a reception pit, a sediment tank, a sand lane, a centrifuge, a slope separator, a screen separator, a screw press, a roller press, a belt press, a filter press, a flighted conveyer screen, and a wedge wire screen. 12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the first tank defines a separator channel, the separator channel including a chemical feed configured for adulterating heavy manure drawn from the first tank to feed the separator, the chemical feed charged with a chemical selected to increase a mass of particulate the separator removes from a unit volume of heavy manure to produce light manure. 13. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the first tank includes a first tank pump to feed the separator. 14. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the second tank includes a second tank pump to transport light manure to flush surfaces of a confined animal feeding operation. 15. A confined animal feeding operation comprising:
a floor surface defining floor channels for receiving urine and feces from animals; nozzles situated to introduce a flow of light manure to the floor surface to flush urine and feces from the floor surface, entraining the urine and feces in light manure to produce heavy manure; a first tank for reception of heavy manure from the floor channels and collection of the heavy manure therein; a second tank for storage of the light manure, the second tank including a pump to feed the nozzles with the flow of light manure; a communicating channel extending from the first tank to the second tank and defining a weir having a weir height; and a separator to draw manure for separation from the first tank and in operation removing particulate from the heavy manure to produce light manure conducted to the second tank. 16. The confined animal feeding operation of claim 15, wherein the separator is selected from a group consisting of a reception pit, a sediment tank, a sand lane, a centrifuge, a slope separator, a screen separator, a screw press, a roller press, a belt press, a filter press, a flighted conveyer screen, and a wedge wire screen. 17. The confined animal feeding operation of claim 15, wherein the first tank defines a separator channel, the separator channel including a chemical feed configured for adulterating heavy manure drawn from the first tank to feed the separator, the chemical feed charged with a chemical selected to increase the mass of particulate the separator removes from a unit volume of heavy manure to produce light manure. 18. The confined animal feeding operation of claim 15, wherein the second tank defines a lagoon conduit such that a volume of light manure can be either removed to the lagoon from the second tank or transported to the second tank from the lagoon in order to maintain the selected volume of light manure in the second tank. 19. The confined animal feeding operation of claim 15, wherein the weir height is adjustable such that by either of raising or lowering the height of the weir that raising or lowering simultaneously adjusts a first tank capacity and a second tank capacity such that raising the height of the weir increases each of the first tank capacity and the second tank capacity and lowering the height of the weir decreases each of the first tank capacity and the second tank capacity. 20. The confined animal feeding application of claim 15, wherein the first tank includes a first tank pump to feed the separator. | 1,700 |
3,074 | 14,321,288 | 1,796 | A method of manufacturing a building panel ( 10 ). The method includes applying a first binder and free lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles on a first surface of a carrier for forming a first layer ( 11 ), applying a second binder and free lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles on the first layer ( 11 ) for forming a second layer ( 12 ), wherein the first binder is different from the second binder, and applying heat and pressure to the first and second layers ( 11, 12 ) to form a building panel. Also, such a building panel ( 10 ). | 1. A method of manufacturing a building panel, comprising
applying a first binder and free lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles on a first surface of a carrier for forming a first layer, applying a second binder and free lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles on the first layer for forming a second layer, wherein the first binder is different from the second binder, and applying heat and pressure to the first and second layers to form a building panel. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the first binder is urea formaldehyde resin, a mixture comprising urea formaldehyde resin, or a co-polymer comprising urea formaldehyde resin. 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the first binder is phenol formaldehyde resin, a mixture comprising phenol formaldehyde resin, or a co-polymer comprising phenol formaldehyde resin. 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the second binder is melamine formaldehyde resin, a mixture comprising melamine formaldehyde resin, or a co-polymer comprising melamine formaldehyde resin. 5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the first binder comprises a thermoplastic binder and the second binder comprises a thermosetting binder. 6. A method according to claim 1, wherein applying the first binder and said free lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles comprises applying a first mix comprising the first binder and said free lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles. 7. A method according to claim 6, wherein the first mix is a first powder mix. 8. A method according to claim 1, wherein said first binder is applied in liquid form. 9. A method according to claim 8, wherein said free lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles are applied onto the liquid first binder. 10. A method according to claim 1, wherein applying the second binder and said free lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles comprises applying a second mix comprising the second binder and said free lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles. 11. A method according to claim 10, wherein the second mix is a second powder mix. 12. A method according to claim 1, wherein said second binder is applied in liquid form. 13. A method according to claim 12, wherein said free lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles are applied onto the liquid second binder. 14. A method according to claim 1, wherein the second layer further comprises wear resistant particles. 15. A method according to claim 1, wherein the carrier is a wood based board. 16. A method according to claim 1, further comprising applying a balancing layer on a second surface of the carrier being opposite to said first surface. 17. A method according to claim 1, wherein the binder concentration of the first layer substantially correspond to the binder concentration of the second layer. 18. A method according to claim 1, wherein the building panel is a floor panel. 19. A building panel, comprising
a carrier, a first layer arranged on a first surface of the carrier, a second layer arranged on the first layer, wherein the first layer comprises a mix of lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles and a first binder, and the second layer comprises a mix of lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles and a second binder, wherein the first binder is different from the second binder. 20. A building panel according to claim 19, wherein the first binder is urea formaldehyde resin, a mixture comprising urea formaldehyde resin, or a co-polymer comprising urea formaldehyde resin. 21. A building panel according to claim 19, wherein the first binder is phenol formaldehyde resin, a mixture comprising phenol formaldehyde resin, or a co-polymer comprising phenol formaldehyde resin. 22. A building panel according to claim 19, wherein the second binder is melamine formaldehyde resin, a mixture comprising melamine formaldehyde resin, or a co-polymer comprising melamine formaldehyde resin. 23. A building panel according to claim 19, wherein the first binder comprises a thermoplastic binder and the second binder comprises a thermosetting binder. 24. A building panel according to claim 19, further comprising a balancing layer arranged on a second surface of the carrier being opposite to said first surface, wherein the balancing layer comprises a mix comprising lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles and a binder. | A method of manufacturing a building panel ( 10 ). The method includes applying a first binder and free lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles on a first surface of a carrier for forming a first layer ( 11 ), applying a second binder and free lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles on the first layer ( 11 ) for forming a second layer ( 12 ), wherein the first binder is different from the second binder, and applying heat and pressure to the first and second layers ( 11, 12 ) to form a building panel. Also, such a building panel ( 10 ).1. A method of manufacturing a building panel, comprising
applying a first binder and free lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles on a first surface of a carrier for forming a first layer, applying a second binder and free lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles on the first layer for forming a second layer, wherein the first binder is different from the second binder, and applying heat and pressure to the first and second layers to form a building panel. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the first binder is urea formaldehyde resin, a mixture comprising urea formaldehyde resin, or a co-polymer comprising urea formaldehyde resin. 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the first binder is phenol formaldehyde resin, a mixture comprising phenol formaldehyde resin, or a co-polymer comprising phenol formaldehyde resin. 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the second binder is melamine formaldehyde resin, a mixture comprising melamine formaldehyde resin, or a co-polymer comprising melamine formaldehyde resin. 5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the first binder comprises a thermoplastic binder and the second binder comprises a thermosetting binder. 6. A method according to claim 1, wherein applying the first binder and said free lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles comprises applying a first mix comprising the first binder and said free lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles. 7. A method according to claim 6, wherein the first mix is a first powder mix. 8. A method according to claim 1, wherein said first binder is applied in liquid form. 9. A method according to claim 8, wherein said free lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles are applied onto the liquid first binder. 10. A method according to claim 1, wherein applying the second binder and said free lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles comprises applying a second mix comprising the second binder and said free lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles. 11. A method according to claim 10, wherein the second mix is a second powder mix. 12. A method according to claim 1, wherein said second binder is applied in liquid form. 13. A method according to claim 12, wherein said free lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles are applied onto the liquid second binder. 14. A method according to claim 1, wherein the second layer further comprises wear resistant particles. 15. A method according to claim 1, wherein the carrier is a wood based board. 16. A method according to claim 1, further comprising applying a balancing layer on a second surface of the carrier being opposite to said first surface. 17. A method according to claim 1, wherein the binder concentration of the first layer substantially correspond to the binder concentration of the second layer. 18. A method according to claim 1, wherein the building panel is a floor panel. 19. A building panel, comprising
a carrier, a first layer arranged on a first surface of the carrier, a second layer arranged on the first layer, wherein the first layer comprises a mix of lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles and a first binder, and the second layer comprises a mix of lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles and a second binder, wherein the first binder is different from the second binder. 20. A building panel according to claim 19, wherein the first binder is urea formaldehyde resin, a mixture comprising urea formaldehyde resin, or a co-polymer comprising urea formaldehyde resin. 21. A building panel according to claim 19, wherein the first binder is phenol formaldehyde resin, a mixture comprising phenol formaldehyde resin, or a co-polymer comprising phenol formaldehyde resin. 22. A building panel according to claim 19, wherein the second binder is melamine formaldehyde resin, a mixture comprising melamine formaldehyde resin, or a co-polymer comprising melamine formaldehyde resin. 23. A building panel according to claim 19, wherein the first binder comprises a thermoplastic binder and the second binder comprises a thermosetting binder. 24. A building panel according to claim 19, further comprising a balancing layer arranged on a second surface of the carrier being opposite to said first surface, wherein the balancing layer comprises a mix comprising lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles and a binder. | 1,700 |
3,075 | 15,342,998 | 1,746 | An induction heating compaction system is provided. The system includes an induction heating member and a compaction member. The induction heating member is configured to generate an electromagnetic field at a select frequency. The select frequency causes at least one of the fibers and matrix in pre-preg material to heat up. The compaction member has at least a portion that is made from a material that is transparent to the select frequency of the electromagnetic field generated by the induction heating member. The compaction member includes a cooling assembly that is configured and arranged to extract heat from the pre-preg material, while compacting the pre-preg material. | 1. A method of consolidating pre-preg material ply layers, the method comprising:
laying-up at least one first pre-preg material ply layer over at least one second pre-preg material ply layer on a contoured surface of a forming tool; inductively heating an area of at least one of fibers or matrix in the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer to soften the matrix in the heated area with an induction heater of a compaction member; compacting the heated area of the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer during the lay-up of the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer over the at least one second pre-preg material ply layer; while compacting the heated area, extracting heat energy from the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer and the at least one second pre-preg material ply layer with a cooling member within the compaction member; and joining the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer and the at least one second pre-preg material ply layer in a compact state. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising solidifying the at least one first pre-preg material layer and the at least one second pre-preg material ply layer in the compact state. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising
automatically laying up at least a portion of the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer over the at least one second pre-preg material ply layer. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating induction heat of a given frequency to apply heat energy to the at least one of the fibers or matrix in the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer with the induction heater. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising shielding at least some elements of the compaction member from heating effects of the induction heating. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising actively cooling the compaction member that compacts the heated area to extract the heat energy from the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer and the at least one second pre-preg material ply layer. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein compacting the heated area of the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer comprises applying a force to the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer with a compaction roller of the compaction member. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein compacting the heated area of the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer comprises applying a force to the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer with a compaction foot of the compaction member. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein extracting heat from the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer and the at least one second pre-preg material ply layer comprises cooling the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer and the at least one second pre-preg material ply layer with at least one of cooling passages or heat sink material of the compaction member. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising flowing at least one of a gas or a liquid through a flow path of the cooling passages. 11. A method of consolidating pre-preg material, the method comprising:
laying-up at least one first pre-preg material over a surface of a forming tool; laying-up at least one second pre-preg material over the at least one first pre-preg material and the forming tool; inductively heating a portion of the at least one second pre-preg material with an induction heater of a compaction member; compacting the portion of the at least one second pre-preg material over the at least one first pre-preg material; while compacting the portion of the at least one second pre-preg material, extracting heat energy from the portion of the at least one second pre-preg material with a cooling member of the compaction member. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising at least one of joining or solidifying the at least one first pre-preg material and the at least one second pre-preg material in a compact state. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein compacting the portion of the at least one second pre-preg material comprises applying a force to the at least one second pre-preg material with one of a compaction roller or a compaction foot of the compaction member. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein extracting heat from the at least one second pre-preg material comprises cooling the at least one second pre-preg material with cooling passages defined within the compaction member. 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising directing an electromagnetic field at a select frequency at the portion of the at least one second pre-preg material from the induction heater positioned within compaction member. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein extracting heat energy from the at least one second pre-preg material comprises transferring the heat energy from the at least one second pre-preg material to a portion of the cooling member within the compaction member. 17. The method of claim 11, further comprising inductive heating and extracting heat energy from the portion of the at least one second pre-preg material with the same component of the compaction member. 18. A method of consolidating material, the method comprising:
laying-up a material over a surface of a forming tool; laying-up another material comprising fibers and matrix over the material and the forming tool; inductively heating a portion of the another material with an induction heater of a compaction member; and compacting the heated area of the another material solely with the compaction member while extracting heat from the another material with a cooling member within the compaction member. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising directing an electromagnetic field at a select frequency at the portion of the another material from the induction heater positioned within compaction member. 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising actively cooling the another material with the cooling member. | An induction heating compaction system is provided. The system includes an induction heating member and a compaction member. The induction heating member is configured to generate an electromagnetic field at a select frequency. The select frequency causes at least one of the fibers and matrix in pre-preg material to heat up. The compaction member has at least a portion that is made from a material that is transparent to the select frequency of the electromagnetic field generated by the induction heating member. The compaction member includes a cooling assembly that is configured and arranged to extract heat from the pre-preg material, while compacting the pre-preg material.1. A method of consolidating pre-preg material ply layers, the method comprising:
laying-up at least one first pre-preg material ply layer over at least one second pre-preg material ply layer on a contoured surface of a forming tool; inductively heating an area of at least one of fibers or matrix in the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer to soften the matrix in the heated area with an induction heater of a compaction member; compacting the heated area of the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer during the lay-up of the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer over the at least one second pre-preg material ply layer; while compacting the heated area, extracting heat energy from the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer and the at least one second pre-preg material ply layer with a cooling member within the compaction member; and joining the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer and the at least one second pre-preg material ply layer in a compact state. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising solidifying the at least one first pre-preg material layer and the at least one second pre-preg material ply layer in the compact state. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising
automatically laying up at least a portion of the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer over the at least one second pre-preg material ply layer. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating induction heat of a given frequency to apply heat energy to the at least one of the fibers or matrix in the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer with the induction heater. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising shielding at least some elements of the compaction member from heating effects of the induction heating. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising actively cooling the compaction member that compacts the heated area to extract the heat energy from the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer and the at least one second pre-preg material ply layer. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein compacting the heated area of the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer comprises applying a force to the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer with a compaction roller of the compaction member. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein compacting the heated area of the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer comprises applying a force to the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer with a compaction foot of the compaction member. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein extracting heat from the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer and the at least one second pre-preg material ply layer comprises cooling the at least one first pre-preg material ply layer and the at least one second pre-preg material ply layer with at least one of cooling passages or heat sink material of the compaction member. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising flowing at least one of a gas or a liquid through a flow path of the cooling passages. 11. A method of consolidating pre-preg material, the method comprising:
laying-up at least one first pre-preg material over a surface of a forming tool; laying-up at least one second pre-preg material over the at least one first pre-preg material and the forming tool; inductively heating a portion of the at least one second pre-preg material with an induction heater of a compaction member; compacting the portion of the at least one second pre-preg material over the at least one first pre-preg material; while compacting the portion of the at least one second pre-preg material, extracting heat energy from the portion of the at least one second pre-preg material with a cooling member of the compaction member. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising at least one of joining or solidifying the at least one first pre-preg material and the at least one second pre-preg material in a compact state. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein compacting the portion of the at least one second pre-preg material comprises applying a force to the at least one second pre-preg material with one of a compaction roller or a compaction foot of the compaction member. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein extracting heat from the at least one second pre-preg material comprises cooling the at least one second pre-preg material with cooling passages defined within the compaction member. 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising directing an electromagnetic field at a select frequency at the portion of the at least one second pre-preg material from the induction heater positioned within compaction member. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein extracting heat energy from the at least one second pre-preg material comprises transferring the heat energy from the at least one second pre-preg material to a portion of the cooling member within the compaction member. 17. The method of claim 11, further comprising inductive heating and extracting heat energy from the portion of the at least one second pre-preg material with the same component of the compaction member. 18. A method of consolidating material, the method comprising:
laying-up a material over a surface of a forming tool; laying-up another material comprising fibers and matrix over the material and the forming tool; inductively heating a portion of the another material with an induction heater of a compaction member; and compacting the heated area of the another material solely with the compaction member while extracting heat from the another material with a cooling member within the compaction member. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising directing an electromagnetic field at a select frequency at the portion of the another material from the induction heater positioned within compaction member. 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising actively cooling the another material with the cooling member. | 1,700 |
3,076 | 14,762,484 | 1,782 | The invention provides a composition comprising the following components: A) a first composition, wherein the first composition comprises a first ethylene-based polymer and a second ethylene-based polymer, and wherein the ratio of the “high load melt index (I21) of the first composition” to the “high load melt index (I21) of the first ethylene-based polymer” is greater than, or equal to, 40, and B) one or more azide compounds present in an amount greater than, or equal to, 50 ppm, based on the weight of the first composition. | 1. A composition comprising the following components:
A) a first composition, wherein the first composition comprises a first ethylene-based polymer and a second ethylene-based polymer, and wherein the ratio of the “high load melt index (I21) of the first composition” to the “high load melt index (I21) of the first ethylene-based polymer” is greater than, or equal to, 40, and B) one or more azide compounds present in an amount greater than, or equal to, 50 ppm, based on the weight of the first composition. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first ethylene-based polymer has a high load melt index (I21) less than, or equal to, 0.30 g/10 min. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the weight average molecular weight Mw (of the first ethylene-based polymer) is greater than the weight average molecular weight Mw (of the second ethylene-based polymer). 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the first ethylene-based polymer to the second ethylene-based polymer is less than, or equal to, 1.5. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the component B is present in an amount from 50 to 100 ppm. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first composition has a density greater than 0.940 g/cm3. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first composition has a melt flow ratio (I21/I5) from 25 to 45. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises greater than, or equal to, 80 weight percent of the first composition, based on the weight of the composition. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first ethylene-based polymer has a density greater than, or equal to, 0.915 g/cm3. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first ethylene-based polymer is an ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer. 11. The composition of claim 10, wherein the α-olefin is selected from the group consisting of propylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene. 12. A rheology modified resin formed from the composition of claim 1. 13. A second composition comprising the rheology modified resin of claim 12. 14. An article comprising at least one component formed from the composition of claim 1. 15. The article of claim 14, wherein the article is selected from the following: a pipe, a molded container, a sheet, a geomembrane, a coating, a pipe fitting, or an injection molding fitting. | The invention provides a composition comprising the following components: A) a first composition, wherein the first composition comprises a first ethylene-based polymer and a second ethylene-based polymer, and wherein the ratio of the “high load melt index (I21) of the first composition” to the “high load melt index (I21) of the first ethylene-based polymer” is greater than, or equal to, 40, and B) one or more azide compounds present in an amount greater than, or equal to, 50 ppm, based on the weight of the first composition.1. A composition comprising the following components:
A) a first composition, wherein the first composition comprises a first ethylene-based polymer and a second ethylene-based polymer, and wherein the ratio of the “high load melt index (I21) of the first composition” to the “high load melt index (I21) of the first ethylene-based polymer” is greater than, or equal to, 40, and B) one or more azide compounds present in an amount greater than, or equal to, 50 ppm, based on the weight of the first composition. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first ethylene-based polymer has a high load melt index (I21) less than, or equal to, 0.30 g/10 min. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the weight average molecular weight Mw (of the first ethylene-based polymer) is greater than the weight average molecular weight Mw (of the second ethylene-based polymer). 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the first ethylene-based polymer to the second ethylene-based polymer is less than, or equal to, 1.5. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the component B is present in an amount from 50 to 100 ppm. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first composition has a density greater than 0.940 g/cm3. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first composition has a melt flow ratio (I21/I5) from 25 to 45. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises greater than, or equal to, 80 weight percent of the first composition, based on the weight of the composition. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first ethylene-based polymer has a density greater than, or equal to, 0.915 g/cm3. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first ethylene-based polymer is an ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer. 11. The composition of claim 10, wherein the α-olefin is selected from the group consisting of propylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene. 12. A rheology modified resin formed from the composition of claim 1. 13. A second composition comprising the rheology modified resin of claim 12. 14. An article comprising at least one component formed from the composition of claim 1. 15. The article of claim 14, wherein the article is selected from the following: a pipe, a molded container, a sheet, a geomembrane, a coating, a pipe fitting, or an injection molding fitting. | 1,700 |
3,077 | 14,384,862 | 1,788 | The invention relates to the use of an adhesive composition comprising at least one silyl-containing polymer, at least one compatible tackifying resin and at least one catalyst, to make a breathable self-adhesive article. The invention also relates to a breathable self-adhesive article comprising at least one breathable substrate coated with a breathable adhesive layer. The invention also relates to a pressure-sensitive adhesive composition. | 1. Method for making a breathable self-adhesive article, comprising a step of using an adhesive composition comprising at least one silyl-containing polymer, at least one compatible tackifying resin and at least one catalyst. 2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive article comprises a substrate and an adhesive layer. 3. Method according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive composition comprises:
a) from 20 to 85% by weight of at least one silyl-containing polymer, b) from 15 to 80% by weight of at least one tackifying resin, c) from 0.01 to 3% by weight of at least one catalyst. 4. Method according to claim 1, wherein the tackifying resin has a Softening Point inferior or equal to 150° C. 5. Method according to claim 1, wherein the silyl-containing polymer is selected from a silyl-containing polyether, a silyl-containing polyurethane, a silyl-containing polyurethane having polyurethane-polyether and polyurethane-polyester blocks, and mixtures thereof. 6. Method according to claim 1, wherein the tackifying resin is selected from phenol modified terpene resins, hydrocarbon resins, rosin ester resins, acrylic resins and mixtures thereof. 7. Method according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer having a coating weight below 50 g/m2 has a Moisture-Vapour Transmission Rate superior or equal to 300 g/m2/24 h. 8. Method according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer having a coating weight below or equal to 30 g/m2 has a Moisture-Vapour Transmission Rate superior or equal to 500 g/m2/24 h. 9. Method according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer having a coating weight superior or equal to 50 g/m2 has a Moisture-Vapour Transmission Rate superior or equal to 100 g/m2/24 h. 10. Method according to claim 1, wherein the substrate has a Moisture-Vapour Transmission Rate superior or equal to the Moisture-Vapour Transmission Rate of the adhesive layer. 11. Self-adhesive article comprising a substrate having a Moisture-Vapour Transmission Rate superior or equal to 1000 g/m2/24 h,
wherein at least one face of said substrate is coated with an adhesive layer obtained by curing an adhesive composition as disclosed in claim 1, said adhesive layer having a Moisture-Vapour Transmission Rate superior or equal to 300 g/m2/24 h for a coating weight below 50 g/m2 and a Moisture-Vapour Transmission Rate superior or equal to 100 g/m2/24 h for a coating weight superior or equal to 50 g/m2. 12. Self-adhesive article according to claim 11, wherein the adhesive layer having a coating weight below 50 g/m2 has a Moisture-Vapour Transmission Rate superior or equal to 500 g/m2/24 h. 13. Self-adhesive article according to claim 11 wherein the adhesive layer having a coating weight superior or equal to 50 g/m2 has a Moisture-Vapour Transmission Rate superior or equal to 200 g/m2/24 h. 14. Process for manufacturing the self-adhesive article according to claim 11, comprising the steps of:
a) Conditioning an adhesive composition as disclosed in any one of claim 1 to 10 at a temperature from 20° C. to 160° C., then b) Coating the adhesive composition obtained at step a) onto a carrying surface; then c) Curing the coated adhesive composition by heating the coated substrate at a temperature from 20° C. to 200° C. 15. Process according to claim 14 wherein the curing is carried out in an atmosphere in which from 5 to 100% of the molecules are water molecules. 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. Process according to claim 14, further comprising a step of laminating the cured adhesive layer onto a substrate having a Moisture-Vapour Transmission Rate superior or equal to 1000 g/m2/24 h. | The invention relates to the use of an adhesive composition comprising at least one silyl-containing polymer, at least one compatible tackifying resin and at least one catalyst, to make a breathable self-adhesive article. The invention also relates to a breathable self-adhesive article comprising at least one breathable substrate coated with a breathable adhesive layer. The invention also relates to a pressure-sensitive adhesive composition.1. Method for making a breathable self-adhesive article, comprising a step of using an adhesive composition comprising at least one silyl-containing polymer, at least one compatible tackifying resin and at least one catalyst. 2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive article comprises a substrate and an adhesive layer. 3. Method according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive composition comprises:
a) from 20 to 85% by weight of at least one silyl-containing polymer, b) from 15 to 80% by weight of at least one tackifying resin, c) from 0.01 to 3% by weight of at least one catalyst. 4. Method according to claim 1, wherein the tackifying resin has a Softening Point inferior or equal to 150° C. 5. Method according to claim 1, wherein the silyl-containing polymer is selected from a silyl-containing polyether, a silyl-containing polyurethane, a silyl-containing polyurethane having polyurethane-polyether and polyurethane-polyester blocks, and mixtures thereof. 6. Method according to claim 1, wherein the tackifying resin is selected from phenol modified terpene resins, hydrocarbon resins, rosin ester resins, acrylic resins and mixtures thereof. 7. Method according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer having a coating weight below 50 g/m2 has a Moisture-Vapour Transmission Rate superior or equal to 300 g/m2/24 h. 8. Method according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer having a coating weight below or equal to 30 g/m2 has a Moisture-Vapour Transmission Rate superior or equal to 500 g/m2/24 h. 9. Method according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer having a coating weight superior or equal to 50 g/m2 has a Moisture-Vapour Transmission Rate superior or equal to 100 g/m2/24 h. 10. Method according to claim 1, wherein the substrate has a Moisture-Vapour Transmission Rate superior or equal to the Moisture-Vapour Transmission Rate of the adhesive layer. 11. Self-adhesive article comprising a substrate having a Moisture-Vapour Transmission Rate superior or equal to 1000 g/m2/24 h,
wherein at least one face of said substrate is coated with an adhesive layer obtained by curing an adhesive composition as disclosed in claim 1, said adhesive layer having a Moisture-Vapour Transmission Rate superior or equal to 300 g/m2/24 h for a coating weight below 50 g/m2 and a Moisture-Vapour Transmission Rate superior or equal to 100 g/m2/24 h for a coating weight superior or equal to 50 g/m2. 12. Self-adhesive article according to claim 11, wherein the adhesive layer having a coating weight below 50 g/m2 has a Moisture-Vapour Transmission Rate superior or equal to 500 g/m2/24 h. 13. Self-adhesive article according to claim 11 wherein the adhesive layer having a coating weight superior or equal to 50 g/m2 has a Moisture-Vapour Transmission Rate superior or equal to 200 g/m2/24 h. 14. Process for manufacturing the self-adhesive article according to claim 11, comprising the steps of:
a) Conditioning an adhesive composition as disclosed in any one of claim 1 to 10 at a temperature from 20° C. to 160° C., then b) Coating the adhesive composition obtained at step a) onto a carrying surface; then c) Curing the coated adhesive composition by heating the coated substrate at a temperature from 20° C. to 200° C. 15. Process according to claim 14 wherein the curing is carried out in an atmosphere in which from 5 to 100% of the molecules are water molecules. 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. Process according to claim 14, further comprising a step of laminating the cured adhesive layer onto a substrate having a Moisture-Vapour Transmission Rate superior or equal to 1000 g/m2/24 h. | 1,700 |
3,078 | 14,646,411 | 1,768 | The present invention relates to a process for producing flexible polyurethane (PUR) foams with high comfort value and low hysteresis losses produced by reacting organic polyisocyanates containing di- and polyisocyanates of the diphenylmethane (MDI) group with polyoxyalkylene polyethers. | 1-13. (canceled) 14. A process for producing flexible PUR foams having a DIN EN ISO 3386-1-98 apparent density in the range of ≧63 kg/m3 to <83 kg/m3 and a DIN EN ISO 2439-1-2009 hysteresis of ≦16 comprising reacting component A comprising
A1 at least one polyether polyol having a functionality of 2 to 6, a DIN 53240 hydroxyl number (OH number) of 9 to 112 mg KOH/g, an ethylene oxide fraction of 5 to 40 wt %, based on the sum total of alkylene oxides used,
A2 water and/or physical blowing agents,
A3 optionally isocyanate-reactive hydrogen compounds having an OH number of 140 mg KOH/g to 1800 mg KOH/g,
A4 auxiliary and added-substance materials such as
a) catalysts,
b) surface-active added-substance materials, and
c) pigments or flame retardants,
wherein component A is free of polyricinoleic esters,
with
component B comprising
a mixture of di- and polyisocyanates of the diphenylmethane (MDI) series (B1), optionally one or more polyether polyols (B2) having a functionality of 2 to 8, preferably of 2 to 6, a DIN 53240 OH number of ≧9 mg KOH/g to ≦56 mg KOH/g, wherein the ratio of 4,4′-MDI to 2,4′-MDI is between 1.6 and 2.7 and total monomer content is 75 to 85 wt %, based on the sum total of isocyanates used,
wherein the flexible PUR foam is produced at an isocyanate index of 75 to 110. 15. The process as claimed in claim 14 wherein component Al contains at least one polyether polyol having a functionality of 2 to 6, a DIN 53240 hydroxyl number (OH number) of 9 to 112 mg KOH/g, an ethylene oxide fraction of 10 to 20 wt %, based on the sum total of alkylene oxides used. 16. The process as claimed in claim 14 comprising component A1 at 100 parts by weight;
component A2 at 0.5 to 5 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of component A1;
component A3 at 0 to 10 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of component A1, and
component A4 at 0.05 to 10 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of component A1. 17. The process as claimed in claim 14 wherein component A2 is water. 18. The process as claimed in claim 14 wherein the amount of component A2 is from 2.0 to 3.2 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of A1. 19. The process as claimed in claim 14 wherein component A1 comprises
A1.1 at least one polyether polyol having a functionality of 2 to 6, an EO content of 5 to 40 wt %, a DIN 53240 OH number of ≧9 mg KOH/g to ≦112 mg KOH/g,
A1.2 optionally at least one polyether polyol having a functionality of 2 to 6, an EO content of >60 wt %, a DIN 53240 OH number of ≧9 mg KOH/g to ≦112 mg KOH/g,
A1.3 optionally at least one dispersion of a polymer in a polyether polyol, wherein the DIN 53240 OH number of the dispersion is in the range from 9 to 60 mg KOH/g and wherein the polyether polyol has a hydroxyl functionality of 2 to 6, a PO content in an amount of 70 to 90 wt % and an EO content in an amount of 10 to 30 wt %. 20. The process as claimed in claim 14 wherein component B is an isocyanate-terminated urethane prepolymer obtained by reacting a mixture containing di- and polyisocyanates of the diphenylmethane (MDI) series (B1), wherein this mixture has a 4,4′-MDI to 2,4′-MDI isomer ratio between 1.6 and 2.7 and total monomer content is in the range from 75 to 85 wt %, based on the sum total of isocyanates used, with one or more polyether polyols (B2) having a functionality of 2 to 8, a DIN 53240 OH number of ≧9 mg KOH/g to ≦56 mg KOH/g. 21. The process as claimed in claim 20 wherein the urethane prepolymer has an NCO content of 22 to 32.5 wt %. 22. The process as claimed in claim 14 wherein component B is selected from the group consisting of di- and polyisocyanates from the MDI series (B1) and optionally one or more polyether polyols (B2). 23. The process as claimed in claim 14 wherein the flexible PUR foams are produced as molded foams in a cold-cure process. 24. A flexible polyurethane foam obtained by the process as claimed in claim 14. 25. The flexible polyurethane foam as claimed in claim 24 wherein the flexible PUR foam has an ethylene oxide (EO) fraction of ≦30 wt %, based on the sum total of all alkylene oxide fractions in the polyether polyols used for producing the flexible PUR foam. 26. A method comprising utilizing the flexible polyurethane foam as claimed in claim 24 in the manufacture of furniture cushioning, textile inserts, mattresses, automotive seats, headrests, arm rests, sponges, component elements, and dashboard trim. | The present invention relates to a process for producing flexible polyurethane (PUR) foams with high comfort value and low hysteresis losses produced by reacting organic polyisocyanates containing di- and polyisocyanates of the diphenylmethane (MDI) group with polyoxyalkylene polyethers.1-13. (canceled) 14. A process for producing flexible PUR foams having a DIN EN ISO 3386-1-98 apparent density in the range of ≧63 kg/m3 to <83 kg/m3 and a DIN EN ISO 2439-1-2009 hysteresis of ≦16 comprising reacting component A comprising
A1 at least one polyether polyol having a functionality of 2 to 6, a DIN 53240 hydroxyl number (OH number) of 9 to 112 mg KOH/g, an ethylene oxide fraction of 5 to 40 wt %, based on the sum total of alkylene oxides used,
A2 water and/or physical blowing agents,
A3 optionally isocyanate-reactive hydrogen compounds having an OH number of 140 mg KOH/g to 1800 mg KOH/g,
A4 auxiliary and added-substance materials such as
a) catalysts,
b) surface-active added-substance materials, and
c) pigments or flame retardants,
wherein component A is free of polyricinoleic esters,
with
component B comprising
a mixture of di- and polyisocyanates of the diphenylmethane (MDI) series (B1), optionally one or more polyether polyols (B2) having a functionality of 2 to 8, preferably of 2 to 6, a DIN 53240 OH number of ≧9 mg KOH/g to ≦56 mg KOH/g, wherein the ratio of 4,4′-MDI to 2,4′-MDI is between 1.6 and 2.7 and total monomer content is 75 to 85 wt %, based on the sum total of isocyanates used,
wherein the flexible PUR foam is produced at an isocyanate index of 75 to 110. 15. The process as claimed in claim 14 wherein component Al contains at least one polyether polyol having a functionality of 2 to 6, a DIN 53240 hydroxyl number (OH number) of 9 to 112 mg KOH/g, an ethylene oxide fraction of 10 to 20 wt %, based on the sum total of alkylene oxides used. 16. The process as claimed in claim 14 comprising component A1 at 100 parts by weight;
component A2 at 0.5 to 5 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of component A1;
component A3 at 0 to 10 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of component A1, and
component A4 at 0.05 to 10 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of component A1. 17. The process as claimed in claim 14 wherein component A2 is water. 18. The process as claimed in claim 14 wherein the amount of component A2 is from 2.0 to 3.2 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of A1. 19. The process as claimed in claim 14 wherein component A1 comprises
A1.1 at least one polyether polyol having a functionality of 2 to 6, an EO content of 5 to 40 wt %, a DIN 53240 OH number of ≧9 mg KOH/g to ≦112 mg KOH/g,
A1.2 optionally at least one polyether polyol having a functionality of 2 to 6, an EO content of >60 wt %, a DIN 53240 OH number of ≧9 mg KOH/g to ≦112 mg KOH/g,
A1.3 optionally at least one dispersion of a polymer in a polyether polyol, wherein the DIN 53240 OH number of the dispersion is in the range from 9 to 60 mg KOH/g and wherein the polyether polyol has a hydroxyl functionality of 2 to 6, a PO content in an amount of 70 to 90 wt % and an EO content in an amount of 10 to 30 wt %. 20. The process as claimed in claim 14 wherein component B is an isocyanate-terminated urethane prepolymer obtained by reacting a mixture containing di- and polyisocyanates of the diphenylmethane (MDI) series (B1), wherein this mixture has a 4,4′-MDI to 2,4′-MDI isomer ratio between 1.6 and 2.7 and total monomer content is in the range from 75 to 85 wt %, based on the sum total of isocyanates used, with one or more polyether polyols (B2) having a functionality of 2 to 8, a DIN 53240 OH number of ≧9 mg KOH/g to ≦56 mg KOH/g. 21. The process as claimed in claim 20 wherein the urethane prepolymer has an NCO content of 22 to 32.5 wt %. 22. The process as claimed in claim 14 wherein component B is selected from the group consisting of di- and polyisocyanates from the MDI series (B1) and optionally one or more polyether polyols (B2). 23. The process as claimed in claim 14 wherein the flexible PUR foams are produced as molded foams in a cold-cure process. 24. A flexible polyurethane foam obtained by the process as claimed in claim 14. 25. The flexible polyurethane foam as claimed in claim 24 wherein the flexible PUR foam has an ethylene oxide (EO) fraction of ≦30 wt %, based on the sum total of all alkylene oxide fractions in the polyether polyols used for producing the flexible PUR foam. 26. A method comprising utilizing the flexible polyurethane foam as claimed in claim 24 in the manufacture of furniture cushioning, textile inserts, mattresses, automotive seats, headrests, arm rests, sponges, component elements, and dashboard trim. | 1,700 |
3,079 | 14,866,103 | 1,722 | A secondary battery includes an alkaline electrolyte and a negative electrode in contact with the alkaline electrolyte. The negative electrode includes a conductive metal substrate having thereon a metal alloy coating including nickel and an amorphous phase containing phosphorous. | 1. A secondary battery comprising:
an alkaline electrolyte; and a negative electrode in contact with the alkaline electrolyte and including a conductive metal substrate having thereon an amorphousa metal alloy coating of nickel and phosphorous. 2. The secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the amorphous metal alloy coating also includes cobalt. 3. The secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the amorphous metal alloy coating also includes copper. 4. The secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the amorphous metal alloy coating also includes iron. 5. The secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the conductive metal substrate is iron or an iron alloy. 6. A secondary battery comprising:
an alkaline electrolyte; and a negative electrode in contact with the alkaline electrolyte and including a conductive metal substrate having thereon a cobalt coating. 7. The secondary battery of claim 6, wherein the conductive metal substrate is iron or an iron alloy. 8. A secondary battery comprising:
an alkaline electrolyte; and a negative electrode in contact with the alkaline electrolyte and including a conductive metal substrate having thereon a metal alloy coating including cobalt. 9. The secondary battery of claim 8, wherein the metal alloy coating also includes an amorphous phase containing phosphorous. 10. The secondary battery of claim 8, wherein the metal alloy coating also includes copper. 11. The secondary battery of claim 8, wherein the metal alloy coating also includes iron. 12. The secondary battery of claim 8, wherein the metal alloy coating also includes nickel. 13. The secondary battery of claim 8, wherein the conductive metal substrate is iron or an iron alloy. | A secondary battery includes an alkaline electrolyte and a negative electrode in contact with the alkaline electrolyte. The negative electrode includes a conductive metal substrate having thereon a metal alloy coating including nickel and an amorphous phase containing phosphorous.1. A secondary battery comprising:
an alkaline electrolyte; and a negative electrode in contact with the alkaline electrolyte and including a conductive metal substrate having thereon an amorphousa metal alloy coating of nickel and phosphorous. 2. The secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the amorphous metal alloy coating also includes cobalt. 3. The secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the amorphous metal alloy coating also includes copper. 4. The secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the amorphous metal alloy coating also includes iron. 5. The secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the conductive metal substrate is iron or an iron alloy. 6. A secondary battery comprising:
an alkaline electrolyte; and a negative electrode in contact with the alkaline electrolyte and including a conductive metal substrate having thereon a cobalt coating. 7. The secondary battery of claim 6, wherein the conductive metal substrate is iron or an iron alloy. 8. A secondary battery comprising:
an alkaline electrolyte; and a negative electrode in contact with the alkaline electrolyte and including a conductive metal substrate having thereon a metal alloy coating including cobalt. 9. The secondary battery of claim 8, wherein the metal alloy coating also includes an amorphous phase containing phosphorous. 10. The secondary battery of claim 8, wherein the metal alloy coating also includes copper. 11. The secondary battery of claim 8, wherein the metal alloy coating also includes iron. 12. The secondary battery of claim 8, wherein the metal alloy coating also includes nickel. 13. The secondary battery of claim 8, wherein the conductive metal substrate is iron or an iron alloy. | 1,700 |
3,080 | 14,468,702 | 1,726 | In accordance with one embodiment, a bipolar solid state battery includes a first cell stack including a first solid-electrolyte separator positioned between a first cathode and a first anode, a first base layer including a first base portion positioned directly beneath the first anode, a second cell stack including a second solid-electrolyte separator positioned between a second cathode and a second anode, a second base layer including a second base portion positioned directly beneath the second anode, and a thermally insulating medium surrounding the first cell stack and the second cell stack. | 1. A bipolar solid state battery, comprising:
a first cell stack including a first solid-electrolyte separator positioned between a first cathode and a first anode; a first base layer including a first base portion positioned directly beneath the first anode; a second cell stack including a second solid-electrolyte separator positioned between a second cathode and a second anode; a second base layer including a second base portion positioned directly beneath the second anode; and a thermally insulating medium surrounding the first cell stack and the second cell stack. 2. The battery of claim 1, wherein the thermally insulating medium comprises a polymer. 3. The battery of claim 2, wherein the thermally insulating medium comprises
a thermally conductive and electronically insulating solid. 4. The battery of claim 1, wherein the thermally insulating medium comprises a fluid. 5. The battery of claim 4, wherein the thermally insulating fluid is in fluid contact with the first cell stack and the second cell stack. 6. The battery of claim 5, wherein the thermally insulating fluid comprises:
a thermally conductive and electronically insulating solid. 7. The battery of claim 6, wherein the insulating fluid comprises:
a non-flammable oil. 8. The battery of claim 7, further comprising:
an inner packaging layer surrounding the first cell stack and the second cell stack; and an outer packaging layer spaced apart from the inner packaging layer, and surrounding the first cell stack and the second cell stack, wherein the thermally insulating fluid is contained between the inner packaging layer and the outer packaging layer. 9. The battery of claim 8, wherein the thermally insulating fluid comprises:
a thermally conductive and electronically insulating solid. 10. The battery of claim 9, wherein the insulating fluid comprises:
a non-flammable oil. 11. The battery of claim 10, further comprising:
a cooling plate in thermal communication with the outer packaging layer. 12. The battery of claim 11, wherein the cooling plate comprises:
a thermally controlled fluid within a cooling coil. 13. A method of forming a bipolar solid state battery, comprising:
providing a first cell stack including a first solid-electrolyte separator positioned between a first cathode and a first anode; positioning a first base portion of a first base layer directly beneath the first anode; providing a second cell stack including a second solid-electrolyte separator positioned between a second cathode and a second anode; positioning a second base portion of a second base layer directly beneath the second anode; and surrounding the first cell stack and the second cell stack with a thermally insulating medium. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein surrounding the first cell stack and the second cell stack comprises:
surrounding the first cell stack and the second cell stack with a polymer. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein surrounding the first cell stack and the second cell stack comprises:
surrounding the first cell stack and the second cell stack with a non-flammable fluid. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein surrounding the first cell stack and the second cell stack comprises:
placing the thermally insulating fluid in fluid contact with the first cell stack and the second cell stack. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising:
surrounding the first cell stack and the second cell stack with an inner packaging layer; and surrounding the inner packaging with an outer packaging layer spaced apart from the inner packaging layer, wherein surrounding the first cell stack and the second cell stack with a thermally insulating medium comprises: placing the thermally insulating fluid in a space between the inner packaging layer and the outer packaging layer. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising:
placing a thermally conductive and electronically insulating solid in the thermally insulating fluid. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
positioning a cooling plate in thermal communication with the outer packaging layer. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising:
filling a cooling coil in the cooling plate with a thermally controlled fluid. | In accordance with one embodiment, a bipolar solid state battery includes a first cell stack including a first solid-electrolyte separator positioned between a first cathode and a first anode, a first base layer including a first base portion positioned directly beneath the first anode, a second cell stack including a second solid-electrolyte separator positioned between a second cathode and a second anode, a second base layer including a second base portion positioned directly beneath the second anode, and a thermally insulating medium surrounding the first cell stack and the second cell stack.1. A bipolar solid state battery, comprising:
a first cell stack including a first solid-electrolyte separator positioned between a first cathode and a first anode; a first base layer including a first base portion positioned directly beneath the first anode; a second cell stack including a second solid-electrolyte separator positioned between a second cathode and a second anode; a second base layer including a second base portion positioned directly beneath the second anode; and a thermally insulating medium surrounding the first cell stack and the second cell stack. 2. The battery of claim 1, wherein the thermally insulating medium comprises a polymer. 3. The battery of claim 2, wherein the thermally insulating medium comprises
a thermally conductive and electronically insulating solid. 4. The battery of claim 1, wherein the thermally insulating medium comprises a fluid. 5. The battery of claim 4, wherein the thermally insulating fluid is in fluid contact with the first cell stack and the second cell stack. 6. The battery of claim 5, wherein the thermally insulating fluid comprises:
a thermally conductive and electronically insulating solid. 7. The battery of claim 6, wherein the insulating fluid comprises:
a non-flammable oil. 8. The battery of claim 7, further comprising:
an inner packaging layer surrounding the first cell stack and the second cell stack; and an outer packaging layer spaced apart from the inner packaging layer, and surrounding the first cell stack and the second cell stack, wherein the thermally insulating fluid is contained between the inner packaging layer and the outer packaging layer. 9. The battery of claim 8, wherein the thermally insulating fluid comprises:
a thermally conductive and electronically insulating solid. 10. The battery of claim 9, wherein the insulating fluid comprises:
a non-flammable oil. 11. The battery of claim 10, further comprising:
a cooling plate in thermal communication with the outer packaging layer. 12. The battery of claim 11, wherein the cooling plate comprises:
a thermally controlled fluid within a cooling coil. 13. A method of forming a bipolar solid state battery, comprising:
providing a first cell stack including a first solid-electrolyte separator positioned between a first cathode and a first anode; positioning a first base portion of a first base layer directly beneath the first anode; providing a second cell stack including a second solid-electrolyte separator positioned between a second cathode and a second anode; positioning a second base portion of a second base layer directly beneath the second anode; and surrounding the first cell stack and the second cell stack with a thermally insulating medium. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein surrounding the first cell stack and the second cell stack comprises:
surrounding the first cell stack and the second cell stack with a polymer. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein surrounding the first cell stack and the second cell stack comprises:
surrounding the first cell stack and the second cell stack with a non-flammable fluid. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein surrounding the first cell stack and the second cell stack comprises:
placing the thermally insulating fluid in fluid contact with the first cell stack and the second cell stack. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising:
surrounding the first cell stack and the second cell stack with an inner packaging layer; and surrounding the inner packaging with an outer packaging layer spaced apart from the inner packaging layer, wherein surrounding the first cell stack and the second cell stack with a thermally insulating medium comprises: placing the thermally insulating fluid in a space between the inner packaging layer and the outer packaging layer. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising:
placing a thermally conductive and electronically insulating solid in the thermally insulating fluid. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
positioning a cooling plate in thermal communication with the outer packaging layer. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising:
filling a cooling coil in the cooling plate with a thermally controlled fluid. | 1,700 |
3,081 | 15,158,656 | 1,747 | The present disclosure relates to methods and apparatuses for imparting a first line of weakness and a second line of weakness into one or more layers of an advancing substrate, such as a belt assembly. The first line of weakness is coincident with the second line of weakness. The advancing substrate may be a belt assembly including an outer layer, an inner layer, and one or more elastic strands disposed between the outer layer and the inner layer. A first surface of the belt assembly may be acted on by a first laser beam that operatively engages a first scan head and a second surface of the belt assembly may be acted on by a second laser beam that operatively engages a second scan head. A trim removal member may be used to separate the first and second lines of weakness forming a trim portion and a separation edge. | 1. A method for manufacturing an absorbent article, the method comprising:
advancing a belt assembly, wherein the belt assembly comprises a first surface and a second surface; and advancing the belt assembly to a first laser assembly, where the first laser assembly comprises a first laser source positioned adjacent the first surface and a second laser source positioned adjacent the second surface, wherein the first laser source operatively engages the first surface of the belt assembly imparting a first line of weakness on the first surface of the belt assembly and the second laser source operatively engages that second surface of the belt assembly imparting a second line of weakness on the second surface of the belt assembly, wherein the first line of weakness and the second line of weakness are coincident. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the belt assembly comprises a first substrate and a second substrate in facing relationship. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the belt assembly comprises one or more elastic strands disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising the step of advancing the belt assembly to a third laser source, wherein the third laser source severs a portion of the one or more elastic strands forming a gap in the one or more elastic strands. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of:
advancing a discrete component on a carrier member; rotating a transfer member about a first axis of rotation, wherein the transfer member comprises a substantially flat transfer surface; accepting the discrete article on the substantially flat transfer surface; and positioning the discrete component on a portion of the belt assembly. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first line of weakness and the second line of weakness includes one or more discrete lines of weakness. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first line of weakness and the second line of weakness is a continuous line of weakness. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of advancing the belt assembly around a portion of a first guide roller, wherein the first guide roller comprises a first outer circumferential surface and is configured to rotate about a first axis of rotation, and wherein the first guide roller is positioned upstream in a machine direction of the laser assembly. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising the step of advancing the belt assembly around a portion of a second guide roller, wherein the second guide roller comprises a second outer circumferential surface and is configured to rotate about a second axis of rotation, and wherein the second guide roller is positioned downstream in a machine direction of the laser assembly. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein at least one of the first outer circumferential surface and the second outer circumferential surface comprise one or more grooves. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the first surface of the belt assembly is disposed on the first outer circumferential surface and the second outer circumferential surface. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the first surface of the belt assembly is disposed on the first outer circumferential surface and the second surface of the belt assembly is disposed on the second outer circumferential surface. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of advancing the belt assembly including the discrete component to a trim removal member, wherein the trim removal member removes the trim from the first and second lines of weakness forming a separation edge. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the first scan head is offset from the second scan head. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the first laser source emits a first laser beam configured to engage a first scan head and the second laser source emits a second laser beam configured to engage a second scan head, and wherein the first scan head is at an angle to the second scan head. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the first laser source emits a first laser beam configured to engage a first scan head and the second laser source emits a second laser beam configured to engage a second scan head, and wherein the first scan head is parallel to the second scan head. 17. A method for manufacturing an absorbent article, the method comprising:
rotating a first guide roller about a first axis of rotation; rotating a second guide roller about a second axis of rotation, wherein the first guide roller is adjacent the second guide roller; advancing a belt assembly around a portion of the first guide roller, wherein the belt assembly comprises a first substrate and a second substrate; disposing the second substrate of the belt assembly on an outer circumferential surface of the first guide roll; advancing the belt assembly to a first laser beam, wherein the first laser beam imparts a first line of weakness into the first substrate; advancing the substrate assembly between the first guide roller and the second guide roller; disposing the first substrate of the belt assembly on an outer circumferential surface of the second guide roll; and advancing the belt assembly to a second laser beam, wherein the second laser beam imparts a second line of weakness into the second substrate, wherein the second line of weakness is coincident with the first line of weakness. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising the step of advancing the belt assembly to a trim removal member, wherein the trim removal member separates the line of weakness forming a trim portion and a separation edge. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the belt assembly comprises one or more elastic strands disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the belt assembly comprises a first belt and a second belt. 21. The method of claim 17, wherein the belt assembly comprises a body substrate. 22. The method of claim 17, wherein the first laser beam is emitted by a first laser source and the second laser beam is emitted by a second laser source. 23. The method of claim 17, wherein the first laser beam operatively engages a first scan head and the second laser beam operatively engages a second scan head. 24. A method for manufacturing an absorbent article, the method comprising:
advancing a belt assembly around a portion of a first guide roller, wherein the belt assembly comprises a first surface and a second surface; advancing the belt assembly around a portion of a second guide roller, wherein an unsupported portion of the belt assembly is suspended between the first guide roller and the second guide roller; imparting a first line of weakness into the first surface of the belt assembly using a first laser beam, wherein the first laser beam acts on the unsupported portion of the belt assembly between the first guide roller and the second guide roller; imparting a second line of weakness into the second surface of the belt assembly using a second laser beam, wherein the second laser beam acts on the unsupported portion of the belt assembly between the first guide roller and the second guide roller; wherein the first line of weakness is coincident with the second line of weakness. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the belt assembly comprises an outer substrate and an inner substrate and one or more elastic strands disposed between the outer substrate and the inner substrate. 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising the steps of:
disposing the belt assembly on an outer circumferential surface of a process member; rotating the process member about a longitudinal axis of rotation; advancing the belt assembly to a cutting member, wherein the cutting member severs a portion of the one or more elastic strands forming a gap in the one or more elastic strands; and advancing the belt assembly to a trim removal member, wherein the trim removal member separates the line of weakness forming a trim portion and a separation edge. 27. The method of claim 26, further comprising: advancing a discrete component toward the process member; orienting the discrete component; and positioning the discrete component on a portion of the belt assembly. 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising the step of advancing the separation edge of the belt assembly through a nip formed by a first roller and a second roller, wherein the first roller and the second roller strain the separation edge of the belt assembly. 29. The method of claim 24, wherein at least one of a first circumferential surface of the first guide roller and a second outer circumferential surface of the second guide roller comprises one or more grooves. 30. The method of claim 24, wherein the first laser beam is emitted by a first laser source and the second laser beam is emitted by a second laser source, wherein the first laser source and the second laser source are operated below a cutting power. 31. The method of claim 24, further comprising the step of applying an adhesive to a portion of the belt assembly. 32. The method of claim 26, further comprising the step of activating the separation edge. 33. The method of claim 24, wherein the second surface of the belt assembly is disposed on an outer circumferential surface of the first guide roller and the first surface of the belt assembly is disposed on an outer circumferential surface of the second guide roller. 34. The method of claim 24, wherein the second surface of the belt assembly is disposed on an outer circumferential surface of the first guide roller and an outer circumferential surface of the second guide roller. 35. The method of claim 24, wherein the first surface of the belt assembly is disposed on an outer circumferential surface of the first guide roller and an outer circumferential surface of the second guide roller. | The present disclosure relates to methods and apparatuses for imparting a first line of weakness and a second line of weakness into one or more layers of an advancing substrate, such as a belt assembly. The first line of weakness is coincident with the second line of weakness. The advancing substrate may be a belt assembly including an outer layer, an inner layer, and one or more elastic strands disposed between the outer layer and the inner layer. A first surface of the belt assembly may be acted on by a first laser beam that operatively engages a first scan head and a second surface of the belt assembly may be acted on by a second laser beam that operatively engages a second scan head. A trim removal member may be used to separate the first and second lines of weakness forming a trim portion and a separation edge.1. A method for manufacturing an absorbent article, the method comprising:
advancing a belt assembly, wherein the belt assembly comprises a first surface and a second surface; and advancing the belt assembly to a first laser assembly, where the first laser assembly comprises a first laser source positioned adjacent the first surface and a second laser source positioned adjacent the second surface, wherein the first laser source operatively engages the first surface of the belt assembly imparting a first line of weakness on the first surface of the belt assembly and the second laser source operatively engages that second surface of the belt assembly imparting a second line of weakness on the second surface of the belt assembly, wherein the first line of weakness and the second line of weakness are coincident. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the belt assembly comprises a first substrate and a second substrate in facing relationship. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the belt assembly comprises one or more elastic strands disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising the step of advancing the belt assembly to a third laser source, wherein the third laser source severs a portion of the one or more elastic strands forming a gap in the one or more elastic strands. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of:
advancing a discrete component on a carrier member; rotating a transfer member about a first axis of rotation, wherein the transfer member comprises a substantially flat transfer surface; accepting the discrete article on the substantially flat transfer surface; and positioning the discrete component on a portion of the belt assembly. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first line of weakness and the second line of weakness includes one or more discrete lines of weakness. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first line of weakness and the second line of weakness is a continuous line of weakness. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of advancing the belt assembly around a portion of a first guide roller, wherein the first guide roller comprises a first outer circumferential surface and is configured to rotate about a first axis of rotation, and wherein the first guide roller is positioned upstream in a machine direction of the laser assembly. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising the step of advancing the belt assembly around a portion of a second guide roller, wherein the second guide roller comprises a second outer circumferential surface and is configured to rotate about a second axis of rotation, and wherein the second guide roller is positioned downstream in a machine direction of the laser assembly. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein at least one of the first outer circumferential surface and the second outer circumferential surface comprise one or more grooves. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the first surface of the belt assembly is disposed on the first outer circumferential surface and the second outer circumferential surface. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the first surface of the belt assembly is disposed on the first outer circumferential surface and the second surface of the belt assembly is disposed on the second outer circumferential surface. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of advancing the belt assembly including the discrete component to a trim removal member, wherein the trim removal member removes the trim from the first and second lines of weakness forming a separation edge. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the first scan head is offset from the second scan head. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the first laser source emits a first laser beam configured to engage a first scan head and the second laser source emits a second laser beam configured to engage a second scan head, and wherein the first scan head is at an angle to the second scan head. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the first laser source emits a first laser beam configured to engage a first scan head and the second laser source emits a second laser beam configured to engage a second scan head, and wherein the first scan head is parallel to the second scan head. 17. A method for manufacturing an absorbent article, the method comprising:
rotating a first guide roller about a first axis of rotation; rotating a second guide roller about a second axis of rotation, wherein the first guide roller is adjacent the second guide roller; advancing a belt assembly around a portion of the first guide roller, wherein the belt assembly comprises a first substrate and a second substrate; disposing the second substrate of the belt assembly on an outer circumferential surface of the first guide roll; advancing the belt assembly to a first laser beam, wherein the first laser beam imparts a first line of weakness into the first substrate; advancing the substrate assembly between the first guide roller and the second guide roller; disposing the first substrate of the belt assembly on an outer circumferential surface of the second guide roll; and advancing the belt assembly to a second laser beam, wherein the second laser beam imparts a second line of weakness into the second substrate, wherein the second line of weakness is coincident with the first line of weakness. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising the step of advancing the belt assembly to a trim removal member, wherein the trim removal member separates the line of weakness forming a trim portion and a separation edge. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the belt assembly comprises one or more elastic strands disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the belt assembly comprises a first belt and a second belt. 21. The method of claim 17, wherein the belt assembly comprises a body substrate. 22. The method of claim 17, wherein the first laser beam is emitted by a first laser source and the second laser beam is emitted by a second laser source. 23. The method of claim 17, wherein the first laser beam operatively engages a first scan head and the second laser beam operatively engages a second scan head. 24. A method for manufacturing an absorbent article, the method comprising:
advancing a belt assembly around a portion of a first guide roller, wherein the belt assembly comprises a first surface and a second surface; advancing the belt assembly around a portion of a second guide roller, wherein an unsupported portion of the belt assembly is suspended between the first guide roller and the second guide roller; imparting a first line of weakness into the first surface of the belt assembly using a first laser beam, wherein the first laser beam acts on the unsupported portion of the belt assembly between the first guide roller and the second guide roller; imparting a second line of weakness into the second surface of the belt assembly using a second laser beam, wherein the second laser beam acts on the unsupported portion of the belt assembly between the first guide roller and the second guide roller; wherein the first line of weakness is coincident with the second line of weakness. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the belt assembly comprises an outer substrate and an inner substrate and one or more elastic strands disposed between the outer substrate and the inner substrate. 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising the steps of:
disposing the belt assembly on an outer circumferential surface of a process member; rotating the process member about a longitudinal axis of rotation; advancing the belt assembly to a cutting member, wherein the cutting member severs a portion of the one or more elastic strands forming a gap in the one or more elastic strands; and advancing the belt assembly to a trim removal member, wherein the trim removal member separates the line of weakness forming a trim portion and a separation edge. 27. The method of claim 26, further comprising: advancing a discrete component toward the process member; orienting the discrete component; and positioning the discrete component on a portion of the belt assembly. 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising the step of advancing the separation edge of the belt assembly through a nip formed by a first roller and a second roller, wherein the first roller and the second roller strain the separation edge of the belt assembly. 29. The method of claim 24, wherein at least one of a first circumferential surface of the first guide roller and a second outer circumferential surface of the second guide roller comprises one or more grooves. 30. The method of claim 24, wherein the first laser beam is emitted by a first laser source and the second laser beam is emitted by a second laser source, wherein the first laser source and the second laser source are operated below a cutting power. 31. The method of claim 24, further comprising the step of applying an adhesive to a portion of the belt assembly. 32. The method of claim 26, further comprising the step of activating the separation edge. 33. The method of claim 24, wherein the second surface of the belt assembly is disposed on an outer circumferential surface of the first guide roller and the first surface of the belt assembly is disposed on an outer circumferential surface of the second guide roller. 34. The method of claim 24, wherein the second surface of the belt assembly is disposed on an outer circumferential surface of the first guide roller and an outer circumferential surface of the second guide roller. 35. The method of claim 24, wherein the first surface of the belt assembly is disposed on an outer circumferential surface of the first guide roller and an outer circumferential surface of the second guide roller. | 1,700 |
3,082 | 15,336,249 | 1,783 | A formable biaxially-oriented film includes a first layer. The first layer includes from about 10 to about 90 wt. % crystalline polyester and from about 10 to about 90 wt. % of a formability enhancer to assist in increasing the polymeric chain flexibility. The formability enhancer has a melting point less than about 230° C. The film has a MD and a TD Young's Modulus of at least 10% lower than a crystalline polyester film in the absence of the formability enhancer. The film may further include a second layer, which includes an amorphous copolyester. The second layer may be adjacent to or attached to the first layer. | 1. A formable biaxially-oriented film, the film comprising:
a first layer comprising from about 10 to about 90 wt. % crystalline polyester and from about 10 to about 90 wt. % of a formability enhancer to assist in increasing the polymeric chain flexibility, the formability enhancer having a melting point less than about 230° C., wherein the film has a MD and a TD Young's Modulus of at least 10% lower than a crystalline polyester film in the absence of the formability enhancer. 2. The formable film of claim 1, wherein the formability enhancer is a homopolymer or copolymer comprising repeating units of trimethylene terephthalate. 3. The formable film of claim 1, wherein the formability enhancer is a homopolymer or copolymer comprising repeating units of butylene terephthalate. 4. The formable film of claim 1, wherein the formability enhancer is a copolyester elastomer. 5. The formable film of claim 1, wherein the formability enhancer is a polyester comprising repeating units of at least one aliphatic dicarboxylic acid or a polyester having more than four methylene groups from aliphatic diols within repeating units. 6. The formable film of claim 1, wherein the film has a MD and TD Young's Modulus of at least 20% lower than a crystalline polyester film in the absence of the formability enhancer. 7. The formable film of claim 6, wherein the film has a MD and a TD Young's Modulus of at least 30% lower than a crystalline polyester film in the absence of the formability enhancer. 8. The formable film of claim 7, wherein the film has a MD and a TD Young's Modulus of at least 40% lower than a crystalline polyester film in the absence of the formability enhancer. 9. The formable film of claim 8, wherein the film has a MD and a TD Young's Modulus of at least 50% lower than a crystalline polyester film in the absence of the formability enhancer. 10. The formable film of claim 1, wherein the crystalline polyester includes homopolyesters or copolyesters of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate-co-isophthalate copolymer, polyethylene terephthalate-co-naphthalate copolymer, polycyclohexylene terephthalate, polyethylene-co-cyclohexylene terephthalate, polyether-ester block copolymer, ethylene glycol or terephthalic acid-based polyester homopolymers and copolymers, or combinations thereof. 11. The formable film of claim 1, wherein the crystalline polyester includes homopolyesters or copolyesters of polyethylene terephthalate. 12. The formable film of claim 1, wherein the thickness of the film is from about 2 μm to about 350 μm. 13. The formable film of claim 12, wherein the thickness of the film is from about 3 μm to about 50 μm. 14. The formable film of claim 13, wherein the thickness of the film is from about 10 μm to about 25 μm. 15. A formable biaxially-oriented film, the film comprising:
a first layer comprising from about 10 to about 90 wt. % crystalline polyester and from about 10 to about 90 wt. % of a formability enhancer to assist in increasing the polymeric chain flexibility, the formability enhancer having a melting point less than about 230° C.; and a second layer comprising an amorphous copolyester, the second layer being adjacent to the first layer, wherein the film has a MD and a TD Young's Modulus of at least 10% lower than a crystalline polyester film in the absence of the formability enhancer. 16. The formable film of claim 15, wherein the amorphous copolyester includes isophthalate modified copolyesters, sebacic acid modified copolyesters, diethyleneglycol modified copolyesters, triethyleneglycol modified copolyesters, cyclohexanedimethanol modified copolyesters, or combinations thereof. 17. The formable film of claim 15, further including a third layer, the third layer comprising an amorphous copolyester, the first layer being attached to and located between the second and third layers. 18. The formable film of claim 15, further including a third layer, the third layer being a metallic barrier layer, the first layer being attached to and located between the second and third layers. 19. The formable film of claim 18, wherein the metallic barrier layer includes titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, aluminum, gold, palladium or combinations thereof. 20. The formable film of claim 19, wherein the metallic barrier layer includes aluminum. 21. The formable film of claim 15, wherein the formability enhancer is a homopolymer or copolymer comprising repeating units of trimethylene terephthalate. 22. The formable film of claim 15, wherein the formability enhancer is a homopolymer or copolymer comprising repeating units of butylene terephthalate. 23. The formable film of claim 15, wherein the film has a MD and a TD Young's Modulus of at least 20% lower than a crystalline polyester film in the absence of the formability enhancer. 24. The formable film of claim 23, wherein the film has a MD and a TD Young's Modulus of at least 40% lower than a crystalline polyester film in the absence of the formability enhancer. 25. A formable biaxially-oriented film, the film comprising:
at least one layer comprising from about 10 to about 90 wt. % crystalline polyester and from about 10 to about 90 wt. % of a formability enhancer to assist in increasing the polymeric chain flexibility, the formability enhancer having a melting point less than about 230° C., wherein the film has a composite MD and TD Young's Modulus of less than about 500 kg/mm2. 26. The formable film of claim 25, wherein the film has a composite MD and TD Young's Modulus of less than about 475 kg/mm2. 27. The formable film of claim 26, wherein the film has a composite MD and TD Young's Modulus of less than about 450 kg/mm2. | A formable biaxially-oriented film includes a first layer. The first layer includes from about 10 to about 90 wt. % crystalline polyester and from about 10 to about 90 wt. % of a formability enhancer to assist in increasing the polymeric chain flexibility. The formability enhancer has a melting point less than about 230° C. The film has a MD and a TD Young's Modulus of at least 10% lower than a crystalline polyester film in the absence of the formability enhancer. The film may further include a second layer, which includes an amorphous copolyester. The second layer may be adjacent to or attached to the first layer.1. A formable biaxially-oriented film, the film comprising:
a first layer comprising from about 10 to about 90 wt. % crystalline polyester and from about 10 to about 90 wt. % of a formability enhancer to assist in increasing the polymeric chain flexibility, the formability enhancer having a melting point less than about 230° C., wherein the film has a MD and a TD Young's Modulus of at least 10% lower than a crystalline polyester film in the absence of the formability enhancer. 2. The formable film of claim 1, wherein the formability enhancer is a homopolymer or copolymer comprising repeating units of trimethylene terephthalate. 3. The formable film of claim 1, wherein the formability enhancer is a homopolymer or copolymer comprising repeating units of butylene terephthalate. 4. The formable film of claim 1, wherein the formability enhancer is a copolyester elastomer. 5. The formable film of claim 1, wherein the formability enhancer is a polyester comprising repeating units of at least one aliphatic dicarboxylic acid or a polyester having more than four methylene groups from aliphatic diols within repeating units. 6. The formable film of claim 1, wherein the film has a MD and TD Young's Modulus of at least 20% lower than a crystalline polyester film in the absence of the formability enhancer. 7. The formable film of claim 6, wherein the film has a MD and a TD Young's Modulus of at least 30% lower than a crystalline polyester film in the absence of the formability enhancer. 8. The formable film of claim 7, wherein the film has a MD and a TD Young's Modulus of at least 40% lower than a crystalline polyester film in the absence of the formability enhancer. 9. The formable film of claim 8, wherein the film has a MD and a TD Young's Modulus of at least 50% lower than a crystalline polyester film in the absence of the formability enhancer. 10. The formable film of claim 1, wherein the crystalline polyester includes homopolyesters or copolyesters of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate-co-isophthalate copolymer, polyethylene terephthalate-co-naphthalate copolymer, polycyclohexylene terephthalate, polyethylene-co-cyclohexylene terephthalate, polyether-ester block copolymer, ethylene glycol or terephthalic acid-based polyester homopolymers and copolymers, or combinations thereof. 11. The formable film of claim 1, wherein the crystalline polyester includes homopolyesters or copolyesters of polyethylene terephthalate. 12. The formable film of claim 1, wherein the thickness of the film is from about 2 μm to about 350 μm. 13. The formable film of claim 12, wherein the thickness of the film is from about 3 μm to about 50 μm. 14. The formable film of claim 13, wherein the thickness of the film is from about 10 μm to about 25 μm. 15. A formable biaxially-oriented film, the film comprising:
a first layer comprising from about 10 to about 90 wt. % crystalline polyester and from about 10 to about 90 wt. % of a formability enhancer to assist in increasing the polymeric chain flexibility, the formability enhancer having a melting point less than about 230° C.; and a second layer comprising an amorphous copolyester, the second layer being adjacent to the first layer, wherein the film has a MD and a TD Young's Modulus of at least 10% lower than a crystalline polyester film in the absence of the formability enhancer. 16. The formable film of claim 15, wherein the amorphous copolyester includes isophthalate modified copolyesters, sebacic acid modified copolyesters, diethyleneglycol modified copolyesters, triethyleneglycol modified copolyesters, cyclohexanedimethanol modified copolyesters, or combinations thereof. 17. The formable film of claim 15, further including a third layer, the third layer comprising an amorphous copolyester, the first layer being attached to and located between the second and third layers. 18. The formable film of claim 15, further including a third layer, the third layer being a metallic barrier layer, the first layer being attached to and located between the second and third layers. 19. The formable film of claim 18, wherein the metallic barrier layer includes titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, aluminum, gold, palladium or combinations thereof. 20. The formable film of claim 19, wherein the metallic barrier layer includes aluminum. 21. The formable film of claim 15, wherein the formability enhancer is a homopolymer or copolymer comprising repeating units of trimethylene terephthalate. 22. The formable film of claim 15, wherein the formability enhancer is a homopolymer or copolymer comprising repeating units of butylene terephthalate. 23. The formable film of claim 15, wherein the film has a MD and a TD Young's Modulus of at least 20% lower than a crystalline polyester film in the absence of the formability enhancer. 24. The formable film of claim 23, wherein the film has a MD and a TD Young's Modulus of at least 40% lower than a crystalline polyester film in the absence of the formability enhancer. 25. A formable biaxially-oriented film, the film comprising:
at least one layer comprising from about 10 to about 90 wt. % crystalline polyester and from about 10 to about 90 wt. % of a formability enhancer to assist in increasing the polymeric chain flexibility, the formability enhancer having a melting point less than about 230° C., wherein the film has a composite MD and TD Young's Modulus of less than about 500 kg/mm2. 26. The formable film of claim 25, wherein the film has a composite MD and TD Young's Modulus of less than about 475 kg/mm2. 27. The formable film of claim 26, wherein the film has a composite MD and TD Young's Modulus of less than about 450 kg/mm2. | 1,700 |
3,083 | 13,708,487 | 1,793 | Emulsifying salt-free processed cheese products as well as methods of preparing emulsifying salt-free processed cheese products are provided. The emulsifying salt-free processed cheese products are prepared with modified starch containing amylopectin and substantially no amylase and without emulsifying salts. The emulsifying salt-free processed cheese products are advantageously resistant to separation during heating and retain desirable organoleptic properties, such as texture and flavor, without using emulsifying salts. | 1. A processed cheese that does not contain significant levels of emulsifying salts, the processed cheese comprising:
a natural cheese or a mixture of natural cheeses providing from about 5 weight percent to about 30 weight percent dairy protein; about 30 weight percent to about 80 weight percent water; about 0.5 weight percent or less of emulsifying salts so that the processed cheese does not contain significant levels of emulsifying salts; about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent modified starch containing amylopectin and substantially no amylose; and a uniform distribution of amylopectin with substantially no intact starch granules and substantially no starch agglomerates with less than about 0.1 percent amylose so that the processed cheese has substantially no amylose therein, the amylopectin and amylose from the modified starch in a form and in a ratio effective to provide substantially no texture or flavor to the processed cheese. 2. The processed cheese of claim 1, wherein the modified starch is effective to provide less than about 10 intact starch granules of amylopectin per about 900 mm2 of processed cheese as determined by Lugol's iodine stain at about 20× magnification such that there are substantially no intact starch granules of amylopectin in the processed cheese. 3. The processed cheese of claim 1, wherein the processed cheese contains no intact starch granules, no starch agglomerates, and no amylose. 4. The processed cheese of claim 1, wherein the processed cheese has a ratio of amylopectin to amylose from about 20 to about 200. 5. The processed cheese of claim 1, wherein the processed cheese has no amylose. 6. The processed cheese of claim 1, wherein the modified starch is a waxy starch. 7. The processed cheese of claim 1, wherein the modified starch is a substituted waxy corn starch. 8. The processed cheese of claim 1, wherein the cheese product is selected from the group consisting of sauce, spread, slice, shred, stick, loaf, and brick. 9. The processed cheese of claim 1, wherein the modified starch is effective so that the processed cheese exhibits a viscosity decrease of about 50,000 cps to about 60,000 cps during heating upon the modified starch being initially added to the processed cheese after starch gelatinization. 10. The processed cheese of claim 1, wherein the processed cheese is a component in a meal kit. 11. A method of preparing an emulsifying salt-free processed cheese, the method comprising the steps of:
heating a blend of water and a modified starch containing amylopectin and substantially no amylose to its gelatinization temperature to form a cooked starch paste; blending the cooked starch paste and natural cheese or a mixture of natural cheeses with water to form a cheese mixture where the cheese mixture contains about 0.5 weight percent or less of emulsifying salts so that the cheese mixture does not contain significant levels of emulsifying salts; heating the cheese mixture to form the emulsifying salt-free processed cheese, the amount of modified starch containing amylopectin and substantially no amylose being effective to form the processed cheese having a uniform distribution of amylopectin with substantially no intact starch granules and substantially no starch agglomerates and less than about 0.1 percent amylose so that the processed cheese has substantially no amylose in the processed cheese, the amylopectin and amylose in a form and in a ratio effective to provide substantially no texture or flavor to the processed cheese. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the modified starch is effective so that cheese mixture exhibits a viscosity decrease of about 50,000 cps to about 60,000 cps during heating. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the blend of water and modified starch containing amylopectin and substantially no amylose is heated to about 65° C. to about 75° C. to form the cooked starch paste having a viscosity from about 2500 cps to about 3000 cps. 14. The processed cheese of claim 11, wherein the modified starch containing amylopectin and substantially no amylose is a waxy starch. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the modified starch containing amylopectin and substantially no amylose is a substituted waxy corn starch. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein a viscosity of the cheese mixture decreases from an initial viscosity of about 60,000 cps to about 65,000 cps to a final viscosity of about 2500 cps to about 3500 cps. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the cheese mixture contains about 1 percent to about 3 percent of the modified starch containing amylopectin and substantially no amylose. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the processed cheese contains about 5 percent to about 95 percent natural cheese or a mixture thereof. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the processed cheese is a cheese sauce or cheese spread. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the processed cheese is a cheese slice or a cheese stick. 21. The method of claim 11, wherein the processed cheese is a cheese component in a meal kit. 22. The method of claim 11, wherein the cooked starch paste is sheared prior to blending the cooked starch paste with the natural cheese or a mixture of natural cheeses with water to form a cheese mixture. | Emulsifying salt-free processed cheese products as well as methods of preparing emulsifying salt-free processed cheese products are provided. The emulsifying salt-free processed cheese products are prepared with modified starch containing amylopectin and substantially no amylase and without emulsifying salts. The emulsifying salt-free processed cheese products are advantageously resistant to separation during heating and retain desirable organoleptic properties, such as texture and flavor, without using emulsifying salts.1. A processed cheese that does not contain significant levels of emulsifying salts, the processed cheese comprising:
a natural cheese or a mixture of natural cheeses providing from about 5 weight percent to about 30 weight percent dairy protein; about 30 weight percent to about 80 weight percent water; about 0.5 weight percent or less of emulsifying salts so that the processed cheese does not contain significant levels of emulsifying salts; about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent modified starch containing amylopectin and substantially no amylose; and a uniform distribution of amylopectin with substantially no intact starch granules and substantially no starch agglomerates with less than about 0.1 percent amylose so that the processed cheese has substantially no amylose therein, the amylopectin and amylose from the modified starch in a form and in a ratio effective to provide substantially no texture or flavor to the processed cheese. 2. The processed cheese of claim 1, wherein the modified starch is effective to provide less than about 10 intact starch granules of amylopectin per about 900 mm2 of processed cheese as determined by Lugol's iodine stain at about 20× magnification such that there are substantially no intact starch granules of amylopectin in the processed cheese. 3. The processed cheese of claim 1, wherein the processed cheese contains no intact starch granules, no starch agglomerates, and no amylose. 4. The processed cheese of claim 1, wherein the processed cheese has a ratio of amylopectin to amylose from about 20 to about 200. 5. The processed cheese of claim 1, wherein the processed cheese has no amylose. 6. The processed cheese of claim 1, wherein the modified starch is a waxy starch. 7. The processed cheese of claim 1, wherein the modified starch is a substituted waxy corn starch. 8. The processed cheese of claim 1, wherein the cheese product is selected from the group consisting of sauce, spread, slice, shred, stick, loaf, and brick. 9. The processed cheese of claim 1, wherein the modified starch is effective so that the processed cheese exhibits a viscosity decrease of about 50,000 cps to about 60,000 cps during heating upon the modified starch being initially added to the processed cheese after starch gelatinization. 10. The processed cheese of claim 1, wherein the processed cheese is a component in a meal kit. 11. A method of preparing an emulsifying salt-free processed cheese, the method comprising the steps of:
heating a blend of water and a modified starch containing amylopectin and substantially no amylose to its gelatinization temperature to form a cooked starch paste; blending the cooked starch paste and natural cheese or a mixture of natural cheeses with water to form a cheese mixture where the cheese mixture contains about 0.5 weight percent or less of emulsifying salts so that the cheese mixture does not contain significant levels of emulsifying salts; heating the cheese mixture to form the emulsifying salt-free processed cheese, the amount of modified starch containing amylopectin and substantially no amylose being effective to form the processed cheese having a uniform distribution of amylopectin with substantially no intact starch granules and substantially no starch agglomerates and less than about 0.1 percent amylose so that the processed cheese has substantially no amylose in the processed cheese, the amylopectin and amylose in a form and in a ratio effective to provide substantially no texture or flavor to the processed cheese. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the modified starch is effective so that cheese mixture exhibits a viscosity decrease of about 50,000 cps to about 60,000 cps during heating. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the blend of water and modified starch containing amylopectin and substantially no amylose is heated to about 65° C. to about 75° C. to form the cooked starch paste having a viscosity from about 2500 cps to about 3000 cps. 14. The processed cheese of claim 11, wherein the modified starch containing amylopectin and substantially no amylose is a waxy starch. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the modified starch containing amylopectin and substantially no amylose is a substituted waxy corn starch. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein a viscosity of the cheese mixture decreases from an initial viscosity of about 60,000 cps to about 65,000 cps to a final viscosity of about 2500 cps to about 3500 cps. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the cheese mixture contains about 1 percent to about 3 percent of the modified starch containing amylopectin and substantially no amylose. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the processed cheese contains about 5 percent to about 95 percent natural cheese or a mixture thereof. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the processed cheese is a cheese sauce or cheese spread. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the processed cheese is a cheese slice or a cheese stick. 21. The method of claim 11, wherein the processed cheese is a cheese component in a meal kit. 22. The method of claim 11, wherein the cooked starch paste is sheared prior to blending the cooked starch paste with the natural cheese or a mixture of natural cheeses with water to form a cheese mixture. | 1,700 |
3,084 | 14,884,132 | 1,798 | A method for measuring the presence or amount of at least one analyte in a sample mixture that includes capturing a first analyte on a first cavity arrangement structure having a plurality of cavities; capturing an impurity present in the sample mixture or a second analyte on a second cavity arrangement structure that has a plurality of cavities and that differs from the first cavity arrangement structure in at least one of cavity size and surface modification; and after these steps, irradiating the first cavity arrangement structure or the first and second cavity arrangement structures with electromagnetic radiation and detecting the characteristics of scattered electromagnetic radiation. | 1. A method for measuring the presence or amount of at least one analyte in a sample mixture, the method comprising:
capturing a first analyte from the sample mixture on a first cavity arrangement structure having a pair of opposing main surfaces and a plurality of cavities extending through the pair of opposing main surfaces; capturing an impurity, other than the first analyte, present in the sample mixture or a second analyte different from the first analyte on a second cavity arrangement structure having a pair of opposing main surfaces and a plurality of cavities extending through the pair of opposing main surfaces, the second cavity arrangement structure differing from the first cavity arrangement structure in at least one of cavity size and surface modification; and after capturing the first analyte and the impurity, irradiating the first cavity arrangement structure or the first and second cavity arrangement structures with electromagnetic radiation and detecting characteristics of electromagnetic radiation scattered by the first cavity arrangement structure or the first and second cavity arrangement structures. 2. The measuring method according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of cavities of the first cavity arrangement structure are sized to allow none of the first analyte to pass therethrough. 3. The measuring method according to claim 2, wherein the first cavity arrangement structure has a surface modified to adsorb the first analyte. 4. The measuring method according to claim 1, wherein the first cavity arrangement structure has a surface modified to adsorb the first analyte. 5. The measuring method according to claim 1, wherein the capturing of the first analyte is performed after the capturing of the impurity or the second analyte. 6. The measuring method according to claim 2, wherein the plurality of cavities of the second cavity arrangement structure are sized to allow none of the impurity or second analyte to pass therethrough and to allow the first analyte to pass therethrough. 7. The measuring method according to claim 6, wherein the second cavity arrangement structure has a surface modified to adsorb the impurity or the second analyte. 8. The measuring method according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of cavities of the second cavity arrangement structure are sized to allow none of the impurity or second analyte to pass therethrough and to allow the first analyte to pass therethrough. 9. The measuring method according to claim 8, wherein the second cavity arrangement structure has a surface modified to adsorb the impurity or the second analyte. 10. The measuring method according to claim 3, wherein the plurality of cavities of the second cavity arrangement structure are sized to allow none of the impurity or second analyte to pass therethrough and to allow the first analyte to pass therethrough. 11. The measuring method according to claim 10, wherein the second cavity arrangement structure has a surface modified to adsorb the impurity or the second analyte. 12. The measuring method according to claim 5, wherein the first and second cavity arrangement structures are arranged in series and the sample mixture is allowed to flow through the second cavity arrangement structure and then through the first cavity arrangement structure. 13. The measuring method according to claim 1, wherein the sample mixture is a liquid or a gas. 14. The measuring method according to claim 13, wherein the first analyte is a microorganism or a cell in a liquid, or an inorganic substance, an organic substance, or a hybrid thereof in a gas. | A method for measuring the presence or amount of at least one analyte in a sample mixture that includes capturing a first analyte on a first cavity arrangement structure having a plurality of cavities; capturing an impurity present in the sample mixture or a second analyte on a second cavity arrangement structure that has a plurality of cavities and that differs from the first cavity arrangement structure in at least one of cavity size and surface modification; and after these steps, irradiating the first cavity arrangement structure or the first and second cavity arrangement structures with electromagnetic radiation and detecting the characteristics of scattered electromagnetic radiation.1. A method for measuring the presence or amount of at least one analyte in a sample mixture, the method comprising:
capturing a first analyte from the sample mixture on a first cavity arrangement structure having a pair of opposing main surfaces and a plurality of cavities extending through the pair of opposing main surfaces; capturing an impurity, other than the first analyte, present in the sample mixture or a second analyte different from the first analyte on a second cavity arrangement structure having a pair of opposing main surfaces and a plurality of cavities extending through the pair of opposing main surfaces, the second cavity arrangement structure differing from the first cavity arrangement structure in at least one of cavity size and surface modification; and after capturing the first analyte and the impurity, irradiating the first cavity arrangement structure or the first and second cavity arrangement structures with electromagnetic radiation and detecting characteristics of electromagnetic radiation scattered by the first cavity arrangement structure or the first and second cavity arrangement structures. 2. The measuring method according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of cavities of the first cavity arrangement structure are sized to allow none of the first analyte to pass therethrough. 3. The measuring method according to claim 2, wherein the first cavity arrangement structure has a surface modified to adsorb the first analyte. 4. The measuring method according to claim 1, wherein the first cavity arrangement structure has a surface modified to adsorb the first analyte. 5. The measuring method according to claim 1, wherein the capturing of the first analyte is performed after the capturing of the impurity or the second analyte. 6. The measuring method according to claim 2, wherein the plurality of cavities of the second cavity arrangement structure are sized to allow none of the impurity or second analyte to pass therethrough and to allow the first analyte to pass therethrough. 7. The measuring method according to claim 6, wherein the second cavity arrangement structure has a surface modified to adsorb the impurity or the second analyte. 8. The measuring method according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of cavities of the second cavity arrangement structure are sized to allow none of the impurity or second analyte to pass therethrough and to allow the first analyte to pass therethrough. 9. The measuring method according to claim 8, wherein the second cavity arrangement structure has a surface modified to adsorb the impurity or the second analyte. 10. The measuring method according to claim 3, wherein the plurality of cavities of the second cavity arrangement structure are sized to allow none of the impurity or second analyte to pass therethrough and to allow the first analyte to pass therethrough. 11. The measuring method according to claim 10, wherein the second cavity arrangement structure has a surface modified to adsorb the impurity or the second analyte. 12. The measuring method according to claim 5, wherein the first and second cavity arrangement structures are arranged in series and the sample mixture is allowed to flow through the second cavity arrangement structure and then through the first cavity arrangement structure. 13. The measuring method according to claim 1, wherein the sample mixture is a liquid or a gas. 14. The measuring method according to claim 13, wherein the first analyte is a microorganism or a cell in a liquid, or an inorganic substance, an organic substance, or a hybrid thereof in a gas. | 1,700 |
3,085 | 14,723,758 | 1,792 | Food preparation includes utilizing food immersion into low temperature cooking fluids, high temperature cooking fluids, or a combination of applications thereof. Foods are generally closely wrapped in vented, pliable, formidable outer skins. An example construction of such an outer skin is provided, as are examples of food preparation processes. | 1. A food preparation method, comprising the steps of:
wrapping food within a pliable, liquid tight, formable sheet; at any time prior to cooking of the food, forming the pliable, liquid tight, formable sheet to conform to outer food surfaces; at any time after wrapping of the food, placing the conformed sheet and its contained food into cooking temperature oil, which is below boiling; placing the envelope and contained food in the oil for a first cooking session which is long enough for cooking of the food to occur; raising a temperature of the oil to above boiling; placing the conformed sheet and its contained food, in the higher temperature oil for a second cooking session which is long enough for cooking of the food to occur; and removing the food from the oil. 2. The food preparation method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of:
after the first cooking session is complete, removing the food and the conformed sheet containing the food, from the oil; and during the second cooking session, positioning the food and the conformed sheet containing the food, in the oil. 3. A food preparation method, comprising the steps of:
wrapping food within a pliable, liquid tight, formable sheet; at any time before cooking the food, forming the pliable, liquid tight, formable sheet to conform to outer food surfaces; at any time after wrapping the food, placing the conformed sheet and its contained food into cooking temperature oil, which is below boiling; placing the envelope and contained food in the cooking temperature oil long enough for cooking of the food to occur; and removing the food from the oil. 4. A food preparation method, comprising the steps of:
wrapping food within a pliable, liquid tight, formable sheet; at any time before cooking the food, forming the pliable, liquid tight, formable sheet to conform to outer food surfaces; at any time after wrapping the food, placing the conformed sheet and its contained food into cooking temperature oil, which is above boiling; placing the envelope and contained food in the cooking temperature oil long enough for cooking of the food to occur; and removing the food from the oil. 5. A device to contain foods which are being cooked in oil, and the device comprising:
a container which is fabricated from pliable, liquid tight, formable sheet, and which contact wraps foods while they are being cooked in oil; the container configured to expel fluids out one location on its exterior more easily than it expels fluids elsewhere; and a portion of the container exterior which expels fluids more easily, being disposed above the surface of oil, when the foods contained in the container are being cooked in the oil. 6. The device of claim 5, further comprising a support device which, when foods are being cooked in oil, the support device being configured to support such foods below the surface of the oil, while simultaneously supporting the portion of the containment structure which expels fluids more easily, above the surface of the oil. 7. A device to cook foods in cooking temperature oil, comprising:
an open-topped first vessel, which is configured to hold cooking temperature oil, as well as food being cooked in the cooking temperature oil; a heat source configured to heat to cooking temperatures, oil held within the first vessel; a container which is fabricated from pliable, liquid tight, formable sheet, and which is configured to contact wrap foods being cooked in cooking temperature oil contained within the first vessel; and an open-topped second vessel which, when foods are being cooked in cooking temperature oil contained within the first vessel, is configured to be disposed within cooking temperature oil contained within the first vessel, simultaneously with the open-topped second vessel's open-top, being disposed above the surface of the cooking temperature oil;
whereby, when foods are being cooked within cooking temperature oil which is contained in the first vessel, oil is simultaneously being displaced by air contained within the second vessel. 8. A device to block cooking fluids from accidentally leaving out the top of a cooking vessel, comprising:
a cooking vessel configured to simultaneously hold cooking fluids, and foods being cooked in the cooking fluids; a heat source configured to heat to cooking temperatures, cooking fluids contained in the cooking vessel; a food support device configured to remove ably fit inside the cooking vessel, and configured to support foods while they are being cooked by cooking fluids contained within the cooking vessel; a lid, configured to cover the cooking vessel when foods are being cooked in cooking fluids contained within the cooking vessel; and a finger hold coupled to the top of the support device, and configured to, at times, penetrate the lid on its underside, and to simultaneously protrude above the upper surface of the lid high enough for finger gripping to occur. 9. An apparatus configured to more accurately take temperature readings of cooking fluids contained within a cooking vessel, comprising:
a cooking vessel, configured to hold cooking fluids, and to simultaneously hold foods being prepared in the cooking fluids; the cooking vessel including sides and a floor; a thermal sensor cover having a top, sides, and an open bottom, the thermal sensor cover projecting upward from the floor, with its open bottom penetrating through to the underside of the cooking vessel floor; the sensor cover having an outer form which is taller than its narrowest back-to-front or side-to-side measurement, when this sensor cover measurement is taken directly below the top of the sensor cover; an outer enclosure configured to, from time to time, removably mount the cooking vessel; a thermal sensor coupled to the outer enclosure, and the thermal sensor being configured to enter the open bottom of the thermal sensor cover simultaneous with the cooking vessel being mounted into the outer enclosure; and the thermal sensor being configured to leave the open bottom of the thermal sensor cover when the cooking vessel is removed from being mounted into the outer enclosure. 10. A fluid immersion cooking device, comprising:
a cooking vessel configured to simultaneously hold food and fluid cooking the food; a heat source, configured to simultaneously heat food and fluid cooking the food, when they are both contained within the cooking vessel; the cooking vessel having a lid which operable to selectively cover the cooking vessel; a removable food mount configured to hold food within hot fluid contained in the cooking vessel; the food mount having a detachable rotary connection proximate to its top, with the axis for the detachable rotary connection being generally vertical; an electrically energized rotary power source mounted to the lid, and linking to the food mount through the rotary connection when the lid is covering the cooking vessel, and thereby providing rotation to the food mount when the lid is covering the cooking vessel; the rotary power source being detached from the rotary connection, when the lid is not covering the cooking vessel. | Food preparation includes utilizing food immersion into low temperature cooking fluids, high temperature cooking fluids, or a combination of applications thereof. Foods are generally closely wrapped in vented, pliable, formidable outer skins. An example construction of such an outer skin is provided, as are examples of food preparation processes.1. A food preparation method, comprising the steps of:
wrapping food within a pliable, liquid tight, formable sheet; at any time prior to cooking of the food, forming the pliable, liquid tight, formable sheet to conform to outer food surfaces; at any time after wrapping of the food, placing the conformed sheet and its contained food into cooking temperature oil, which is below boiling; placing the envelope and contained food in the oil for a first cooking session which is long enough for cooking of the food to occur; raising a temperature of the oil to above boiling; placing the conformed sheet and its contained food, in the higher temperature oil for a second cooking session which is long enough for cooking of the food to occur; and removing the food from the oil. 2. The food preparation method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of:
after the first cooking session is complete, removing the food and the conformed sheet containing the food, from the oil; and during the second cooking session, positioning the food and the conformed sheet containing the food, in the oil. 3. A food preparation method, comprising the steps of:
wrapping food within a pliable, liquid tight, formable sheet; at any time before cooking the food, forming the pliable, liquid tight, formable sheet to conform to outer food surfaces; at any time after wrapping the food, placing the conformed sheet and its contained food into cooking temperature oil, which is below boiling; placing the envelope and contained food in the cooking temperature oil long enough for cooking of the food to occur; and removing the food from the oil. 4. A food preparation method, comprising the steps of:
wrapping food within a pliable, liquid tight, formable sheet; at any time before cooking the food, forming the pliable, liquid tight, formable sheet to conform to outer food surfaces; at any time after wrapping the food, placing the conformed sheet and its contained food into cooking temperature oil, which is above boiling; placing the envelope and contained food in the cooking temperature oil long enough for cooking of the food to occur; and removing the food from the oil. 5. A device to contain foods which are being cooked in oil, and the device comprising:
a container which is fabricated from pliable, liquid tight, formable sheet, and which contact wraps foods while they are being cooked in oil; the container configured to expel fluids out one location on its exterior more easily than it expels fluids elsewhere; and a portion of the container exterior which expels fluids more easily, being disposed above the surface of oil, when the foods contained in the container are being cooked in the oil. 6. The device of claim 5, further comprising a support device which, when foods are being cooked in oil, the support device being configured to support such foods below the surface of the oil, while simultaneously supporting the portion of the containment structure which expels fluids more easily, above the surface of the oil. 7. A device to cook foods in cooking temperature oil, comprising:
an open-topped first vessel, which is configured to hold cooking temperature oil, as well as food being cooked in the cooking temperature oil; a heat source configured to heat to cooking temperatures, oil held within the first vessel; a container which is fabricated from pliable, liquid tight, formable sheet, and which is configured to contact wrap foods being cooked in cooking temperature oil contained within the first vessel; and an open-topped second vessel which, when foods are being cooked in cooking temperature oil contained within the first vessel, is configured to be disposed within cooking temperature oil contained within the first vessel, simultaneously with the open-topped second vessel's open-top, being disposed above the surface of the cooking temperature oil;
whereby, when foods are being cooked within cooking temperature oil which is contained in the first vessel, oil is simultaneously being displaced by air contained within the second vessel. 8. A device to block cooking fluids from accidentally leaving out the top of a cooking vessel, comprising:
a cooking vessel configured to simultaneously hold cooking fluids, and foods being cooked in the cooking fluids; a heat source configured to heat to cooking temperatures, cooking fluids contained in the cooking vessel; a food support device configured to remove ably fit inside the cooking vessel, and configured to support foods while they are being cooked by cooking fluids contained within the cooking vessel; a lid, configured to cover the cooking vessel when foods are being cooked in cooking fluids contained within the cooking vessel; and a finger hold coupled to the top of the support device, and configured to, at times, penetrate the lid on its underside, and to simultaneously protrude above the upper surface of the lid high enough for finger gripping to occur. 9. An apparatus configured to more accurately take temperature readings of cooking fluids contained within a cooking vessel, comprising:
a cooking vessel, configured to hold cooking fluids, and to simultaneously hold foods being prepared in the cooking fluids; the cooking vessel including sides and a floor; a thermal sensor cover having a top, sides, and an open bottom, the thermal sensor cover projecting upward from the floor, with its open bottom penetrating through to the underside of the cooking vessel floor; the sensor cover having an outer form which is taller than its narrowest back-to-front or side-to-side measurement, when this sensor cover measurement is taken directly below the top of the sensor cover; an outer enclosure configured to, from time to time, removably mount the cooking vessel; a thermal sensor coupled to the outer enclosure, and the thermal sensor being configured to enter the open bottom of the thermal sensor cover simultaneous with the cooking vessel being mounted into the outer enclosure; and the thermal sensor being configured to leave the open bottom of the thermal sensor cover when the cooking vessel is removed from being mounted into the outer enclosure. 10. A fluid immersion cooking device, comprising:
a cooking vessel configured to simultaneously hold food and fluid cooking the food; a heat source, configured to simultaneously heat food and fluid cooking the food, when they are both contained within the cooking vessel; the cooking vessel having a lid which operable to selectively cover the cooking vessel; a removable food mount configured to hold food within hot fluid contained in the cooking vessel; the food mount having a detachable rotary connection proximate to its top, with the axis for the detachable rotary connection being generally vertical; an electrically energized rotary power source mounted to the lid, and linking to the food mount through the rotary connection when the lid is covering the cooking vessel, and thereby providing rotation to the food mount when the lid is covering the cooking vessel; the rotary power source being detached from the rotary connection, when the lid is not covering the cooking vessel. | 1,700 |
3,086 | 14,952,755 | 1,727 | A high energy density rechargeable (HEDR) metal-ion battery includes an anode and a cathode energy layer, a separator for separating the anode and cathode energy layers, and at least one current collector for transferring electrons to and from either the anode or cathode energy layer. The HEDR battery has an upper temperature safety limit for avoiding thermal runaway. The HEDR battery further includes an interrupt layer that activates upon exposure to temperature at or above the upper temperature safety limit. When the interrupt layer is unactivated, it is laminated between the separator and one of the current collectors. When activated, the interrupt layer delaminates, interrupting current through the battery. The interrupt layer includes a temperature sensitive decomposable component that, upon exposure to temperature at or above the upper temperature safety limit, evolves a gas upon decomposition. The evolved gas delaminates the interrupt layer, interrupting current through the battery. | 1. A high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery comprising:
an anode energy layer; a cathode energy layer; a separator for separating the anode energy layer from the cathode energy layer; at least one current collector for transferring electrons to and from either the anode or cathode energy layer, the high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery having an upper temperature safety limit for avoiding thermal runaway; and an interrupt layer activatable for interrupting current within high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery upon exposure to temperature at or above the upper temperature safety limit, the interrupt layer interposed between the separator and one of the current collectors, the interrupt layer, when unactivated, being laminated between the separator and one of the current collectors for conducting current therethrough, the interrupt layer, when activated, being delaminated for interrupting current through the high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery, the interrupt layer including a temperature sensitive decomposable component for decomposing upon exposure to temperature at or above the upper temperature safety limit, the temperature sensitive decomposable component for evolving a gas upon decomposition, the evolved gas for delaminating the interrupt layer for interrupting current through the high energy density metal-ion battery, wherein the high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery avoids thermal runaway by activation of the interrupt layer upon exposure to temperature at or above the upper temperature safety limit for interrupting current in high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery. 2. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 1 wherein:
the interrupt layer is porous;
the temperature sensitive decomposable component comprises a ceramic powder;
the interrupt layer has a composition comprising the ceramic powder, a binder, and a conductive component;
wherein the ceramic powder defines an interstitial space;
the binder partially fills the interstitial space for binding the ceramic powder; and
the conductive component dispersed within the binder for imparting conductivity to the interrupt layer;
the interstitial space remaining partially unfilled for imparting porosity and permeability to the interrupt layer. 3. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 2 wherein the interrupt layer being compressed for reducing the unfilled interstitial space and increasing the binding of the ceramic powder by the binder. 4. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 2 wherein the interrupt layer comprises greater than 30% ceramic powder by weight. 5. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 2 wherein the interrupt layer comprises greater than 50% ceramic powder by weight. 6. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 2 wherein the interrupt layer comprises greater than 70% ceramic powder by weight. 7. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 2 wherein the interrupt layer comprises greater than 75% ceramic powder by weight. 8. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 2 wherein the interrupt layer comprises greater than 80% ceramic powder by weight. 9. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 2 wherein the interrupt layer is permeable to transport of ionic charge carriers. 10. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 1 wherein the interrupt layer is non-porous and having a composition comprising a non-conductive filler, a binder for binding the non-conductive filler, and a conductive component dispersed within the binder for imparting conductivity to the interrupt layer. 11. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 1 wherein the interrupt layer is impermeable to transport of ionic charge carriers. 12. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 1 wherein the interrupt layer is sacrificial at temperatures above the upper temperature safety limit. 13. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 12 wherein the interrupt layer comprises a ceramic powder that chemically decomposes above the upper temperature safety limit for evolving a fire retardant gas. 14. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 1 wherein the current collector includes an anode current collector for transferring electrons to and from the anode energy layer, wherein the interrupt layer being interposed between the separator and the anode current collector. 15. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 14, wherein the interrupt layer being interposed between the anode current collector and the anode energy layer. 16. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 14, wherein the interrupt layer being interposed between the anode energy layer and the separator. 17. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 14 wherein the anode energy layer comprises:
a first anode energy layer; and
a second anode energy layer interposed between the first anode energy and the separator, wherein the interrupt layer being interposed between the first anode energy layer and the second anode energy layer. 18. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 1 wherein the current collector comprises a cathode current collector for transferring electrons to and from the cathode energy layer, wherein the interrupt layer is interposed between the separator and the cathode current collector. 19. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 18, wherein the interrupt layer is interposed between the cathode current collector and the cathode energy layer. 20. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 18, wherein the interrupt layer is interposed between the cathode energy layer and the separator. 21. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 18 wherein the cathode energy layer comprises a first cathode energy layer and a second cathode energy layer interposed between the first cathode energy and the separator, wherein the interrupt layer is interposed between the first cathode energy layer and the second cathode energy layer. 22. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 1 further having two current collectors comprising an anode current collector for transferring electrons to and from the anode energy layer and a cathode current collector for transferring electrons to and from the cathode energy layer, wherein the interrupt layer comprises an anode interrupt layer and a cathode interrupt layer, the anode interrupt layer interposed between the separator and the anode current collector, the cathode interrupt layer interposed between the separator and the cathode current collector. 23. A method for interrupting current within a high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery upon exposure to temperature at or above an upper temperature safety limit for avoiding thermal runaway, the method comprising:
raising the temperature of the high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery above the upper temperature safety limit, the high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery comprising:
an anode energy layer;
a cathode energy layer;
a separator separating the anode energy layer from the cathode energy layer;
a current collector for transferring electrons to and from either the anode or cathode energy layer; and
an interrupt layer, the interrupt layer interposed between the separator and one of the current collectors, the interrupt layer, when unactivated, being laminated between the separator and one of the current collectors for conducting current therethrough, the interrupt layer, when activated, being delaminated for interrupting current through the lithium ion battery, the interrupt layer comprising a temperature sensitive decomposable component for decomposing upon exposure to temperature at or above the upper temperature safety limit, the temperature sensitive decomposable component for evolving a gas upon decomposition, the evolved gas for delaminating the interrupt layer for interrupting current through the high energy density metal-ion battery; and
activating the interrupt layer for interrupting current through the high energy density metal-ion battery; whereby thermal runaway by the high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery is avoided by interruption of current therethrough. | A high energy density rechargeable (HEDR) metal-ion battery includes an anode and a cathode energy layer, a separator for separating the anode and cathode energy layers, and at least one current collector for transferring electrons to and from either the anode or cathode energy layer. The HEDR battery has an upper temperature safety limit for avoiding thermal runaway. The HEDR battery further includes an interrupt layer that activates upon exposure to temperature at or above the upper temperature safety limit. When the interrupt layer is unactivated, it is laminated between the separator and one of the current collectors. When activated, the interrupt layer delaminates, interrupting current through the battery. The interrupt layer includes a temperature sensitive decomposable component that, upon exposure to temperature at or above the upper temperature safety limit, evolves a gas upon decomposition. The evolved gas delaminates the interrupt layer, interrupting current through the battery.1. A high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery comprising:
an anode energy layer; a cathode energy layer; a separator for separating the anode energy layer from the cathode energy layer; at least one current collector for transferring electrons to and from either the anode or cathode energy layer, the high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery having an upper temperature safety limit for avoiding thermal runaway; and an interrupt layer activatable for interrupting current within high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery upon exposure to temperature at or above the upper temperature safety limit, the interrupt layer interposed between the separator and one of the current collectors, the interrupt layer, when unactivated, being laminated between the separator and one of the current collectors for conducting current therethrough, the interrupt layer, when activated, being delaminated for interrupting current through the high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery, the interrupt layer including a temperature sensitive decomposable component for decomposing upon exposure to temperature at or above the upper temperature safety limit, the temperature sensitive decomposable component for evolving a gas upon decomposition, the evolved gas for delaminating the interrupt layer for interrupting current through the high energy density metal-ion battery, wherein the high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery avoids thermal runaway by activation of the interrupt layer upon exposure to temperature at or above the upper temperature safety limit for interrupting current in high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery. 2. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 1 wherein:
the interrupt layer is porous;
the temperature sensitive decomposable component comprises a ceramic powder;
the interrupt layer has a composition comprising the ceramic powder, a binder, and a conductive component;
wherein the ceramic powder defines an interstitial space;
the binder partially fills the interstitial space for binding the ceramic powder; and
the conductive component dispersed within the binder for imparting conductivity to the interrupt layer;
the interstitial space remaining partially unfilled for imparting porosity and permeability to the interrupt layer. 3. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 2 wherein the interrupt layer being compressed for reducing the unfilled interstitial space and increasing the binding of the ceramic powder by the binder. 4. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 2 wherein the interrupt layer comprises greater than 30% ceramic powder by weight. 5. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 2 wherein the interrupt layer comprises greater than 50% ceramic powder by weight. 6. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 2 wherein the interrupt layer comprises greater than 70% ceramic powder by weight. 7. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 2 wherein the interrupt layer comprises greater than 75% ceramic powder by weight. 8. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 2 wherein the interrupt layer comprises greater than 80% ceramic powder by weight. 9. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 2 wherein the interrupt layer is permeable to transport of ionic charge carriers. 10. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 1 wherein the interrupt layer is non-porous and having a composition comprising a non-conductive filler, a binder for binding the non-conductive filler, and a conductive component dispersed within the binder for imparting conductivity to the interrupt layer. 11. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 1 wherein the interrupt layer is impermeable to transport of ionic charge carriers. 12. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 1 wherein the interrupt layer is sacrificial at temperatures above the upper temperature safety limit. 13. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 12 wherein the interrupt layer comprises a ceramic powder that chemically decomposes above the upper temperature safety limit for evolving a fire retardant gas. 14. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 1 wherein the current collector includes an anode current collector for transferring electrons to and from the anode energy layer, wherein the interrupt layer being interposed between the separator and the anode current collector. 15. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 14, wherein the interrupt layer being interposed between the anode current collector and the anode energy layer. 16. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 14, wherein the interrupt layer being interposed between the anode energy layer and the separator. 17. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 14 wherein the anode energy layer comprises:
a first anode energy layer; and
a second anode energy layer interposed between the first anode energy and the separator, wherein the interrupt layer being interposed between the first anode energy layer and the second anode energy layer. 18. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 1 wherein the current collector comprises a cathode current collector for transferring electrons to and from the cathode energy layer, wherein the interrupt layer is interposed between the separator and the cathode current collector. 19. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 18, wherein the interrupt layer is interposed between the cathode current collector and the cathode energy layer. 20. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 18, wherein the interrupt layer is interposed between the cathode energy layer and the separator. 21. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 18 wherein the cathode energy layer comprises a first cathode energy layer and a second cathode energy layer interposed between the first cathode energy and the separator, wherein the interrupt layer is interposed between the first cathode energy layer and the second cathode energy layer. 22. The high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery cell of claim 1 further having two current collectors comprising an anode current collector for transferring electrons to and from the anode energy layer and a cathode current collector for transferring electrons to and from the cathode energy layer, wherein the interrupt layer comprises an anode interrupt layer and a cathode interrupt layer, the anode interrupt layer interposed between the separator and the anode current collector, the cathode interrupt layer interposed between the separator and the cathode current collector. 23. A method for interrupting current within a high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery upon exposure to temperature at or above an upper temperature safety limit for avoiding thermal runaway, the method comprising:
raising the temperature of the high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery above the upper temperature safety limit, the high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery comprising:
an anode energy layer;
a cathode energy layer;
a separator separating the anode energy layer from the cathode energy layer;
a current collector for transferring electrons to and from either the anode or cathode energy layer; and
an interrupt layer, the interrupt layer interposed between the separator and one of the current collectors, the interrupt layer, when unactivated, being laminated between the separator and one of the current collectors for conducting current therethrough, the interrupt layer, when activated, being delaminated for interrupting current through the lithium ion battery, the interrupt layer comprising a temperature sensitive decomposable component for decomposing upon exposure to temperature at or above the upper temperature safety limit, the temperature sensitive decomposable component for evolving a gas upon decomposition, the evolved gas for delaminating the interrupt layer for interrupting current through the high energy density metal-ion battery; and
activating the interrupt layer for interrupting current through the high energy density metal-ion battery; whereby thermal runaway by the high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery is avoided by interruption of current therethrough. | 1,700 |
3,087 | 15,745,493 | 1,783 | The present application provides chemically treated fibrous structures, tissue products and a method of manufacturing thereof, wherein the fibrous structure comprises a textured background surface, a design element formed by removing a portion of the textured background, the design element lying between the surface and bottom planes of the fibrous structure, and an additive composition selectively disposed on the design element. The method of manufacturing said patterned tissue product comprises the steps of (a) providing a tissue web having a textured top surface lying in a surface plane and a bottom surface lying in a bottom plane wherein there is a z-directional height difference between the surface plane and the bottom plane; (b) conveying the web through a first nip created by a first receiving roll and a pattern roll having a plurality of protuberances forming a design pattern; (c) conforming a portion of the web to the protuberances; and (d) applying a chemical papermaking additive to an applicator roll; (e) conveying the web through a second nip created by the pattern roll and the applicator roll; (f) transferring the additive from the applicator roll to the conformed portion of the web; and (g) conveying the web into a second nip formed between the pattern roll and a second receiving roll. | 1. A chemically treated fibrous structure comprising a fibrous structure having a first textured surface lying in a first plane, a first design element lying in a second plane, a bottom surface lying in a third plane and a second design element lying in a fourth plane above the second plane, where there is a z-direction height difference between the first and third planes and the second and fourth planes lie between the first and third planes and a chemical papermaking additive selected from the group consisting of strength agents, bonding agents, softening agents, lotions, humectants, emollients, vitamins and colorants is selectively disposed on the fourth plane in registration with the second design element and the second plane is substantially free from chemical papermaking additive. 2. The chemically treated fibrous structure of claim 1 wherein from about 5.0 to about 30 percent surface area of the fibrous structure is treated with a chemical papermaking additive. 3. The chemically treated fibrous structure of claim 1 wherein the treated structure comprises from about 1.0 to about 5.0 percent, by weight of the structure, chemical papermaking additive. 4. (canceled) 5. The chemically treated fibrous structure of claim 1 wherein the textured top surface is substantially free from a chemical papermaking additive. 6. (canceled) 7. The chemically treated fibrous structure of claim 1 wherein the structure has a caliper from about 300 to about 1,200 μm and the z-directional height difference between the first and second planes is at least about 10 percent of the caliper. 8. The chemically treated fibrous structure of claim 1 having a basis weight from about 10 to about 50 grams per square meter (gsm), and a geometric mean tensile (GMT) from about 500 to about 1,500 g/3″. 9. The chemically treated fibrous structure of claim 1 having a basis weight from about 40 to about 80 gsm and a GMT from about 1,500 to about 3,500 g/3″. 10. The chemically treated fibrous structure of claim 1 wherein the papermaking chemical additive comprises an oil, a fatty alcohol, a polyglycol and optionally water. 11. The chemically treated fibrous structure of claim 1 wherein the papermaking chemical additive comprises a colorant and the penetration of the colorant into the web is less than 60 percent of the web thickness. 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. A method of manufacturing a chemically treated tissue product comprising the steps of:
a. providing a tissue web having a textured top surface lying in a surface plane and a bottom surface lying in a bottom plane wherein there is a z-directional height difference between the surface plane and bottom plane; b. conveying the web through a first nip created by a first receiving roll and a pattern roll having a plurality of protuberances forming a design pattern; c. conforming a portion of the web to the protuberances; d. applying a chemical papermaking additive to an applicator roll; e. conveying the web through a second nip created by the pattern roll and the applicator roll; f. transferring the additive from the applicator roll to the conformed portion of the web; and g. conveying the web into a third nip formed between the pattern roll and a second receiving roll wherein the pressure applied at the third nip is from about 100 to about 250 pli and the second receiving roll has a hardness from about 40 to about 100 Shore (A), to form a patterned tissue product having a design element corresponding to the plurality of protuberances, the design element lying in a design element plane that is between the surface plane and the bottom plane. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the chemical papermaking additive composition is selected from the group consisting of strength agents, bonding agents, softening agents, lotions, humectants, emollients, vitamins and colorants. 22. The method of claim 20 wherein the additive composition is a lotion and the add-on is less than about 2 percent, based upon the dry weight of the web. 23. The method of claim 20 wherein the additive composition is a lotion and the add-on area is less than about 10 percent of the surface area of the web. 24. The chemically treated fibrous structure of claim 1 wherein the fibrous structure is a multi-ply tissue product having a basis weight greater than about 40 gsm, a GMT greater than about 800 g/3″ and a GM Slopes less than about 15.0 kg/3″. 25. The chemically treated fibrous structure of claim 24 wherein the multi-ply tissue product has a basis weight from about 40 to about 80 gsm, a GMT greater from about 800 to about 1200 g/3″ and a GM Slopes from about 12.0 to about 14.0 kg/3″. 26. The chemically treated fibrous structure of claim 25 wherein the multi-ply tissue product has a caliper from about 400 to about 600 μm. | The present application provides chemically treated fibrous structures, tissue products and a method of manufacturing thereof, wherein the fibrous structure comprises a textured background surface, a design element formed by removing a portion of the textured background, the design element lying between the surface and bottom planes of the fibrous structure, and an additive composition selectively disposed on the design element. The method of manufacturing said patterned tissue product comprises the steps of (a) providing a tissue web having a textured top surface lying in a surface plane and a bottom surface lying in a bottom plane wherein there is a z-directional height difference between the surface plane and the bottom plane; (b) conveying the web through a first nip created by a first receiving roll and a pattern roll having a plurality of protuberances forming a design pattern; (c) conforming a portion of the web to the protuberances; and (d) applying a chemical papermaking additive to an applicator roll; (e) conveying the web through a second nip created by the pattern roll and the applicator roll; (f) transferring the additive from the applicator roll to the conformed portion of the web; and (g) conveying the web into a second nip formed between the pattern roll and a second receiving roll.1. A chemically treated fibrous structure comprising a fibrous structure having a first textured surface lying in a first plane, a first design element lying in a second plane, a bottom surface lying in a third plane and a second design element lying in a fourth plane above the second plane, where there is a z-direction height difference between the first and third planes and the second and fourth planes lie between the first and third planes and a chemical papermaking additive selected from the group consisting of strength agents, bonding agents, softening agents, lotions, humectants, emollients, vitamins and colorants is selectively disposed on the fourth plane in registration with the second design element and the second plane is substantially free from chemical papermaking additive. 2. The chemically treated fibrous structure of claim 1 wherein from about 5.0 to about 30 percent surface area of the fibrous structure is treated with a chemical papermaking additive. 3. The chemically treated fibrous structure of claim 1 wherein the treated structure comprises from about 1.0 to about 5.0 percent, by weight of the structure, chemical papermaking additive. 4. (canceled) 5. The chemically treated fibrous structure of claim 1 wherein the textured top surface is substantially free from a chemical papermaking additive. 6. (canceled) 7. The chemically treated fibrous structure of claim 1 wherein the structure has a caliper from about 300 to about 1,200 μm and the z-directional height difference between the first and second planes is at least about 10 percent of the caliper. 8. The chemically treated fibrous structure of claim 1 having a basis weight from about 10 to about 50 grams per square meter (gsm), and a geometric mean tensile (GMT) from about 500 to about 1,500 g/3″. 9. The chemically treated fibrous structure of claim 1 having a basis weight from about 40 to about 80 gsm and a GMT from about 1,500 to about 3,500 g/3″. 10. The chemically treated fibrous structure of claim 1 wherein the papermaking chemical additive comprises an oil, a fatty alcohol, a polyglycol and optionally water. 11. The chemically treated fibrous structure of claim 1 wherein the papermaking chemical additive comprises a colorant and the penetration of the colorant into the web is less than 60 percent of the web thickness. 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. A method of manufacturing a chemically treated tissue product comprising the steps of:
a. providing a tissue web having a textured top surface lying in a surface plane and a bottom surface lying in a bottom plane wherein there is a z-directional height difference between the surface plane and bottom plane; b. conveying the web through a first nip created by a first receiving roll and a pattern roll having a plurality of protuberances forming a design pattern; c. conforming a portion of the web to the protuberances; d. applying a chemical papermaking additive to an applicator roll; e. conveying the web through a second nip created by the pattern roll and the applicator roll; f. transferring the additive from the applicator roll to the conformed portion of the web; and g. conveying the web into a third nip formed between the pattern roll and a second receiving roll wherein the pressure applied at the third nip is from about 100 to about 250 pli and the second receiving roll has a hardness from about 40 to about 100 Shore (A), to form a patterned tissue product having a design element corresponding to the plurality of protuberances, the design element lying in a design element plane that is between the surface plane and the bottom plane. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the chemical papermaking additive composition is selected from the group consisting of strength agents, bonding agents, softening agents, lotions, humectants, emollients, vitamins and colorants. 22. The method of claim 20 wherein the additive composition is a lotion and the add-on is less than about 2 percent, based upon the dry weight of the web. 23. The method of claim 20 wherein the additive composition is a lotion and the add-on area is less than about 10 percent of the surface area of the web. 24. The chemically treated fibrous structure of claim 1 wherein the fibrous structure is a multi-ply tissue product having a basis weight greater than about 40 gsm, a GMT greater than about 800 g/3″ and a GM Slopes less than about 15.0 kg/3″. 25. The chemically treated fibrous structure of claim 24 wherein the multi-ply tissue product has a basis weight from about 40 to about 80 gsm, a GMT greater from about 800 to about 1200 g/3″ and a GM Slopes from about 12.0 to about 14.0 kg/3″. 26. The chemically treated fibrous structure of claim 25 wherein the multi-ply tissue product has a caliper from about 400 to about 600 μm. | 1,700 |
3,088 | 14,833,709 | 1,721 | An apparatus and system for flexibly mounting a power module to a photovoltaic (PV) module. In one embodiment, the apparatus comprises a plurality of distributed mounting points adapted to be adhered to a face of the PV module for mechanically coupling the power module to the PV module, wherein the plurality of distributed mounting points flexibly retain the power module such that the PV module is able to flex without subjecting the power module to stress from flexure of the PV module. | 1. An apparatus for flexibly mounting a power module to a photovoltaic (PV) module, comprising:
a plurality of distributed mounting points adapted to be adhered to a face of the PV module for mechanically coupling the power module to the PV module, wherein the plurality of distributed mounting points flexibly retain the power module such that the PV module is able to flex without subjecting the power module to stress from flexure of the PV module. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a rigid mounting point adapted for electrically coupling the power module to the PV module. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the plurality of distributed mounting points comprises no more than two mounting points. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each mounting point of the plurality of distributed mounting points is adapted to flexibly retain a protuberance of a plurality of protuberances extending from the power module. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein each mounting point of the plurality of distributed mounting points defines a groove that retains the protuberance such that a first gap exists between the protuberance and the PV module when the PV module is unflexed. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each mounting point of the plurality of distributed mounting points comprises a pad having a lattice structure and a plurality of adhesive wells for adhering the pad to the face of the PV module. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the power module is a DC-AC converter. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the power module is a DC junction box. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the power module is a DC-DC converter. 10. A system for flexibly mounting a power module to a photovoltaic (PV) module, comprising:
the PV module; and a plurality of distributed mounting points adapted to be adhered to a face of the PV module for mechanically coupling the power module to the PV module, wherein the plurality of distributed mounting points flexibly retain the power module such that the PV module is able to flex without subjecting the power module to stress from flexure of the PV module. 11. The system of claim 10, further comprising a rigid mounting point adapted for electrically coupling the power module to the PV module. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the plurality of distributed mounting points comprises no more than two mounting points. 13. The system of claim 10, wherein each mounting point of the plurality of distributed mounting points is adapted to flexibly retain a protuberance of a plurality of protuberances extending from the power module. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein each mounting point of the plurality of distributed mounting points defines a groove that retains the protuberance such that a first gap exists between the protuberance and the PV module when the PV module is unflexed. 15. The system of claim 10, wherein each mounting point of the plurality of distributed mounting points comprises a pad having a lattice structure and a plurality of adhesive wells for adhering the pad to the face of the PV module. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein for each adhesive well of the plurality of adhesive wells, a wall of the adhesive well defines an aperture for allowing excessive adhesive to escape. 17. The system of claim 10, wherein the power module is a DC-AC converter. 18. The system of claim 10, wherein the power module is a DC junction box. 19. The system of claim 10, wherein the power module is a DC-DC converter. 20. The system of claim 10, further comprising the power module. | An apparatus and system for flexibly mounting a power module to a photovoltaic (PV) module. In one embodiment, the apparatus comprises a plurality of distributed mounting points adapted to be adhered to a face of the PV module for mechanically coupling the power module to the PV module, wherein the plurality of distributed mounting points flexibly retain the power module such that the PV module is able to flex without subjecting the power module to stress from flexure of the PV module.1. An apparatus for flexibly mounting a power module to a photovoltaic (PV) module, comprising:
a plurality of distributed mounting points adapted to be adhered to a face of the PV module for mechanically coupling the power module to the PV module, wherein the plurality of distributed mounting points flexibly retain the power module such that the PV module is able to flex without subjecting the power module to stress from flexure of the PV module. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a rigid mounting point adapted for electrically coupling the power module to the PV module. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the plurality of distributed mounting points comprises no more than two mounting points. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each mounting point of the plurality of distributed mounting points is adapted to flexibly retain a protuberance of a plurality of protuberances extending from the power module. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein each mounting point of the plurality of distributed mounting points defines a groove that retains the protuberance such that a first gap exists between the protuberance and the PV module when the PV module is unflexed. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each mounting point of the plurality of distributed mounting points comprises a pad having a lattice structure and a plurality of adhesive wells for adhering the pad to the face of the PV module. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the power module is a DC-AC converter. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the power module is a DC junction box. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the power module is a DC-DC converter. 10. A system for flexibly mounting a power module to a photovoltaic (PV) module, comprising:
the PV module; and a plurality of distributed mounting points adapted to be adhered to a face of the PV module for mechanically coupling the power module to the PV module, wherein the plurality of distributed mounting points flexibly retain the power module such that the PV module is able to flex without subjecting the power module to stress from flexure of the PV module. 11. The system of claim 10, further comprising a rigid mounting point adapted for electrically coupling the power module to the PV module. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the plurality of distributed mounting points comprises no more than two mounting points. 13. The system of claim 10, wherein each mounting point of the plurality of distributed mounting points is adapted to flexibly retain a protuberance of a plurality of protuberances extending from the power module. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein each mounting point of the plurality of distributed mounting points defines a groove that retains the protuberance such that a first gap exists between the protuberance and the PV module when the PV module is unflexed. 15. The system of claim 10, wherein each mounting point of the plurality of distributed mounting points comprises a pad having a lattice structure and a plurality of adhesive wells for adhering the pad to the face of the PV module. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein for each adhesive well of the plurality of adhesive wells, a wall of the adhesive well defines an aperture for allowing excessive adhesive to escape. 17. The system of claim 10, wherein the power module is a DC-AC converter. 18. The system of claim 10, wherein the power module is a DC junction box. 19. The system of claim 10, wherein the power module is a DC-DC converter. 20. The system of claim 10, further comprising the power module. | 1,700 |
3,089 | 11,860,183 | 1,721 | A method of forming a multijunction solar cell including an upper subcell, a middle subcell, and a lower subcell, the method including: providing first substrate for the epitaxial growth of semiconductor material; forming a first solar subcell on the substrate having a first band gap; forming a second solar subcell over the first solar subcell having a second band gap smaller than the first band gap; forming a barrier layer over the second subcell to reduce threading dislocations; forming a grading interlayer over the barrier layer, the grading interlayer having a third band gap greater than the second band gap; and forming a third solar subcell over the grading interlayer having a fourth band gap smaller than the second band gap such that the third subcell is lattice mismatched with respect to the second subcell. | 1. A method of forming a multijunction solar cell comprising an upper subcell, a middle subcell, and a lower subcell, the method comprising:
providing first substrate for the epitaxial growth of semiconductor material; forming a first solar subcell on said substrate having a first band gap; forming a second solar subcell over said first solar subcell having a second band gap smaller than said first band gap; forming a barrier layer over said second subcell; forming a grading interlayer over said barrier layer, said grading interlayer having a third band gap greater than said second band gap; and forming a third solar subcell over said grading interlayer having a fourth band gap smaller than said second band gap such that said third subcell is lattice mismatched with respect to said second subcell. 2. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein said barrier layer is composed of any As, P, N, or Sb based III-V compound semiconductors having a bandgap energy greater than or equal to that of the grading interlayer. 3. A method as defined in claim 1, further comprising forming a second barrier layer over said grading interlayer prior to the formation of said third solar subcell. 4. A method as defined in claim 3, wherein said second barrier layer is composed of any As, P, N, or Sb based III-V compound semiconductors having a bandgap energy greater than or equal to that of the grading interlayer. 5. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein said first substrate is selected from the group consisting of germanium or GaAs. 6. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein said first solar subcell is composed of an InGa(Al)P emitter region and an InGa(Al)P base region. 7. A method as defined in claim 6, wherein said second solar cell is composed of an GaInP, GaInAs, GaAsSb, or GaInAsN emitter region and an GaInAs, GaAsSb, or GaInAsN base region. 8. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein said grading interlayer is composed of any of the As, P, N, Sb based III-V compound semiconductors subject to the constraints of having the in-plane lattice parameter greater or equal to that of the second solar cell and less than or equal to that of the third solar cell, and having a bandgap energy greater than that of the second solar cell. 9. A method as defined in claim 6, wherein said second solar subcell is composed of an InGaP emitter region and an GaAs base region. 10. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein said grading interlayer is composed of InGaAlAs. 11. A method as defined in claim 8, wherein said grading interlayer is composed of nine steps of layers with monotonically changing lattice constant. 12. A method as defined in claim 1, further comprising depositing a contact layer over said third solar subcell and making electrical contact therewith. 13. A method as defined in claim 10, further comprising attaching a surrogate second substrate over said contact layer and removing the first substrate. 14. A method as defined in claim 1, further comprising:
patterning said contact layer into a grid; and etching a trough around the periphery of said solar cell so as to form a mesa structure on said surrogate second substrate. 15. A multijunction solar cell comprising:
a substrate; a first solar subcell on said substrate having a first band gap; a second solar subcell disposed over said first subcell and having a second band gap smaller than said first band gap; a barrier layer disposed over said second subcell for reducing the propagation of threading dislocations; a grading interlayer disposed over said barrier layer and having a third band gap greater than said second band gap; and a third solar subcell disposed over said grading interlayer that is lattice mis-matched with respect to said middle subcell and having a fourth band gap smaller than said second band gap. 16. A solar cell as defined in claim 13, wherein said barrier layer is composed of any As, P, N, or Sb based III-V compound semiconductors having a bandgap energy greater than or equal to that of the grading interlayer. 17. A solar cell as defined in claim 13, further comprising a second barrier layer disposed between said grading interlayer and said third subcell. 18. A solar cell as defined in claim 15, wherein said second barrier layer is composed of any As, P, N, or Sb based III-V compound semiconductors having a bandgap energy greater than or equal to that of the grading interlayer. 19. A solar cell as defined in claim 13, wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of germanium or GaAs. 20. A solar cell as defined in claim 13, wherein said first solar subcell is composed of InGa(Al)P. 21. A solar cell as defined in claim 13, wherein said second solar subcell is composed of an GaInP, GaInAs, GaAsSb, or GaInAsN emitter region and an GaInAs, GaAsSb, or GaInAsN base region. 22. A solar cell as defined in claim 13, wherein said third solar subcell is composed of InGaAs. | A method of forming a multijunction solar cell including an upper subcell, a middle subcell, and a lower subcell, the method including: providing first substrate for the epitaxial growth of semiconductor material; forming a first solar subcell on the substrate having a first band gap; forming a second solar subcell over the first solar subcell having a second band gap smaller than the first band gap; forming a barrier layer over the second subcell to reduce threading dislocations; forming a grading interlayer over the barrier layer, the grading interlayer having a third band gap greater than the second band gap; and forming a third solar subcell over the grading interlayer having a fourth band gap smaller than the second band gap such that the third subcell is lattice mismatched with respect to the second subcell.1. A method of forming a multijunction solar cell comprising an upper subcell, a middle subcell, and a lower subcell, the method comprising:
providing first substrate for the epitaxial growth of semiconductor material; forming a first solar subcell on said substrate having a first band gap; forming a second solar subcell over said first solar subcell having a second band gap smaller than said first band gap; forming a barrier layer over said second subcell; forming a grading interlayer over said barrier layer, said grading interlayer having a third band gap greater than said second band gap; and forming a third solar subcell over said grading interlayer having a fourth band gap smaller than said second band gap such that said third subcell is lattice mismatched with respect to said second subcell. 2. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein said barrier layer is composed of any As, P, N, or Sb based III-V compound semiconductors having a bandgap energy greater than or equal to that of the grading interlayer. 3. A method as defined in claim 1, further comprising forming a second barrier layer over said grading interlayer prior to the formation of said third solar subcell. 4. A method as defined in claim 3, wherein said second barrier layer is composed of any As, P, N, or Sb based III-V compound semiconductors having a bandgap energy greater than or equal to that of the grading interlayer. 5. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein said first substrate is selected from the group consisting of germanium or GaAs. 6. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein said first solar subcell is composed of an InGa(Al)P emitter region and an InGa(Al)P base region. 7. A method as defined in claim 6, wherein said second solar cell is composed of an GaInP, GaInAs, GaAsSb, or GaInAsN emitter region and an GaInAs, GaAsSb, or GaInAsN base region. 8. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein said grading interlayer is composed of any of the As, P, N, Sb based III-V compound semiconductors subject to the constraints of having the in-plane lattice parameter greater or equal to that of the second solar cell and less than or equal to that of the third solar cell, and having a bandgap energy greater than that of the second solar cell. 9. A method as defined in claim 6, wherein said second solar subcell is composed of an InGaP emitter region and an GaAs base region. 10. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein said grading interlayer is composed of InGaAlAs. 11. A method as defined in claim 8, wherein said grading interlayer is composed of nine steps of layers with monotonically changing lattice constant. 12. A method as defined in claim 1, further comprising depositing a contact layer over said third solar subcell and making electrical contact therewith. 13. A method as defined in claim 10, further comprising attaching a surrogate second substrate over said contact layer and removing the first substrate. 14. A method as defined in claim 1, further comprising:
patterning said contact layer into a grid; and etching a trough around the periphery of said solar cell so as to form a mesa structure on said surrogate second substrate. 15. A multijunction solar cell comprising:
a substrate; a first solar subcell on said substrate having a first band gap; a second solar subcell disposed over said first subcell and having a second band gap smaller than said first band gap; a barrier layer disposed over said second subcell for reducing the propagation of threading dislocations; a grading interlayer disposed over said barrier layer and having a third band gap greater than said second band gap; and a third solar subcell disposed over said grading interlayer that is lattice mis-matched with respect to said middle subcell and having a fourth band gap smaller than said second band gap. 16. A solar cell as defined in claim 13, wherein said barrier layer is composed of any As, P, N, or Sb based III-V compound semiconductors having a bandgap energy greater than or equal to that of the grading interlayer. 17. A solar cell as defined in claim 13, further comprising a second barrier layer disposed between said grading interlayer and said third subcell. 18. A solar cell as defined in claim 15, wherein said second barrier layer is composed of any As, P, N, or Sb based III-V compound semiconductors having a bandgap energy greater than or equal to that of the grading interlayer. 19. A solar cell as defined in claim 13, wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of germanium or GaAs. 20. A solar cell as defined in claim 13, wherein said first solar subcell is composed of InGa(Al)P. 21. A solar cell as defined in claim 13, wherein said second solar subcell is composed of an GaInP, GaInAs, GaAsSb, or GaInAsN emitter region and an GaInAs, GaAsSb, or GaInAsN base region. 22. A solar cell as defined in claim 13, wherein said third solar subcell is composed of InGaAs. | 1,700 |
3,090 | 14,373,764 | 1,783 | A panel for use in furniture and interior design applications includes a continuous outer skin formed of polystyrene or high impact polystyrene. The skin completely encapsulates a cellular plastic core. The core is formed from a heat activated foamable plastic particulate material. The area of the largest face of the panel is greater than 1 m 2 . Both skin and filler material may be recycled plastics. | 1. A panel for use in furniture and interior design applications, comprising a continuous outer skin formed of polystyrene or high impact polystyrene completely encapsulating a cellular plastic core formed from a heat activated foamable plastic particulate material, wherein the area of the largest face of the panel is greater than 1 mu 2. 2. A panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the total thickness of the panel is greater than 11 mm. 3. A panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the continuous outer skin is formed of recycled polystyrene or recycled high impact polystyrene. 4. A panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the core comprises mixed waste plastic. 5. A panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the core includes reinforcement members. 6. A panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the skin is moulded to provide a surface texture. 7. A panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the skin incorporates a high temperature printed film. 8. A panel as claimed in claim 1, incorporating at least one of anti-fungal agents, anti-bacterial agents and fire retardant agents. 9. A panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the skin is formed from a plastic particulate material applied directly to the surface of a heated mould. 10. (canceled) | A panel for use in furniture and interior design applications includes a continuous outer skin formed of polystyrene or high impact polystyrene. The skin completely encapsulates a cellular plastic core. The core is formed from a heat activated foamable plastic particulate material. The area of the largest face of the panel is greater than 1 m 2 . Both skin and filler material may be recycled plastics.1. A panel for use in furniture and interior design applications, comprising a continuous outer skin formed of polystyrene or high impact polystyrene completely encapsulating a cellular plastic core formed from a heat activated foamable plastic particulate material, wherein the area of the largest face of the panel is greater than 1 mu 2. 2. A panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the total thickness of the panel is greater than 11 mm. 3. A panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the continuous outer skin is formed of recycled polystyrene or recycled high impact polystyrene. 4. A panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the core comprises mixed waste plastic. 5. A panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the core includes reinforcement members. 6. A panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the skin is moulded to provide a surface texture. 7. A panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the skin incorporates a high temperature printed film. 8. A panel as claimed in claim 1, incorporating at least one of anti-fungal agents, anti-bacterial agents and fire retardant agents. 9. A panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the skin is formed from a plastic particulate material applied directly to the surface of a heated mould. 10. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,091 | 12,727,063 | 1,742 | A post sleeve provides a substantially permanent base for supporting a post for a fence or sign, and from which one post can be removed and replaced with another post. The sleeve includes a concrete body that is poured on site, using a sleeve core prepositioned in the post hole, and around which wet concrete is poured. After the concrete is cured, the core is removed, leaving a post sleeve cavity configured to receive a post. The core can be rigid, or can include a flexible shell and stiffener. A preformed post sleeve top can be attached to the sleeve core and positioned therewith in the post hole, to become a permanent part of the post sleeve, once the concrete cures. A drain is attached to the core, and remains in the sleeve when the core is removed, and can be a percolation chamber, or passage extending below the sleeve. | 1. A half sleeve, comprising:
a joining face that, when the half sleeve and a substantially identical half sleeve are mated together, defines a central longitudinal plane of a resulting post sleeve; a first alignment element positioned on the joining face; a second alignment element positioned on the joining face in a position that corresponds to a position of the first alignment element, such that, when the half sleeve and the substantially identical half sleeve are mated together, in which the half sleeve is placed in face-to-face contact with the substantially identical half sleeve, with the first alignment element of the half sleeve received by a second alignment element of the second half sleeve, and a first alignment element of the second half sleeve received by the second alignment element of the first half sleeve, the first and second half sleeves together define a body of a complete post sleeve; a first adhesive network section formed in the joining face, including a first inlet port section, a first outlet port section, and a first adhesive channel section extending between the first inlet port section and the first outlet port section; and a second adhesive network section formed in the joining face and substantially mirroring the first adhesive network section, positioned so as to be axially symmetrical with the first adhesive network section such that if the first half sleeve and the substantially identical second half sleeve are mated together, the first adhesive network section of the first half sleeve and a second adhesive network section of the second half sleeve together define a first inlet port, a first outlet port, and a first adhesive channel placing the first inlet port in fluid communication with the first outlet port, and the second adhesive network section of the first half sleeve and a first adhesive network section of the second half sleeve together define a second inlet port, a second outlet port, and a second adhesive channel placing the second inlet port in fluid communication with the second outlet port. 2. The half sleeve of claim 1, wherein the first alignment element is an alignment pin, and the second alignment element is an alignment aperture. 3. The half sleeve of claim 1, wherein the first alignment element is a tongue, and the second alignment element is a groove. 4. The half sleeve of claim 1, wherein the first adhesive network includes a third outlet port section, and the first adhesive channel section extends also between the first inlet port section and the third outlet port section, and the second adhesive network includes a fourth outlet port section, and the second adhesive channel section extends also between the first inlet port section and the third outlet port section 5. A post sleeve, comprising:
a preformed elongate body of a rigid material; a cavity extending longitudinally within the body and configured to receive an end of a post therein; and a chamber positioned near an upper end of the cavity, sized so that, when a post is positioned in the post sleeve, an open space is provide inside the post sleeve and surrounding a portion of the post. 6. The post sleeve of claim 5, comprising a plurality of cavities formed in an outer surface of the body. 7. The post sleeve of claim 5, comprising a knock-out plug at which a portion of a side wall of the body is substantially thinner than other portions of the side wall. 8. The post sleeve of claim 5, comprising a compressible element positioned in the cavity for freeze protection. 9. The post sleeve of claim 5, comprising:
a drainage aperture extending downward from the cavity to the exterior of the body; and a drainage chamber form coupled to the body over the drainage aperture. 10. The post sleeve of claim 9 wherein the drainage chamber form includes a closure that is of a material that will substantially disintegrate when exposed to water. 11. The post sleeve of claim 9 wherein the drainage chamber form includes a compressible element for freeze protection. 12. The post sleeve of claim 9 wherein the drainage chamber form comprises a non-rigid material. 13. The post sleeve of claim 12 wherein the drainage chamber form includes a quantity of drainage material. 14. The post sleeve of claim 9 wherein the drainage chamber form includes a wall that is permeable to water. 15. The post sleeve of claim 9 wherein the drainage chamber form will substantially disintegrate when exposed to water. 16. The post sleeve of claim 15 wherein the drainage chamber form has fluted side walls to increase surface area for percolation. 17. A device, comprising:
a sleeve core for forming a post sleeve; elements positioned on the sleeve core for forming features of a post sleeve cavity, including elements for forming stand-off ribs; and a fixture coupled to an upper end of the sleeve core by which the core can be held in a fixed position and orientation while a post sleeve is formed around the core. 18. The device of claim 17 wherein the sleeve core comprises:
an outer shell made of an elastomeric material, and on which are positioned the elements for forming features of a post sleeve cavity; and a stiffener sized to fit snugly into the outer shell, and configured to support and hold the shell rigidly for formation of a post sleeve. 19. The device of claim 17 wherein the sleeve core is entirely rigid. 20. The device of claim 19 wherein the sleeve core has a pattern draft. 21. The device of claim 17 wherein the sleeve core comprises means for coupling a sleeve top thereto. 22. The device of claim 17, comprising a plurality of notches formed in an upper portion of the sleeve core, each configured to receive a fastener, for coupling a sleeve top to the sleeve core. 23. The device of claim 17; comprising a preformed sleeve top configured to be coupled to an upper portion of the sleeve core. 24. A post sleeve top for use with a sleeve core, comprising:
a body of a rigid material sized and configured to act as an upper portion of a post sleeve; a post aperture extending axially through the body, sized to be fully traversed by a post positioned therein; and a feature coupled to the body near a lower edge thereof, configured to be engaged by wet concrete when the body is partially immersed therein, to rigidly lock the body to a concrete base formed when the wet concrete cures. 25. The post sleeve top of claim 24, comprising a locking aperture extending transverse to an axis of the body from the exterior thereof to the post aperture, and configured to receive a locking mechanism for locking the top to an object positioned in the post aperture. 26. The post sleeve top of claim 24 wherein an upper portion includes a decorative shape. 27. The post sleeve top of claim 24, comprising a unique identifier positioned on the exterior of the body. 28. The post sleeve top of claim 24, comprising a radio frequency identification tag coupled to the body. 29. The post sleeve top of claim 24, comprising a chamber formed in the body, sized and positioned so that, when a post is positioned in a post sleeve that incorporates the post sleeve top, an open space is provide inside the body and surrounding the post. 30. A method for making a post sleeve, comprising:
holding a post sleeve core in a post hole at a selected position; pouring wet concrete into the post hole around the post sleeve core; curing the concrete while the post sleeve core is held in position; and removing the post sleeve core from the cured concrete. 31. The method of claim 30, further comprising positioning the post sleeve core in a post aperture of a post sleeve top, and wherein:
positioning the post sleeve core in the post hole comprises positioning the post sleeve core and the post sleeve top in the post hole at the selected position; and pouring the wet concrete into the post hole comprises pouring the wet concrete into the post hole to a depth sufficient to cover at least a lower portion of the post sleeve top. 32. The method of claim 30, further comprising coupling a drainage chamber form to a lower end of the sleeve core and positioning the chamber form in the post hole with the core before pouring the wet concrete. 33. The method of claim 32, further comprising placing the drainage chamber form in contact with a bottom of the post hole. 34. The method of claim 32, further comprising placing a compressible element inside the drainage chamber form for freeze protection. 35. The method of claim 32, further comprising placing a drainage material inside the drainage chamber form to prevent collapse of the form during the step of pouring wet concrete into the post hole. 36. The method of claim 30, further comprising applying a release agent to the post sleeve core. 37. The method of claim 30, further comprising applying, to the post sleeve core, a layer of wax as a release agent and water sealant. 38. The method of claim 30, further comprising applying, to the post sleeve core, as a release agent, a layer of wax of sufficient thickness to permit removal of the core from the cured concrete, where the core lacks a pattern draft. 39. The method of claim 30 wherein removing the post sleeve core from the cured concrete comprises removing a stiffener from the core, and removing a shell of elastomeric material from a post sleeve formed in the concrete by the post sleeve core. 40. The method of claim 30, comprising positioning the post sleeve core inside a preformed post sleeve, and wherein positioning the post sleeve core comprises positioning the post sleeve core and the preformed post sleeve in the post hole. 41. The method of claim 30, comprising:
assigning a unique identifier to the post sleeve, by which the post sleeve can be distinguished from other post sleeves; and recording, as part of the unique identifier or associated therewith, relevant data, which include any of: a character string that is unique to the post sleeve; position, elevation, and orientation of the post sleeve, relative to an adjacent post sleeve or landmark; date of installation of the post sleeve; model of the post sleeve core used; intended purpose for the post sleeve; owner of the post sleeve; party responsible for maintenance of the post sleeve; installer of the post sleeve; design, materials, and dimensions of a fence panel to be attached to a post supported by the post sleeve; street address of the post sleeve; GPS location of the post sleeve; street address of a residence or business closest to the post sleeve. 42. The method of claim 41 wherein recording relevant data comprises recording the relevant data to a radio frequency identification tag coupled to the post sleeve. | A post sleeve provides a substantially permanent base for supporting a post for a fence or sign, and from which one post can be removed and replaced with another post. The sleeve includes a concrete body that is poured on site, using a sleeve core prepositioned in the post hole, and around which wet concrete is poured. After the concrete is cured, the core is removed, leaving a post sleeve cavity configured to receive a post. The core can be rigid, or can include a flexible shell and stiffener. A preformed post sleeve top can be attached to the sleeve core and positioned therewith in the post hole, to become a permanent part of the post sleeve, once the concrete cures. A drain is attached to the core, and remains in the sleeve when the core is removed, and can be a percolation chamber, or passage extending below the sleeve.1. A half sleeve, comprising:
a joining face that, when the half sleeve and a substantially identical half sleeve are mated together, defines a central longitudinal plane of a resulting post sleeve; a first alignment element positioned on the joining face; a second alignment element positioned on the joining face in a position that corresponds to a position of the first alignment element, such that, when the half sleeve and the substantially identical half sleeve are mated together, in which the half sleeve is placed in face-to-face contact with the substantially identical half sleeve, with the first alignment element of the half sleeve received by a second alignment element of the second half sleeve, and a first alignment element of the second half sleeve received by the second alignment element of the first half sleeve, the first and second half sleeves together define a body of a complete post sleeve; a first adhesive network section formed in the joining face, including a first inlet port section, a first outlet port section, and a first adhesive channel section extending between the first inlet port section and the first outlet port section; and a second adhesive network section formed in the joining face and substantially mirroring the first adhesive network section, positioned so as to be axially symmetrical with the first adhesive network section such that if the first half sleeve and the substantially identical second half sleeve are mated together, the first adhesive network section of the first half sleeve and a second adhesive network section of the second half sleeve together define a first inlet port, a first outlet port, and a first adhesive channel placing the first inlet port in fluid communication with the first outlet port, and the second adhesive network section of the first half sleeve and a first adhesive network section of the second half sleeve together define a second inlet port, a second outlet port, and a second adhesive channel placing the second inlet port in fluid communication with the second outlet port. 2. The half sleeve of claim 1, wherein the first alignment element is an alignment pin, and the second alignment element is an alignment aperture. 3. The half sleeve of claim 1, wherein the first alignment element is a tongue, and the second alignment element is a groove. 4. The half sleeve of claim 1, wherein the first adhesive network includes a third outlet port section, and the first adhesive channel section extends also between the first inlet port section and the third outlet port section, and the second adhesive network includes a fourth outlet port section, and the second adhesive channel section extends also between the first inlet port section and the third outlet port section 5. A post sleeve, comprising:
a preformed elongate body of a rigid material; a cavity extending longitudinally within the body and configured to receive an end of a post therein; and a chamber positioned near an upper end of the cavity, sized so that, when a post is positioned in the post sleeve, an open space is provide inside the post sleeve and surrounding a portion of the post. 6. The post sleeve of claim 5, comprising a plurality of cavities formed in an outer surface of the body. 7. The post sleeve of claim 5, comprising a knock-out plug at which a portion of a side wall of the body is substantially thinner than other portions of the side wall. 8. The post sleeve of claim 5, comprising a compressible element positioned in the cavity for freeze protection. 9. The post sleeve of claim 5, comprising:
a drainage aperture extending downward from the cavity to the exterior of the body; and a drainage chamber form coupled to the body over the drainage aperture. 10. The post sleeve of claim 9 wherein the drainage chamber form includes a closure that is of a material that will substantially disintegrate when exposed to water. 11. The post sleeve of claim 9 wherein the drainage chamber form includes a compressible element for freeze protection. 12. The post sleeve of claim 9 wherein the drainage chamber form comprises a non-rigid material. 13. The post sleeve of claim 12 wherein the drainage chamber form includes a quantity of drainage material. 14. The post sleeve of claim 9 wherein the drainage chamber form includes a wall that is permeable to water. 15. The post sleeve of claim 9 wherein the drainage chamber form will substantially disintegrate when exposed to water. 16. The post sleeve of claim 15 wherein the drainage chamber form has fluted side walls to increase surface area for percolation. 17. A device, comprising:
a sleeve core for forming a post sleeve; elements positioned on the sleeve core for forming features of a post sleeve cavity, including elements for forming stand-off ribs; and a fixture coupled to an upper end of the sleeve core by which the core can be held in a fixed position and orientation while a post sleeve is formed around the core. 18. The device of claim 17 wherein the sleeve core comprises:
an outer shell made of an elastomeric material, and on which are positioned the elements for forming features of a post sleeve cavity; and a stiffener sized to fit snugly into the outer shell, and configured to support and hold the shell rigidly for formation of a post sleeve. 19. The device of claim 17 wherein the sleeve core is entirely rigid. 20. The device of claim 19 wherein the sleeve core has a pattern draft. 21. The device of claim 17 wherein the sleeve core comprises means for coupling a sleeve top thereto. 22. The device of claim 17, comprising a plurality of notches formed in an upper portion of the sleeve core, each configured to receive a fastener, for coupling a sleeve top to the sleeve core. 23. The device of claim 17; comprising a preformed sleeve top configured to be coupled to an upper portion of the sleeve core. 24. A post sleeve top for use with a sleeve core, comprising:
a body of a rigid material sized and configured to act as an upper portion of a post sleeve; a post aperture extending axially through the body, sized to be fully traversed by a post positioned therein; and a feature coupled to the body near a lower edge thereof, configured to be engaged by wet concrete when the body is partially immersed therein, to rigidly lock the body to a concrete base formed when the wet concrete cures. 25. The post sleeve top of claim 24, comprising a locking aperture extending transverse to an axis of the body from the exterior thereof to the post aperture, and configured to receive a locking mechanism for locking the top to an object positioned in the post aperture. 26. The post sleeve top of claim 24 wherein an upper portion includes a decorative shape. 27. The post sleeve top of claim 24, comprising a unique identifier positioned on the exterior of the body. 28. The post sleeve top of claim 24, comprising a radio frequency identification tag coupled to the body. 29. The post sleeve top of claim 24, comprising a chamber formed in the body, sized and positioned so that, when a post is positioned in a post sleeve that incorporates the post sleeve top, an open space is provide inside the body and surrounding the post. 30. A method for making a post sleeve, comprising:
holding a post sleeve core in a post hole at a selected position; pouring wet concrete into the post hole around the post sleeve core; curing the concrete while the post sleeve core is held in position; and removing the post sleeve core from the cured concrete. 31. The method of claim 30, further comprising positioning the post sleeve core in a post aperture of a post sleeve top, and wherein:
positioning the post sleeve core in the post hole comprises positioning the post sleeve core and the post sleeve top in the post hole at the selected position; and pouring the wet concrete into the post hole comprises pouring the wet concrete into the post hole to a depth sufficient to cover at least a lower portion of the post sleeve top. 32. The method of claim 30, further comprising coupling a drainage chamber form to a lower end of the sleeve core and positioning the chamber form in the post hole with the core before pouring the wet concrete. 33. The method of claim 32, further comprising placing the drainage chamber form in contact with a bottom of the post hole. 34. The method of claim 32, further comprising placing a compressible element inside the drainage chamber form for freeze protection. 35. The method of claim 32, further comprising placing a drainage material inside the drainage chamber form to prevent collapse of the form during the step of pouring wet concrete into the post hole. 36. The method of claim 30, further comprising applying a release agent to the post sleeve core. 37. The method of claim 30, further comprising applying, to the post sleeve core, a layer of wax as a release agent and water sealant. 38. The method of claim 30, further comprising applying, to the post sleeve core, as a release agent, a layer of wax of sufficient thickness to permit removal of the core from the cured concrete, where the core lacks a pattern draft. 39. The method of claim 30 wherein removing the post sleeve core from the cured concrete comprises removing a stiffener from the core, and removing a shell of elastomeric material from a post sleeve formed in the concrete by the post sleeve core. 40. The method of claim 30, comprising positioning the post sleeve core inside a preformed post sleeve, and wherein positioning the post sleeve core comprises positioning the post sleeve core and the preformed post sleeve in the post hole. 41. The method of claim 30, comprising:
assigning a unique identifier to the post sleeve, by which the post sleeve can be distinguished from other post sleeves; and recording, as part of the unique identifier or associated therewith, relevant data, which include any of: a character string that is unique to the post sleeve; position, elevation, and orientation of the post sleeve, relative to an adjacent post sleeve or landmark; date of installation of the post sleeve; model of the post sleeve core used; intended purpose for the post sleeve; owner of the post sleeve; party responsible for maintenance of the post sleeve; installer of the post sleeve; design, materials, and dimensions of a fence panel to be attached to a post supported by the post sleeve; street address of the post sleeve; GPS location of the post sleeve; street address of a residence or business closest to the post sleeve. 42. The method of claim 41 wherein recording relevant data comprises recording the relevant data to a radio frequency identification tag coupled to the post sleeve. | 1,700 |
3,092 | 13,905,367 | 1,783 | Described herein are glass substrates having oleophobic surfaces that are substantially free of features that form a reentrant geometry. The surfaces can include a plurality of gas-trapping features, extending from the surface to a depth below the surface, that are substantially isolated from each other. The gas-trapping features are capable of trapping gas below any droplets that are contacted with the surface so as to prevent wetting of the surface by the droplets. | 1. An oleophobic article, comprising:
a glass substrate; and a patterned coating, disposed on a surface of the glass substrate, comprising a plurality of non-interacting gas-trapping features. 2. The oleophobic article of claim 1, wherein each gas-trapping feature comprises an opening in an outer surface of the patterned coating that extends to a depth below the outer surface. 3. The oleophobic article of claim 2, wherein the outer surface has an open fraction of at least 0.40. 4. The oleophobic article of claim 2, wherein each opening has a cross-sectional dimension a, and wherein an average a is about 10 nanometers to about 100 micrometers. 5. The oleophobic article of claim 2, wherein each opening extends into the patterned coating to a depth H, and wherein an average H is about 10 nanometers up to about 100 micrometers. 6. The oleophobic article of claim 2, wherein adjacent gas-trapping features in the patterned coating are separated by a distance b, and wherein an average b is about 10 nanometers to about 50 micrometers. 7. The oleophobic article of claim 1, wherein the glass substrate comprises an alkali aluminosilicate glass. 8. The oleophobic article of claim 1, wherein the patterned coating is formed from an oxide material. 9. The oleophobic article of claim 1, wherein the oleophobic article is hydrophobic. 10. The oleophobic article of claim 1, wherein the oleophobic article exhibits a total reflectance over a visible light spectrum that is lower than a total reflectance of the glass substrate without the patterned coating disposed thereon. 11. An oleophobic article, comprising:
a chemically strengthened alkali aluminosilicate glass substrate; and a patterned coating of an oxide material, disposed on a surface of the chemically strengthened alkali aluminosilicate glass substrate, comprising a plurality of non-interacting gas-trapping features; wherein each gas-trapping feature comprises an opening in an outer surface of the patterned coating that extends to a depth below the outer surface; wherein the outer surface has an open fraction of at least 0.40; wherein each opening has a cross-sectional dimension a, and wherein an average a is about 10 nanometers to about 100 micrometers; wherein each opening extends into the patterned coating to a depth H, and wherein an average H is about 10 nanometers up to about 100 micrometers; and wherein adjacent gas-trapping features in the patterned coating are separated by a distance b, and wherein an average b is about 10 nanometers to about 50 micrometers. 12. The oleophobic article of claim 11, wherein the oleophobic article is hydrophobic. 13. The oleophobic article of claim 11, wherein the oleophobic article exhibits a total reflectance over a visible light spectrum that is lower than a total reflectance of the glass substrate without the patterned coating disposed thereon. 14. A method of making an oleophobic article, the method comprising:
providing a glass substrate; and forming a patterned coating on a surface of the glass substrate, wherein the patterned coating comprises a plurality of non-interacting gas-trapping features. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein forming the patterned coating comprises:
disposing a mask on the surface of the glass substrate; disposing a coating on the mask-covered surface; and removing the mask from the coated surface such that any remaining coating is the patterned coating, wherein each gas-trapping feature of the patterned coating comprises an opening in an outer surface of the patterned coating that extends to a depth below the outer surface. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein disposing the mask comprises disposing a plurality of particles on the surface of the glass substrate. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein disposing the mask further comprises reducing a size of the particles in the plurality of particles. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein reducing the size of the particles comprises etching the plurality of particles. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein removing the mask comprises selectively removing the plurality of particles from the coated surface of the glass substrate. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein removing the mask comprises selectively removing the plurality of particles from the coated surface of the glass substrate. | Described herein are glass substrates having oleophobic surfaces that are substantially free of features that form a reentrant geometry. The surfaces can include a plurality of gas-trapping features, extending from the surface to a depth below the surface, that are substantially isolated from each other. The gas-trapping features are capable of trapping gas below any droplets that are contacted with the surface so as to prevent wetting of the surface by the droplets.1. An oleophobic article, comprising:
a glass substrate; and a patterned coating, disposed on a surface of the glass substrate, comprising a plurality of non-interacting gas-trapping features. 2. The oleophobic article of claim 1, wherein each gas-trapping feature comprises an opening in an outer surface of the patterned coating that extends to a depth below the outer surface. 3. The oleophobic article of claim 2, wherein the outer surface has an open fraction of at least 0.40. 4. The oleophobic article of claim 2, wherein each opening has a cross-sectional dimension a, and wherein an average a is about 10 nanometers to about 100 micrometers. 5. The oleophobic article of claim 2, wherein each opening extends into the patterned coating to a depth H, and wherein an average H is about 10 nanometers up to about 100 micrometers. 6. The oleophobic article of claim 2, wherein adjacent gas-trapping features in the patterned coating are separated by a distance b, and wherein an average b is about 10 nanometers to about 50 micrometers. 7. The oleophobic article of claim 1, wherein the glass substrate comprises an alkali aluminosilicate glass. 8. The oleophobic article of claim 1, wherein the patterned coating is formed from an oxide material. 9. The oleophobic article of claim 1, wherein the oleophobic article is hydrophobic. 10. The oleophobic article of claim 1, wherein the oleophobic article exhibits a total reflectance over a visible light spectrum that is lower than a total reflectance of the glass substrate without the patterned coating disposed thereon. 11. An oleophobic article, comprising:
a chemically strengthened alkali aluminosilicate glass substrate; and a patterned coating of an oxide material, disposed on a surface of the chemically strengthened alkali aluminosilicate glass substrate, comprising a plurality of non-interacting gas-trapping features; wherein each gas-trapping feature comprises an opening in an outer surface of the patterned coating that extends to a depth below the outer surface; wherein the outer surface has an open fraction of at least 0.40; wherein each opening has a cross-sectional dimension a, and wherein an average a is about 10 nanometers to about 100 micrometers; wherein each opening extends into the patterned coating to a depth H, and wherein an average H is about 10 nanometers up to about 100 micrometers; and wherein adjacent gas-trapping features in the patterned coating are separated by a distance b, and wherein an average b is about 10 nanometers to about 50 micrometers. 12. The oleophobic article of claim 11, wherein the oleophobic article is hydrophobic. 13. The oleophobic article of claim 11, wherein the oleophobic article exhibits a total reflectance over a visible light spectrum that is lower than a total reflectance of the glass substrate without the patterned coating disposed thereon. 14. A method of making an oleophobic article, the method comprising:
providing a glass substrate; and forming a patterned coating on a surface of the glass substrate, wherein the patterned coating comprises a plurality of non-interacting gas-trapping features. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein forming the patterned coating comprises:
disposing a mask on the surface of the glass substrate; disposing a coating on the mask-covered surface; and removing the mask from the coated surface such that any remaining coating is the patterned coating, wherein each gas-trapping feature of the patterned coating comprises an opening in an outer surface of the patterned coating that extends to a depth below the outer surface. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein disposing the mask comprises disposing a plurality of particles on the surface of the glass substrate. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein disposing the mask further comprises reducing a size of the particles in the plurality of particles. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein reducing the size of the particles comprises etching the plurality of particles. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein removing the mask comprises selectively removing the plurality of particles from the coated surface of the glass substrate. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein removing the mask comprises selectively removing the plurality of particles from the coated surface of the glass substrate. | 1,700 |
3,093 | 14,592,520 | 1,712 | A polymeric coating can be applied to an overhead conductor. The overhead conductor includes one or more conductive wires, and the polymeric coating layer surrounds the one or more conductive wires. The overhead conductor can operate at a lower temperature than a bare overhead conductor with no polymeric coating layer when tested in accordance with ANSI C119.4 method. Methods of applying a polymeric coating layer to an overhead conductor are also described herein. | 1. A method of applying a polymeric coating to an overhead conductor, the method comprising:
surrounding an overhead conductor with a polymer composition, wherein the polymer composition is essentially solvent free; and cooling the polymer composition to form a polymeric coating layer surrounding the overhead conductor; and wherein the polymeric coating layer has a thickness of about 10 microns to about 1,000 microns and the overhead conductor operates at a lower temperature than a bare overhead conductor when tested in accordance with ANSI C119.4; and wherein the method is essentially continuous. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the surrounding the overhead conductor with the polymer composition further comprises heating the polymer composition and extruding the polymer composition around the overhead conductor. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the surrounding the overhead conductor with the polymer composition further comprises spraying a powder comprising the polymer composition around an exterior surface of the overhead conductor and then melting the powder. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the overhead conductor is pre-heated prior to surrounding the overhead conductor with the polymer composition. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein one or more of an internally applied vacuum or an externally applied pressure is applied to the overhead conductor during at least one of surrounding the overhead conductor with the polymer composition or cooling the polymer composition. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the externally applied pressure is applied from a hot air circular knife. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymeric coating layer is a conformal coating layer and is in contact with an outer contour of the overhead conductor. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein unfilled spaces between the polymeric coating layer and the outer contour of the overhead conductor are at least partially filled. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer composition comprises one or more of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene difluoride, fluoroethylene vinyl ether, silicone, acrylic, polymethyl pentene, poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), polytetrafluoroethylene, and copolymers thereof. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the polymer composition comprises one or more of polyvinylidene difluoride and a cross-linked polyethylene. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer composition further comprises about 50%, or less, filler, and the filler comprises one of carbon black or a conductive carbon nanotube. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymeric coating layer is semi-conductive and has a volume resistivity of less than 1010 ohm-cm. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymeric coating layer has a retention of elongation at break of 50%, or more, after 2,000 hours of exterior weather when tested in accordance with ASTM 1960. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymeric coating layer has a thickness of about 10 microns to about 500 microns. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymeric coating layer has an emissivity of 0.80 or greater. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymeric coating layer has a solar absorptivity of 0.3 or less. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymeric coating layer has a heat conductivity or 0.15 W/mK or greater. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer composition is at least partially cross-linked. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer composition is thermoplastic and has a melting temperature of 140° C. or more. 20. A coated overhead conductor formed from the method of claim 1. 21. The coated overhead conductor of claim 20, wherein the overhead conductor comprises:
a core, the core comprising one or more of carbon fiber composite, glass fiber composite, aluminum, and aluminum alloy fibers reinforced in aluminum; and one or more electrically conductive wires, the one or more electrically conductive wires surrounding the core. | A polymeric coating can be applied to an overhead conductor. The overhead conductor includes one or more conductive wires, and the polymeric coating layer surrounds the one or more conductive wires. The overhead conductor can operate at a lower temperature than a bare overhead conductor with no polymeric coating layer when tested in accordance with ANSI C119.4 method. Methods of applying a polymeric coating layer to an overhead conductor are also described herein.1. A method of applying a polymeric coating to an overhead conductor, the method comprising:
surrounding an overhead conductor with a polymer composition, wherein the polymer composition is essentially solvent free; and cooling the polymer composition to form a polymeric coating layer surrounding the overhead conductor; and wherein the polymeric coating layer has a thickness of about 10 microns to about 1,000 microns and the overhead conductor operates at a lower temperature than a bare overhead conductor when tested in accordance with ANSI C119.4; and wherein the method is essentially continuous. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the surrounding the overhead conductor with the polymer composition further comprises heating the polymer composition and extruding the polymer composition around the overhead conductor. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the surrounding the overhead conductor with the polymer composition further comprises spraying a powder comprising the polymer composition around an exterior surface of the overhead conductor and then melting the powder. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the overhead conductor is pre-heated prior to surrounding the overhead conductor with the polymer composition. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein one or more of an internally applied vacuum or an externally applied pressure is applied to the overhead conductor during at least one of surrounding the overhead conductor with the polymer composition or cooling the polymer composition. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the externally applied pressure is applied from a hot air circular knife. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymeric coating layer is a conformal coating layer and is in contact with an outer contour of the overhead conductor. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein unfilled spaces between the polymeric coating layer and the outer contour of the overhead conductor are at least partially filled. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer composition comprises one or more of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene difluoride, fluoroethylene vinyl ether, silicone, acrylic, polymethyl pentene, poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), polytetrafluoroethylene, and copolymers thereof. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the polymer composition comprises one or more of polyvinylidene difluoride and a cross-linked polyethylene. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer composition further comprises about 50%, or less, filler, and the filler comprises one of carbon black or a conductive carbon nanotube. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymeric coating layer is semi-conductive and has a volume resistivity of less than 1010 ohm-cm. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymeric coating layer has a retention of elongation at break of 50%, or more, after 2,000 hours of exterior weather when tested in accordance with ASTM 1960. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymeric coating layer has a thickness of about 10 microns to about 500 microns. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymeric coating layer has an emissivity of 0.80 or greater. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymeric coating layer has a solar absorptivity of 0.3 or less. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymeric coating layer has a heat conductivity or 0.15 W/mK or greater. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer composition is at least partially cross-linked. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer composition is thermoplastic and has a melting temperature of 140° C. or more. 20. A coated overhead conductor formed from the method of claim 1. 21. The coated overhead conductor of claim 20, wherein the overhead conductor comprises:
a core, the core comprising one or more of carbon fiber composite, glass fiber composite, aluminum, and aluminum alloy fibers reinforced in aluminum; and one or more electrically conductive wires, the one or more electrically conductive wires surrounding the core. | 1,700 |
3,094 | 14,326,590 | 1,729 | Provided are a mixed cathode active material having improved power characteristics and a lithium secondary battery including the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to a mixed cathode active material which may reduce the difference in operating voltage with respect to layered-structure lithium transition metal oxide and may consequently minimize power reduction in a transient region by using LFP having a portion of iron (Fe) substituted with other elements, such as manganese (Mn), (LMFP), in order to prevent a rapid voltage drop in the transient region when layered-structure lithium transition metal oxide and olivine-structured lithium oxide (e.g., LFP) are blended, and a lithium secondary battery including the mixed cathode active material. | 1. A mixed cathode active material comprising:
a first cathode active material as lithium transition metal oxide having a layered structure; and a second cathode active material having an olivine structure that is represented by Chemical Formula 2,
LiFe1−xMxMy′XO4 [Chemical Formula 2]
where M is one, or two or more elements among elements that belong to groups 7 and 9 to 12, essentially comprises manganese (Mn); M′ is one, or two or more transition metal elements among transition metal elements, and essentially comprises Mn; X is one or more selected from the group consisting of phosphorous (P), silicon (Si), sulfur (S), arsenic (As), and antimony (Sb); 0<x<1; and 0≦y<0.5 2. The mixed cathode active material of claim 1, wherein the first cathode active material comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of layered-structure lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium cobalt-nickel oxide, lithium cobalt-manganese oxide, lithium manganese-nickel oxide, lithium cobalt-nickel-manganese oxide, and oxides having other elements substituted or doped therein,
where the other elements are one or more selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg), Mn, nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), vanadium (V), titanium (Ti), copper (Cu), boron (B), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), strontium (Sr), Sb, tungsten (W), and bismuth (Bi). 3. The mixed cathode active material of claim 1, wherein the first cathode active material is layered-structure ternary lithium-containing metal oxide represented by Chemical Formula 1:
Li1+aNixMnyCozO2 [Chemical Formula 1]
where, 0≦a<0.5; 0<x<1; 0<y≦0.5; 0<z≦0.3; and x+y+z=1. 4. The mixed cathode active material of claim 3, wherein, in Chemical Formula 1, 0≦a≦0.2;
0.4≦x≦0.6;
0.2≦y≦0.5;
0.1≦z≦0.3; and
x+y+z=1. 5. The mixed cathode active material of claim 1, wherein the second cathode active material is olivine-structured lithium phosphate represented by Chemical Formula 2a:
LiFe1−xMxPO4 [Chemical Formula 2a]
where, M is one, or two or more elements selected from the group consisting of Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, and Zn, and essentially comprises Mn; and 0<x<1. 6. The mixed cathode active material of claim 1, further comprising a first cathode active material as layered-structure ternary lithium-containing metal oxide represented by Chemical Formula 1 and a second cathode active material as olivine-structured lithium phosphate represented by Chemical Formula 2a:
Li1+aNixMnyCozO2 [Chemical Formula 1]
where, 0≦a≦0.2;
0.4≦x≦0.6;
0.2≦y≦0.5;
0.1≦z≦0.3; and
x+y+z=1,
LiFe1−xMnxPO4 [Chemical Formula 2a]
where, 0.1≦x≦0.5. 7. The mixed cathode active material of claim 6, wherein, in Chemical Formula 2a, 0.1≦x≦0.3. 8. The mixed cathode active material of claim 1, wherein the second cathode active material is included in an amount of 5 parts by weight to 50 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the mixed cathode active material. 9. The mixed cathode active material of claim 1, further comprising a conductive agent in addition to the first cathode active material and the second cathode active material. 10. The mixed cathode active material of claim 9, wherein the conductive agent comprises graphite and conductive carbon. 11. The mixed cathode active material of claim 9, wherein the conductive agent is included in an amount of 0.5 parts by weight to 15 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the mixed cathode active material. 12. The mixed cathode active material of claim 10, wherein the conductive carbon is one or a mixture of two or more selected from the group consisting of carbon black including carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, or thermal black, and a material having a crystal structure of graphene or graphite. 13. A cathode comprising the mixed cathode active material of claim 1. 14. A lithium secondary battery comprising the cathode of claim 13. 15. The lithium secondary battery of claim 14, wherein power of the lithium secondary battery in a SOC (state of charge) range of 10% to 40% is 40% or more of power at 50% SOC. 16. The lithium secondary battery of claim 14, wherein a ratio of power at 30% SOC to power at 50% SOC of the lithium secondary battery is in a range of 0.4 to 1. 17. The lithium secondary battery of claim 14, wherein the lithium secondary battery is used in a series-type plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). | Provided are a mixed cathode active material having improved power characteristics and a lithium secondary battery including the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to a mixed cathode active material which may reduce the difference in operating voltage with respect to layered-structure lithium transition metal oxide and may consequently minimize power reduction in a transient region by using LFP having a portion of iron (Fe) substituted with other elements, such as manganese (Mn), (LMFP), in order to prevent a rapid voltage drop in the transient region when layered-structure lithium transition metal oxide and olivine-structured lithium oxide (e.g., LFP) are blended, and a lithium secondary battery including the mixed cathode active material.1. A mixed cathode active material comprising:
a first cathode active material as lithium transition metal oxide having a layered structure; and a second cathode active material having an olivine structure that is represented by Chemical Formula 2,
LiFe1−xMxMy′XO4 [Chemical Formula 2]
where M is one, or two or more elements among elements that belong to groups 7 and 9 to 12, essentially comprises manganese (Mn); M′ is one, or two or more transition metal elements among transition metal elements, and essentially comprises Mn; X is one or more selected from the group consisting of phosphorous (P), silicon (Si), sulfur (S), arsenic (As), and antimony (Sb); 0<x<1; and 0≦y<0.5 2. The mixed cathode active material of claim 1, wherein the first cathode active material comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of layered-structure lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium cobalt-nickel oxide, lithium cobalt-manganese oxide, lithium manganese-nickel oxide, lithium cobalt-nickel-manganese oxide, and oxides having other elements substituted or doped therein,
where the other elements are one or more selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg), Mn, nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), vanadium (V), titanium (Ti), copper (Cu), boron (B), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), strontium (Sr), Sb, tungsten (W), and bismuth (Bi). 3. The mixed cathode active material of claim 1, wherein the first cathode active material is layered-structure ternary lithium-containing metal oxide represented by Chemical Formula 1:
Li1+aNixMnyCozO2 [Chemical Formula 1]
where, 0≦a<0.5; 0<x<1; 0<y≦0.5; 0<z≦0.3; and x+y+z=1. 4. The mixed cathode active material of claim 3, wherein, in Chemical Formula 1, 0≦a≦0.2;
0.4≦x≦0.6;
0.2≦y≦0.5;
0.1≦z≦0.3; and
x+y+z=1. 5. The mixed cathode active material of claim 1, wherein the second cathode active material is olivine-structured lithium phosphate represented by Chemical Formula 2a:
LiFe1−xMxPO4 [Chemical Formula 2a]
where, M is one, or two or more elements selected from the group consisting of Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, and Zn, and essentially comprises Mn; and 0<x<1. 6. The mixed cathode active material of claim 1, further comprising a first cathode active material as layered-structure ternary lithium-containing metal oxide represented by Chemical Formula 1 and a second cathode active material as olivine-structured lithium phosphate represented by Chemical Formula 2a:
Li1+aNixMnyCozO2 [Chemical Formula 1]
where, 0≦a≦0.2;
0.4≦x≦0.6;
0.2≦y≦0.5;
0.1≦z≦0.3; and
x+y+z=1,
LiFe1−xMnxPO4 [Chemical Formula 2a]
where, 0.1≦x≦0.5. 7. The mixed cathode active material of claim 6, wherein, in Chemical Formula 2a, 0.1≦x≦0.3. 8. The mixed cathode active material of claim 1, wherein the second cathode active material is included in an amount of 5 parts by weight to 50 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the mixed cathode active material. 9. The mixed cathode active material of claim 1, further comprising a conductive agent in addition to the first cathode active material and the second cathode active material. 10. The mixed cathode active material of claim 9, wherein the conductive agent comprises graphite and conductive carbon. 11. The mixed cathode active material of claim 9, wherein the conductive agent is included in an amount of 0.5 parts by weight to 15 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the mixed cathode active material. 12. The mixed cathode active material of claim 10, wherein the conductive carbon is one or a mixture of two or more selected from the group consisting of carbon black including carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, or thermal black, and a material having a crystal structure of graphene or graphite. 13. A cathode comprising the mixed cathode active material of claim 1. 14. A lithium secondary battery comprising the cathode of claim 13. 15. The lithium secondary battery of claim 14, wherein power of the lithium secondary battery in a SOC (state of charge) range of 10% to 40% is 40% or more of power at 50% SOC. 16. The lithium secondary battery of claim 14, wherein a ratio of power at 30% SOC to power at 50% SOC of the lithium secondary battery is in a range of 0.4 to 1. 17. The lithium secondary battery of claim 14, wherein the lithium secondary battery is used in a series-type plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). | 1,700 |
3,095 | 14,053,093 | 1,781 | One or more aspects of the disclosure pertain to an article including a film disposed on a glass substrate, which may be strengthened, where the interface between the film and the glass substrate is modified, such that the article has an improved average flexural strength, and the film retains key functional properties for its application. Some key functional properties of the film include optical, electrical and/or mechanical properties. The bridging of a crack from one of the film or the glass substrate into the other of the film or the glass substrate can be suppressed by inserting a nanoporous crack mitigating layer between the glass substrate and the film. | 1. An article comprising:
a glass substrate having opposing major surfaces and having a first average strain-to-failure; a crack mitigating layer disposed on a first major surface of the glass substrate, the crack mitigating layer comprising a first elastic modulus; and a film disposed on the crack mitigating layer having a second average strain-to-failure that is less than the first average strain-to-failure and a second modulus that is greater than the first elastic modulus, wherein the crack mitigating layer reduces the stress intensity factor of a crack having a stress intensity factor and originating in the film, as the crack bridges into one or more of the crack mitigating layer and the glass substrate. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the crack mitigating layer reduces the stress intensity factor by at least about 10%. 3. The article of claim 1, wherein the crack mitigating layer increases the load required for the crack to bridge into the glass substrate by at least about 10%. 4. The article of claim 1, wherein the first elastic modulus is about 50 GPa or less. 5. The article of claim 1, wherein the crack mitigating layer comprises a porous material. 6. The article of claim 5, wherein the crack mitigating layer comprises a porosity in the range from about 10% by volume to about 50% by volume. 7. The article of claim 1, wherein the film comprises a functional property selected from one or more of optical property, electrical property and mechanical property, and wherein the film substantially retains the functional property when the crack mitigating layer is disposed between the glass substrate and the film. 8. The article of claim 7, wherein the film comprises one or more layers selected from transparent conductive oxide layers, IR reflecting layers, UV reflecting layers, conducting layers, semiconducting layers, electronics layers, thin film transistor layers, EMI shielding layers, anti-reflection layers, anti-glare layers, dirt-resistant layers, self-cleaning layers, scratch-resistant layers, barrier layers, passivation layers, hermetic layers, diffusion-blocking layers, fingerprint-resistant layers and combinations thereof. 9. The article of claim 1, further having an average flexural strength that is substantially greater than the average flexural strength of an article comprising the glass substrate and the film but no crack mitigating layer. 10. The article of claim 1, wherein the glass substrate is chemically strengthened and has a compressive stress greater than about 500 MPa and a compressive stress depth-of-layer greater than about 15 μm. 11. An article comprising:
a glass substrate having opposing major surfaces, wherein the glass substrate has a first average strain-to-failure that is greater than about 0.5%; a crack mitigating layer comprising a porous material disposed on a first major surface of the glass substrate; and a film disposed on the crack mitigating layer, wherein the crack mitigating layer causes a crack originating in one of the film and the glass substrate and entering into the crack mitigating layer to remain within the crack mitigating layer. 12. The article of claim 11, wherein the crack mitigating layer exhibits a fracture toughness of about 1 MPa·m1/2 or less. 13. The article of claim 11, wherein the glass substrate and the crack mitigating layer form a first interface and the film and crack mitigating layer form a second interface, and wherein the crack mitigating layer causes the crack originating in one of the film and the glass substrate to propagate within the crack mitigating layer in a direction substantially parallel to one or both the first interface and the second interface. 14. The article of claim 11, wherein the glass substrate and the crack mitigating layer form a first interface and the film and crack mitigating layer form a second interface, and wherein the crack mitigating layer causes the crack originating in one of the film and the glass substrate to propagate substantially along either the first interface or the second interface. 15. The article of claim 11, wherein the film comprises one or more layers selected from transparent conductive oxide layers, IR reflecting layers, UV reflecting layers, conducting layers, semiconducting layers, electronics layers, thin film transistor layers, EMI shielding layers, anti-reflection layers, anti-glare layers, dirt-resistant layers, self-cleaning layers, scratch-resistant layers, barrier layers, passivation layers, hermetic layers, diffusion-blocking layers, fingerprint-resistant layers and combinations thereof. 16. An article comprising:
a glass substrate having opposing major surfaces and a first average strain-to-failure; a film disposed on a first major surface having a second average strain-to-failure that is lower than the first average strain-to-failure; and a crack mitigating layer disposed between the glass substrate and the film, the crack mitigating layer comprising a nanoporous material having a porosity in the range from about 10% by volume to about 50% by volume and an elastic modulus in the range from about 1 GPa to about 50 GPa. 17. The article of claim 16, wherein the crack mitigating layer has an average pore size of less than about 50 nm and an optical transmission haze of less than about 10%. 18. The article of claim 16, wherein the crack mitigating layer has a refractive index in a range from about 1.3 to about 1.7. 19. The article of claim 16, wherein the nanoporous material comprises an inorganic material. 20. The article of claim 19, wherein the nanoporous material comprises one or more of SiO, SiOx, SiO2, Al2O3, AlN, AlOxNy, Si3N4, SiOxNy, SiAlxOyNz, TiO2, Nb2O5, Ta2O5, ZrO2, GeO2, SiCxNy, SiCxOyNz, SiC, Si, Ge, indium-tin-oxide, tin oxide, fluorinated tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, and zinc oxide. 21. The article of claim 16, wherein the crack mitigating layer exhibits an elastic modulus in the range from about 5 GPa to about 40 GPa. 22. An article comprising:
a glass substrate having opposing major surfaces and having a first average strain-to-failure; a crack mitigating layer disposed on a first major surface of the glass substrate forming a first interface; and a film disposed on the crack mitigating layer forming a second interface, the film having a second average strain-to-failure that is lower than the first average strain-to-failure; and wherein the load required for a crack originating in the film to bridge across the second interface is greater than a load required for the crack to bridge across the second interface. 23. The article of claim 22, wherein the film comprises a single layer or a plurality of layers forming a first thickness, and wherein the crack mitigating layer comprises a second thickness that is less than or equal to about 3 times the first thickness, and wherein the first thickness and the second thickness are each about 5 micrometers or less. 24. The article of claim 22, wherein the crack mitigating layer comprises a nanoporous material that includes one or more of SiO, SiOx, SiO2, Al2O3, AlN, AlOxNy, Si3N4, SiOxNy, SiAlxOyNz, TiO2, Nb2O5, Ta2O5, ZrO2, GeO2, SiCxNy, SiCxOyNz, SiC, Si, Ge, indium-tin-oxide, tin oxide, fluorinated tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, and zinc oxide. 25. The article of claim 22, wherein the crack mitigating layer comprises a polymeric material selected from one or more of polyimide, fluorinated polyimide, polyetherimide, or polyethersulfone. 26. The article of claim 22, wherein the film comprises one or more of Al2O3, AlN, AlOxNy, Si3N4, SiOxNy, SiAlxOyNz, TiO2, Nb2O5, Ta2O5, ZrO2, SiCxNy, SiCxOyNz, SiC, indium-tin-oxide, tin oxide, fluorinated tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, and zinc oxide. 27. The article of claim 26, wherein the crack mitigating layer comprises nanoporous vapor-deposited inorganic SiO, SiOx, or SiO2 having an elastic modulus in a range from about 5 GPa to about 40 GPa. | One or more aspects of the disclosure pertain to an article including a film disposed on a glass substrate, which may be strengthened, where the interface between the film and the glass substrate is modified, such that the article has an improved average flexural strength, and the film retains key functional properties for its application. Some key functional properties of the film include optical, electrical and/or mechanical properties. The bridging of a crack from one of the film or the glass substrate into the other of the film or the glass substrate can be suppressed by inserting a nanoporous crack mitigating layer between the glass substrate and the film.1. An article comprising:
a glass substrate having opposing major surfaces and having a first average strain-to-failure; a crack mitigating layer disposed on a first major surface of the glass substrate, the crack mitigating layer comprising a first elastic modulus; and a film disposed on the crack mitigating layer having a second average strain-to-failure that is less than the first average strain-to-failure and a second modulus that is greater than the first elastic modulus, wherein the crack mitigating layer reduces the stress intensity factor of a crack having a stress intensity factor and originating in the film, as the crack bridges into one or more of the crack mitigating layer and the glass substrate. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the crack mitigating layer reduces the stress intensity factor by at least about 10%. 3. The article of claim 1, wherein the crack mitigating layer increases the load required for the crack to bridge into the glass substrate by at least about 10%. 4. The article of claim 1, wherein the first elastic modulus is about 50 GPa or less. 5. The article of claim 1, wherein the crack mitigating layer comprises a porous material. 6. The article of claim 5, wherein the crack mitigating layer comprises a porosity in the range from about 10% by volume to about 50% by volume. 7. The article of claim 1, wherein the film comprises a functional property selected from one or more of optical property, electrical property and mechanical property, and wherein the film substantially retains the functional property when the crack mitigating layer is disposed between the glass substrate and the film. 8. The article of claim 7, wherein the film comprises one or more layers selected from transparent conductive oxide layers, IR reflecting layers, UV reflecting layers, conducting layers, semiconducting layers, electronics layers, thin film transistor layers, EMI shielding layers, anti-reflection layers, anti-glare layers, dirt-resistant layers, self-cleaning layers, scratch-resistant layers, barrier layers, passivation layers, hermetic layers, diffusion-blocking layers, fingerprint-resistant layers and combinations thereof. 9. The article of claim 1, further having an average flexural strength that is substantially greater than the average flexural strength of an article comprising the glass substrate and the film but no crack mitigating layer. 10. The article of claim 1, wherein the glass substrate is chemically strengthened and has a compressive stress greater than about 500 MPa and a compressive stress depth-of-layer greater than about 15 μm. 11. An article comprising:
a glass substrate having opposing major surfaces, wherein the glass substrate has a first average strain-to-failure that is greater than about 0.5%; a crack mitigating layer comprising a porous material disposed on a first major surface of the glass substrate; and a film disposed on the crack mitigating layer, wherein the crack mitigating layer causes a crack originating in one of the film and the glass substrate and entering into the crack mitigating layer to remain within the crack mitigating layer. 12. The article of claim 11, wherein the crack mitigating layer exhibits a fracture toughness of about 1 MPa·m1/2 or less. 13. The article of claim 11, wherein the glass substrate and the crack mitigating layer form a first interface and the film and crack mitigating layer form a second interface, and wherein the crack mitigating layer causes the crack originating in one of the film and the glass substrate to propagate within the crack mitigating layer in a direction substantially parallel to one or both the first interface and the second interface. 14. The article of claim 11, wherein the glass substrate and the crack mitigating layer form a first interface and the film and crack mitigating layer form a second interface, and wherein the crack mitigating layer causes the crack originating in one of the film and the glass substrate to propagate substantially along either the first interface or the second interface. 15. The article of claim 11, wherein the film comprises one or more layers selected from transparent conductive oxide layers, IR reflecting layers, UV reflecting layers, conducting layers, semiconducting layers, electronics layers, thin film transistor layers, EMI shielding layers, anti-reflection layers, anti-glare layers, dirt-resistant layers, self-cleaning layers, scratch-resistant layers, barrier layers, passivation layers, hermetic layers, diffusion-blocking layers, fingerprint-resistant layers and combinations thereof. 16. An article comprising:
a glass substrate having opposing major surfaces and a first average strain-to-failure; a film disposed on a first major surface having a second average strain-to-failure that is lower than the first average strain-to-failure; and a crack mitigating layer disposed between the glass substrate and the film, the crack mitigating layer comprising a nanoporous material having a porosity in the range from about 10% by volume to about 50% by volume and an elastic modulus in the range from about 1 GPa to about 50 GPa. 17. The article of claim 16, wherein the crack mitigating layer has an average pore size of less than about 50 nm and an optical transmission haze of less than about 10%. 18. The article of claim 16, wherein the crack mitigating layer has a refractive index in a range from about 1.3 to about 1.7. 19. The article of claim 16, wherein the nanoporous material comprises an inorganic material. 20. The article of claim 19, wherein the nanoporous material comprises one or more of SiO, SiOx, SiO2, Al2O3, AlN, AlOxNy, Si3N4, SiOxNy, SiAlxOyNz, TiO2, Nb2O5, Ta2O5, ZrO2, GeO2, SiCxNy, SiCxOyNz, SiC, Si, Ge, indium-tin-oxide, tin oxide, fluorinated tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, and zinc oxide. 21. The article of claim 16, wherein the crack mitigating layer exhibits an elastic modulus in the range from about 5 GPa to about 40 GPa. 22. An article comprising:
a glass substrate having opposing major surfaces and having a first average strain-to-failure; a crack mitigating layer disposed on a first major surface of the glass substrate forming a first interface; and a film disposed on the crack mitigating layer forming a second interface, the film having a second average strain-to-failure that is lower than the first average strain-to-failure; and wherein the load required for a crack originating in the film to bridge across the second interface is greater than a load required for the crack to bridge across the second interface. 23. The article of claim 22, wherein the film comprises a single layer or a plurality of layers forming a first thickness, and wherein the crack mitigating layer comprises a second thickness that is less than or equal to about 3 times the first thickness, and wherein the first thickness and the second thickness are each about 5 micrometers or less. 24. The article of claim 22, wherein the crack mitigating layer comprises a nanoporous material that includes one or more of SiO, SiOx, SiO2, Al2O3, AlN, AlOxNy, Si3N4, SiOxNy, SiAlxOyNz, TiO2, Nb2O5, Ta2O5, ZrO2, GeO2, SiCxNy, SiCxOyNz, SiC, Si, Ge, indium-tin-oxide, tin oxide, fluorinated tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, and zinc oxide. 25. The article of claim 22, wherein the crack mitigating layer comprises a polymeric material selected from one or more of polyimide, fluorinated polyimide, polyetherimide, or polyethersulfone. 26. The article of claim 22, wherein the film comprises one or more of Al2O3, AlN, AlOxNy, Si3N4, SiOxNy, SiAlxOyNz, TiO2, Nb2O5, Ta2O5, ZrO2, SiCxNy, SiCxOyNz, SiC, indium-tin-oxide, tin oxide, fluorinated tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, and zinc oxide. 27. The article of claim 26, wherein the crack mitigating layer comprises nanoporous vapor-deposited inorganic SiO, SiOx, or SiO2 having an elastic modulus in a range from about 5 GPa to about 40 GPa. | 1,700 |
3,096 | 14,542,932 | 1,783 | Ion exchangeable boroaluminosilicate glasses having high levels of intrinsic scratch resistance are provided. The glasses include the network formers SiO 2 , B 2 O 3 , and Al 2 O 3 , and at least one of Li 2 O, Na 2 O, and K 2 O. When ion exchanged these glasses may have a Knoop scratch initiation threshold of at least about 40 Newtons (N). These glasses may also be used to form a clad layer for a glass laminate in which the core layer has a coefficient of thermal expansion that is greater than that of the clad glass. | 1. A glass: from about 50 mol % to about 70 mol % SiO2; from about 5 mol % to about 12 mol % Al2O3; from about 5 mol % to about 35 mol % B2O3; at least one of Li2O, Na2O, and K2O, wherein 1 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦15 mol %; up to about 5 mol % MgO; up to about 5 mol % CaO; and up to about 2 mol % SrO. 2. The glass of claim 1, wherein 4 mol %≦MgO+CaO+SrO+Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦Al2O3+4 mol %. 3. The glass of claim 1, wherein 4 mol %≦B2O3−(MgO+CaO+SrO+Li2O+Na2O+K2O−Al2O3)≦35 mol %. 4. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass is ion exchanged and has a Knoop scratch threshold of at least about 30 N. 5. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass has a coefficient of thermal expansion of less than about 75×10−7/° C. 6. The glass of claim 5, wherein the coefficient of thermal expansion is less than about 55×10−7/° C. 7. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass further comprises at least one fining agent. 8. The glass of claim 7, wherein the at least one fining agent comprises at least one of SnO2, CeO2, As2O3, Sb2O5, Cl−, and F−. 9. The glass of claim 8, wherein the at least one fining agent comprises at least one of up to about 0.5 mol % SnO2, up to about 0.5 mol % As2O3, and up to about 0.5 mol % Sb2O3. 10. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass comprises: from about 62 mol % to about 68 mol % SiO2; from greater than 6 mol % to about 10 mol % Al2O3; from about 6 mol % to about 20 mol % B2O3; at least one of Li2O, Na2O, and K2O, wherein 6 mol % Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦13 mol %; up to about 4 mol % MgO; up to about 4 mol % CaO; and up to about 1 mol % SrO. 11. The glass of claim 10, wherein 4 mol %≦MgO+CaO+SrO+Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦Al2O3+4 mol %. 12. The glass of claim 10 or claim 11, wherein 4 mol %≦B2O3−(MgO+CaO+SrO+Li2O+Na2O+K2O−Al2O3)≦20 mol %. 13. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass forms a clad layer in a glass laminate, the glass laminate comprising a core glass and having a coefficient of thermal expansion that is greater than a coefficient of thermal expansion of the clad layer. 14. The glass of claim 13, wherein the clad layer is under a compressive stress of at least about 30 MPa. 15. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass has a liquidus viscosity of at least 70 kpoise. 16. The glass of claim 15, wherein the glass is down-drawable. 17. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass comprises up to about 0.5 mol % Fe2O3 and up to about 0.5 mol % ZrO2. 18. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass is free of P2O5. 19. A glass comprising SiO2, Al2O3, B2O3, and at least one of Li2O, Na2O, and K2O, wherein the glass is ion exchanged and has a Knoop scratch threshold of at least about 40 N. 20. The glass of claim 19, wherein the coefficient of thermal expansion is less than about 75×10−7/° C. 21. The glass of claim 20, wherein the coefficient of thermal expansion is less than about 55×10−7/° C. 22. The glass of claim 19, wherein the glass comprises: from about 60 mol % to about 70 mol % SiO2; from about 5 mol % to about 12 mol % Al2O3; from about 5 mol % to about 35 mol % B2O3; at least one of Li2O, Na2O, and K2O, wherein 1 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦15 mol %; up to about 5 mol % MgO; up to about 5 mol % CaO; and up to about 5 mol % SrO. 23. The glass of claim 22, wherein the glass further comprises at least one fining agent, the fining agent comprising at least one of SnO2, CeO2, As2O3, and Sb2O5, Cl−, and F−. 24. The glass of claim 23, wherein the at least one fining agent comprises at least one of up to about 0.5 mol % SnO2, up to about 0.5 mol % As2O3, and up to about 0.5 mol % Sb2O3. 25. The glass of claim 22, wherein 4 mol %≦MgO+CaO+SrO+Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦Al2O3+4 mol %. 26. The glass of claim 22, wherein 4 mol %≦B2O3−MgO+CaO+SrO+Li2O+Na2O+K2O−Al2O3≦35 mol %. 27. The glass of claim 22, wherein the glass comprises: from about 62 mol % to about 68 mol % SiO2; from greater than 6 mol % to about 10 mol % Al2O3; from about 6 mol % to about 20 mol % B2O3; up to about 4 mol % MgO; up to about 4 mol % CaO; and up to about 1 mol % SrO and, optionally, at least one fining agent, and wherein 1 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦13 mol %. 28. The glass of claim 22, wherein 4 mol %≦B2O3−(MgO+CaO+SrO+Li2O+Na2O+K2O−Al2O3)≦20 mol %. 29. The glass of claim 19, wherein the glass has a liquidus viscosity of at least 70 kpoise. 30. The glass of claim 29, wherein the glass is down-drawable. 31. A glass laminate, the glass laminate comprising a core glass and a clad glass laminated onto an outer surface of the core glass, the clad glass layer comprising from about 50 mol % to about 70 mol % SiO2; from about 5 mol % to about 12 mol % Al2O3; from about 5 mol % to about 35 mol % B2O3; at least one of Li2O, Na2O, and K2O, wherein 1 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦15 mol %; up to about 5 mol % MgO; up to about 5 mol % CaO; and up to about 2 mol % SrO, wherein the clad glass has a first coefficient of thermal expansion and the core glass has a second coefficient of thermal expansion that is greater than the first coefficient of thermal expansion. 32. The glass laminate of claim 31, wherein the first coefficient of thermal expansion is less than about 75×10−7/° C. 33. The glass laminate of claim 32, wherein the coefficient of thermal expansion is less than about 55×10−7/° C. 34. The glass laminate of claim 31, wherein the clad glass comprises at least one fining agent, the at least one fining agent comprising at least one of SnO2, CeO2, As2O3, Sb2O5, Cl−, and F−. 35. The glass laminate of claim 34, wherein the at least one fining agent comprises at least one of up to about 0.5 mol % SnO2, up to about 0.5 mol % As2O3, and up to about 0.5 mol % Sb2O3. 36. The glass laminate of claim 31, wherein the clad glass comprises: from about 62 mol % to about 68 mol % SiO2; from greater than 6 mol % to about 10 mol % Al2O3; from about 6 mol % to about 20 mol % B2O3; up to about 4 mol % MgO; up to about 4 mol % CaO; and up to about 1 mol % SrO and, optionally, at least one fining agent, and wherein 1 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦13 mol %. 37. The glass laminate of claim 31, wherein the clad glass is under a compressive stress of at least about 30 MPa. 38. The glass laminate of claim 31, wherein the core glass comprises an alkali aluminosilicate glass. 39. The glass laminate of claim 31, wherein the clad glass has a liquidus viscosity of at least about 70 kPoise. 40. A method of making a glass laminate, the glass laminate comprising a core glass and a clad glass, the method comprising:
a. providing a core glass melt; b. fusion-drawing the core glass melt to form a core glass having a first coefficient of thermal expansion; and c. providing a clad glass melt, the clad glass melt comprising: from about 50 mol % to about 70 mol % SiO2; from about 5 mol % to about 12 mol % Al2O3; from about 5 mol % to about 35 mol % B2O3; at least one of Li2O, Na2O, and K2O, wherein 1 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦15 mol %; up to about 5 mol % MgO; up to about 5 mol % CaO; and up to about 2 mol % SrO; and d. fusion-drawing the clad glass melt to form the clad glass, the clad glass surrounding the core glass and having a second coefficient of thermal expansion, wherein the first coefficient of thermal expansion that is greater than that the second coefficient of thermal expansion. 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the clad layer is under a compressive stress of at least about 30 MPa. 42. The method of claim 40, wherein the clad layer has a coefficient of thermal expansion of less than about 75×10−7/° C. 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the coefficient of thermal expansion is less than about 55×10−7/° C. 44. The method of claim 40, wherein the clad glass has a liquidus viscosity of at least about 70 kPoise. 45. The method of claim 40, wherein the clad glass comprises from about 62 mol % to about 68 mol % SiO2; from greater than 6 mol % to about 10 mol % Al2O3; from about 6 mol % to about 20 mol % B2O3; up to about 4 mol % MgO; up to about 4 mol % CaO; and up to about 1 mol % SrO and, optionally, at least one fining agent, and wherein 1 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦13 mol %. 46. The method of claim 40, wherein the core glass comprises an alkali aluminosilicate glass. | Ion exchangeable boroaluminosilicate glasses having high levels of intrinsic scratch resistance are provided. The glasses include the network formers SiO 2 , B 2 O 3 , and Al 2 O 3 , and at least one of Li 2 O, Na 2 O, and K 2 O. When ion exchanged these glasses may have a Knoop scratch initiation threshold of at least about 40 Newtons (N). These glasses may also be used to form a clad layer for a glass laminate in which the core layer has a coefficient of thermal expansion that is greater than that of the clad glass.1. A glass: from about 50 mol % to about 70 mol % SiO2; from about 5 mol % to about 12 mol % Al2O3; from about 5 mol % to about 35 mol % B2O3; at least one of Li2O, Na2O, and K2O, wherein 1 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦15 mol %; up to about 5 mol % MgO; up to about 5 mol % CaO; and up to about 2 mol % SrO. 2. The glass of claim 1, wherein 4 mol %≦MgO+CaO+SrO+Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦Al2O3+4 mol %. 3. The glass of claim 1, wherein 4 mol %≦B2O3−(MgO+CaO+SrO+Li2O+Na2O+K2O−Al2O3)≦35 mol %. 4. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass is ion exchanged and has a Knoop scratch threshold of at least about 30 N. 5. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass has a coefficient of thermal expansion of less than about 75×10−7/° C. 6. The glass of claim 5, wherein the coefficient of thermal expansion is less than about 55×10−7/° C. 7. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass further comprises at least one fining agent. 8. The glass of claim 7, wherein the at least one fining agent comprises at least one of SnO2, CeO2, As2O3, Sb2O5, Cl−, and F−. 9. The glass of claim 8, wherein the at least one fining agent comprises at least one of up to about 0.5 mol % SnO2, up to about 0.5 mol % As2O3, and up to about 0.5 mol % Sb2O3. 10. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass comprises: from about 62 mol % to about 68 mol % SiO2; from greater than 6 mol % to about 10 mol % Al2O3; from about 6 mol % to about 20 mol % B2O3; at least one of Li2O, Na2O, and K2O, wherein 6 mol % Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦13 mol %; up to about 4 mol % MgO; up to about 4 mol % CaO; and up to about 1 mol % SrO. 11. The glass of claim 10, wherein 4 mol %≦MgO+CaO+SrO+Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦Al2O3+4 mol %. 12. The glass of claim 10 or claim 11, wherein 4 mol %≦B2O3−(MgO+CaO+SrO+Li2O+Na2O+K2O−Al2O3)≦20 mol %. 13. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass forms a clad layer in a glass laminate, the glass laminate comprising a core glass and having a coefficient of thermal expansion that is greater than a coefficient of thermal expansion of the clad layer. 14. The glass of claim 13, wherein the clad layer is under a compressive stress of at least about 30 MPa. 15. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass has a liquidus viscosity of at least 70 kpoise. 16. The glass of claim 15, wherein the glass is down-drawable. 17. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass comprises up to about 0.5 mol % Fe2O3 and up to about 0.5 mol % ZrO2. 18. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass is free of P2O5. 19. A glass comprising SiO2, Al2O3, B2O3, and at least one of Li2O, Na2O, and K2O, wherein the glass is ion exchanged and has a Knoop scratch threshold of at least about 40 N. 20. The glass of claim 19, wherein the coefficient of thermal expansion is less than about 75×10−7/° C. 21. The glass of claim 20, wherein the coefficient of thermal expansion is less than about 55×10−7/° C. 22. The glass of claim 19, wherein the glass comprises: from about 60 mol % to about 70 mol % SiO2; from about 5 mol % to about 12 mol % Al2O3; from about 5 mol % to about 35 mol % B2O3; at least one of Li2O, Na2O, and K2O, wherein 1 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦15 mol %; up to about 5 mol % MgO; up to about 5 mol % CaO; and up to about 5 mol % SrO. 23. The glass of claim 22, wherein the glass further comprises at least one fining agent, the fining agent comprising at least one of SnO2, CeO2, As2O3, and Sb2O5, Cl−, and F−. 24. The glass of claim 23, wherein the at least one fining agent comprises at least one of up to about 0.5 mol % SnO2, up to about 0.5 mol % As2O3, and up to about 0.5 mol % Sb2O3. 25. The glass of claim 22, wherein 4 mol %≦MgO+CaO+SrO+Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦Al2O3+4 mol %. 26. The glass of claim 22, wherein 4 mol %≦B2O3−MgO+CaO+SrO+Li2O+Na2O+K2O−Al2O3≦35 mol %. 27. The glass of claim 22, wherein the glass comprises: from about 62 mol % to about 68 mol % SiO2; from greater than 6 mol % to about 10 mol % Al2O3; from about 6 mol % to about 20 mol % B2O3; up to about 4 mol % MgO; up to about 4 mol % CaO; and up to about 1 mol % SrO and, optionally, at least one fining agent, and wherein 1 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦13 mol %. 28. The glass of claim 22, wherein 4 mol %≦B2O3−(MgO+CaO+SrO+Li2O+Na2O+K2O−Al2O3)≦20 mol %. 29. The glass of claim 19, wherein the glass has a liquidus viscosity of at least 70 kpoise. 30. The glass of claim 29, wherein the glass is down-drawable. 31. A glass laminate, the glass laminate comprising a core glass and a clad glass laminated onto an outer surface of the core glass, the clad glass layer comprising from about 50 mol % to about 70 mol % SiO2; from about 5 mol % to about 12 mol % Al2O3; from about 5 mol % to about 35 mol % B2O3; at least one of Li2O, Na2O, and K2O, wherein 1 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦15 mol %; up to about 5 mol % MgO; up to about 5 mol % CaO; and up to about 2 mol % SrO, wherein the clad glass has a first coefficient of thermal expansion and the core glass has a second coefficient of thermal expansion that is greater than the first coefficient of thermal expansion. 32. The glass laminate of claim 31, wherein the first coefficient of thermal expansion is less than about 75×10−7/° C. 33. The glass laminate of claim 32, wherein the coefficient of thermal expansion is less than about 55×10−7/° C. 34. The glass laminate of claim 31, wherein the clad glass comprises at least one fining agent, the at least one fining agent comprising at least one of SnO2, CeO2, As2O3, Sb2O5, Cl−, and F−. 35. The glass laminate of claim 34, wherein the at least one fining agent comprises at least one of up to about 0.5 mol % SnO2, up to about 0.5 mol % As2O3, and up to about 0.5 mol % Sb2O3. 36. The glass laminate of claim 31, wherein the clad glass comprises: from about 62 mol % to about 68 mol % SiO2; from greater than 6 mol % to about 10 mol % Al2O3; from about 6 mol % to about 20 mol % B2O3; up to about 4 mol % MgO; up to about 4 mol % CaO; and up to about 1 mol % SrO and, optionally, at least one fining agent, and wherein 1 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦13 mol %. 37. The glass laminate of claim 31, wherein the clad glass is under a compressive stress of at least about 30 MPa. 38. The glass laminate of claim 31, wherein the core glass comprises an alkali aluminosilicate glass. 39. The glass laminate of claim 31, wherein the clad glass has a liquidus viscosity of at least about 70 kPoise. 40. A method of making a glass laminate, the glass laminate comprising a core glass and a clad glass, the method comprising:
a. providing a core glass melt; b. fusion-drawing the core glass melt to form a core glass having a first coefficient of thermal expansion; and c. providing a clad glass melt, the clad glass melt comprising: from about 50 mol % to about 70 mol % SiO2; from about 5 mol % to about 12 mol % Al2O3; from about 5 mol % to about 35 mol % B2O3; at least one of Li2O, Na2O, and K2O, wherein 1 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦15 mol %; up to about 5 mol % MgO; up to about 5 mol % CaO; and up to about 2 mol % SrO; and d. fusion-drawing the clad glass melt to form the clad glass, the clad glass surrounding the core glass and having a second coefficient of thermal expansion, wherein the first coefficient of thermal expansion that is greater than that the second coefficient of thermal expansion. 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the clad layer is under a compressive stress of at least about 30 MPa. 42. The method of claim 40, wherein the clad layer has a coefficient of thermal expansion of less than about 75×10−7/° C. 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the coefficient of thermal expansion is less than about 55×10−7/° C. 44. The method of claim 40, wherein the clad glass has a liquidus viscosity of at least about 70 kPoise. 45. The method of claim 40, wherein the clad glass comprises from about 62 mol % to about 68 mol % SiO2; from greater than 6 mol % to about 10 mol % Al2O3; from about 6 mol % to about 20 mol % B2O3; up to about 4 mol % MgO; up to about 4 mol % CaO; and up to about 1 mol % SrO and, optionally, at least one fining agent, and wherein 1 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦13 mol %. 46. The method of claim 40, wherein the core glass comprises an alkali aluminosilicate glass. | 1,700 |
3,097 | 14,854,290 | 1,745 | A method forms a butt joint between ends of first and second plies and splices the first and second plies together. The method includes the steps of: positioning a first splice edge of a first ply at a first location; positioning a second splice edge of a second ply at a second location, the second splice edge being left bare; wrapping a gum strip around the first splice edge such that the first gum strip forms a U-shaped structure in section that allows the first gum strip to extend from a first planar side of the first ply over the first splice edge to a second opposite planar side of the first ply; not wrapping a gum strip around the second splice edge; placing the first splice edge in abutting relationship to the second splice edge; and stitching the first splice edge to the second splice edge such that stitches each extend from the first planar side of the first ply, through the gum strip, to the first planar side of the second ply. | 1. A method for forming a butt joint between ends of first and second plies and splicing the first and second plies together, the method comprising the steps of:
positioning a first splice edge of a first ply at a first location; positioning a second splice edge of a second ply at a second location; wrapping a gum strip around the first splice edge such that the first gum strip forms a U-shaped structure in section that allows the first gum strip to extend from a first planar side of the first ply over the first splice edge to a second opposite planar side of the first ply; not wrapping a gum strip around the second splice edge; placing the first splice edge in abutting relationship to the second splice edge; stitching the first splice edge to the second splice edge such that stitches each extend from the first planar side of the first ply, through the gum strip, to the first planar side of the second ply; and curing the first splice edge to the second splice edge. 2. The method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the first and second plies both have parallel wire cords spaced a predetermined distance apart. 3. The method as set forth in claim 2 wherein the first and second gum strips each have a thickness equal to the predetermined distance of the first and second plies. 4. The method as set forth in claim 1 wherein each stitch extends from the first gum strip to a first planar side of the send ply. 5. A method of forming a continuous material ply of the type used to make vehicle tires, the continuous material ply being made by joining multiple plies, the method comprising the steps of:
positioning a first splice edge of a first ply at a first location; positioning a second splice edge of a second ply at a second location; wrapping a gum strip around the first splice edge such that the gum strip forms a U-shaped structure in section that allows the gum strip to extend from a first planar side of the first ply over the first splice edge to a second opposite planar side of the first ply; not wrapping a gum strip around the second splice edge; placing the first splice edge in abutting relationship to the second splice edge at a third location; stitching the first splice edge to the second splice edge such that stitches each extend from the first planar side of the first ply, through the gum strip, to a first planar side of the second ply; and curing the first splice edge to the second splice edge. 6. The method as set forth in claim 5 further comprising:
providing pairs of upper racks having teeth and extending end-to-end having first upper racks movable with respect to second upper racks;
providing pairs of lower racks having teeth and extending end-to-end adjacent the pairs of upper racks, the pairs of lower racks having first lower racks movable with respect to second lower racks;
positioning the first edge of the first over teeth of the first lower racks;
positioning the second edge of the second ply over teeth of the second lower racks;
clamping the first and second plies between the pairs of upper racks and the pairs of lower racks;
simultaneously engaging teeth of all first upper racks with teeth of all second upper racks; and teeth of all first lower racks with teeth of all second lower racks to firmly press the first edge of the first ply against the second edge of the second ply to splice the first and second plies together. 7. A system for forming a continuous material ply of the type used to make vehicle tires, the continuous material ply being made by joining multiple plies, the system comprising:
a first splice edge of a first ply at a first location; a second splice edge of a second ply at a second location, the second splice edge being left bare; a gum strip wrapped around the first splice edge such that the gum strip forms a U-shaped structure in section that allows the gum strip to extend from a first planar side of the first ply over the first splice edge to a second opposite planar side of the first ply; the first splice edge being placed in abutting relationship to the second splice edge at a third location; the first splice edge being stitched to the second splice edge such that stitches each extend from the first planar side of the first ply, through the gum strip, to a first planar side of the second ply; and the first splice edge being cured to the second splice edge. 8. The system as set forth in claim 7 further including an apparatus for applying a first gum strip and a second gum strip at a butt joint thereby splicing the first edge to the second edge, the apparatus comprising:
a conveyor for providing gum strips having a desired length and thickness; and
a transfer device for automatically removing the gum strips from the conveyor and placing the gum strips at the butt joint. 9. The system as set forth in claim 8 wherein the transfer device comprises a vacuum head. 10. The system as set forth in claim 9 wherein the vacuum head is resiliently mounted to the transfer device to provide a force against the gum strips upon the gum strips being placed at the butt joint. 11. The system as set forth in claim 8 further comprising a cutting apparatus for automatically cutting the gum strips to the desired length. 12. The system as set forth in claim 8 wherein further comprising a controller operatively connected to the conveyor and the transfer device to operate the conveyor and the transfer device. 13. The method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the gum strip is constructed of a material at least 20% softer than a substrate material of the first and second plies. 14. The method as set forth in claim 5 wherein the gum strip is constructed of a material at least 20% softer than a substrate material of the first and second plies. 15. The system as set forth in claim 7 wherein the gum strip is constructed of a material at least 20% softer than a substrate material of the first and second plies. | A method forms a butt joint between ends of first and second plies and splices the first and second plies together. The method includes the steps of: positioning a first splice edge of a first ply at a first location; positioning a second splice edge of a second ply at a second location, the second splice edge being left bare; wrapping a gum strip around the first splice edge such that the first gum strip forms a U-shaped structure in section that allows the first gum strip to extend from a first planar side of the first ply over the first splice edge to a second opposite planar side of the first ply; not wrapping a gum strip around the second splice edge; placing the first splice edge in abutting relationship to the second splice edge; and stitching the first splice edge to the second splice edge such that stitches each extend from the first planar side of the first ply, through the gum strip, to the first planar side of the second ply.1. A method for forming a butt joint between ends of first and second plies and splicing the first and second plies together, the method comprising the steps of:
positioning a first splice edge of a first ply at a first location; positioning a second splice edge of a second ply at a second location; wrapping a gum strip around the first splice edge such that the first gum strip forms a U-shaped structure in section that allows the first gum strip to extend from a first planar side of the first ply over the first splice edge to a second opposite planar side of the first ply; not wrapping a gum strip around the second splice edge; placing the first splice edge in abutting relationship to the second splice edge; stitching the first splice edge to the second splice edge such that stitches each extend from the first planar side of the first ply, through the gum strip, to the first planar side of the second ply; and curing the first splice edge to the second splice edge. 2. The method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the first and second plies both have parallel wire cords spaced a predetermined distance apart. 3. The method as set forth in claim 2 wherein the first and second gum strips each have a thickness equal to the predetermined distance of the first and second plies. 4. The method as set forth in claim 1 wherein each stitch extends from the first gum strip to a first planar side of the send ply. 5. A method of forming a continuous material ply of the type used to make vehicle tires, the continuous material ply being made by joining multiple plies, the method comprising the steps of:
positioning a first splice edge of a first ply at a first location; positioning a second splice edge of a second ply at a second location; wrapping a gum strip around the first splice edge such that the gum strip forms a U-shaped structure in section that allows the gum strip to extend from a first planar side of the first ply over the first splice edge to a second opposite planar side of the first ply; not wrapping a gum strip around the second splice edge; placing the first splice edge in abutting relationship to the second splice edge at a third location; stitching the first splice edge to the second splice edge such that stitches each extend from the first planar side of the first ply, through the gum strip, to a first planar side of the second ply; and curing the first splice edge to the second splice edge. 6. The method as set forth in claim 5 further comprising:
providing pairs of upper racks having teeth and extending end-to-end having first upper racks movable with respect to second upper racks;
providing pairs of lower racks having teeth and extending end-to-end adjacent the pairs of upper racks, the pairs of lower racks having first lower racks movable with respect to second lower racks;
positioning the first edge of the first over teeth of the first lower racks;
positioning the second edge of the second ply over teeth of the second lower racks;
clamping the first and second plies between the pairs of upper racks and the pairs of lower racks;
simultaneously engaging teeth of all first upper racks with teeth of all second upper racks; and teeth of all first lower racks with teeth of all second lower racks to firmly press the first edge of the first ply against the second edge of the second ply to splice the first and second plies together. 7. A system for forming a continuous material ply of the type used to make vehicle tires, the continuous material ply being made by joining multiple plies, the system comprising:
a first splice edge of a first ply at a first location; a second splice edge of a second ply at a second location, the second splice edge being left bare; a gum strip wrapped around the first splice edge such that the gum strip forms a U-shaped structure in section that allows the gum strip to extend from a first planar side of the first ply over the first splice edge to a second opposite planar side of the first ply; the first splice edge being placed in abutting relationship to the second splice edge at a third location; the first splice edge being stitched to the second splice edge such that stitches each extend from the first planar side of the first ply, through the gum strip, to a first planar side of the second ply; and the first splice edge being cured to the second splice edge. 8. The system as set forth in claim 7 further including an apparatus for applying a first gum strip and a second gum strip at a butt joint thereby splicing the first edge to the second edge, the apparatus comprising:
a conveyor for providing gum strips having a desired length and thickness; and
a transfer device for automatically removing the gum strips from the conveyor and placing the gum strips at the butt joint. 9. The system as set forth in claim 8 wherein the transfer device comprises a vacuum head. 10. The system as set forth in claim 9 wherein the vacuum head is resiliently mounted to the transfer device to provide a force against the gum strips upon the gum strips being placed at the butt joint. 11. The system as set forth in claim 8 further comprising a cutting apparatus for automatically cutting the gum strips to the desired length. 12. The system as set forth in claim 8 wherein further comprising a controller operatively connected to the conveyor and the transfer device to operate the conveyor and the transfer device. 13. The method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the gum strip is constructed of a material at least 20% softer than a substrate material of the first and second plies. 14. The method as set forth in claim 5 wherein the gum strip is constructed of a material at least 20% softer than a substrate material of the first and second plies. 15. The system as set forth in claim 7 wherein the gum strip is constructed of a material at least 20% softer than a substrate material of the first and second plies. | 1,700 |
3,098 | 14,582,257 | 1,743 | A bimodal spinneret system including the bimodal spinneret and method for making a surgical buttress having improved characteristics are disclosed. The bimodal spinneret includes at least a distribution of hole diameters to create fibers with a more heterogeneous shear history and die swell. The system and method of using the bimodal spinneret creates a melt blown non-woven fiber mat that is cut into a surgical buttress having unique fabric properties such as differentiated load deflection behavior, flexural stiffness, polymer fiber alignment, fiber crystallinity and subsequent strength retention during in vitro degradation not attainable with unimodal spinneret hole diameters. | 1. A bimodal spinneret, comprising:
a body defining a longitudinal axis, the body including a top surface and a bottom surface, the body defining a cavity for receiving a quantity of material therein, wherein the cavity includes a nadir; and at least two holes disposed along the longitudinal axis of the spinneret at the nadir of the cavity, each of the at least two holes having a hole diameter, wherein at least one hole has a first diameter and least one hole has a second diameter different than the first diameter. 2. The spinneret of claim 1, wherein the first diameter is at least 10% larger than the second diameter. 3. The spinneret of claim 1, wherein the first diameter is more than 100% larger than the second diameter. 4. The spinneret of claim 1, wherein the spinneret further includes additional holes, and wherein each of the additional holes has a hole diameter equivalent to either the first or second diameter. 5. The spinneret of claim 4, wherein the additional holes are disposed along the longitudinal axis of the spinneret in a pattern of alternating first and second diameters. 6. The spinneret of claim 4, wherein the additional holes are randomly disposed along the longitudinal axis of the spinneret. 7. The spinneret of claim 4, wherein each of the additional holes has a center and the additional holes are disposed along the longitudinal axis of the spinneret such that the centers of the additional holes are equidistant. 8. The spinneret of claim 4, wherein each of the additional holes has an edge, and wherein the distance between each edge of each of the additional holes are equidistant. 9. The spinneret of claim 5, wherein a number of holes having a first diameter and a number of holes having a second diameter are equal. 10. The spinneret of claim 1, wherein each of the at least two holes has a hole depth extending between the top and bottom surfaces, and wherein each of the at least two holes has a ratio that is defined by the hole depth divided by the hole diameter. 11. The spinneret of claim 10, wherein each of the ratios of the at least two holes are equal. 12. The spinneret of claim 10, wherein each of the ratios of the at least two holes are unequal. 13. A method of making a nonwoven fiber mat, comprising:
providing a material, an extruder and a bimodal spinneret, wherein the spinneret defines at least one hole having one diameter and at least one hole having a second diameter different than the first diameter; coupling the spinneret to the extruder; feeding the material into the extruder; melting the material in the extruder; extruding the melted material through the spinneret forming a plurality of fibers; and collecting the plurality of fibers onto a conveyer surface to form a nonwoven fiber mat, wherein the nonwoven fiber mat includes at least one fiber having a first diameter and at least one fiber having a second diameter different than the first diameter. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the material is a polymer selected from the group consisting of lactide homopolymer, glycolide homopolymer, polydioxanone homopolymer, glycolide trimethylene carbonate copolymer, glycolide lactide copolymer, glycolide dioxanone trimethylene carbonate copolymer, and glycolide caprolactone trimethylene carbonate lactide copolymer. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the material is a bioabsorbable polymeric material. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the melting temperature of the material is between about 180 and about 270 degrees Celsius. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the melting temperature of the material is between about 80 degrees Celsius and about 190 degrees Celsius. 18. The method of claim 13, further including blowing hot air on the plurality of fibers as they exit the spinneret and before they are collected on the conveyer surface. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the hot air having a temperature greater than or equal to the melting temperature of the plurality of fibers. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the hot air has a temperature of between about 225 and about 290 degrees Celsius. | A bimodal spinneret system including the bimodal spinneret and method for making a surgical buttress having improved characteristics are disclosed. The bimodal spinneret includes at least a distribution of hole diameters to create fibers with a more heterogeneous shear history and die swell. The system and method of using the bimodal spinneret creates a melt blown non-woven fiber mat that is cut into a surgical buttress having unique fabric properties such as differentiated load deflection behavior, flexural stiffness, polymer fiber alignment, fiber crystallinity and subsequent strength retention during in vitro degradation not attainable with unimodal spinneret hole diameters.1. A bimodal spinneret, comprising:
a body defining a longitudinal axis, the body including a top surface and a bottom surface, the body defining a cavity for receiving a quantity of material therein, wherein the cavity includes a nadir; and at least two holes disposed along the longitudinal axis of the spinneret at the nadir of the cavity, each of the at least two holes having a hole diameter, wherein at least one hole has a first diameter and least one hole has a second diameter different than the first diameter. 2. The spinneret of claim 1, wherein the first diameter is at least 10% larger than the second diameter. 3. The spinneret of claim 1, wherein the first diameter is more than 100% larger than the second diameter. 4. The spinneret of claim 1, wherein the spinneret further includes additional holes, and wherein each of the additional holes has a hole diameter equivalent to either the first or second diameter. 5. The spinneret of claim 4, wherein the additional holes are disposed along the longitudinal axis of the spinneret in a pattern of alternating first and second diameters. 6. The spinneret of claim 4, wherein the additional holes are randomly disposed along the longitudinal axis of the spinneret. 7. The spinneret of claim 4, wherein each of the additional holes has a center and the additional holes are disposed along the longitudinal axis of the spinneret such that the centers of the additional holes are equidistant. 8. The spinneret of claim 4, wherein each of the additional holes has an edge, and wherein the distance between each edge of each of the additional holes are equidistant. 9. The spinneret of claim 5, wherein a number of holes having a first diameter and a number of holes having a second diameter are equal. 10. The spinneret of claim 1, wherein each of the at least two holes has a hole depth extending between the top and bottom surfaces, and wherein each of the at least two holes has a ratio that is defined by the hole depth divided by the hole diameter. 11. The spinneret of claim 10, wherein each of the ratios of the at least two holes are equal. 12. The spinneret of claim 10, wherein each of the ratios of the at least two holes are unequal. 13. A method of making a nonwoven fiber mat, comprising:
providing a material, an extruder and a bimodal spinneret, wherein the spinneret defines at least one hole having one diameter and at least one hole having a second diameter different than the first diameter; coupling the spinneret to the extruder; feeding the material into the extruder; melting the material in the extruder; extruding the melted material through the spinneret forming a plurality of fibers; and collecting the plurality of fibers onto a conveyer surface to form a nonwoven fiber mat, wherein the nonwoven fiber mat includes at least one fiber having a first diameter and at least one fiber having a second diameter different than the first diameter. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the material is a polymer selected from the group consisting of lactide homopolymer, glycolide homopolymer, polydioxanone homopolymer, glycolide trimethylene carbonate copolymer, glycolide lactide copolymer, glycolide dioxanone trimethylene carbonate copolymer, and glycolide caprolactone trimethylene carbonate lactide copolymer. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the material is a bioabsorbable polymeric material. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the melting temperature of the material is between about 180 and about 270 degrees Celsius. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the melting temperature of the material is between about 80 degrees Celsius and about 190 degrees Celsius. 18. The method of claim 13, further including blowing hot air on the plurality of fibers as they exit the spinneret and before they are collected on the conveyer surface. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the hot air having a temperature greater than or equal to the melting temperature of the plurality of fibers. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the hot air has a temperature of between about 225 and about 290 degrees Celsius. | 1,700 |
3,099 | 14,723,712 | 1,795 | An electroerosion machining system for trepanning and drilling operations is disclosed. The electroerosion machining system includes an electrode assembly configured to machine a desired configuration in a workpiece, a power supply configured to energize the electrode assembly and the workpiece to opposite electrical polarities, an electrolyte supply configured to pass an electrolyte between the electrode assembly and the workpiece, a working apparatus configured to move the electrode assembly relative to the workpiece, and a control system to control the power supply and the working apparatus. The electrode assembly further includes an electrode body in the form of a tube-shaped body, the tube-shaped body defining a hollow interior and one or more replaceable inserts affixed to the electrode body at a working end thereof positioned adjacent the workpiece, the one or more replaceable inserts constructed so as to be selectively attachable and detachable from the working end of the electrode body. | 1. An electroerosion machining system comprising:
an electrode assembly configured to machine a desired configuration in a workpiece; a power supply configured to energize the electrode assembly and the workpiece to opposite electrical polarities; an electrolyte supply configured to pass an electrolyte between the electrode assembly and the workpiece; a working apparatus configured to move the electrode assembly relative to the workpiece; and a control system to control the power supply and the working apparatus; wherein the electrode assembly comprises:
an electrode body in the form of a tube-shaped body, the tube-shaped body defining a hollow interior, and
one or more replaceable inserts affixed to the electrode body at a working end thereof positioned adjacent the workpiece, the one or more replaceable inserts constructed so as to be selectively attachable and detachable from the working end of the electrode body. 2. The electroerosion machining system of claim 1 wherein each of the one or more replaceable inserts is composed of a tungsten-copper alloy. 3. The electroerosion machining system of claim 1 wherein the one or more replaceable inserts comprises a plurality of replaceable inserts spaced equidistantally about a perimeter of the electrode body. 4. The electroerosion machining system of claim 1 wherein the electrode body comprises cooling channels formed therein by which the electrolyte travels from the electrolyte supply to the workpiece. 5. The electroerosion machining system of claim 1 wherein the electrode body comprises an outer surface having a plurality of flutes formed thereon, the plurality of flutes defining flushing channels configured to transfer workpiece debris away from the working end of the electrode body. 6. The electroerosion machining system of claim 5 wherein the plurality of flutes are arranged in a spiral pattern on the outer surface of the electrode body. 7. The electroerosion machining system of claim 5 wherein the electrode assembly further comprises a shield member positioned about at least a portion of the electrode body. 8. The electroerosion machining system of claim 7 wherein the shield member is spaced apart from the electrode body to define a gas channel through which a protective gas may be provided. 9. The electroerosion machining system of claim 8 wherein the gas channel directs the protective gas toward the working end of the electrode body, so as to prevent oxidation of workpiece debris. 10. The electroerosion machining system of claim 1 wherein the hollow interior of the electrode body is configured to receive a chunk of workpiece material resulting from a machining of the workpiece. 11. The electroerosion machining system of claim 10 wherein the control system is configured to control the working apparatus so as to move the electrode assembly in order to perform a trepanning or hole drilling of the workpiece in order to generate the chunk of workpiece material. 12. An electrode assembly for use in an electroerosion machining system, the electrode assembly comprising:
a pipe-shaped electrode body defining a hollow interior, the pipe-shaped electrode body having a working end positionable adjacent a workpiece to be machined via an electroerosion machining process; and one or more replaceable inserts affixed to the electrode body at the working end to provide a cutting surface, the one or more replaceable inserts constructed so as to be selectively attachable and detachable from the working end of the electrode body. 13. The electrode assembly of claim 12 wherein each of the one or more replaceable inserts is composed of a tungsten-copper alloy. 14. The electrode assembly of claim 12 wherein the pipe-shaped electrode body comprises an outer surface having a plurality of flutes formed thereon, the plurality of flutes defining flushing channels configured to transfer workpiece debris away from the working end of the pipe-shaped electrode body. 15. The electrode assembly of claim 12 further comprising a shield member positioned about at least a portion of the pipe-shaped electrode body, the shield member being spaced apart from the pipe-shaped electrode body to define a gas channel through which a protective gas may be provided. 16. The electrode assembly of claim 12 wherein the hollow interior of the pipe-shaped electrode body is configured to receive a chunk of workpiece material resulting from the machining of the workpiece. 17. The electrode assembly of claim 12 wherein the pipe-shaped electrode body comprises cooling channels formed therein by which the electrolyte travels from the electrolyte supply to the workpiece. 18. The electrode assembly of claim 12 wherein the one or more replaceable inserts comprises four replaceable inserts spaced 90 degrees apart from one another about a perimeter of the pipe-shaped electrode body. 19. An electroerosion machining system comprising:
an electrode assembly configured to machine a desired configuration in a workpiece; a power supply configured to energize the electrode assembly and the workpiece to opposite electrical polarities; and a working apparatus configured to move the electrode assembly relative to the workpiece; wherein the electrode assembly comprises:
a pipe-shaped electrode body defining a hollow interior sized to accommodate a core of workpiece material therein resulting from one of a trepanning or hole drilling of the workpiece; and
one or more replaceable inserts affixed to the pipe-shaped electrode body at a working end thereof, the one or more replaceable inserts constructed so as to be selectively attachable and detachable from the working end of the pipe-shaped electrode body. 20. The electroerosion machining system of claim 19 wherein the electrode assembly further comprises a shield member positioned about a portion of the pipe-shaped electrode body, the shield member being spaced apart from the pipe-shaped electrode body to define a gas channel through which a protective gas may be provided down to the working end of the electrode body, so as to prevent oxidation of the core of workpiece material. | An electroerosion machining system for trepanning and drilling operations is disclosed. The electroerosion machining system includes an electrode assembly configured to machine a desired configuration in a workpiece, a power supply configured to energize the electrode assembly and the workpiece to opposite electrical polarities, an electrolyte supply configured to pass an electrolyte between the electrode assembly and the workpiece, a working apparatus configured to move the electrode assembly relative to the workpiece, and a control system to control the power supply and the working apparatus. The electrode assembly further includes an electrode body in the form of a tube-shaped body, the tube-shaped body defining a hollow interior and one or more replaceable inserts affixed to the electrode body at a working end thereof positioned adjacent the workpiece, the one or more replaceable inserts constructed so as to be selectively attachable and detachable from the working end of the electrode body.1. An electroerosion machining system comprising:
an electrode assembly configured to machine a desired configuration in a workpiece; a power supply configured to energize the electrode assembly and the workpiece to opposite electrical polarities; an electrolyte supply configured to pass an electrolyte between the electrode assembly and the workpiece; a working apparatus configured to move the electrode assembly relative to the workpiece; and a control system to control the power supply and the working apparatus; wherein the electrode assembly comprises:
an electrode body in the form of a tube-shaped body, the tube-shaped body defining a hollow interior, and
one or more replaceable inserts affixed to the electrode body at a working end thereof positioned adjacent the workpiece, the one or more replaceable inserts constructed so as to be selectively attachable and detachable from the working end of the electrode body. 2. The electroerosion machining system of claim 1 wherein each of the one or more replaceable inserts is composed of a tungsten-copper alloy. 3. The electroerosion machining system of claim 1 wherein the one or more replaceable inserts comprises a plurality of replaceable inserts spaced equidistantally about a perimeter of the electrode body. 4. The electroerosion machining system of claim 1 wherein the electrode body comprises cooling channels formed therein by which the electrolyte travels from the electrolyte supply to the workpiece. 5. The electroerosion machining system of claim 1 wherein the electrode body comprises an outer surface having a plurality of flutes formed thereon, the plurality of flutes defining flushing channels configured to transfer workpiece debris away from the working end of the electrode body. 6. The electroerosion machining system of claim 5 wherein the plurality of flutes are arranged in a spiral pattern on the outer surface of the electrode body. 7. The electroerosion machining system of claim 5 wherein the electrode assembly further comprises a shield member positioned about at least a portion of the electrode body. 8. The electroerosion machining system of claim 7 wherein the shield member is spaced apart from the electrode body to define a gas channel through which a protective gas may be provided. 9. The electroerosion machining system of claim 8 wherein the gas channel directs the protective gas toward the working end of the electrode body, so as to prevent oxidation of workpiece debris. 10. The electroerosion machining system of claim 1 wherein the hollow interior of the electrode body is configured to receive a chunk of workpiece material resulting from a machining of the workpiece. 11. The electroerosion machining system of claim 10 wherein the control system is configured to control the working apparatus so as to move the electrode assembly in order to perform a trepanning or hole drilling of the workpiece in order to generate the chunk of workpiece material. 12. An electrode assembly for use in an electroerosion machining system, the electrode assembly comprising:
a pipe-shaped electrode body defining a hollow interior, the pipe-shaped electrode body having a working end positionable adjacent a workpiece to be machined via an electroerosion machining process; and one or more replaceable inserts affixed to the electrode body at the working end to provide a cutting surface, the one or more replaceable inserts constructed so as to be selectively attachable and detachable from the working end of the electrode body. 13. The electrode assembly of claim 12 wherein each of the one or more replaceable inserts is composed of a tungsten-copper alloy. 14. The electrode assembly of claim 12 wherein the pipe-shaped electrode body comprises an outer surface having a plurality of flutes formed thereon, the plurality of flutes defining flushing channels configured to transfer workpiece debris away from the working end of the pipe-shaped electrode body. 15. The electrode assembly of claim 12 further comprising a shield member positioned about at least a portion of the pipe-shaped electrode body, the shield member being spaced apart from the pipe-shaped electrode body to define a gas channel through which a protective gas may be provided. 16. The electrode assembly of claim 12 wherein the hollow interior of the pipe-shaped electrode body is configured to receive a chunk of workpiece material resulting from the machining of the workpiece. 17. The electrode assembly of claim 12 wherein the pipe-shaped electrode body comprises cooling channels formed therein by which the electrolyte travels from the electrolyte supply to the workpiece. 18. The electrode assembly of claim 12 wherein the one or more replaceable inserts comprises four replaceable inserts spaced 90 degrees apart from one another about a perimeter of the pipe-shaped electrode body. 19. An electroerosion machining system comprising:
an electrode assembly configured to machine a desired configuration in a workpiece; a power supply configured to energize the electrode assembly and the workpiece to opposite electrical polarities; and a working apparatus configured to move the electrode assembly relative to the workpiece; wherein the electrode assembly comprises:
a pipe-shaped electrode body defining a hollow interior sized to accommodate a core of workpiece material therein resulting from one of a trepanning or hole drilling of the workpiece; and
one or more replaceable inserts affixed to the pipe-shaped electrode body at a working end thereof, the one or more replaceable inserts constructed so as to be selectively attachable and detachable from the working end of the pipe-shaped electrode body. 20. The electroerosion machining system of claim 19 wherein the electrode assembly further comprises a shield member positioned about a portion of the pipe-shaped electrode body, the shield member being spaced apart from the pipe-shaped electrode body to define a gas channel through which a protective gas may be provided down to the working end of the electrode body, so as to prevent oxidation of the core of workpiece material. | 1,700 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.