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3,200 | 14,235,564 | 1,789 | A pre-impregnated yarn having a bundle made of reinforcing fiber filaments impregnated with a first resin composition infiltrated into the pre-impregnated yarn and at least partially connected via the first resin composition. The first resin composition contains at least two bisphenol A epichlorohydrin resins H1 and H2 in a weight ratio H1:H2 of 1.1 to 1.4, and an aromatic polyhydroxy ether P1. The pre-impregnated yarn has a second resin composition on the bundle outer side in the form of adhesive particles or drops. The second resin composition is solid at ambient temperatures and has a melting temperature in the range from 80 to 150° C. The bundle interior and at least 50% of the surface of the bundle outer side are free of the second resin composition. | 1. A pre-impregnated yarn comprising:
a bundle of reinforcing fiber filaments with a bundle interior and a bundle outer side, a first resin composition comprising at least two bisphenol A epichlorohydrin resins H1 and H2 in a weight ratio H1:H2 of 1.1 to 1.4, and a second resin composition on the bundle outer side in the form of particles or drops adhering to the reinforcing fiber filaments, wherein:
the reinforcing fiber filaments are impregnated with the first resin composition infiltrated into the pre-impregnated yarn and the filaments of the pre-impregnated yarn are at least partially connected via the first resin composition,
H1 has an epoxy value of 1850 to 2400 mmol/kg and an average molecular weight MN of 800 to 1000 g/mol and is solid at ambient temperatures,
H2 has an epoxy value of 5000 to 5600 mmol/kg and an average molecular weight MN of <700 g/mol and is liquid at ambient temperatures,
the pre-impregnated yarn has 0.1 to 2 wt. % of the first resin composition in relation to the total weight of the yarn,
the first resin composition further contains-comprises an aromatic polyhydroxy ether P1, which has an acid value of 40 to 55 mg KOH/g and an average molecular weight MN of 4000 to 5000 g/mol,
the second resin composition is solid at ambient temperatures, has a melting temperature in the range from 80 to 150° C. and is present on the bundle outer side in a concentration of 0.5 to 10 wt. % in relation to the total weight of the pre-impregnated yarn,
at least 50% of the surface of the bundle outer side is free of the second resin composition, and
the bundle interior is free of the second resin composition. 2. The pre-impregnated yarn according to claim 1, wherein the first resin composition comprises the bisphenol A epichlorohydrin resins H1 and H2 and the aromatic polyhydroxy ether P1 in a weight ratio (H1+H2):P1 of 0.05 to 0.8. 3. The pre-impregnated yarn according to claim 1, wherein the first resin composition is present in a concentration of 0.4 to 1.2 wt. % in relation to the total weight of the pre-impregnated yarn. 4. The pre-impregnated yarn according to claim 1, wherein the second resin composition comprises at least 50 wt. % of a compound selected from the group consisting of a bisphenol A epichlorohydrin resin H3 with an epoxy value of 480 to 645 mmol/kg and an average molecular weight MN of 2700 to 4000 g/mol, an aromatic polyhydroxy ether P2, a polyamide, a polyethylene, an ethylene copolymer, a thermoplastic polyurethane resin, and mixtures thereof. 5. The pre-impregnated yarn according to claim 1, wherein the second resin composition has an adhesive strength of at least 5 N at a temperature of 20° C. above the melting temperature of the second resin composition, in relation to an adhesive surface with a diameter of 25 mm. 6. The pre-impregnated yarn according to claim 1, wherein the particles or drops of the second resin composition adhering to the reinforcing fiber filaments have a size less than 300 μm. 7. The pre-impregnated yarn according to claim 6, wherein the particles or drops of the second resin composition adhering to the reinforcing fiber filaments have an average size in the range from 20 to 150 μm. 8. The pre-impregnated yarn according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of the second resin composition is greater than that of the first resin composition. 9. The pre-impregnated yarn according to claim 1, wherein the total concentration of the first resin composition and second resin composition is from 2 to 7 wt. % in relation to the total weight of the pre-impregnated yarn. 10. The pre-impregnated yarn according to claim 1, wherein the first resin composition and/or the second resin composition is free of curing agents. 11. The pre-impregnated yarn according to claim 1, wherein the yarn comprises synthetic or natural fibers selected from the group consisting of carbon fibers that are obtained from pitch, polyacrylonitrile, lignin, or viscose pre-products, aramid fibers, glass fibers, ceramic fibers, boron fibers, and a combination thereof. 12. The pre-impregnated yarn according to one or more of claim 1, wherein the pre-impregnated yarn is present as a flat band that has a ratio of yarn width to yarn thickness of at least 20. 13. The pre-impregnated yarn according to claim 12, wherein the flat band has a ratio of yarn width to yarn thickness in the range from 25 to 60. 14. A textile structure comprising the pre-impregnated yarns according to claim 1. 15. The textile structure according to claim 14, wherein the pre-impregnated yarns are connected to each other at points of mutual contact at least via the second resin composition. | A pre-impregnated yarn having a bundle made of reinforcing fiber filaments impregnated with a first resin composition infiltrated into the pre-impregnated yarn and at least partially connected via the first resin composition. The first resin composition contains at least two bisphenol A epichlorohydrin resins H1 and H2 in a weight ratio H1:H2 of 1.1 to 1.4, and an aromatic polyhydroxy ether P1. The pre-impregnated yarn has a second resin composition on the bundle outer side in the form of adhesive particles or drops. The second resin composition is solid at ambient temperatures and has a melting temperature in the range from 80 to 150° C. The bundle interior and at least 50% of the surface of the bundle outer side are free of the second resin composition.1. A pre-impregnated yarn comprising:
a bundle of reinforcing fiber filaments with a bundle interior and a bundle outer side, a first resin composition comprising at least two bisphenol A epichlorohydrin resins H1 and H2 in a weight ratio H1:H2 of 1.1 to 1.4, and a second resin composition on the bundle outer side in the form of particles or drops adhering to the reinforcing fiber filaments, wherein:
the reinforcing fiber filaments are impregnated with the first resin composition infiltrated into the pre-impregnated yarn and the filaments of the pre-impregnated yarn are at least partially connected via the first resin composition,
H1 has an epoxy value of 1850 to 2400 mmol/kg and an average molecular weight MN of 800 to 1000 g/mol and is solid at ambient temperatures,
H2 has an epoxy value of 5000 to 5600 mmol/kg and an average molecular weight MN of <700 g/mol and is liquid at ambient temperatures,
the pre-impregnated yarn has 0.1 to 2 wt. % of the first resin composition in relation to the total weight of the yarn,
the first resin composition further contains-comprises an aromatic polyhydroxy ether P1, which has an acid value of 40 to 55 mg KOH/g and an average molecular weight MN of 4000 to 5000 g/mol,
the second resin composition is solid at ambient temperatures, has a melting temperature in the range from 80 to 150° C. and is present on the bundle outer side in a concentration of 0.5 to 10 wt. % in relation to the total weight of the pre-impregnated yarn,
at least 50% of the surface of the bundle outer side is free of the second resin composition, and
the bundle interior is free of the second resin composition. 2. The pre-impregnated yarn according to claim 1, wherein the first resin composition comprises the bisphenol A epichlorohydrin resins H1 and H2 and the aromatic polyhydroxy ether P1 in a weight ratio (H1+H2):P1 of 0.05 to 0.8. 3. The pre-impregnated yarn according to claim 1, wherein the first resin composition is present in a concentration of 0.4 to 1.2 wt. % in relation to the total weight of the pre-impregnated yarn. 4. The pre-impregnated yarn according to claim 1, wherein the second resin composition comprises at least 50 wt. % of a compound selected from the group consisting of a bisphenol A epichlorohydrin resin H3 with an epoxy value of 480 to 645 mmol/kg and an average molecular weight MN of 2700 to 4000 g/mol, an aromatic polyhydroxy ether P2, a polyamide, a polyethylene, an ethylene copolymer, a thermoplastic polyurethane resin, and mixtures thereof. 5. The pre-impregnated yarn according to claim 1, wherein the second resin composition has an adhesive strength of at least 5 N at a temperature of 20° C. above the melting temperature of the second resin composition, in relation to an adhesive surface with a diameter of 25 mm. 6. The pre-impregnated yarn according to claim 1, wherein the particles or drops of the second resin composition adhering to the reinforcing fiber filaments have a size less than 300 μm. 7. The pre-impregnated yarn according to claim 6, wherein the particles or drops of the second resin composition adhering to the reinforcing fiber filaments have an average size in the range from 20 to 150 μm. 8. The pre-impregnated yarn according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of the second resin composition is greater than that of the first resin composition. 9. The pre-impregnated yarn according to claim 1, wherein the total concentration of the first resin composition and second resin composition is from 2 to 7 wt. % in relation to the total weight of the pre-impregnated yarn. 10. The pre-impregnated yarn according to claim 1, wherein the first resin composition and/or the second resin composition is free of curing agents. 11. The pre-impregnated yarn according to claim 1, wherein the yarn comprises synthetic or natural fibers selected from the group consisting of carbon fibers that are obtained from pitch, polyacrylonitrile, lignin, or viscose pre-products, aramid fibers, glass fibers, ceramic fibers, boron fibers, and a combination thereof. 12. The pre-impregnated yarn according to one or more of claim 1, wherein the pre-impregnated yarn is present as a flat band that has a ratio of yarn width to yarn thickness of at least 20. 13. The pre-impregnated yarn according to claim 12, wherein the flat band has a ratio of yarn width to yarn thickness in the range from 25 to 60. 14. A textile structure comprising the pre-impregnated yarns according to claim 1. 15. The textile structure according to claim 14, wherein the pre-impregnated yarns are connected to each other at points of mutual contact at least via the second resin composition. | 1,700 |
3,201 | 15,142,068 | 1,735 | The invention relates to a substantially rhenium-free nickel base alloy showing a high creep resistance and relatively low density which comprises in % by weight: aluminum from 3.0 to 7.7, cobalt from 0 to 16.8, chromium from 3 to 11.8, molybendum from 3.1 to 11.3, tantalum from 0 to 3.9. In addition to nickel and unavoidable impurities this alloy may further comprise one or more of titanium, tungsten, carbon, phosphorus, copper, zirconium, silicon, hafnium, yttrium, niobium, and germanium. | 1. A nickel base alloy exhibiting high creep resistance and being substantially free of rhenium, wherein the alloy comprises the following elements in % by weight relative to the total weight of the alloy:
aluminum from 3.0 to 7.7 cobalt from 0 to 16.8 chromium from 3 to 11.8 molybendum from 3.1 to 11.3 tantalum from 0 to 3.9. 2. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises:
aluminum from 3.4 to 7.7 cobalt from 0 to 16.8 chromium from 4 to 11.8 molybendum from 3.3 to 11.3 tantalum from 0 to 3.9. 3. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises:
aluminum from 3.8 to 7.7 cobalt from 0 to 16.8 chromium from 5 to 11.8 molybendum from 3.4 to 11.3 tantalum from 0 to 3.9. 4. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises:
aluminum from 4.1 to 7.7 cobalt from 0 to 16.8 chromium from 6 to 11.8 molybendum from 3.6 to 11.3 tantalum from 0 to 3.9. 5. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises:
aluminum from 4.7 to 7.7 cobalt from 2.6 to 13.6 chromium from 6.3 to 7.3 molybendum from 3.7 to 4.7 tantalum from 0 to 0.5 titanium from 2.8 to 3.6 tungsten from 7.4 to 8.4. 6. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises:
aluminum from 5.0 to 5.4 cobalt from 2.9 to 13.3 chromium from 6.6 to 7 molybendum from 4 to 4.4 tantalum from 0 to 0.2 titanium from 3.1 to 3.5 tungsten from 7.7 to 8.1. 7. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy further comprises:
titanium from 0 to 6.0 tungsten from 0 to 11.3 carbon from 0 to 0.05 phosphorus from 0 to 0.015 copper from 0 to 0.05 zirconium from 0 to 0.015 silicon from 0 to 6.0 sulfur from 0 to 0.001 iron from 0 to 0.15 manganese from 0 to 0.05 boron from 0 to 6.0 hafnium from 0 to 4.0 yttrium from 0 to 0.002 niobium from 0 to 8.0 germanium from 0 to 8.0, remainder nickel and unavoidable impurities. 8. The alloy of claim 7, wherein the alloy comprises:
titanium from 0 to 5 silicon from 0 to 5.0 boron from 0 to 5.0 hafnium from 0 to 3.0 niobium from 0 to 6.0 germanium from 0 to 6.0. 9. The alloy of claim 8, wherein the alloy comprises:
titanium from 0 to 4 silicon from 0 to 4.0 boron from 0 to 4.0 hafnium from 0 to 3.0 niobium from 0 to 4.0 germanium from 0 to 4.0. 10. The alloy of claim 9, wherein the alloy comprises:
titanium from 0 to 4 silicon from 0 to 4.0 boron from 0 to 4.0 hafnium from 0 to 3.0 niobium from 0 to 4.0 germanium from 0 to 4.0. 11. The alloy of claim 10, wherein the alloy comprises:
titanium from 0 to 3.6 silicon from 0 to 2.0 boron from 0 to 2.0 hafnium from 0 to 1.0 niobium from 0 to 1.0. germanium from 0 to 1.0. 12. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises less than 5% by weight cobalt. 13. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises more than 11% by weight cobalt. 14. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy has a density of not higher than 8.5 g/cm3. 15. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy has a solidus temperature of higher than 1320° C. 16. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy has a residual eutecticum of not more than 4%. 17. An article made of the alloy of claim 1. 18. The article of claim 17, wherein the article is monocrystalline or directionally solidified. 19. The article of claim 21, wherein the article is a component of a gas turbine or an aircraft engine. 20. A method of making a nickel base alloy, wherein the method comprises melting together metals in proportions which result in the alloy of claim 1. | The invention relates to a substantially rhenium-free nickel base alloy showing a high creep resistance and relatively low density which comprises in % by weight: aluminum from 3.0 to 7.7, cobalt from 0 to 16.8, chromium from 3 to 11.8, molybendum from 3.1 to 11.3, tantalum from 0 to 3.9. In addition to nickel and unavoidable impurities this alloy may further comprise one or more of titanium, tungsten, carbon, phosphorus, copper, zirconium, silicon, hafnium, yttrium, niobium, and germanium.1. A nickel base alloy exhibiting high creep resistance and being substantially free of rhenium, wherein the alloy comprises the following elements in % by weight relative to the total weight of the alloy:
aluminum from 3.0 to 7.7 cobalt from 0 to 16.8 chromium from 3 to 11.8 molybendum from 3.1 to 11.3 tantalum from 0 to 3.9. 2. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises:
aluminum from 3.4 to 7.7 cobalt from 0 to 16.8 chromium from 4 to 11.8 molybendum from 3.3 to 11.3 tantalum from 0 to 3.9. 3. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises:
aluminum from 3.8 to 7.7 cobalt from 0 to 16.8 chromium from 5 to 11.8 molybendum from 3.4 to 11.3 tantalum from 0 to 3.9. 4. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises:
aluminum from 4.1 to 7.7 cobalt from 0 to 16.8 chromium from 6 to 11.8 molybendum from 3.6 to 11.3 tantalum from 0 to 3.9. 5. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises:
aluminum from 4.7 to 7.7 cobalt from 2.6 to 13.6 chromium from 6.3 to 7.3 molybendum from 3.7 to 4.7 tantalum from 0 to 0.5 titanium from 2.8 to 3.6 tungsten from 7.4 to 8.4. 6. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises:
aluminum from 5.0 to 5.4 cobalt from 2.9 to 13.3 chromium from 6.6 to 7 molybendum from 4 to 4.4 tantalum from 0 to 0.2 titanium from 3.1 to 3.5 tungsten from 7.7 to 8.1. 7. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy further comprises:
titanium from 0 to 6.0 tungsten from 0 to 11.3 carbon from 0 to 0.05 phosphorus from 0 to 0.015 copper from 0 to 0.05 zirconium from 0 to 0.015 silicon from 0 to 6.0 sulfur from 0 to 0.001 iron from 0 to 0.15 manganese from 0 to 0.05 boron from 0 to 6.0 hafnium from 0 to 4.0 yttrium from 0 to 0.002 niobium from 0 to 8.0 germanium from 0 to 8.0, remainder nickel and unavoidable impurities. 8. The alloy of claim 7, wherein the alloy comprises:
titanium from 0 to 5 silicon from 0 to 5.0 boron from 0 to 5.0 hafnium from 0 to 3.0 niobium from 0 to 6.0 germanium from 0 to 6.0. 9. The alloy of claim 8, wherein the alloy comprises:
titanium from 0 to 4 silicon from 0 to 4.0 boron from 0 to 4.0 hafnium from 0 to 3.0 niobium from 0 to 4.0 germanium from 0 to 4.0. 10. The alloy of claim 9, wherein the alloy comprises:
titanium from 0 to 4 silicon from 0 to 4.0 boron from 0 to 4.0 hafnium from 0 to 3.0 niobium from 0 to 4.0 germanium from 0 to 4.0. 11. The alloy of claim 10, wherein the alloy comprises:
titanium from 0 to 3.6 silicon from 0 to 2.0 boron from 0 to 2.0 hafnium from 0 to 1.0 niobium from 0 to 1.0. germanium from 0 to 1.0. 12. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises less than 5% by weight cobalt. 13. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises more than 11% by weight cobalt. 14. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy has a density of not higher than 8.5 g/cm3. 15. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy has a solidus temperature of higher than 1320° C. 16. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy has a residual eutecticum of not more than 4%. 17. An article made of the alloy of claim 1. 18. The article of claim 17, wherein the article is monocrystalline or directionally solidified. 19. The article of claim 21, wherein the article is a component of a gas turbine or an aircraft engine. 20. A method of making a nickel base alloy, wherein the method comprises melting together metals in proportions which result in the alloy of claim 1. | 1,700 |
3,202 | 14,476,996 | 1,792 | The present invention encompasses edible carriers for foods that are soft but still hold a preformed shape. Specifically encompassed are soft shaped tortilla products that can be used to hold food fillings. Exemplary shapes and sizes are provided for the products. Also encompassed are methods of making, packaging, and using the products. | 1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. (canceled) 21. (canceled) 22. (canceled) 23. (canceled) 24. (canceled) 25. (canceled) 26. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 29. (canceled) 30. (canceled) 31. A packaged food article, comprising:
a hermetically sealed food package having a headspace; at least one baked soft shaped tortilla piece having a thickness ranging from about 1-5 mm disposed therein said soft shaped tortilla pieces having a water activity of 0.88 or less; and, a headspace gas. 32. The packaged food article of claim 31 wherein the food piece ranging from about 40-60 g in weight. 33. The packaged food article of claim 32 wherein the food piece is fabricated from a cooked farinaceous tortilla dough having a finished moisture content of 25% or less. 34. The packaged food article of claim 33 wherein the dough additionally comprises:
about 1%-10% sugar;
about 4%-15% humectant;
about 1%-15% fat;
about 1%-5% salt;
about 1%-3% of a chemical leavening system including at least one baking acid and soda. 35. The packaged food article of claim 34 wherein the dough comprises at least 51% wheat flour. 36. The packaged food article of claim 35 wherein the sealed food package is fabricated at least in part from a flexible packaging film. 37. The packaged food article of claim 36 wherein the food package has an oxygen permeability of less than 2.5 ccO2/cm2/day and wherein the headspace has an oxygen level of less than 4%. 38. The packaged food article of claim wherein the headspace gas includes N2 and CO2. 39. The packaged food article of claim 38 comprising a plurality of soft shaped tortilla pieces each of a nestable configuration arranged in nested stacked relationship to form at least one stack. 40. The packaged food article of claim 33 wherein the stack is mounted within a supplemental support carrier. 41. The packaged food article of claim 40 wherein the pieces are arranged in at least two stacks. 42. The packaged food article of claim 31 having a shelf life of at least six months at room temperature storage and wherein the piece has a water activity ranging less than about 0.88. 43. The packaged food article of claim 42 wherein the headspace has an oxygen level of less than 1%. 44. The packaged food article of claim 43 wherein the shaped tortillas are in the form of a boat. 45. A meal kit for use in making a Mexican soft shaped tortilla, comprising:
an outer package; a first soft shaped tortilla base pieces package food article disposed within the outer package including:
a hermetically sealed food package having a headspace;
a quantity of baked soft shaped tortilla pieces disposed therein said soft shaped tortilla pieces fabricated from a farinaceous dough having a water activity of 0.88 or less; and,
a headspace gas having an oxygen level of less than 4%; and,
a second packaged food article disposed within the outer package that is either a pouch of dry seasoning mixture or a pouch of a wet sauce. 46. The meal kit of claim 45 wherein the seasoning mix includes seasoning for flavoring meat. 47. The meal kit of claim 46 wherein the outer package is a carton wherein the carton includes a front major panel and a rear major panel. 48. The meal kit of claim 47 additionally including an instructions legend for preparing Mexican tortilla using the meal kit. 49. The meal kit of claim 48 wherein the instruction legend is on rear major panel of the carton. 50. The meal kit of claim 49 wherein the second packaged food article is a pouch of dry seasoning mixture for meat. 51. The packaged food article of claim 50 wherein the first food package article has an oxygen permeability of less than 2.5 ccO2/cm2/day and a headspace oxygen level of less than 2%. 52. A method of preparing a baked soft shaped tortilla piece packaged food article, comprising the steps of:
A. providing a quantities of a chemically leavened gluten plastic dough; B. forming the quantities into shaped heat set three dimensional pieces having a thickness of about 1-5 mm; C. baking the shaped heat set pieces to form finished soft shaped tortilla piece having a moisture content of from about 23% to about 28%, from about 1% to about 15% of an edible fat or shortening ingredient, and having a water activity value of about 0.88 or less, the finished soft shaped tortilla piece having a formed shape selected from a cup, bowl, U- or square bottomed shaped taco shell, boat, tube, envelope or cone; and, D. packaging a number of finished soft shaped tortilla piece within a modified atmosphere package to form soft shaped tortilla piece packaged food article having a shelf life of at least six months at room temperature storage. 53. The method of claim 52 wherein the dough is a worked farinaceous dough, comprising:
about 55 to 80% (dry weight basis) of the dough as flour and wherein at least a majority of the flour is wheat flour;
about 1%-10% sugar;
about 4%-15% humectant;
about 1%-3% of a chemical leavening system including at least one baking acid and soda
about 1%-15% fat;
about 1%-5% salt; and,
about 30%-35% moisture. 54. The method of claim 52 wherein the dough is a rested farinaceous dough. 55. The method of claim 54 wherein each quantity of dough in step A ranges from about 40-60 g and wherein the dough has a Brabender value ranging from about 500 to 1000 BU. 56. The method of claim 55 wherein the forming step is practiced in a mold heated to about 190° C. to 205° C. 57. The method of claim 56 wherein forming step is practiced to form a par-baked intermediate food item and the baking step is practiced in a belt oven. 58. The method of claim 52 wherein the soft shaped tortilla pieces have a moisture content of 25% or less. 59. The method of claim 52 wherein the finished soft shaped tortilla piece has a formed shape of a boat. 60. The method of claim 52 wherein the finished soft shaped tortilla piece has a formed shape that is a boat in the shape of a canoe. | The present invention encompasses edible carriers for foods that are soft but still hold a preformed shape. Specifically encompassed are soft shaped tortilla products that can be used to hold food fillings. Exemplary shapes and sizes are provided for the products. Also encompassed are methods of making, packaging, and using the products.1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. (canceled) 21. (canceled) 22. (canceled) 23. (canceled) 24. (canceled) 25. (canceled) 26. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 29. (canceled) 30. (canceled) 31. A packaged food article, comprising:
a hermetically sealed food package having a headspace; at least one baked soft shaped tortilla piece having a thickness ranging from about 1-5 mm disposed therein said soft shaped tortilla pieces having a water activity of 0.88 or less; and, a headspace gas. 32. The packaged food article of claim 31 wherein the food piece ranging from about 40-60 g in weight. 33. The packaged food article of claim 32 wherein the food piece is fabricated from a cooked farinaceous tortilla dough having a finished moisture content of 25% or less. 34. The packaged food article of claim 33 wherein the dough additionally comprises:
about 1%-10% sugar;
about 4%-15% humectant;
about 1%-15% fat;
about 1%-5% salt;
about 1%-3% of a chemical leavening system including at least one baking acid and soda. 35. The packaged food article of claim 34 wherein the dough comprises at least 51% wheat flour. 36. The packaged food article of claim 35 wherein the sealed food package is fabricated at least in part from a flexible packaging film. 37. The packaged food article of claim 36 wherein the food package has an oxygen permeability of less than 2.5 ccO2/cm2/day and wherein the headspace has an oxygen level of less than 4%. 38. The packaged food article of claim wherein the headspace gas includes N2 and CO2. 39. The packaged food article of claim 38 comprising a plurality of soft shaped tortilla pieces each of a nestable configuration arranged in nested stacked relationship to form at least one stack. 40. The packaged food article of claim 33 wherein the stack is mounted within a supplemental support carrier. 41. The packaged food article of claim 40 wherein the pieces are arranged in at least two stacks. 42. The packaged food article of claim 31 having a shelf life of at least six months at room temperature storage and wherein the piece has a water activity ranging less than about 0.88. 43. The packaged food article of claim 42 wherein the headspace has an oxygen level of less than 1%. 44. The packaged food article of claim 43 wherein the shaped tortillas are in the form of a boat. 45. A meal kit for use in making a Mexican soft shaped tortilla, comprising:
an outer package; a first soft shaped tortilla base pieces package food article disposed within the outer package including:
a hermetically sealed food package having a headspace;
a quantity of baked soft shaped tortilla pieces disposed therein said soft shaped tortilla pieces fabricated from a farinaceous dough having a water activity of 0.88 or less; and,
a headspace gas having an oxygen level of less than 4%; and,
a second packaged food article disposed within the outer package that is either a pouch of dry seasoning mixture or a pouch of a wet sauce. 46. The meal kit of claim 45 wherein the seasoning mix includes seasoning for flavoring meat. 47. The meal kit of claim 46 wherein the outer package is a carton wherein the carton includes a front major panel and a rear major panel. 48. The meal kit of claim 47 additionally including an instructions legend for preparing Mexican tortilla using the meal kit. 49. The meal kit of claim 48 wherein the instruction legend is on rear major panel of the carton. 50. The meal kit of claim 49 wherein the second packaged food article is a pouch of dry seasoning mixture for meat. 51. The packaged food article of claim 50 wherein the first food package article has an oxygen permeability of less than 2.5 ccO2/cm2/day and a headspace oxygen level of less than 2%. 52. A method of preparing a baked soft shaped tortilla piece packaged food article, comprising the steps of:
A. providing a quantities of a chemically leavened gluten plastic dough; B. forming the quantities into shaped heat set three dimensional pieces having a thickness of about 1-5 mm; C. baking the shaped heat set pieces to form finished soft shaped tortilla piece having a moisture content of from about 23% to about 28%, from about 1% to about 15% of an edible fat or shortening ingredient, and having a water activity value of about 0.88 or less, the finished soft shaped tortilla piece having a formed shape selected from a cup, bowl, U- or square bottomed shaped taco shell, boat, tube, envelope or cone; and, D. packaging a number of finished soft shaped tortilla piece within a modified atmosphere package to form soft shaped tortilla piece packaged food article having a shelf life of at least six months at room temperature storage. 53. The method of claim 52 wherein the dough is a worked farinaceous dough, comprising:
about 55 to 80% (dry weight basis) of the dough as flour and wherein at least a majority of the flour is wheat flour;
about 1%-10% sugar;
about 4%-15% humectant;
about 1%-3% of a chemical leavening system including at least one baking acid and soda
about 1%-15% fat;
about 1%-5% salt; and,
about 30%-35% moisture. 54. The method of claim 52 wherein the dough is a rested farinaceous dough. 55. The method of claim 54 wherein each quantity of dough in step A ranges from about 40-60 g and wherein the dough has a Brabender value ranging from about 500 to 1000 BU. 56. The method of claim 55 wherein the forming step is practiced in a mold heated to about 190° C. to 205° C. 57. The method of claim 56 wherein forming step is practiced to form a par-baked intermediate food item and the baking step is practiced in a belt oven. 58. The method of claim 52 wherein the soft shaped tortilla pieces have a moisture content of 25% or less. 59. The method of claim 52 wherein the finished soft shaped tortilla piece has a formed shape of a boat. 60. The method of claim 52 wherein the finished soft shaped tortilla piece has a formed shape that is a boat in the shape of a canoe. | 1,700 |
3,203 | 15,026,439 | 1,781 | The invention relates to a method for producing a moulded part ( 50 ) by structural foam moulding, in which a polymer melt ( 18 ) is provided by melting a thermoplastic material, in which the polymer melt ( 18 ) is charged with a foaming agent ( 22 ) and in which the polymer melt ( 18 ) charged with the foaming agent ( 22 ) is injected under pressure into a cavity ( 26 ) of a mould ( 28 ), and so the polymer melt ( 18 ) fills the cavity ( 26 ) behind a melt front ( 34 ) running through the cavity ( 26 ), wherein the rate of injection at which the polymer melt ( 18 ) is injected into the cavity ( 26 ) of the mould ( 28 ) is set such that the internal pressure of the polymer melt ( 18 ) in the cavity ( 26 ), in a region ( 40 ) that follows a portion of the melt front ( 34 ) with a time delay of at most 0.15 seconds, is greater than the critical pressure of the foaming agent ( 22 ), at least at one point in time during the injection-moulding operation. The invention also relates to a moulded part ( 50 ) of an expanded thermoplastic material, wherein the moulded part ( 50 ) has a surface region with visual structuring formed by the expanded thermoplastic material of which the average ratio of the degrees of gloss measured in the direction of flow in relation to the degrees of gloss measured transversely to the direction of flow is below 1.9, preferably below 1.5, in particular below 1.2. The invention also relates to uses of such a moulded part. | 1.-18. (canceled) 19. A process for the production of a molding by structural foam molding, comprising
providing a plastics melt by melting of a thermoplastic, loading the plastics melt with a blowing agent, and injecting the plastics melt loaded with the blowing agent under pressure into a cavity of a mold in such a way that the plastics melt fills the cavity behind a melt front proceeding through the cavity, wherein the injection velocity at which the plastics melt is injected into the cavity of the mold is adjusted in such a way that, in a region that follows a section of the melt front with a chronological separation of at most 0.15 s, at least at one juncture during the injection procedure, the internal pressure of the plastics melt in the cavity is greater than the critical pressure of the blowing agent. 20. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the region in which the internal pressure of the plastics melt is, at least at one juncture during the injection procedure, greater than the critical pressure of the blowing agent follows the section of the melt front with a chronological separation of at most 0.1 s. 21. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the thermoplastic comprises a transparent plastic selected from the group consisting of polycarbonates (PC), polystyrenes (PS), polymethyl methacrylates (PMMA), styrene-acrylonitriles (SAN), cycloolefin copolymers (COC), transparent polyamides (PA), transparent polyesters, polyester made of terephthalic acid with cyclohexanedimethanol and tetramethylcyclobutanediol, and mixtures of these polymers. 22. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the thermoplastic is selected from the group consisting of polycarbonates (PC), polystyrenes (PS), polymethyl methacrylates (PMMA), cycloolefin copolymers (COC), styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), transparent polyamides (PA), polyvinyl chlorides (PVC), polyphenylene ethers (PPE), and mixtures thereof. 23. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the plastics melt is loaded with a blowing agent via introduction of a gas into the plastics melt. 24. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the concentration of the blowing agent in the blowing-agent-loaded plastics melt before injection into the cavity is from 0.5 to 3% by weight for chemical blowing agents and from 0.2 to 1.0% by weight for physical blowing agents. 25. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the design of the mold is such that, in the direction of flow of the plastics melt, the cross section of the cavity does not narrow by more than 10%. 26. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the mold has been designed for a film gate or for a direct gate. 27. A molding made of a foamed thermoplastic, wherein
the molding has a surface region with optical structuring which is formed by the foamed thermoplastic and for which the averaged ratio of the gloss levels measured in the direction of flow to the gloss levels measured perpendicularly to the direction of flow is below 1.9. 28. The molding as claimed in claim 27, wherein the molding has been produced by structural foam molding. 29. The molding as claimed in claim 27, wherein the molding is produced by the process as claimed in claim 19. 30. The molding as claimed in claim 27, wherein the molding has a surface region with optical structuring which is formed by the foamed thermoplastic and for which the averaged ratio of the gloss levels measured in the direction of flow to the gloss levels measured perpendicularly to the direction of flow is below 1.5. 31. The molding as claimed in claim 27, wherein the molding has a surface region with optical structuring which is formed by the foamed thermoplastic and for which the averaged ratio of the gloss levels measured in the direction of flow to the gloss levels measured perpendicularly to the direction of flow is below 1.2. 32. The molding as claimed in claim 27, wherein the thermoplastic is a transparent plastic. 33. The molding as claimed in claim 27, wherein
the thermoplastic comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of polycarbonates (PC), polystyrenes (PS), polymethyl methacrylates (PMMA), styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), transparent polyamides (PA), polyvinyl chlorides (PVC), polyphenylene ethers (PPE), and mixtures thereof. 34. The molding as claimed in claim 27, wherein the surface region with the optical structuring which is formed via the foamed thermoplastic comprises at least 30% the entire surface of the molding. 35. The molding as claimed in claim 27, wherein the thickness of the molding is in the range from 1 and 20 mm. 36. An article comprising the molding as claimed in claim 27, wherein the article is selected from the group consisting of an item of furniture or lighting elements, product casings, cups, bowls, protective covers, coolboxes, cladding parts for coolboxes, and multiple-use containers for refrigerated and fresh products. | The invention relates to a method for producing a moulded part ( 50 ) by structural foam moulding, in which a polymer melt ( 18 ) is provided by melting a thermoplastic material, in which the polymer melt ( 18 ) is charged with a foaming agent ( 22 ) and in which the polymer melt ( 18 ) charged with the foaming agent ( 22 ) is injected under pressure into a cavity ( 26 ) of a mould ( 28 ), and so the polymer melt ( 18 ) fills the cavity ( 26 ) behind a melt front ( 34 ) running through the cavity ( 26 ), wherein the rate of injection at which the polymer melt ( 18 ) is injected into the cavity ( 26 ) of the mould ( 28 ) is set such that the internal pressure of the polymer melt ( 18 ) in the cavity ( 26 ), in a region ( 40 ) that follows a portion of the melt front ( 34 ) with a time delay of at most 0.15 seconds, is greater than the critical pressure of the foaming agent ( 22 ), at least at one point in time during the injection-moulding operation. The invention also relates to a moulded part ( 50 ) of an expanded thermoplastic material, wherein the moulded part ( 50 ) has a surface region with visual structuring formed by the expanded thermoplastic material of which the average ratio of the degrees of gloss measured in the direction of flow in relation to the degrees of gloss measured transversely to the direction of flow is below 1.9, preferably below 1.5, in particular below 1.2. The invention also relates to uses of such a moulded part.1.-18. (canceled) 19. A process for the production of a molding by structural foam molding, comprising
providing a plastics melt by melting of a thermoplastic, loading the plastics melt with a blowing agent, and injecting the plastics melt loaded with the blowing agent under pressure into a cavity of a mold in such a way that the plastics melt fills the cavity behind a melt front proceeding through the cavity, wherein the injection velocity at which the plastics melt is injected into the cavity of the mold is adjusted in such a way that, in a region that follows a section of the melt front with a chronological separation of at most 0.15 s, at least at one juncture during the injection procedure, the internal pressure of the plastics melt in the cavity is greater than the critical pressure of the blowing agent. 20. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the region in which the internal pressure of the plastics melt is, at least at one juncture during the injection procedure, greater than the critical pressure of the blowing agent follows the section of the melt front with a chronological separation of at most 0.1 s. 21. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the thermoplastic comprises a transparent plastic selected from the group consisting of polycarbonates (PC), polystyrenes (PS), polymethyl methacrylates (PMMA), styrene-acrylonitriles (SAN), cycloolefin copolymers (COC), transparent polyamides (PA), transparent polyesters, polyester made of terephthalic acid with cyclohexanedimethanol and tetramethylcyclobutanediol, and mixtures of these polymers. 22. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the thermoplastic is selected from the group consisting of polycarbonates (PC), polystyrenes (PS), polymethyl methacrylates (PMMA), cycloolefin copolymers (COC), styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), transparent polyamides (PA), polyvinyl chlorides (PVC), polyphenylene ethers (PPE), and mixtures thereof. 23. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the plastics melt is loaded with a blowing agent via introduction of a gas into the plastics melt. 24. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the concentration of the blowing agent in the blowing-agent-loaded plastics melt before injection into the cavity is from 0.5 to 3% by weight for chemical blowing agents and from 0.2 to 1.0% by weight for physical blowing agents. 25. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the design of the mold is such that, in the direction of flow of the plastics melt, the cross section of the cavity does not narrow by more than 10%. 26. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the mold has been designed for a film gate or for a direct gate. 27. A molding made of a foamed thermoplastic, wherein
the molding has a surface region with optical structuring which is formed by the foamed thermoplastic and for which the averaged ratio of the gloss levels measured in the direction of flow to the gloss levels measured perpendicularly to the direction of flow is below 1.9. 28. The molding as claimed in claim 27, wherein the molding has been produced by structural foam molding. 29. The molding as claimed in claim 27, wherein the molding is produced by the process as claimed in claim 19. 30. The molding as claimed in claim 27, wherein the molding has a surface region with optical structuring which is formed by the foamed thermoplastic and for which the averaged ratio of the gloss levels measured in the direction of flow to the gloss levels measured perpendicularly to the direction of flow is below 1.5. 31. The molding as claimed in claim 27, wherein the molding has a surface region with optical structuring which is formed by the foamed thermoplastic and for which the averaged ratio of the gloss levels measured in the direction of flow to the gloss levels measured perpendicularly to the direction of flow is below 1.2. 32. The molding as claimed in claim 27, wherein the thermoplastic is a transparent plastic. 33. The molding as claimed in claim 27, wherein
the thermoplastic comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of polycarbonates (PC), polystyrenes (PS), polymethyl methacrylates (PMMA), styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), transparent polyamides (PA), polyvinyl chlorides (PVC), polyphenylene ethers (PPE), and mixtures thereof. 34. The molding as claimed in claim 27, wherein the surface region with the optical structuring which is formed via the foamed thermoplastic comprises at least 30% the entire surface of the molding. 35. The molding as claimed in claim 27, wherein the thickness of the molding is in the range from 1 and 20 mm. 36. An article comprising the molding as claimed in claim 27, wherein the article is selected from the group consisting of an item of furniture or lighting elements, product casings, cups, bowls, protective covers, coolboxes, cladding parts for coolboxes, and multiple-use containers for refrigerated and fresh products. | 1,700 |
3,204 | 14,150,314 | 1,782 | An armature for an illuminant can comprise: walls formed by an armature composition. The armature composition can comprise an armature polymer, 10 wt % to 20 wt % coated titanium dioxide, and greater than zero to 0.001 wt % carbon black, wherein the weight percentages are based upon a total weight of the armature composition. The armature polymer can comprise polycarbonate. At a thickness of greater than or equal to 3 mm, the armature has a reflection at 700 nm of greater than or equal to 93%. A light fixture can comprise a light source in the armature. | 1. An armature for an illuminant, comprising:
walls formed by an armature composition, wherein the armature composition comprises
an armature polymer, wherein the armature polymer comprises polycarbonate;
10 wt % to 20 wt % coated titanium dioxide; and
greater than zero to 0.001 wt % carbon black;
wherein the weight percentages are based upon a total weight of the armature composition;
wherein, at a thickness of greater than or equal to 3 mm, the armature has a reflection at 700 nm of greater than or equal to 93%. 2. The armature of claim 1, wherein, at a thickness of greater than or equal to 3 mm, the armature has a reflection at 700 nm of greater than or equal to 93%. 3. The armature of claim 1, wherein the carbon black is in the form of powder. 4. The armature of claim 1, wherein the amount of carbon black is 0.000025 wt % to 0.00025 wt %. 5. The armature of claim 1, wherein the amount of carbon black is 0.00005 wt % to 0.0001 wt % 6. The armature of claim 1, wherein the amount of carbon black is 0.000065 wt % to 0.000085 wt %. 7. The armature of claim 1, wherein the armature polymer comprises linear polycarbonate. 8. The armature of claim 1, wherein coated titanium dioxide has a coating comprising PDMS. 9. The armature of claim 1, wherein coated titanium dioxide has a coating comprising PHMS. 10. The armature of claim 1, wherein the armature polymer comprises
a siloxane-containing copolymer in an amount effective to provide a total of 0.2 to 6.5 wt % of siloxane units based on the total weight of the polymers in the thermoplastic polymer composition; a bromine-containing polymer in an amount effective to provide 9 to 13 wt % of bromine, based on the total weight of the polymers in the thermoplastic polymer composition; and optionally a third polymer, wherein the wt % of the siloxane-containing copolymer, the bromine-containing polymer, and the optional third polymer, are based upon the total weight of the armature polymer. 11. The armature of claim 1, wherein the armature polymer comprises
35 to 50 wt % of the bromine-containing polymer based on the total weight of polymers in the thermoplastic polymer composition; and 10 to 65 wt % of the siloxane-containing copolymer based on the total weight of the polymers in the thermoplastic polymer composition, wherein the siloxane-containing copolymer comprises a first repeating unit, and a poly(siloxane) unit having the formula:
wherein R is each independently a C1-C30 hydrocarbon group, and E has an average value of 5 to 200. 12. The armature of claim 1, wherein armature polymer has a MVR of greater than or equal to 18 cm3/10 min. 13. The armature of claim 1, wherein armature polymer has a MVR of greater than or equal to 20 cm3/10 min. 14. The armature of claim 1, comprising a reflection of greater than or equal to 94%. 15. The armature of claim 1, comprising a percent transmission of up to 5.0%. 16. The armature of claim 1, comprising a percent transmission of 0.01% to 3.0%. 17. The armature of claim 1, wherein the armature polymer comprises a polycarbonate homopolymer. 18. An armature for an illuminant, comprising:
walls formed by an armature composition, wherein the armature composition comprises
an armature polymer, wherein the armature polymer comprises
35 to 50 wt % of the bromine-containing polymer based on the total weight of polymers in the thermoplastic polymer composition; and
10 to 65 wt % of the siloxane-containing copolymer based on the total weight of the polymers in the thermoplastic polymer composition, wherein the siloxane-containing copolymer comprises a first repeating unit, and a poly(siloxane) unit having the formula:
wherein R is each independently a C1-C30 hydrocarbon group, and E has an average value of 5 to 200; and
10 wt % to 20 wt % coated titanium dioxide; and
greater than zero to 0.001 wt % carbon black;
wherein the weight percentages are based upon a total weight of the armature composition. 19. An armature for an illuminant, comprising:
walls formed by an armature composition, wherein the armature composition comprises
an armature polymer, wherein the armature polymer comprises
a siloxane-containing copolymer in an amount effective to provide a total of 0.2 to 6.5 wt % of siloxane units based on the total weight of the polymers in the thermoplastic polymer composition;
a bromine-containing polymer in an amount effective to provide 9 to 13 wt % of bromine, based on the total weight of the polymers in the thermoplastic polymer composition; and
optionally a third polymer, wherein the wt % of the siloxane-containing copolymer, the bromine-containing polymer, and the optional third polymer, are based upon the total weight of the armature polymer; and
10 wt % to 20 wt % coated titanium dioxide; and
greater than zero to 0.001 wt % carbon black;
wherein the weight percentages are based upon a total weight of the armature composition. 20. A light fixture, comprising:
a light source; the armature of claim 19, wherein the light source is located in the armature. 21. The light fixture of claim 20, further comprising a lens in contact with the armature, wherein the armature and lens form a cavity, and wherein the light source is in the cavity. | An armature for an illuminant can comprise: walls formed by an armature composition. The armature composition can comprise an armature polymer, 10 wt % to 20 wt % coated titanium dioxide, and greater than zero to 0.001 wt % carbon black, wherein the weight percentages are based upon a total weight of the armature composition. The armature polymer can comprise polycarbonate. At a thickness of greater than or equal to 3 mm, the armature has a reflection at 700 nm of greater than or equal to 93%. A light fixture can comprise a light source in the armature.1. An armature for an illuminant, comprising:
walls formed by an armature composition, wherein the armature composition comprises
an armature polymer, wherein the armature polymer comprises polycarbonate;
10 wt % to 20 wt % coated titanium dioxide; and
greater than zero to 0.001 wt % carbon black;
wherein the weight percentages are based upon a total weight of the armature composition;
wherein, at a thickness of greater than or equal to 3 mm, the armature has a reflection at 700 nm of greater than or equal to 93%. 2. The armature of claim 1, wherein, at a thickness of greater than or equal to 3 mm, the armature has a reflection at 700 nm of greater than or equal to 93%. 3. The armature of claim 1, wherein the carbon black is in the form of powder. 4. The armature of claim 1, wherein the amount of carbon black is 0.000025 wt % to 0.00025 wt %. 5. The armature of claim 1, wherein the amount of carbon black is 0.00005 wt % to 0.0001 wt % 6. The armature of claim 1, wherein the amount of carbon black is 0.000065 wt % to 0.000085 wt %. 7. The armature of claim 1, wherein the armature polymer comprises linear polycarbonate. 8. The armature of claim 1, wherein coated titanium dioxide has a coating comprising PDMS. 9. The armature of claim 1, wherein coated titanium dioxide has a coating comprising PHMS. 10. The armature of claim 1, wherein the armature polymer comprises
a siloxane-containing copolymer in an amount effective to provide a total of 0.2 to 6.5 wt % of siloxane units based on the total weight of the polymers in the thermoplastic polymer composition; a bromine-containing polymer in an amount effective to provide 9 to 13 wt % of bromine, based on the total weight of the polymers in the thermoplastic polymer composition; and optionally a third polymer, wherein the wt % of the siloxane-containing copolymer, the bromine-containing polymer, and the optional third polymer, are based upon the total weight of the armature polymer. 11. The armature of claim 1, wherein the armature polymer comprises
35 to 50 wt % of the bromine-containing polymer based on the total weight of polymers in the thermoplastic polymer composition; and 10 to 65 wt % of the siloxane-containing copolymer based on the total weight of the polymers in the thermoplastic polymer composition, wherein the siloxane-containing copolymer comprises a first repeating unit, and a poly(siloxane) unit having the formula:
wherein R is each independently a C1-C30 hydrocarbon group, and E has an average value of 5 to 200. 12. The armature of claim 1, wherein armature polymer has a MVR of greater than or equal to 18 cm3/10 min. 13. The armature of claim 1, wherein armature polymer has a MVR of greater than or equal to 20 cm3/10 min. 14. The armature of claim 1, comprising a reflection of greater than or equal to 94%. 15. The armature of claim 1, comprising a percent transmission of up to 5.0%. 16. The armature of claim 1, comprising a percent transmission of 0.01% to 3.0%. 17. The armature of claim 1, wherein the armature polymer comprises a polycarbonate homopolymer. 18. An armature for an illuminant, comprising:
walls formed by an armature composition, wherein the armature composition comprises
an armature polymer, wherein the armature polymer comprises
35 to 50 wt % of the bromine-containing polymer based on the total weight of polymers in the thermoplastic polymer composition; and
10 to 65 wt % of the siloxane-containing copolymer based on the total weight of the polymers in the thermoplastic polymer composition, wherein the siloxane-containing copolymer comprises a first repeating unit, and a poly(siloxane) unit having the formula:
wherein R is each independently a C1-C30 hydrocarbon group, and E has an average value of 5 to 200; and
10 wt % to 20 wt % coated titanium dioxide; and
greater than zero to 0.001 wt % carbon black;
wherein the weight percentages are based upon a total weight of the armature composition. 19. An armature for an illuminant, comprising:
walls formed by an armature composition, wherein the armature composition comprises
an armature polymer, wherein the armature polymer comprises
a siloxane-containing copolymer in an amount effective to provide a total of 0.2 to 6.5 wt % of siloxane units based on the total weight of the polymers in the thermoplastic polymer composition;
a bromine-containing polymer in an amount effective to provide 9 to 13 wt % of bromine, based on the total weight of the polymers in the thermoplastic polymer composition; and
optionally a third polymer, wherein the wt % of the siloxane-containing copolymer, the bromine-containing polymer, and the optional third polymer, are based upon the total weight of the armature polymer; and
10 wt % to 20 wt % coated titanium dioxide; and
greater than zero to 0.001 wt % carbon black;
wherein the weight percentages are based upon a total weight of the armature composition. 20. A light fixture, comprising:
a light source; the armature of claim 19, wherein the light source is located in the armature. 21. The light fixture of claim 20, further comprising a lens in contact with the armature, wherein the armature and lens form a cavity, and wherein the light source is in the cavity. | 1,700 |
3,205 | 13,633,791 | 1,776 | A dispensing system for dispensing a material is disclosed that includes a housing for receipt of a dispenser holding a material. A fan is disposed within the housing. Upon activation, the fan draws air into the housing and diffuses the material charged air from the housing with a substantially 360 degree dispersal pattern. | 1. A dispensing system for dispensing a material, comprising:
a housing for receipt of a dispenser holding a material; and a fan disposed within the housing, wherein upon activation, the fan draws air into the housing and diffuses the material charged air from the housing with a substantially 360 degree dispersal pattern. 2. The dispensing system of claim 1, wherein the air is drawn into the housing from a direction different than that of the diffusion of the material. 3. The dispensing system of claim 2, wherein the air is drawn into the housing from an angle substantially greater than about 45 degrees from horizontal. 4. The dispensing system of claim 2, wherein the air is drawn into the housing from a substantially vertical direction. 5. The dispensing system of claim 1, wherein the dispenser comprises a blister holding a volatile material and a permeable membrane extending across an open end of the blister. 6. The dispensing system of claim 1 further comprising a second fan. 7. The dispensing system of claim 6, wherein an impeller of the fan is substantially coplanar with an impeller of the second fan. 8. The dispensing system of claim 7, wherein a direction of rotation of the impeller of the fan and a direction of rotation of the impeller of the second fan are counter-rotational to one another. 9. The dispensing system of claim 8, wherein the substantially horizontal 360 degree dispersal pattern comprises a primary distribution vector. 10. The dispensing system of claim 9, wherein the primary distribution vector distributes a larger volume of air charged with the material in one direction relative to an average volume of air charged with the material distributed in other directions of the substantially 360 degree dispersal pattern. 11. A dispensing system for dispensing a material, comprising:
a housing having a fan and a dispenser holding a material; and a lid attached to the housing and having a heater, wherein when the lid is in an open state the heater is thermally isolated from the dispenser and unable to heat the dispenser and when the lid is in a closed state the heater is adjacent and in thermal communication with the dispenser. 12. The dispensing system of claim 11, wherein when the lid is in the closed state the heater is coaxially aligned along an axis with the dispenser and the fan. 13. The dispensing system of claim 12, wherein upon activation the heater heats the dispenser. 14. The dispensing system of claim 12, wherein upon activation the fan draws air into the housing from a direction substantially parallel to the axis and exhausts the material from the housing in a substantially 360 degree dispersal pattern. 15. The dispensing system of claim 12, wherein upon activation the heater heats the dispenser and the fan draws air into the housing from a direction substantially parallel to the axis and exhausts the material from the housing in a substantially 360 degree dispersal pattern. 16. The dispensing system of claim 15, wherein the material is exhausted in a direction substantially perpendicular to the axis. 17. A dispensing system for dispensing a material, comprising:
a housing having a heater, a fan and a dispenser holding a material; and a lid attached to the housing, wherein when the lid is in a closed state the heater is aligned coaxially with the fan and the dispenser to form a dispensing stack and when the lid is in an open state the heater is not coaxially aligned with the fan and the dispenser. 18. The dispensing system of claim 17 comprising a plurality of fans, a plurality of heaters, and a plurality of dispensers. 19. The dispensing system of claim 18, wherein the dispensing system comprises a plurality of dispensing stacks. 20. The dispensing system of claim 19 further including two dispensing stacks that are substantially coplanar with one another, wherein a direction of rotation of a fan of a first dispensing stack and a direction of rotation of a fan of a second dispensing stack are counter-rotational to one another. | A dispensing system for dispensing a material is disclosed that includes a housing for receipt of a dispenser holding a material. A fan is disposed within the housing. Upon activation, the fan draws air into the housing and diffuses the material charged air from the housing with a substantially 360 degree dispersal pattern.1. A dispensing system for dispensing a material, comprising:
a housing for receipt of a dispenser holding a material; and a fan disposed within the housing, wherein upon activation, the fan draws air into the housing and diffuses the material charged air from the housing with a substantially 360 degree dispersal pattern. 2. The dispensing system of claim 1, wherein the air is drawn into the housing from a direction different than that of the diffusion of the material. 3. The dispensing system of claim 2, wherein the air is drawn into the housing from an angle substantially greater than about 45 degrees from horizontal. 4. The dispensing system of claim 2, wherein the air is drawn into the housing from a substantially vertical direction. 5. The dispensing system of claim 1, wherein the dispenser comprises a blister holding a volatile material and a permeable membrane extending across an open end of the blister. 6. The dispensing system of claim 1 further comprising a second fan. 7. The dispensing system of claim 6, wherein an impeller of the fan is substantially coplanar with an impeller of the second fan. 8. The dispensing system of claim 7, wherein a direction of rotation of the impeller of the fan and a direction of rotation of the impeller of the second fan are counter-rotational to one another. 9. The dispensing system of claim 8, wherein the substantially horizontal 360 degree dispersal pattern comprises a primary distribution vector. 10. The dispensing system of claim 9, wherein the primary distribution vector distributes a larger volume of air charged with the material in one direction relative to an average volume of air charged with the material distributed in other directions of the substantially 360 degree dispersal pattern. 11. A dispensing system for dispensing a material, comprising:
a housing having a fan and a dispenser holding a material; and a lid attached to the housing and having a heater, wherein when the lid is in an open state the heater is thermally isolated from the dispenser and unable to heat the dispenser and when the lid is in a closed state the heater is adjacent and in thermal communication with the dispenser. 12. The dispensing system of claim 11, wherein when the lid is in the closed state the heater is coaxially aligned along an axis with the dispenser and the fan. 13. The dispensing system of claim 12, wherein upon activation the heater heats the dispenser. 14. The dispensing system of claim 12, wherein upon activation the fan draws air into the housing from a direction substantially parallel to the axis and exhausts the material from the housing in a substantially 360 degree dispersal pattern. 15. The dispensing system of claim 12, wherein upon activation the heater heats the dispenser and the fan draws air into the housing from a direction substantially parallel to the axis and exhausts the material from the housing in a substantially 360 degree dispersal pattern. 16. The dispensing system of claim 15, wherein the material is exhausted in a direction substantially perpendicular to the axis. 17. A dispensing system for dispensing a material, comprising:
a housing having a heater, a fan and a dispenser holding a material; and a lid attached to the housing, wherein when the lid is in a closed state the heater is aligned coaxially with the fan and the dispenser to form a dispensing stack and when the lid is in an open state the heater is not coaxially aligned with the fan and the dispenser. 18. The dispensing system of claim 17 comprising a plurality of fans, a plurality of heaters, and a plurality of dispensers. 19. The dispensing system of claim 18, wherein the dispensing system comprises a plurality of dispensing stacks. 20. The dispensing system of claim 19 further including two dispensing stacks that are substantially coplanar with one another, wherein a direction of rotation of a fan of a first dispensing stack and a direction of rotation of a fan of a second dispensing stack are counter-rotational to one another. | 1,700 |
3,206 | 15,103,565 | 1,712 | The invention relates to the field of the protection of security documents such as for example banknotes and identity documents against counterfeit and illegal reproduction. In particular, the present invention provides processes for producing optical effect layers (OELs) on a substrate and OELs obtained thereof, said process comprising two magnetic orientation steps: a step of exposing a coating composition comprising platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles to a dynamic magnetic field of a first magnetic-field-generating device so as to bi-axially orient at least a part of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles and a step of exposing the coating composition to a static magnetic field of a second magnetic-field-generating device, thereby mono-axially reorienting at least a part of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles. | 1. A process for producing an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate, said process comprising the steps of:
a) applying on a substrate surface a coating composition comprising i) platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles and ii) a binder material, said coating composition being in a first state, b) exposing the coating composition to a dynamic magnetic field of a first magnetic-field-generating device so as to bi-axially orient at least a part of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles, c) exposing the coating composition of step b) to a static magnetic field of a second magnetic-field-generating device, thereby mono-axially re-orienting at least a part of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles, and d) hardening the coating composition of step c) to a second state so as to fix the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles in their adopted positions and orientations. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein step b) is carried out so as to bi-axially orient at least a part of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles to i) have both their X-axis and Y-axis substantially parallel to the substrate surface, or ii) have a first axis within the X-Y plane substantially parallel to the substrate surface and a second axis being perpendicular to said first axis at a substantially non-zero elevation angle to the substrate surface, or iii) have their X-Y plane parallel to an imaginary spheroid surface. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the applying step a) is carried out by a printing process preferably selected from the group consisting of screen printing, rotogravure, flexography printing and intaglio printing. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the hardening step d) is carried out by UV-Vis light radiation curing. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the hardening step d) is carried out partially simultaneously with step c). 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein at least a part of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles is constituted by platelet-shaped optically variable magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles. 7. The process according to claim 6, wherein the platelet-shaped optically variable magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles are selected from the group consisting of platelet-shaped magnetic thin-film interference pigment particles, platelet-shaped magnetic cholesteric liquid crystal pigment particles, platelet-shaped interference coated pigment particles comprising a magnetic material and mixtures of two or more thereof. 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein at least a part of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles comprises a magnetic metal selected from the group consisting of cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), gadolinium (Gd) and nickel (Ni); a magnetic alloy of iron, manganese, cobalt, nickel or a mixture of two or more thereof; a magnetic oxide of chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, nickel or a mixture of two or more thereof; or a mixture of two or more thereof. 9. The process according to claim 7, wherein the magnetic thin-film interference flakes comprise a 5-layer Fabry-Perot absorber/dielectric/reflector/dielectric/absorber multilayer structure wherein the reflector and/or the absorber is a magnetic layer comprising nickel, iron and/or cobalt, and/or a magnetic alloy comprising nickel, iron and/or cobalt and/or a magnetic oxide comprising nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) and/or cobalt (Co). 10. The process according to claim 7, wherein the magnetic thin-film interference flakes comprise a seven-layer Fabry-Perot absorber/dielectric/refiector/magnetic/refiector/dielectric/absorber multilayer structure or a six-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer absorber/dielectric/reflector/magnetic/dielectric/absorber multilayer structure,
wherein the magnetic layer comprises nickel, iron and/or cobalt; and/or a magnetic alloy comprising nickel, iron and/or cobalt and/or a magnetic oxide comprising nickel, iron and/or cobalt. 11. The process according to claim 9, wherein the reflector layers are independently made from one or more materials selected from the group consisting of aluminium, chromium, nickel, and alloys thereof; and/or the dielectric layers are independently made from one or more materials selected from the group consisting of magnesium fluoride and silicium dioxide; and/or the absorber layers are independently made from one or more materials selected from the group consisting of chromium, nickel and alloys thereof. 12. The process according to claim 1, wherein the coating composition comprises the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles in an amount from about 2 wt-% to about 40 wt-%, preferably in an amount from about 4 wt-% to about 30 wt-%, the weight percents being based on the total weight of the coating composition. 13. The process according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of papers or other fibrous materials, paper-containing materials, glasses, metals, ceramics, plastics and polymers, metalized plastics or polymers, composite materials and mixtures or combinations thereof. 14. An optical effect layer (OEL) produced by the process recited in claim 1. 15. A security document or a decorative element or object comprising one or more optical effect layer (OEL) recited in claim 14. 16. Method of manufacturing a security document or a decorative element or object, comprising:
providing a security document or a decorative element or object, and providing an optical effect layer according to the process of claim 1 so that it is comprised by the security document or decorative element or object. | The invention relates to the field of the protection of security documents such as for example banknotes and identity documents against counterfeit and illegal reproduction. In particular, the present invention provides processes for producing optical effect layers (OELs) on a substrate and OELs obtained thereof, said process comprising two magnetic orientation steps: a step of exposing a coating composition comprising platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles to a dynamic magnetic field of a first magnetic-field-generating device so as to bi-axially orient at least a part of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles and a step of exposing the coating composition to a static magnetic field of a second magnetic-field-generating device, thereby mono-axially reorienting at least a part of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles.1. A process for producing an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate, said process comprising the steps of:
a) applying on a substrate surface a coating composition comprising i) platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles and ii) a binder material, said coating composition being in a first state, b) exposing the coating composition to a dynamic magnetic field of a first magnetic-field-generating device so as to bi-axially orient at least a part of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles, c) exposing the coating composition of step b) to a static magnetic field of a second magnetic-field-generating device, thereby mono-axially re-orienting at least a part of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles, and d) hardening the coating composition of step c) to a second state so as to fix the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles in their adopted positions and orientations. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein step b) is carried out so as to bi-axially orient at least a part of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles to i) have both their X-axis and Y-axis substantially parallel to the substrate surface, or ii) have a first axis within the X-Y plane substantially parallel to the substrate surface and a second axis being perpendicular to said first axis at a substantially non-zero elevation angle to the substrate surface, or iii) have their X-Y plane parallel to an imaginary spheroid surface. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the applying step a) is carried out by a printing process preferably selected from the group consisting of screen printing, rotogravure, flexography printing and intaglio printing. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the hardening step d) is carried out by UV-Vis light radiation curing. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the hardening step d) is carried out partially simultaneously with step c). 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein at least a part of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles is constituted by platelet-shaped optically variable magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles. 7. The process according to claim 6, wherein the platelet-shaped optically variable magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles are selected from the group consisting of platelet-shaped magnetic thin-film interference pigment particles, platelet-shaped magnetic cholesteric liquid crystal pigment particles, platelet-shaped interference coated pigment particles comprising a magnetic material and mixtures of two or more thereof. 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein at least a part of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles comprises a magnetic metal selected from the group consisting of cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), gadolinium (Gd) and nickel (Ni); a magnetic alloy of iron, manganese, cobalt, nickel or a mixture of two or more thereof; a magnetic oxide of chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, nickel or a mixture of two or more thereof; or a mixture of two or more thereof. 9. The process according to claim 7, wherein the magnetic thin-film interference flakes comprise a 5-layer Fabry-Perot absorber/dielectric/reflector/dielectric/absorber multilayer structure wherein the reflector and/or the absorber is a magnetic layer comprising nickel, iron and/or cobalt, and/or a magnetic alloy comprising nickel, iron and/or cobalt and/or a magnetic oxide comprising nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) and/or cobalt (Co). 10. The process according to claim 7, wherein the magnetic thin-film interference flakes comprise a seven-layer Fabry-Perot absorber/dielectric/refiector/magnetic/refiector/dielectric/absorber multilayer structure or a six-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer absorber/dielectric/reflector/magnetic/dielectric/absorber multilayer structure,
wherein the magnetic layer comprises nickel, iron and/or cobalt; and/or a magnetic alloy comprising nickel, iron and/or cobalt and/or a magnetic oxide comprising nickel, iron and/or cobalt. 11. The process according to claim 9, wherein the reflector layers are independently made from one or more materials selected from the group consisting of aluminium, chromium, nickel, and alloys thereof; and/or the dielectric layers are independently made from one or more materials selected from the group consisting of magnesium fluoride and silicium dioxide; and/or the absorber layers are independently made from one or more materials selected from the group consisting of chromium, nickel and alloys thereof. 12. The process according to claim 1, wherein the coating composition comprises the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles in an amount from about 2 wt-% to about 40 wt-%, preferably in an amount from about 4 wt-% to about 30 wt-%, the weight percents being based on the total weight of the coating composition. 13. The process according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of papers or other fibrous materials, paper-containing materials, glasses, metals, ceramics, plastics and polymers, metalized plastics or polymers, composite materials and mixtures or combinations thereof. 14. An optical effect layer (OEL) produced by the process recited in claim 1. 15. A security document or a decorative element or object comprising one or more optical effect layer (OEL) recited in claim 14. 16. Method of manufacturing a security document or a decorative element or object, comprising:
providing a security document or a decorative element or object, and providing an optical effect layer according to the process of claim 1 so that it is comprised by the security document or decorative element or object. | 1,700 |
3,207 | 14,439,112 | 1,733 | According to the present invention, when irradiating the surface of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having a sheet thickness t with an electron beam in a direction intersecting a rolling direction, the irradiation energy E(t) of the electron beam is adjusted to satisfy Ewmin(0.23)×(1.61−2.83×t (mm))≦E(t)≦Ewmin(0.23)×(1.78−3.12×t (mm)) (Expression (1)) using the value of the irradiation energy Ewmin(0.23) that minimizes iron loss for material with a sheet thickness of 0.23 mm. The present invention thus allows for a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet with high productivity that can suppress a reduction in productivity caused by optical system adjustment operations or by shortening of line spacing. | 1. A method of manufacturing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, the method comprising:
when irradiating a surface of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having a sheet thickness t with an electron beam in a direction intersecting a rolling direction, adjusting an irradiation energy E(t) of the electron beam to satisfy Ewmin(0.23)×(1.61−2.83×t (mm))≦E(t)≦Ewmin(0.23)×(1.78−3.12×t (mm)) (Expression (1)), wherein Expression (1) takes a value of an irradiation energy Ewmin(0.23) that minimizes iron loss for material with a sheet thickness of 0.23 mm. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the sheet thickness t is 0.23 mm or less. 3. A method of manufacturing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, the method comprising:
when irradiating a surface of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having a sheet thickness t of 0.23 mm or more with an electron beam in a direction intersecting a rolling direction, adjusting a line spacing s(t) of the electron beam to satisfy smin(0.23)/(1.78−3.12×t (mm))≦s(t)≦smin(0.23)/(1.61−2.83×t (mm)) (Expression (2)) with respect to a line spacing smin(0.23) that minimizes iron loss for material with a sheet thickness of 0.23 mm. | According to the present invention, when irradiating the surface of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having a sheet thickness t with an electron beam in a direction intersecting a rolling direction, the irradiation energy E(t) of the electron beam is adjusted to satisfy Ewmin(0.23)×(1.61−2.83×t (mm))≦E(t)≦Ewmin(0.23)×(1.78−3.12×t (mm)) (Expression (1)) using the value of the irradiation energy Ewmin(0.23) that minimizes iron loss for material with a sheet thickness of 0.23 mm. The present invention thus allows for a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet with high productivity that can suppress a reduction in productivity caused by optical system adjustment operations or by shortening of line spacing.1. A method of manufacturing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, the method comprising:
when irradiating a surface of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having a sheet thickness t with an electron beam in a direction intersecting a rolling direction, adjusting an irradiation energy E(t) of the electron beam to satisfy Ewmin(0.23)×(1.61−2.83×t (mm))≦E(t)≦Ewmin(0.23)×(1.78−3.12×t (mm)) (Expression (1)), wherein Expression (1) takes a value of an irradiation energy Ewmin(0.23) that minimizes iron loss for material with a sheet thickness of 0.23 mm. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the sheet thickness t is 0.23 mm or less. 3. A method of manufacturing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, the method comprising:
when irradiating a surface of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having a sheet thickness t of 0.23 mm or more with an electron beam in a direction intersecting a rolling direction, adjusting a line spacing s(t) of the electron beam to satisfy smin(0.23)/(1.78−3.12×t (mm))≦s(t)≦smin(0.23)/(1.61−2.83×t (mm)) (Expression (2)) with respect to a line spacing smin(0.23) that minimizes iron loss for material with a sheet thickness of 0.23 mm. | 1,700 |
3,208 | 13,763,741 | 1,722 | The invention relates to a liquid-crystalline medium, characterised in that it contains one or more compounds of the formula IA,
and
at least one compound selected from the group of compounds of the formula IIA, IIB and IIC,
in which
R A , R 2A , R 2B , R 2C , ring A, ring B, X A , Y 1-6 , L 1-6 , Z 2 , Z 2′ , o, p, q, v and (O)C v H 2v+1 have the meanings indicated in Claim 1 , and to the use thereof for electro-optical purposes, in particular for shutter glasses, 3D applications, in TN, PS-TN, STN, TN-TFT, OCB, IPS, PS-IPS, FFS, PS-FFS and PS-VA-IPS displays. | 1. Liquid-crystalline medium having a positive anisotropy, characterised in that it contains one or more compounds of the formula IA,
and
at least one compound selected from the group of compounds of the formula IIA, IIB and IIC,
in which
RA, R2A, R2B and R2C
each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having up to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may be replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
XA denotes F, Cl, CN, SF5, SCN, NCS, a halogenated alkyl radical, a halogenated alkenyl radical, a halogenated alkoxy radical or a halogenated alkenyloxy radical, each having up to 6 C atoms, and
Y1-6 each, independently of one another, denote H or F.
L1 and L2 each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, CF3 or CHF2,
L3-6 each, independently of one another, denote H, F, Cl, CF3 or CHF2, but at least two of L3-6 denote F, Cl, CF3 or CHF2
Z2 and Z2′ each, independently of one another, denote a single bond, —CH2CH2—, —CH═CH—, —C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C2F4—, —CF═CF—, —CH═CHCH2O—,
p denotes 1 or 2, and, in the case where Z2=single bond, p may also denote 0,
o and q each, independently of one another, denote 0 or 1,
(O)CvH2v+1 denotes OCvH2v+1 or CvH2v+1, and
v denotes 1 to 6. 2. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains one or more compounds selected from the compounds of the formulae IA-1 to IA-5.
in which RA, XA and Y1-6 have the above indicated meanings according to claim 1 and Y7 and Y8 each, independently denote H or F. 3. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains one or more compounds selected from the compounds of the formulae IA-1a to IA-4-d,
in which RA and XA have the meanings indicated in claim 1. 4. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that XA in formula IA denotes F, OCF3, OCHF2, CF3, OCHF2, OCHFCF3, OCF2CHFCF3, CF═CF2, CH═CF2, OCF═CF2 or OCH═CF2. 5. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains one or more compounds of the formula IIA-1 to IIC-6,
in which alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms and alkenyl denotes a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms. 6. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it additionally contains one or more compounds selected from the formulae III and/or IV,
in which
R0 denotes a halogenated or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, —CF2O—, —CH═CH—,
—O—, —CO—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
X0 denotes F, Cl, CN, SF5, SCN, NCS, a halogenated alkyl radical, a halogenated alkenyl radical, a halogenated alkoxy radical or a halogenated alkenyloxy radical, each having up to 6 C atoms, and
Y1-6 each, independently of one another, denote H or F,
each, independently of one another, denote 7. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it additionally contains one or more compounds selected from the formulae V to IX,
in which
R0 denotes a halogenated or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, CF2O—, —O—,
—CH═CH—, —CO—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
X0 denotes F, Cl, CN, SF5, SCN, NCS, a halogenated alkyl radical, a halogenated alkenyl radical, a halogenated alkoxy radical or a halogenated alkenyloxy radical having up to 6 C atoms,
Y1-4 each, independently of one another, denote H or F,
Z0 denotes —C2H4—, —(CH2)4—, —CH═CH—, —CF═CF—, —C2F4—, —CH2CF2—, —CF2CH2—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —COO— or —OCF2—, in formula VI and VII also a single bond and in formula VI and IX also —CF2O—,
r denotes 0 or 1, and
s denotes 0 or 1. 8. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 7, characterised in that it additionally contains one or more compounds selected from the formulae X to XIII,
in which X0 has the meanings indicated in claim 7, and
L denotes H or F,
“alkyl” denotes C1-6-alkyl,
R′ denotes C1-6-alkyl, C1-6-alkoxy or C2-6-alkenyl, and “alkenyl” and “alkenyl*” each, independently of one another, denote C2-6-alkenyl. 9. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it additionally contains one or more compounds of the formula XIV,
in which R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, denote n-alkyl, alkoxy, oxaalkyl, fluoroalkyl or alkenyl, each having up to 6 C atoms. 10. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it additionally contains one or more compounds of the formula XVII,
in which R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, denote n-alkyl, alkoxy, oxaalkyl, fluoroalkyl or alkenyl, each having up to 6 C atoms, and L denotes H or F. 11. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 7, characterised in that it contains one or more compounds selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae XXVIII to XXXI,
in which R0 and X0 have the meanings indicated in claim 7. 12. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 7, characterised in that it contains one or more compounds selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae XIX, XX, XXI, XXII, XXIII and XXIV,
in which R0 and X0 have the meanings indicated in claim 7, and Y1-4 each, independently of one another, denote H or F. 13. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 5, characterised in that it contains ≧20% by weight of the compound of the formula Xb,
in which alkyl has the meaning indicated in claim 5. 14. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains at least two compounds of the formula IA and at least two compounds of the formula IIA. 15. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains in total ≧20% by weight of compounds of the formula IA and compounds of the formula IIB, based on the mixture. 16. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains in total ≧20% by weight of compounds of the formula IA and compounds of the formula IIC, based on the mixture. 17. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it has a dielectric anisotropy (Δ∈) of >1.5 at 20° C. and 1 kHz. 18. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it additionally contains one or more additive(s) selected from the group of the UV stabilisers, dopants and antioxidants. 19. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it additionally contains one or more polymerisable compounds. 20. Process for the preparation of a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that one or more compounds of the formula IA and one or more compounds selected from the group of compounds of the formula IIA, IIB and IIC as defined in claim 1, are mixed with one or more mesogenic compounds and optionally also with one or more additives and/or at least one polymerisable compound. 21. Use of a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1 for electro-optical purposes. 22. Use of the liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 21 in shutter glasses, for 3D applications, in TN, PS-TN, STN, TN-TFT, OCB, IPS, PS-IPS, FFS, PS-FFS and PS-VA-IPS displays. 23. Electro-optical liquid-crystal display containing a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1. | The invention relates to a liquid-crystalline medium, characterised in that it contains one or more compounds of the formula IA,
and
at least one compound selected from the group of compounds of the formula IIA, IIB and IIC,
in which
R A , R 2A , R 2B , R 2C , ring A, ring B, X A , Y 1-6 , L 1-6 , Z 2 , Z 2′ , o, p, q, v and (O)C v H 2v+1 have the meanings indicated in Claim 1 , and to the use thereof for electro-optical purposes, in particular for shutter glasses, 3D applications, in TN, PS-TN, STN, TN-TFT, OCB, IPS, PS-IPS, FFS, PS-FFS and PS-VA-IPS displays.1. Liquid-crystalline medium having a positive anisotropy, characterised in that it contains one or more compounds of the formula IA,
and
at least one compound selected from the group of compounds of the formula IIA, IIB and IIC,
in which
RA, R2A, R2B and R2C
each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having up to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may be replaced by —O—, —S—,
—C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
XA denotes F, Cl, CN, SF5, SCN, NCS, a halogenated alkyl radical, a halogenated alkenyl radical, a halogenated alkoxy radical or a halogenated alkenyloxy radical, each having up to 6 C atoms, and
Y1-6 each, independently of one another, denote H or F.
L1 and L2 each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, CF3 or CHF2,
L3-6 each, independently of one another, denote H, F, Cl, CF3 or CHF2, but at least two of L3-6 denote F, Cl, CF3 or CHF2
Z2 and Z2′ each, independently of one another, denote a single bond, —CH2CH2—, —CH═CH—, —C≡C—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C2F4—, —CF═CF—, —CH═CHCH2O—,
p denotes 1 or 2, and, in the case where Z2=single bond, p may also denote 0,
o and q each, independently of one another, denote 0 or 1,
(O)CvH2v+1 denotes OCvH2v+1 or CvH2v+1, and
v denotes 1 to 6. 2. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains one or more compounds selected from the compounds of the formulae IA-1 to IA-5.
in which RA, XA and Y1-6 have the above indicated meanings according to claim 1 and Y7 and Y8 each, independently denote H or F. 3. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains one or more compounds selected from the compounds of the formulae IA-1a to IA-4-d,
in which RA and XA have the meanings indicated in claim 1. 4. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that XA in formula IA denotes F, OCF3, OCHF2, CF3, OCHF2, OCHFCF3, OCF2CHFCF3, CF═CF2, CH═CF2, OCF═CF2 or OCH═CF2. 5. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains one or more compounds of the formula IIA-1 to IIC-6,
in which alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms and alkenyl denotes a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms. 6. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it additionally contains one or more compounds selected from the formulae III and/or IV,
in which
R0 denotes a halogenated or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, —CF2O—, —CH═CH—,
—O—, —CO—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
X0 denotes F, Cl, CN, SF5, SCN, NCS, a halogenated alkyl radical, a halogenated alkenyl radical, a halogenated alkoxy radical or a halogenated alkenyloxy radical, each having up to 6 C atoms, and
Y1-6 each, independently of one another, denote H or F,
each, independently of one another, denote 7. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it additionally contains one or more compounds selected from the formulae V to IX,
in which
R0 denotes a halogenated or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, CF2O—, —O—,
—CH═CH—, —CO—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
X0 denotes F, Cl, CN, SF5, SCN, NCS, a halogenated alkyl radical, a halogenated alkenyl radical, a halogenated alkoxy radical or a halogenated alkenyloxy radical having up to 6 C atoms,
Y1-4 each, independently of one another, denote H or F,
Z0 denotes —C2H4—, —(CH2)4—, —CH═CH—, —CF═CF—, —C2F4—, —CH2CF2—, —CF2CH2—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —COO— or —OCF2—, in formula VI and VII also a single bond and in formula VI and IX also —CF2O—,
r denotes 0 or 1, and
s denotes 0 or 1. 8. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 7, characterised in that it additionally contains one or more compounds selected from the formulae X to XIII,
in which X0 has the meanings indicated in claim 7, and
L denotes H or F,
“alkyl” denotes C1-6-alkyl,
R′ denotes C1-6-alkyl, C1-6-alkoxy or C2-6-alkenyl, and “alkenyl” and “alkenyl*” each, independently of one another, denote C2-6-alkenyl. 9. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it additionally contains one or more compounds of the formula XIV,
in which R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, denote n-alkyl, alkoxy, oxaalkyl, fluoroalkyl or alkenyl, each having up to 6 C atoms. 10. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it additionally contains one or more compounds of the formula XVII,
in which R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, denote n-alkyl, alkoxy, oxaalkyl, fluoroalkyl or alkenyl, each having up to 6 C atoms, and L denotes H or F. 11. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 7, characterised in that it contains one or more compounds selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae XXVIII to XXXI,
in which R0 and X0 have the meanings indicated in claim 7. 12. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 7, characterised in that it contains one or more compounds selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae XIX, XX, XXI, XXII, XXIII and XXIV,
in which R0 and X0 have the meanings indicated in claim 7, and Y1-4 each, independently of one another, denote H or F. 13. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 5, characterised in that it contains ≧20% by weight of the compound of the formula Xb,
in which alkyl has the meaning indicated in claim 5. 14. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains at least two compounds of the formula IA and at least two compounds of the formula IIA. 15. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains in total ≧20% by weight of compounds of the formula IA and compounds of the formula IIB, based on the mixture. 16. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains in total ≧20% by weight of compounds of the formula IA and compounds of the formula IIC, based on the mixture. 17. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it has a dielectric anisotropy (Δ∈) of >1.5 at 20° C. and 1 kHz. 18. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it additionally contains one or more additive(s) selected from the group of the UV stabilisers, dopants and antioxidants. 19. Liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that it additionally contains one or more polymerisable compounds. 20. Process for the preparation of a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, characterised in that one or more compounds of the formula IA and one or more compounds selected from the group of compounds of the formula IIA, IIB and IIC as defined in claim 1, are mixed with one or more mesogenic compounds and optionally also with one or more additives and/or at least one polymerisable compound. 21. Use of a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1 for electro-optical purposes. 22. Use of the liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 21 in shutter glasses, for 3D applications, in TN, PS-TN, STN, TN-TFT, OCB, IPS, PS-IPS, FFS, PS-FFS and PS-VA-IPS displays. 23. Electro-optical liquid-crystal display containing a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
3,209 | 13,264,231 | 1,799 | A Gas-free Fluid chamber for PCR. The present invention relates to a device with a fluid chamber suitable for performing a polymerized chain reaction for gas-free filling. Such devices may be used in the field of e.g. molecular diagnostics. | 1. A fluid chamber (1) being in communication with,
a first channel (2) suitable for functioning as an inlet for fluids into said fluid chamber; a second channel (3) suitable for functioning as an outlet for fluids out of the fluid chamber;
wherein at least one protrusion (4) projects into the fluid chamber,
and wherein said protrusion (4) is positioned at the locations where the second channel (3) is connected to the fluid chamber. 2. A fluid chamber (1) wherein the surface of said protrusion (4) inside the fluid chamber (1) is smooth. 3. A fluid chamber (1) according to claim 2, wherein the protrusion (4) is of circular or elliptical shape. 4. A fluid chamber (1) according to claim 1, wherein the fluid chamber is of cylindrical form with a circular or elliptical cross-sectional shape (5), when viewed from above; and
wherein the first channel (2) and the second channel (3) are connected to the side walls of fluid chamber of cylindrical form. 5. A fluid chamber according to claim 1, wherein the diameter (6) of the fluid chamber (1) is in the range of about 100 μm to about 10 cm and wherein the height of the fluid chamber is in the range of about 100 μm to about 1 cm. 6. A fluid chamber according to claim 1, wherein the diameter (7) of the protrusion (4) of circular or elliptical shape is smaller than the diameter (6) of the fluid chamber (1) by a factor of equal to or at least about 10. 7. A fluid chamber according to claim 1, wherein the diameter (7) of the protrusion (4) of circular or elliptical shape is in the range of about 10 μm to about 1 cm. 8. A fluid chamber according to claim 1, wherein the fluid chamber (1) is configured such that it is suitable for performing polymerase chain reactions in the fluid chamber. 9. A fluid chamber according to claim 1, wherein means for controlling the temperature within the fluid chamber are in communication with the fluid chamber. 10. A fluid chamber according to claim 1, wherein the fluid chamber comprises at least one transparent section. 11. A fluid chamber according to claim 1, wherein the fluid chamber is made from polypropylene. 12. Use of a fluid chamber according to claim 1 for gas-free filling with a liquid. 13. Method of completely filling a fluid chamber with a liquid comprising at least the following steps:
a. Providing a fluid chamber according to claim 1; b. Introducing a liquid into the first channel (2) of a fluid chamber according to claim 1. 14. Device comprising a fluid chamber of claim 1. 15. Device of claim 14 wherein the device is a cartridge. | A Gas-free Fluid chamber for PCR. The present invention relates to a device with a fluid chamber suitable for performing a polymerized chain reaction for gas-free filling. Such devices may be used in the field of e.g. molecular diagnostics.1. A fluid chamber (1) being in communication with,
a first channel (2) suitable for functioning as an inlet for fluids into said fluid chamber; a second channel (3) suitable for functioning as an outlet for fluids out of the fluid chamber;
wherein at least one protrusion (4) projects into the fluid chamber,
and wherein said protrusion (4) is positioned at the locations where the second channel (3) is connected to the fluid chamber. 2. A fluid chamber (1) wherein the surface of said protrusion (4) inside the fluid chamber (1) is smooth. 3. A fluid chamber (1) according to claim 2, wherein the protrusion (4) is of circular or elliptical shape. 4. A fluid chamber (1) according to claim 1, wherein the fluid chamber is of cylindrical form with a circular or elliptical cross-sectional shape (5), when viewed from above; and
wherein the first channel (2) and the second channel (3) are connected to the side walls of fluid chamber of cylindrical form. 5. A fluid chamber according to claim 1, wherein the diameter (6) of the fluid chamber (1) is in the range of about 100 μm to about 10 cm and wherein the height of the fluid chamber is in the range of about 100 μm to about 1 cm. 6. A fluid chamber according to claim 1, wherein the diameter (7) of the protrusion (4) of circular or elliptical shape is smaller than the diameter (6) of the fluid chamber (1) by a factor of equal to or at least about 10. 7. A fluid chamber according to claim 1, wherein the diameter (7) of the protrusion (4) of circular or elliptical shape is in the range of about 10 μm to about 1 cm. 8. A fluid chamber according to claim 1, wherein the fluid chamber (1) is configured such that it is suitable for performing polymerase chain reactions in the fluid chamber. 9. A fluid chamber according to claim 1, wherein means for controlling the temperature within the fluid chamber are in communication with the fluid chamber. 10. A fluid chamber according to claim 1, wherein the fluid chamber comprises at least one transparent section. 11. A fluid chamber according to claim 1, wherein the fluid chamber is made from polypropylene. 12. Use of a fluid chamber according to claim 1 for gas-free filling with a liquid. 13. Method of completely filling a fluid chamber with a liquid comprising at least the following steps:
a. Providing a fluid chamber according to claim 1; b. Introducing a liquid into the first channel (2) of a fluid chamber according to claim 1. 14. Device comprising a fluid chamber of claim 1. 15. Device of claim 14 wherein the device is a cartridge. | 1,700 |
3,210 | 13,179,864 | 1,722 | A resist composition including a base component (A) which exhibits changed solubility in an alkali developing solution under action of acid and an acid-generator component (B) which generates acid upon exposure, the acid-generator component (B) including an acid generator (B1) represented by general formula (b1-1) [in the formula, Y 0 represents an alkylene group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a fluorinated alkylene group, R 0 represents an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a halogen atom, a halogenated alkyl group, a hydroxy group or an oxygen atom (═O); p represents 0 or 1; and Z + represents an organic cation. | 1. A resist composition comprising a base component (A) which exhibits changed solubility in an alkali developing solution under action of acid and an acid-generator component (B) which generates acid upon exposure,
the acid-generator component (B) comprising an acid generator (B1) comprised of a compound represented by general formula (b1-1) shown below:
wherein Y0 represents an alkylene group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms which may have a substituent or a fluorinated alkylene group which may have a substituent; R0 represents an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a halogen atom, a halogenated alkyl group, a hydroxy group or an oxygen atom (═O); p represents 0 or 1; and Z+ represents an organic cation. 2. The resist composition according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the acid generator (B1), relative to 100 parts by weight of the base component (A) is in the range of 0.1 to 50 parts by weight. 3. The resist composition according to claim 1, wherein said base component (A) is a base component which exhibits increased solubility in an alkali developing solution under action of acid. 4. The resist composition according to claim 3, wherein the base component (A) comprises a resin component (A1) comprised of a structural unit (a1) derived from an acrylate ester which may have an atom other than hydrogen or a group bonded to the carbon atom on the α position and containing an acid dissociable, dissolution inhibiting group. 5. A method of forming a resist pattern, comprising: forming a resist film on a substrate using a resist composition of claim 1; conducting exposure of the resist film; and alkali-developing the resist film to form a resist pattern. 6. A compound represented by general formula (b1-1) shown below:
wherein Y0 represents an alkylene group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms which may have a substituent or a fluorinated alkylene group which may have a substituent; R0 represents an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a halogen atom, a halogenated alkyl group, a hydroxy group or an oxygen atom (═O); p represents 0 or 1; and Z+ represents an organic cation. 7. An acid generator consisting of a compound of claim 6. | A resist composition including a base component (A) which exhibits changed solubility in an alkali developing solution under action of acid and an acid-generator component (B) which generates acid upon exposure, the acid-generator component (B) including an acid generator (B1) represented by general formula (b1-1) [in the formula, Y 0 represents an alkylene group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a fluorinated alkylene group, R 0 represents an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a halogen atom, a halogenated alkyl group, a hydroxy group or an oxygen atom (═O); p represents 0 or 1; and Z + represents an organic cation.1. A resist composition comprising a base component (A) which exhibits changed solubility in an alkali developing solution under action of acid and an acid-generator component (B) which generates acid upon exposure,
the acid-generator component (B) comprising an acid generator (B1) comprised of a compound represented by general formula (b1-1) shown below:
wherein Y0 represents an alkylene group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms which may have a substituent or a fluorinated alkylene group which may have a substituent; R0 represents an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a halogen atom, a halogenated alkyl group, a hydroxy group or an oxygen atom (═O); p represents 0 or 1; and Z+ represents an organic cation. 2. The resist composition according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the acid generator (B1), relative to 100 parts by weight of the base component (A) is in the range of 0.1 to 50 parts by weight. 3. The resist composition according to claim 1, wherein said base component (A) is a base component which exhibits increased solubility in an alkali developing solution under action of acid. 4. The resist composition according to claim 3, wherein the base component (A) comprises a resin component (A1) comprised of a structural unit (a1) derived from an acrylate ester which may have an atom other than hydrogen or a group bonded to the carbon atom on the α position and containing an acid dissociable, dissolution inhibiting group. 5. A method of forming a resist pattern, comprising: forming a resist film on a substrate using a resist composition of claim 1; conducting exposure of the resist film; and alkali-developing the resist film to form a resist pattern. 6. A compound represented by general formula (b1-1) shown below:
wherein Y0 represents an alkylene group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms which may have a substituent or a fluorinated alkylene group which may have a substituent; R0 represents an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a halogen atom, a halogenated alkyl group, a hydroxy group or an oxygen atom (═O); p represents 0 or 1; and Z+ represents an organic cation. 7. An acid generator consisting of a compound of claim 6. | 1,700 |
3,211 | 15,138,939 | 1,765 | This invention relates to improved flexible foams prepared from polymer polyols and to a process for preparing these improved flexible foams. | 1. A process for producing a flexible polyurethane foam, comprising reacting
(I) at least one diisocyanate or polyisocyanate component, with (II) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising
(A) at least polyether polyol having a functionality of from about 2 to about 6 and a molecular weight of from about 700 to about 14,000;
(B) at least one polymer polyol having a solids content of greater than about 20% by weight, a total ethylene oxide content of up to about 25% by weight, having a viscosity at 25° C. of less than about 15,000 mPa.s, and comprising a reaction product of
(1) at least one base polyol containing active hydrogen atoms having a molecular weight of less than about 14,000 and a total ethylene oxide content up to about 40% by weight, said base polyol being formed in the presence of a DMC catalyst,
(2) at least one unsaturated monomer,
and,
(3) a preformed stabilizer,
in the presence of;
(4) at least one free radical initiator that comprises a peroxide,
and optionally
(5) a chain transfer agent;
and
(C) one or more chain extenders and/or crosslinking agents having a functionality of from about 2 to about 3, and a molecular weight of from about 300 or less;
in the presence of (III) one or more blowing agents, and, optionally, (IV) one or more additives and/or auxiliary agents; at an Isocyanate Index of from about 90 to about 120. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein (I) said diisocyanate component comprises at least one of toluene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and polymethylene polyphenylisocyanate. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein (II) said isocyanate-reactive component comprises:
(A) at least one polyether polyol having a functionality of at from about 3 to about 5, and a molecular weight of about 1000 to about 12,000; and (B) at least one polymer polyol has a solids content of at least about 30% to about 60% by weight or less, a total ethylene oxide content of at least about 2% to about 23% or less, and a viscosity at 25° C. of about 14,000 mPa·s or less. 4. The process of claim 1 wherein (II)(B)(1) said base polyol has a functionality of about 2 to about 8, an OH number of from at least about 8 to about 640 or less, and a total ethylene oxide content of about from about 2% to about 35% by weight. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein (Il)(B)(1) said base polyol is prepared via a semi-batch process in which an alkylene oxide is continuously added to the reactor during production of the DMC-catalyzed polyol. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein (II)(B)((2) said at least one unsaturated monomer comprises a mixture of styrene and acrylonitrile. 7. The process of claim 5, wherein styrene and acrylonitrile are present in a weight ratio of from about 80:20 to about 20:80. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein (II)(B)(4) said free radical initiator is chosen from t-butyl peroxy-2-ethyl-hexanoate, t-butylperoxypivalate, t-amyl peroxypivalate, 2,5-dimethylhexane-2,5-di-per-2-ethyl hexanoate, t-butylperneodecanoate, and t-butylperbenzoate. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein (C) is present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight, based on 100% by weight of the isocyanate-reactive component (II), and is chosen from ethylene glycol, propanediol, butanediol, hexanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, glycerol, trimethylolpropane, sorbitol, pentaerythritol, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, alkylene oxides adducts thereof, and mixtures thereof. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein said reaction occurs in the presence of (IV) one or more additives selected from the group consisting of catalysts, surfactants, flame retardants, dyes, pigments, fillers and mixtures thereof. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein said blowing agent comprises water. 12. A flexible polyurethane foam comprising the reaction product of:
(I) at least one diisocyanate or polyisocyanate component, with (II) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising
(A) at least polyether polyol having a functionality of from about 2 to about 6 and a molecular weight of from about 700 to about 14,000;
(B) at least one polymer polyol having a solids content of greater than about 20% by weight, a total ethylene oxide content of up to about 25% by weight, having a viscosity at 25° C. of less than about 15,000 mPa·s, and comprising a reaction product of
(1) at least one base polyol containing active hydrogen atoms having a molecular weight of less than about 14,000 and a total ethylene oxide content up to about 40% by weight, said base polyol being formed in the presence of a DMC catalyst,
(2) at least one unsaturated monomer,
and,
(3) a preformed stabilizer,
in the presence of;
(4) at least one free radical initiator that comprises a peroxide,
and optionally
(5) a chain transfer agent;
and
(C) one or more chain extenders and/or crosslinking agents having a functionality of from about 2 to about 3, and a molecular weight of from about 300 or less;
in the presence of (III) one or more blowing agents, and, optionally, (IV) one or more additives and/or auxiliary agents; at an Isocyanate Index of from about 90 to about 120. 13. The flexible polyurethane foam of claim 12, wherein (I) said diisocyanate component comprises at least one of toluene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and polymethylene polyphenylisocyanate. 14. The flexible polyurethane foam of claim 12, wherein(II) said isocyanate-reactive component comprises:
(A) at least one polyether polyol having a functionality of at from about 3 to about 5, and a molecular weight of about 1000 to about 12,000; and (B) at least one polymer polyol has a solids content of at least about 30% to about 60% by weight or less, a total ethylene oxide content of at least about 2% to about 23% or less, and a viscosity at 25° C. of about 14,000 mPa·s or less. 15. The flexible polyurethane foam of claim 12, wherein (II)(B)(1) said base polyol has a functionality of about 2 to about 8, an OH number of from at least about 8 to about 640 or less, and a total ethylene oxide content of about from about 2% to about 35% by weight. 16. The flexible polyurethane foam of claim 12, wherein (II)(B)(1) said base polyol is prepared via a semi-batch process in which an alkylene oxide is continuously added to the reactor during production of the DMC-catalyzed polyol. 17. The flexible polyurethane foam of claim 12, wherein (II)(B)((2) said at least one unsaturated monomer comprises a mixture of styrene and acrylonitrile. 18. The flexible polyurethane foam of claim 17, wherein styrene and acrylonitrile are present in a weight ratio of from about 80:20 to about 20:80. 19. The flexible polyurethane foam of claim 12, wherein (II)(B)(4) said free radical initiator is chosen from t-butyl peroxy-2-ethyl-hexanoate, t-butylperoxypivalate, t-amyl peroxypivalate, 2,5-dimethylhexane-2,5-di-per-2-ethyl hexanoate, t-butylperneodecanoate, and t-butylperbenzoate. 20. The flexible polyurethane foam of claim 12, wherein (C) is present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight, based on 100% by weight of the isocyanate-reactive component (II), and is chosen from ethylene glycol, propanediol, butanediol, hexanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, glycerol, trimethylolpropane, sorbitol, pentaerythritol, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, alkylene oxides adducts thereof, and mixtures thereof. 21. The flexible polyurethane foam of claim 12, wherein said reaction occurs in the presence of (IV) one or more additives selected from the group consisting of catalysts, surfactants, flame retardants, dyes, pigments, fillers and mixtures thereof. 22. The flexible polyurethane foam of claim 12, wherein said blowing agent comprises water. | This invention relates to improved flexible foams prepared from polymer polyols and to a process for preparing these improved flexible foams.1. A process for producing a flexible polyurethane foam, comprising reacting
(I) at least one diisocyanate or polyisocyanate component, with (II) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising
(A) at least polyether polyol having a functionality of from about 2 to about 6 and a molecular weight of from about 700 to about 14,000;
(B) at least one polymer polyol having a solids content of greater than about 20% by weight, a total ethylene oxide content of up to about 25% by weight, having a viscosity at 25° C. of less than about 15,000 mPa.s, and comprising a reaction product of
(1) at least one base polyol containing active hydrogen atoms having a molecular weight of less than about 14,000 and a total ethylene oxide content up to about 40% by weight, said base polyol being formed in the presence of a DMC catalyst,
(2) at least one unsaturated monomer,
and,
(3) a preformed stabilizer,
in the presence of;
(4) at least one free radical initiator that comprises a peroxide,
and optionally
(5) a chain transfer agent;
and
(C) one or more chain extenders and/or crosslinking agents having a functionality of from about 2 to about 3, and a molecular weight of from about 300 or less;
in the presence of (III) one or more blowing agents, and, optionally, (IV) one or more additives and/or auxiliary agents; at an Isocyanate Index of from about 90 to about 120. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein (I) said diisocyanate component comprises at least one of toluene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and polymethylene polyphenylisocyanate. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein (II) said isocyanate-reactive component comprises:
(A) at least one polyether polyol having a functionality of at from about 3 to about 5, and a molecular weight of about 1000 to about 12,000; and (B) at least one polymer polyol has a solids content of at least about 30% to about 60% by weight or less, a total ethylene oxide content of at least about 2% to about 23% or less, and a viscosity at 25° C. of about 14,000 mPa·s or less. 4. The process of claim 1 wherein (II)(B)(1) said base polyol has a functionality of about 2 to about 8, an OH number of from at least about 8 to about 640 or less, and a total ethylene oxide content of about from about 2% to about 35% by weight. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein (Il)(B)(1) said base polyol is prepared via a semi-batch process in which an alkylene oxide is continuously added to the reactor during production of the DMC-catalyzed polyol. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein (II)(B)((2) said at least one unsaturated monomer comprises a mixture of styrene and acrylonitrile. 7. The process of claim 5, wherein styrene and acrylonitrile are present in a weight ratio of from about 80:20 to about 20:80. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein (II)(B)(4) said free radical initiator is chosen from t-butyl peroxy-2-ethyl-hexanoate, t-butylperoxypivalate, t-amyl peroxypivalate, 2,5-dimethylhexane-2,5-di-per-2-ethyl hexanoate, t-butylperneodecanoate, and t-butylperbenzoate. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein (C) is present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight, based on 100% by weight of the isocyanate-reactive component (II), and is chosen from ethylene glycol, propanediol, butanediol, hexanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, glycerol, trimethylolpropane, sorbitol, pentaerythritol, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, alkylene oxides adducts thereof, and mixtures thereof. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein said reaction occurs in the presence of (IV) one or more additives selected from the group consisting of catalysts, surfactants, flame retardants, dyes, pigments, fillers and mixtures thereof. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein said blowing agent comprises water. 12. A flexible polyurethane foam comprising the reaction product of:
(I) at least one diisocyanate or polyisocyanate component, with (II) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising
(A) at least polyether polyol having a functionality of from about 2 to about 6 and a molecular weight of from about 700 to about 14,000;
(B) at least one polymer polyol having a solids content of greater than about 20% by weight, a total ethylene oxide content of up to about 25% by weight, having a viscosity at 25° C. of less than about 15,000 mPa·s, and comprising a reaction product of
(1) at least one base polyol containing active hydrogen atoms having a molecular weight of less than about 14,000 and a total ethylene oxide content up to about 40% by weight, said base polyol being formed in the presence of a DMC catalyst,
(2) at least one unsaturated monomer,
and,
(3) a preformed stabilizer,
in the presence of;
(4) at least one free radical initiator that comprises a peroxide,
and optionally
(5) a chain transfer agent;
and
(C) one or more chain extenders and/or crosslinking agents having a functionality of from about 2 to about 3, and a molecular weight of from about 300 or less;
in the presence of (III) one or more blowing agents, and, optionally, (IV) one or more additives and/or auxiliary agents; at an Isocyanate Index of from about 90 to about 120. 13. The flexible polyurethane foam of claim 12, wherein (I) said diisocyanate component comprises at least one of toluene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and polymethylene polyphenylisocyanate. 14. The flexible polyurethane foam of claim 12, wherein(II) said isocyanate-reactive component comprises:
(A) at least one polyether polyol having a functionality of at from about 3 to about 5, and a molecular weight of about 1000 to about 12,000; and (B) at least one polymer polyol has a solids content of at least about 30% to about 60% by weight or less, a total ethylene oxide content of at least about 2% to about 23% or less, and a viscosity at 25° C. of about 14,000 mPa·s or less. 15. The flexible polyurethane foam of claim 12, wherein (II)(B)(1) said base polyol has a functionality of about 2 to about 8, an OH number of from at least about 8 to about 640 or less, and a total ethylene oxide content of about from about 2% to about 35% by weight. 16. The flexible polyurethane foam of claim 12, wherein (II)(B)(1) said base polyol is prepared via a semi-batch process in which an alkylene oxide is continuously added to the reactor during production of the DMC-catalyzed polyol. 17. The flexible polyurethane foam of claim 12, wherein (II)(B)((2) said at least one unsaturated monomer comprises a mixture of styrene and acrylonitrile. 18. The flexible polyurethane foam of claim 17, wherein styrene and acrylonitrile are present in a weight ratio of from about 80:20 to about 20:80. 19. The flexible polyurethane foam of claim 12, wherein (II)(B)(4) said free radical initiator is chosen from t-butyl peroxy-2-ethyl-hexanoate, t-butylperoxypivalate, t-amyl peroxypivalate, 2,5-dimethylhexane-2,5-di-per-2-ethyl hexanoate, t-butylperneodecanoate, and t-butylperbenzoate. 20. The flexible polyurethane foam of claim 12, wherein (C) is present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight, based on 100% by weight of the isocyanate-reactive component (II), and is chosen from ethylene glycol, propanediol, butanediol, hexanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, glycerol, trimethylolpropane, sorbitol, pentaerythritol, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, alkylene oxides adducts thereof, and mixtures thereof. 21. The flexible polyurethane foam of claim 12, wherein said reaction occurs in the presence of (IV) one or more additives selected from the group consisting of catalysts, surfactants, flame retardants, dyes, pigments, fillers and mixtures thereof. 22. The flexible polyurethane foam of claim 12, wherein said blowing agent comprises water. | 1,700 |
3,212 | 14,968,127 | 1,765 | The invention relates to a method for forming a relief layer employing a stamp having a stamping surface including a template relief pattern. A solution comprising a siliconoxide compound is sandwiched between a substrate surface and the stamp surface and dried while sandwiched. After removal of the template relief pattern the relief layer obtained has a high inorganic mass content making it robust and directly usable for a number of applications such as semiconductor, optical or micromechanical. | 1. A siliconoxide relief layer employing a stamp having a stamping surface including a template relief pattern, the relief layer made by:
providing a substrate surface; providing at least one of the substrate surface and the stamping surface with a siliconoxide compound solution comprising a solvent and a siliconoxide compound for forming the siliconoxide relief layer and having a degree of Si—O—Si cross-linking; removing the solvent at least partly to leave a partially dried siliconoxide compound layer, wherein the partially dried siliconoxide compound layer has a high concentration of the siliconoxide compound and said siliconoxide compound has a high degree of inorganic Si—O—Si crosslinking; sandwiching the partially dried siliconoxide compound layer in between the substrate surface and the stamping surface, the partially dried siliconoxide compound layer thereby being molded according to the template relief pattern; further drying the partially dried siliconoxide compound layer while being sandwiched,—thereby forming a solidified siliconoxide layer, wherein, at least during the sandwiching and further drying operations, said stamp and said stamping surface have sufficient permeability to allow for removal, via the stamp and the stamping surface, of substantially all solvents and substantially all hydrolysis reaction products; separating the stamping surface from the solidified siliconoxide layer thereby providing the relief layer; the silicon atoms of the siliconoxide compound consist of silicon atoms chemically bound to four oxygen atoms and silicon atoms being chemically bound to three oxygen atoms and one atom different from oxygen, the chemical bond between the silicon atoms and the one atom different from oxygen being chemically inert during the method. 2. A relief layer comprising siliconoxide, wherein the relief layer comprises silicon atoms chemically bound to four oxygen atoms and silicon atoms chemically bound to three oxygen atoms and one carbon atom. 3. The relief layer according to claim 2, wherein the molar ratio silicon atoms chemically bound to four oxygen atoms/silicon atoms chemically bound to three oxygen atoms and one carbon atom is at least 2/3. 4. The relief layer according to claim 1, wherein the carbon atom is part of an organic group with which the silicon atom is connected to at least one other silicon atom of the siliconoxide compound, the organic group being chemically bound to the at least one other silicon atom. 5. The relief layer according to claim 2, wherein the carbon atom is part of any one of a methyl-group, an ethyl-group or a propyl-group. 6. The relief layer according to claim 2, wherein the features of the relief layer have a shape conformal to the corresponding complementary feature within the template relief surface. 7. The relief layer according to claim 2, wherein the relief layer comprises relief features with dimensions smaller than 1 micrometer. 8. The use of a relief layer according to claim 1 as an etch mask. 9. The use of a relief layer according to claim 1 for the manufacture of a device selected from an optical device, a micromechanical device, and a semiconductor device, each having a functional layer incorporating the relief layer. | The invention relates to a method for forming a relief layer employing a stamp having a stamping surface including a template relief pattern. A solution comprising a siliconoxide compound is sandwiched between a substrate surface and the stamp surface and dried while sandwiched. After removal of the template relief pattern the relief layer obtained has a high inorganic mass content making it robust and directly usable for a number of applications such as semiconductor, optical or micromechanical.1. A siliconoxide relief layer employing a stamp having a stamping surface including a template relief pattern, the relief layer made by:
providing a substrate surface; providing at least one of the substrate surface and the stamping surface with a siliconoxide compound solution comprising a solvent and a siliconoxide compound for forming the siliconoxide relief layer and having a degree of Si—O—Si cross-linking; removing the solvent at least partly to leave a partially dried siliconoxide compound layer, wherein the partially dried siliconoxide compound layer has a high concentration of the siliconoxide compound and said siliconoxide compound has a high degree of inorganic Si—O—Si crosslinking; sandwiching the partially dried siliconoxide compound layer in between the substrate surface and the stamping surface, the partially dried siliconoxide compound layer thereby being molded according to the template relief pattern; further drying the partially dried siliconoxide compound layer while being sandwiched,—thereby forming a solidified siliconoxide layer, wherein, at least during the sandwiching and further drying operations, said stamp and said stamping surface have sufficient permeability to allow for removal, via the stamp and the stamping surface, of substantially all solvents and substantially all hydrolysis reaction products; separating the stamping surface from the solidified siliconoxide layer thereby providing the relief layer; the silicon atoms of the siliconoxide compound consist of silicon atoms chemically bound to four oxygen atoms and silicon atoms being chemically bound to three oxygen atoms and one atom different from oxygen, the chemical bond between the silicon atoms and the one atom different from oxygen being chemically inert during the method. 2. A relief layer comprising siliconoxide, wherein the relief layer comprises silicon atoms chemically bound to four oxygen atoms and silicon atoms chemically bound to three oxygen atoms and one carbon atom. 3. The relief layer according to claim 2, wherein the molar ratio silicon atoms chemically bound to four oxygen atoms/silicon atoms chemically bound to three oxygen atoms and one carbon atom is at least 2/3. 4. The relief layer according to claim 1, wherein the carbon atom is part of an organic group with which the silicon atom is connected to at least one other silicon atom of the siliconoxide compound, the organic group being chemically bound to the at least one other silicon atom. 5. The relief layer according to claim 2, wherein the carbon atom is part of any one of a methyl-group, an ethyl-group or a propyl-group. 6. The relief layer according to claim 2, wherein the features of the relief layer have a shape conformal to the corresponding complementary feature within the template relief surface. 7. The relief layer according to claim 2, wherein the relief layer comprises relief features with dimensions smaller than 1 micrometer. 8. The use of a relief layer according to claim 1 as an etch mask. 9. The use of a relief layer according to claim 1 for the manufacture of a device selected from an optical device, a micromechanical device, and a semiconductor device, each having a functional layer incorporating the relief layer. | 1,700 |
3,213 | 13,181,234 | 1,791 | The present invention concerns methods of isolating milk proteins. Methods of the invention include charged ultrafiltration processes that use variations in pH to further separate protein species. | 1. A method for fractionating a protein mixture comprising multiple protein species to obtain a protein of interest comprising:
(a) adjusting the pH of said protein mixture based on the isoelectric point of said protein of interest, thereby rendering a net charge of about zero on said protein of interest, (b) adjusting the conductivity of said protein mixture such that said multiple species other than said protein of interest are rejected by a charged ultrafiltration membrane; and (c) contacting said mixture with said charged ultrafiltration membrane to achieve a first permeate and a first retentate, wherein said ultrafiltration membrane has a pore size at least 100 kDa above, or 10× greater than, at least one of said multiple species other than said protein of interest, wherein said first permeate comprises an increased ratio of said protein of interest as compared to said protein mixture. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said protein mixture is a milk protein or a whey protein mixture. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said charged ultrafiltration membrane has a pore size rating of 150-500 kDa. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein said charged ultrafiltration is affected by a ultrafiltration membrane having a pore size rating of about 300 kDa. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said protein mixture comprises one or more of glycomacropeptide (GMP), alpha-lactalbumin (ALA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and/or beta-lactoglobulin (BLG). 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said method further comprises subjecting said first permeate to a second charged ultrafiltration to achieve a second permeate and a second retentate. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said method further comprises subjecting said first retentate to a second charged ultrafiltration to achieve a second retentate and a second permeate. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein said second retentate is recycled into another protein mixture for additional charged ultrafiltration. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein said second permeate is recycled into another protein mixture for additional charged ultrafiltration. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said ultrafiltration achieves a purity of about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% and 99%. 11. The method of claim 6, wherein said ultrafiltration achieves a purity of about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% and 99%. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein said ultrafiltration achieves a purity of about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% and 99%. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein said ultrafiltration achieves a yield of about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% and 99%. 14. The method of claim 6, wherein said ultrafiltration achieves a yield of about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% and 99%. 15. The method of claim 7, wherein said ultrafiltration achieves a yield of about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% and 99%. 16. The method of claim 3, wherein said ultrafiltration membrane is positively-charged. 17. The method of claim 3, wherein said ultrafiltration membrane is negatively-charged. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein said conductivity is adjusted to 3-10 mS/cm. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein said conductivity is adjusted to 3-6 mS/cm. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein GMP is separated from ALA. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein GMP is separated from IgG. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein GMP is separated from BLG. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein ALA is separated from IgG. 24. The method of claim 1, wherein ALA is separated from BLG. 25. The method of claim 1, wherein BLG is separated from IgG. 26. The method of claim 1, wherein said charged ultrafiltration is effected by a multistage cross-flow positively-charged of ultrafiltration membrane. | The present invention concerns methods of isolating milk proteins. Methods of the invention include charged ultrafiltration processes that use variations in pH to further separate protein species.1. A method for fractionating a protein mixture comprising multiple protein species to obtain a protein of interest comprising:
(a) adjusting the pH of said protein mixture based on the isoelectric point of said protein of interest, thereby rendering a net charge of about zero on said protein of interest, (b) adjusting the conductivity of said protein mixture such that said multiple species other than said protein of interest are rejected by a charged ultrafiltration membrane; and (c) contacting said mixture with said charged ultrafiltration membrane to achieve a first permeate and a first retentate, wherein said ultrafiltration membrane has a pore size at least 100 kDa above, or 10× greater than, at least one of said multiple species other than said protein of interest, wherein said first permeate comprises an increased ratio of said protein of interest as compared to said protein mixture. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said protein mixture is a milk protein or a whey protein mixture. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said charged ultrafiltration membrane has a pore size rating of 150-500 kDa. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein said charged ultrafiltration is affected by a ultrafiltration membrane having a pore size rating of about 300 kDa. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said protein mixture comprises one or more of glycomacropeptide (GMP), alpha-lactalbumin (ALA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and/or beta-lactoglobulin (BLG). 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said method further comprises subjecting said first permeate to a second charged ultrafiltration to achieve a second permeate and a second retentate. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said method further comprises subjecting said first retentate to a second charged ultrafiltration to achieve a second retentate and a second permeate. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein said second retentate is recycled into another protein mixture for additional charged ultrafiltration. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein said second permeate is recycled into another protein mixture for additional charged ultrafiltration. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said ultrafiltration achieves a purity of about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% and 99%. 11. The method of claim 6, wherein said ultrafiltration achieves a purity of about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% and 99%. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein said ultrafiltration achieves a purity of about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% and 99%. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein said ultrafiltration achieves a yield of about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% and 99%. 14. The method of claim 6, wherein said ultrafiltration achieves a yield of about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% and 99%. 15. The method of claim 7, wherein said ultrafiltration achieves a yield of about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% and 99%. 16. The method of claim 3, wherein said ultrafiltration membrane is positively-charged. 17. The method of claim 3, wherein said ultrafiltration membrane is negatively-charged. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein said conductivity is adjusted to 3-10 mS/cm. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein said conductivity is adjusted to 3-6 mS/cm. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein GMP is separated from ALA. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein GMP is separated from IgG. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein GMP is separated from BLG. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein ALA is separated from IgG. 24. The method of claim 1, wherein ALA is separated from BLG. 25. The method of claim 1, wherein BLG is separated from IgG. 26. The method of claim 1, wherein said charged ultrafiltration is effected by a multistage cross-flow positively-charged of ultrafiltration membrane. | 1,700 |
3,214 | 13,704,270 | 1,777 | A method of preparing a mixed liquid flow having predetermined characteristics, including a predetermined value of a first property and a predetermined value of a second property, comprising the steps of:
a) providing a first set of at least one liquid flow each having a different first value of the first property; b) providing a second set of at least one liquid flow each having a different second value of the first property; c) providing a third set of at least one liquid flow of solvent; d) combining the provided liquid flows; and e) varying at least one of the liquid flows of the first and second sets and at least one liquid flow of the third set to adjust the first property and the second property to their respective predetermined values in the resulting mixed liquid flow. | 1. A method of preparing a mixed liquid flow having predetermined characteristics, including a predetermined value of a first property and a predetermined value of a second property, comprising the steps of:
a) providing a first set of at least one liquid flow each having a different first value of the first property; b) providing a second set of at least one liquid flow each having a different second value of the first property; c) providing a third set of at least one liquid flow of solvent; d) combining the provided liquid flows; and e) varying at least one of the liquid flows of the first and second sets and at least one liquid flow of the third set to adjust the first property and the second property to their respective predetermined values in the resulting mixed liquid flow. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second properties are selected from pH, conductivity, concentration and absorbance. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein a constant flow rate of the mixed liquid flow is maintained by variation of at least one liquid flow of the third set. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid flows are aqueous. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the solvent comprises water. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the mixed liquid flow is a buffer, and each liquid flow of the first set contains at least one basic buffer component and each liquid flow of the second set of liquid flows contains at least one acidic buffer component, or vice versa, and wherein, optionally, either at least one basic buffer component is replaced by a strong base or at least one acidic buffer component is replaced by a strong acid. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the first property is pH and the second property is buffer concentration, and wherein in step e) of claim 1 the at least one of the liquid flows of the first and second sets is varied to adjust the pH to its predetermined value. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the first property is a property other than pH, preferably conductivity or absorbance, and the second property is buffer concentration, and wherein in step e) of claim 1 the at least one of the liquid flows of the first and second sets is varied to adjust the first property to its predetermined value. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the first property is pH and the second property is a property other than buffer concentration and pH, preferably conductivity or absorbance, and wherein in step e) of claim 1 the at least one of the liquid flows of the first and second sets is varied to adjust the pH and the second property to their predetermined values. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein determination of pH comprises measuring conductivity. 11. The method of claim 7, wherein determination of buffer concentration comprises measuring conductivity or measuring absorbance by a spectroscopic method, preferably UV or NIR spectroscopy. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein each of the liquid flows of the first and second sets have known component concentrations, and wherein determination of buffer concentration comprises measuring the flow rate of each liquid flow and determining from measured flow rates the buffer concentration of the mixed liquid flow. 13. The method of claim 7, wherein determination of buffer concentration comprises measuring the conductivity or measuring absorbance by a spectroscopic method, preferably UV or NIR spectroscopy on each of the liquid flows of the first and second sets, and determining from the measurements on the different liquid flows the buffer concentration of the mixed liquid flow. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid flows of the first set and the liquid flows of the second set are combined prior to being combined with the third set of liquid flows. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined characteristics of the mixed liquid flow comprise a predetermined value of at least a third property, and wherein the method comprises providing a fourth set of liquid flows each containing at least one additive, combining the fourth set of liquid flows with the first, second and third sets of liquid flows and regulating the fourth liquid flow or flows of the fourth set to adjust the at least third property to its predetermined value or values. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one additive comprises a non-buffering salt. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the first property is pH, the second property is buffer concentration and the third property is additive concentration, preferably salt concentration. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the first property is pH, the second property is buffer concentration and the third property is conductivity or absorbance. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the first property is pH, the second property is conductivity and the third property is selected from additive concentration, conductivity and absorbance. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the first and second sets of liquid flows and the third set of liquid flows are combined prior to being combined with the fourth set of liquid flows. 21. The method of claim 6, wherein in step e) of claim 1 the liquid flows of the first and second sets are varied sequentially or simultaneously. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined values of the mixed liquid flows are measured and/or calculated. 23. The method according of claim 1, further comprising measuring the properties of the mixed liquid flow. 24. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing a formula of a set of different liquid flows for obtaining the mixed liquid flow having the predetermined characteristics, and controlling the different liquid flows by flow-feedback according to the formula. 25. The method of claim 1, further comprising measuring the properties of the mixed liquid flows while varying the different liquid flows to adjust the properties to their predetermined values, determining the required liquid flows, and then controlling the different liquid flows by flow feedback. 26. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing a formula of a set of different liquid flows for obtaining the mixed liquid flow having the predetermined characteristics, and controlling the different liquid flows by flow-feedback according to the formula, and then fine-adjusting the different liquid flows by measuring the properties of the mixed liquid flow while varying the different liquid flows to adjust the respective properties to their predetermined values. 27. The method of claim 1, further comprising measuring the properties of the mixed liquid flow while varying the different liquid flows to adjust the respective properties to their predetermined values, determining a formula of liquid flows for obtaining the mixed liquid flow having the predetermined characteristics, and then controlling the different liquid flows by flow-feedback according to the formula. 28. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid flows are controlled by means of pumps and/or valves. 29. The method of claim 1, wherein a first set of measured properties are used to obtain the mixed liquid flow having the predetermined characteristics, and a second set of measured properties are used for verification. 30. The method of claim 1, wherein a property of the mixed liquid flow may be determined by measuring an alternative property, and wherein the liquid flows are varied to a set-point for the property by feedback from measuring one of the property and the alternative property, and then varied to the set-point by feedback from measuring the other of the property and the alternative property. 31. The method of claim 1, further comprising measuring characteristics of one or more of the first, second, third and fourth liquid flows. 32. The method of claim 1, comprising providing alarm limits for at least some of the predetermined characteristics of the mixed liquid flow. 33. The method of claim 1, wherein the mixed liquid flow comprises alcohols, wherein the first property is fatty property, and wherein the first set of liquid flows comprises a first alcohol having a first fatty property value and the second set of liquid flows comprises an alcohol having a second fatty property value. 34. The method of claim 1, which is computer-implemented. 35. A computer program product comprising instructions for causing a computer to perform the method steps of claim 1. | A method of preparing a mixed liquid flow having predetermined characteristics, including a predetermined value of a first property and a predetermined value of a second property, comprising the steps of:
a) providing a first set of at least one liquid flow each having a different first value of the first property; b) providing a second set of at least one liquid flow each having a different second value of the first property; c) providing a third set of at least one liquid flow of solvent; d) combining the provided liquid flows; and e) varying at least one of the liquid flows of the first and second sets and at least one liquid flow of the third set to adjust the first property and the second property to their respective predetermined values in the resulting mixed liquid flow.1. A method of preparing a mixed liquid flow having predetermined characteristics, including a predetermined value of a first property and a predetermined value of a second property, comprising the steps of:
a) providing a first set of at least one liquid flow each having a different first value of the first property; b) providing a second set of at least one liquid flow each having a different second value of the first property; c) providing a third set of at least one liquid flow of solvent; d) combining the provided liquid flows; and e) varying at least one of the liquid flows of the first and second sets and at least one liquid flow of the third set to adjust the first property and the second property to their respective predetermined values in the resulting mixed liquid flow. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second properties are selected from pH, conductivity, concentration and absorbance. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein a constant flow rate of the mixed liquid flow is maintained by variation of at least one liquid flow of the third set. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid flows are aqueous. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the solvent comprises water. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the mixed liquid flow is a buffer, and each liquid flow of the first set contains at least one basic buffer component and each liquid flow of the second set of liquid flows contains at least one acidic buffer component, or vice versa, and wherein, optionally, either at least one basic buffer component is replaced by a strong base or at least one acidic buffer component is replaced by a strong acid. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the first property is pH and the second property is buffer concentration, and wherein in step e) of claim 1 the at least one of the liquid flows of the first and second sets is varied to adjust the pH to its predetermined value. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the first property is a property other than pH, preferably conductivity or absorbance, and the second property is buffer concentration, and wherein in step e) of claim 1 the at least one of the liquid flows of the first and second sets is varied to adjust the first property to its predetermined value. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the first property is pH and the second property is a property other than buffer concentration and pH, preferably conductivity or absorbance, and wherein in step e) of claim 1 the at least one of the liquid flows of the first and second sets is varied to adjust the pH and the second property to their predetermined values. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein determination of pH comprises measuring conductivity. 11. The method of claim 7, wherein determination of buffer concentration comprises measuring conductivity or measuring absorbance by a spectroscopic method, preferably UV or NIR spectroscopy. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein each of the liquid flows of the first and second sets have known component concentrations, and wherein determination of buffer concentration comprises measuring the flow rate of each liquid flow and determining from measured flow rates the buffer concentration of the mixed liquid flow. 13. The method of claim 7, wherein determination of buffer concentration comprises measuring the conductivity or measuring absorbance by a spectroscopic method, preferably UV or NIR spectroscopy on each of the liquid flows of the first and second sets, and determining from the measurements on the different liquid flows the buffer concentration of the mixed liquid flow. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid flows of the first set and the liquid flows of the second set are combined prior to being combined with the third set of liquid flows. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined characteristics of the mixed liquid flow comprise a predetermined value of at least a third property, and wherein the method comprises providing a fourth set of liquid flows each containing at least one additive, combining the fourth set of liquid flows with the first, second and third sets of liquid flows and regulating the fourth liquid flow or flows of the fourth set to adjust the at least third property to its predetermined value or values. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one additive comprises a non-buffering salt. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the first property is pH, the second property is buffer concentration and the third property is additive concentration, preferably salt concentration. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the first property is pH, the second property is buffer concentration and the third property is conductivity or absorbance. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the first property is pH, the second property is conductivity and the third property is selected from additive concentration, conductivity and absorbance. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the first and second sets of liquid flows and the third set of liquid flows are combined prior to being combined with the fourth set of liquid flows. 21. The method of claim 6, wherein in step e) of claim 1 the liquid flows of the first and second sets are varied sequentially or simultaneously. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined values of the mixed liquid flows are measured and/or calculated. 23. The method according of claim 1, further comprising measuring the properties of the mixed liquid flow. 24. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing a formula of a set of different liquid flows for obtaining the mixed liquid flow having the predetermined characteristics, and controlling the different liquid flows by flow-feedback according to the formula. 25. The method of claim 1, further comprising measuring the properties of the mixed liquid flows while varying the different liquid flows to adjust the properties to their predetermined values, determining the required liquid flows, and then controlling the different liquid flows by flow feedback. 26. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing a formula of a set of different liquid flows for obtaining the mixed liquid flow having the predetermined characteristics, and controlling the different liquid flows by flow-feedback according to the formula, and then fine-adjusting the different liquid flows by measuring the properties of the mixed liquid flow while varying the different liquid flows to adjust the respective properties to their predetermined values. 27. The method of claim 1, further comprising measuring the properties of the mixed liquid flow while varying the different liquid flows to adjust the respective properties to their predetermined values, determining a formula of liquid flows for obtaining the mixed liquid flow having the predetermined characteristics, and then controlling the different liquid flows by flow-feedback according to the formula. 28. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid flows are controlled by means of pumps and/or valves. 29. The method of claim 1, wherein a first set of measured properties are used to obtain the mixed liquid flow having the predetermined characteristics, and a second set of measured properties are used for verification. 30. The method of claim 1, wherein a property of the mixed liquid flow may be determined by measuring an alternative property, and wherein the liquid flows are varied to a set-point for the property by feedback from measuring one of the property and the alternative property, and then varied to the set-point by feedback from measuring the other of the property and the alternative property. 31. The method of claim 1, further comprising measuring characteristics of one or more of the first, second, third and fourth liquid flows. 32. The method of claim 1, comprising providing alarm limits for at least some of the predetermined characteristics of the mixed liquid flow. 33. The method of claim 1, wherein the mixed liquid flow comprises alcohols, wherein the first property is fatty property, and wherein the first set of liquid flows comprises a first alcohol having a first fatty property value and the second set of liquid flows comprises an alcohol having a second fatty property value. 34. The method of claim 1, which is computer-implemented. 35. A computer program product comprising instructions for causing a computer to perform the method steps of claim 1. | 1,700 |
3,215 | 15,021,630 | 1,734 | In a method for removing methane from feed gas having a methane concentration of 2 mole % or less, the feed gas is optionally mixed with make-up methane or air and passed through a heat exchanger to heat the gas to an oxidation reactor inlet temperature T 1 . The heated stream is passed to the reactor where the methane is oxidised. A gas stream including the products of the oxidation reaction are removed with the gas stream being at a reactor outlet temperature T 2 higher than the inlet temperature T 1 . The gas stream is then passed through the heat exchanger against the reactor stream to recover heat from the gas stream removed in the reactor and to heat the reactor stream. The outlet temperature T 2 is measured and the inlet temperature T 1 is controlled by adjusting the relative amount of make-up methane and/or air added to the feed gas. | 1. A method for removing methane from feed gas having a methane concentration of 2 mole % or less, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) optionally mixing the feed gas with at least one of make-up methane and make-up air; (b) passing the feed gas and optional make-up gas through a heat exchanger to raise the temperature of the gas to the desired inlet temperature T1 of an oxidation reactor; (c) passing the heated stream from step (b) to the oxidation reactor containing an oxidation catalyst, where the methane is oxidised; (d) removing a gas stream including the products of the oxidation reaction from the reactor, said gas stream being at an outlet temperature T2 which is higher than the inlet temperature T1; (e) passing the gas stream removed in step (d) through the heat exchanger against the reactor stream from step (b) to allow the heat to be recovered from the gas stream removed in step (d) and utilised to heat the reactor stream in step (b); and (f) measuring the outlet temperature T2 and controlling the inlet temperature T1 by adjusting the relative amount of the at least one of the make-up methane and make up air added in step (a). 2. The method according to claim 1 in which the outlet temperature T2 is compared with a pre-determined desired temperature and the concentration of at least one of the methane and air in the feed is adjusted such that the inlet temperature T1 is adjusted such that following the temperature rise occasioned by the reaction results in the T2 approaching the desired temperature. 3. A method for removing methane from feed gas having a methane concentration of 2 mole % or less, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) passing the feed gas through a heat exchanger to raise the temperature of the gas to the desired inlet temperature T1 of an oxidation reactor; (b) optionally by-passing a portion of the feed around the heat exchanger with optional make-up air; (c) passing the heated stream from step (a) and any by-passed feed from step (b) to the oxidation reactor containing an oxidation catalyst, where the methane is oxidised; (d) removing a gas stream including the products of the oxidation reaction from the reactor, said gas stream being at an outlet temperature T2 which is higher than the inlet temperature T1; (e) passing the gas stream removed in step (d) through the heat exchanger against the reactor stream from step (a) to allow the heat to be recovered from the gas stream removed in step (d) and utilised to heat the reactor stream in step (a); and (f) measuring the outlet temperature T2 and controlling the inlet temperature T1 by adjusting the amount of feed bypassing the heat exchanger. 4. The method according to claim 1 wherein the catalyst contains at least one of palladium and platinum on a support. 5. The method according to claim 4 wherein the support is an oxidic support. 6. The method according to claim 1 wherein the catalyst support is presented in a honeycomb configuration. 7. The method according to claim 4 wherein the temperature T1 is preferably at least 350° C. 8. The method according to claim 4 wherein the temperature T2 is 650° C. or less. 9. The method according to claim 1 wherein the gas feed stream has less than 1 mole % methane. 10. The method according to claim 3 wherein the catalyst contains at least one of palladium and platinum on a support. 11. The method according to claim 10 wherein the support is an oxidic support. 12. The method according to claim 3 wherein the catalyst support is presented in a honeycomb configuration. 13. The method according to claim 10 wherein the temperature T1 is preferably at least 350° C. 14. The method according to claim 10 wherein the temperature T2 is 650° C. or less. 15. The method according to claim 3 wherein the gas feed stream has less than 1 mole % methane. 16. The method according to claim 3 wherein the gas feed stream has less than 0.5 mole % methane. 17. The method according to claim 3 wherein the gas feed stream has less than about 0.1 mole % methane. 18. The method according to claim 1 wherein the gas feed stream has less than 0.5 mole % methane. 19. The method according to claim 1 wherein the gas feed stream has less than about 0.1 mole % methane. | In a method for removing methane from feed gas having a methane concentration of 2 mole % or less, the feed gas is optionally mixed with make-up methane or air and passed through a heat exchanger to heat the gas to an oxidation reactor inlet temperature T 1 . The heated stream is passed to the reactor where the methane is oxidised. A gas stream including the products of the oxidation reaction are removed with the gas stream being at a reactor outlet temperature T 2 higher than the inlet temperature T 1 . The gas stream is then passed through the heat exchanger against the reactor stream to recover heat from the gas stream removed in the reactor and to heat the reactor stream. The outlet temperature T 2 is measured and the inlet temperature T 1 is controlled by adjusting the relative amount of make-up methane and/or air added to the feed gas.1. A method for removing methane from feed gas having a methane concentration of 2 mole % or less, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) optionally mixing the feed gas with at least one of make-up methane and make-up air; (b) passing the feed gas and optional make-up gas through a heat exchanger to raise the temperature of the gas to the desired inlet temperature T1 of an oxidation reactor; (c) passing the heated stream from step (b) to the oxidation reactor containing an oxidation catalyst, where the methane is oxidised; (d) removing a gas stream including the products of the oxidation reaction from the reactor, said gas stream being at an outlet temperature T2 which is higher than the inlet temperature T1; (e) passing the gas stream removed in step (d) through the heat exchanger against the reactor stream from step (b) to allow the heat to be recovered from the gas stream removed in step (d) and utilised to heat the reactor stream in step (b); and (f) measuring the outlet temperature T2 and controlling the inlet temperature T1 by adjusting the relative amount of the at least one of the make-up methane and make up air added in step (a). 2. The method according to claim 1 in which the outlet temperature T2 is compared with a pre-determined desired temperature and the concentration of at least one of the methane and air in the feed is adjusted such that the inlet temperature T1 is adjusted such that following the temperature rise occasioned by the reaction results in the T2 approaching the desired temperature. 3. A method for removing methane from feed gas having a methane concentration of 2 mole % or less, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) passing the feed gas through a heat exchanger to raise the temperature of the gas to the desired inlet temperature T1 of an oxidation reactor; (b) optionally by-passing a portion of the feed around the heat exchanger with optional make-up air; (c) passing the heated stream from step (a) and any by-passed feed from step (b) to the oxidation reactor containing an oxidation catalyst, where the methane is oxidised; (d) removing a gas stream including the products of the oxidation reaction from the reactor, said gas stream being at an outlet temperature T2 which is higher than the inlet temperature T1; (e) passing the gas stream removed in step (d) through the heat exchanger against the reactor stream from step (a) to allow the heat to be recovered from the gas stream removed in step (d) and utilised to heat the reactor stream in step (a); and (f) measuring the outlet temperature T2 and controlling the inlet temperature T1 by adjusting the amount of feed bypassing the heat exchanger. 4. The method according to claim 1 wherein the catalyst contains at least one of palladium and platinum on a support. 5. The method according to claim 4 wherein the support is an oxidic support. 6. The method according to claim 1 wherein the catalyst support is presented in a honeycomb configuration. 7. The method according to claim 4 wherein the temperature T1 is preferably at least 350° C. 8. The method according to claim 4 wherein the temperature T2 is 650° C. or less. 9. The method according to claim 1 wherein the gas feed stream has less than 1 mole % methane. 10. The method according to claim 3 wherein the catalyst contains at least one of palladium and platinum on a support. 11. The method according to claim 10 wherein the support is an oxidic support. 12. The method according to claim 3 wherein the catalyst support is presented in a honeycomb configuration. 13. The method according to claim 10 wherein the temperature T1 is preferably at least 350° C. 14. The method according to claim 10 wherein the temperature T2 is 650° C. or less. 15. The method according to claim 3 wherein the gas feed stream has less than 1 mole % methane. 16. The method according to claim 3 wherein the gas feed stream has less than 0.5 mole % methane. 17. The method according to claim 3 wherein the gas feed stream has less than about 0.1 mole % methane. 18. The method according to claim 1 wherein the gas feed stream has less than 0.5 mole % methane. 19. The method according to claim 1 wherein the gas feed stream has less than about 0.1 mole % methane. | 1,700 |
3,216 | 15,554,383 | 1,712 | In the present invention are provided a method for preparing a silica aerogel-containing blanket, and a blanket which includes a silica aerogel and is manufactured using the same, wherein the method includes a step for preparing a reaction solution by reacting a silazane-based surface modification agent with an alcohol-based compound, a step for preparing a silica gel-base material composite by adding a silica precursor, water, and a polar organic solvent to the reaction solution to prepare a silica sol, and then immersing a base material for a blanket in the prepared silica sol to gelate the silica sol, and a step for drying the silica gel-base material composite. | 1. A method for preparing a silica aerogel-containing blanket, comprising:
a step for preparing a reaction solution including an alkoxysilane-based compound produced by decomposition of a silazane-based surface modification agent and an alcohol-based compound by reacting the silazane-based surface modification agent with the alcohol-based compound; a step for preparing a silica gel-base material composite by adding a silica precursor, water, and a polar organic solvent to the reaction solution to prepare a silica sol, and then immersing a base material for a blanket in the prepared silica sol to gelate the silica sol; and a step for drying the silica gel-base material composite. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the silazane-based surface modification agent comprises a compound of Formula 1 below,
wherein R11 to R13 and R21 to R23 are each independently a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having a 1 to 8 carbon atoms, with the proviso that R11 to R13 and R21 to R23 are not simultaneously hydrogen atoms. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the silazane-based surface modification agent comprises one or a mixture of two or more selected from the group consisting of tetraalkyldisilazane and hexaalkyldisilazane; and the alkyl is an alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the alcohol-based compound is an alcohol having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein an acid catalyst is further added during the preparation of the reaction solution. 6. (canceled) 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the silica precursor comprises one or a mixture of two or more selected from the group consisting of silicon alkoxide-based compounds and pre-hydrolysis products thereof. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the silica precursor comprises a pre-hydrolysis product of a tetraalkyl silicate having a degree of hydration of 50 to 90%. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the silica precursor is used in such an amount that the content of silica in the silica sol is 0.1 to 30 wt %. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the water is used in a ratio of 0.1 to 16 mol per 1 mol of silica included in the silica sol. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the polar organic solvent includes an alcohol-based solvent. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein a base is further added during the preparation of the silica sol. 13. The method of claim 1, which further comprises a step for performing on the silica gel-base material composite, one or two or more processes selected from the group consisting of a stabilization process, a pre-aging process, and an aging process, prior to the drying of the silica gel-base material composite. 14. The method of claim 1, which further comprises a process for aging the silica gel-base material composite at a temperature of 50 to 80° C., prior to the drying of the silica gel-base material composite. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the drying is performed by a supercritical drying process. 16. The method of claim 1, which comprises:
a step for preparing a reaction solution comprising an alkoxysilane-based compound produced by a decomposition reaction of the alkoxysilane-based surface modification agent and the alcohol-based compound by reacting the silazane-based surface modification agent of Formula 1 below with an alcohol-based compound; a step for preparing a silica gel-base material composite by adding a silica precursor, water, a linear alcohol having a 1 to 4 carbon atoms as a polar organic solvent, and a base to prepare a silica sol, and then immersing a base material for a blanket in the prepared silica sol to gelate the silica sol; a step for performing an aging process in which the silica gel-base material composite is maintained at a temperature of 50 to 80° C.; and a step for supercritically drying the aged silica gel-base material composite,
wherein R11 to R13 and R21 to R23 are each independently a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having a 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and R11 to R13 and R21 to R23 are not simultaneously hydrogen atoms. 17.-20. (canceled) | In the present invention are provided a method for preparing a silica aerogel-containing blanket, and a blanket which includes a silica aerogel and is manufactured using the same, wherein the method includes a step for preparing a reaction solution by reacting a silazane-based surface modification agent with an alcohol-based compound, a step for preparing a silica gel-base material composite by adding a silica precursor, water, and a polar organic solvent to the reaction solution to prepare a silica sol, and then immersing a base material for a blanket in the prepared silica sol to gelate the silica sol, and a step for drying the silica gel-base material composite.1. A method for preparing a silica aerogel-containing blanket, comprising:
a step for preparing a reaction solution including an alkoxysilane-based compound produced by decomposition of a silazane-based surface modification agent and an alcohol-based compound by reacting the silazane-based surface modification agent with the alcohol-based compound; a step for preparing a silica gel-base material composite by adding a silica precursor, water, and a polar organic solvent to the reaction solution to prepare a silica sol, and then immersing a base material for a blanket in the prepared silica sol to gelate the silica sol; and a step for drying the silica gel-base material composite. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the silazane-based surface modification agent comprises a compound of Formula 1 below,
wherein R11 to R13 and R21 to R23 are each independently a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having a 1 to 8 carbon atoms, with the proviso that R11 to R13 and R21 to R23 are not simultaneously hydrogen atoms. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the silazane-based surface modification agent comprises one or a mixture of two or more selected from the group consisting of tetraalkyldisilazane and hexaalkyldisilazane; and the alkyl is an alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the alcohol-based compound is an alcohol having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein an acid catalyst is further added during the preparation of the reaction solution. 6. (canceled) 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the silica precursor comprises one or a mixture of two or more selected from the group consisting of silicon alkoxide-based compounds and pre-hydrolysis products thereof. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the silica precursor comprises a pre-hydrolysis product of a tetraalkyl silicate having a degree of hydration of 50 to 90%. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the silica precursor is used in such an amount that the content of silica in the silica sol is 0.1 to 30 wt %. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the water is used in a ratio of 0.1 to 16 mol per 1 mol of silica included in the silica sol. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the polar organic solvent includes an alcohol-based solvent. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein a base is further added during the preparation of the silica sol. 13. The method of claim 1, which further comprises a step for performing on the silica gel-base material composite, one or two or more processes selected from the group consisting of a stabilization process, a pre-aging process, and an aging process, prior to the drying of the silica gel-base material composite. 14. The method of claim 1, which further comprises a process for aging the silica gel-base material composite at a temperature of 50 to 80° C., prior to the drying of the silica gel-base material composite. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the drying is performed by a supercritical drying process. 16. The method of claim 1, which comprises:
a step for preparing a reaction solution comprising an alkoxysilane-based compound produced by a decomposition reaction of the alkoxysilane-based surface modification agent and the alcohol-based compound by reacting the silazane-based surface modification agent of Formula 1 below with an alcohol-based compound; a step for preparing a silica gel-base material composite by adding a silica precursor, water, a linear alcohol having a 1 to 4 carbon atoms as a polar organic solvent, and a base to prepare a silica sol, and then immersing a base material for a blanket in the prepared silica sol to gelate the silica sol; a step for performing an aging process in which the silica gel-base material composite is maintained at a temperature of 50 to 80° C.; and a step for supercritically drying the aged silica gel-base material composite,
wherein R11 to R13 and R21 to R23 are each independently a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having a 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and R11 to R13 and R21 to R23 are not simultaneously hydrogen atoms. 17.-20. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,217 | 15,516,969 | 1,777 | [Problem] To provide a membrane for the forward osmosis method, which keeps a high porosity, reduces concentration polarization by appropriately controlling the pore distribution, achieves both high water permeability and a self-supporting property, and has high chemical durability such that the membrane is applicable to various draw solutions. [Solution] A separation membrane having a structure inclined from an outer surface side to an inner surface side, a ratio between a thickness of a dense layer having a dense polymer density and a thickness of a coarse layer having a coarse polymer density being in a range of 0.25≦(the thickness of the coarse layer)/[(the thickness of the dense layer)+(the thickness of the coarse layer)]≦0.6, when measuring polymer density distribution in a thickness direction of the separation membrane by Raman spectroscopy. | 1. A separation membrane having a structure inclined from an outer surface side to
an inner surface side, a ratio between a thickness of a dense layer having a dense polymer density and a thickness of a coarse layer having a coarse polymer density being in a range of 0.25≦(the thickness of the coarse layer)/[(the thickness of the dense layer)+(the thickness of the coarse layer)]≦0.6, when measuring polymer density distribution in a thickness direction of the separation membrane by Raman spectroscopy. 2. The separation membrane according to claim 1, wherein
a porosity of the separation membrane is 60 to 85%. 3. The separation membrane according to claim 1, wherein
the separation membrane is composed of sulfonated poly(arylene ether) (SPAE) having a repeating structure of a hydrophobic segment represented by the following formula (III) and a hydrophilic segment represented by the following formula (IV):
where X is any one of the following formulas (V) and (VI):
Y is any one of single bond and the following formulas (VII) to (X):
Z is any one of single bond and the following formulas (VII), (XI) and (X):
W is any one of single bond and the following formulas (VII), (XI) and (X):
Y and W are not selected to be identical to each other,
a and b each represents a natural number equal to or greater than 1,
R1 and R2 represent —SO3M, and M represents a metal element, and
a ratio of sulfonation expressed as a percentage of the number of repetition of the formula (IV) to a total of the number of repetition of the formula (III) and the number of repetition of the formula (IV) in a sulfonated poly(arylene ether) copolymer is higher than 10% and lower than 50%. 4. The separation membrane according to claim 3, wherein
the sulfonated poly(arylene ether) copolymer has a repeating structure of a hydrophobic segment represented by the following formula (I) and a hydrophilic segment represented by the following formula (II):
where m and n each represents a natural number equal to or greater than 1, R1 and R2 represent —SO3M, M represents a metal element, and a ratio of sulfonation expressed as a percentage of the number of repetition of the formula (II) to a total of the number of repetition of the formula (I) and the number of repetition of the formula (II) in the sulfonated poly(arylene ether) copolymer is higher than 10% and lower than 50%. 5. The separation membrane according to claim 1 4, wherein
the separation membrane is for forward osmosis treatment. 6. The separation membrane according to claim 1, wherein
the separation membrane is a hollow fiber membrane. 7. A separation membrane element having the separation membrane as recited in claim 1 incorporated therein. 8. A separation membrane module having one or more separation membrane elements as recited in claim 7 incorporated therein. | [Problem] To provide a membrane for the forward osmosis method, which keeps a high porosity, reduces concentration polarization by appropriately controlling the pore distribution, achieves both high water permeability and a self-supporting property, and has high chemical durability such that the membrane is applicable to various draw solutions. [Solution] A separation membrane having a structure inclined from an outer surface side to an inner surface side, a ratio between a thickness of a dense layer having a dense polymer density and a thickness of a coarse layer having a coarse polymer density being in a range of 0.25≦(the thickness of the coarse layer)/[(the thickness of the dense layer)+(the thickness of the coarse layer)]≦0.6, when measuring polymer density distribution in a thickness direction of the separation membrane by Raman spectroscopy.1. A separation membrane having a structure inclined from an outer surface side to
an inner surface side, a ratio between a thickness of a dense layer having a dense polymer density and a thickness of a coarse layer having a coarse polymer density being in a range of 0.25≦(the thickness of the coarse layer)/[(the thickness of the dense layer)+(the thickness of the coarse layer)]≦0.6, when measuring polymer density distribution in a thickness direction of the separation membrane by Raman spectroscopy. 2. The separation membrane according to claim 1, wherein
a porosity of the separation membrane is 60 to 85%. 3. The separation membrane according to claim 1, wherein
the separation membrane is composed of sulfonated poly(arylene ether) (SPAE) having a repeating structure of a hydrophobic segment represented by the following formula (III) and a hydrophilic segment represented by the following formula (IV):
where X is any one of the following formulas (V) and (VI):
Y is any one of single bond and the following formulas (VII) to (X):
Z is any one of single bond and the following formulas (VII), (XI) and (X):
W is any one of single bond and the following formulas (VII), (XI) and (X):
Y and W are not selected to be identical to each other,
a and b each represents a natural number equal to or greater than 1,
R1 and R2 represent —SO3M, and M represents a metal element, and
a ratio of sulfonation expressed as a percentage of the number of repetition of the formula (IV) to a total of the number of repetition of the formula (III) and the number of repetition of the formula (IV) in a sulfonated poly(arylene ether) copolymer is higher than 10% and lower than 50%. 4. The separation membrane according to claim 3, wherein
the sulfonated poly(arylene ether) copolymer has a repeating structure of a hydrophobic segment represented by the following formula (I) and a hydrophilic segment represented by the following formula (II):
where m and n each represents a natural number equal to or greater than 1, R1 and R2 represent —SO3M, M represents a metal element, and a ratio of sulfonation expressed as a percentage of the number of repetition of the formula (II) to a total of the number of repetition of the formula (I) and the number of repetition of the formula (II) in the sulfonated poly(arylene ether) copolymer is higher than 10% and lower than 50%. 5. The separation membrane according to claim 1 4, wherein
the separation membrane is for forward osmosis treatment. 6. The separation membrane according to claim 1, wherein
the separation membrane is a hollow fiber membrane. 7. A separation membrane element having the separation membrane as recited in claim 1 incorporated therein. 8. A separation membrane module having one or more separation membrane elements as recited in claim 7 incorporated therein. | 1,700 |
3,218 | 12,235,147 | 1,741 | Some embodiments include deposition systems configured for reclaiming unreacted precursor with one or more traps provided downstream of a reaction chamber. Some of the deposition systems may utilize two or more traps that are connected in parallel relative to one another and configured so that the traps may be alternately utilized for trapping precursor and releasing trapped precursor back into the reaction chamber. Some of the deposition systems may be configured for ALD, and some may be configured for CVD. | 1. A deposition system, comprising:
a reaction chamber; a plurality of precursor traps in fluid communication with the reaction chamber; the precursor traps being configured to trap precursor under a first condition, and to release the trapped precursor under a second condition; a flow path along which precursor is flowed to the chamber, through the chamber, and from the chamber; and wherein at least two of the precursor traps are connected in parallel relative to one another along the flow path so that one of said at least two of the precursor traps may be used as a source of precursor for reactions in the chamber while another of the at least two of the precursor traps is utilized for collecting unreacted precursor exiting from the chamber. 2. The system of claim 1 being configured for utilization in an ALD process. 3. The system of claim 1 being configured for utilization in a CVD process. 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the first and second conditions differ in temperature from one another. 5. An ALD system, comprising:
a reaction chamber; a pair of alternate flow paths for materials exhausted from the reaction chamber, both of the alternate flow paths leading to a common main pump; a first of said alternate flow paths comprising a precursor trap configured to collect unreacted precursor; a second of said alternate flow paths by-passing the precursor trap; and at least one flow control structure along said second of the alternate flow paths and configured to preclude back-flow along said second of the alternate flow paths. 6. The ALD system of claim 5 wherein the at least one flow control structure comprises a turbopump, destruct unit, or a cryopump. 7. The ALD system of claim 5 wherein the at least one flow control structure comprises a check-valve. 8. A CVD system, comprising:
a reaction chamber; a flow path for a mixture of materials exhausted from the reaction chamber, the mixture of materials comprising one or more unreacted precursors; and at least one precursor trap along the flow path and configured to selectively trap at least one of the one or more unreacted precursors relative to other components of the mixture of materials. 9. The CVD system of claim 8 wherein the precursor trap is a cold trap. 10. The CVD system of claim 8 comprising multiple precursor traps arranged in series along the flow path, the multiple precursor traps being configured to trap different precursor compositions relative to one another. 11. A deposition method, comprising:
flowing precursor through a reaction chamber; the precursor being flowed along a flow path; the flow path extending from upstream of the reaction chamber to the reaction chamber, and from the reaction chamber to downstream of the reaction chamber; some of the precursor reacting while in the reaction chamber, and some of the precursor remaining unreacted while it is in the reaction chamber; utilizing a plurality of precursor traps along the flow path to recycle the unreacted precursor; the precursor traps being configured to selectively trap and release the precursor; and alternately cycling the precursor traps between trapping and releasing modes relative to one other so that each of the precursor traps is alternately utilized as a source of precursor upstream of the reaction chamber and utilized for trapping unreacted precursor downstream of the reaction chamber. 12. The deposition method of claim 11 wherein the precursor traps are operated under conditions which retain trapped unreacted precursor at temperatures which preclude oxidation of the trapped unreacted precursor by any oxygen that may be present in the trap. 13. The deposition method of claim 12 wherein the trapped unreacted precursor comprises Rh, and wherein the conditions include a trapping temperature of less than or equal to −40° C. 14. The deposition method of claim 11 wherein the precursor comprises a transition metal and/or a lanthanide series metal. 15. The deposition method of claim 11 being an ALD method. 16. The deposition method of claim 11 being a CVD method. 17. An ALD method, comprising:
flowing a precursor into a reaction chamber; after flowing the precursor into the reaction chamber, and while reactant is not in the chamber, exhausting material from the reaction chamber along a first flow path; the first flow path extending to a main pump, and including a precursor trap configured to collect unreacted precursor; after flowing the reactant into the reaction chamber, and while the precursor is not within the reaction chamber, exhausting material from the reaction chamber along a second flow path extending to the main pump and by-passing the precursor trap; and utilizing at least one flow control structure along the second flow path to preclude back-flow along said second flow path. 18. The ALD method of claim 17 wherein the precursor comprises metal, silicon or germanium; and wherein the reactant comprises oxygen or nitrogen. 19. The ALD method of claim 17 wherein the precursor comprises palladium, platinum, yttrium, aluminum, iridium, silver, gold, tantalum, rhodium, ruthenium or rhenium. 20. The ALD method of claim 17 wherein the precursor comprises (CH3)3(CH3C5H4)Pt. 21. The ALD method of claim 20 wherein the reactant comprise one or more of O2, water and ozone. 22. The ALD method of claim 17 wherein the precursor is flowed into the reaction chamber before the reactant. 23. The ALD method of claim 17 wherein the precursor is flowed into the reaction chamber after the reactant. 24. The ALD method of claim 17 wherein the at least one flow control structure comprises a turbopump, destruct unit or a cryopump. 25. The ALD method of claim 17 wherein the at least one flow control structure comprises a check-valve. 26. A CVD method, comprising:
flowing a mixture of materials into a reaction chamber, the mixture comprising one or more precursors and one or more reactants; reacting the one or more reactants with the one or more precursors to form a deposit; some of the one or more precursors remaining unreacted; after the reacting, exhausting the reaction chamber, the exhaust from the reaction chamber comprising the remaining unreacted one or more precursors; and flowing the exhaust across at least one precursor trap configured to selectively trap at least one of the one or more unreacted precursors relative to other components of the exhaust, the at least one precursor trap being configured to retain the trapped precursor under conditions that preclude reaction of the trapped precursor with other components of the exhaust. 27. The CVD method of claim 26 wherein the at least one precursor trap is operated under conditions which retain trapped unreacted precursor at a temperature which precludes oxidation of the trapped unreacted precursor by any oxygen that may be present in the trap. 28. The deposition method of claim 27 wherein the trapped unreacted precursor comprises Rh, and wherein the conditions include a trapping temperature of less than or equal to −40° C. 29. The CVD method of claim 26 wherein the precursors comprise platinum, the reactants comprise oxygen, and the at least one precursor trap retains unreacted platinum-containing precursor at a temperature less than or equal to about 10° C. 30. The CVD method of claim 26 utilizing a plurality of precursor traps arranged in series along a flow path of the exhaust. | Some embodiments include deposition systems configured for reclaiming unreacted precursor with one or more traps provided downstream of a reaction chamber. Some of the deposition systems may utilize two or more traps that are connected in parallel relative to one another and configured so that the traps may be alternately utilized for trapping precursor and releasing trapped precursor back into the reaction chamber. Some of the deposition systems may be configured for ALD, and some may be configured for CVD.1. A deposition system, comprising:
a reaction chamber; a plurality of precursor traps in fluid communication with the reaction chamber; the precursor traps being configured to trap precursor under a first condition, and to release the trapped precursor under a second condition; a flow path along which precursor is flowed to the chamber, through the chamber, and from the chamber; and wherein at least two of the precursor traps are connected in parallel relative to one another along the flow path so that one of said at least two of the precursor traps may be used as a source of precursor for reactions in the chamber while another of the at least two of the precursor traps is utilized for collecting unreacted precursor exiting from the chamber. 2. The system of claim 1 being configured for utilization in an ALD process. 3. The system of claim 1 being configured for utilization in a CVD process. 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the first and second conditions differ in temperature from one another. 5. An ALD system, comprising:
a reaction chamber; a pair of alternate flow paths for materials exhausted from the reaction chamber, both of the alternate flow paths leading to a common main pump; a first of said alternate flow paths comprising a precursor trap configured to collect unreacted precursor; a second of said alternate flow paths by-passing the precursor trap; and at least one flow control structure along said second of the alternate flow paths and configured to preclude back-flow along said second of the alternate flow paths. 6. The ALD system of claim 5 wherein the at least one flow control structure comprises a turbopump, destruct unit, or a cryopump. 7. The ALD system of claim 5 wherein the at least one flow control structure comprises a check-valve. 8. A CVD system, comprising:
a reaction chamber; a flow path for a mixture of materials exhausted from the reaction chamber, the mixture of materials comprising one or more unreacted precursors; and at least one precursor trap along the flow path and configured to selectively trap at least one of the one or more unreacted precursors relative to other components of the mixture of materials. 9. The CVD system of claim 8 wherein the precursor trap is a cold trap. 10. The CVD system of claim 8 comprising multiple precursor traps arranged in series along the flow path, the multiple precursor traps being configured to trap different precursor compositions relative to one another. 11. A deposition method, comprising:
flowing precursor through a reaction chamber; the precursor being flowed along a flow path; the flow path extending from upstream of the reaction chamber to the reaction chamber, and from the reaction chamber to downstream of the reaction chamber; some of the precursor reacting while in the reaction chamber, and some of the precursor remaining unreacted while it is in the reaction chamber; utilizing a plurality of precursor traps along the flow path to recycle the unreacted precursor; the precursor traps being configured to selectively trap and release the precursor; and alternately cycling the precursor traps between trapping and releasing modes relative to one other so that each of the precursor traps is alternately utilized as a source of precursor upstream of the reaction chamber and utilized for trapping unreacted precursor downstream of the reaction chamber. 12. The deposition method of claim 11 wherein the precursor traps are operated under conditions which retain trapped unreacted precursor at temperatures which preclude oxidation of the trapped unreacted precursor by any oxygen that may be present in the trap. 13. The deposition method of claim 12 wherein the trapped unreacted precursor comprises Rh, and wherein the conditions include a trapping temperature of less than or equal to −40° C. 14. The deposition method of claim 11 wherein the precursor comprises a transition metal and/or a lanthanide series metal. 15. The deposition method of claim 11 being an ALD method. 16. The deposition method of claim 11 being a CVD method. 17. An ALD method, comprising:
flowing a precursor into a reaction chamber; after flowing the precursor into the reaction chamber, and while reactant is not in the chamber, exhausting material from the reaction chamber along a first flow path; the first flow path extending to a main pump, and including a precursor trap configured to collect unreacted precursor; after flowing the reactant into the reaction chamber, and while the precursor is not within the reaction chamber, exhausting material from the reaction chamber along a second flow path extending to the main pump and by-passing the precursor trap; and utilizing at least one flow control structure along the second flow path to preclude back-flow along said second flow path. 18. The ALD method of claim 17 wherein the precursor comprises metal, silicon or germanium; and wherein the reactant comprises oxygen or nitrogen. 19. The ALD method of claim 17 wherein the precursor comprises palladium, platinum, yttrium, aluminum, iridium, silver, gold, tantalum, rhodium, ruthenium or rhenium. 20. The ALD method of claim 17 wherein the precursor comprises (CH3)3(CH3C5H4)Pt. 21. The ALD method of claim 20 wherein the reactant comprise one or more of O2, water and ozone. 22. The ALD method of claim 17 wherein the precursor is flowed into the reaction chamber before the reactant. 23. The ALD method of claim 17 wherein the precursor is flowed into the reaction chamber after the reactant. 24. The ALD method of claim 17 wherein the at least one flow control structure comprises a turbopump, destruct unit or a cryopump. 25. The ALD method of claim 17 wherein the at least one flow control structure comprises a check-valve. 26. A CVD method, comprising:
flowing a mixture of materials into a reaction chamber, the mixture comprising one or more precursors and one or more reactants; reacting the one or more reactants with the one or more precursors to form a deposit; some of the one or more precursors remaining unreacted; after the reacting, exhausting the reaction chamber, the exhaust from the reaction chamber comprising the remaining unreacted one or more precursors; and flowing the exhaust across at least one precursor trap configured to selectively trap at least one of the one or more unreacted precursors relative to other components of the exhaust, the at least one precursor trap being configured to retain the trapped precursor under conditions that preclude reaction of the trapped precursor with other components of the exhaust. 27. The CVD method of claim 26 wherein the at least one precursor trap is operated under conditions which retain trapped unreacted precursor at a temperature which precludes oxidation of the trapped unreacted precursor by any oxygen that may be present in the trap. 28. The deposition method of claim 27 wherein the trapped unreacted precursor comprises Rh, and wherein the conditions include a trapping temperature of less than or equal to −40° C. 29. The CVD method of claim 26 wherein the precursors comprise platinum, the reactants comprise oxygen, and the at least one precursor trap retains unreacted platinum-containing precursor at a temperature less than or equal to about 10° C. 30. The CVD method of claim 26 utilizing a plurality of precursor traps arranged in series along a flow path of the exhaust. | 1,700 |
3,219 | 13,060,318 | 1,734 | There is disclosed a process for producing chlorine by feeding hydrogen chloride and oxygen into catalyst beds which are formed in the reaction tubes of a fixed-bed multitubular reactor and which contain catalysts for use in oxidation of hydrochloric acid, and this process is characterized in that
the catalyst beds in one reaction zone in the fixed-bed multitubular reactor are catalyst beds formed by packing catalysts of a plurality of production lots; and in that the catalysts of the plurality of production lots satisfy the following condition (I): Condition (I): a value of A/B is smaller than 1.20 (with the proviso that A and B are values of three significant figures, having a relationship of A≧B), wherein the pore volume of a catalyst of one production lot optionally selected from the plurality of production lots is A [ml/g], and the pore volume of another one production lot is B [ml/g]. | 1. A process for producing chlorine by feeding hydrogen chloride and oxygen into catalyst beds which are formed in the reaction tubes of a fixed-bed multitubular reactor and which contain catalysts for use in oxidation of hydrochloric acid, characterized in that
the catalyst beds in one reaction zone in the fixed-bed multitubular reactor are catalyst beds formed by packing catalysts of a plurality of production lots; and in that the catalysts of the plurality of production lots satisfy the following condition (I): Condition (I): a value of A/B is smaller than 1.20 (with the proviso that A and B are values of three significant figures, having a relationship of A≧B), wherein the pore volume of a catalyst of one production lot optionally selected from the plurality of production lots is A [ml/g], and the pore volume of another one production lot is B [ml/g]. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the value of A/B is smaller than 1.10 (with the proviso that A and B are values of three significant figures, having a relationship of A≧B). 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalysts are supported ruthenium oxide catalysts. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalysts are molded articles in the form of spherical particles or cylinders. | There is disclosed a process for producing chlorine by feeding hydrogen chloride and oxygen into catalyst beds which are formed in the reaction tubes of a fixed-bed multitubular reactor and which contain catalysts for use in oxidation of hydrochloric acid, and this process is characterized in that
the catalyst beds in one reaction zone in the fixed-bed multitubular reactor are catalyst beds formed by packing catalysts of a plurality of production lots; and in that the catalysts of the plurality of production lots satisfy the following condition (I): Condition (I): a value of A/B is smaller than 1.20 (with the proviso that A and B are values of three significant figures, having a relationship of A≧B), wherein the pore volume of a catalyst of one production lot optionally selected from the plurality of production lots is A [ml/g], and the pore volume of another one production lot is B [ml/g].1. A process for producing chlorine by feeding hydrogen chloride and oxygen into catalyst beds which are formed in the reaction tubes of a fixed-bed multitubular reactor and which contain catalysts for use in oxidation of hydrochloric acid, characterized in that
the catalyst beds in one reaction zone in the fixed-bed multitubular reactor are catalyst beds formed by packing catalysts of a plurality of production lots; and in that the catalysts of the plurality of production lots satisfy the following condition (I): Condition (I): a value of A/B is smaller than 1.20 (with the proviso that A and B are values of three significant figures, having a relationship of A≧B), wherein the pore volume of a catalyst of one production lot optionally selected from the plurality of production lots is A [ml/g], and the pore volume of another one production lot is B [ml/g]. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the value of A/B is smaller than 1.10 (with the proviso that A and B are values of three significant figures, having a relationship of A≧B). 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalysts are supported ruthenium oxide catalysts. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalysts are molded articles in the form of spherical particles or cylinders. | 1,700 |
3,220 | 13,000,052 | 1,773 | The invention relates to a process for extruding plastic compositions, in particular polymer melts and mixtures of polymer melts, above all thermoplastics and elastomers, particularly preferably polycarbonate and polycarbonate blends, also with the incorporation of other substances such as for example solids, liquids, gases or other polymers or other polymer blends with improved optical characteristics, with the assistance of a multi-screw extruder with specific screw geometries. | 1-17. (canceled) 18. A process for extruding plastic compositions comprising:
using screw elements for multi-screw extruders with screws co-rotating in pairs and being fully self-wiping in pairs, with two or more screw flights, wherein a screw profile for each screw is represented over an entire cross-section of the respective screw by a constantly differentiable profile curve. 19. The process as claimed in claim 18, wherein the screw profile over the entire cross-section comprises four or more circular arcs, wherein the circular arcs merge tangentially into one another at their start and end points. 20. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein
a generating and a generated screw profile have a centerline distance a from one another, the number of the circular arcs of the generating screw profile is n, the outer radius ra of the generating screw profile is greater than 0 (ra>0) and less than the centerline distance (ra<a), the core radius ri of the generating screw profile is greater than 0 (ri>0) and less than or equal to ra (ri≦ra), all the circular arcs of the generating screw profile merge tangentially into one another, the circular arcs form a closed screw profile, i.e. the sum of the angles aj of all the circular arcs j is equal to 2p, wherein p is the circle constant (p≈3.14159), the circular arcs form a convex screw profile, each of the circular arcs of the generating screw profile lies within or at the limits of a circular ring with the outer radius ra and the core radius ri, the center point of which lies on the point of rotation of the generating screw profile, at least one of the circular arcs of the generating screw profile touches the outer radius ra of the generating screw profile at a point PA, at least one of the circular arcs of the generating screw profile touches the core radius ri of the generating screw profile at a point PI, the number of circular arcs n′ of the generated screw profile is equal to the number of circular arcs n of the generating screw profile, the outer radius ra′ of the generated screw profile is equal to the difference of the centerline distance minus the core radius ri of the generating screw profile (ra′=a−ri), the core radius ri′ of the generated screw profile is equal to the difference of the centerline distance minus the outer radius ra of the generating screw profile (ri′=a−ra), the angle aj′ of the j'th circular arc of the generated screw profile is equal to the angle aj of the jth circular arc of the generating screw profile, j and j′ being integers which pass jointly through all the values in the range from 1 to the number of circular arcs n or n′ respectively, the sum of radius rj′ of the j'th circular arc of the generated screw profile and radius rj of the jth circular arc of the generating screw profile is equal to the centerline distance a, j and j′ being integers which pass jointly through all the values in the range from 1 to the number of circular arcs n or n′ respectively, the center point of the j'th circular arc of the generated screw profile is at a distance from the center point of the jth circular arc of the generating screw profile which is equal to the centerline distance a, and the center point of the j'th circular arc of the generated screw profile is at a distance from the point of rotation of the generated screw profile which is equal to the distance of the center point of the jth circular arc of the generating screw profile from the point of rotation of the generating screw profile, and the connecting line between the center point of the j'th circular arc of the generated screw profile and the center point of the jth circular arc of the generating screw profile is a line parallel to a connecting line between the point of rotation of the generated screw profile and the point of rotation of the generating screw profile, j and j′ being integers which pass jointly through all the values in the range from 1 to the number of circular arcs n or n′ respectively, a starting point of the j'th circular arc of the generated screw profile lies in a direction relative to the center point of the j'th circular arc of the generated screw profile which is opposite to that direction which a starting point of the jth circular arc of the generating screw profile has relative to the center point of the jth circular arc of the generating screw profile, j and j′ being integers which pass jointly through all the values in the range from 1 to the number of circular arcs n or n′ respectively. 21. The process as claimed in claim 18, wherein the screw elements are point-symmetrical and, in one sector of 360°/(2·Z), the profile curve comprises at least two circular arcs, wherein Z is the number of flights of the screw elements. 22. The process as claimed in claims 18, wherein they are axially symmetrical and, in one sector of 360°/(2·Z), the profile curve is comprises at least two circular arcs, wherein Z is the number of flights of the screw elements. 23. The process as claimed in claim 22, wherein the profile curve in the sector comprises two circular arcs, wherein at a point PFP the circular arcs merge constantly differentiably into one another, wherein the point PFP lies on a straight line FP, the orthogonal line of which passes through the center points of the two circular arcs at the point PFP. 24. The process as claimed in claim 23, the screw elements having a point of rotation D, a point PA, which lies on a circle about the point of rotation with the outer radius ra of the screw element, a point PI, which lies on a circle about the point of rotation with the internal radius ri of the screw element, a straight line DPA, which passes through the points PA and D, and a straight line DPI, which passes through the points PI and D, which, when using a Cartesian system of coordinates with the point D at the origin and the point PA on the x axis, wherein the orthogonal line intersects the straight line DPA at the center point of one of the circular arcs and the straight line DPI at the center point of the other circular arc, and in that the straight line FP is at a distance corresponding to half the centerline distance a from the point of rotation and has a gradient in radians of −1/tan(p/(2·Z)). 25. The process as claimed in claim 18, wherein the screw elements are constructed as mixing elements or conveying elements. 26. The process as claimed in claim 18, wherein the screw elements are constructed as kneading elements. 27. The process as claimed in claim 18, wherein the screw elements are used in a degassing or conveying zone. 28. The process as claimed in claim 18, wherein clearances in the range from 0.1 to 0.001 relative to the diameter of the screw profile are present between screw elements and barrel and/or between neighboring screw elements. 29. The process as claimed in claim 18, wherein the plastic compositions are thermoplastics or elastomers. 30. The process as claimed in claim 29, wherein the thermoplastics used are polycarbonate, polyamide, polyester, in particular polybutylene terephthalate and polyethylene terephthalate, polyether, thermoplastic polyurethane, polyacetal, fluoropolymer, in particular polyvinylidene fluoride, polyether sulfones, polyolefin, in particular polyethylene and polypropylene, polyimide, polyacrylate, in particular poly(methyl)methacrylate, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether ketone, polyarylether ketone, styrene polymers, in particular polystyrene, styrene copolymers, in particular styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene block copolymers, polyvinyl chloride or a blend of at least two of the stated thermoplastics. 31. The process as claimed in claim 30, wherein polycarbonate or a blend of polycarbonate with other polymers is used as the thermoplastic. 32. The process as claimed in claim 31, wherein the polycarbonate was produced by the phase boundary process or the melt transesterification process. 33. The process as claimed in claim 29, wherein the elastomer used is styrene-butadiene rubber, natural rubber, butadiene rubber, isoprene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber, hydrogenated nitrile rubber, butyl rubber, halobutyl rubber, chloroprene rubber, ethylene-vinyl acetate rubber, polyurethane rubber, thermoplastic polyurethane, gutta percha, acrylate rubber, fluororubber, silicone rubber, sulfide rubber, chlorosulfonyl-polyethylene rubber or a combination of at least two of the stated elastomers. 34. The process as claimed in claim 18, wherein fillers or reinforcing materials or polymer additives or organic or inorganic pigments, or mixtures thereof, are added to the polymer. | The invention relates to a process for extruding plastic compositions, in particular polymer melts and mixtures of polymer melts, above all thermoplastics and elastomers, particularly preferably polycarbonate and polycarbonate blends, also with the incorporation of other substances such as for example solids, liquids, gases or other polymers or other polymer blends with improved optical characteristics, with the assistance of a multi-screw extruder with specific screw geometries.1-17. (canceled) 18. A process for extruding plastic compositions comprising:
using screw elements for multi-screw extruders with screws co-rotating in pairs and being fully self-wiping in pairs, with two or more screw flights, wherein a screw profile for each screw is represented over an entire cross-section of the respective screw by a constantly differentiable profile curve. 19. The process as claimed in claim 18, wherein the screw profile over the entire cross-section comprises four or more circular arcs, wherein the circular arcs merge tangentially into one another at their start and end points. 20. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein
a generating and a generated screw profile have a centerline distance a from one another, the number of the circular arcs of the generating screw profile is n, the outer radius ra of the generating screw profile is greater than 0 (ra>0) and less than the centerline distance (ra<a), the core radius ri of the generating screw profile is greater than 0 (ri>0) and less than or equal to ra (ri≦ra), all the circular arcs of the generating screw profile merge tangentially into one another, the circular arcs form a closed screw profile, i.e. the sum of the angles aj of all the circular arcs j is equal to 2p, wherein p is the circle constant (p≈3.14159), the circular arcs form a convex screw profile, each of the circular arcs of the generating screw profile lies within or at the limits of a circular ring with the outer radius ra and the core radius ri, the center point of which lies on the point of rotation of the generating screw profile, at least one of the circular arcs of the generating screw profile touches the outer radius ra of the generating screw profile at a point PA, at least one of the circular arcs of the generating screw profile touches the core radius ri of the generating screw profile at a point PI, the number of circular arcs n′ of the generated screw profile is equal to the number of circular arcs n of the generating screw profile, the outer radius ra′ of the generated screw profile is equal to the difference of the centerline distance minus the core radius ri of the generating screw profile (ra′=a−ri), the core radius ri′ of the generated screw profile is equal to the difference of the centerline distance minus the outer radius ra of the generating screw profile (ri′=a−ra), the angle aj′ of the j'th circular arc of the generated screw profile is equal to the angle aj of the jth circular arc of the generating screw profile, j and j′ being integers which pass jointly through all the values in the range from 1 to the number of circular arcs n or n′ respectively, the sum of radius rj′ of the j'th circular arc of the generated screw profile and radius rj of the jth circular arc of the generating screw profile is equal to the centerline distance a, j and j′ being integers which pass jointly through all the values in the range from 1 to the number of circular arcs n or n′ respectively, the center point of the j'th circular arc of the generated screw profile is at a distance from the center point of the jth circular arc of the generating screw profile which is equal to the centerline distance a, and the center point of the j'th circular arc of the generated screw profile is at a distance from the point of rotation of the generated screw profile which is equal to the distance of the center point of the jth circular arc of the generating screw profile from the point of rotation of the generating screw profile, and the connecting line between the center point of the j'th circular arc of the generated screw profile and the center point of the jth circular arc of the generating screw profile is a line parallel to a connecting line between the point of rotation of the generated screw profile and the point of rotation of the generating screw profile, j and j′ being integers which pass jointly through all the values in the range from 1 to the number of circular arcs n or n′ respectively, a starting point of the j'th circular arc of the generated screw profile lies in a direction relative to the center point of the j'th circular arc of the generated screw profile which is opposite to that direction which a starting point of the jth circular arc of the generating screw profile has relative to the center point of the jth circular arc of the generating screw profile, j and j′ being integers which pass jointly through all the values in the range from 1 to the number of circular arcs n or n′ respectively. 21. The process as claimed in claim 18, wherein the screw elements are point-symmetrical and, in one sector of 360°/(2·Z), the profile curve comprises at least two circular arcs, wherein Z is the number of flights of the screw elements. 22. The process as claimed in claims 18, wherein they are axially symmetrical and, in one sector of 360°/(2·Z), the profile curve is comprises at least two circular arcs, wherein Z is the number of flights of the screw elements. 23. The process as claimed in claim 22, wherein the profile curve in the sector comprises two circular arcs, wherein at a point PFP the circular arcs merge constantly differentiably into one another, wherein the point PFP lies on a straight line FP, the orthogonal line of which passes through the center points of the two circular arcs at the point PFP. 24. The process as claimed in claim 23, the screw elements having a point of rotation D, a point PA, which lies on a circle about the point of rotation with the outer radius ra of the screw element, a point PI, which lies on a circle about the point of rotation with the internal radius ri of the screw element, a straight line DPA, which passes through the points PA and D, and a straight line DPI, which passes through the points PI and D, which, when using a Cartesian system of coordinates with the point D at the origin and the point PA on the x axis, wherein the orthogonal line intersects the straight line DPA at the center point of one of the circular arcs and the straight line DPI at the center point of the other circular arc, and in that the straight line FP is at a distance corresponding to half the centerline distance a from the point of rotation and has a gradient in radians of −1/tan(p/(2·Z)). 25. The process as claimed in claim 18, wherein the screw elements are constructed as mixing elements or conveying elements. 26. The process as claimed in claim 18, wherein the screw elements are constructed as kneading elements. 27. The process as claimed in claim 18, wherein the screw elements are used in a degassing or conveying zone. 28. The process as claimed in claim 18, wherein clearances in the range from 0.1 to 0.001 relative to the diameter of the screw profile are present between screw elements and barrel and/or between neighboring screw elements. 29. The process as claimed in claim 18, wherein the plastic compositions are thermoplastics or elastomers. 30. The process as claimed in claim 29, wherein the thermoplastics used are polycarbonate, polyamide, polyester, in particular polybutylene terephthalate and polyethylene terephthalate, polyether, thermoplastic polyurethane, polyacetal, fluoropolymer, in particular polyvinylidene fluoride, polyether sulfones, polyolefin, in particular polyethylene and polypropylene, polyimide, polyacrylate, in particular poly(methyl)methacrylate, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether ketone, polyarylether ketone, styrene polymers, in particular polystyrene, styrene copolymers, in particular styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene block copolymers, polyvinyl chloride or a blend of at least two of the stated thermoplastics. 31. The process as claimed in claim 30, wherein polycarbonate or a blend of polycarbonate with other polymers is used as the thermoplastic. 32. The process as claimed in claim 31, wherein the polycarbonate was produced by the phase boundary process or the melt transesterification process. 33. The process as claimed in claim 29, wherein the elastomer used is styrene-butadiene rubber, natural rubber, butadiene rubber, isoprene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber, hydrogenated nitrile rubber, butyl rubber, halobutyl rubber, chloroprene rubber, ethylene-vinyl acetate rubber, polyurethane rubber, thermoplastic polyurethane, gutta percha, acrylate rubber, fluororubber, silicone rubber, sulfide rubber, chlorosulfonyl-polyethylene rubber or a combination of at least two of the stated elastomers. 34. The process as claimed in claim 18, wherein fillers or reinforcing materials or polymer additives or organic or inorganic pigments, or mixtures thereof, are added to the polymer. | 1,700 |
3,221 | 14,684,400 | 1,792 | The present technology may include a stabilized mass of highly refined cellulose fiber as a prebiotic composition alone or with a probiotic composition. The prebiotic composition may comprise both the prebiotic material blended with and stabilized by highly refined cellulose fiber material. The prebiotic components may be combined with at least 1% by weight of combined probiotic as highly refined cellulose in a blend with the probiotic. The mass may flow as a liquid, may be in a frozen state or may be in a dried powder state or dried solid mass. | 1. A mixture of active probiotic agents stabilized by at least 1% by weight of highly refined cellulose fiber material with respect to the probiotic agents. 2. The mixture of claim 1 wherein the probiotic component has been dry-blended with the probiotic agents. 3. The mixture of claim 2 wherein the blend further comprises a liquid, the blend flowing as a liquid at 20 C and 760 mm Hg atmospheric pressure and 40% relative humidity. 4. The mixture of claim 1 as a frozen mass. 5. The mixture of claim 1 in a dried powder state. 6. A method of stabilizing probiotic materials for oral ingestion comprising steps of:
providing a solid mass of probiotic composition; combining the solid mass of probiotic composition with a highly refined cellulose fiber material present as at least 0.05% by weight of the probiotic composition; and blending the combined egg composition and fiber material into a stabilized probiotic material. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the stabilized material is a dried pourable composition. 8. The method of claim 6 wherein the stabilized composition is frozen. 9. The method of claim 6 wherein the fiber comprises 0.05% to 8% by total weight of the probiotic material. 10. A method for moderating dysphagia comprising: identifying a patient with dysphagia, administering a blend of highly refined cellulose and thickened liquid, the viscosity of the blend being sufficient to assist in moderating swallowing difficulties by the patient. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the highly refined cellulose comprises a mixture of active probiotic agents stabilized by at least 1% by weight of highly refined cellulose fiber material with respect to the probiotic agents 12. A method of providing a prebiotic composition to a patient by administering a prebiotic composition comprising highly refined cellulose as 100% by weight solids of highly refined cellulose, a thickened mass comprising highly refined cellulose and a potable liquid, a solid mass comprising highly refined cellulose and a carrier or a composition comprising highly refined cellulose and a probiotic. 13. The mixture of claim 1 wherein the highly refined cellulose fiber material further comprises a high parenchymal content fiber reagent that has organic fiber plant mass comprising at least 30% by weight of all fiber mass as parenchymal fiber mass and a hydrocolloid bound to the fiber during shearing of an unrefined cellulose fiber mass during formation of a highly refined cellulose mass as a high parenchymal fiber additive product having at least 10% by total weight of insoluble fiber. 14. The mixture of claim 2 wherein the highly refined cellulose fiber material further comprises a high parenchymal content fiber reagent that has organic fiber plant mass comprising at least 30% by weight of all fiber mass as parenchymal fiber mass and a hydrocolloid bound to the fiber during shearing of an unrefined cellulose fiber mass during formation of a highly refined cellulose mass as a high parenchymal fiber additive product having at least 10% by total weight of insoluble fiber. 15. The mixture of claim 5 wherein the highly refined cellulose fiber material further comprises a high parenchymal content fiber reagent that has organic fiber plant mass comprising at least 30% by weight of all fiber mass as parenchymal fiber mass and a hydrocolloid bound to the fiber during shearing of an unrefined cellulose fiber mass during formation of a highly refined cellulose mass as a high parenchymal fiber additive product having at least 10% by total weight of insoluble fiber. 16. The method of claim 6 wherein the highly refined cellulose fiber material further is formed by mixing the probiotic with a high parenchymal content fiber reagent that has organic fiber plant mass comprising at least 30% by weight of all fiber mass as parenchymal fiber mass and a hydrocolloid bound to the fiber during shearing of an unrefined cellulose fiber mass during formation of a highly refined cellulose mass as a high parenchymal fiber additive product having at least 10% by total weight of insoluble fiber. 17. The method of claim 9 wherein the highly refined cellulose fiber material further is formed by mixing the probiotic with a high parenchymal content fiber reagent that has organic fiber plant mass comprising at least 30% by weight of all fiber mass as parenchymal fiber mass and a hydrocolloid bound to the fiber during shearing of an unrefined cellulose fiber mass during formation of a highly refined cellulose mass as a high parenchymal fiber additive product having at least 10% by total weight of insoluble fiber. | The present technology may include a stabilized mass of highly refined cellulose fiber as a prebiotic composition alone or with a probiotic composition. The prebiotic composition may comprise both the prebiotic material blended with and stabilized by highly refined cellulose fiber material. The prebiotic components may be combined with at least 1% by weight of combined probiotic as highly refined cellulose in a blend with the probiotic. The mass may flow as a liquid, may be in a frozen state or may be in a dried powder state or dried solid mass.1. A mixture of active probiotic agents stabilized by at least 1% by weight of highly refined cellulose fiber material with respect to the probiotic agents. 2. The mixture of claim 1 wherein the probiotic component has been dry-blended with the probiotic agents. 3. The mixture of claim 2 wherein the blend further comprises a liquid, the blend flowing as a liquid at 20 C and 760 mm Hg atmospheric pressure and 40% relative humidity. 4. The mixture of claim 1 as a frozen mass. 5. The mixture of claim 1 in a dried powder state. 6. A method of stabilizing probiotic materials for oral ingestion comprising steps of:
providing a solid mass of probiotic composition; combining the solid mass of probiotic composition with a highly refined cellulose fiber material present as at least 0.05% by weight of the probiotic composition; and blending the combined egg composition and fiber material into a stabilized probiotic material. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the stabilized material is a dried pourable composition. 8. The method of claim 6 wherein the stabilized composition is frozen. 9. The method of claim 6 wherein the fiber comprises 0.05% to 8% by total weight of the probiotic material. 10. A method for moderating dysphagia comprising: identifying a patient with dysphagia, administering a blend of highly refined cellulose and thickened liquid, the viscosity of the blend being sufficient to assist in moderating swallowing difficulties by the patient. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the highly refined cellulose comprises a mixture of active probiotic agents stabilized by at least 1% by weight of highly refined cellulose fiber material with respect to the probiotic agents 12. A method of providing a prebiotic composition to a patient by administering a prebiotic composition comprising highly refined cellulose as 100% by weight solids of highly refined cellulose, a thickened mass comprising highly refined cellulose and a potable liquid, a solid mass comprising highly refined cellulose and a carrier or a composition comprising highly refined cellulose and a probiotic. 13. The mixture of claim 1 wherein the highly refined cellulose fiber material further comprises a high parenchymal content fiber reagent that has organic fiber plant mass comprising at least 30% by weight of all fiber mass as parenchymal fiber mass and a hydrocolloid bound to the fiber during shearing of an unrefined cellulose fiber mass during formation of a highly refined cellulose mass as a high parenchymal fiber additive product having at least 10% by total weight of insoluble fiber. 14. The mixture of claim 2 wherein the highly refined cellulose fiber material further comprises a high parenchymal content fiber reagent that has organic fiber plant mass comprising at least 30% by weight of all fiber mass as parenchymal fiber mass and a hydrocolloid bound to the fiber during shearing of an unrefined cellulose fiber mass during formation of a highly refined cellulose mass as a high parenchymal fiber additive product having at least 10% by total weight of insoluble fiber. 15. The mixture of claim 5 wherein the highly refined cellulose fiber material further comprises a high parenchymal content fiber reagent that has organic fiber plant mass comprising at least 30% by weight of all fiber mass as parenchymal fiber mass and a hydrocolloid bound to the fiber during shearing of an unrefined cellulose fiber mass during formation of a highly refined cellulose mass as a high parenchymal fiber additive product having at least 10% by total weight of insoluble fiber. 16. The method of claim 6 wherein the highly refined cellulose fiber material further is formed by mixing the probiotic with a high parenchymal content fiber reagent that has organic fiber plant mass comprising at least 30% by weight of all fiber mass as parenchymal fiber mass and a hydrocolloid bound to the fiber during shearing of an unrefined cellulose fiber mass during formation of a highly refined cellulose mass as a high parenchymal fiber additive product having at least 10% by total weight of insoluble fiber. 17. The method of claim 9 wherein the highly refined cellulose fiber material further is formed by mixing the probiotic with a high parenchymal content fiber reagent that has organic fiber plant mass comprising at least 30% by weight of all fiber mass as parenchymal fiber mass and a hydrocolloid bound to the fiber during shearing of an unrefined cellulose fiber mass during formation of a highly refined cellulose mass as a high parenchymal fiber additive product having at least 10% by total weight of insoluble fiber. | 1,700 |
3,222 | 15,000,919 | 1,711 | The present invention is related to methods, apparatuses, and compositions for controlling water hardness. The methods, apparatuses and compositions also reduce scale formation. The present invention includes substantially water insoluble resin materials. The resin materials may be loaded with a plurality of cations. | 1: A method for treating water comprising:
contacting a water source with a water treatment composition comprising a substantially water insoluble resin material loaded with a plurality of one or more multivalent cations, such that the water is treated, wherein the substantially water insoluble resin is exhausted so that it is unable to perform ion exchange. 2: The method of claim 1, wherein the resin material comprises a weak acid cation resin. 3. (canceled) 4: The method of claim 1, wherein the multivalent cations comprise a mixture of calcium and magnesium ions. 5: The method of claim 1, wherein the composition does not precipitate water hardness ions out of the source of water when contacted with the water. 6: The method of claim 1, wherein the step of contacting comprises passing the water through a treatment reservoir containing the composition. 7: The method of claim 1, further comprising agitating the composition during the contacting step, heating the water source prior to the contacting step, and/or increasing the pH of the water source prior to the contacting step. 8-10. (canceled) 11: The method of claim 1, wherein the treated water reduces scale formation on a surface contacted by the treated water. 12: The method of claim 1, wherein the resin material is selected from the group consisting of a gel type resin structure, a macroporous type resin structure, and combinations thereof. 13. (canceled) 14: The method of claim 1, wherein the weak acid cation resin is selected from the consisting of a crosslinked acrylic acid polymer, a crosslinked methacrylic acid polymer, and mixtures thereof. 15-19. (canceled) 20: A method for reducing scale formation in an aqueous system comprising:
contacting the aqueous system with a composition comprising a substantially water insoluble weak acid cation resin material loaded with a plurality of multivalent cations, such that scale formation in the aqueous system is reduced; wherein the substantially water insoluble weak acid cation resin is exhausted so that it is unable to perform ion exchange. 21: The method of claim 20, wherein the step of contacting comprises passing the water through a treatment reservoir containing the composition. 22: The method of claim 20, further comprising agitating the composition during the contacting step, heating the water source prior to the contacting step, and/or increasing the pH of the water source prior to the contacting step. 23: The method of claim 20, wherein the weak acid cation resin material is selected from the group consisting of a gel type resin structure, a macroporous type resin structure, and combinations thereof. 24: The method of claim 20, wherein the weak acid cation resin is selected from the consisting of a crosslinked acrylic acid polymer, a crosslinked methacrylic acid polymer, and mixtures thereof. 25: The method of claim 24, wherein resin polymers have additional copolymers added selected from the group consisting of butadiene, ethylene, propylene, acrylonitrile, styrene, vinylidene chloride, vinyl chloride, and derivatives and mixtures thereof. 26: The method of claim 24, wherein the acrylic acid polymer is crosslinked with a polyvinyl aromatic composition selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl aromatics such as divinyl benzene, trivinyl benzene, divinyl toluene, divinyl xylene, polyvinyl anthracene, and derivatives and mixtures thereof. 27: A method for treating water comprising:
contacting a water source with a water treatment composition such that the water is treated;
wherein the water treatment composition consisting essentially of a substantially water insoluble weak acid cation resin material;
wherein the substantially water insoluble weak acid cation exchange resin is loaded with a plurality of one or more multivalent cations,
wherein the substantially water insoluble weak acid cation exchange resin is exhausted so that it is unable to perform ion exchange,
wherein the substantially water insoluble weak acid cation exchange resin is selected from the group consisting of a gel type resin structure, a macroporous type resin structure, and combinations thereof, and
wherein the substantially water insoluble weak acid cation exchange resin comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of a crosslinked acrylic acid polymer, a crosslinked methacrylic acid polymer, and mixtures thereof. 28: The method of claim 27, further comprising agitating the composition during the contacting step, heating the water source prior to the contacting step, and/or increasing the pH of the water source prior to the contacting step. 29: The method of claim 27, wherein the acrylic acid polymer is crosslinked with a polyvinyl aromatic composition selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl aromatics such as divinyl benzene, trivinyl benzene, divinyl toluene, divinyl xylem, polyvinyl anthracene, and derivatives and mixtures thereof. 30: The method of claim 27, wherein the step of contacting comprises passing the water through a treatment reservoir containing the water treatment composition. | The present invention is related to methods, apparatuses, and compositions for controlling water hardness. The methods, apparatuses and compositions also reduce scale formation. The present invention includes substantially water insoluble resin materials. The resin materials may be loaded with a plurality of cations.1: A method for treating water comprising:
contacting a water source with a water treatment composition comprising a substantially water insoluble resin material loaded with a plurality of one or more multivalent cations, such that the water is treated, wherein the substantially water insoluble resin is exhausted so that it is unable to perform ion exchange. 2: The method of claim 1, wherein the resin material comprises a weak acid cation resin. 3. (canceled) 4: The method of claim 1, wherein the multivalent cations comprise a mixture of calcium and magnesium ions. 5: The method of claim 1, wherein the composition does not precipitate water hardness ions out of the source of water when contacted with the water. 6: The method of claim 1, wherein the step of contacting comprises passing the water through a treatment reservoir containing the composition. 7: The method of claim 1, further comprising agitating the composition during the contacting step, heating the water source prior to the contacting step, and/or increasing the pH of the water source prior to the contacting step. 8-10. (canceled) 11: The method of claim 1, wherein the treated water reduces scale formation on a surface contacted by the treated water. 12: The method of claim 1, wherein the resin material is selected from the group consisting of a gel type resin structure, a macroporous type resin structure, and combinations thereof. 13. (canceled) 14: The method of claim 1, wherein the weak acid cation resin is selected from the consisting of a crosslinked acrylic acid polymer, a crosslinked methacrylic acid polymer, and mixtures thereof. 15-19. (canceled) 20: A method for reducing scale formation in an aqueous system comprising:
contacting the aqueous system with a composition comprising a substantially water insoluble weak acid cation resin material loaded with a plurality of multivalent cations, such that scale formation in the aqueous system is reduced; wherein the substantially water insoluble weak acid cation resin is exhausted so that it is unable to perform ion exchange. 21: The method of claim 20, wherein the step of contacting comprises passing the water through a treatment reservoir containing the composition. 22: The method of claim 20, further comprising agitating the composition during the contacting step, heating the water source prior to the contacting step, and/or increasing the pH of the water source prior to the contacting step. 23: The method of claim 20, wherein the weak acid cation resin material is selected from the group consisting of a gel type resin structure, a macroporous type resin structure, and combinations thereof. 24: The method of claim 20, wherein the weak acid cation resin is selected from the consisting of a crosslinked acrylic acid polymer, a crosslinked methacrylic acid polymer, and mixtures thereof. 25: The method of claim 24, wherein resin polymers have additional copolymers added selected from the group consisting of butadiene, ethylene, propylene, acrylonitrile, styrene, vinylidene chloride, vinyl chloride, and derivatives and mixtures thereof. 26: The method of claim 24, wherein the acrylic acid polymer is crosslinked with a polyvinyl aromatic composition selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl aromatics such as divinyl benzene, trivinyl benzene, divinyl toluene, divinyl xylene, polyvinyl anthracene, and derivatives and mixtures thereof. 27: A method for treating water comprising:
contacting a water source with a water treatment composition such that the water is treated;
wherein the water treatment composition consisting essentially of a substantially water insoluble weak acid cation resin material;
wherein the substantially water insoluble weak acid cation exchange resin is loaded with a plurality of one or more multivalent cations,
wherein the substantially water insoluble weak acid cation exchange resin is exhausted so that it is unable to perform ion exchange,
wherein the substantially water insoluble weak acid cation exchange resin is selected from the group consisting of a gel type resin structure, a macroporous type resin structure, and combinations thereof, and
wherein the substantially water insoluble weak acid cation exchange resin comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of a crosslinked acrylic acid polymer, a crosslinked methacrylic acid polymer, and mixtures thereof. 28: The method of claim 27, further comprising agitating the composition during the contacting step, heating the water source prior to the contacting step, and/or increasing the pH of the water source prior to the contacting step. 29: The method of claim 27, wherein the acrylic acid polymer is crosslinked with a polyvinyl aromatic composition selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl aromatics such as divinyl benzene, trivinyl benzene, divinyl toluene, divinyl xylem, polyvinyl anthracene, and derivatives and mixtures thereof. 30: The method of claim 27, wherein the step of contacting comprises passing the water through a treatment reservoir containing the water treatment composition. | 1,700 |
3,223 | 15,202,436 | 1,783 | Heterogeneous surfaces to tailor bubble nucleation, bubble sites, and bubble dynamics. In some embodiments, piezoelectric inkjet printing is employed to deposit hydrophobic polymer dot arrays having any predetermined pattern. In some further embodiments, a field region comprising hydrophilic nanostructures further surrounds these dot arrays. The hydrophobic sites may be disposed at a crater bottom to enhancing wicking and replenishment of evaporate. In some embodiments, a heat exchanger comprises the heterogeneous surface for enhanced critical heat flux. In some embodiments, an apparatus for conveying information comprises the heterogeneous surface to generate a 2D binary image with each bubble serving as an image pixel that corresponds to one or more site within the heterogeneous surface. | 1. An apparatus, comprising:
a substrate; a hydrophobic thin-film material disposed on a first region of the substrate; and a hydrophilic nanostructured thin-film material disposed on a second region of the substrate adjacent to the first region, wherein a top surface of the hydrophobic material is recessed below a top surface of the hydrophilic material. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
an average thickness of the hydrophobic thin-film material is less than that of the hydrophilic material. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the hydrophobic material comprises a polymer dot having a lateral dimension of at least 1 μm; and the hydrophilic material surrounds a circumference of the polymer dot. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein:
the hydrophobic material has a film thickness of at least 10 nm; the hydrophilic material comprises nanoparticles having a average diameter of less than 400 nm and has a film thickness of at least 100 nm; and the top surface of the of the hydrophobic material is recessed from a top surface of the hydrophilic material by at least 10 nm. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the hydrophobic thin-film material comprises PFPE; and the hydrophilic thin-film material comprises ZnO. 6. A heat exchanger vessel having a biphilic working surface including a spatial array of features comprising a hydrophobic or hydrophilic material of a first nominal thickness within a field comprising hydrophilic or hydrophobic material of a second nominal thickness. 7. The heat exchanger vessel of claim 6, wherein the first nominal thickness is less than the second nominal thickness. 8. The heat exchanger vessel of claim 7, wherein:
the first nominal thickness is 10-1000 nm; and the second nominal thickness is 100-10,000 nm. 9. The heat exchanger vessel of claim 6, wherein:
each of the features comprises a hydrophobic material; and the field comprises a hydrophilic nanostructured material. 10. The heat exchanger vessel of claim 6, wherein:
each of the features comprises a polymer dot having a lateral dimension of at least 1 μm; and the hydrophilic nanostructured material comprises nanoparticles having an average diameter less than 400 nm. 11. The heat exchanger vessel of claim 6, wherein:
each of the features comprises a hydrophilic nanostructured material; and the field comprises a hydrophilic material. 12. The vessel of claim 11, wherein:
each of the features has a lateral dimension of at least 1 μm; and the hydrophilic nanostructured material comprises nanoparticles having an average diameter less than 400 nm. 13. The vessel of claim 6, wherein the spatial array spans an area of at least 1 mm2. 14. The vessel of claim 6, wherein:
the spatial array comprises a plurality of feature sets, nearest neighbors within a set spaced apart by a smaller distance than nearest neighbors of two adjacent sets. 15. A heat exchanger, comprising:
a vessel having an heterogeneous interior surface comprising:
a spatial array of features disposed over a first region of the vessel, each feature further comprising a hydrophobic material, and having a lateral dimension of at least 1 μm; and
a hydrophilic nanostructured material disposed over the first region and surrounding the features within the array, wherein a top surface of the hydrophobic material is recessed below a top surface of the hydrophilic nanostructured material. 16. The heat exchanger of claim 15, wherein the hydrophilic nanostructured material is to conduct a working fluid toward one or more of the hydrophobic material features. 17. The heat exchanger of claim 16, further comprising the working fluid disposed within the vessel, the working fluid to evaporate from the hydrophobic material. 18. The heat exchanger of claim 17, wherein the working fluid is further to condense upon the hydrophilic nanostructured thin-film material. 19. The heat exchanger of claim 15, wherein:
the hydrophobic material has a film thickness of at least 10 nm; the hydrophilic material comprises nanoparticles having a average diameter of less than 400 nm, and has a film thickness of at least 100 nm; and the top surface of the of the hydrophobic material is recessed from a top surface of the hydrophilic material by at least 10 nm. 20. A method of fabricating a heterogeneous surface on a substrate, the method comprising:
receiving the substrate; printing a hydrophobic or hydrophilic material feature over a first region of the substrate; drying or curing the printed material; and selectively depositing a hydrophilic or hydrophobic nanostructured thin-film material over a second region of the substrate adjacent to the hydrophobic thin-film material feature. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein:
printing the hydrophobic or hydrophilic material further comprises printing a spatial array of hydrophobic material features over the substrate. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the presence of the hydrophobic material feature blocks deposition of the hydrophilic nanostructured thin-film material within the first region. 23. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
depositing a seed layer over the first and second regions of the substrate; and wherein: printing the feature over the first region further comprises printing a hydrophobic thin-film dot over the seed layer; and selectively depositing the nanostructured thin-film material further comprises depositing a hydrophilic nanostructured thin-film material over the seed layer where not masked by the hydrophobic thin-film dot. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the printing further comprises inkjet printing of a hydrophobic polymer dot array. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the selective deposition further comprises a solution-based deposition. Microreactor-Assisted Nanoparticle Deposition. 26. A method of conveying information, the method comprising:
forming a predetermined two-dimensional (2D) pattern comprising a plurality of sites spatially arrayed over a surface area of a substrate, each site comprising a first material; forming a field material over the substrate and surrounding the sites, wherein the field material provides a wettability contrast with the first material; contacting the substrate surface area with a liquid; and heating the liquid to a temperature sufficient to nucleate a 2D pattern of vapor bubbles that is dependent on the 2D pattern of sites and indicative of the information. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the 2D pattern of vapor bubbles forms a binary image with each of the vapor bubbles corresponding to one or more of the sites. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the binary image comprises one or more alpha numeric character. 29. The method of claim 26, wherein forming the 2D pattern of sites further comprises:
printing a hydrophobic or hydrophilic material feature over a first region of the substrate; drying or curing the printed material; and selectively depositing a hydrophilic or hydrophobic nanostructured thin-film material over a second region of the substrate adjacent to the hydrophobic thin-film material feature. 30. An apparatus for conveying information, the method comprising:
a predetermined two-dimensional (2D) pattern comprising a plurality of sites spatially arrayed over a surface area of a substrate, each site comprising a first material; a field material over the substrate and surrounding the sites, wherein the field material provides a wettability contrast with the first material; a liquid in contact with the substrate surface area; and a heater to heat the liquid to a temperature sufficient to nucleate a 2D pattern of vapor bubbles that is dependent on the 2D pattern of sites and indicative of the information. 31. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the 2D pattern of vapor bubbles forms a binary image with each of the vapor bubbles corresponding to one or more of the sites. 32. The method of claim 26, wherein the binary image comprises one or more alpha numeric character. | Heterogeneous surfaces to tailor bubble nucleation, bubble sites, and bubble dynamics. In some embodiments, piezoelectric inkjet printing is employed to deposit hydrophobic polymer dot arrays having any predetermined pattern. In some further embodiments, a field region comprising hydrophilic nanostructures further surrounds these dot arrays. The hydrophobic sites may be disposed at a crater bottom to enhancing wicking and replenishment of evaporate. In some embodiments, a heat exchanger comprises the heterogeneous surface for enhanced critical heat flux. In some embodiments, an apparatus for conveying information comprises the heterogeneous surface to generate a 2D binary image with each bubble serving as an image pixel that corresponds to one or more site within the heterogeneous surface.1. An apparatus, comprising:
a substrate; a hydrophobic thin-film material disposed on a first region of the substrate; and a hydrophilic nanostructured thin-film material disposed on a second region of the substrate adjacent to the first region, wherein a top surface of the hydrophobic material is recessed below a top surface of the hydrophilic material. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
an average thickness of the hydrophobic thin-film material is less than that of the hydrophilic material. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the hydrophobic material comprises a polymer dot having a lateral dimension of at least 1 μm; and the hydrophilic material surrounds a circumference of the polymer dot. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein:
the hydrophobic material has a film thickness of at least 10 nm; the hydrophilic material comprises nanoparticles having a average diameter of less than 400 nm and has a film thickness of at least 100 nm; and the top surface of the of the hydrophobic material is recessed from a top surface of the hydrophilic material by at least 10 nm. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the hydrophobic thin-film material comprises PFPE; and the hydrophilic thin-film material comprises ZnO. 6. A heat exchanger vessel having a biphilic working surface including a spatial array of features comprising a hydrophobic or hydrophilic material of a first nominal thickness within a field comprising hydrophilic or hydrophobic material of a second nominal thickness. 7. The heat exchanger vessel of claim 6, wherein the first nominal thickness is less than the second nominal thickness. 8. The heat exchanger vessel of claim 7, wherein:
the first nominal thickness is 10-1000 nm; and the second nominal thickness is 100-10,000 nm. 9. The heat exchanger vessel of claim 6, wherein:
each of the features comprises a hydrophobic material; and the field comprises a hydrophilic nanostructured material. 10. The heat exchanger vessel of claim 6, wherein:
each of the features comprises a polymer dot having a lateral dimension of at least 1 μm; and the hydrophilic nanostructured material comprises nanoparticles having an average diameter less than 400 nm. 11. The heat exchanger vessel of claim 6, wherein:
each of the features comprises a hydrophilic nanostructured material; and the field comprises a hydrophilic material. 12. The vessel of claim 11, wherein:
each of the features has a lateral dimension of at least 1 μm; and the hydrophilic nanostructured material comprises nanoparticles having an average diameter less than 400 nm. 13. The vessel of claim 6, wherein the spatial array spans an area of at least 1 mm2. 14. The vessel of claim 6, wherein:
the spatial array comprises a plurality of feature sets, nearest neighbors within a set spaced apart by a smaller distance than nearest neighbors of two adjacent sets. 15. A heat exchanger, comprising:
a vessel having an heterogeneous interior surface comprising:
a spatial array of features disposed over a first region of the vessel, each feature further comprising a hydrophobic material, and having a lateral dimension of at least 1 μm; and
a hydrophilic nanostructured material disposed over the first region and surrounding the features within the array, wherein a top surface of the hydrophobic material is recessed below a top surface of the hydrophilic nanostructured material. 16. The heat exchanger of claim 15, wherein the hydrophilic nanostructured material is to conduct a working fluid toward one or more of the hydrophobic material features. 17. The heat exchanger of claim 16, further comprising the working fluid disposed within the vessel, the working fluid to evaporate from the hydrophobic material. 18. The heat exchanger of claim 17, wherein the working fluid is further to condense upon the hydrophilic nanostructured thin-film material. 19. The heat exchanger of claim 15, wherein:
the hydrophobic material has a film thickness of at least 10 nm; the hydrophilic material comprises nanoparticles having a average diameter of less than 400 nm, and has a film thickness of at least 100 nm; and the top surface of the of the hydrophobic material is recessed from a top surface of the hydrophilic material by at least 10 nm. 20. A method of fabricating a heterogeneous surface on a substrate, the method comprising:
receiving the substrate; printing a hydrophobic or hydrophilic material feature over a first region of the substrate; drying or curing the printed material; and selectively depositing a hydrophilic or hydrophobic nanostructured thin-film material over a second region of the substrate adjacent to the hydrophobic thin-film material feature. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein:
printing the hydrophobic or hydrophilic material further comprises printing a spatial array of hydrophobic material features over the substrate. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the presence of the hydrophobic material feature blocks deposition of the hydrophilic nanostructured thin-film material within the first region. 23. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
depositing a seed layer over the first and second regions of the substrate; and wherein: printing the feature over the first region further comprises printing a hydrophobic thin-film dot over the seed layer; and selectively depositing the nanostructured thin-film material further comprises depositing a hydrophilic nanostructured thin-film material over the seed layer where not masked by the hydrophobic thin-film dot. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the printing further comprises inkjet printing of a hydrophobic polymer dot array. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the selective deposition further comprises a solution-based deposition. Microreactor-Assisted Nanoparticle Deposition. 26. A method of conveying information, the method comprising:
forming a predetermined two-dimensional (2D) pattern comprising a plurality of sites spatially arrayed over a surface area of a substrate, each site comprising a first material; forming a field material over the substrate and surrounding the sites, wherein the field material provides a wettability contrast with the first material; contacting the substrate surface area with a liquid; and heating the liquid to a temperature sufficient to nucleate a 2D pattern of vapor bubbles that is dependent on the 2D pattern of sites and indicative of the information. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the 2D pattern of vapor bubbles forms a binary image with each of the vapor bubbles corresponding to one or more of the sites. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the binary image comprises one or more alpha numeric character. 29. The method of claim 26, wherein forming the 2D pattern of sites further comprises:
printing a hydrophobic or hydrophilic material feature over a first region of the substrate; drying or curing the printed material; and selectively depositing a hydrophilic or hydrophobic nanostructured thin-film material over a second region of the substrate adjacent to the hydrophobic thin-film material feature. 30. An apparatus for conveying information, the method comprising:
a predetermined two-dimensional (2D) pattern comprising a plurality of sites spatially arrayed over a surface area of a substrate, each site comprising a first material; a field material over the substrate and surrounding the sites, wherein the field material provides a wettability contrast with the first material; a liquid in contact with the substrate surface area; and a heater to heat the liquid to a temperature sufficient to nucleate a 2D pattern of vapor bubbles that is dependent on the 2D pattern of sites and indicative of the information. 31. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the 2D pattern of vapor bubbles forms a binary image with each of the vapor bubbles corresponding to one or more of the sites. 32. The method of claim 26, wherein the binary image comprises one or more alpha numeric character. | 1,700 |
3,224 | 14,862,400 | 1,794 | A method of removing entrained salt containing water from an inlet crude oil stream includes the steps of applying an electrical energy to at least one electrode of a plurality of horizontally oriented, spaced-apart electrodes ( 12, 14, 16 ) housed within an elongated desalting vessel ( 10 ) and distributing an inlet crude oil stream between the electrodes. Each electrode in the plurality of electrodes is housed in an upper portion of the desalting vessel and may be in communication with a first, second and third transformer ( 42, 44, 46 ), respectively. The electrical energy may be at a single frequency and voltage or at a modulated voltage. Or, the electrical energy may be a modulated frequency at a single or modulated voltage. Fresh water may be mixed with the inlet crude oil stream either exteriorly or interiorly of the vessel. | 1. An elongated horizontal vessel comprising:
a lower, an upper, and a middle electrode, each electrode oriented in a horizontal plane and sharing a same vertical plane; at least one transformer in communication with at least one of the lower, upper and middle electrodes; a vertically oriented pipe in communication with a crude oil stream inlet; the at least one transformer providing an electrical energy having a frequency greater than 60 Hz; the vertically oriented pipe having means for horizontally distributing a crude oil stream between the lower and middle electrode and the middle and upper electrode. 2. An elongated horizontal vessel according to claim 1 further comprising a fresh water inlet in communication with a crude oil stream inlet. | A method of removing entrained salt containing water from an inlet crude oil stream includes the steps of applying an electrical energy to at least one electrode of a plurality of horizontally oriented, spaced-apart electrodes ( 12, 14, 16 ) housed within an elongated desalting vessel ( 10 ) and distributing an inlet crude oil stream between the electrodes. Each electrode in the plurality of electrodes is housed in an upper portion of the desalting vessel and may be in communication with a first, second and third transformer ( 42, 44, 46 ), respectively. The electrical energy may be at a single frequency and voltage or at a modulated voltage. Or, the electrical energy may be a modulated frequency at a single or modulated voltage. Fresh water may be mixed with the inlet crude oil stream either exteriorly or interiorly of the vessel.1. An elongated horizontal vessel comprising:
a lower, an upper, and a middle electrode, each electrode oriented in a horizontal plane and sharing a same vertical plane; at least one transformer in communication with at least one of the lower, upper and middle electrodes; a vertically oriented pipe in communication with a crude oil stream inlet; the at least one transformer providing an electrical energy having a frequency greater than 60 Hz; the vertically oriented pipe having means for horizontally distributing a crude oil stream between the lower and middle electrode and the middle and upper electrode. 2. An elongated horizontal vessel according to claim 1 further comprising a fresh water inlet in communication with a crude oil stream inlet. | 1,700 |
3,225 | 15,050,659 | 1,736 | A granular cohered MOP fertilizer having one or more micronutrients, and one or more binding ingredients. The fertilizer is prepared by compacting MOP feed material with one or more micronutrients and one or more optional binders to form a cohered MOP composition. The cohered MOP composition is then further processed, such as by crushing and sizing, to form a cohered granular MOP product containing micronutrients. The process yields a fertilizer product containing micronutrients with superior elemental and granule size distribution without comprising handling or storage qualities. | 1. A cohered MOP product containing one or more micronutrients, the MOP product being formed from a compacted MOP composition, the composition comprising:
potassium chloride in an amount from about 99.999 weight percent to about 0.001 weight percent; at least one micronutrient component in an amount from about 0.001 weight percent to about 99.999 weight percent, wherein each of the at least one micronutrient component is available as a metal ion in a compound. 2. The MOP product of claim 1, wherein the MOP product comprises a plurality of cohered MOP granules formed from crushing and size classifying the compacted MOP composition. 3. The MOP product of claim 2, wherein the at least one micronutrient component is uniformly distributed throughout each of the cohered MOP granules, thereby being adapted to provide a uniform application of micronutrients to a growing area to facilitate greater access of micronutrients to a root zone of a plant in the growing area compared to uncompacted dry blends. 4. The MOP product of claim 2, wherein the plurality of cohered MOP granules has a substantially uniform size distribution to reduce or eliminate segregation during material handling and transfer otherwise due to size migration of granules. 5. The MOP product of claim 1, wherein a source of the potassium chloride comprises MOP having a chemical profile of either 0-0-60 weight percent K2O or a 0-0-62 weight percent K2O based on a N—P2O5—K2O convention. 6. The MOP product of claim 5, wherein the source of the potassium chloride comprises MOP having a chemical profile of 0-0-60 weight percent K2O based on the N—P2O5—K2O convention. 7. The MOP product of claim 5, wherein the source of the potassium chloride comprises MOP having a chemical profile of 0-0-62 weight percent K2O based on the N—P2O5—K2O convention. 8. The MOP product of claim 1, wherein the at least one micronutrient is selected from the group consisting of boron (B), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) copper (Cu), sulfur (S) in its elemental form, sulfur in its oxidized sulfate form (SO4), and combinations thereof. 9. The MOP product of claim 1, wherein the one or more micronutrients are present in the composition in a range from about 0.001 to about 10 weight percent. 10. The MOP product of claim 1, the composition further comprising a binding agent. 11. The MOP product of claim 10, wherein the binding agent is selected from the group consisting of sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), tetra-sodium pyrophosphate (TSPP), tetra-potassium pyrophosphate (TKPP), sodium tri-polyphosphate (STPP); di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP), granular mono-ammonium phosphate (GMAP), potassium silicate, sodium silicate, starch, dextran, lignosulfonate, bentonite, montmorillonite, kaolin, or combinations thereof. 12. A method of producing a cohered MOP product containing micronutrients comprising:
providing an MOP composition including potassium chloride in an amount from about 99.999 weight percent to about 0.001 weight percent, and at least one micronutrient component in an amount from about 0.001 weight percent to about 99.999 weight percent, wherein each of the at least one micronutrient component is available as a metal ion in a compound; compacting the MOP composition to form a compacted MOP composition; crushing the MOP composition into granules to produce the cohered MOP product. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising:
classifying the granules of cohered MOP product by size. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein a size distribution of the granules is substantially uniform, and wherein granules that are non-conforming are resized until conformance. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the at least one micronutrient is selected from the group consisting of boron (B), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), sulfur (S) in its elemental form, sulfur in its oxidized sulfate form (SO4), and combinations thereof. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein providing an MOP composition includes providing a plurality of micronutrients to the potassium chloride, each of the micronutrients being added separately and blended before compaction. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein providing an MOP composition includes providing a plurality of micronutrients to the potassium chloride, the micronutrients being blended in bulk before addition into the potassium chloride. 18. The method of claim 12, further comprising adding a binding agent to the MOP composition before compaction. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the binding agent is selected from the group consisting of sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), tetra-sodium pyrophosphate (TSPP), tetra-potassium pyrophosphate (TKPP), sodium tri-polyphosphate (STPP); di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP), granular mono-ammonium phosphate (GMAP), potassium silicate, sodium silicate, starch, dextran, lignosulfonate, bentonite, montmorillonite, kaolin, or combinations thereof. 20. The method of claim 12, wherein the one or more micronutrients are present in the composition in a range from about 0.001 to about 10 weight percent. | A granular cohered MOP fertilizer having one or more micronutrients, and one or more binding ingredients. The fertilizer is prepared by compacting MOP feed material with one or more micronutrients and one or more optional binders to form a cohered MOP composition. The cohered MOP composition is then further processed, such as by crushing and sizing, to form a cohered granular MOP product containing micronutrients. The process yields a fertilizer product containing micronutrients with superior elemental and granule size distribution without comprising handling or storage qualities.1. A cohered MOP product containing one or more micronutrients, the MOP product being formed from a compacted MOP composition, the composition comprising:
potassium chloride in an amount from about 99.999 weight percent to about 0.001 weight percent; at least one micronutrient component in an amount from about 0.001 weight percent to about 99.999 weight percent, wherein each of the at least one micronutrient component is available as a metal ion in a compound. 2. The MOP product of claim 1, wherein the MOP product comprises a plurality of cohered MOP granules formed from crushing and size classifying the compacted MOP composition. 3. The MOP product of claim 2, wherein the at least one micronutrient component is uniformly distributed throughout each of the cohered MOP granules, thereby being adapted to provide a uniform application of micronutrients to a growing area to facilitate greater access of micronutrients to a root zone of a plant in the growing area compared to uncompacted dry blends. 4. The MOP product of claim 2, wherein the plurality of cohered MOP granules has a substantially uniform size distribution to reduce or eliminate segregation during material handling and transfer otherwise due to size migration of granules. 5. The MOP product of claim 1, wherein a source of the potassium chloride comprises MOP having a chemical profile of either 0-0-60 weight percent K2O or a 0-0-62 weight percent K2O based on a N—P2O5—K2O convention. 6. The MOP product of claim 5, wherein the source of the potassium chloride comprises MOP having a chemical profile of 0-0-60 weight percent K2O based on the N—P2O5—K2O convention. 7. The MOP product of claim 5, wherein the source of the potassium chloride comprises MOP having a chemical profile of 0-0-62 weight percent K2O based on the N—P2O5—K2O convention. 8. The MOP product of claim 1, wherein the at least one micronutrient is selected from the group consisting of boron (B), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) copper (Cu), sulfur (S) in its elemental form, sulfur in its oxidized sulfate form (SO4), and combinations thereof. 9. The MOP product of claim 1, wherein the one or more micronutrients are present in the composition in a range from about 0.001 to about 10 weight percent. 10. The MOP product of claim 1, the composition further comprising a binding agent. 11. The MOP product of claim 10, wherein the binding agent is selected from the group consisting of sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), tetra-sodium pyrophosphate (TSPP), tetra-potassium pyrophosphate (TKPP), sodium tri-polyphosphate (STPP); di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP), granular mono-ammonium phosphate (GMAP), potassium silicate, sodium silicate, starch, dextran, lignosulfonate, bentonite, montmorillonite, kaolin, or combinations thereof. 12. A method of producing a cohered MOP product containing micronutrients comprising:
providing an MOP composition including potassium chloride in an amount from about 99.999 weight percent to about 0.001 weight percent, and at least one micronutrient component in an amount from about 0.001 weight percent to about 99.999 weight percent, wherein each of the at least one micronutrient component is available as a metal ion in a compound; compacting the MOP composition to form a compacted MOP composition; crushing the MOP composition into granules to produce the cohered MOP product. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising:
classifying the granules of cohered MOP product by size. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein a size distribution of the granules is substantially uniform, and wherein granules that are non-conforming are resized until conformance. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the at least one micronutrient is selected from the group consisting of boron (B), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), sulfur (S) in its elemental form, sulfur in its oxidized sulfate form (SO4), and combinations thereof. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein providing an MOP composition includes providing a plurality of micronutrients to the potassium chloride, each of the micronutrients being added separately and blended before compaction. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein providing an MOP composition includes providing a plurality of micronutrients to the potassium chloride, the micronutrients being blended in bulk before addition into the potassium chloride. 18. The method of claim 12, further comprising adding a binding agent to the MOP composition before compaction. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the binding agent is selected from the group consisting of sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), tetra-sodium pyrophosphate (TSPP), tetra-potassium pyrophosphate (TKPP), sodium tri-polyphosphate (STPP); di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP), granular mono-ammonium phosphate (GMAP), potassium silicate, sodium silicate, starch, dextran, lignosulfonate, bentonite, montmorillonite, kaolin, or combinations thereof. 20. The method of claim 12, wherein the one or more micronutrients are present in the composition in a range from about 0.001 to about 10 weight percent. | 1,700 |
3,226 | 14,732,687 | 1,786 | An insulated wire includes a conductor, and an insulating cover layer including an inner layer on an outer periphery of the conductor and an outer layer on an outer periphery of the inner layer. The inner layer includes a halogen-free resin composition including base polymer (A), which includes a first ethylene-α-olefin copolymer (a1) and a second ethylene-α-olefin copolymer (a2) at a ratio of 50:50 to 90:10, the first ethylene-α-olefin copolymer (a1) having a density of not less than 0.864 g/cm3 and not more than 0.890 g/cm3, a melting point of not more than 90° C. and a melt flow rate of not less than 1 g/10 min and not more than 5 g/10 min, and the second ethylene-α-olefin copolymer (a2) having a melting point of not less than 55° C. and not more than 80° C. and a melt flow rate of not less than 30 g/10 min. | 1. An insulated wire, comprising:
a conductor; and an insulating cover layer comprising an inner layer on an outer periphery of the conductor and an outer layer on an outer periphery of the inner layer, wherein the inner layer comprises a halogen-free resin composition comprising 100 parts by mass of base polymer (A), not less than 80 parts by mass and not more than 150 parts by mass of inorganic filler (B) and a cross-linking agent (C), wherein the base polymer (A) comprises a first ethylene-α-olefin copolymer (a1) and a second ethylene-α-olefin copolymer (a2) at a ratio of 50:50 to 90:10, the first ethylene-α-olefin copolymer (a1) having a density of not less than 0.864 g/cm3 and not more than 0.890 g/cm3, a melting point of not more than 90° C. and a melt flow rate of not less than 1 g/10 min and not more than 5 g/10 min, and the second ethylene-α-olefin copolymer (a2) having a melting point of not less than 55° C. and not more than 80° C. and a melt flow rate of not less than 30 g/10 min, wherein the outer layer comprises a halogen-free flame-retardant resin composition comprising 100 parts by mass of base polymer (D) and not less than 100 parts by mass and not more than 250 parts by mass of halogen-free flame retardant (E), wherein the base polymer (D) comprises an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (d1) comprising an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer with a melting point of not less than 70° C. and an acid-modified polyolefin resin (d2) having a glass-transition temperature of not more than −55° C. at a ratio of 70:30 to 99:1, and wherein the base polymer (D) further comprises not less than 25 mass % and not more than 50 mass % of vinyl acetate component derived from the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (d1). 2. The insulated wire according to claim 1, wherein an average particle size of the inorganic filler (B) is not less than 0.8 μm and not more than 2.5 μm. 3. The insulated wire according to claim 1, wherein the ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer with a melting point of not less than 70° C. has a melt flow rate of not less than 6 g/10 min. 4. The insulated wire according to claim 1, wherein the halogen-free flame retardant (E) comprises a metal hydroxide. 5. The insulated wire according to claim 1, wherein the halogen-free flame retardant (E) is treated by silane or fatty acid. | An insulated wire includes a conductor, and an insulating cover layer including an inner layer on an outer periphery of the conductor and an outer layer on an outer periphery of the inner layer. The inner layer includes a halogen-free resin composition including base polymer (A), which includes a first ethylene-α-olefin copolymer (a1) and a second ethylene-α-olefin copolymer (a2) at a ratio of 50:50 to 90:10, the first ethylene-α-olefin copolymer (a1) having a density of not less than 0.864 g/cm3 and not more than 0.890 g/cm3, a melting point of not more than 90° C. and a melt flow rate of not less than 1 g/10 min and not more than 5 g/10 min, and the second ethylene-α-olefin copolymer (a2) having a melting point of not less than 55° C. and not more than 80° C. and a melt flow rate of not less than 30 g/10 min.1. An insulated wire, comprising:
a conductor; and an insulating cover layer comprising an inner layer on an outer periphery of the conductor and an outer layer on an outer periphery of the inner layer, wherein the inner layer comprises a halogen-free resin composition comprising 100 parts by mass of base polymer (A), not less than 80 parts by mass and not more than 150 parts by mass of inorganic filler (B) and a cross-linking agent (C), wherein the base polymer (A) comprises a first ethylene-α-olefin copolymer (a1) and a second ethylene-α-olefin copolymer (a2) at a ratio of 50:50 to 90:10, the first ethylene-α-olefin copolymer (a1) having a density of not less than 0.864 g/cm3 and not more than 0.890 g/cm3, a melting point of not more than 90° C. and a melt flow rate of not less than 1 g/10 min and not more than 5 g/10 min, and the second ethylene-α-olefin copolymer (a2) having a melting point of not less than 55° C. and not more than 80° C. and a melt flow rate of not less than 30 g/10 min, wherein the outer layer comprises a halogen-free flame-retardant resin composition comprising 100 parts by mass of base polymer (D) and not less than 100 parts by mass and not more than 250 parts by mass of halogen-free flame retardant (E), wherein the base polymer (D) comprises an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (d1) comprising an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer with a melting point of not less than 70° C. and an acid-modified polyolefin resin (d2) having a glass-transition temperature of not more than −55° C. at a ratio of 70:30 to 99:1, and wherein the base polymer (D) further comprises not less than 25 mass % and not more than 50 mass % of vinyl acetate component derived from the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (d1). 2. The insulated wire according to claim 1, wherein an average particle size of the inorganic filler (B) is not less than 0.8 μm and not more than 2.5 μm. 3. The insulated wire according to claim 1, wherein the ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer with a melting point of not less than 70° C. has a melt flow rate of not less than 6 g/10 min. 4. The insulated wire according to claim 1, wherein the halogen-free flame retardant (E) comprises a metal hydroxide. 5. The insulated wire according to claim 1, wherein the halogen-free flame retardant (E) is treated by silane or fatty acid. | 1,700 |
3,227 | 15,467,969 | 1,726 | A photovoltaic module includes a plurality of photovoltaic cells and a controllable heater for heating the plurality of photovoltaic cells to a temperature of at least 90 degrees Celsius for a minimum of 10 minutes, the plurality of photovoltaic cells in a manufactured state such that the plurality of photovoltaic cells are capable of producing electricity when illuminated. In one embodiment, controllable heater includes an infrared absorber, where the infrared absorber is adapted for moving between a stored position and a deployed position, and where the infrared absorber is adapted for heating the photovoltaic module using absorbed infrared radiation when in the deployed position. | 1. A photovoltaic module, the photovoltaic module comprising:
a plurality of photovoltaic cells; and a controllable heater for heating the plurality of photovoltaic cells to a temperature of at least 90 degrees Celsius for a minimum of 10 minutes, the plurality of photovoltaic cells in a manufactured state such that the plurality of photovoltaic cells are capable of producing electricity when illuminated. 2. The photovoltaic module of claim 1, wherein controllable heater comprises an infrared absorber, wherein the infrared absorber is adapted for moving between a stored position and a deployed position, and wherein the infrared absorber is adapted for heating the photovoltaic module using absorbed infrared radiation when in the deployed position. 3. The photovoltaic module of claim 1, wherein the controllable heater comprises one or more of:
an electrical heater; a hot liquid heater; a solar radiation concentration device; and a Peltier heater. 4. The photovoltaic module of claim 1, wherein the plurality of photovoltaic cells are annealed at a temperature between 140 degrees Celsius and 210 degrees Celsius for a minimum of 2 hours in response to illuminating the plurality of photovoltaic cells such that the plurality of photovoltaic cells receive a time integrated irradiance equivalent to at least 5 hours of solar illumination. 5. A photovoltaic module system comprising:
a photovoltaic module comprising:
a plurality of photovoltaic cells; and
a controllable heater for heating the plurality of photovoltaic cells to a temperature of at least 90 degrees Celsius for a minimum of 10 minutes, the plurality of photovoltaic cells in a manufactured state such that the plurality of photovoltaic cells are capable of producing electricity when illuminated;
a power meter for measuring the performance of the photovoltaic module; and a control system for controlling the controllable heater, wherein the control system is adapted for calculating a regeneration interval based upon the measurement of the performance of the photovoltaic module, and for heating the plurality of photovoltaic cells using the controllable heater to a temperature of at least 90 degrees Celsius for a minimum of 10 minutes in response to expiration of a regeneration interval. 6. The photovoltaic module system of claim 5, wherein the controllable heater comprises one or more of:
an infrared absorber, wherein the infrared absorber is adapted for moving between a stored position and a deployed position, and wherein when the infrared absorber is adapted for heating the photovoltaic module using absorbed infrared radiation when in the deployed position; an electrical heater; a hot water heater; a solar radiation concentration device; and a Peltier heater. 7. The photovoltaic module system of claim 5, wherein the control system calculates a regeneration interval by determining a time for the photovoltaic module to reach a degraded state, the degraded state comprising a state where the photovoltaic module produces less power than power produced by the photovoltaic module during an initial state. | A photovoltaic module includes a plurality of photovoltaic cells and a controllable heater for heating the plurality of photovoltaic cells to a temperature of at least 90 degrees Celsius for a minimum of 10 minutes, the plurality of photovoltaic cells in a manufactured state such that the plurality of photovoltaic cells are capable of producing electricity when illuminated. In one embodiment, controllable heater includes an infrared absorber, where the infrared absorber is adapted for moving between a stored position and a deployed position, and where the infrared absorber is adapted for heating the photovoltaic module using absorbed infrared radiation when in the deployed position.1. A photovoltaic module, the photovoltaic module comprising:
a plurality of photovoltaic cells; and a controllable heater for heating the plurality of photovoltaic cells to a temperature of at least 90 degrees Celsius for a minimum of 10 minutes, the plurality of photovoltaic cells in a manufactured state such that the plurality of photovoltaic cells are capable of producing electricity when illuminated. 2. The photovoltaic module of claim 1, wherein controllable heater comprises an infrared absorber, wherein the infrared absorber is adapted for moving between a stored position and a deployed position, and wherein the infrared absorber is adapted for heating the photovoltaic module using absorbed infrared radiation when in the deployed position. 3. The photovoltaic module of claim 1, wherein the controllable heater comprises one or more of:
an electrical heater; a hot liquid heater; a solar radiation concentration device; and a Peltier heater. 4. The photovoltaic module of claim 1, wherein the plurality of photovoltaic cells are annealed at a temperature between 140 degrees Celsius and 210 degrees Celsius for a minimum of 2 hours in response to illuminating the plurality of photovoltaic cells such that the plurality of photovoltaic cells receive a time integrated irradiance equivalent to at least 5 hours of solar illumination. 5. A photovoltaic module system comprising:
a photovoltaic module comprising:
a plurality of photovoltaic cells; and
a controllable heater for heating the plurality of photovoltaic cells to a temperature of at least 90 degrees Celsius for a minimum of 10 minutes, the plurality of photovoltaic cells in a manufactured state such that the plurality of photovoltaic cells are capable of producing electricity when illuminated;
a power meter for measuring the performance of the photovoltaic module; and a control system for controlling the controllable heater, wherein the control system is adapted for calculating a regeneration interval based upon the measurement of the performance of the photovoltaic module, and for heating the plurality of photovoltaic cells using the controllable heater to a temperature of at least 90 degrees Celsius for a minimum of 10 minutes in response to expiration of a regeneration interval. 6. The photovoltaic module system of claim 5, wherein the controllable heater comprises one or more of:
an infrared absorber, wherein the infrared absorber is adapted for moving between a stored position and a deployed position, and wherein when the infrared absorber is adapted for heating the photovoltaic module using absorbed infrared radiation when in the deployed position; an electrical heater; a hot water heater; a solar radiation concentration device; and a Peltier heater. 7. The photovoltaic module system of claim 5, wherein the control system calculates a regeneration interval by determining a time for the photovoltaic module to reach a degraded state, the degraded state comprising a state where the photovoltaic module produces less power than power produced by the photovoltaic module during an initial state. | 1,700 |
3,228 | 13,629,999 | 1,742 | A heating/cooling module for a molding system includes a mold surface forming a part of a mold cavity. A cooling unit is disposed adjacent to the mold surface for cooling the mold surface. A layered heater is disposed adjacent to the mold surface for heating the mold surface. | 1. A heating/cooling module for a molding system comprising:
a mold surface defining a part of a mold cavity; a cooling unit disposed adjacent to the mold surface for cooling the mold surface; and a layered heater formed adjacent to the mold surface for heating the mold surface. 2. The heating/cooling module of claim 1, further comprising a die insert including the mold surface. 3. The heating/cooling module of claim 2, wherein the layered heater is disposed between the die insert and the cooling unit. 4. The heating/cooling module of claim 2, wherein the layered heater is formed on one of the die insert and the cooling unit by thermal spraying. 5. The heating/cooling module of claim 2, wherein the layered heater is formed on the die insert by thermal spraying. 6. The heating/cooling module of claim 5, wherein the thermal spraying comprises a plurality of layers including a top coat comprising a material having relatively high thermal conductivity. 7. The heating/cooling module of claim 6, wherein the top coat is machined to a predetermined thickness. 8. The heating/cooling module of claim 2, wherein the die insert is clamped to the layered heater. 9. The heating/cooling module of claim 1, wherein the cooling unit is clamped to the layered heater. 10. The heating/cooling module of claim 1, wherein the cooling unit includes a plurality of cutout portions on a peripheral surface of the cooling unit. 11. The heating/cooling module of claim 1, wherein the cooling unit includes a thermal insulation layer on a peripheral surface of the cooling unit. 12. The heating/cooling module of claim 1, wherein the cooling unit includes a substrate and a plurality of passageways in the substrate. 13. The heating/cooling module of claim 1, wherein the layered heater is formed on a separate substrate. 14. The heating/cooling module of claim 13, wherein the layered heater includes an adhesion layer disposed on the separate substrate. 15. The heating/cooling module of claim 1 further comprising a thermal insulation layer formed around the cooling unit. 16. The heating/cooling module of claim 6, wherein the top coat includes a first metallic top coat layer and a second metallic top coat layer. 17. The heating/cooling module of claim 16, wherein at least one of the first metallic top coat layer and the second metallic top coat layer is a galvanic nickel layer. 18. A method of controlling the heating/cooling module of claim 1 to reduce the risk of overheating, the method comprising:
employing at least two controllers:
a first two-wire controller for detecting the heating layer temperature, wherein the layered heater comprises a resistive heating layer having sufficient TCR characteristics to function as a heating element and a temperature sensor; and
a second controller with a discrete temperature sensor positioned near a heating target and in communications with the first two-wire controller,
wherein the second controller normally controls a temperature of the heating target with the discrete temperature sensor, and in the event of a rapid over-temperature condition, such as with a low mass heating target, the over-temperature condition is detected by the first two-wire controller, and the first two-wire controller communicates with the second controller to prevent overheating. 19. A heating/cooling module for heating and cooling a target, comprising:
a heating/cooling surface disposed proximate the target; a layered heater that heats the target through the heating/cooling surface; and a cooling unit that cools the target through the heating/cooling surface, wherein the layered heater is integrally formed with the cooling unit to form an integrated unit, and the heating/cooling surface is a surface of one of the layered heater and the cooling unit. 20. The heating/cooling module of claim 19, wherein the cooling unit includes a substrate and a plurality of passageways in the substrate. 21. The heating/cooling module of claim 20, wherein the layered heater is formed on and in contact with the substrate of the cooling unit by layered processes. 22. The heating/cooling module of claim 21, wherein the layered heater includes a first dielectric layer disposed on the substrate of the cooling unit, a resistive heating layer disposed on the first dielectric layer, and a second dielectric layer on the layer. 23. The heating/cooling module of claim 22, further comprising a top coat layer formed on the second dielectric layer, wherein the top coat layer includes a metal. 24. The heating/cooling module of claim 23, wherein the heating/cooling surface is a surface of the top coat layer. | A heating/cooling module for a molding system includes a mold surface forming a part of a mold cavity. A cooling unit is disposed adjacent to the mold surface for cooling the mold surface. A layered heater is disposed adjacent to the mold surface for heating the mold surface.1. A heating/cooling module for a molding system comprising:
a mold surface defining a part of a mold cavity; a cooling unit disposed adjacent to the mold surface for cooling the mold surface; and a layered heater formed adjacent to the mold surface for heating the mold surface. 2. The heating/cooling module of claim 1, further comprising a die insert including the mold surface. 3. The heating/cooling module of claim 2, wherein the layered heater is disposed between the die insert and the cooling unit. 4. The heating/cooling module of claim 2, wherein the layered heater is formed on one of the die insert and the cooling unit by thermal spraying. 5. The heating/cooling module of claim 2, wherein the layered heater is formed on the die insert by thermal spraying. 6. The heating/cooling module of claim 5, wherein the thermal spraying comprises a plurality of layers including a top coat comprising a material having relatively high thermal conductivity. 7. The heating/cooling module of claim 6, wherein the top coat is machined to a predetermined thickness. 8. The heating/cooling module of claim 2, wherein the die insert is clamped to the layered heater. 9. The heating/cooling module of claim 1, wherein the cooling unit is clamped to the layered heater. 10. The heating/cooling module of claim 1, wherein the cooling unit includes a plurality of cutout portions on a peripheral surface of the cooling unit. 11. The heating/cooling module of claim 1, wherein the cooling unit includes a thermal insulation layer on a peripheral surface of the cooling unit. 12. The heating/cooling module of claim 1, wherein the cooling unit includes a substrate and a plurality of passageways in the substrate. 13. The heating/cooling module of claim 1, wherein the layered heater is formed on a separate substrate. 14. The heating/cooling module of claim 13, wherein the layered heater includes an adhesion layer disposed on the separate substrate. 15. The heating/cooling module of claim 1 further comprising a thermal insulation layer formed around the cooling unit. 16. The heating/cooling module of claim 6, wherein the top coat includes a first metallic top coat layer and a second metallic top coat layer. 17. The heating/cooling module of claim 16, wherein at least one of the first metallic top coat layer and the second metallic top coat layer is a galvanic nickel layer. 18. A method of controlling the heating/cooling module of claim 1 to reduce the risk of overheating, the method comprising:
employing at least two controllers:
a first two-wire controller for detecting the heating layer temperature, wherein the layered heater comprises a resistive heating layer having sufficient TCR characteristics to function as a heating element and a temperature sensor; and
a second controller with a discrete temperature sensor positioned near a heating target and in communications with the first two-wire controller,
wherein the second controller normally controls a temperature of the heating target with the discrete temperature sensor, and in the event of a rapid over-temperature condition, such as with a low mass heating target, the over-temperature condition is detected by the first two-wire controller, and the first two-wire controller communicates with the second controller to prevent overheating. 19. A heating/cooling module for heating and cooling a target, comprising:
a heating/cooling surface disposed proximate the target; a layered heater that heats the target through the heating/cooling surface; and a cooling unit that cools the target through the heating/cooling surface, wherein the layered heater is integrally formed with the cooling unit to form an integrated unit, and the heating/cooling surface is a surface of one of the layered heater and the cooling unit. 20. The heating/cooling module of claim 19, wherein the cooling unit includes a substrate and a plurality of passageways in the substrate. 21. The heating/cooling module of claim 20, wherein the layered heater is formed on and in contact with the substrate of the cooling unit by layered processes. 22. The heating/cooling module of claim 21, wherein the layered heater includes a first dielectric layer disposed on the substrate of the cooling unit, a resistive heating layer disposed on the first dielectric layer, and a second dielectric layer on the layer. 23. The heating/cooling module of claim 22, further comprising a top coat layer formed on the second dielectric layer, wherein the top coat layer includes a metal. 24. The heating/cooling module of claim 23, wherein the heating/cooling surface is a surface of the top coat layer. | 1,700 |
3,229 | 14,205,798 | 1,732 | Various embodiments of the present invention provide sizing compositions, fiber glass strands, cement boards, and other products incorporating fiber glass. In some embodiments, a sizing composition of the present invention comprises a starch, a nonionic lubricant, a silane comprising at least one amine and at least one aryl or arylene group, and an aminofunctional oligomeric siloxane. | 1. A sizing composition for glass fibers, comprising:
a starch; a nonionic lubricant; a silane comprising at least one amine and at least one aryl or arylene group; and an aminofunctional oligomeric siloxane. 2. The sizing composition of claim 1, where the aminofunctional oligomeric siloxane comprises at least one alkyl group bonded to a first silicon atom and at least one amine bonded to a second silicon atom. 3. The sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the silane comprises at least 5 percent by weight of the sizing composition on a total solids basis. 4. The sizing composition of claim 3, wherein the siloxane comprises at least 2 percent by weight of the sizing composition on a total solids basis. 5. The sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the siloxane comprises at least 2 percent by weight of the sizing composition on a total solids basis. 6. The sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the siloxane comprises between about 2 and about 12 percent by weight of the sizing composition on a total solids basis. 7. The sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the silane comprising at least one amine and at least one aryl or arylene group comprises a silane comprising at least one amine and at least one benzyl group. 8. The sizing composition of claim 7, wherein the at least one benzyl group comprises at least one benzylamino group or at least one vinylbenzylamino group. 9. The sizing composition of claim 8, wherein the silane further comprises a second amine. 10. The sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the silane comprising at least one amine and at least one aryl or arylene group comprises a silane comprising at least one amine and at least one phenyl group. 11. The sizing composition of claim 10, wherein the at least one phenyl group comprises at least one phenylamino group. 12. The sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the silane comprises at least one amine and at least one arylene group and wherein the silane further comprises terminal unsaturation. 13. The sizing composition of claim 12, wherein the at least one arylene group comprises a vinylbenzylamino group. 14. The sizing composition of claim 13, wherein the silane further comprises a second amine. 15. The sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the silane comprises two or more secondary amines. 16. The sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the nonionic lubricant comprises wax. 17. The sizing composition of claim 16, further comprising a second nonionic lubricant and wherein the second nonionic lubricant comprises oil. 18. The sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the nonionic lubricant comprises oil. 19. A fiber glass strand comprising a plurality of glass fibers at least partially coated with the sizing composition of claim 1. 20. A forming package comprising at least one fiber glass strand of claim 19. 21. A cement board comprising at least one fiber glass strand according to claim 19. 22. A sizing composition for glass fibers, comprising:
a starch; a nonionic lubricant; a silane comprising at least one amine and at least one aryl or arylene group in an amount up to about 14 percent by weight of the sizing composition on a total solids basis; and an aminofunctional oligomeric siloxane in an amount up to about 12 percent by weight of the sizing composition on a total solids basis. 23. A sizing composition for glass fibers, comprising:
a starch; a nonionic lubricant; a silane comprising at least one amine and at least one aryl or arylene group in an amount between about 2 about 14 percent by weight of the sizing composition on a total solids basis; and an aminofunctional oligomeric siloxane in an amount between about 5 and about 12 percent by weight of the sizing composition on a total solids basis. | Various embodiments of the present invention provide sizing compositions, fiber glass strands, cement boards, and other products incorporating fiber glass. In some embodiments, a sizing composition of the present invention comprises a starch, a nonionic lubricant, a silane comprising at least one amine and at least one aryl or arylene group, and an aminofunctional oligomeric siloxane.1. A sizing composition for glass fibers, comprising:
a starch; a nonionic lubricant; a silane comprising at least one amine and at least one aryl or arylene group; and an aminofunctional oligomeric siloxane. 2. The sizing composition of claim 1, where the aminofunctional oligomeric siloxane comprises at least one alkyl group bonded to a first silicon atom and at least one amine bonded to a second silicon atom. 3. The sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the silane comprises at least 5 percent by weight of the sizing composition on a total solids basis. 4. The sizing composition of claim 3, wherein the siloxane comprises at least 2 percent by weight of the sizing composition on a total solids basis. 5. The sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the siloxane comprises at least 2 percent by weight of the sizing composition on a total solids basis. 6. The sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the siloxane comprises between about 2 and about 12 percent by weight of the sizing composition on a total solids basis. 7. The sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the silane comprising at least one amine and at least one aryl or arylene group comprises a silane comprising at least one amine and at least one benzyl group. 8. The sizing composition of claim 7, wherein the at least one benzyl group comprises at least one benzylamino group or at least one vinylbenzylamino group. 9. The sizing composition of claim 8, wherein the silane further comprises a second amine. 10. The sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the silane comprising at least one amine and at least one aryl or arylene group comprises a silane comprising at least one amine and at least one phenyl group. 11. The sizing composition of claim 10, wherein the at least one phenyl group comprises at least one phenylamino group. 12. The sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the silane comprises at least one amine and at least one arylene group and wherein the silane further comprises terminal unsaturation. 13. The sizing composition of claim 12, wherein the at least one arylene group comprises a vinylbenzylamino group. 14. The sizing composition of claim 13, wherein the silane further comprises a second amine. 15. The sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the silane comprises two or more secondary amines. 16. The sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the nonionic lubricant comprises wax. 17. The sizing composition of claim 16, further comprising a second nonionic lubricant and wherein the second nonionic lubricant comprises oil. 18. The sizing composition of claim 1, wherein the nonionic lubricant comprises oil. 19. A fiber glass strand comprising a plurality of glass fibers at least partially coated with the sizing composition of claim 1. 20. A forming package comprising at least one fiber glass strand of claim 19. 21. A cement board comprising at least one fiber glass strand according to claim 19. 22. A sizing composition for glass fibers, comprising:
a starch; a nonionic lubricant; a silane comprising at least one amine and at least one aryl or arylene group in an amount up to about 14 percent by weight of the sizing composition on a total solids basis; and an aminofunctional oligomeric siloxane in an amount up to about 12 percent by weight of the sizing composition on a total solids basis. 23. A sizing composition for glass fibers, comprising:
a starch; a nonionic lubricant; a silane comprising at least one amine and at least one aryl or arylene group in an amount between about 2 about 14 percent by weight of the sizing composition on a total solids basis; and an aminofunctional oligomeric siloxane in an amount between about 5 and about 12 percent by weight of the sizing composition on a total solids basis. | 1,700 |
3,230 | 15,316,284 | 1,712 | The invention relates to a process for obtaining a material comprising a substrate coated on at least one part of at least one of its faces with at least one functional layer, said process comprising:
a step of depositing the or each functional layer, then a step of depositing a sacrificial layer on said at least one functional layer, then a step of heat treatment by means of radiation chosen from laser radiation or radiation from at least one flash lamp, said radiation having at least one treatment wavelength between 200 and 2500 nm, said sacrificial layer being in contact with the air during this heat treatment step, then a step of removing the sacrificial layer using a solvent,
said sacrificial layer being a monolayer and being such that, before heat treatment, it absorbs at least one part of said radiation at said at least one treatment wavelength and that, after heat treatment, it is capable of being removed by dissolution and/or dispersion in said solvent. | 1. A process for obtaining a material comprising a substrate coated on at least one part of at least one of its faces with at least one functional layer, said process comprising:
depositing the or each functional layer, then depositing a sacrificial layer on said at least one functional layer, then heat treating the at least one functional layer and the sacrificial layer with radiation, which is laser radiation or radiation from at least one flash lamp, said radiation having at least one treatment wavelength between 200 and 2500 nm, said sacrificial layer being in contact with the air during the heat treating, then removing the sacrificial layer by contacting with a solvent, thereby obtaining the substrate coated on at least one part of at least one of its faces with the at least one functional layer, wherein said sacrificial layer is a monolayer that, before heat treatment, is capable of absorbing at least one part of said radiation at said at least one treatment wavelength and wherein said sacrificial layer is capable of being removed after heat treatment by dissolution and/or dispersion in said solvent. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent is aqueous. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the substrate is glass or glass-ceramic. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein an absorption of the or each functional layer at the or each treatment wavelength is at most 10%. 5. The process claim 1, wherein the at least one functional layer is a silica-based layer. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the silica-based layer comprises, before the heat treating, a silica matrix and an organic pore-forming agent, and wherein the heat treating comprises removing said pore-forming agent, thereby obtaining a porous layer essentially consisting of silica. 7. The process of claim 6, wherein the organic pore-forming agent is a polymer. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein the organic pore-forming agent is poly(methyl methacrylate). 9. The process of claim 4, wherein the at least one functional layer is a layer based on titanium oxide. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the sacrificial layer is a layer of a metal selected from the group consisting of Zn and Mg, which at least partially oxidizes during the heat treating, or a layer of zinc oxide or magnesium oxide which is sub-stoichiometric with respect to oxygen. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the sacrificial layer is an organically based layer comprising a dye and/or a pigment. 12. The process claim 1, wherein, during the heat treating, each point of the functional layer is subjected to a maximum temperature of at least 300° C. for a period not exceeding one second. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the radiation is laser radiation focused on the functional layer as at least one laser line. 14. The process of claim 1, wherein the process does not comprise depositing a soluble underlayer between the functional layer and the sacrificial layer. 15. The process of claim 1, wherein the radiation is laser radiation, and wherein the heat treating comprises redirecting laser radiation transmitted through the substrate and/or reflected by the coating back in the direction of said substrate in order to provide at least one secondary laser radiation to the functional layer. 16. The process of claim 1, wherein a light reflection factor of the functional layer after the sacrificial layer is removed is lower than a light reflection factor of the functional layer before the heat treating. 17. A process for obtaining a material comprising a substrate coated on at least one part of at least one of its faces with at least one functional layer, said process comprising:
heat treating, with radiation, a coated substrate that comprises a substrate, the at least one functional layer deposited on the substrate, and a sacrificial layer deposited on the at least one functional layer, thereby heating the at least one functional layer and the sacrificial layer, wherein the radiation is laser radiation or radiation from at least one flash lamp, said radiation having at least one treatment wavelength between 200 and 2500 nm, said sacrificial layer being in contact with the air during the heat treating, then removing the sacrificial layer by contacting with a solvent, thereby obtaining the substrate coated on at least one part of at least one of its faces with the at least one functional layer, wherein said sacrificial layer is a monolayer that, before heat treatment, is capable of absorbing at least one part of said radiation at said at least one treatment wavelength and wherein said sacrificial layer is capable of being removed after heat treatment by dissolution and/or dispersion in said solvent. | The invention relates to a process for obtaining a material comprising a substrate coated on at least one part of at least one of its faces with at least one functional layer, said process comprising:
a step of depositing the or each functional layer, then a step of depositing a sacrificial layer on said at least one functional layer, then a step of heat treatment by means of radiation chosen from laser radiation or radiation from at least one flash lamp, said radiation having at least one treatment wavelength between 200 and 2500 nm, said sacrificial layer being in contact with the air during this heat treatment step, then a step of removing the sacrificial layer using a solvent,
said sacrificial layer being a monolayer and being such that, before heat treatment, it absorbs at least one part of said radiation at said at least one treatment wavelength and that, after heat treatment, it is capable of being removed by dissolution and/or dispersion in said solvent.1. A process for obtaining a material comprising a substrate coated on at least one part of at least one of its faces with at least one functional layer, said process comprising:
depositing the or each functional layer, then depositing a sacrificial layer on said at least one functional layer, then heat treating the at least one functional layer and the sacrificial layer with radiation, which is laser radiation or radiation from at least one flash lamp, said radiation having at least one treatment wavelength between 200 and 2500 nm, said sacrificial layer being in contact with the air during the heat treating, then removing the sacrificial layer by contacting with a solvent, thereby obtaining the substrate coated on at least one part of at least one of its faces with the at least one functional layer, wherein said sacrificial layer is a monolayer that, before heat treatment, is capable of absorbing at least one part of said radiation at said at least one treatment wavelength and wherein said sacrificial layer is capable of being removed after heat treatment by dissolution and/or dispersion in said solvent. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent is aqueous. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the substrate is glass or glass-ceramic. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein an absorption of the or each functional layer at the or each treatment wavelength is at most 10%. 5. The process claim 1, wherein the at least one functional layer is a silica-based layer. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the silica-based layer comprises, before the heat treating, a silica matrix and an organic pore-forming agent, and wherein the heat treating comprises removing said pore-forming agent, thereby obtaining a porous layer essentially consisting of silica. 7. The process of claim 6, wherein the organic pore-forming agent is a polymer. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein the organic pore-forming agent is poly(methyl methacrylate). 9. The process of claim 4, wherein the at least one functional layer is a layer based on titanium oxide. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the sacrificial layer is a layer of a metal selected from the group consisting of Zn and Mg, which at least partially oxidizes during the heat treating, or a layer of zinc oxide or magnesium oxide which is sub-stoichiometric with respect to oxygen. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the sacrificial layer is an organically based layer comprising a dye and/or a pigment. 12. The process claim 1, wherein, during the heat treating, each point of the functional layer is subjected to a maximum temperature of at least 300° C. for a period not exceeding one second. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the radiation is laser radiation focused on the functional layer as at least one laser line. 14. The process of claim 1, wherein the process does not comprise depositing a soluble underlayer between the functional layer and the sacrificial layer. 15. The process of claim 1, wherein the radiation is laser radiation, and wherein the heat treating comprises redirecting laser radiation transmitted through the substrate and/or reflected by the coating back in the direction of said substrate in order to provide at least one secondary laser radiation to the functional layer. 16. The process of claim 1, wherein a light reflection factor of the functional layer after the sacrificial layer is removed is lower than a light reflection factor of the functional layer before the heat treating. 17. A process for obtaining a material comprising a substrate coated on at least one part of at least one of its faces with at least one functional layer, said process comprising:
heat treating, with radiation, a coated substrate that comprises a substrate, the at least one functional layer deposited on the substrate, and a sacrificial layer deposited on the at least one functional layer, thereby heating the at least one functional layer and the sacrificial layer, wherein the radiation is laser radiation or radiation from at least one flash lamp, said radiation having at least one treatment wavelength between 200 and 2500 nm, said sacrificial layer being in contact with the air during the heat treating, then removing the sacrificial layer by contacting with a solvent, thereby obtaining the substrate coated on at least one part of at least one of its faces with the at least one functional layer, wherein said sacrificial layer is a monolayer that, before heat treatment, is capable of absorbing at least one part of said radiation at said at least one treatment wavelength and wherein said sacrificial layer is capable of being removed after heat treatment by dissolution and/or dispersion in said solvent. | 1,700 |
3,231 | 12,552,448 | 1,712 | A method for depositing a material on a substrate includes providing an apparatus with at least one material dispenser. The method further includes positioning the pen tip at a predetermined writing gap where the predetermined writing gap is a distance of more than 75 micrometers above the substrate. The method also provides for controlling velocity of the flow of material through the outlet and dispense speed based on dispensed line height and dispensed line width parameters. An apparatus for depositing a material on a substrate is also provided which may have one or more mechanical vibrators, a pen tip with a hydrophobic surface, or multiple nozzles and pen tips on a single pump. | 1. A method for depositing a material on a substrate, comprising:
providing an apparatus with at least one material dispenser comprising: (i) a tip orifice defining an opening within a pen tip through which the material exits the dispenser, (ii) at least one elongate feed channel having an inlet and a spaced outlet adjacent the tip orifice, the at least one feed channel having material therein and being sized and shaped so that the material therein may flow through the at least one channel from the inlet to the outlet, (iii) a valve for controlling the flow of material through the outlet of the at least one feed channel, the valve being moveable between an open position, in which material is permitted to flow through the outlet, and a closed position, in which material is not permitted to flow through the outlet, (iv) an actuator operatively coupled to the valve for selectively moving the valve between the open position and the closed position; positioning the pen tip at a predetermined writing gap, the predetermined writing gap having a distance of more than 75 micrometers above the substrate; and controlling velocity of the flow of material through the outlet and dispense speed based on dispensed line height and dispensed line width parameters. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the distance being less than 1000 micrometers above the substrate. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising pre-determining the writing gap such that the writing gap being greater than variations in surface height of the substrate. 4. The method of claim 3 further comprising analyzing the surface of the substrate to assist in pre-determining the writing gap. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the analyzing the surface of the substrate includes scanning or imaging the surface of the substrate. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the material is displaced forward as the valve moves to the open position and the material is sucked back as the valve is moved to the closed position. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the pen tip has a chamfer on an outside surface of the pen tip. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the pen tip has wall thickness of less than 12 μm. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the pen tip orifice has a circle, oval, square or rectangular shape. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the pen tip being coated to provide a hydrophobic surface. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one mechanical vibrator is associated with the pen tip to induce mechanical vibrations of the pen tip. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the apparatus comprises a plurality of material dispensers sharing a single pump. 13. The method of claim 1 further comprising scanning the substrate to obtain a surface profile. 14. The method of claim 13 further comprising using the surface profile to maintain the predetermined writing gap while dispensing. 15. The method of claim 13 wherein the scanning is performed using a laser or a camera. 16. An apparatus for depositing a material on a substrate, comprising:
(a) at least one material dispenser, comprising: (i) a tip orifice defining an opening within a pen tip through which the material exits the dispenser, (ii) at least one elongate feed channel having an inlet and a spaced outlet adjacent the tip orifice, the at least one feed channel having material therein and being sized and shaped so that the material therein may flow through the at least one channel from the inlet to the outlet, (iii) a valve for controlling the flow of material through the outlet of the at least one feed channel, the valve being moveable between an open position, in which material is permitted to flow through the outlet, and a closed position, in which material is not permitted to flow through the outlet, (iv) an actuator operatively coupled to the valve for selectively moving the valve between the open position and the closed position, (v) at least one mechanical vibrator is associated with the pen tip to induce mechanical vibrations of the pen tip. 17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the pen tip has a chamfer on an outside surface of the pen tip. 18. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the tip orifice of the pen tip having a shape being circular, oval, square or rectangular. 19. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the pen tip has wall thickness of less than 12 μm. 20. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the pen tip being coated to provide a hydrophobic surface. 21. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the apparatus comprises a plurality of material dispensers sharing a single pump. 22. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the material is displaced forward as the valve moves to the open position and the material is sucked back as the valve is moved to the closed position. 23. The apparatus of claim 16 further comprising at least one location control device adapted to position the tip orifice of the at least one dispenser at a selected position with respect to the substrate. 24. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein the at least one location control device uses a surface profile of the substrate to assist in positioning the tip orifice. 25. The apparatus of claim 24 wherein the surface profile of the substrate being determined by scanning. 26. The apparatus of claim 25 wherein the scanning is performed by laser or camera. 27. A method for depositing a material on a substrate, comprising:
providing an apparatus with at least one material dispenser comprising: (i) a tip orifice defining an opening within a pen tip through which the material exits the dispenser, (ii) at least one elongate feed channel having an inlet and a spaced outlet adjacent the tip orifice, the at least one feed channel having material therein and being sized and shaped so that the material therein may flow through the at least one channel from the inlet to the outlet, (iii) a valve for controlling the flow of material through the outlet of the at least one feed channel, the valve being moveable between an open position, in which material is permitted to flow through the outlet, and a closed position, in which material is not permitted to flow through the outlet, (iv) an actuator operatively coupled to the valve for selectively moving the valve between the open position and the closed position; starting dispensement of material onto a surface of the substrate; raising the pen tip to a predetermined writing gap, the predetermined writing gap having a distance of more than 75 micrometers above the substrate; and controlling velocity of the flow of material through the outlet and dispense speed based on dispensed line height and dispensed line width parameters and without further adjusting of a z-axis of the pen tip to compensate for variations in surface height. | A method for depositing a material on a substrate includes providing an apparatus with at least one material dispenser. The method further includes positioning the pen tip at a predetermined writing gap where the predetermined writing gap is a distance of more than 75 micrometers above the substrate. The method also provides for controlling velocity of the flow of material through the outlet and dispense speed based on dispensed line height and dispensed line width parameters. An apparatus for depositing a material on a substrate is also provided which may have one or more mechanical vibrators, a pen tip with a hydrophobic surface, or multiple nozzles and pen tips on a single pump.1. A method for depositing a material on a substrate, comprising:
providing an apparatus with at least one material dispenser comprising: (i) a tip orifice defining an opening within a pen tip through which the material exits the dispenser, (ii) at least one elongate feed channel having an inlet and a spaced outlet adjacent the tip orifice, the at least one feed channel having material therein and being sized and shaped so that the material therein may flow through the at least one channel from the inlet to the outlet, (iii) a valve for controlling the flow of material through the outlet of the at least one feed channel, the valve being moveable between an open position, in which material is permitted to flow through the outlet, and a closed position, in which material is not permitted to flow through the outlet, (iv) an actuator operatively coupled to the valve for selectively moving the valve between the open position and the closed position; positioning the pen tip at a predetermined writing gap, the predetermined writing gap having a distance of more than 75 micrometers above the substrate; and controlling velocity of the flow of material through the outlet and dispense speed based on dispensed line height and dispensed line width parameters. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the distance being less than 1000 micrometers above the substrate. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising pre-determining the writing gap such that the writing gap being greater than variations in surface height of the substrate. 4. The method of claim 3 further comprising analyzing the surface of the substrate to assist in pre-determining the writing gap. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the analyzing the surface of the substrate includes scanning or imaging the surface of the substrate. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the material is displaced forward as the valve moves to the open position and the material is sucked back as the valve is moved to the closed position. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the pen tip has a chamfer on an outside surface of the pen tip. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the pen tip has wall thickness of less than 12 μm. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the pen tip orifice has a circle, oval, square or rectangular shape. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the pen tip being coated to provide a hydrophobic surface. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one mechanical vibrator is associated with the pen tip to induce mechanical vibrations of the pen tip. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the apparatus comprises a plurality of material dispensers sharing a single pump. 13. The method of claim 1 further comprising scanning the substrate to obtain a surface profile. 14. The method of claim 13 further comprising using the surface profile to maintain the predetermined writing gap while dispensing. 15. The method of claim 13 wherein the scanning is performed using a laser or a camera. 16. An apparatus for depositing a material on a substrate, comprising:
(a) at least one material dispenser, comprising: (i) a tip orifice defining an opening within a pen tip through which the material exits the dispenser, (ii) at least one elongate feed channel having an inlet and a spaced outlet adjacent the tip orifice, the at least one feed channel having material therein and being sized and shaped so that the material therein may flow through the at least one channel from the inlet to the outlet, (iii) a valve for controlling the flow of material through the outlet of the at least one feed channel, the valve being moveable between an open position, in which material is permitted to flow through the outlet, and a closed position, in which material is not permitted to flow through the outlet, (iv) an actuator operatively coupled to the valve for selectively moving the valve between the open position and the closed position, (v) at least one mechanical vibrator is associated with the pen tip to induce mechanical vibrations of the pen tip. 17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the pen tip has a chamfer on an outside surface of the pen tip. 18. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the tip orifice of the pen tip having a shape being circular, oval, square or rectangular. 19. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the pen tip has wall thickness of less than 12 μm. 20. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the pen tip being coated to provide a hydrophobic surface. 21. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the apparatus comprises a plurality of material dispensers sharing a single pump. 22. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the material is displaced forward as the valve moves to the open position and the material is sucked back as the valve is moved to the closed position. 23. The apparatus of claim 16 further comprising at least one location control device adapted to position the tip orifice of the at least one dispenser at a selected position with respect to the substrate. 24. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein the at least one location control device uses a surface profile of the substrate to assist in positioning the tip orifice. 25. The apparatus of claim 24 wherein the surface profile of the substrate being determined by scanning. 26. The apparatus of claim 25 wherein the scanning is performed by laser or camera. 27. A method for depositing a material on a substrate, comprising:
providing an apparatus with at least one material dispenser comprising: (i) a tip orifice defining an opening within a pen tip through which the material exits the dispenser, (ii) at least one elongate feed channel having an inlet and a spaced outlet adjacent the tip orifice, the at least one feed channel having material therein and being sized and shaped so that the material therein may flow through the at least one channel from the inlet to the outlet, (iii) a valve for controlling the flow of material through the outlet of the at least one feed channel, the valve being moveable between an open position, in which material is permitted to flow through the outlet, and a closed position, in which material is not permitted to flow through the outlet, (iv) an actuator operatively coupled to the valve for selectively moving the valve between the open position and the closed position; starting dispensement of material onto a surface of the substrate; raising the pen tip to a predetermined writing gap, the predetermined writing gap having a distance of more than 75 micrometers above the substrate; and controlling velocity of the flow of material through the outlet and dispense speed based on dispensed line height and dispensed line width parameters and without further adjusting of a z-axis of the pen tip to compensate for variations in surface height. | 1,700 |
3,232 | 15,409,845 | 1,725 | Organosilicon electrolytes exhibit several important properties for use in lithium carbon monofluoride batteries, including high conductivity/low viscosity and thermal/electrochemical stability. Conjugation of an anion binding agent to the siloxane backbone of an organosilicon electrolyte creates a bi-functional electrolyte. The bi-functionality of the electrolyte is due to the ability of the conjugated polyethylene oxide moieties of the siloxane backbone to solvate lithium and thus control the ionic conductivity within the electrolyte, and the anion binding agent to bind the fluoride anion and thus facilitate lithium fluoride dissolution and preserve the porous structure of the carbon monofluoride cathode. The ability to control both the electrolyte conductivity and the electrode morphology/properties simultaneously can improve lithium electrolyte operation. | 1. A lithium battery, comprising:
an anode comprising lithium metal; a cathode comprising carbon monofluoride; a separator between the anode and the cathode; an organosilicon-based electrolyte for conducting lithium ions between the anode and the cathode, the electrolyte comprising a siloxane or silane backbone and an anion binding agent ligand bonded to the siloxane or silane backbone. 2. The lithium battery of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte further comprises a polyethylene oxide side chain grafted to the siloxane or silane backbone. 3. The lithium battery of claim 1, wherein the anion binding agent comprises a boron-based ligand. 4. The lithium battery of claim 3, wherein the boron-based ligand comprises a pentafluorophenylboron. 5. The lithium battery of claim 4, wherein the boron-based ligand comprises an oxalate-based, malonic acid-based, or maleic acid-based pentafluorophenylboron. | Organosilicon electrolytes exhibit several important properties for use in lithium carbon monofluoride batteries, including high conductivity/low viscosity and thermal/electrochemical stability. Conjugation of an anion binding agent to the siloxane backbone of an organosilicon electrolyte creates a bi-functional electrolyte. The bi-functionality of the electrolyte is due to the ability of the conjugated polyethylene oxide moieties of the siloxane backbone to solvate lithium and thus control the ionic conductivity within the electrolyte, and the anion binding agent to bind the fluoride anion and thus facilitate lithium fluoride dissolution and preserve the porous structure of the carbon monofluoride cathode. The ability to control both the electrolyte conductivity and the electrode morphology/properties simultaneously can improve lithium electrolyte operation.1. A lithium battery, comprising:
an anode comprising lithium metal; a cathode comprising carbon monofluoride; a separator between the anode and the cathode; an organosilicon-based electrolyte for conducting lithium ions between the anode and the cathode, the electrolyte comprising a siloxane or silane backbone and an anion binding agent ligand bonded to the siloxane or silane backbone. 2. The lithium battery of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte further comprises a polyethylene oxide side chain grafted to the siloxane or silane backbone. 3. The lithium battery of claim 1, wherein the anion binding agent comprises a boron-based ligand. 4. The lithium battery of claim 3, wherein the boron-based ligand comprises a pentafluorophenylboron. 5. The lithium battery of claim 4, wherein the boron-based ligand comprises an oxalate-based, malonic acid-based, or maleic acid-based pentafluorophenylboron. | 1,700 |
3,233 | 15,164,925 | 1,765 | A polyol pre-mix containing at least one halogenated hydroolefin blowing agent and having improved shelf life stability is provided, wherein each polyol combined with the halogenated hydroolefin blowing agent has an apparent pH of between 3 and 11.4. Controlling the apparent pH of the polyol(s) enables the polyol pre-mix to be stored for extended periods of time and then used in combination with organic polyisocyanate to produce foam formulations having gel times and tack free times not significantly different from those exhibited when freshly prepared polyol pre-mix is used. | 1. A polyol pre-mix comprising:
a) at least one blowing agent, including HCFO-1233zd; and b) a polyol component comprised of at least one polyol;
wherein each polyol of the polyol component has an apparent pH of at least 4 but no greater than 10
whereby the polyol pre-mix, after being stored for six months at 23°, exhibits an increase of less than 40% in at least one of gel time or tack free time when combined with an organic polyisocyante. 2-3. (canceled) 4. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, wherein each polyol of the polyol component has an apparent pH of at least 4 but no greater than 9. 5. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, wherein the polyol component is comprised of one more polyols selected from the group consisting of polyether polyols, polyester polyols, polyether/ester polyols and combinations thereof. 6. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, wherein the polyol component is comprised of one or more polyols having functionalities of from 2 to 7. 7. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, wherein the polyol component is comprised of at least one polyether polyol and at least one polyester polyol. 8. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, wherein the polyol component contains 0 to 100 parts by weight polyester polyol per 100 parts by weight total polyol component and 100 to 0 parts by weight polyether polyol per 100 parts by weight total polyol component. 9. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, wherein the polyol component contains 10 to 90 parts by weight polyester polyol per 100 parts by weight total polyol component and 90 to 10 parts by weight polyether polyol per 100 parts by weight total polyol component. 10. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, wherein the polyol component contains 20 to 80 parts by weight polyester polyol per 100 parts by weight total polyol component and 80 to 20 parts by weight polyether polyol per 100 parts by weight total polyol component. 11. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, wherein the polyol component is comprised of at least one polyether polyol and at least one aromatic polyester polyol. 12. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, wherein each polyol of the polyol component has a viscosity of from 400 to 60,000 cps at 25° C. 13. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, wherein each polyol of the polyol component has a number average molecular weight of from 250 to 6500 Daltons. 14-15. (canceled) 16. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, additionally comprising at least one surfactant. 17. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, additionally comprising at least one catalyst. 18. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, additionally comprising at least one surfactant and at least one catalyst. 19. A polyurethane or polyisocyanurate foam which is the reaction product of a polyol pre-mix in accordance with claim 1 and at least one organic polyisocyanate. 20. A method of making a polyurethane or polyisocyanurate foam, comprising reacting a polyol pre-mix in accordance with claim 1 and at least one organic polyisocyanate. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the polyol pre-mix is prepared by blending the at least one blowing agent and the polyol component and aging the resulting polyol pre-mix for at least one month at ambient temperature prior to reacting the polyol pre-mix with the at least one organic polyisocyanate. 22. A method of making a polyol pre-mix having improved shelf life, comprising selecting a polyol or plurality of polyols, measuring the apparent pH of each polyol, confirming that the measured apparent pH of each polyol is within the range of 4 to 10, and combining the polyol or plurality of polyols with at least one blowing agent, HCFO-1233zd, to form the polyol pre-mix, whereby the polyol pre-mix, after being stored for six months at 23, exhibits an increase of less than 40% in at least one of gel time or tack free time when combined with an organic polyisocyante. 23. The method of claim 22, comprising an additional step of adjusting the apparent pH of at least one polyol prior to combining the polyol or plurality of polyols with the at least one blowing agent. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the adjusting of the apparent pH is carried out by combining the polyol with at least one C1 to C15 carboxylic acid or ester containing at least one carboxyl functional group (—COOH). 25. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, wherein the at least one blowing agent consists essentially of HFCO-1233zd. 26. The method of claim 22, wherein the at least one blowing agent consists essentially of HFCO-1233zd. | A polyol pre-mix containing at least one halogenated hydroolefin blowing agent and having improved shelf life stability is provided, wherein each polyol combined with the halogenated hydroolefin blowing agent has an apparent pH of between 3 and 11.4. Controlling the apparent pH of the polyol(s) enables the polyol pre-mix to be stored for extended periods of time and then used in combination with organic polyisocyanate to produce foam formulations having gel times and tack free times not significantly different from those exhibited when freshly prepared polyol pre-mix is used.1. A polyol pre-mix comprising:
a) at least one blowing agent, including HCFO-1233zd; and b) a polyol component comprised of at least one polyol;
wherein each polyol of the polyol component has an apparent pH of at least 4 but no greater than 10
whereby the polyol pre-mix, after being stored for six months at 23°, exhibits an increase of less than 40% in at least one of gel time or tack free time when combined with an organic polyisocyante. 2-3. (canceled) 4. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, wherein each polyol of the polyol component has an apparent pH of at least 4 but no greater than 9. 5. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, wherein the polyol component is comprised of one more polyols selected from the group consisting of polyether polyols, polyester polyols, polyether/ester polyols and combinations thereof. 6. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, wherein the polyol component is comprised of one or more polyols having functionalities of from 2 to 7. 7. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, wherein the polyol component is comprised of at least one polyether polyol and at least one polyester polyol. 8. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, wherein the polyol component contains 0 to 100 parts by weight polyester polyol per 100 parts by weight total polyol component and 100 to 0 parts by weight polyether polyol per 100 parts by weight total polyol component. 9. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, wherein the polyol component contains 10 to 90 parts by weight polyester polyol per 100 parts by weight total polyol component and 90 to 10 parts by weight polyether polyol per 100 parts by weight total polyol component. 10. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, wherein the polyol component contains 20 to 80 parts by weight polyester polyol per 100 parts by weight total polyol component and 80 to 20 parts by weight polyether polyol per 100 parts by weight total polyol component. 11. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, wherein the polyol component is comprised of at least one polyether polyol and at least one aromatic polyester polyol. 12. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, wherein each polyol of the polyol component has a viscosity of from 400 to 60,000 cps at 25° C. 13. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, wherein each polyol of the polyol component has a number average molecular weight of from 250 to 6500 Daltons. 14-15. (canceled) 16. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, additionally comprising at least one surfactant. 17. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, additionally comprising at least one catalyst. 18. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, additionally comprising at least one surfactant and at least one catalyst. 19. A polyurethane or polyisocyanurate foam which is the reaction product of a polyol pre-mix in accordance with claim 1 and at least one organic polyisocyanate. 20. A method of making a polyurethane or polyisocyanurate foam, comprising reacting a polyol pre-mix in accordance with claim 1 and at least one organic polyisocyanate. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the polyol pre-mix is prepared by blending the at least one blowing agent and the polyol component and aging the resulting polyol pre-mix for at least one month at ambient temperature prior to reacting the polyol pre-mix with the at least one organic polyisocyanate. 22. A method of making a polyol pre-mix having improved shelf life, comprising selecting a polyol or plurality of polyols, measuring the apparent pH of each polyol, confirming that the measured apparent pH of each polyol is within the range of 4 to 10, and combining the polyol or plurality of polyols with at least one blowing agent, HCFO-1233zd, to form the polyol pre-mix, whereby the polyol pre-mix, after being stored for six months at 23, exhibits an increase of less than 40% in at least one of gel time or tack free time when combined with an organic polyisocyante. 23. The method of claim 22, comprising an additional step of adjusting the apparent pH of at least one polyol prior to combining the polyol or plurality of polyols with the at least one blowing agent. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the adjusting of the apparent pH is carried out by combining the polyol with at least one C1 to C15 carboxylic acid or ester containing at least one carboxyl functional group (—COOH). 25. The polyol pre-mix of claim 1, wherein the at least one blowing agent consists essentially of HFCO-1233zd. 26. The method of claim 22, wherein the at least one blowing agent consists essentially of HFCO-1233zd. | 1,700 |
3,234 | 14,379,502 | 1,712 | The present invention relates to a process for metallizing nonconductive plastics using an etching solution free of hexavalent chromium. The etching solution is based on an acidic permanganate solution. After the treatment of the plastics with the etching solution, the plastics are metallized by means of known processes. | 1. Process for metallizing electrically nonconductive plastic surfaces of articles, comprising the process steps of:
A) etching the plastic surface with an etching solution; B) treating the plastic surface with a solution of a metal colloid or of a compound of a metal, the metal being selected from the metals of transition group I of the Periodic Table of the Elements and transition group VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and C) metallizing the plastic surface with a metallizing solution; characterized in that the etching solution comprises a source for permanganate ions, and an acid in a concentration of 0.02-0.6 mol/l based on a monobasic acid. 2. Process according to claim 1, wherein process step A) is preceded by performance of the following further process step:
pretreatment step: treating the plastic surface in an aqueous solution comprising at least one glycol compound. 3. Process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one glycol compound is selected from compounds of the general formula (I)
wherein
n is an integer from 1 to 4; and
R1 and R2 are each independently —H, —CH3, —CH2—CH3, —CH2—CH2—CH3, —CH(CH3)—CH3, —CH2—CH2—CH2—CH3, —CH(CH3)—CH2—CH3, —CH2—CH(CH3)—CH3, —CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH3, —CH(CH3)—CH2—CH2—CH3, —CH2—CH(CH3)—CH2—CH3, —CH2—CH2—CH(CH3)—CH3, —CH(CH2—CH3)—CH2—CH3, —CH2—CH(CH2—CH3)—CH3, —CO—CH3, —CO—CH2—CH3, —CO—CH2—CH2—CH3, —CO—CH(CH3)—CH3, —CO—CH(CH3)—CH2—CH3, —CO—CH2—CH(CH3)—CH3, —CO—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH3. 4. Process according to claim 1, wherein the source for permanganate ions in the etching solution in process step A) is selected from alkali metal permanganates. 5. Process according to claim 4, wherein the alkali metal permanganates are selected from the potassium permanganate and sodium permanganate. 6. Process according to claim 1, wherein the source for permanganate ions is present in the etching solution in process step A) in a concentration between 30 g/l-250 g/l. 7. Process according to claim 1, wherein the acid comprised in the etching solution in process step A) is an inorganic acid. 8. Process according to claim 7, wherein the inorganic acid in the etching solution in process step A) is selected from sulphuric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid. 9. Process according to claim 1, wherein the plastic surface has been manufactured from at least one electrically nonconductive plastic and the at least one electrically nonconductive plastic is selected from an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, a polyamide, a polycarbonate and a mixture of an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer with at least one further polymer. 10. Process according to claim 1, wherein the following further process step is performed between process steps A) and B):
A i) treating the plastic surface in a solution comprising a reducing agent for manganese dioxide. 11. Process according to claim 10, wherein the reducing agent for manganese dioxide is selected from hydroxylammonium sulphate, hydroxylammonium chloride and hydrogen peroxide. 12. Process according to claim 1, wherein the following further process steps are performed between process steps B) and C):
B i) treating the plastic surface in an aqueous acidic solution and B ii) electrolessly metallizing the plastic surface in a metallizing solution. 13. Process according to claim 2, wherein the following further process step is performed between process steps A) and B):
A i) treating the plastic surface in a solution comprising a reducing agent for manganese dioxide. 14. Process according to claim 2, wherein the following further process steps are performed between process steps B) and C):
B i) treating the plastic surface in an aqueous acidic solution and B ii) electrolessly metallizing the plastic surface in a metallizing solution. 15. Process according to claim 10, wherein the following further process steps are performed between process steps B) and C):
B i) treating the plastic surface in an aqueous acidic solution and B ii) electrolessly metallizing the plastic surface in a metallizing solution. 16. Process according to claim 13, wherein the following further process steps are performed between process steps B) and C):
B i) treating the plastic surface in an aqueous acidic solution and B ii) electrolessly metallizing the plastic surface in a metallizing solution. | The present invention relates to a process for metallizing nonconductive plastics using an etching solution free of hexavalent chromium. The etching solution is based on an acidic permanganate solution. After the treatment of the plastics with the etching solution, the plastics are metallized by means of known processes.1. Process for metallizing electrically nonconductive plastic surfaces of articles, comprising the process steps of:
A) etching the plastic surface with an etching solution; B) treating the plastic surface with a solution of a metal colloid or of a compound of a metal, the metal being selected from the metals of transition group I of the Periodic Table of the Elements and transition group VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and C) metallizing the plastic surface with a metallizing solution; characterized in that the etching solution comprises a source for permanganate ions, and an acid in a concentration of 0.02-0.6 mol/l based on a monobasic acid. 2. Process according to claim 1, wherein process step A) is preceded by performance of the following further process step:
pretreatment step: treating the plastic surface in an aqueous solution comprising at least one glycol compound. 3. Process according to claim 2, wherein the at least one glycol compound is selected from compounds of the general formula (I)
wherein
n is an integer from 1 to 4; and
R1 and R2 are each independently —H, —CH3, —CH2—CH3, —CH2—CH2—CH3, —CH(CH3)—CH3, —CH2—CH2—CH2—CH3, —CH(CH3)—CH2—CH3, —CH2—CH(CH3)—CH3, —CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH3, —CH(CH3)—CH2—CH2—CH3, —CH2—CH(CH3)—CH2—CH3, —CH2—CH2—CH(CH3)—CH3, —CH(CH2—CH3)—CH2—CH3, —CH2—CH(CH2—CH3)—CH3, —CO—CH3, —CO—CH2—CH3, —CO—CH2—CH2—CH3, —CO—CH(CH3)—CH3, —CO—CH(CH3)—CH2—CH3, —CO—CH2—CH(CH3)—CH3, —CO—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH3. 4. Process according to claim 1, wherein the source for permanganate ions in the etching solution in process step A) is selected from alkali metal permanganates. 5. Process according to claim 4, wherein the alkali metal permanganates are selected from the potassium permanganate and sodium permanganate. 6. Process according to claim 1, wherein the source for permanganate ions is present in the etching solution in process step A) in a concentration between 30 g/l-250 g/l. 7. Process according to claim 1, wherein the acid comprised in the etching solution in process step A) is an inorganic acid. 8. Process according to claim 7, wherein the inorganic acid in the etching solution in process step A) is selected from sulphuric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid. 9. Process according to claim 1, wherein the plastic surface has been manufactured from at least one electrically nonconductive plastic and the at least one electrically nonconductive plastic is selected from an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, a polyamide, a polycarbonate and a mixture of an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer with at least one further polymer. 10. Process according to claim 1, wherein the following further process step is performed between process steps A) and B):
A i) treating the plastic surface in a solution comprising a reducing agent for manganese dioxide. 11. Process according to claim 10, wherein the reducing agent for manganese dioxide is selected from hydroxylammonium sulphate, hydroxylammonium chloride and hydrogen peroxide. 12. Process according to claim 1, wherein the following further process steps are performed between process steps B) and C):
B i) treating the plastic surface in an aqueous acidic solution and B ii) electrolessly metallizing the plastic surface in a metallizing solution. 13. Process according to claim 2, wherein the following further process step is performed between process steps A) and B):
A i) treating the plastic surface in a solution comprising a reducing agent for manganese dioxide. 14. Process according to claim 2, wherein the following further process steps are performed between process steps B) and C):
B i) treating the plastic surface in an aqueous acidic solution and B ii) electrolessly metallizing the plastic surface in a metallizing solution. 15. Process according to claim 10, wherein the following further process steps are performed between process steps B) and C):
B i) treating the plastic surface in an aqueous acidic solution and B ii) electrolessly metallizing the plastic surface in a metallizing solution. 16. Process according to claim 13, wherein the following further process steps are performed between process steps B) and C):
B i) treating the plastic surface in an aqueous acidic solution and B ii) electrolessly metallizing the plastic surface in a metallizing solution. | 1,700 |
3,235 | 12,854,342 | 1,747 | A meltable smokeless tobacco composition configured for insertion into the mouth of a user is provided. The smokeless tobacco composition includes a particulate tobacco material and a lipid having a melting point of about 36° C. to about 45° C. An associated process is also provided. The process includes melting a lipid having a melting point of about 36° C. to about 45° C. to form a molten lipid composition, mixing a particulate tobacco material with the molten lipid composition to form a molten smokeless tobacco composition slurry, and cooling the molten smokeless tobacco composition slurry to form a solidified smokeless tobacco composition. | 1. A meltable smokeless tobacco composition configured for insertion into the mouth of a user, the tobacco composition comprising a particulate tobacco material and a lipid having a melting point of about 36° C. to about 45° C. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the lipid has a melting point of about 38° C. to about 41° C. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the lipid is an animal or plant derived fat, wax, or oil. 4. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the lipid is a plant-derived fat comprising a plurality of saturated or unsaturated fatty acid chains having a carbon length of about 14 to about 20 carbon atoms. 5. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the lipid comprises a blend of palm kernel oil and palm oil. 6. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, further comprising an additive selected from the group consisting of flavorants, binders, fillers, disintegration aids, humectants, and mixtures thereof. 7. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 6, wherein the additive is a filler comprising a sugar alcohol. 8. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, further comprising an artificial sweetener. 9. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, further comprising a salt. 10. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, comprising:
at least about 25 dry weight percent of particulate tobacco material, based on the total weight of the composition; at least about 10 dry weight percent of lipid; at least about 0.1 dry weight percent of at least one sweetener; at least about 20 dry weight percent of at least one filler; and at least about 0.5 dry weight percent of at least one flavorant. 11. A process for preparing a meltable smokeless tobacco composition configured for insertion into the mouth of a user, comprising:
melting a lipid having a melting point of about 36° C. to about 45° C. to form a molten lipid composition; mixing a particulate tobacco material with the molten lipid composition to form a molten smokeless tobacco composition slurry; and cooling the molten smokeless tobacco composition slurry to form a solidified smokeless tobacco composition. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein the lipid has a melting point of about 38° C. to about 41° C. 13. The process of claim 11, wherein the lipid is an animal or plant derived fat, wax, or oil. 14. The process of claim 11, wherein the lipid is a plant-derived fat comprising a plurality of saturated or unsaturated fatty acid chains having a carbon length of about 14 to about 20 carbon atoms. 15. The process of claim 11, wherein the lipid comprises a blend of palm kernel oil and palm oil. 16. The process of claim 11, further comprising the step of adding a salt to the particulate tobacco material prior to the mixing step. 17. The process of claim 11, further comprising the step of adding an additive to the particulate tobacco material prior to the mixing step, the additive being selected from the group consisting of flavorants, binders, fillers, disintegration aids, humectants, and mixtures thereof. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein the additive is a filler comprising a sugar alcohol. 19. The process of claim 11, wherein cooling the molten smokeless tobacco composition slurry further comprises cooling the molten smokeless tobacco composition slurry to about 20° C. to about 25° C. 20. The process of claim 11, wherein the step of mixing a particulate tobacco material with the molten lipid composition comprises mixing a particulate tobacco material having a moisture content of less than about 6 percent with the molten lipid composition. 21. The process of claim 11, further comprising the step of depositing the molten smokeless tobacco composition slurry in a mold so as to form the molten smokeless tobacco composition slurry into a predetermined shape. | A meltable smokeless tobacco composition configured for insertion into the mouth of a user is provided. The smokeless tobacco composition includes a particulate tobacco material and a lipid having a melting point of about 36° C. to about 45° C. An associated process is also provided. The process includes melting a lipid having a melting point of about 36° C. to about 45° C. to form a molten lipid composition, mixing a particulate tobacco material with the molten lipid composition to form a molten smokeless tobacco composition slurry, and cooling the molten smokeless tobacco composition slurry to form a solidified smokeless tobacco composition.1. A meltable smokeless tobacco composition configured for insertion into the mouth of a user, the tobacco composition comprising a particulate tobacco material and a lipid having a melting point of about 36° C. to about 45° C. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the lipid has a melting point of about 38° C. to about 41° C. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the lipid is an animal or plant derived fat, wax, or oil. 4. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the lipid is a plant-derived fat comprising a plurality of saturated or unsaturated fatty acid chains having a carbon length of about 14 to about 20 carbon atoms. 5. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, wherein the lipid comprises a blend of palm kernel oil and palm oil. 6. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, further comprising an additive selected from the group consisting of flavorants, binders, fillers, disintegration aids, humectants, and mixtures thereof. 7. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 6, wherein the additive is a filler comprising a sugar alcohol. 8. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, further comprising an artificial sweetener. 9. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, further comprising a salt. 10. The smokeless tobacco composition of claim 1, comprising:
at least about 25 dry weight percent of particulate tobacco material, based on the total weight of the composition; at least about 10 dry weight percent of lipid; at least about 0.1 dry weight percent of at least one sweetener; at least about 20 dry weight percent of at least one filler; and at least about 0.5 dry weight percent of at least one flavorant. 11. A process for preparing a meltable smokeless tobacco composition configured for insertion into the mouth of a user, comprising:
melting a lipid having a melting point of about 36° C. to about 45° C. to form a molten lipid composition; mixing a particulate tobacco material with the molten lipid composition to form a molten smokeless tobacco composition slurry; and cooling the molten smokeless tobacco composition slurry to form a solidified smokeless tobacco composition. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein the lipid has a melting point of about 38° C. to about 41° C. 13. The process of claim 11, wherein the lipid is an animal or plant derived fat, wax, or oil. 14. The process of claim 11, wherein the lipid is a plant-derived fat comprising a plurality of saturated or unsaturated fatty acid chains having a carbon length of about 14 to about 20 carbon atoms. 15. The process of claim 11, wherein the lipid comprises a blend of palm kernel oil and palm oil. 16. The process of claim 11, further comprising the step of adding a salt to the particulate tobacco material prior to the mixing step. 17. The process of claim 11, further comprising the step of adding an additive to the particulate tobacco material prior to the mixing step, the additive being selected from the group consisting of flavorants, binders, fillers, disintegration aids, humectants, and mixtures thereof. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein the additive is a filler comprising a sugar alcohol. 19. The process of claim 11, wherein cooling the molten smokeless tobacco composition slurry further comprises cooling the molten smokeless tobacco composition slurry to about 20° C. to about 25° C. 20. The process of claim 11, wherein the step of mixing a particulate tobacco material with the molten lipid composition comprises mixing a particulate tobacco material having a moisture content of less than about 6 percent with the molten lipid composition. 21. The process of claim 11, further comprising the step of depositing the molten smokeless tobacco composition slurry in a mold so as to form the molten smokeless tobacco composition slurry into a predetermined shape. | 1,700 |
3,236 | 15,657,681 | 1,791 | A method and system for preparing a beverage or liquid from a food substance contained in a filtering receptacle by passing water through the substance using brewing centrifugal forces. The method includes feeding water into the receptacle, and driving the receptacle in centrifugal rotation to force water to flow through the substance in a centrifugal flow path to the outlet of the receptacle. The system includes equipment necessary to carry out the method. The receptacle is a sealed capsule which is opened for water to be introduced into the capsule, contains a predetermined dose of food substance and is discarded after use. | 1. A method for preparing a beverage or liquid food from a predetermined dose of a food substance contained in a sealed filtering capsule that is cup-shaped and has a longitudinal axis of rotation that passes vertically and centrally through the cup, which comprises injecting water into the capsule along the longitudinal axis, and centrifugally rotating the capsule about the axis of rotation in order to force the water to flow through the substance in the capsule in a centrifugal flow path to an outlet to prepare the beverage or liquid food. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the beverage or liquid food is prepared in a beverage preparation device, and the method comprises:
opening the capsule and introducing water therein, and centrifugally rotating the capsule in the beverage preparation device to force the water to flow through the substance in the centrifugal flow path to form the beverage of liquid food, wherein the capsule is discarded after preparing the beverage. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the capsule is centrifugally rotated at a centrifugal speed of at least 500 rpm, the water is introduced in the capsule at substantially no pressure, and the outlet is made before or when water is introduced in the capsule. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein, after insertion of the capsule in the beverage preparation device, the capsule is opened for the water to be introduced therein by piercing of the capsule or by piercing or removal of a sealing foil of the capsule. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the capsule is sealed in a gas tight manner and contains ground coffee powder, soluble coffee, tea, chocolate, whitener, flavours or combinations thereof, with the dose of the substance included therein forming one or two servings of the beverage, and with the capsule having an axis of rotation that is vertical or inclined relative to vertical at an angle that is less than 90 degrees. 6. The method of claim 1, which further comprise piercing the capsule to form the outlet as one or more peripheral outlets on a lid or sidewall of the capsule. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the outlet is formed by pressure exerted on a deflectable portion of the capsule by liquid movement due to the centrifugal forces. 8. A system for preparing a beverage or liquid food from a predetermined dose of a food substance contained in a sealed filtering capsule that has a longitudinal axis of rotation that passes vertically and centrally through the capsule, comprising:
a device comprising:
water feed means for introducing water into the capsule, and
means for centrifugally rotating the capsule about its axis of rotation to force the water to flow through the substance in the capsule in a centrifugal flow path to prepare the beverage or liquid food;
the sealed filtering capsule being insertable in the device for preparing the beverage or liquid food and then removable from the device after preparing the beverage or liquid food, and referencing means for positioning and referencing the capsule in a removable manner in the device and in operational relationship with the water feed means and along an axis of rotation in the centrifugal rotating means, with the referencing means comprising a water injection structure that engages an upper portion of the capsule and is rotatable therewith and that also includes means for piercing a water inlet in the capsule at its longitudinal central axis. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the referencing means further comprises a capsule holder associated with the centrifugal rotating means for allowing the capsule to be rotated around its central axis at a centrifugal speed of at least 500 rpm. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the capsule has a cup-shaped body and a pierceable sealing lid comprising a flexible membrane that is attached to the cup-shaped body. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the capsule comprises trunconical sidewalls and the sealing lid is made of a rigid plastic, wherein the lid and body are attached via peripheral deflectable sealing means that includes at least one peripheral plastic lip engaged in a seat and which opens by effect of the centrifugal effect to form an outlet for the beverage or liquid food. 12. The system of claim 8, wherein the capsule has an axis of rotation and comprises a pierceable membrane, and the device comprises inlet piercing means of a single needle for piercing the membrane and for enabling the water feed means to introduce water in the capsule, with the inlet piercing means arranged to pierce at least one water inlet at the axis of rotation of the capsule. 13. The system of claim 8, wherein the capsule has an axis of rotation and the device comprises outlet piercing means for enabling the beverage or liquid food to exit the capsule wherein the outlet piercing means are radially positioned with respect to the axis of rotation of the capsule in the device, wherein the outlet piercing means comprises a series of needles positioned in a circular pattern and arranged in relation to the capsule to pierce radial holes in the capsule. 14. A device for preparing a beverage or liquid food from a food substance contained in a sealed capsule that has a longitudinal axis of rotation that passes vertically and centrally through the capsule, by passing water through the substance in the capsule, the device comprising:
water feed means for introducing water into the capsule, and means for centrifugally rotating the capsule about its axis of rotation to force the water to flow through the substance in the capsule in a centrifugal flow path to prepare the beverage or liquid food; and referencing means for positioning and referencing the capsule in a removable manner in the device and in operational relationship with the water feed means and along an axis of rotation in the centrifugal rotating means, with the referencing means comprising a water injection structure that engages an upper portion of the capsule and is rotatable therewith and that also includes means for piercing a water inlet in the capsule at its longitudinal central axis. 15. The device of claim 14, wherein the centrifugal rotating means comprises a drive shaft and an electrical motor connected to the referencing means for rotating the capsule, and the referencing means is designed for receiving the capsule in a removable manner and for receiving the capsule in the device in an operational relationship with the water feed means and the centrifugal rotating means. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the referencing means comprises a capsule holder having a cavity which is rotatable and which is connected to the motor via a drive shaft arranged for driving the capsule holder about a central rotational axis. 17. The device of claim 14, wherein the water injection structure of the referencing means comprises a water injection lid that closes onto the capsule, is traversed by a water conduit. 18. The device of claim 14, which further comprises means for piercing peripheral outlets for enabling the beverage or liquid food to leave the capsule, wherein the piercing means is formed by a series of needles on the injection lid. 19. The device of claim 14, which further comprises a collector for collecting the beverage or liquid food, the collector including a by-pass conduit arranged to add a volume of water into the collector without such water passing into the capsule. 20. The device of claim 14, which further comprises a control unit adapted to vary the speed of the centrifugal rotation means for rotating the capsule at at least two different centrifugal speeds to provide different centrifugal pressures of water in the capsule. 21. The device of claim 14, wherein the water feed means comprises a pump and an injection tube connected to a water reservoir for injection of water in the capsule under the effect of rotational momentum. | A method and system for preparing a beverage or liquid from a food substance contained in a filtering receptacle by passing water through the substance using brewing centrifugal forces. The method includes feeding water into the receptacle, and driving the receptacle in centrifugal rotation to force water to flow through the substance in a centrifugal flow path to the outlet of the receptacle. The system includes equipment necessary to carry out the method. The receptacle is a sealed capsule which is opened for water to be introduced into the capsule, contains a predetermined dose of food substance and is discarded after use.1. A method for preparing a beverage or liquid food from a predetermined dose of a food substance contained in a sealed filtering capsule that is cup-shaped and has a longitudinal axis of rotation that passes vertically and centrally through the cup, which comprises injecting water into the capsule along the longitudinal axis, and centrifugally rotating the capsule about the axis of rotation in order to force the water to flow through the substance in the capsule in a centrifugal flow path to an outlet to prepare the beverage or liquid food. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the beverage or liquid food is prepared in a beverage preparation device, and the method comprises:
opening the capsule and introducing water therein, and centrifugally rotating the capsule in the beverage preparation device to force the water to flow through the substance in the centrifugal flow path to form the beverage of liquid food, wherein the capsule is discarded after preparing the beverage. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the capsule is centrifugally rotated at a centrifugal speed of at least 500 rpm, the water is introduced in the capsule at substantially no pressure, and the outlet is made before or when water is introduced in the capsule. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein, after insertion of the capsule in the beverage preparation device, the capsule is opened for the water to be introduced therein by piercing of the capsule or by piercing or removal of a sealing foil of the capsule. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the capsule is sealed in a gas tight manner and contains ground coffee powder, soluble coffee, tea, chocolate, whitener, flavours or combinations thereof, with the dose of the substance included therein forming one or two servings of the beverage, and with the capsule having an axis of rotation that is vertical or inclined relative to vertical at an angle that is less than 90 degrees. 6. The method of claim 1, which further comprise piercing the capsule to form the outlet as one or more peripheral outlets on a lid or sidewall of the capsule. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the outlet is formed by pressure exerted on a deflectable portion of the capsule by liquid movement due to the centrifugal forces. 8. A system for preparing a beverage or liquid food from a predetermined dose of a food substance contained in a sealed filtering capsule that has a longitudinal axis of rotation that passes vertically and centrally through the capsule, comprising:
a device comprising:
water feed means for introducing water into the capsule, and
means for centrifugally rotating the capsule about its axis of rotation to force the water to flow through the substance in the capsule in a centrifugal flow path to prepare the beverage or liquid food;
the sealed filtering capsule being insertable in the device for preparing the beverage or liquid food and then removable from the device after preparing the beverage or liquid food, and referencing means for positioning and referencing the capsule in a removable manner in the device and in operational relationship with the water feed means and along an axis of rotation in the centrifugal rotating means, with the referencing means comprising a water injection structure that engages an upper portion of the capsule and is rotatable therewith and that also includes means for piercing a water inlet in the capsule at its longitudinal central axis. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the referencing means further comprises a capsule holder associated with the centrifugal rotating means for allowing the capsule to be rotated around its central axis at a centrifugal speed of at least 500 rpm. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the capsule has a cup-shaped body and a pierceable sealing lid comprising a flexible membrane that is attached to the cup-shaped body. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the capsule comprises trunconical sidewalls and the sealing lid is made of a rigid plastic, wherein the lid and body are attached via peripheral deflectable sealing means that includes at least one peripheral plastic lip engaged in a seat and which opens by effect of the centrifugal effect to form an outlet for the beverage or liquid food. 12. The system of claim 8, wherein the capsule has an axis of rotation and comprises a pierceable membrane, and the device comprises inlet piercing means of a single needle for piercing the membrane and for enabling the water feed means to introduce water in the capsule, with the inlet piercing means arranged to pierce at least one water inlet at the axis of rotation of the capsule. 13. The system of claim 8, wherein the capsule has an axis of rotation and the device comprises outlet piercing means for enabling the beverage or liquid food to exit the capsule wherein the outlet piercing means are radially positioned with respect to the axis of rotation of the capsule in the device, wherein the outlet piercing means comprises a series of needles positioned in a circular pattern and arranged in relation to the capsule to pierce radial holes in the capsule. 14. A device for preparing a beverage or liquid food from a food substance contained in a sealed capsule that has a longitudinal axis of rotation that passes vertically and centrally through the capsule, by passing water through the substance in the capsule, the device comprising:
water feed means for introducing water into the capsule, and means for centrifugally rotating the capsule about its axis of rotation to force the water to flow through the substance in the capsule in a centrifugal flow path to prepare the beverage or liquid food; and referencing means for positioning and referencing the capsule in a removable manner in the device and in operational relationship with the water feed means and along an axis of rotation in the centrifugal rotating means, with the referencing means comprising a water injection structure that engages an upper portion of the capsule and is rotatable therewith and that also includes means for piercing a water inlet in the capsule at its longitudinal central axis. 15. The device of claim 14, wherein the centrifugal rotating means comprises a drive shaft and an electrical motor connected to the referencing means for rotating the capsule, and the referencing means is designed for receiving the capsule in a removable manner and for receiving the capsule in the device in an operational relationship with the water feed means and the centrifugal rotating means. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the referencing means comprises a capsule holder having a cavity which is rotatable and which is connected to the motor via a drive shaft arranged for driving the capsule holder about a central rotational axis. 17. The device of claim 14, wherein the water injection structure of the referencing means comprises a water injection lid that closes onto the capsule, is traversed by a water conduit. 18. The device of claim 14, which further comprises means for piercing peripheral outlets for enabling the beverage or liquid food to leave the capsule, wherein the piercing means is formed by a series of needles on the injection lid. 19. The device of claim 14, which further comprises a collector for collecting the beverage or liquid food, the collector including a by-pass conduit arranged to add a volume of water into the collector without such water passing into the capsule. 20. The device of claim 14, which further comprises a control unit adapted to vary the speed of the centrifugal rotation means for rotating the capsule at at least two different centrifugal speeds to provide different centrifugal pressures of water in the capsule. 21. The device of claim 14, wherein the water feed means comprises a pump and an injection tube connected to a water reservoir for injection of water in the capsule under the effect of rotational momentum. | 1,700 |
3,237 | 14,113,617 | 1,723 | A fuel cell system includes a fuel cell stack having an anode plate and a cathode plate arranged on opposing sides of a proton exchange membrane. Cooling channels are in thermal contact with at least one of the anode plate and the cathode plate and include an internal coolant passage. A pressure-drop device is provided in the coolant channels and is configured to provide a sub-atmospheric pressure within the coolant passage. In one example, the coolant within the coolant passage is at less than ambient pressure. A compression device fluidly interconnects to and is downstream from the internal coolant passage by a coolant system loop and configured to convey a sub-atmospheric pressure coolant steam. The compression device is configured to increase the pressure and a temperature of the sub-atmospheric coolant steam to a super-atmospheric pressure and maintain the coolant steam within a steam region of a pressure-enthalpy curve. | 1. A fuel cell system comprising:
a fuel cell stack including an anode plate and a cathode plate arranged on opposing sides of a proton exchange membrane, and coolant channels including an internal coolant passage in thermal contact with at least one of the cathode and anode plates; a pressure drop device provided in the coolant channels and configured to provide a sub-atmospheric pressure within the coolant passage; and a compression device fluidly interconnect to and downstream from the internal coolant passage by a coolant steam loop configured to convey a sub-atmospheric pressure coolant steam, the compression device configured to increase the pressure and a temperature of the sub-atmospheric coolant steam to a super-atmospheric pressure and maintain the coolant steam within a steam region of a pressure-enthalpy curve. 2. The fuel cell system according to claim 1, wherein the coolant channels are provided by a porous layer of at least one of the anode plate and the cathode plate. 3. The fuel cell system according to claim 2, wherein the porous layer provides the pressure drop device. 4. The fuel cell system according to claim 3, comprising a spray nozzle arranged in the coolant passage configured to provide spray water droplets into the coolant passage for conversion to the coolant steam. 5. The fuel cell system according to claim 1, wherein the coolant channels are provided by a solid non-porous plate provided by at least one of the anode plate and the cathode plate. 6. The fuel cell system according to claim 5, comprising a spray nozzle arranged in the coolant passage configured to provide spray water droplets into the coolant passage for conversion to the coolant steam. 7. The fuel cell system according to claim 1, wherein the compression device includes a scroll compressor. 8. The fuel cell system according to claim 1, comprising a fuel source in fluid communication with the coolant steam loop at a junction via a fuel supply line, the junction downstream from the compression device and configured to intermix a fuel and the super-atmospheric pressure coolant steam to provide a mixture. 9. The fuel cell system according to claim 8, comprising a fuel processing system in fluid communication with the junction and configured to receive the mixture, the fuel processing system fluidly interconnected to the anode plate via a reformate line and configured to provide a reformate thereto through the reformate line. 10. The fuel cell system according to claim 1, wherein the fuel cell stack is configured to operate at an equilibrium operating condition providing an internal cell stack coolant temperature of less than 100° C. 11. The fuel cell system according to claim 1, comprising a building fluid loop, and a heat exchanger including the building fluid loop and the coolant steam loop configured to transfer heat there between. 12. The fuel cell system according to claim 1, wherein the coolant steam is configured to undergo quasi-isentropic compression in the compression device in comparison to an entropy of the coolant steam within the fuel cell stack. 13. A method of producing steam within a fuel cell system comprising:
creating a pressure drop within a fuel cell stack to lower the boiling point of coolant within the fuel cell stack; boiling the coolant within the fuel cell stack to produce steam; and supplying the steam to a component outside of the fuel cell stack via a coolant steam loop. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the creating step includes providing a coolant temperature within the stack of less than 100° C. and a pressure of less than atmospheric pressure. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the supplying step includes quasi-isentropically compressing the steam, in comparison to an entropy of the steam within the fuel cell stack, to a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure and maintaining the steam within a steam region of a pressure-enthalpy curve. | A fuel cell system includes a fuel cell stack having an anode plate and a cathode plate arranged on opposing sides of a proton exchange membrane. Cooling channels are in thermal contact with at least one of the anode plate and the cathode plate and include an internal coolant passage. A pressure-drop device is provided in the coolant channels and is configured to provide a sub-atmospheric pressure within the coolant passage. In one example, the coolant within the coolant passage is at less than ambient pressure. A compression device fluidly interconnects to and is downstream from the internal coolant passage by a coolant system loop and configured to convey a sub-atmospheric pressure coolant steam. The compression device is configured to increase the pressure and a temperature of the sub-atmospheric coolant steam to a super-atmospheric pressure and maintain the coolant steam within a steam region of a pressure-enthalpy curve.1. A fuel cell system comprising:
a fuel cell stack including an anode plate and a cathode plate arranged on opposing sides of a proton exchange membrane, and coolant channels including an internal coolant passage in thermal contact with at least one of the cathode and anode plates; a pressure drop device provided in the coolant channels and configured to provide a sub-atmospheric pressure within the coolant passage; and a compression device fluidly interconnect to and downstream from the internal coolant passage by a coolant steam loop configured to convey a sub-atmospheric pressure coolant steam, the compression device configured to increase the pressure and a temperature of the sub-atmospheric coolant steam to a super-atmospheric pressure and maintain the coolant steam within a steam region of a pressure-enthalpy curve. 2. The fuel cell system according to claim 1, wherein the coolant channels are provided by a porous layer of at least one of the anode plate and the cathode plate. 3. The fuel cell system according to claim 2, wherein the porous layer provides the pressure drop device. 4. The fuel cell system according to claim 3, comprising a spray nozzle arranged in the coolant passage configured to provide spray water droplets into the coolant passage for conversion to the coolant steam. 5. The fuel cell system according to claim 1, wherein the coolant channels are provided by a solid non-porous plate provided by at least one of the anode plate and the cathode plate. 6. The fuel cell system according to claim 5, comprising a spray nozzle arranged in the coolant passage configured to provide spray water droplets into the coolant passage for conversion to the coolant steam. 7. The fuel cell system according to claim 1, wherein the compression device includes a scroll compressor. 8. The fuel cell system according to claim 1, comprising a fuel source in fluid communication with the coolant steam loop at a junction via a fuel supply line, the junction downstream from the compression device and configured to intermix a fuel and the super-atmospheric pressure coolant steam to provide a mixture. 9. The fuel cell system according to claim 8, comprising a fuel processing system in fluid communication with the junction and configured to receive the mixture, the fuel processing system fluidly interconnected to the anode plate via a reformate line and configured to provide a reformate thereto through the reformate line. 10. The fuel cell system according to claim 1, wherein the fuel cell stack is configured to operate at an equilibrium operating condition providing an internal cell stack coolant temperature of less than 100° C. 11. The fuel cell system according to claim 1, comprising a building fluid loop, and a heat exchanger including the building fluid loop and the coolant steam loop configured to transfer heat there between. 12. The fuel cell system according to claim 1, wherein the coolant steam is configured to undergo quasi-isentropic compression in the compression device in comparison to an entropy of the coolant steam within the fuel cell stack. 13. A method of producing steam within a fuel cell system comprising:
creating a pressure drop within a fuel cell stack to lower the boiling point of coolant within the fuel cell stack; boiling the coolant within the fuel cell stack to produce steam; and supplying the steam to a component outside of the fuel cell stack via a coolant steam loop. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the creating step includes providing a coolant temperature within the stack of less than 100° C. and a pressure of less than atmospheric pressure. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the supplying step includes quasi-isentropically compressing the steam, in comparison to an entropy of the steam within the fuel cell stack, to a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure and maintaining the steam within a steam region of a pressure-enthalpy curve. | 1,700 |
3,238 | 15,076,981 | 1,711 | Provided are an apparatus for and a driving method of driving a washing machine in which a washing tub is rotated by an inertial force in a freewheeling condition or at a low power driving mode, and a pulsator is reversely rotated, in a state where the pulsator and the washing tub are rotated in one direction. When driving the pulsator and the washing tub in the opposite directions, the inner rotor and the outer rotor are driven in a first direction where the washing tub is rotated, to then set the inner rotor to any one of a free-wheeling mode, an intermittent driving mode, and a low power driving mode, to thus rotate the washing tub, and the outer rotor is driven in one direction opposing the first direction to thus reversely rotate the pulsator. | 1. An apparatus for driving a washing machine, the washing machine driving apparatus comprising:
a stator that is fixed to a lower surface of an outer tub and on an inner side and an outer side of which a first coil and a second coil are provided, respectively; an inner rotor that is disposed with a gap on an inner circumferential surface of the first coil of the stator and connected with a washing tub; an outer rotor that is disposed with a gap on an outer circumferential surface of the second coil of the stator and connected with a pulsator; and a control unit that applies a first drive signal and a second drive signal independently to the first coil and the second coil, wherein when the control unit drives the pulsator and the washing tub in the opposite directions, the control unit drives the inner rotor and the outer rotor in a first direction where the washing tub is rotated, to then set the inner rotor to any one of a free-wheeling mode, an intermittent driving mode, and a low power driving mode, to thus rotate the washing tub, and drives the outer rotor in one direction opposing the first direction to thus reversely rotate the pulsator. 2. The driving apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control unit drives the inner rotor and the outer rotor simultaneously or sequentially drives the inner rotor and the outer rotor at time intervals when driving the inner rotor and the outer rotor in a first direction. 3. The driving apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control unit drives the pulsator and the washing tub at different speeds when driving the pulsator and the washing tub in the opposite directions to each other. 4. The driving apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control unit drives the pulsator and the washing tub at variable speeds, when driving the pulsator and the washing tub in the opposite directions to each other, to thus form a strong water stream in a pattern shape. 5. The driving apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control unit comprises:
a first driver for generating a first drive signal applied to a first coil in order to drive the inner rotor; a second driver for generating a second drive signal applied to a second coil in order to drive the outer rotor; and a controller for controlling the first driver and the second driver. 6. The driving apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
an outer shaft whose one end is connected with the washing tub and whose other end is connected with the inner rotor; and an inner shaft which is rotatably disposed within the outer shaft and whose one end is connected with the pulsator and whose other end is connected with the outer rotor. 7. A method of driving a washing machine including an apparatus for driving the washing machine, in which the washing machine driving apparatus includes: a stator that is fixed to a lower surface of an outer tub and on an inner side and an outer side of which a first coil and a second coil are provided, respectively; an inner rotor that is disposed with a gap on an inner circumferential surface of the stator and connected with a washing tub; an outer rotor that is disposed with a gap on an outer circumferential surface of the stator and connected with a pulsator; and a control unit that applies a first drive signal and a second drive signal independently to the first coil and the second coil, to drive the inner rotor and the outer rotor, the method comprising:
when driving the pulsator and the washing tub in the opposite directions to each other, driving the inner rotor and the outer rotor in a first direction where the washing tub is rotated; rotating the washing tub by setting the inner rotor to any one of a free-wheeling mode, an intermittent driving mode, and a low power driving mode; and driving the outer rotor in one direction opposing the first direction to thus reversely rotate the pulsator. 8. The driving method of claim 7, wherein the step of driving the inner rotor and the outer rotor in the first direction comprises the step of driving the outer rotor and the inner rotor in the first direction simultaneously, by applying the first drive signal and the second drive signal to the first coil and the second coil, respectively. 9. The driving method of claim 7, wherein the step of driving the inner rotor and the outer rotor in the first direction comprises the step of driving the outer rotor and then sequentially driving the inner rotor at a preset time interval. 10. The driving method of claim 9, further comprising:
after driving the outer rotor first in the first direction, executing a Proportional-Integral (PI) control or a Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) control so that the rotational speed of the outer rotor reaches a preset round per minute (RPM); determining whether the outer rotor has been started normally by executing the PI control or PID control; starting the inner rotor and the outer rotor in an identical direction in a state in which the outer rotor is rotationally driven in the first direction; and controlling the rotational speeds of the inner rotor and the outer rotor so as to reach predetermined RPMs by executing the PI control or PID control of the inner rotor and the outer rotor. 11. The driving method of claim 10, wherein the step of determining whether the outer rotor has been normally started is executed by any one method of the following methods or a method of having a combination of at least two methods thereof: a first method of determining a drive has been made for a preset time; a second method of determining whether a RPM of the outer rotor has reached a preset value; a third method of determining whether an amount of current of the second drive signal applied to the second coil has reached a preset value. 12. The driving method of claim 7, further comprising the step of determining whether the inner rotor has been normally started in the first direction before the step of setting the inner rotor in a freewheeling mode, an intermittent driving mode or a low-power drive mode, and rotating the washing tub. 13. The driving method of claim 12, wherein the step of determining whether the inner rotor has been normally started is executed by any one method of the following methods or a method of having a combination of at least two methods thereof: a first method of determining a drive has been made for a preset time; a second method of determining whether a RPM of the inner rotor has reached a preset value; a third method of determining whether an amount of current of the first drive signal applied to the first coil has reached a preset value. 14. The driving method of claim 7, wherein the step of rotating the washing tub by setting the inner rotor in the free-wheeling mode blocks the second drive signal applied to the second coil from the control unit. 15. The driving method of claim 7, wherein when the pulsator and the washing tub are driven in opposite directions to each other, the pulsator and the washing tub are driven at different speeds, at an identical speed, or at variable speeds. 16. The driving method of claim 7, further comprising the steps of:
after reversely rotating the pulsator, driving the outer rotor and the inner rotor so that the washing tub is rotated in a second direction opposite to the first direction, to thus rotate the pulsator and the washing tub in the second direction step; setting the inner rotor in a freewheeling mode, an intermittent driving mode or a low-power drive mode, thus rotating the washing tub; and reversely rotating the pulsator in one direction opposite to the rotational direction of the washing tub by driving the outer rotor in the first direction. 17. A washing machine comprising:
a washing tub that is suspended and supported inside a case; a washing tub rotatably disposed inside the outer tub to thus perform washing and dehydrating; a pulsator rotatably disposed within the washing tub to thus form a wash water stream; and a driving apparatus that is mounted in a lower portion of the outer tub and drives the washing tub and the pulsator at the same time or alternatively, wherein the driving apparatus comprises: a stator that is fixed to a lower surface of an outer tub and on an inner side and an outer side of which a first coil and a second coil are provided, respectively; an inner rotor that is disposed with a gap on an inner circumferential surface of the first coil of the stator and connected with a washing tub; an outer rotor that is disposed with a gap on an outer circumferential surface of the second coil of the stator and connected with a pulsator; and a control unit that applies a first drive signal and a second drive signal independently to the first coil and the second coil, wherein when the control unit drives the pulsator and the washing tub in the opposite directions, the control unit drives the inner rotor and the outer rotor in a first direction where the washing tub is rotated, to then set the inner rotor to any one of a free-wheeling mode, an intermittent driving mode, and a low power driving mode, to thus rotate the washing tub, and drives the outer rotor in one direction opposing the first direction to thus reversely rotate the pulsator. | Provided are an apparatus for and a driving method of driving a washing machine in which a washing tub is rotated by an inertial force in a freewheeling condition or at a low power driving mode, and a pulsator is reversely rotated, in a state where the pulsator and the washing tub are rotated in one direction. When driving the pulsator and the washing tub in the opposite directions, the inner rotor and the outer rotor are driven in a first direction where the washing tub is rotated, to then set the inner rotor to any one of a free-wheeling mode, an intermittent driving mode, and a low power driving mode, to thus rotate the washing tub, and the outer rotor is driven in one direction opposing the first direction to thus reversely rotate the pulsator.1. An apparatus for driving a washing machine, the washing machine driving apparatus comprising:
a stator that is fixed to a lower surface of an outer tub and on an inner side and an outer side of which a first coil and a second coil are provided, respectively; an inner rotor that is disposed with a gap on an inner circumferential surface of the first coil of the stator and connected with a washing tub; an outer rotor that is disposed with a gap on an outer circumferential surface of the second coil of the stator and connected with a pulsator; and a control unit that applies a first drive signal and a second drive signal independently to the first coil and the second coil, wherein when the control unit drives the pulsator and the washing tub in the opposite directions, the control unit drives the inner rotor and the outer rotor in a first direction where the washing tub is rotated, to then set the inner rotor to any one of a free-wheeling mode, an intermittent driving mode, and a low power driving mode, to thus rotate the washing tub, and drives the outer rotor in one direction opposing the first direction to thus reversely rotate the pulsator. 2. The driving apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control unit drives the inner rotor and the outer rotor simultaneously or sequentially drives the inner rotor and the outer rotor at time intervals when driving the inner rotor and the outer rotor in a first direction. 3. The driving apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control unit drives the pulsator and the washing tub at different speeds when driving the pulsator and the washing tub in the opposite directions to each other. 4. The driving apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control unit drives the pulsator and the washing tub at variable speeds, when driving the pulsator and the washing tub in the opposite directions to each other, to thus form a strong water stream in a pattern shape. 5. The driving apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control unit comprises:
a first driver for generating a first drive signal applied to a first coil in order to drive the inner rotor; a second driver for generating a second drive signal applied to a second coil in order to drive the outer rotor; and a controller for controlling the first driver and the second driver. 6. The driving apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
an outer shaft whose one end is connected with the washing tub and whose other end is connected with the inner rotor; and an inner shaft which is rotatably disposed within the outer shaft and whose one end is connected with the pulsator and whose other end is connected with the outer rotor. 7. A method of driving a washing machine including an apparatus for driving the washing machine, in which the washing machine driving apparatus includes: a stator that is fixed to a lower surface of an outer tub and on an inner side and an outer side of which a first coil and a second coil are provided, respectively; an inner rotor that is disposed with a gap on an inner circumferential surface of the stator and connected with a washing tub; an outer rotor that is disposed with a gap on an outer circumferential surface of the stator and connected with a pulsator; and a control unit that applies a first drive signal and a second drive signal independently to the first coil and the second coil, to drive the inner rotor and the outer rotor, the method comprising:
when driving the pulsator and the washing tub in the opposite directions to each other, driving the inner rotor and the outer rotor in a first direction where the washing tub is rotated; rotating the washing tub by setting the inner rotor to any one of a free-wheeling mode, an intermittent driving mode, and a low power driving mode; and driving the outer rotor in one direction opposing the first direction to thus reversely rotate the pulsator. 8. The driving method of claim 7, wherein the step of driving the inner rotor and the outer rotor in the first direction comprises the step of driving the outer rotor and the inner rotor in the first direction simultaneously, by applying the first drive signal and the second drive signal to the first coil and the second coil, respectively. 9. The driving method of claim 7, wherein the step of driving the inner rotor and the outer rotor in the first direction comprises the step of driving the outer rotor and then sequentially driving the inner rotor at a preset time interval. 10. The driving method of claim 9, further comprising:
after driving the outer rotor first in the first direction, executing a Proportional-Integral (PI) control or a Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) control so that the rotational speed of the outer rotor reaches a preset round per minute (RPM); determining whether the outer rotor has been started normally by executing the PI control or PID control; starting the inner rotor and the outer rotor in an identical direction in a state in which the outer rotor is rotationally driven in the first direction; and controlling the rotational speeds of the inner rotor and the outer rotor so as to reach predetermined RPMs by executing the PI control or PID control of the inner rotor and the outer rotor. 11. The driving method of claim 10, wherein the step of determining whether the outer rotor has been normally started is executed by any one method of the following methods or a method of having a combination of at least two methods thereof: a first method of determining a drive has been made for a preset time; a second method of determining whether a RPM of the outer rotor has reached a preset value; a third method of determining whether an amount of current of the second drive signal applied to the second coil has reached a preset value. 12. The driving method of claim 7, further comprising the step of determining whether the inner rotor has been normally started in the first direction before the step of setting the inner rotor in a freewheeling mode, an intermittent driving mode or a low-power drive mode, and rotating the washing tub. 13. The driving method of claim 12, wherein the step of determining whether the inner rotor has been normally started is executed by any one method of the following methods or a method of having a combination of at least two methods thereof: a first method of determining a drive has been made for a preset time; a second method of determining whether a RPM of the inner rotor has reached a preset value; a third method of determining whether an amount of current of the first drive signal applied to the first coil has reached a preset value. 14. The driving method of claim 7, wherein the step of rotating the washing tub by setting the inner rotor in the free-wheeling mode blocks the second drive signal applied to the second coil from the control unit. 15. The driving method of claim 7, wherein when the pulsator and the washing tub are driven in opposite directions to each other, the pulsator and the washing tub are driven at different speeds, at an identical speed, or at variable speeds. 16. The driving method of claim 7, further comprising the steps of:
after reversely rotating the pulsator, driving the outer rotor and the inner rotor so that the washing tub is rotated in a second direction opposite to the first direction, to thus rotate the pulsator and the washing tub in the second direction step; setting the inner rotor in a freewheeling mode, an intermittent driving mode or a low-power drive mode, thus rotating the washing tub; and reversely rotating the pulsator in one direction opposite to the rotational direction of the washing tub by driving the outer rotor in the first direction. 17. A washing machine comprising:
a washing tub that is suspended and supported inside a case; a washing tub rotatably disposed inside the outer tub to thus perform washing and dehydrating; a pulsator rotatably disposed within the washing tub to thus form a wash water stream; and a driving apparatus that is mounted in a lower portion of the outer tub and drives the washing tub and the pulsator at the same time or alternatively, wherein the driving apparatus comprises: a stator that is fixed to a lower surface of an outer tub and on an inner side and an outer side of which a first coil and a second coil are provided, respectively; an inner rotor that is disposed with a gap on an inner circumferential surface of the first coil of the stator and connected with a washing tub; an outer rotor that is disposed with a gap on an outer circumferential surface of the second coil of the stator and connected with a pulsator; and a control unit that applies a first drive signal and a second drive signal independently to the first coil and the second coil, wherein when the control unit drives the pulsator and the washing tub in the opposite directions, the control unit drives the inner rotor and the outer rotor in a first direction where the washing tub is rotated, to then set the inner rotor to any one of a free-wheeling mode, an intermittent driving mode, and a low power driving mode, to thus rotate the washing tub, and drives the outer rotor in one direction opposing the first direction to thus reversely rotate the pulsator. | 1,700 |
3,239 | 12,514,216 | 1,793 | Providing a D-psicose-containing sweetener with the modification of the taste of D-psicose, comprising D-psicose, a sugar alcohol and/or a high intensity sweetener, preferably containing D-psicose as the main component, particularly a low-calorie sweetener and/or a sweetener giving refreshing feel in the oral cavity, as well as foods and drinks obtained by using the D-psicose-containing sweetener with the modification of the taste of D-psicose, and other products given with sweetness. The sugar alcohol is one or more sugar alcohols selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, mannitol, lactitol, maltitol, xylitol and erythritol, while the high intensity sweetener is one or more high intensity sweeteners as selected from aspartame, acesulfame K, sodium cyclamate, sodium saccharin, Sucralose (under trade name), stevia sweetener, dulcin, taumatin, neotame and monellin. | 1. A D-psicose-containing sweetener with the modification of the taste of D-psicose, comprising D-psicose, a sugar alcohol and/or a high intensity sweetener. 2. A sweetener according to claim 1, containing D-psicose as the main component. 3. A sweetener according to claim 1, wherein the sugar alcohol comprises one or more sugar alcohols selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, mannitol, lactitol, maltitol, xylitol and erythritol. 4. A sweetener according to claim 1, wherein the high intensity sweetener comprises one or more high intensity sweeteners as selected from the group consisting of aspartame, acesulfame K, sodium cyclamate, sodium saccharin, Sucralose (under trade name), stevia sweetener, dulcin, taumatin, Neotame and monellin. 5. A sweetener according to claim 1, which is a low-calorie sweetener. 6. A sweetener according to claim 1, which is a sweetener giving refreshing feel in the oral cavity. 7. A food or a drink obtained by using a D-psicose-containing sweetener with the modification of the taste of D-psicose according to claim 1, as well as other products given with sweetness. | Providing a D-psicose-containing sweetener with the modification of the taste of D-psicose, comprising D-psicose, a sugar alcohol and/or a high intensity sweetener, preferably containing D-psicose as the main component, particularly a low-calorie sweetener and/or a sweetener giving refreshing feel in the oral cavity, as well as foods and drinks obtained by using the D-psicose-containing sweetener with the modification of the taste of D-psicose, and other products given with sweetness. The sugar alcohol is one or more sugar alcohols selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, mannitol, lactitol, maltitol, xylitol and erythritol, while the high intensity sweetener is one or more high intensity sweeteners as selected from aspartame, acesulfame K, sodium cyclamate, sodium saccharin, Sucralose (under trade name), stevia sweetener, dulcin, taumatin, neotame and monellin.1. A D-psicose-containing sweetener with the modification of the taste of D-psicose, comprising D-psicose, a sugar alcohol and/or a high intensity sweetener. 2. A sweetener according to claim 1, containing D-psicose as the main component. 3. A sweetener according to claim 1, wherein the sugar alcohol comprises one or more sugar alcohols selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, mannitol, lactitol, maltitol, xylitol and erythritol. 4. A sweetener according to claim 1, wherein the high intensity sweetener comprises one or more high intensity sweeteners as selected from the group consisting of aspartame, acesulfame K, sodium cyclamate, sodium saccharin, Sucralose (under trade name), stevia sweetener, dulcin, taumatin, Neotame and monellin. 5. A sweetener according to claim 1, which is a low-calorie sweetener. 6. A sweetener according to claim 1, which is a sweetener giving refreshing feel in the oral cavity. 7. A food or a drink obtained by using a D-psicose-containing sweetener with the modification of the taste of D-psicose according to claim 1, as well as other products given with sweetness. | 1,700 |
3,240 | 14,805,980 | 1,727 | An exemplary battery pack assembly includes an endplate with a first side region and a second side region opposite the first side region, a first connector in the first side region, and a second connector in the second side region. The first and second connectors each provide a connection point to secure the endplate to a support when a respective one of the first or second side regions is positioned proximate the support. | 1. A battery pack assembly, comprising:
an endplate with a first side region and a second side region opposite the first side region; a first connector in the first side region; and a second connector in the second side region, the first and second connectors each providing a connection point to secure the endplate to a support when a respective one of the first or second side regions is positioned proximate the support. 2. The battery pack assembly of claim 1, wherein a median of the endplate extends from the first side region to the second side region, the first connector is offset from the median in a first direction, the second connector is offset from the median in a second direction that is opposite the first direction. 3. The battery pack assembly of claim 1, wherein the support is a tray. 4. The battery pack assembly of claim 1, wherein the endplate is configured to hold a plurality of side-oriented battery cells, and further configured to hold a plurality of standard-oriented battery cells. 5. The battery pack assembly of claim 1, further comprising a first flange having the first connector and a second flange having the second connector, the first and second flanges extending from surrounding areas of the endplate in a direction opposite a surface of the endplate that faces a plurality of battery cells. 6. The battery pack assembly of claim 5, further comprising a first lifting feature in the first flange and a second lifting feature in the second flange, the first lifting feature providing a first lift assist link to couple a lift assist arm to the endplate when the second side region is positioned proximate the support, the second lifting feature providing a second lift assist link to couple the lift assist arm to the endplate when the first side region is positioned proximate the support. 7. The battery pack assembly of claim 1, further comprising a third connector in a third side region of the endplate, the third side region extending from the first side region to the second side region, the third connector providing a connection point to secure the endplate to a heat exchanger plate that is transverse to the support. 8. The battery pack assembly of claim 7, wherein the connection point provided by the third connector secures the endplate to both the heat exchanger plate and another endplate. 9. The battery pack assembly of claim 7, wherein the connection point provided by the third connector secures the endplate to a heat exchanger plate when the third side region is positioned proximate the heat exchanger plate. 10. The battery pack assembly of claim 7, further comprising a lifting feature in a fourth side region of the endplate that is opposite the third side region and that extends from the first side region to the second side region, the lifting feature providing a lift assist link to selectively couple a lift assist arm to the endplate when the third side region is positioned proximate the heat exchanger plate. 11. A battery pack assembly, comprising
a first group of side-oriented battery cells disposed along a first axis; a second group of side-oriented battery cells disposed along a second axis that is spaced from the second axis; a first endplate at an axial end of the first group; and a second endplate at an axial end of the second group, the first endplate interchangeable with the second endplate. 12. The battery pack assembly of claim 11, wherein the first endplate mimics the second endplate when the first endplate is rotated 180 degrees relative to the second endplate about the first axis. 13. The battery pack assembly of claim 11, further comprising a separator plate between the first and second groups. 14. The battery pack assembly of claim 11, wherein the first endplate and the second endplates each include a connector in a side region, the connector of the first endplate and the connector of the second endplate join the first and second endplates to each other and to the separator plate. 15. The battery pack assembly of claim 14, wherein the connector of the first endplate and the connector of the second endplate are configured to secure the respective one of the first endplate or the second endplate to a battery structure to hold a standard-oriented group of battery cells when the side region is positioned proximate the battery structure. 16. The battery pack assembly of claim 15, wherein the terminals of the group of side-oriented battery cells face laterally away from the separator plate in a first direction, the terminals of the group of side-oriented battery cells face laterally away from the separator plate in a second direction, and the terminals of the standard-oriented group of battery cells face upwardly away from the battery structure. 17. A method, comprising:
forming a first connector in a first side region of an endplate and a second connector in a second side region of the endplate that is opposite the first side region, the first connector providing a connection point to secure the endplate to a support when the first side region is positioned proximate the support, the second connector providing a connection point to secure the endplate to the support when the second side region is positioned proximate the support. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising casting the endplate during the forming. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising forming a third connector in a third side region of the endplate, the third side region extending from the first side region to the second side region, the third connector providing a connection point to secure the endplate to a heat exchanger plate that is transverse to the support. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the connection point provided by the third connector is used to secure the endplate to a heat exchanger plate when the third side region is positioned proximate the heat exchanger plate. | An exemplary battery pack assembly includes an endplate with a first side region and a second side region opposite the first side region, a first connector in the first side region, and a second connector in the second side region. The first and second connectors each provide a connection point to secure the endplate to a support when a respective one of the first or second side regions is positioned proximate the support.1. A battery pack assembly, comprising:
an endplate with a first side region and a second side region opposite the first side region; a first connector in the first side region; and a second connector in the second side region, the first and second connectors each providing a connection point to secure the endplate to a support when a respective one of the first or second side regions is positioned proximate the support. 2. The battery pack assembly of claim 1, wherein a median of the endplate extends from the first side region to the second side region, the first connector is offset from the median in a first direction, the second connector is offset from the median in a second direction that is opposite the first direction. 3. The battery pack assembly of claim 1, wherein the support is a tray. 4. The battery pack assembly of claim 1, wherein the endplate is configured to hold a plurality of side-oriented battery cells, and further configured to hold a plurality of standard-oriented battery cells. 5. The battery pack assembly of claim 1, further comprising a first flange having the first connector and a second flange having the second connector, the first and second flanges extending from surrounding areas of the endplate in a direction opposite a surface of the endplate that faces a plurality of battery cells. 6. The battery pack assembly of claim 5, further comprising a first lifting feature in the first flange and a second lifting feature in the second flange, the first lifting feature providing a first lift assist link to couple a lift assist arm to the endplate when the second side region is positioned proximate the support, the second lifting feature providing a second lift assist link to couple the lift assist arm to the endplate when the first side region is positioned proximate the support. 7. The battery pack assembly of claim 1, further comprising a third connector in a third side region of the endplate, the third side region extending from the first side region to the second side region, the third connector providing a connection point to secure the endplate to a heat exchanger plate that is transverse to the support. 8. The battery pack assembly of claim 7, wherein the connection point provided by the third connector secures the endplate to both the heat exchanger plate and another endplate. 9. The battery pack assembly of claim 7, wherein the connection point provided by the third connector secures the endplate to a heat exchanger plate when the third side region is positioned proximate the heat exchanger plate. 10. The battery pack assembly of claim 7, further comprising a lifting feature in a fourth side region of the endplate that is opposite the third side region and that extends from the first side region to the second side region, the lifting feature providing a lift assist link to selectively couple a lift assist arm to the endplate when the third side region is positioned proximate the heat exchanger plate. 11. A battery pack assembly, comprising
a first group of side-oriented battery cells disposed along a first axis; a second group of side-oriented battery cells disposed along a second axis that is spaced from the second axis; a first endplate at an axial end of the first group; and a second endplate at an axial end of the second group, the first endplate interchangeable with the second endplate. 12. The battery pack assembly of claim 11, wherein the first endplate mimics the second endplate when the first endplate is rotated 180 degrees relative to the second endplate about the first axis. 13. The battery pack assembly of claim 11, further comprising a separator plate between the first and second groups. 14. The battery pack assembly of claim 11, wherein the first endplate and the second endplates each include a connector in a side region, the connector of the first endplate and the connector of the second endplate join the first and second endplates to each other and to the separator plate. 15. The battery pack assembly of claim 14, wherein the connector of the first endplate and the connector of the second endplate are configured to secure the respective one of the first endplate or the second endplate to a battery structure to hold a standard-oriented group of battery cells when the side region is positioned proximate the battery structure. 16. The battery pack assembly of claim 15, wherein the terminals of the group of side-oriented battery cells face laterally away from the separator plate in a first direction, the terminals of the group of side-oriented battery cells face laterally away from the separator plate in a second direction, and the terminals of the standard-oriented group of battery cells face upwardly away from the battery structure. 17. A method, comprising:
forming a first connector in a first side region of an endplate and a second connector in a second side region of the endplate that is opposite the first side region, the first connector providing a connection point to secure the endplate to a support when the first side region is positioned proximate the support, the second connector providing a connection point to secure the endplate to the support when the second side region is positioned proximate the support. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising casting the endplate during the forming. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising forming a third connector in a third side region of the endplate, the third side region extending from the first side region to the second side region, the third connector providing a connection point to secure the endplate to a heat exchanger plate that is transverse to the support. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the connection point provided by the third connector is used to secure the endplate to a heat exchanger plate when the third side region is positioned proximate the heat exchanger plate. | 1,700 |
3,241 | 14,353,718 | 1,793 | The present invention relates to a liquid enzyme formulation, particularly to a liquid and stable formulation comprising a crosslinking enzyme and/or an enzyme modifying milk proteins. Particularly the present invention relates a liquid and stable transglutaminase formulation. In addition, the present invention relates to a method for preparing a liquid enzyme formulation. | 1. A liquid enzyme formulation comprising at least one milk protein crosslinking and/or modifying enzyme in polyol-water suspension comprising from 25% to 100% (w/w) polyol and having pH value within the range from 4.4 to 5.1. 2. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the polyol-water suspension comprises from 50% to 75% polyol. 3. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the polyol is glycerol or sorbitol. 4. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the pH is 4.6. 5. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the formulation comprises transglutaminase, tyrosinase or protein glutaminase. 6. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the formulation comprises transglutaminase and protein glutaminase. 7. The formulation according to claim 5, wherein the formulation comprises also laccase and/or tyrosinase. 8. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the formulation is free from preservatives. 9. A method for preparing a liquid enzyme formulation, wherein at least one milk protein crosslinking and/or modifying enzyme is added to polyol-water suspension comprising from 25% to 100% (w/w) polyol and having pH value within the range from 4.4 to 5.1. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
a) pH of the polyol-water suspension is adjusted with food grade acid to a value within the range from 4.4 to 5.1, b) at least one milk protein crosslinking and/or modifying enzyme is added to the suspension, c) optionally a preservative is added. 11. The method according to claim 9, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
a) at least one milk protein crosslinking and/or modifying enzyme is added to a polyol-water suspension comprising from 25% to 100% polyol, b) pH of the suspension is adjusted with food grade acid(s) to a value within the range from 4.4 to 5.1 c) optionally a preservative is added. 12. The method according to claim 9, wherein the polyol-water suspension comprises from 50% to 75% polyol. 13. The method according to claim 9, wherein the pH of the polyol-water suspension is 4.6. 14. The method according to claim 9, wherein the polyol is glycerol or sorbitol. 15. The method according to claim 9, wherein the enzyme is transglutaminase, tyrosinase or protein glutaminase. 16. The method according to claim 9, wherein the enzymes are transglutaminase and protein glutaminase. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein also laccase and/or tyrosinase is added to the suspension. 18. The method according to claim 9, wherein the method does not comprise addition of a preservative. | The present invention relates to a liquid enzyme formulation, particularly to a liquid and stable formulation comprising a crosslinking enzyme and/or an enzyme modifying milk proteins. Particularly the present invention relates a liquid and stable transglutaminase formulation. In addition, the present invention relates to a method for preparing a liquid enzyme formulation.1. A liquid enzyme formulation comprising at least one milk protein crosslinking and/or modifying enzyme in polyol-water suspension comprising from 25% to 100% (w/w) polyol and having pH value within the range from 4.4 to 5.1. 2. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the polyol-water suspension comprises from 50% to 75% polyol. 3. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the polyol is glycerol or sorbitol. 4. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the pH is 4.6. 5. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the formulation comprises transglutaminase, tyrosinase or protein glutaminase. 6. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the formulation comprises transglutaminase and protein glutaminase. 7. The formulation according to claim 5, wherein the formulation comprises also laccase and/or tyrosinase. 8. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the formulation is free from preservatives. 9. A method for preparing a liquid enzyme formulation, wherein at least one milk protein crosslinking and/or modifying enzyme is added to polyol-water suspension comprising from 25% to 100% (w/w) polyol and having pH value within the range from 4.4 to 5.1. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
a) pH of the polyol-water suspension is adjusted with food grade acid to a value within the range from 4.4 to 5.1, b) at least one milk protein crosslinking and/or modifying enzyme is added to the suspension, c) optionally a preservative is added. 11. The method according to claim 9, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
a) at least one milk protein crosslinking and/or modifying enzyme is added to a polyol-water suspension comprising from 25% to 100% polyol, b) pH of the suspension is adjusted with food grade acid(s) to a value within the range from 4.4 to 5.1 c) optionally a preservative is added. 12. The method according to claim 9, wherein the polyol-water suspension comprises from 50% to 75% polyol. 13. The method according to claim 9, wherein the pH of the polyol-water suspension is 4.6. 14. The method according to claim 9, wherein the polyol is glycerol or sorbitol. 15. The method according to claim 9, wherein the enzyme is transglutaminase, tyrosinase or protein glutaminase. 16. The method according to claim 9, wherein the enzymes are transglutaminase and protein glutaminase. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein also laccase and/or tyrosinase is added to the suspension. 18. The method according to claim 9, wherein the method does not comprise addition of a preservative. | 1,700 |
3,242 | 14,886,535 | 1,734 | A method for additively manufacturing an article includes applying energy to a powder to produce a weld pool of molten powder and applying an electromagnetic field to the weld pool to control one or more characteristics of the weld pool. Applying the electromagnetic field can include applying an electric field and/or a magnetic field to the weld pool. | 1. A method for additively manufacturing an article, comprising:
applying energy to a powder to produce a weld pool of molten powder; and applying an electromagnetic field to the weld pool to control one or more characteristics of the weld pool. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the electromagnetic field includes applying an electric field to the weld pool. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the electromagnetic field includes applying a magnetic field to the weld pool. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein applying energy to a powder includes applying a laser beam. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein applying energy to a powder includes moving the laser beam along a melt direction to melt the powder in a powder bed or along with the deposition of powder injected into the laser beam. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein applying the magnetic field to the weld pool includes applying the magnetic field such that a magnetic induction vector of the magnetic field is perpendicular to the melt direction at the weld pool. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the electromagnetic field to control one or more characteristics of the weld pool includes controlling at least one of molten flow and/or convection, grain growth rate, grain morphology, and/or weld pool geometry. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein controlling weld pool geometry includes reducing a cross-sectional area of the weld pool to reduce wall thickness of an additively manufactured article. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein controlling molten flow includes controlling molten flow rate of the molten flow within the weld pool. 10. A system for additive manufacturing, comprising;
a build platform for additively constructing an article thereon; energy applicator configured to heat and melt a powder on the build platform to create a weld pool of molten powder; and an electromagnetic field system configured to selectively apply an electromagnetic field to the weld pool. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the electromagnetic field system is operatively connected to the energy applicator to activate with activation of the energy applicator. 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the energy applicator includes a laser. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the laser is configured to move relative to a build platform. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the electromagnetic field system is configured to move with the laser. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the electromagnetic field system includes a plurality of electromagnets disposed in a circular manner. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the plurality of electromagnets are configured to be activated to create a magnetic field having an induction vector perpendicular to a direction of motion of the laser. 17. The system of claim 15, further comprising a control system operatively connected to activate/deactivate each electromagnet of the plurality of electromagnets as desired to create a predetermined magnetic field strength and/or orientation. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the control system is configured to activate two diametrically opposed electromagnets at a time. 19. A laser sintered article having at least a portion thereof that was exposed to an electromagnetic field when exposed to a laser during manufacture. | A method for additively manufacturing an article includes applying energy to a powder to produce a weld pool of molten powder and applying an electromagnetic field to the weld pool to control one or more characteristics of the weld pool. Applying the electromagnetic field can include applying an electric field and/or a magnetic field to the weld pool.1. A method for additively manufacturing an article, comprising:
applying energy to a powder to produce a weld pool of molten powder; and applying an electromagnetic field to the weld pool to control one or more characteristics of the weld pool. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the electromagnetic field includes applying an electric field to the weld pool. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the electromagnetic field includes applying a magnetic field to the weld pool. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein applying energy to a powder includes applying a laser beam. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein applying energy to a powder includes moving the laser beam along a melt direction to melt the powder in a powder bed or along with the deposition of powder injected into the laser beam. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein applying the magnetic field to the weld pool includes applying the magnetic field such that a magnetic induction vector of the magnetic field is perpendicular to the melt direction at the weld pool. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the electromagnetic field to control one or more characteristics of the weld pool includes controlling at least one of molten flow and/or convection, grain growth rate, grain morphology, and/or weld pool geometry. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein controlling weld pool geometry includes reducing a cross-sectional area of the weld pool to reduce wall thickness of an additively manufactured article. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein controlling molten flow includes controlling molten flow rate of the molten flow within the weld pool. 10. A system for additive manufacturing, comprising;
a build platform for additively constructing an article thereon; energy applicator configured to heat and melt a powder on the build platform to create a weld pool of molten powder; and an electromagnetic field system configured to selectively apply an electromagnetic field to the weld pool. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the electromagnetic field system is operatively connected to the energy applicator to activate with activation of the energy applicator. 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the energy applicator includes a laser. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the laser is configured to move relative to a build platform. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the electromagnetic field system is configured to move with the laser. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the electromagnetic field system includes a plurality of electromagnets disposed in a circular manner. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the plurality of electromagnets are configured to be activated to create a magnetic field having an induction vector perpendicular to a direction of motion of the laser. 17. The system of claim 15, further comprising a control system operatively connected to activate/deactivate each electromagnet of the plurality of electromagnets as desired to create a predetermined magnetic field strength and/or orientation. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the control system is configured to activate two diametrically opposed electromagnets at a time. 19. A laser sintered article having at least a portion thereof that was exposed to an electromagnetic field when exposed to a laser during manufacture. | 1,700 |
3,243 | 11,817,384 | 1,791 | An edible pet chew is disclosed that is comprised of fibrous protein, water absorbing polymer, plasticizer and water. The pet chew provides excellent textural properties and improved solubility in the stomach and intestinal environment for improved pet safety. | 1. An edible pet chew comprising:
a) fibrous protein in an amount of about 15 to about 90% by weight of the chew; b) water absorbing polymer in an amount of about 5 to about 35% by weight of the chew, wherein the water absorbing polymer is selected from the group consisting of gelling proteins, hydrocolloids, edible hydrogels, and mixtures thereof, c) plasticizer in an amount of about 5 to about 40% by weight of the chew; and d) water in an amount of about 1 to about 20% by weight of the chew. 2. The edible pet chew of claim 1, wherein the hardness of the pet chew is in a range of about 100 to about 700 Newtons when the chew is for a dog that weighs less than 11.4 kg and in a range of about 200 to about 800 Newtons when the chew is for a dog that weighs 11.4 kg or more. 3. The edible pet chew of claim 1, wherein the solubility of the pet chew is at least about 60% in vitro disappearance (IVD). 4. The edible pet chew of claim 1, further comprising at least one of fat, a flavor enhancer, a preservative, a humectant, a nutrient, and/or a colorant. 5. The edible pet chew of claim 4, wherein the fat is vegetable oil. 6. The edible pet chew of claim 1, wherein the water absorbing polymer is a gelling protein. 7. The edible pet chew of claim 6, wherein the gelling protein is gelatin. 8. The edible pet chew of claim 6, wherein the gelatin is present in an amount of about 15 to about 25% by weight of the pet chew and the gelatin has a bloom strength in a range of about 100 to about 200. 9. The edible pet chew of claim 1, wherein the pet chew is comprised of a homogeneous mass. 10. An edible pet chew composition for preparing a thermoplasticized molded pet chew, said composition comprising:
a) fibrous protein in an amount of about 15 to about 90% by weight of the composition; b) water absorbing polymer in an amount of about 5 to about 35% by weight of the chew, wherein the water absorbing polymer is selected from the group consisting of gelling proteins, hydrocolloids, hydrogels, and mixtures thereof; c) plasticizer in an amount of about 5 to about 40% by weight of the composition; and d) water in an amount of about 1 to about 20% by weight of the composition. 11. The pet edible pet chew composition of claim 10, wherein the composition further comprises at least one of fat, a flavor enhancer, a humectant, a preservative, a nutrient, and/or a colorant. 12. The edible pet chew composition of claim 10, wherein the water absorbing polymer is a gelling protein. 13. The edible pet chew composition of claim 12, wherein the gelling protein is gelatin in an amount of about 15 to about 25% by weight of the composition and the gelatin has a bloom strength in a range of about 100 to about 200. 14. A method of preparing an edible pet chew comprising the steps of:
a) forming a pet chew composition by admixing (i) fibrous protein in an amount of about 15 to about 90% by weight of the composition, (ii) water absorbing polymer in an amount of about 5 to about 35% by weight of the chew, wherein the water absorbing polymer is selected from the group consisting of gelling proteins, hydrocolloids, edible hydrogels, and mixtures thereof, (iii) plasticizer in an amount of about 5 to about 40% by weight of the composition, and (iv) water in an amount of about 1 to about 20% by weight of the composition; b) thermoplasticizing the pet chew composition; and c) molding the thermoplastic pet chew composition to form the pet chew. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of thermoplasticizing is by extrusion. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of molding is injection molding. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the pet chew composition is passed through an extruder barrel that reaches a temperature in a range of about 88 to about 150° C. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the water absorbing polymer is a gelling protein. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the gelling protein is gelatin having a bloom strength in a range of about 100 to about 200 and present in an amount of about 15 to about 25% by weight of the pet chew. 20. The edible pet chew of claim 1, wherein the pet chew is for a dog having a dolichocephalic skull type and the hardness is in a range of about 33 to 1270 Newtons for a dog that weighs less than 10 kg, about 300 to about 2125 Newtons for a dog that weighs 10 to 20 kg and about 445 to about 2295 Newtons for a dog that weighs greater than 20 kg. 21. The edible pet chew of claim 1, wherein the pet chew is for a dog having a mesaticephalic skull type and the hardness is in a range of about 140 to about 1850 Newtons for a dog that weighs less than 10 kg, about 215 to about 2700 for a dog that weighs between 10 to 20 kg, and about 485 to about 3630 Newtons for a dog that weighs greater than 20 kg. 22. The edible pet chew of claim 1, wherein the pet chew is for a dog having a brachycephalic skull type and the hardness is in a range or about 125 to about 1535 Newtons for a dog that weighs less than 10 kg, about 150 to 3100 Newtons for a dog that weighs 10 to 20 kg and about 710 to 4780 Newtons for a dog that weighs greater than 20 kg. | An edible pet chew is disclosed that is comprised of fibrous protein, water absorbing polymer, plasticizer and water. The pet chew provides excellent textural properties and improved solubility in the stomach and intestinal environment for improved pet safety.1. An edible pet chew comprising:
a) fibrous protein in an amount of about 15 to about 90% by weight of the chew; b) water absorbing polymer in an amount of about 5 to about 35% by weight of the chew, wherein the water absorbing polymer is selected from the group consisting of gelling proteins, hydrocolloids, edible hydrogels, and mixtures thereof, c) plasticizer in an amount of about 5 to about 40% by weight of the chew; and d) water in an amount of about 1 to about 20% by weight of the chew. 2. The edible pet chew of claim 1, wherein the hardness of the pet chew is in a range of about 100 to about 700 Newtons when the chew is for a dog that weighs less than 11.4 kg and in a range of about 200 to about 800 Newtons when the chew is for a dog that weighs 11.4 kg or more. 3. The edible pet chew of claim 1, wherein the solubility of the pet chew is at least about 60% in vitro disappearance (IVD). 4. The edible pet chew of claim 1, further comprising at least one of fat, a flavor enhancer, a preservative, a humectant, a nutrient, and/or a colorant. 5. The edible pet chew of claim 4, wherein the fat is vegetable oil. 6. The edible pet chew of claim 1, wherein the water absorbing polymer is a gelling protein. 7. The edible pet chew of claim 6, wherein the gelling protein is gelatin. 8. The edible pet chew of claim 6, wherein the gelatin is present in an amount of about 15 to about 25% by weight of the pet chew and the gelatin has a bloom strength in a range of about 100 to about 200. 9. The edible pet chew of claim 1, wherein the pet chew is comprised of a homogeneous mass. 10. An edible pet chew composition for preparing a thermoplasticized molded pet chew, said composition comprising:
a) fibrous protein in an amount of about 15 to about 90% by weight of the composition; b) water absorbing polymer in an amount of about 5 to about 35% by weight of the chew, wherein the water absorbing polymer is selected from the group consisting of gelling proteins, hydrocolloids, hydrogels, and mixtures thereof; c) plasticizer in an amount of about 5 to about 40% by weight of the composition; and d) water in an amount of about 1 to about 20% by weight of the composition. 11. The pet edible pet chew composition of claim 10, wherein the composition further comprises at least one of fat, a flavor enhancer, a humectant, a preservative, a nutrient, and/or a colorant. 12. The edible pet chew composition of claim 10, wherein the water absorbing polymer is a gelling protein. 13. The edible pet chew composition of claim 12, wherein the gelling protein is gelatin in an amount of about 15 to about 25% by weight of the composition and the gelatin has a bloom strength in a range of about 100 to about 200. 14. A method of preparing an edible pet chew comprising the steps of:
a) forming a pet chew composition by admixing (i) fibrous protein in an amount of about 15 to about 90% by weight of the composition, (ii) water absorbing polymer in an amount of about 5 to about 35% by weight of the chew, wherein the water absorbing polymer is selected from the group consisting of gelling proteins, hydrocolloids, edible hydrogels, and mixtures thereof, (iii) plasticizer in an amount of about 5 to about 40% by weight of the composition, and (iv) water in an amount of about 1 to about 20% by weight of the composition; b) thermoplasticizing the pet chew composition; and c) molding the thermoplastic pet chew composition to form the pet chew. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of thermoplasticizing is by extrusion. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of molding is injection molding. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the pet chew composition is passed through an extruder barrel that reaches a temperature in a range of about 88 to about 150° C. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the water absorbing polymer is a gelling protein. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the gelling protein is gelatin having a bloom strength in a range of about 100 to about 200 and present in an amount of about 15 to about 25% by weight of the pet chew. 20. The edible pet chew of claim 1, wherein the pet chew is for a dog having a dolichocephalic skull type and the hardness is in a range of about 33 to 1270 Newtons for a dog that weighs less than 10 kg, about 300 to about 2125 Newtons for a dog that weighs 10 to 20 kg and about 445 to about 2295 Newtons for a dog that weighs greater than 20 kg. 21. The edible pet chew of claim 1, wherein the pet chew is for a dog having a mesaticephalic skull type and the hardness is in a range of about 140 to about 1850 Newtons for a dog that weighs less than 10 kg, about 215 to about 2700 for a dog that weighs between 10 to 20 kg, and about 485 to about 3630 Newtons for a dog that weighs greater than 20 kg. 22. The edible pet chew of claim 1, wherein the pet chew is for a dog having a brachycephalic skull type and the hardness is in a range or about 125 to about 1535 Newtons for a dog that weighs less than 10 kg, about 150 to 3100 Newtons for a dog that weighs 10 to 20 kg and about 710 to 4780 Newtons for a dog that weighs greater than 20 kg. | 1,700 |
3,244 | 14,989,763 | 1,746 | Duct segments that define a channel for conveying a fluid, where the duct wall includes a sheath of reinforcing fabric incorporating multiple reinforcing fibers, and a thermoplastic fused with the sheath of reinforcing fabric. The duct segments may be prepared by wrapping a mandrel configured to define the inner mold line of a desired duct segment with a thermoplastic film, enveloping the wrapped mandrel with a reinforcing sheath incorporating reinforcing fibers; wrapping the enveloped mandrel with another thermoplastic film to form a multilayer duct segment precursor; enclosing the mandrel and multilayer duct segment precursor within an outer mold defining the outer mold line for the desired duct segment; heating the duct segment precursor at a temperature and for a time sufficient to fuse the layers of the multilayer duct segment precursor; and then cooling the resulting duct segment. | 1. A method of manufacturing a duct segment, comprising:
wrapping a mandrel with a first thermoplastic film, where the mandrel is configured to define an inner mold line for a desired duct segment; enveloping the wrapped mandrel with a reinforcing sheath for the desired duct segment, where the reinforcing sheath incorporates reinforcing fibers; wrapping the enveloped mandrel with a second thermoplastic film to form a multilayer duct segment precursor; enclosing the mandrel and multilayer duct segment precursor within an outer mold configured to define an outer mold line for the duct segment; and heating the enclosed multilayer duct segment precursor at a temperature and for a time sufficient to fuse the layers of the multilayer duct segment precursor; and cooling the resulting duct segment. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising preforming the reinforcing sheath. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein preforming the reinforcing sheath includes weaving the reinforcing fibers to form a woven material, and forming the reinforcing sheath from the woven material. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein preforming the reinforcing sheath includes knitting the reinforcing fibers to form a knitted material, and forming the reinforcing sheath from the knitted material. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein enveloping the wrapped mandrel with the reinforcing sheath includes enveloping the wrapped mandrel with a reinforcing sheath that is seamless. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein enveloping the wrapped mandrel with the reinforcing sheath includes enveloping the wrapped mandrel with a reinforcing sheath that substantially conforms to a shape of the wrapped mandrel. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the mandrel comprises a silicone-based polymer, enclosing the mandrel and multilayer duct precursor includes expanding the mandrel by at least partially inflating the mandrel while it is enclosed within the outer mold. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein wrapping the mandrel with the first thermoplastic film includes wrapping the mandrel with an elongate strip of the first thermoplastic film in an overlapping spiral. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising enveloping at least a portion of the multilayer duct segment precursor with one or more additional reinforcing fabric layers, and wrapping each additional reinforcing fabric layer with an additional thermoplastic film prior to enclosing the mandrel and multilayer duct segment precursor within the outer mold. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein enveloping the wrapped mandrel with the reinforcing sheath includes enveloping the wrapped mandrel with a reinforcing sheath that incorporates one or more reinforcing fibers that include organic polymers, carbon fibers, glass fibers, ceramic fibers, or metal wire. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein enveloping the wrapped mandrel with the reinforcing sheath includes enveloping the wrapped mandrel with a reinforcing sheath that incorporates one or more reinforcing fibers that include poly paraphenylene terephthalamide polymers. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein wrapping the mandrel with the first thermoplastic film or wrapping the enveloped mandrel with the second thermoplastic film includes wrapping the mandrel with a thermoplastic film that includes a polyether ether ketone polymer. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein heating the enclosed multilayer duct segment precursor includes heating the enclosed multilayer duct segment precursor to a temperature above a glass transition temperature of the first and second thermoplastics. 14. A duct segment having a duct wall that defines a channel for conveying a fluid, the duct wall comprising:
a sheath of reinforcing fabric, the reinforcing fabric incorporating multiple reinforcing fibers; and a thermoplastic fused with the sheath of reinforcing fabric. 15. The duct segment of claim 14, wherein the duct wall has a thickness in the range of 0.5 to 2 mm. 16. The duct segment of claim 14, wherein the duct wall defines a channel that is 300 mm in diameter or less. 17. The duct segment of claim 14, wherein the duct segment includes at least one of an elbow, a joggle, a branch, or a change in cross-section. 18. The duct segment of claim 14, wherein the reinforcing fibers include one or more of organic polymers, carbon fibers, glass fibers, ceramic fibers, or metal wire. 19. The duct segment of claim 14, wherein the thermoplastic includes one or more of polyethylene polymers, polystyrene polymers, polyamide polymers, or polyvinyl polymers. 20. The duct segment of claim 19, wherein the thermoplastic is selected to be heat-resistant. 21. The duct segment of claim 14, wherein the thermoplastic is selected to have a glass transition temperature above 120° C. 22. A duct segment, prepared by:
wrapping an internal form with a thermoplastic film; slipping a reinforcing sheath over the wrapped internal form; wrapping the reinforcing sheath with a second thermoplastic film; enclosing the wrapped internal form within an outer mold; heating the mold to fuse the thermoplastic films with the reinforcing sheath, and cooling the resulting fused duct segment. 23. The duct segment of claim 22, further comprising applying one or more additional reinforcing fabric layers to the wrapped internal form, and wrapping each additional reinforcing fabric layer with an additional thermoplastic film, prior to enclosing the wrapped internal form within the outer mold. | Duct segments that define a channel for conveying a fluid, where the duct wall includes a sheath of reinforcing fabric incorporating multiple reinforcing fibers, and a thermoplastic fused with the sheath of reinforcing fabric. The duct segments may be prepared by wrapping a mandrel configured to define the inner mold line of a desired duct segment with a thermoplastic film, enveloping the wrapped mandrel with a reinforcing sheath incorporating reinforcing fibers; wrapping the enveloped mandrel with another thermoplastic film to form a multilayer duct segment precursor; enclosing the mandrel and multilayer duct segment precursor within an outer mold defining the outer mold line for the desired duct segment; heating the duct segment precursor at a temperature and for a time sufficient to fuse the layers of the multilayer duct segment precursor; and then cooling the resulting duct segment.1. A method of manufacturing a duct segment, comprising:
wrapping a mandrel with a first thermoplastic film, where the mandrel is configured to define an inner mold line for a desired duct segment; enveloping the wrapped mandrel with a reinforcing sheath for the desired duct segment, where the reinforcing sheath incorporates reinforcing fibers; wrapping the enveloped mandrel with a second thermoplastic film to form a multilayer duct segment precursor; enclosing the mandrel and multilayer duct segment precursor within an outer mold configured to define an outer mold line for the duct segment; and heating the enclosed multilayer duct segment precursor at a temperature and for a time sufficient to fuse the layers of the multilayer duct segment precursor; and cooling the resulting duct segment. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising preforming the reinforcing sheath. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein preforming the reinforcing sheath includes weaving the reinforcing fibers to form a woven material, and forming the reinforcing sheath from the woven material. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein preforming the reinforcing sheath includes knitting the reinforcing fibers to form a knitted material, and forming the reinforcing sheath from the knitted material. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein enveloping the wrapped mandrel with the reinforcing sheath includes enveloping the wrapped mandrel with a reinforcing sheath that is seamless. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein enveloping the wrapped mandrel with the reinforcing sheath includes enveloping the wrapped mandrel with a reinforcing sheath that substantially conforms to a shape of the wrapped mandrel. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the mandrel comprises a silicone-based polymer, enclosing the mandrel and multilayer duct precursor includes expanding the mandrel by at least partially inflating the mandrel while it is enclosed within the outer mold. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein wrapping the mandrel with the first thermoplastic film includes wrapping the mandrel with an elongate strip of the first thermoplastic film in an overlapping spiral. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising enveloping at least a portion of the multilayer duct segment precursor with one or more additional reinforcing fabric layers, and wrapping each additional reinforcing fabric layer with an additional thermoplastic film prior to enclosing the mandrel and multilayer duct segment precursor within the outer mold. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein enveloping the wrapped mandrel with the reinforcing sheath includes enveloping the wrapped mandrel with a reinforcing sheath that incorporates one or more reinforcing fibers that include organic polymers, carbon fibers, glass fibers, ceramic fibers, or metal wire. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein enveloping the wrapped mandrel with the reinforcing sheath includes enveloping the wrapped mandrel with a reinforcing sheath that incorporates one or more reinforcing fibers that include poly paraphenylene terephthalamide polymers. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein wrapping the mandrel with the first thermoplastic film or wrapping the enveloped mandrel with the second thermoplastic film includes wrapping the mandrel with a thermoplastic film that includes a polyether ether ketone polymer. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein heating the enclosed multilayer duct segment precursor includes heating the enclosed multilayer duct segment precursor to a temperature above a glass transition temperature of the first and second thermoplastics. 14. A duct segment having a duct wall that defines a channel for conveying a fluid, the duct wall comprising:
a sheath of reinforcing fabric, the reinforcing fabric incorporating multiple reinforcing fibers; and a thermoplastic fused with the sheath of reinforcing fabric. 15. The duct segment of claim 14, wherein the duct wall has a thickness in the range of 0.5 to 2 mm. 16. The duct segment of claim 14, wherein the duct wall defines a channel that is 300 mm in diameter or less. 17. The duct segment of claim 14, wherein the duct segment includes at least one of an elbow, a joggle, a branch, or a change in cross-section. 18. The duct segment of claim 14, wherein the reinforcing fibers include one or more of organic polymers, carbon fibers, glass fibers, ceramic fibers, or metal wire. 19. The duct segment of claim 14, wherein the thermoplastic includes one or more of polyethylene polymers, polystyrene polymers, polyamide polymers, or polyvinyl polymers. 20. The duct segment of claim 19, wherein the thermoplastic is selected to be heat-resistant. 21. The duct segment of claim 14, wherein the thermoplastic is selected to have a glass transition temperature above 120° C. 22. A duct segment, prepared by:
wrapping an internal form with a thermoplastic film; slipping a reinforcing sheath over the wrapped internal form; wrapping the reinforcing sheath with a second thermoplastic film; enclosing the wrapped internal form within an outer mold; heating the mold to fuse the thermoplastic films with the reinforcing sheath, and cooling the resulting fused duct segment. 23. The duct segment of claim 22, further comprising applying one or more additional reinforcing fabric layers to the wrapped internal form, and wrapping each additional reinforcing fabric layer with an additional thermoplastic film, prior to enclosing the wrapped internal form within the outer mold. | 1,700 |
3,245 | 13,401,216 | 1,771 | Conversion of heavy fossil hydrocarbons (HFH) to a variety of value-added chemicals and/or fuels can be enhanced using microwave (MW) and/or radio-frequency (RF) energy. Variations of reactants, process parameters, and reactor design can significantly influence the relative distribution of chemicals and fuels generated as the product. In one example, a system for flash microwave conversion of HFH includes a source concentrating microwave or RF energy in a reaction zone having a pressure greater than 0.9 atm, a continuous feed having HFH and a process gas passing through the reaction zone, a HFH-to-liquids catalyst contacting the HFH in at least the reaction zone, and dielectric discharges within the reaction zone. The HFH and the catalyst have a residence time in the reaction zone of less than 30 seconds. In some instances, a plasma can form in or near the reaction zone. | 1. A method for continuous flash conversion of heavy fossil hydrocarbons (HFH), the method comprising:
flowing a continuous feed comprising HFH and a process gas through a reaction zone having a pressure greater than 0.9 atm; contacting the HFH and a HFH-to-liquids catalyst in at least the reaction zone; concentrating microwave or RF energy in the reaction zone using a microwave or RF energy source; and generating dielectric discharges within the reaction zone;
wherein the HFH and the catalyst have a residence time in the reaction zone of less than 30 seconds. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the process gas comprises a hydrogen-containing gas. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises iron. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises char. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises a promoter of dielectric discharge. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the HFH and the catalyst are admixed. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating a plasma in or near the reaction zone. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the pressure in the reaction zone is up to 7 atm. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the residence time is greater than or equal to 5 milliseconds. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said concentrating comprises emitting microwave or RF energy from a source into the reaction zone in a direction parallel to the continuous feed through the reaction zone. 11. A system for continuous flash conversion of heavy fossil hydrocarbons (HFH) comprising:
a reaction zone having a pressure greater than 0.9 atm; a source emitting microwave or RF energy concentrated in the reaction zone; a source of a continuous feed comprising HFH and a process gas, the continuous feed passing through the reaction zone; a HFH-to-liquids catalyst contacting the HFH in at least the reaction zone; and dielectric discharges within the reaction zone;
wherein, the HFH and the catalyst have a residence time in the reaction zone of less than 30 seconds. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the process gas comprises a hydrogen-containing gas. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the process gas is selected from a group consisting of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, natural gas, recycle gas, carbon monoxide, argon, water, oxygen, and combinations thereof. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the HFH concentration in the process gas is between 0.1 wt % and 100 wt %. 15. The system of claim 11, wherein the system comprises a fluidized bed reactor, an entrained flow reactor, a free fall reactor, or a moving bed reactor. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein the catalyst comprises iron. 17. The system of claim 11, wherein the catalyst comprises char. 18. The system of claim 11, wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, carbon, copper, alumina, silica, oxygen and combinations thereof. 19. The system of claim 11, wherein the catalyst comprises a promoter of hydrogenation. 20. The system of claim 11, wherein the catalyst comprises a promoter of electrical discharge. 21. The system of claim 11, wherein the catalyst comprises a promoter of hydrogen formation. 22. The system of claim 11, wherein the catalyst is a dilution material. 23. The system of claim 11, wherein the catalyst and the HFH are admixed. 24. The system of claim 11, further comprising a plasma in or near the reaction zone. 25. The system of claim 11, wherein the pressure in the reaction zone is up to 7 atmospheres. 26. The system of claim 11, wherein the residence time is greater than or equal to 5 milliseconds. 27. The system of claim 11, wherein the catalyst has a concentration between 0.5 and 10 wt % relative to the HFH. 28. The system of claim 11, further comprising a dilution material and the continuous feed at a concentration between 0 and 30 wt %. 29. The system of claim 11, wherein the microwave or RF energy is emitted in a parallel direction to the continuous feed through the reaction zone. 30. A system for continuous flash conversion of heavy fossil hydrocarbons (HFH) comprising:
a reaction zone having a pressure greater than 0.9 atm; an energy source configured to emit microwave or radio frequency energy concentrated in the reaction zone; and one or more sources configured to pass a HFH-to-liquids catalyst and a continuous feed comprising HFH and a process gas to the reaction zone;
wherein, the HFH and the catalyst have a residence time in the reaction zone of less than 30 seconds and dielectric discharges are generated in the reaction zone when the system is operated. | Conversion of heavy fossil hydrocarbons (HFH) to a variety of value-added chemicals and/or fuels can be enhanced using microwave (MW) and/or radio-frequency (RF) energy. Variations of reactants, process parameters, and reactor design can significantly influence the relative distribution of chemicals and fuels generated as the product. In one example, a system for flash microwave conversion of HFH includes a source concentrating microwave or RF energy in a reaction zone having a pressure greater than 0.9 atm, a continuous feed having HFH and a process gas passing through the reaction zone, a HFH-to-liquids catalyst contacting the HFH in at least the reaction zone, and dielectric discharges within the reaction zone. The HFH and the catalyst have a residence time in the reaction zone of less than 30 seconds. In some instances, a plasma can form in or near the reaction zone.1. A method for continuous flash conversion of heavy fossil hydrocarbons (HFH), the method comprising:
flowing a continuous feed comprising HFH and a process gas through a reaction zone having a pressure greater than 0.9 atm; contacting the HFH and a HFH-to-liquids catalyst in at least the reaction zone; concentrating microwave or RF energy in the reaction zone using a microwave or RF energy source; and generating dielectric discharges within the reaction zone;
wherein the HFH and the catalyst have a residence time in the reaction zone of less than 30 seconds. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the process gas comprises a hydrogen-containing gas. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises iron. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises char. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises a promoter of dielectric discharge. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the HFH and the catalyst are admixed. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating a plasma in or near the reaction zone. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the pressure in the reaction zone is up to 7 atm. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the residence time is greater than or equal to 5 milliseconds. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said concentrating comprises emitting microwave or RF energy from a source into the reaction zone in a direction parallel to the continuous feed through the reaction zone. 11. A system for continuous flash conversion of heavy fossil hydrocarbons (HFH) comprising:
a reaction zone having a pressure greater than 0.9 atm; a source emitting microwave or RF energy concentrated in the reaction zone; a source of a continuous feed comprising HFH and a process gas, the continuous feed passing through the reaction zone; a HFH-to-liquids catalyst contacting the HFH in at least the reaction zone; and dielectric discharges within the reaction zone;
wherein, the HFH and the catalyst have a residence time in the reaction zone of less than 30 seconds. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the process gas comprises a hydrogen-containing gas. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the process gas is selected from a group consisting of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, natural gas, recycle gas, carbon monoxide, argon, water, oxygen, and combinations thereof. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the HFH concentration in the process gas is between 0.1 wt % and 100 wt %. 15. The system of claim 11, wherein the system comprises a fluidized bed reactor, an entrained flow reactor, a free fall reactor, or a moving bed reactor. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein the catalyst comprises iron. 17. The system of claim 11, wherein the catalyst comprises char. 18. The system of claim 11, wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, carbon, copper, alumina, silica, oxygen and combinations thereof. 19. The system of claim 11, wherein the catalyst comprises a promoter of hydrogenation. 20. The system of claim 11, wherein the catalyst comprises a promoter of electrical discharge. 21. The system of claim 11, wherein the catalyst comprises a promoter of hydrogen formation. 22. The system of claim 11, wherein the catalyst is a dilution material. 23. The system of claim 11, wherein the catalyst and the HFH are admixed. 24. The system of claim 11, further comprising a plasma in or near the reaction zone. 25. The system of claim 11, wherein the pressure in the reaction zone is up to 7 atmospheres. 26. The system of claim 11, wherein the residence time is greater than or equal to 5 milliseconds. 27. The system of claim 11, wherein the catalyst has a concentration between 0.5 and 10 wt % relative to the HFH. 28. The system of claim 11, further comprising a dilution material and the continuous feed at a concentration between 0 and 30 wt %. 29. The system of claim 11, wherein the microwave or RF energy is emitted in a parallel direction to the continuous feed through the reaction zone. 30. A system for continuous flash conversion of heavy fossil hydrocarbons (HFH) comprising:
a reaction zone having a pressure greater than 0.9 atm; an energy source configured to emit microwave or radio frequency energy concentrated in the reaction zone; and one or more sources configured to pass a HFH-to-liquids catalyst and a continuous feed comprising HFH and a process gas to the reaction zone;
wherein, the HFH and the catalyst have a residence time in the reaction zone of less than 30 seconds and dielectric discharges are generated in the reaction zone when the system is operated. | 1,700 |
3,246 | 14,606,367 | 1,794 | A deposition system, and a method of operation thereof, includes: a cathode; a shroud below the cathode; a rotating shield below the cathode for exposing the cathode through the shroud and through a shield hole of the rotating shield; and a rotating pedestal for producing a material to form a carrier over the rotating pedestal, wherein the material having a non-uniformity constraint of less than 1% of a thickness of the material and the cathode having an angle between the cathode and the carrier. | 1. A method of operation of a chamber comprising:
adjusting a cathode; rotating a rotating shield below the cathode for exposing the cathode through a shroud below the cathode and through a shield hole of the rotating shield; and rotating a rotating pedestal for producing a material to form a carrier over the rotating pedestal, wherein the material having a non-uniformity constraint of less than 1% of a thickness of the material and the cathode having an angle between the cathode and the carrier. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising adjusting a magnet-to-target spacing between a magnet of the cathode and a target below the cathode for improving uniformity of the material. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein adjusting the cathode includes adjusting one of cathodes in a multi-cathode chamber without cross-contamination between the cathodes. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein adjusting the cathode includes adjusting the cathode by rotating a swing arm of the cathode for forming the angle. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein rotating the rotating shield includes rotating the rotating shield for exposing the cathode through the shroud having a shroud length greater than a cathode length of the cathode. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein adjusting the cathode includes adjusting the cathode for changing the angle to 30 to 50 degrees. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein rotating the rotating pedestal includes rotating the rotating pedestal for producing the material to form the carrier, wherein at least 80% of the material from a target not deposited on the carrier is in the shroud. 8. A chamber comprising:
a cathode; a shroud below the cathode; a rotating shield below the cathode for exposing the cathode through the shroud and through a shield hole of the rotating shield; and a rotating pedestal for producing a material to form a carrier over the rotating pedestal, wherein the material having a non-uniformity constraint of less than 1% of a thickness of the material and the cathode having an angle between the cathode and the carrier. 9. The system as claimed in claim 8 further comprising:
a target below the cathode; and
wherein:
the cathode includes a magnet-to-target spacing between a magnet of the cathode and the target for improving uniformity of the material. 10. The system as claimed in claim 8 wherein the cathode includes one of cathodes in a multi-cathode chamber without cross-contamination between the cathodes. 11. The system as claimed in claim 8 wherein the cathode includes a swing arm for forming the angle. 12. The system as claimed in claim 8 wherein the shroud includes a shroud length greater than a cathode length of the cathode. 13. The system as claimed in claim 8 wherein the cathode includes the angle to 30 to 50 degrees. 14. The system as claimed in claim 8 further comprising:
a target below the cathode; and
wherein:
the rotating pedestal is for producing the material to form the carrier, at least 80% of the material from the target not deposited on the carrier is in the shroud. 15. A method of forming a carrier comprising:
forming a layer having a material with a non-uniformity constraint of less than 1% of a thickness of the material. 16. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein forming the layer includes forming a stack of layers with materials, each of the materials having the non-uniformity constraint. 17. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein forming the layer includes forming the layer using a chamber with physical vapor deposition. 18. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein forming the layer includes forming the layer for a memory device including a Magnetic Random Access Memory. 19. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein forming the layer includes forming a stack of layers, wherein the stack having a thickness from 7 to 150 Angstroms. 20. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein forming the layer includes forming a stack of layers with materials including Tantalum Nitride, Titanium Nitride, Ruthenium, Tantalum, Cobalt Iron Boron, Magnesium Oxide, Cobalt Iron, Iridium Manganese metal, Platinum Manganese, or a combination thereof. | A deposition system, and a method of operation thereof, includes: a cathode; a shroud below the cathode; a rotating shield below the cathode for exposing the cathode through the shroud and through a shield hole of the rotating shield; and a rotating pedestal for producing a material to form a carrier over the rotating pedestal, wherein the material having a non-uniformity constraint of less than 1% of a thickness of the material and the cathode having an angle between the cathode and the carrier.1. A method of operation of a chamber comprising:
adjusting a cathode; rotating a rotating shield below the cathode for exposing the cathode through a shroud below the cathode and through a shield hole of the rotating shield; and rotating a rotating pedestal for producing a material to form a carrier over the rotating pedestal, wherein the material having a non-uniformity constraint of less than 1% of a thickness of the material and the cathode having an angle between the cathode and the carrier. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising adjusting a magnet-to-target spacing between a magnet of the cathode and a target below the cathode for improving uniformity of the material. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein adjusting the cathode includes adjusting one of cathodes in a multi-cathode chamber without cross-contamination between the cathodes. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein adjusting the cathode includes adjusting the cathode by rotating a swing arm of the cathode for forming the angle. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein rotating the rotating shield includes rotating the rotating shield for exposing the cathode through the shroud having a shroud length greater than a cathode length of the cathode. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein adjusting the cathode includes adjusting the cathode for changing the angle to 30 to 50 degrees. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein rotating the rotating pedestal includes rotating the rotating pedestal for producing the material to form the carrier, wherein at least 80% of the material from a target not deposited on the carrier is in the shroud. 8. A chamber comprising:
a cathode; a shroud below the cathode; a rotating shield below the cathode for exposing the cathode through the shroud and through a shield hole of the rotating shield; and a rotating pedestal for producing a material to form a carrier over the rotating pedestal, wherein the material having a non-uniformity constraint of less than 1% of a thickness of the material and the cathode having an angle between the cathode and the carrier. 9. The system as claimed in claim 8 further comprising:
a target below the cathode; and
wherein:
the cathode includes a magnet-to-target spacing between a magnet of the cathode and the target for improving uniformity of the material. 10. The system as claimed in claim 8 wherein the cathode includes one of cathodes in a multi-cathode chamber without cross-contamination between the cathodes. 11. The system as claimed in claim 8 wherein the cathode includes a swing arm for forming the angle. 12. The system as claimed in claim 8 wherein the shroud includes a shroud length greater than a cathode length of the cathode. 13. The system as claimed in claim 8 wherein the cathode includes the angle to 30 to 50 degrees. 14. The system as claimed in claim 8 further comprising:
a target below the cathode; and
wherein:
the rotating pedestal is for producing the material to form the carrier, at least 80% of the material from the target not deposited on the carrier is in the shroud. 15. A method of forming a carrier comprising:
forming a layer having a material with a non-uniformity constraint of less than 1% of a thickness of the material. 16. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein forming the layer includes forming a stack of layers with materials, each of the materials having the non-uniformity constraint. 17. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein forming the layer includes forming the layer using a chamber with physical vapor deposition. 18. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein forming the layer includes forming the layer for a memory device including a Magnetic Random Access Memory. 19. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein forming the layer includes forming a stack of layers, wherein the stack having a thickness from 7 to 150 Angstroms. 20. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein forming the layer includes forming a stack of layers with materials including Tantalum Nitride, Titanium Nitride, Ruthenium, Tantalum, Cobalt Iron Boron, Magnesium Oxide, Cobalt Iron, Iridium Manganese metal, Platinum Manganese, or a combination thereof. | 1,700 |
3,247 | 14,439,415 | 1,792 | Method for operating a steam cooking oven including placing vacuum packed food in an oven cavity and heating the cavity until the oven cavity centre has reached a defined temperature by supplying steam generated by a steam generator into the cavity, wherein a convection fan is operated within the cavity. The cavity is maintained at the defined temperature by supplying steam into the cavity over a certain period of time while the defined temperature of the centre is not allowed to vary about more than +/−1.5° C. During the heating step and the maintaining step the actual temperature of the centre is determined by a control unit using an algorithm that is based on the temperature values measured by a temperature sensor within the cavity, wherein the actual temperature is used to operate the steam generator such that the defined temperature of the centre is reached or maintained. | 1. Steam cooking method for operating a steam cooking oven (1) comprising at least the following steps:
placing vacuum packed food stuff (2) in an oven cavity (5); a heating step comprising heating up the oven cavity (5) until the oven cavity centre has reached a defined temperature (Td) by operating a steam generator (3) and supplying steam generated by the steam generator (3) into said oven cavity (5), wherein a convection fan (4) is operated within the oven cavity (5); a maintaining step comprising maintaining said oven cavity (5) at said defined temperature (Td) of the oven cavity centre by operating said steam generator (3) and supplying steam generated by the steam generator (3) into said oven cavity (5) over a certain period of time while said defined temperature (Td) of the oven cavity centre is not allowed to vary about more than +/−1.5° C.; wherein at least during said heating step and said maintaining step the actual temperature (Ta) of the oven cavity centre is determined by a control unit of the steam cooking oven (2) by means of an algorithm that is based on the temperature values measured by a temperature sensor within the oven cavity (5) and wherein said actual temperature (Ta) is used to operate the steam generator such, that said defined temperature ((Td) of the oven cavity centre is reached or maintained. 2. Steam cooking method according to claim 1, characterized in that said an exhausting step is provided for exhausting the steam from inside of the oven cavity, in particular such that said exhausting step comprises that heating elements different from the steam generator are operated to deliver a defined amount of heat to said oven cavity (5), such that the oven cavity air or a mixture of oven cavity air and steam being in the oven cavity (5) expand within said oven cavity (5), in particular such that exhausting of the steam from inside of the oven cavity is promoted. 3. Steam cooking method according to claim 1, characterized in that
an exhaust outlet provides a passage for exhausting steam, that is closed or reduced to a substantially small, in particular to the minimum possible, passage during said heating step; said exhaust outlet provides said passage for exhausting steam closed or reduced to a substantially small, in particular to the minimum possible, passage during said maintaining step; said exhaust outlet provides said passage for exhausting steam fully opened or substantially wide, in particular as the maximum possible passage; in particular that said exhaust outlet is operated by means of a control unit of said steam cooking oven; 4. Steam cooking method according to claim 1, characterized in that said exhausting step is carried out not longer than 3 minutes and/or wherein said defined temperature (Td) of the oven cavity centre is not allowed to vary about more than +/−3° C. during said exhausting step. 5. Steam cooking oven (1), in particular for sous vide cooking processes, comprising:
an oven cavity (5) for placing vacuum packed food stuff (2) in defined positions therein; at least one steam generator (3) for supplying steam into said oven cavity (5); at least one convection fan (4) arranged at or inside of said oven cavity (5) for generating a gas flow (G) within said oven cavity (5), wherein said gas flow (G) is generated so that said convection fan (4) sucks oven cavity air or a mixture of oven cavity air and steam from at least one first direction and blows said oven cavity air or said mixture of oven cavity air and steam in one or more second directions different from said first direction; wherein: said steam supplied from said steam generator (3) and said gas flow (G) generate a defined flow pattern inside of said oven cavity (5) at least in the defined positions where said food stuff (2) can be placed; wherein said steam supplied from said steam generator (3) is continuously stirred into said gas flow (G), in such way that said flow pattern creates a homogenous convection regime around said food stuff (2); 6. Steam cooking oven (1) according to claim 5, characterized in that said steam generator supplies said steam to the oven cavity (5) via an outlet (6, 7) and/or in that said steam generator (3) is adapted to the oven cavity (5) such, that the ratio (R) is equal or more than 16 Watt/litre, wherein ratio (R)=generator power/cavity volume and/or in that said steam generator (3) enables said steam cooking oven (1) to reach approximately 100% humidity within said oven cavity (5) at a temperature below 100° C. within 250 s or faster. 7. Steam cooking oven (1) according to claim 5, characterized in that said steam generator (3) is arranged inside of the oven cavity (5), being in particular a bowl-shaped steam generator, and comprises a large-surface outlet (6). 8. Steam cooking oven (1) according to claim 5, characterized in that said steam generator (3) is arranged outside of the oven cavity (5), being in particular a flow-type steam generator, wherein said outlet (7) is a nozzle, in particular said outlet (7) comprises a diffuser element. 9. Steam cooking oven (1) according to claim 5, characterized in that said convection fan (4) is operated such, that said gas flow (G) is a laminar gas flow at least in the region where said gas flow (G) passes said outlet (6, 7), in particular continuously stirring the steam into the gas flow (G). 10. Steam cooking oven (1) according to claim 5, characterized in that said convection fan (4) is operated such, that said gas flow (G) is a turbulent gas flow at least in the region where said gas flow (G) passes said outlet (6, 7), in particular continuously stirring the steam into the gas flow (G). 11. Steam cooking oven (1) according to claim 5, characterized in that said convection fan (4) is arranged adjacent to a rear wall (8) of said oven cavity (5), wherein a fan shield (9) is arranged between the convection fan (4) and the oven cavity (5), wherein said arrangement of the convection fan (4) and the fan shield (9) guides said gas flow (G) past the outlet (6, 7) of said steam generator (3). 12. Steam cooking oven (1) according to claim 5, characterized in that one or more heating elements are provided which can be operated such, that the heat supplied by said heating elements is less than 10% of the overall heat supplied to the oven cavity (5). 13. Steam cooking oven (1) according to claim 5, characterized in that at least one temperature sensor (10) is provided in the oven cavity (5), and/or said steam cooking oven (1) comprises a control unit which is adapted to carry out at least one algorithm by means of which the temperature in a central region of the oven cavity can be determined on the basis of the value measured by said temperature sensor (10), in particular wherein said control unit can control at least said steam generator (3) and said convection fan (4). 14. Steam cooking oven (1) according to claim 5, characterized in that a temperature probe is provided which is guided through a packaging of said food stuff (2) and which is in direct contact to said food stuff (2), said temperature probe measuring the temperature of said food stuff (2). 15. Steam cooking oven (1) according to claim 5, characterized in that said oven cavity (5) comprises at least one exhaust outlet having a variable exhaust passage, in particular wherein the exhaust passage can be reduced to at least 50% of its maximum passage, said exhaust outlet preferably being controlled by said control unit. | Method for operating a steam cooking oven including placing vacuum packed food in an oven cavity and heating the cavity until the oven cavity centre has reached a defined temperature by supplying steam generated by a steam generator into the cavity, wherein a convection fan is operated within the cavity. The cavity is maintained at the defined temperature by supplying steam into the cavity over a certain period of time while the defined temperature of the centre is not allowed to vary about more than +/−1.5° C. During the heating step and the maintaining step the actual temperature of the centre is determined by a control unit using an algorithm that is based on the temperature values measured by a temperature sensor within the cavity, wherein the actual temperature is used to operate the steam generator such that the defined temperature of the centre is reached or maintained.1. Steam cooking method for operating a steam cooking oven (1) comprising at least the following steps:
placing vacuum packed food stuff (2) in an oven cavity (5); a heating step comprising heating up the oven cavity (5) until the oven cavity centre has reached a defined temperature (Td) by operating a steam generator (3) and supplying steam generated by the steam generator (3) into said oven cavity (5), wherein a convection fan (4) is operated within the oven cavity (5); a maintaining step comprising maintaining said oven cavity (5) at said defined temperature (Td) of the oven cavity centre by operating said steam generator (3) and supplying steam generated by the steam generator (3) into said oven cavity (5) over a certain period of time while said defined temperature (Td) of the oven cavity centre is not allowed to vary about more than +/−1.5° C.; wherein at least during said heating step and said maintaining step the actual temperature (Ta) of the oven cavity centre is determined by a control unit of the steam cooking oven (2) by means of an algorithm that is based on the temperature values measured by a temperature sensor within the oven cavity (5) and wherein said actual temperature (Ta) is used to operate the steam generator such, that said defined temperature ((Td) of the oven cavity centre is reached or maintained. 2. Steam cooking method according to claim 1, characterized in that said an exhausting step is provided for exhausting the steam from inside of the oven cavity, in particular such that said exhausting step comprises that heating elements different from the steam generator are operated to deliver a defined amount of heat to said oven cavity (5), such that the oven cavity air or a mixture of oven cavity air and steam being in the oven cavity (5) expand within said oven cavity (5), in particular such that exhausting of the steam from inside of the oven cavity is promoted. 3. Steam cooking method according to claim 1, characterized in that
an exhaust outlet provides a passage for exhausting steam, that is closed or reduced to a substantially small, in particular to the minimum possible, passage during said heating step; said exhaust outlet provides said passage for exhausting steam closed or reduced to a substantially small, in particular to the minimum possible, passage during said maintaining step; said exhaust outlet provides said passage for exhausting steam fully opened or substantially wide, in particular as the maximum possible passage; in particular that said exhaust outlet is operated by means of a control unit of said steam cooking oven; 4. Steam cooking method according to claim 1, characterized in that said exhausting step is carried out not longer than 3 minutes and/or wherein said defined temperature (Td) of the oven cavity centre is not allowed to vary about more than +/−3° C. during said exhausting step. 5. Steam cooking oven (1), in particular for sous vide cooking processes, comprising:
an oven cavity (5) for placing vacuum packed food stuff (2) in defined positions therein; at least one steam generator (3) for supplying steam into said oven cavity (5); at least one convection fan (4) arranged at or inside of said oven cavity (5) for generating a gas flow (G) within said oven cavity (5), wherein said gas flow (G) is generated so that said convection fan (4) sucks oven cavity air or a mixture of oven cavity air and steam from at least one first direction and blows said oven cavity air or said mixture of oven cavity air and steam in one or more second directions different from said first direction; wherein: said steam supplied from said steam generator (3) and said gas flow (G) generate a defined flow pattern inside of said oven cavity (5) at least in the defined positions where said food stuff (2) can be placed; wherein said steam supplied from said steam generator (3) is continuously stirred into said gas flow (G), in such way that said flow pattern creates a homogenous convection regime around said food stuff (2); 6. Steam cooking oven (1) according to claim 5, characterized in that said steam generator supplies said steam to the oven cavity (5) via an outlet (6, 7) and/or in that said steam generator (3) is adapted to the oven cavity (5) such, that the ratio (R) is equal or more than 16 Watt/litre, wherein ratio (R)=generator power/cavity volume and/or in that said steam generator (3) enables said steam cooking oven (1) to reach approximately 100% humidity within said oven cavity (5) at a temperature below 100° C. within 250 s or faster. 7. Steam cooking oven (1) according to claim 5, characterized in that said steam generator (3) is arranged inside of the oven cavity (5), being in particular a bowl-shaped steam generator, and comprises a large-surface outlet (6). 8. Steam cooking oven (1) according to claim 5, characterized in that said steam generator (3) is arranged outside of the oven cavity (5), being in particular a flow-type steam generator, wherein said outlet (7) is a nozzle, in particular said outlet (7) comprises a diffuser element. 9. Steam cooking oven (1) according to claim 5, characterized in that said convection fan (4) is operated such, that said gas flow (G) is a laminar gas flow at least in the region where said gas flow (G) passes said outlet (6, 7), in particular continuously stirring the steam into the gas flow (G). 10. Steam cooking oven (1) according to claim 5, characterized in that said convection fan (4) is operated such, that said gas flow (G) is a turbulent gas flow at least in the region where said gas flow (G) passes said outlet (6, 7), in particular continuously stirring the steam into the gas flow (G). 11. Steam cooking oven (1) according to claim 5, characterized in that said convection fan (4) is arranged adjacent to a rear wall (8) of said oven cavity (5), wherein a fan shield (9) is arranged between the convection fan (4) and the oven cavity (5), wherein said arrangement of the convection fan (4) and the fan shield (9) guides said gas flow (G) past the outlet (6, 7) of said steam generator (3). 12. Steam cooking oven (1) according to claim 5, characterized in that one or more heating elements are provided which can be operated such, that the heat supplied by said heating elements is less than 10% of the overall heat supplied to the oven cavity (5). 13. Steam cooking oven (1) according to claim 5, characterized in that at least one temperature sensor (10) is provided in the oven cavity (5), and/or said steam cooking oven (1) comprises a control unit which is adapted to carry out at least one algorithm by means of which the temperature in a central region of the oven cavity can be determined on the basis of the value measured by said temperature sensor (10), in particular wherein said control unit can control at least said steam generator (3) and said convection fan (4). 14. Steam cooking oven (1) according to claim 5, characterized in that a temperature probe is provided which is guided through a packaging of said food stuff (2) and which is in direct contact to said food stuff (2), said temperature probe measuring the temperature of said food stuff (2). 15. Steam cooking oven (1) according to claim 5, characterized in that said oven cavity (5) comprises at least one exhaust outlet having a variable exhaust passage, in particular wherein the exhaust passage can be reduced to at least 50% of its maximum passage, said exhaust outlet preferably being controlled by said control unit. | 1,700 |
3,248 | 14,389,197 | 1,787 | The present invention relates to a shaped and coated metallic material which has excellent adhesion to a molded article of a thermoplastic resin composition and can be produced in a simple manner. The shaped and coated metallic material comprises a shaped metallic material and a coating film formed on the surface of the shaped metallic material. The coating film comprises a polyurethane resin containing a polycarbonate unit. The ratio of the mass of the polycarbonate unit relative to the total mass of resins in the coating film is 15 to 80 mass %. The thickness of the coating film is 0.5 μm or more. | 1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. A composite comprising:
a coated shaped metal material; and a molded article of a thermoplastic resin composition joined to a surface of the coated shaped metal material, wherein the coated shaped metal material comprising a shaped metal material and a coating formed on a surface of the shaped metal material, the coating comprising a polyurethane resin containing a polycarbonate unit, a mass ratio of the polycarbonate unit to the total resin mass in the coating is 15 to 80 mass %, and the coating has a film thickness of 0.5 μm or larger. 4. The composite according to claim 3, wherein the thermoplastic resin composition is an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin, a polyethylene terephthalate resin, a polybutylene terephthalate resin, a polycarbonate resin, a polyamide resin, or a polyphenylene sulfide resin, or a combination thereof. 5. A method for producing a composite comprising a molded article of a thermoplastic resin composition joined to a coated shaped metal material, the method comprising:
providing a coated shaped metal material; inserting the coated shaped metal material into an injection molding die; and injecting a thermoplastic resin composition into the injection molding die to join a molded article of the thermoplastic resin composition to a surface of the coated shaped metal material, wherein the coated shaped metal material comprising a shaped metal material and a coating formed on a surface of the shaped metal material, the coating comprising a polyurethane resin containing a polycarbonate unit, a mass ratio of the polycarbonate unit to a total resin mass in the coating is 15 to 80 mass %, and the coating has a film thickness of 0.5 μm or larger. | The present invention relates to a shaped and coated metallic material which has excellent adhesion to a molded article of a thermoplastic resin composition and can be produced in a simple manner. The shaped and coated metallic material comprises a shaped metallic material and a coating film formed on the surface of the shaped metallic material. The coating film comprises a polyurethane resin containing a polycarbonate unit. The ratio of the mass of the polycarbonate unit relative to the total mass of resins in the coating film is 15 to 80 mass %. The thickness of the coating film is 0.5 μm or more.1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. A composite comprising:
a coated shaped metal material; and a molded article of a thermoplastic resin composition joined to a surface of the coated shaped metal material, wherein the coated shaped metal material comprising a shaped metal material and a coating formed on a surface of the shaped metal material, the coating comprising a polyurethane resin containing a polycarbonate unit, a mass ratio of the polycarbonate unit to the total resin mass in the coating is 15 to 80 mass %, and the coating has a film thickness of 0.5 μm or larger. 4. The composite according to claim 3, wherein the thermoplastic resin composition is an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin, a polyethylene terephthalate resin, a polybutylene terephthalate resin, a polycarbonate resin, a polyamide resin, or a polyphenylene sulfide resin, or a combination thereof. 5. A method for producing a composite comprising a molded article of a thermoplastic resin composition joined to a coated shaped metal material, the method comprising:
providing a coated shaped metal material; inserting the coated shaped metal material into an injection molding die; and injecting a thermoplastic resin composition into the injection molding die to join a molded article of the thermoplastic resin composition to a surface of the coated shaped metal material, wherein the coated shaped metal material comprising a shaped metal material and a coating formed on a surface of the shaped metal material, the coating comprising a polyurethane resin containing a polycarbonate unit, a mass ratio of the polycarbonate unit to a total resin mass in the coating is 15 to 80 mass %, and the coating has a film thickness of 0.5 μm or larger. | 1,700 |
3,249 | 14,987,141 | 1,796 | A catalytic composition is disclosed, which exhibits an X-ray amorphous oxide with a spinel formula, and crystals of ZnO, CuO, and at least one Group VIB metal oxide, and preferably, at least one acidic oxide of B, P. or Si, as well. The composition is useful in oxidative processes for removing sulfur from gaseous hydrocarbons. | 1. A method for oxidizing sulfur in a sulfur containing hydrocarbon, comprising contacting a gaseous hydrocarbon to a catalytic composition, comprising copper oxide in an amount ranging from 10 weight percent (wt. %) to 50 wt. %, zinc oxide in an amount ranging from 5 wt. % to less than 20 wt. %, aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 20 wt. % to 70 wt. %, and at least one promoter selected from the group consisting of a Group VIB metal oxide, wherein said catalytic composition has an X-ray amorphous oxide phase with a formula CuxZn1-xAl2O4 wherein x ranges from 0 to 1, crystalline ZnO and CuO in the presence of an oxygen containing gas. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said promoter is Mo or W. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said promoter further comprises an acidic oxide of Si, B, or P. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said promoter is present in an amount up to 20 wt. % of said catalyst. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said hydrocarbon is a gaseous hydrocarbon. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said oxygen containing gas is pure oxygen. 7. The method of claim 1, comprising oxidizing said hydrocarbon in the absence of hydrogen gas. 8. The method of claim 1, comprising oxidizing said hydrocarbon at a temperature greater than 300° C. 9. The method of claim 3, wherein said acidic oxide is B2O3. 10. A catalyst composition useful in oxidative desulfurization of a sulfur containing hydrocarbon, comprising:
copper oxide in an amount ranging from 10 weight percent to 50 wt. %, zinc oxide in an amount ranging from 5 wt. % to less than 20 wt. %, aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 20 wt. % to 70 wt. %, and at least one Group VIB metal oxide promoter, in an amount up to 20 of said catalytic composition. 11. The catalytic composition of claim 10, further comprising Mo or W. 12. The catalytic composition of claim 10, further comprising an acidic oxide of Si, B, or P. 13. The catalytic composition of claim 10, further comprising B2O3. 14. The catalytic composition of claim 10, in granular form. 15. The catalytic composition of claim 10, formed as a cylinder, a sphere, a trilobe, or a quatrolobe. 16. The catalytic composition of claim 14, wherein granules of said composition have a diameter of from 1 mm to 4 mm. 17. The catalytic composition of claim 10, having a specific surface area of from 10 m2/g to 100 m2/g. 18. The catalytic composition of claim 10, wherein pores of the granules of said composition have a diameter of from 8 nm to 12 nm. 19. The catalytic composition of claim 10, wherein pores of the granules of said composition have a volume of from about 0.1 cm3/g to about 0.5 cm3/g 20. The catalytic composition of claim 10, comprising from 20 wt. % to 45 wt. % CuO, from 10 wt. % to less than 20 wt. % ZnO, and from 20 wt. % to 70 wt. % of Al2O3. 21. The catalytic composition of claim 20, comprising from 30 wt. % to 45 wt. % CuO, from 12 wt. % to less than 20 wt. % ZnO, and from 20 wt. % to 40 wt. % Al2O3. 22. The catalytic composition of claim 17, having a specific surface area of from 50 m2/g to 100 m2/g. 23. The catalytic composition of claim 18, said pores having a diameter of from 8 nm to 10 nm. 24. The catalytic composition of claim 10, wherein X in CuxZn1-xAl2O4 is from 0.1 to 0.6. 25. The catalytic composition of claim 24, wherein X is from 0.2 to 0.5. 26. A process for making the catalytic composition of claim 1, comprising:
(i) combining an aqueous solution containing each of copper nitrate, zinc nitrate, and aluminum nitrate with an alkaline solution containing NaOH and/or at least one of (NH4)2CO3, Na2CO3 and NH4HCO3, at a temperature of from about 50° C. to about 65° C., and a pH of from about 6.5 to about 14, to form a precipitate containing at least one of (a) a carbonate containing Cu, Zn, and Al, (b) a hydroxide containing Cu, Zn, and Al, and (c) hydroxycarbonate containing Cu, Zn, and Al; (ii) aging said precipitate; (iii) filtering and washing said precipitate; (iv) drying said precipitate for at least 10 hours, at a temperature of at least 100° C.; (v) calcining the said dried precipitate for at least 4 hours at a temperature of at least 400° C.; (vi) adding a solution containing at least one Group VIB oxide to said precipitate; (vii) impregnating said Group VIB oxide in said precipitate via incipient wetness, and (viii) calcinating said precipitate for from about 2 to about 4 hours, at a temperature of at least about 450-500° C. 27. The process of claim 26, wherein said aqueous solution further comprises cerium nitrate, and said carbonate, hydroxide, and hydrocarbonate contain Ce. 28. The process of claim 27, further comprising combining the precipitate of (i) with a binder selected from the group consisting of poly-ethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, a sol of aluminum pseudoboehmite, silica gel and mixtures thereof, said binder being added in amount ranging from 1 to 10 weight % of said precipitate, to form an extrudable mixture, extruding said mixture through a die to form an extrudate, drying said extrudate for 24 hours at room temperature to 500° C., at a rate of from 2-5° C./minute, to calcine said extrudate for from 2-4 hours. 29. The process of claim 26, wherein said precipitate comprises hydroxides, said process further comprising combining said precipitate with a binder selected from the group consisting of polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, a sol of aluminum pseudoboehmite, silica gel, and mixtures thereof, said binder being added in an amount ranging from 3 to 20 weight percent of said precipitate, to form an extrudable mixture, extruding said mixture through a die to form an extrudate, drying said extrudate for 24 hours at room temperature, followed by drying at 100° C. for from 2-4 hours, and raising temperature to 500° C., at a rate of from 2-5° C./minute, to calcine said extrudate for from 2-4 hours. 30. The process of claim 26, comprising adding a solution containing a water soluble Mo(VI) or W(VI) compound to provide an MoO3 or WO3 phase upon calcination 31. The process of claim 26, comprising adding a solution containing a water soluble compounds of at least one of Mo(VI) or B(III) to provide MoO3 or B2O3 upon calcination. | A catalytic composition is disclosed, which exhibits an X-ray amorphous oxide with a spinel formula, and crystals of ZnO, CuO, and at least one Group VIB metal oxide, and preferably, at least one acidic oxide of B, P. or Si, as well. The composition is useful in oxidative processes for removing sulfur from gaseous hydrocarbons.1. A method for oxidizing sulfur in a sulfur containing hydrocarbon, comprising contacting a gaseous hydrocarbon to a catalytic composition, comprising copper oxide in an amount ranging from 10 weight percent (wt. %) to 50 wt. %, zinc oxide in an amount ranging from 5 wt. % to less than 20 wt. %, aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 20 wt. % to 70 wt. %, and at least one promoter selected from the group consisting of a Group VIB metal oxide, wherein said catalytic composition has an X-ray amorphous oxide phase with a formula CuxZn1-xAl2O4 wherein x ranges from 0 to 1, crystalline ZnO and CuO in the presence of an oxygen containing gas. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said promoter is Mo or W. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said promoter further comprises an acidic oxide of Si, B, or P. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said promoter is present in an amount up to 20 wt. % of said catalyst. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said hydrocarbon is a gaseous hydrocarbon. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said oxygen containing gas is pure oxygen. 7. The method of claim 1, comprising oxidizing said hydrocarbon in the absence of hydrogen gas. 8. The method of claim 1, comprising oxidizing said hydrocarbon at a temperature greater than 300° C. 9. The method of claim 3, wherein said acidic oxide is B2O3. 10. A catalyst composition useful in oxidative desulfurization of a sulfur containing hydrocarbon, comprising:
copper oxide in an amount ranging from 10 weight percent to 50 wt. %, zinc oxide in an amount ranging from 5 wt. % to less than 20 wt. %, aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 20 wt. % to 70 wt. %, and at least one Group VIB metal oxide promoter, in an amount up to 20 of said catalytic composition. 11. The catalytic composition of claim 10, further comprising Mo or W. 12. The catalytic composition of claim 10, further comprising an acidic oxide of Si, B, or P. 13. The catalytic composition of claim 10, further comprising B2O3. 14. The catalytic composition of claim 10, in granular form. 15. The catalytic composition of claim 10, formed as a cylinder, a sphere, a trilobe, or a quatrolobe. 16. The catalytic composition of claim 14, wherein granules of said composition have a diameter of from 1 mm to 4 mm. 17. The catalytic composition of claim 10, having a specific surface area of from 10 m2/g to 100 m2/g. 18. The catalytic composition of claim 10, wherein pores of the granules of said composition have a diameter of from 8 nm to 12 nm. 19. The catalytic composition of claim 10, wherein pores of the granules of said composition have a volume of from about 0.1 cm3/g to about 0.5 cm3/g 20. The catalytic composition of claim 10, comprising from 20 wt. % to 45 wt. % CuO, from 10 wt. % to less than 20 wt. % ZnO, and from 20 wt. % to 70 wt. % of Al2O3. 21. The catalytic composition of claim 20, comprising from 30 wt. % to 45 wt. % CuO, from 12 wt. % to less than 20 wt. % ZnO, and from 20 wt. % to 40 wt. % Al2O3. 22. The catalytic composition of claim 17, having a specific surface area of from 50 m2/g to 100 m2/g. 23. The catalytic composition of claim 18, said pores having a diameter of from 8 nm to 10 nm. 24. The catalytic composition of claim 10, wherein X in CuxZn1-xAl2O4 is from 0.1 to 0.6. 25. The catalytic composition of claim 24, wherein X is from 0.2 to 0.5. 26. A process for making the catalytic composition of claim 1, comprising:
(i) combining an aqueous solution containing each of copper nitrate, zinc nitrate, and aluminum nitrate with an alkaline solution containing NaOH and/or at least one of (NH4)2CO3, Na2CO3 and NH4HCO3, at a temperature of from about 50° C. to about 65° C., and a pH of from about 6.5 to about 14, to form a precipitate containing at least one of (a) a carbonate containing Cu, Zn, and Al, (b) a hydroxide containing Cu, Zn, and Al, and (c) hydroxycarbonate containing Cu, Zn, and Al; (ii) aging said precipitate; (iii) filtering and washing said precipitate; (iv) drying said precipitate for at least 10 hours, at a temperature of at least 100° C.; (v) calcining the said dried precipitate for at least 4 hours at a temperature of at least 400° C.; (vi) adding a solution containing at least one Group VIB oxide to said precipitate; (vii) impregnating said Group VIB oxide in said precipitate via incipient wetness, and (viii) calcinating said precipitate for from about 2 to about 4 hours, at a temperature of at least about 450-500° C. 27. The process of claim 26, wherein said aqueous solution further comprises cerium nitrate, and said carbonate, hydroxide, and hydrocarbonate contain Ce. 28. The process of claim 27, further comprising combining the precipitate of (i) with a binder selected from the group consisting of poly-ethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, a sol of aluminum pseudoboehmite, silica gel and mixtures thereof, said binder being added in amount ranging from 1 to 10 weight % of said precipitate, to form an extrudable mixture, extruding said mixture through a die to form an extrudate, drying said extrudate for 24 hours at room temperature to 500° C., at a rate of from 2-5° C./minute, to calcine said extrudate for from 2-4 hours. 29. The process of claim 26, wherein said precipitate comprises hydroxides, said process further comprising combining said precipitate with a binder selected from the group consisting of polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, a sol of aluminum pseudoboehmite, silica gel, and mixtures thereof, said binder being added in an amount ranging from 3 to 20 weight percent of said precipitate, to form an extrudable mixture, extruding said mixture through a die to form an extrudate, drying said extrudate for 24 hours at room temperature, followed by drying at 100° C. for from 2-4 hours, and raising temperature to 500° C., at a rate of from 2-5° C./minute, to calcine said extrudate for from 2-4 hours. 30. The process of claim 26, comprising adding a solution containing a water soluble Mo(VI) or W(VI) compound to provide an MoO3 or WO3 phase upon calcination 31. The process of claim 26, comprising adding a solution containing a water soluble compounds of at least one of Mo(VI) or B(III) to provide MoO3 or B2O3 upon calcination. | 1,700 |
3,250 | 13,870,351 | 1,716 | The present invention provides a process for coating a substrate. A metal alloy layer including at least two metallic elements is continuously deposited on the substrate by a vacuum deposition facility. The facility includes a vapor jet coater for spraying the substrate with a vapor containing the metallic elements in a constant and predetermined relative content, the vapor being sprayed at a sonic velocity. The process may advantageously be used for depositing Zn—Mg coatings. The invention also provides a vacuum deposition facility for continuously depositing coatings formed from metal alloys, for implementing the process. | 1-19. (canceled) 20. A vacuum deposition facility for continuously depositing coatings formed from metal alloys comprising at least two metallic elements on a running substrate, comprising:
a vacuum deposition chamber; means for running the substrate through the chamber; a sonic vapor jet coater; means for feeding the coater with a vapor, the vapor having the at least two metallic elements in a predetermined and constant ratio; means for evaporating a metal alloy bath to the vapor, the metal alloy bath having the at least two metallic elements, the vapor being fed the coater; and means for adjusting a composition of the metal alloy bath, so the composition of metal alloy bath is capable of remaining constant over a course of time. 21. The facility as recited in claim 20, wherein the means for adjusting the composition of the metal alloy bath include means for feeding the evaporation means with a molten metal alloy of a controlled composition. 22. The facility as recited in claim 21, wherein the evaporation means include an evaporation crucible provided with a heating means and the means for feeding the evaporation means with a molten metal alloy of controlled composition include a recharging furnace connected to a metal ingot feed means and is provided with a heating system, the recharging furnace being connected to a respective evaporation crucible. 23. The facility as recited in claim 22, further including a recirculation pipe for continuously circulating the bath, the recirculation pipe connecting the evaporation crucible to the recharging furnace. 24. The facility as recited in claim 23, wherein the evaporation crucible is placed in the vacuum chamber and the recharging furnace is placed outside the vacuum chamber. 25. The facility as recited in claim 22, wherein the recharging furnace and the evaporation crucible are placed side by side and have a common wall pierced by at least one opening located beneath a level of the metal alloy bath and above a bottom of the furnace and of the crucible. 26. The facility as recited in claim 25, wherein the evaporation crucible is placed in a confined chamber and the recharging furnace is placed outside the confined chamber. 27. An ingot comprising:
a zinc base and comprising 30 to 55% magnesium by weight; the ingot being an ingot supplied to the vacuum deposition facility as recited in claim 22. 28. The ingot as recited in claim 27, comprising 30 to 50% magnesium by weight. 29. A vacuum deposition facility for continuously depositing a coating on a running substrate, the coating including a metal alloy having at least two metallic elements, the vacuum deposition facility comprising:
a vacuum deposition chamber; a substrate running through the deposition chamber; a metal alloy bath including the at least two metallic elements, a composition of the metal bath alloy capable of remaining constant over a course of time; an evaporator for evaporating the metal alloy bath to a vapor, the vapor including a predetermined and constant ratio of the at least two metallic elements; and a sonic vapor jet coater being fed with the vapor. 30. The vacuum deposition facility as recited in claim 29, wherein the evaporator is fed with a molten metal alloy having a controlled composition. 31. The vacuum deposition facility as recited in claim 30, wherein the evaporator includes an evaporation crucible having a heater and further comprising a recharging furnace connected to the evaporation crucible, the recharging furnace connected to a metal ingot feeder and having a furnace heater, the recharging furnace feeding the molten metal alloy to the evaporation crucible. 32. The vacuum deposition facility as recited in claim 31, further including a recirculation pipe for continuously circulating the metal alloy bath, the recirculation pipe connecting the evaporation crucible to the recharging furnace. 33. The vacuum deposition facility as recited in claim 32, wherein the evaporation crucible is placed in the vacuum deposition chamber and the recharging furnace is placed outside the vacuum deposition chamber. 34. The vacuum deposition facility as recited in claim 31, wherein the recharging furnace and the evaporation crucible are placed side by side and have a common wall, the common wall including at least one opening located beneath a level of the metal alloy bath and above a bottom of the furnace and of the crucible. 35. The vacuum deposition facility as recited in claim 34, wherein the evaporation crucible is placed in a confined chamber and the recharging furnace is placed outside of the confined chamber. 36. The vacuum deposition facility as recited in claim 29, further comprising a rotary support roller supplying the substrate to the vacuum deposition chamber. 37. An ingot comprising:
a zinc base and being 30 to 55% magnesium by weight; the ingots being supplied to the vacuum deposition facility recited in claim 29. 38. The ingot as recited in claim 37, wherein the ingot is 30 to 50% magnesium by weight. | The present invention provides a process for coating a substrate. A metal alloy layer including at least two metallic elements is continuously deposited on the substrate by a vacuum deposition facility. The facility includes a vapor jet coater for spraying the substrate with a vapor containing the metallic elements in a constant and predetermined relative content, the vapor being sprayed at a sonic velocity. The process may advantageously be used for depositing Zn—Mg coatings. The invention also provides a vacuum deposition facility for continuously depositing coatings formed from metal alloys, for implementing the process.1-19. (canceled) 20. A vacuum deposition facility for continuously depositing coatings formed from metal alloys comprising at least two metallic elements on a running substrate, comprising:
a vacuum deposition chamber; means for running the substrate through the chamber; a sonic vapor jet coater; means for feeding the coater with a vapor, the vapor having the at least two metallic elements in a predetermined and constant ratio; means for evaporating a metal alloy bath to the vapor, the metal alloy bath having the at least two metallic elements, the vapor being fed the coater; and means for adjusting a composition of the metal alloy bath, so the composition of metal alloy bath is capable of remaining constant over a course of time. 21. The facility as recited in claim 20, wherein the means for adjusting the composition of the metal alloy bath include means for feeding the evaporation means with a molten metal alloy of a controlled composition. 22. The facility as recited in claim 21, wherein the evaporation means include an evaporation crucible provided with a heating means and the means for feeding the evaporation means with a molten metal alloy of controlled composition include a recharging furnace connected to a metal ingot feed means and is provided with a heating system, the recharging furnace being connected to a respective evaporation crucible. 23. The facility as recited in claim 22, further including a recirculation pipe for continuously circulating the bath, the recirculation pipe connecting the evaporation crucible to the recharging furnace. 24. The facility as recited in claim 23, wherein the evaporation crucible is placed in the vacuum chamber and the recharging furnace is placed outside the vacuum chamber. 25. The facility as recited in claim 22, wherein the recharging furnace and the evaporation crucible are placed side by side and have a common wall pierced by at least one opening located beneath a level of the metal alloy bath and above a bottom of the furnace and of the crucible. 26. The facility as recited in claim 25, wherein the evaporation crucible is placed in a confined chamber and the recharging furnace is placed outside the confined chamber. 27. An ingot comprising:
a zinc base and comprising 30 to 55% magnesium by weight; the ingot being an ingot supplied to the vacuum deposition facility as recited in claim 22. 28. The ingot as recited in claim 27, comprising 30 to 50% magnesium by weight. 29. A vacuum deposition facility for continuously depositing a coating on a running substrate, the coating including a metal alloy having at least two metallic elements, the vacuum deposition facility comprising:
a vacuum deposition chamber; a substrate running through the deposition chamber; a metal alloy bath including the at least two metallic elements, a composition of the metal bath alloy capable of remaining constant over a course of time; an evaporator for evaporating the metal alloy bath to a vapor, the vapor including a predetermined and constant ratio of the at least two metallic elements; and a sonic vapor jet coater being fed with the vapor. 30. The vacuum deposition facility as recited in claim 29, wherein the evaporator is fed with a molten metal alloy having a controlled composition. 31. The vacuum deposition facility as recited in claim 30, wherein the evaporator includes an evaporation crucible having a heater and further comprising a recharging furnace connected to the evaporation crucible, the recharging furnace connected to a metal ingot feeder and having a furnace heater, the recharging furnace feeding the molten metal alloy to the evaporation crucible. 32. The vacuum deposition facility as recited in claim 31, further including a recirculation pipe for continuously circulating the metal alloy bath, the recirculation pipe connecting the evaporation crucible to the recharging furnace. 33. The vacuum deposition facility as recited in claim 32, wherein the evaporation crucible is placed in the vacuum deposition chamber and the recharging furnace is placed outside the vacuum deposition chamber. 34. The vacuum deposition facility as recited in claim 31, wherein the recharging furnace and the evaporation crucible are placed side by side and have a common wall, the common wall including at least one opening located beneath a level of the metal alloy bath and above a bottom of the furnace and of the crucible. 35. The vacuum deposition facility as recited in claim 34, wherein the evaporation crucible is placed in a confined chamber and the recharging furnace is placed outside of the confined chamber. 36. The vacuum deposition facility as recited in claim 29, further comprising a rotary support roller supplying the substrate to the vacuum deposition chamber. 37. An ingot comprising:
a zinc base and being 30 to 55% magnesium by weight; the ingots being supplied to the vacuum deposition facility recited in claim 29. 38. The ingot as recited in claim 37, wherein the ingot is 30 to 50% magnesium by weight. | 1,700 |
3,251 | 14,406,119 | 1,776 | A system and method for separation of liquids and gases within a multiphase fluid are provided herein. The method includes flowing a multiphase fluid into a circular distribution header of a multiphase separation system and separating the multiphase fluid into gases and liquids within the circular distribution header. The method also includes flowing the gases into a circular gas header that is above a plane of the circular distribution header and flowing the liquids into a circular liquid header that is below the plane of the circular distribution header. The method further includes flowing the gases out of the multiphase separation system via a gas outlet line and flowing the liquids out of the multiphase separation system via a liquid outlet line, wherein entrained liquids within the gas outlet line are flowed to the liquid outlet line via a downcomer. | 1. A multiphase separation system, comprising:
an inlet line configured to feed a multiphase fluid into a circular distribution header within the multiphase separation system, wherein the circular distribution header is coupled to a plurality of upper lines and a plurality of lower lines; each upper line configured to feed gases into a circular gas header, wherein the circular gas header is in a second plane that is above a plane of the circular distribution header; each lower line configured to feed liquids into a circular liquid header, wherein the circular liquid header is in a third plane that is below the plane of the circular distribution header; a gas outlet line that is coupled to the circular gas header and is configured to flow the gases out of the multiphase separation system; and a liquid outlet line that is coupled to the circular liquid header and is configured to flow the liquids out of the multiphase separation system; wherein the gas outlet line and the liquid outlet line are coupled via a downcomer configured to allow entrained liquids to flow from the gas outlet line to the liquid outlet line. 2. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of upper lines and the plurality of lower lines are perpendicular to the circular distribution header. 3. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, wherein the circular gas header comprises a droplet separation section configured to remove entrained liquids from the gases. 4. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, wherein the circular liquid header comprises a liquid degassing section configured to remove entrained gases from the liquids. 5. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, wherein the multiphase separation system is implemented within a subsea environment. 6. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, wherein the circular distribution header comprises a stratification section configured to separate gases from liquids within the multiphase fluid. 7. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, wherein the multiphase separation system comprises a slug catcher. 8. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, wherein the second plane and the third plane are parallel to the plane of the distribution header. 9. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, wherein the downcomer is configured to allow entrained gases to flow from the liquid outlet line to the gas outlet line. 10. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, wherein the multiphase fluid comprises production fluids from a subsea well. 11. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, wherein a desander is located upstream of the inlet line. 12. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, wherein a desander is located downstream of the liquid outlet line. 13. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, comprising;
an oil/water separation section that is coupled to the circular liquid header and is configured to separate the liquids into oil and water; an oil outlet line that is coupled to the oil/water separation section and is configured to flow the oil out of the multiphase separation system; and a water outlet line that is coupled to the oil/water separation section and is configured to flow the water out of the multiphase separation system. 14. The multiphase separation system of claim 13, wherein the oil/water separation section is coupled to the circular distribution header via a sealing downcomer. 15. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, wherein the gas outlet line and the liquid outlet line are not coupled via the downcomer. 16. A method for separation of liquids and gases within a multiphase fluid, comprising:
flowing a multiphase fluid into a circular distribution header of a multiphase separation system; separating the multiphase fluid into gases and liquids within the circular distribution header; flowing the gases into a circular gas header that is above a plane of the circular distribution header; flowing the liquids into a circular liquid header that is below the plane of the circular distribution header; flowing the gases out of the multiphase separation system via a gas outlet line; and flowing the liquids out of the multiphase separation system via a liquid outlet line; wherein entrained liquids within the gas outlet line are flowed to the liquid outlet line via a downcomer. 17. The method of claim 16, comprising flowing the gases into the circular gas header via a plurality of upper lines that are perpendicular the circular distribution header. 18. The method of claim 17, comprising lowering a velocity and a pressure of the gases by splitting the gases among the plurality of upper lines. 19. The method of claim 16, comprising flowing the liquids into the circular liquid header via a plurality of lower lines that are perpendicular the circular distribution header. 20. The method of claim 19, comprising lowering a velocity and a pressure of the liquids by splitting the liquids among the plurality of lower lines. 21. The method of claim 16, comprising flowing entrained gases within the liquid outlet line to the gas outlet line via the downcomer. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein the multiphase separation system is implemented within a subsea environment. 23. The method of claim 16, wherein the multiphase separation system is a slug catcher. 24. The method of claim 16, comprising separating the multiphase fluid into the gases and the liquids within a stratification section of the circular distribution header. 25. The method of claim 16, comprising:
flowing the gases from the multiphase separation system to downstream liquid processing equipment or a gas export line; and flowing the liquids from the multiphase separation system to downstream gas processing equipment or a liquid export line. 26. The method of claim 16, wherein the liquids comprise residual solid particulates. 27. The method of claim 16, comprising:
separating the liquids into oil and water; flowing the oil out of the multiphase separation system via an oil outlet line; and flowing the water out of the multiphase separation system via a water outlet line. | A system and method for separation of liquids and gases within a multiphase fluid are provided herein. The method includes flowing a multiphase fluid into a circular distribution header of a multiphase separation system and separating the multiphase fluid into gases and liquids within the circular distribution header. The method also includes flowing the gases into a circular gas header that is above a plane of the circular distribution header and flowing the liquids into a circular liquid header that is below the plane of the circular distribution header. The method further includes flowing the gases out of the multiphase separation system via a gas outlet line and flowing the liquids out of the multiphase separation system via a liquid outlet line, wherein entrained liquids within the gas outlet line are flowed to the liquid outlet line via a downcomer.1. A multiphase separation system, comprising:
an inlet line configured to feed a multiphase fluid into a circular distribution header within the multiphase separation system, wherein the circular distribution header is coupled to a plurality of upper lines and a plurality of lower lines; each upper line configured to feed gases into a circular gas header, wherein the circular gas header is in a second plane that is above a plane of the circular distribution header; each lower line configured to feed liquids into a circular liquid header, wherein the circular liquid header is in a third plane that is below the plane of the circular distribution header; a gas outlet line that is coupled to the circular gas header and is configured to flow the gases out of the multiphase separation system; and a liquid outlet line that is coupled to the circular liquid header and is configured to flow the liquids out of the multiphase separation system; wherein the gas outlet line and the liquid outlet line are coupled via a downcomer configured to allow entrained liquids to flow from the gas outlet line to the liquid outlet line. 2. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of upper lines and the plurality of lower lines are perpendicular to the circular distribution header. 3. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, wherein the circular gas header comprises a droplet separation section configured to remove entrained liquids from the gases. 4. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, wherein the circular liquid header comprises a liquid degassing section configured to remove entrained gases from the liquids. 5. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, wherein the multiphase separation system is implemented within a subsea environment. 6. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, wherein the circular distribution header comprises a stratification section configured to separate gases from liquids within the multiphase fluid. 7. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, wherein the multiphase separation system comprises a slug catcher. 8. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, wherein the second plane and the third plane are parallel to the plane of the distribution header. 9. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, wherein the downcomer is configured to allow entrained gases to flow from the liquid outlet line to the gas outlet line. 10. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, wherein the multiphase fluid comprises production fluids from a subsea well. 11. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, wherein a desander is located upstream of the inlet line. 12. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, wherein a desander is located downstream of the liquid outlet line. 13. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, comprising;
an oil/water separation section that is coupled to the circular liquid header and is configured to separate the liquids into oil and water; an oil outlet line that is coupled to the oil/water separation section and is configured to flow the oil out of the multiphase separation system; and a water outlet line that is coupled to the oil/water separation section and is configured to flow the water out of the multiphase separation system. 14. The multiphase separation system of claim 13, wherein the oil/water separation section is coupled to the circular distribution header via a sealing downcomer. 15. The multiphase separation system of claim 1, wherein the gas outlet line and the liquid outlet line are not coupled via the downcomer. 16. A method for separation of liquids and gases within a multiphase fluid, comprising:
flowing a multiphase fluid into a circular distribution header of a multiphase separation system; separating the multiphase fluid into gases and liquids within the circular distribution header; flowing the gases into a circular gas header that is above a plane of the circular distribution header; flowing the liquids into a circular liquid header that is below the plane of the circular distribution header; flowing the gases out of the multiphase separation system via a gas outlet line; and flowing the liquids out of the multiphase separation system via a liquid outlet line; wherein entrained liquids within the gas outlet line are flowed to the liquid outlet line via a downcomer. 17. The method of claim 16, comprising flowing the gases into the circular gas header via a plurality of upper lines that are perpendicular the circular distribution header. 18. The method of claim 17, comprising lowering a velocity and a pressure of the gases by splitting the gases among the plurality of upper lines. 19. The method of claim 16, comprising flowing the liquids into the circular liquid header via a plurality of lower lines that are perpendicular the circular distribution header. 20. The method of claim 19, comprising lowering a velocity and a pressure of the liquids by splitting the liquids among the plurality of lower lines. 21. The method of claim 16, comprising flowing entrained gases within the liquid outlet line to the gas outlet line via the downcomer. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein the multiphase separation system is implemented within a subsea environment. 23. The method of claim 16, wherein the multiphase separation system is a slug catcher. 24. The method of claim 16, comprising separating the multiphase fluid into the gases and the liquids within a stratification section of the circular distribution header. 25. The method of claim 16, comprising:
flowing the gases from the multiphase separation system to downstream liquid processing equipment or a gas export line; and flowing the liquids from the multiphase separation system to downstream gas processing equipment or a liquid export line. 26. The method of claim 16, wherein the liquids comprise residual solid particulates. 27. The method of claim 16, comprising:
separating the liquids into oil and water; flowing the oil out of the multiphase separation system via an oil outlet line; and flowing the water out of the multiphase separation system via a water outlet line. | 1,700 |
3,252 | 14,638,224 | 1,781 | A glass laminate structure comprising a non-strengthened external glass sheet, a strengthened internal glass sheet, and at least one polymer interlayer intermediate the external and internal glass sheets. The internal glass sheet can have a thickness ranging from about 0.3 mm to about 1.5 mm, the external glass sheet can have a thickness ranging from about 1.5 mm to about 3.0 mm, and the polymer interlayer can have a first edge with a first thickness and a second edge opposite the first edge with a second thickness greater than the first thickness. Other embodiments include external and internal strengthened glass sheets as well as an external strengthened glass sheet and an internal non-strengthened glass sheet. | 1. A glass laminate structure comprising:
a non-strengthened external glass sheet; a strengthened internal glass sheet; and at least one polymer interlayer intermediate the external and internal glass sheets, wherein the internal glass sheet has a thickness ranging from about 0.3 mm to about 1.5 mm, wherein the external glass sheet has a thickness ranging from about 1.5 mm to about 3.0 mm, and wherein the polymer interlayer has a first edge with a first thickness and a second edge opposite the first edge with a second thickness greater than the first thickness. 2. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the internal glass sheet includes one or more alkaline earth oxides, such that a content of alkaline earth oxides is at least about 5 wt. %. 3. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the internal glass sheet has a thickness of between about 0.3 mm to about 0.7 mm. 4. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the polymer interlayer comprises a single polymer sheet, a multilayer polymer sheet, or a composite polymer sheet. 5. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the polymer interlayer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of poly vinyl butyral (PVB), polycarbonate, acoustic PVB, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), ionomer, a thermoplastic material, and combinations thereof. 6. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the polymer interlayer has a thickness of between about 0.4 to about 1.2 mm at the first edge. 7. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the external glass sheet comprises a material selected from the group consisting of soda-lime glass and annealed glass. 8. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the glass laminate is an automotive windshield, sunroof or cover plate. 9. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the internal glass sheet has a surface compressive stress between about 250 MPa and about 900 MPa. 10. A glass laminate structure comprising:
a non-strengthened internal glass sheet; a strengthened external glass sheet having a surface compressive stress between about 250 MPa and about 900 MPa; and at least one polymer interlayer intermediate the external and internal glass sheets, wherein the external glass sheet has a thickness ranging from about 0.3 mm to about 1.5 mm, wherein the internal glass sheet has a thickness ranging from about 1.5 mm to about 3.0 mm, and wherein the polymer interlayer has a first edge with a first thickness and a second edge opposite the first edge with a second thickness greater than the first thickness. 11. The glass laminate structure of claim 10, wherein the external glass sheet includes one or more alkaline earth oxides, such that a content of alkaline earth oxides is at least about 5 wt. %. 12. The glass laminate structure of claim 10, wherein the external glass sheet has a thickness of between about 0.3 mm to about 0.7 mm. 13. The glass laminate structure of claim 10, wherein the polymer interlayer comprises a single polymer sheet, a multilayer polymer sheet, or a composite polymer sheet. 14. The glass laminate structure of claim 10, wherein the polymer interlayer has a thickness of between about 0.4 to about 1.2 mm at the first edge. 15. The glass laminate structure of claim 10, wherein the internal glass sheet comprises a material selected from the group consisting of soda-lime glass and annealed glass. 16. The glass laminate structure of claim 10, wherein the glass laminate is an automotive windshield, sunroof or cover plate. 17. A glass laminate structure comprising:
a strengthened internal glass sheet; a strengthened external glass sheet; and at least one polymer interlayer intermediate the external and internal glass sheets, wherein the external and internal glass sheets each have a thickness ranging from about 0.3 mm to about 1.5 mm, and wherein the polymer interlayer has a first edge with a first thickness and a second edge opposite the first edge with a second thickness greater than the first thickness. 18. The glass laminate structure of claim 17, wherein the polymer interlayer has a thickness of between about 0.4 to about 1.2 mm at the first edge. 19. The glass laminate structure of claim 17, wherein the glass laminate is an automotive windshield, sunroof or cover plate. 20. The glass laminate structure of claim 17, wherein the internal glass sheet or portions thereof has a surface compressive stress less than the surface compressive stress of the external glass sheet. | A glass laminate structure comprising a non-strengthened external glass sheet, a strengthened internal glass sheet, and at least one polymer interlayer intermediate the external and internal glass sheets. The internal glass sheet can have a thickness ranging from about 0.3 mm to about 1.5 mm, the external glass sheet can have a thickness ranging from about 1.5 mm to about 3.0 mm, and the polymer interlayer can have a first edge with a first thickness and a second edge opposite the first edge with a second thickness greater than the first thickness. Other embodiments include external and internal strengthened glass sheets as well as an external strengthened glass sheet and an internal non-strengthened glass sheet.1. A glass laminate structure comprising:
a non-strengthened external glass sheet; a strengthened internal glass sheet; and at least one polymer interlayer intermediate the external and internal glass sheets, wherein the internal glass sheet has a thickness ranging from about 0.3 mm to about 1.5 mm, wherein the external glass sheet has a thickness ranging from about 1.5 mm to about 3.0 mm, and wherein the polymer interlayer has a first edge with a first thickness and a second edge opposite the first edge with a second thickness greater than the first thickness. 2. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the internal glass sheet includes one or more alkaline earth oxides, such that a content of alkaline earth oxides is at least about 5 wt. %. 3. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the internal glass sheet has a thickness of between about 0.3 mm to about 0.7 mm. 4. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the polymer interlayer comprises a single polymer sheet, a multilayer polymer sheet, or a composite polymer sheet. 5. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the polymer interlayer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of poly vinyl butyral (PVB), polycarbonate, acoustic PVB, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), ionomer, a thermoplastic material, and combinations thereof. 6. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the polymer interlayer has a thickness of between about 0.4 to about 1.2 mm at the first edge. 7. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the external glass sheet comprises a material selected from the group consisting of soda-lime glass and annealed glass. 8. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the glass laminate is an automotive windshield, sunroof or cover plate. 9. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the internal glass sheet has a surface compressive stress between about 250 MPa and about 900 MPa. 10. A glass laminate structure comprising:
a non-strengthened internal glass sheet; a strengthened external glass sheet having a surface compressive stress between about 250 MPa and about 900 MPa; and at least one polymer interlayer intermediate the external and internal glass sheets, wherein the external glass sheet has a thickness ranging from about 0.3 mm to about 1.5 mm, wherein the internal glass sheet has a thickness ranging from about 1.5 mm to about 3.0 mm, and wherein the polymer interlayer has a first edge with a first thickness and a second edge opposite the first edge with a second thickness greater than the first thickness. 11. The glass laminate structure of claim 10, wherein the external glass sheet includes one or more alkaline earth oxides, such that a content of alkaline earth oxides is at least about 5 wt. %. 12. The glass laminate structure of claim 10, wherein the external glass sheet has a thickness of between about 0.3 mm to about 0.7 mm. 13. The glass laminate structure of claim 10, wherein the polymer interlayer comprises a single polymer sheet, a multilayer polymer sheet, or a composite polymer sheet. 14. The glass laminate structure of claim 10, wherein the polymer interlayer has a thickness of between about 0.4 to about 1.2 mm at the first edge. 15. The glass laminate structure of claim 10, wherein the internal glass sheet comprises a material selected from the group consisting of soda-lime glass and annealed glass. 16. The glass laminate structure of claim 10, wherein the glass laminate is an automotive windshield, sunroof or cover plate. 17. A glass laminate structure comprising:
a strengthened internal glass sheet; a strengthened external glass sheet; and at least one polymer interlayer intermediate the external and internal glass sheets, wherein the external and internal glass sheets each have a thickness ranging from about 0.3 mm to about 1.5 mm, and wherein the polymer interlayer has a first edge with a first thickness and a second edge opposite the first edge with a second thickness greater than the first thickness. 18. The glass laminate structure of claim 17, wherein the polymer interlayer has a thickness of between about 0.4 to about 1.2 mm at the first edge. 19. The glass laminate structure of claim 17, wherein the glass laminate is an automotive windshield, sunroof or cover plate. 20. The glass laminate structure of claim 17, wherein the internal glass sheet or portions thereof has a surface compressive stress less than the surface compressive stress of the external glass sheet. | 1,700 |
3,253 | 14,112,381 | 1,736 | The invention relates to a bainite steel consisting of the following elements in weight %: C: 0.25-0.55 Si: 0.5-1.8 Mn: 0.8-3.8 Cr: 0.2-2.0 Ti: 0.0-0.1 Cu: 0.0-1.2 V: 0.0-0.5 Nb: 0.0-0.06 Al: 0.0-2.75 N: <0.004 P: <0.025 S: <0.025 and a method for manufacturing a bainite steel strip that comprises the step of cooling the coiled strip of such composition to ambient temperature, during which the bainite transformation takes place. | 1-17. (canceled) 18. A bainite steel comprising the following elements in weight %:
C: 0.30-0.50 Si: 1.0-1.8 Mn: 1.0-2.5 Cr: 0.7-1.5 Ti: 0.0-0.08 Cu: 0.0-1.2 V: 0.0-0.5 Nb: 0.0-0.06 Al: 0.0-1.50 N: <0.004 P: <0.025 S: <0.025 the balance being iron and unavoidable impurities. 19. The bainite steel according to claim 18, wherein one or more of the following elements are present in weight %:
C: 0.30-0.40 Si: 1.2-1.7 Mn: 1.6-2.1 Cr: 0.9-1.2 Ti: 0.0-0.07 Al: 0.0-0.2. 20. The bainite steel according to claim 18, wherein the steel has a hardness of at least 415 VHN. 21. The bainite steel according to claim 18, wherein the steel has an ultimate tensile strength of at least 1300 MPa. 22. The bainite steel according to claim 18, wherein the steel has an ultimate tensile strength of at least 1350 MPa. 23. The bainite steel according to claim 18, wherein the steel has at least a total elongation of 20%. 24. The bainite steel according to claim 18, wherein the bainite is carbide-free and has a microstructure with bainite plates with a thickness of less than 100 nm. 25. The bainite steel according to claim 18, wherein the steel has a microstructure with 15-30% of retained austenite. 26. A method for manufacturing a bainite steel comprising the following elements in weight %:
C: 0.25-0.55 Si: 0.5-1.8 Mn: 0.8-3.8 Cr: 0.2-2.0 Ti: 0.0-0.1 Cu: 0.0-1.2 V: 0.0-0.5 Nb: 0.0-0.06 Al: 0.0-2.75 N: <0.004 P: <0.025 S: <0.025 the balance being iron and unavoidable impurities, by heat treating the steel to form bainite steel comprising the steps of: hot rolling a cast slab into strip, cooling the strip to a temperature above the bainite start temperature, coiling the strip at a temperature above the bainite start temperature, and cooling the coiled strip by natural cooling. 27. The method according to claim 26, wherein prior to hot rolling the method further comprises the steps of:
preparing liquid steel of the required composition, casting the steel into a slab, and cooling the slab. 28. The method according to claim 27, wherein the cast and cooled slab is reheated to an austenitic state prior to hot rolling. 29. The method according to claim 26, wherein the final hot rolling temperature is at least 850° C. 30. The method according to claim 26, wherein the hot rolled strip is rapidly cooled to a temperature in the range of 400-550° C. 31. The method according to claim 26, wherein the strip is coiled at a strip temperature in the range of 350-500° C. 32. The method according to claim 26, wherein the coiled strip is naturally cooled to ambient temperature. 33. The method according to claim 26, wherein one or more of the following elements are present in weight % in the bainite steel:
C: 0.30-0.50 Si: 1.0-1.8 Mn: 1.0-2.5 Cr: 0.7-1.5 Ti: 0.0-0.08 Al: 0.0-1.50. 34. The method according to claim 26, wherein one or more of the following elements are present in weight % in the bainite steel:
C: 0.30-0.40 Si: 1.2-1.7 Mn: 1.6-2.1 Cr: 0.9-1.2 Ti: 0.0-0.07 Al: 0.0-0.2. | The invention relates to a bainite steel consisting of the following elements in weight %: C: 0.25-0.55 Si: 0.5-1.8 Mn: 0.8-3.8 Cr: 0.2-2.0 Ti: 0.0-0.1 Cu: 0.0-1.2 V: 0.0-0.5 Nb: 0.0-0.06 Al: 0.0-2.75 N: <0.004 P: <0.025 S: <0.025 and a method for manufacturing a bainite steel strip that comprises the step of cooling the coiled strip of such composition to ambient temperature, during which the bainite transformation takes place.1-17. (canceled) 18. A bainite steel comprising the following elements in weight %:
C: 0.30-0.50 Si: 1.0-1.8 Mn: 1.0-2.5 Cr: 0.7-1.5 Ti: 0.0-0.08 Cu: 0.0-1.2 V: 0.0-0.5 Nb: 0.0-0.06 Al: 0.0-1.50 N: <0.004 P: <0.025 S: <0.025 the balance being iron and unavoidable impurities. 19. The bainite steel according to claim 18, wherein one or more of the following elements are present in weight %:
C: 0.30-0.40 Si: 1.2-1.7 Mn: 1.6-2.1 Cr: 0.9-1.2 Ti: 0.0-0.07 Al: 0.0-0.2. 20. The bainite steel according to claim 18, wherein the steel has a hardness of at least 415 VHN. 21. The bainite steel according to claim 18, wherein the steel has an ultimate tensile strength of at least 1300 MPa. 22. The bainite steel according to claim 18, wherein the steel has an ultimate tensile strength of at least 1350 MPa. 23. The bainite steel according to claim 18, wherein the steel has at least a total elongation of 20%. 24. The bainite steel according to claim 18, wherein the bainite is carbide-free and has a microstructure with bainite plates with a thickness of less than 100 nm. 25. The bainite steel according to claim 18, wherein the steel has a microstructure with 15-30% of retained austenite. 26. A method for manufacturing a bainite steel comprising the following elements in weight %:
C: 0.25-0.55 Si: 0.5-1.8 Mn: 0.8-3.8 Cr: 0.2-2.0 Ti: 0.0-0.1 Cu: 0.0-1.2 V: 0.0-0.5 Nb: 0.0-0.06 Al: 0.0-2.75 N: <0.004 P: <0.025 S: <0.025 the balance being iron and unavoidable impurities, by heat treating the steel to form bainite steel comprising the steps of: hot rolling a cast slab into strip, cooling the strip to a temperature above the bainite start temperature, coiling the strip at a temperature above the bainite start temperature, and cooling the coiled strip by natural cooling. 27. The method according to claim 26, wherein prior to hot rolling the method further comprises the steps of:
preparing liquid steel of the required composition, casting the steel into a slab, and cooling the slab. 28. The method according to claim 27, wherein the cast and cooled slab is reheated to an austenitic state prior to hot rolling. 29. The method according to claim 26, wherein the final hot rolling temperature is at least 850° C. 30. The method according to claim 26, wherein the hot rolled strip is rapidly cooled to a temperature in the range of 400-550° C. 31. The method according to claim 26, wherein the strip is coiled at a strip temperature in the range of 350-500° C. 32. The method according to claim 26, wherein the coiled strip is naturally cooled to ambient temperature. 33. The method according to claim 26, wherein one or more of the following elements are present in weight % in the bainite steel:
C: 0.30-0.50 Si: 1.0-1.8 Mn: 1.0-2.5 Cr: 0.7-1.5 Ti: 0.0-0.08 Al: 0.0-1.50. 34. The method according to claim 26, wherein one or more of the following elements are present in weight % in the bainite steel:
C: 0.30-0.40 Si: 1.2-1.7 Mn: 1.6-2.1 Cr: 0.9-1.2 Ti: 0.0-0.07 Al: 0.0-0.2. | 1,700 |
3,254 | 12,294,004 | 1,793 | The invention relates to methods and compositions for enzymatic surface modification of root vegetable products by contacting the products with enzyme during a drying process. One embodiment of the invention relates to methods and compositions reducing acrylamide produced by cooking, heating or processing in root vegetable products, such as French fries. | 1. A method of modifying a root vegetable product comprising:
contacting the surface of the root vegetable product with an effective amount of enzyme in order to modify the surface of the root vegetable; drying the root vegetable product while contacting the surface with the enzymic wherein the contacting step and the drying step are partially concurrent or fully concurrent. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the contacting and drying steps are partially concurrent. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the contacting and drying steps are fully concurrent. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the enzyme is contacted with the surface by coating the enzyme on the surface immediately prior to or during the drying step. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the coating step comprises spraying the enzyme on the surface immediately prior to, or during the drying step. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the spraying step applies enzyme to the root vegetable product in less than one second and the contacting step continues following spraying. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the enzyme is contacted with the surface by immersion immediately prior to, or during, the drying step. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the drying step comprises air drying in a dryer. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the enzyme comprises asparaginase, glucose oxidase, lipase or pectolytic enzyme. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the root vegetable product comprises a potato product. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the enzyme comprises an asparagine-reducing enzyme and the modification comprises reduction of asparagine. 12. The method of claim 11, where the asparagine-reducing enzyme comprises an effective amount of asparaginase to reduce aspargine and thereby reduce acrylamide formation during heating of the root vegetable product. 13. The method of claim 11 wherein the asparagine-reducing enzyme comprises a deaminating enzyme. 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising contacting the root vegetable product with an effective amount of glycine to reduce acrylamide formation during heating of the root vegetable product. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the enzyme is contacted with the product after blanching the product. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the enzyme is contacted with the product after pal frying the product. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the asparaginase comprises an activity between 500 U/Kg to 25,000 U/Kg potato. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the root vegetable product is dried at an applied heated air temperature and an applied relative humidity suitable for i) drying root vegetable product and ii) enzyme activity to modify the root vegetable product surface. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the root vegetable product is dried at a temperature between 30° C.-65° C. and at a relative humidity between 20%-80%. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the root vegetable product is dried at a temperature and relative humidity to obtain a weight loss between 4-12. 21. The method of claim 12, wherein the root vegetable product comprises blanched potato product and the method further comprises contacting the potato product with sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) prior to contacting the potato product with asparaginase. 22. The method of claim 12, wherein the root vegetable product comprises blanched potato product aid the method further comprises contacting the potato product with a dextrose solution prior to contacting the potato product with asparaginase. 23. The method of claim 14, wherein the glycine comprises between 0.1% (w/w) and 1.0% (w/w)) glycine by weight. 24. A food additive composition for use in reducing acrylamide formation in root vegetable product, comprising an effective a mount of asparaginase, wherein the asparaginase comprises an activity between 500 U/Kg to 25,000 U/Kg potato. 25. The composition of claim 24, wherein the root vegetable product comprises potato product. 26. The composition of claim 24, further comprising a buffer with a pH of between 5 and 7. 27. The composition of claim 26, comprising a citric acid buffer or a phosphate buffer. 28. The method of claim 10, wherein the potato product comprises French fries. | The invention relates to methods and compositions for enzymatic surface modification of root vegetable products by contacting the products with enzyme during a drying process. One embodiment of the invention relates to methods and compositions reducing acrylamide produced by cooking, heating or processing in root vegetable products, such as French fries.1. A method of modifying a root vegetable product comprising:
contacting the surface of the root vegetable product with an effective amount of enzyme in order to modify the surface of the root vegetable; drying the root vegetable product while contacting the surface with the enzymic wherein the contacting step and the drying step are partially concurrent or fully concurrent. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the contacting and drying steps are partially concurrent. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the contacting and drying steps are fully concurrent. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the enzyme is contacted with the surface by coating the enzyme on the surface immediately prior to or during the drying step. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the coating step comprises spraying the enzyme on the surface immediately prior to, or during the drying step. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the spraying step applies enzyme to the root vegetable product in less than one second and the contacting step continues following spraying. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the enzyme is contacted with the surface by immersion immediately prior to, or during, the drying step. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the drying step comprises air drying in a dryer. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the enzyme comprises asparaginase, glucose oxidase, lipase or pectolytic enzyme. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the root vegetable product comprises a potato product. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the enzyme comprises an asparagine-reducing enzyme and the modification comprises reduction of asparagine. 12. The method of claim 11, where the asparagine-reducing enzyme comprises an effective amount of asparaginase to reduce aspargine and thereby reduce acrylamide formation during heating of the root vegetable product. 13. The method of claim 11 wherein the asparagine-reducing enzyme comprises a deaminating enzyme. 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising contacting the root vegetable product with an effective amount of glycine to reduce acrylamide formation during heating of the root vegetable product. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the enzyme is contacted with the product after blanching the product. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the enzyme is contacted with the product after pal frying the product. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the asparaginase comprises an activity between 500 U/Kg to 25,000 U/Kg potato. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the root vegetable product is dried at an applied heated air temperature and an applied relative humidity suitable for i) drying root vegetable product and ii) enzyme activity to modify the root vegetable product surface. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the root vegetable product is dried at a temperature between 30° C.-65° C. and at a relative humidity between 20%-80%. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the root vegetable product is dried at a temperature and relative humidity to obtain a weight loss between 4-12. 21. The method of claim 12, wherein the root vegetable product comprises blanched potato product and the method further comprises contacting the potato product with sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) prior to contacting the potato product with asparaginase. 22. The method of claim 12, wherein the root vegetable product comprises blanched potato product aid the method further comprises contacting the potato product with a dextrose solution prior to contacting the potato product with asparaginase. 23. The method of claim 14, wherein the glycine comprises between 0.1% (w/w) and 1.0% (w/w)) glycine by weight. 24. A food additive composition for use in reducing acrylamide formation in root vegetable product, comprising an effective a mount of asparaginase, wherein the asparaginase comprises an activity between 500 U/Kg to 25,000 U/Kg potato. 25. The composition of claim 24, wherein the root vegetable product comprises potato product. 26. The composition of claim 24, further comprising a buffer with a pH of between 5 and 7. 27. The composition of claim 26, comprising a citric acid buffer or a phosphate buffer. 28. The method of claim 10, wherein the potato product comprises French fries. | 1,700 |
3,255 | 14,619,287 | 1,798 | An integrated detection, flow cell and photonics (DFP) device is provided that comprises a substrate having an array of pixel elements that sense photons during active periods. The substrate and pixel elements form an IC photon detection layer. At least one wave guide is formed on the IC photo detection layer as a photonics layer. An optical isolation layer is formed over at least a portion of the wave guide. A collection of photo resist (PR) walls patterned to define at least one flow cell channel that is configured to direct fluid along a fluid flow path. The wave guides align to extend along the fluid flow path. The flow cell channel is configured to receive samples at sample sites that align with the array of pixel elements. | 1. An integrated detection, flow cell and photonics (DFP) device comprising:
a substrate having an array of pixel elements that sense photons during active periods, the substrate and pixel elements forming an IC photon detection layer; at least one wave guide formed on the IC photon detection layer as a photonics layer; an optical isolation layer formed over at least a portion of the wave guide; and a collection of photo resist (PR) walls patterned to define at least one flow cell channel that is configured to direct fluid along a fluid flow path, the wave guides aligned to extend along the fluid flow path, the flow cell channel configured to receive samples at sample sites that align with the array of pixel elements. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the pixel elements include photon time of arrival (TOA) detector elements that represent at least one of an avalanche diode, a single photon avalanche diode, and a silicon photon multiplier. 3. The device of claim 1, further comprising a grating optically coupled to an end of the waveguide, the isolation layer formed on the grating between the grating and the PR wall. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the isolation layer is formed of silicon dioxide to decouple the waveguide from an outer wall that is formed above the waveguide. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the substrate constitutes a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) substrate. 6. The device of claim 1, further comprising a functionalization layer provided on the photonics layer, the functionalization layer configured to bond to samples and patterned to locate the samples at the pixel elements. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the IC photon detection layer includes a mask layer having an inter metal dielectric (IMD) substrate with at least one blocking layer embedded within the IMD substrate, the blocking layer having an array of mask apertures there through and aligned with the pixel elements. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the mask includes multiple opaque blocking layers stacked above one another and spaced vertically apart by gaps, the blocking layers having the mask apertures. 9. An integrated detection, flow cell and photonics (DFP) device, comprising;
a flow cell channel defining a fluid flow path, the flow cell channel configured to hold samples at sample sites along the fluid flow path; a substrate having pixel elements formed therein to sense photons emitted from the samples during active sensing periods; a photonics layer for conveying excitation light to the sample sites; an inter metal dielectric (IMD) layer formed on the substrate between the pixel elements and the flow cell channel, the IMD layer having a mask formed therein with mask apertures aligned with the pixel elements and the sample sites. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the mask apertures have an optical collection geometry that has a parabolic cross-section as measured within a plane orientated perpendicular to the fluid flow direction. 11. The device of claim 9 wherein, flow cell channel extends in a longitudinal direction and has a lateral width, the mask apertures having a rectangular cross-section collection geometry in the longitudinal direction and a parabolic cross-section collection geometry in the lateral direction. 12. The device of claim 9 wherein the mask includes a collection of blocking layers stacked above one another and spaced apart in a direction of a depth of the IMD layer by gaps. 13. An integrated detection, flow cell and photonics (DFP) device, comprising:
a flow cell layer having flow cell channels that define a fluid flow path, the flow cell channels configured to hold samples in a sample pattern; a photonics layer, below the flow cell layer, configured to convey light along waveguides arranged proximate to the sample pattern; a detection layer, below the photonics layer, configured to detect photons emitted from the samples, wherein the flow cell layer, photonics layer and detection layer are formed integral with one another; the detection layer including a substrate that includes an array of pixel elements, each of the pixel elements including an active area and an integrated circuit (IC) region within a boundary of the pixel element, the active area containing a photon time of arrival (TOA) detector element that senses incident photons during active sensing periods, the IC region including circuits to form start and end times for the active sensing periods, the IC region including a temporal accumulator to track time information associated with photons incident upon the photon TOA detector element relative to the active sensing periods and a photon counter to collect a photon count corresponding to a number of photons sensed during the active sensing periods; and the active areas being offset from centers of the corresponding pixel elements, the pixel elements being formed in the substrate to be adjacent to one another and clustered in sets such that the active areas for the pixel elements in one set are grouped proximate to one another in a cluster that is aligned with the fluid flow path through the flow cell channel. 14. The device of claim 13, wherein the boundary of each pixel element is generally square or rectangular, the sets each include four pixel elements and the active area is formed in a corner of the pixel element such that the active areas in each set are located proximate to a center of the set. 15. The device of claim 13, wherein the boundary of each pixel element is generally square or rectangular and the active areas are formed proximate to an end of each pixel element, the sets of pixel elements being arranged in rows with the active areas aligned along an edge of the corresponding row and aligned with the fluid flow path through the flow cell channel, the IC regions being located remote from the edge. 16-35. (canceled) | An integrated detection, flow cell and photonics (DFP) device is provided that comprises a substrate having an array of pixel elements that sense photons during active periods. The substrate and pixel elements form an IC photon detection layer. At least one wave guide is formed on the IC photo detection layer as a photonics layer. An optical isolation layer is formed over at least a portion of the wave guide. A collection of photo resist (PR) walls patterned to define at least one flow cell channel that is configured to direct fluid along a fluid flow path. The wave guides align to extend along the fluid flow path. The flow cell channel is configured to receive samples at sample sites that align with the array of pixel elements.1. An integrated detection, flow cell and photonics (DFP) device comprising:
a substrate having an array of pixel elements that sense photons during active periods, the substrate and pixel elements forming an IC photon detection layer; at least one wave guide formed on the IC photon detection layer as a photonics layer; an optical isolation layer formed over at least a portion of the wave guide; and a collection of photo resist (PR) walls patterned to define at least one flow cell channel that is configured to direct fluid along a fluid flow path, the wave guides aligned to extend along the fluid flow path, the flow cell channel configured to receive samples at sample sites that align with the array of pixel elements. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the pixel elements include photon time of arrival (TOA) detector elements that represent at least one of an avalanche diode, a single photon avalanche diode, and a silicon photon multiplier. 3. The device of claim 1, further comprising a grating optically coupled to an end of the waveguide, the isolation layer formed on the grating between the grating and the PR wall. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the isolation layer is formed of silicon dioxide to decouple the waveguide from an outer wall that is formed above the waveguide. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the substrate constitutes a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) substrate. 6. The device of claim 1, further comprising a functionalization layer provided on the photonics layer, the functionalization layer configured to bond to samples and patterned to locate the samples at the pixel elements. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the IC photon detection layer includes a mask layer having an inter metal dielectric (IMD) substrate with at least one blocking layer embedded within the IMD substrate, the blocking layer having an array of mask apertures there through and aligned with the pixel elements. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the mask includes multiple opaque blocking layers stacked above one another and spaced vertically apart by gaps, the blocking layers having the mask apertures. 9. An integrated detection, flow cell and photonics (DFP) device, comprising;
a flow cell channel defining a fluid flow path, the flow cell channel configured to hold samples at sample sites along the fluid flow path; a substrate having pixel elements formed therein to sense photons emitted from the samples during active sensing periods; a photonics layer for conveying excitation light to the sample sites; an inter metal dielectric (IMD) layer formed on the substrate between the pixel elements and the flow cell channel, the IMD layer having a mask formed therein with mask apertures aligned with the pixel elements and the sample sites. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the mask apertures have an optical collection geometry that has a parabolic cross-section as measured within a plane orientated perpendicular to the fluid flow direction. 11. The device of claim 9 wherein, flow cell channel extends in a longitudinal direction and has a lateral width, the mask apertures having a rectangular cross-section collection geometry in the longitudinal direction and a parabolic cross-section collection geometry in the lateral direction. 12. The device of claim 9 wherein the mask includes a collection of blocking layers stacked above one another and spaced apart in a direction of a depth of the IMD layer by gaps. 13. An integrated detection, flow cell and photonics (DFP) device, comprising:
a flow cell layer having flow cell channels that define a fluid flow path, the flow cell channels configured to hold samples in a sample pattern; a photonics layer, below the flow cell layer, configured to convey light along waveguides arranged proximate to the sample pattern; a detection layer, below the photonics layer, configured to detect photons emitted from the samples, wherein the flow cell layer, photonics layer and detection layer are formed integral with one another; the detection layer including a substrate that includes an array of pixel elements, each of the pixel elements including an active area and an integrated circuit (IC) region within a boundary of the pixel element, the active area containing a photon time of arrival (TOA) detector element that senses incident photons during active sensing periods, the IC region including circuits to form start and end times for the active sensing periods, the IC region including a temporal accumulator to track time information associated with photons incident upon the photon TOA detector element relative to the active sensing periods and a photon counter to collect a photon count corresponding to a number of photons sensed during the active sensing periods; and the active areas being offset from centers of the corresponding pixel elements, the pixel elements being formed in the substrate to be adjacent to one another and clustered in sets such that the active areas for the pixel elements in one set are grouped proximate to one another in a cluster that is aligned with the fluid flow path through the flow cell channel. 14. The device of claim 13, wherein the boundary of each pixel element is generally square or rectangular, the sets each include four pixel elements and the active area is formed in a corner of the pixel element such that the active areas in each set are located proximate to a center of the set. 15. The device of claim 13, wherein the boundary of each pixel element is generally square or rectangular and the active areas are formed proximate to an end of each pixel element, the sets of pixel elements being arranged in rows with the active areas aligned along an edge of the corresponding row and aligned with the fluid flow path through the flow cell channel, the IC regions being located remote from the edge. 16-35. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,256 | 13,216,144 | 1,796 | A solar thermal energy collection module formed by a sandwich of metal plates. The metal plates collect solar radiant energy and convert that to thermal energy in a heat transfer fluid that flows through conduits and manifolds formed between the plates. The collector module may be directly integrated into the exterior of building structures in an array. The collector module also may be glazed or integrated with photovoltaic solar panels. | 1. A multi-layer sandwich structure comprising:
a first metallic plate; a second metallic plate; at least one of said metallic plates having irregularities at its surface in the form of longitudinally extending protrusions; said first and second metallic plates being joined thereby forming manifolds and a plurality of elongated conduits. 2. A multi-layer sandwich structure as in claim 1 for heating a fluid by solar power wherein: said plurality of elongated conduits is adapted for the flow of said fluid. 3. A multi-layer sandwich structure as in claim 2 for heating a fluid by solar power wherein: said longitudinally extending protrusions are formed on said at least one of said metallic plates by corrugation. 4. A multi-layer sandwich structure as in claim 2 for heating a fluid by solar power wherein: said elongated conduits are formed in said at least one of said metallic plates and having a triangular cross-sectional shape. 5. A multi-layer sandwich structure as in claim 2 for heating a fluid by solar power by capturing solar irradiance wherein: said plurality of elongated conduits adapted for the flow of said fluid have a boxed cross-sectional shape. 6. A multi-layer sandwich structure as in claim 2 for heating a fluid by solar power wherein: said plurality of elongated conduits adapted for the flow of said fluid have a U shaped cross-section. 7. A multi-layer sandwich structure as in claim 2 wherein: at least one of said first and second metallic plates are formed from steel. 8. A multi-layer sandwich structure as in claim 2 wherein: at least one of said first and second metallic plates are formed from aluminum. 9. A multi-layer sandwich structure as in claim 2 wherein: said first metallic plate is an upper plate and said second metallic plate is a lower plate having irregularities at its surface comprising: an input manifold and an output manifold coupled to the lower plate of said sandwich structure, said manifolds being adapted to input and output said fluid into and out of said sandwich structure. 10. A multi-layer structure as in claim 9 wherein: the upper metallic plate is treated to create a selective surface for the purpose of increasing solar irradiance absorption and reducing thermal convection loss and radiant emission. 11. A multi-layer structure as in claim 9 wherein: the upper metallic plate may be stamped to have an impression to simulate the aesthetic appearance of traditional external building materials. 12. A multi-layer structure as in claim 9 wherein: the lower metallic plate is treated to create a selective surface to reduce thermal convection and radiant emission. 13. A multi-layer structure as in claim 9 wherein: the dimensions of the metal sandwich are formed for integration into the framing dimensions of walls or roofs of building structures. 14. A multi-layer structure as in claim 9 wherein: the dimensions of the metal sandwich are formed such that the sandwich may be used to mount solar photovoltaic collectors above the upper metallic plate of the sandwich. 15. A multi-layer structure as in claim 9 wherein: the side edges of at least one of the metal plates are shaped to provide a mechanical point to insert one or more transparent glazing materials. 16. A multi-layer sandwich structure as in claim 1, further comprising:
a photovoltaic solar collector adjacently joined to said first metallic plate for heat conduction heating said thermal collector while cooling said pholtovoltaic solar collector. 17. A multi-layer sandwich structure as in claim 1, further comprising:
a photovoltaic solar collector mounted above said first metallic plate for heat transmission heating said thermal collector while cooling said photovoltaic solar collector. | A solar thermal energy collection module formed by a sandwich of metal plates. The metal plates collect solar radiant energy and convert that to thermal energy in a heat transfer fluid that flows through conduits and manifolds formed between the plates. The collector module may be directly integrated into the exterior of building structures in an array. The collector module also may be glazed or integrated with photovoltaic solar panels.1. A multi-layer sandwich structure comprising:
a first metallic plate; a second metallic plate; at least one of said metallic plates having irregularities at its surface in the form of longitudinally extending protrusions; said first and second metallic plates being joined thereby forming manifolds and a plurality of elongated conduits. 2. A multi-layer sandwich structure as in claim 1 for heating a fluid by solar power wherein: said plurality of elongated conduits is adapted for the flow of said fluid. 3. A multi-layer sandwich structure as in claim 2 for heating a fluid by solar power wherein: said longitudinally extending protrusions are formed on said at least one of said metallic plates by corrugation. 4. A multi-layer sandwich structure as in claim 2 for heating a fluid by solar power wherein: said elongated conduits are formed in said at least one of said metallic plates and having a triangular cross-sectional shape. 5. A multi-layer sandwich structure as in claim 2 for heating a fluid by solar power by capturing solar irradiance wherein: said plurality of elongated conduits adapted for the flow of said fluid have a boxed cross-sectional shape. 6. A multi-layer sandwich structure as in claim 2 for heating a fluid by solar power wherein: said plurality of elongated conduits adapted for the flow of said fluid have a U shaped cross-section. 7. A multi-layer sandwich structure as in claim 2 wherein: at least one of said first and second metallic plates are formed from steel. 8. A multi-layer sandwich structure as in claim 2 wherein: at least one of said first and second metallic plates are formed from aluminum. 9. A multi-layer sandwich structure as in claim 2 wherein: said first metallic plate is an upper plate and said second metallic plate is a lower plate having irregularities at its surface comprising: an input manifold and an output manifold coupled to the lower plate of said sandwich structure, said manifolds being adapted to input and output said fluid into and out of said sandwich structure. 10. A multi-layer structure as in claim 9 wherein: the upper metallic plate is treated to create a selective surface for the purpose of increasing solar irradiance absorption and reducing thermal convection loss and radiant emission. 11. A multi-layer structure as in claim 9 wherein: the upper metallic plate may be stamped to have an impression to simulate the aesthetic appearance of traditional external building materials. 12. A multi-layer structure as in claim 9 wherein: the lower metallic plate is treated to create a selective surface to reduce thermal convection and radiant emission. 13. A multi-layer structure as in claim 9 wherein: the dimensions of the metal sandwich are formed for integration into the framing dimensions of walls or roofs of building structures. 14. A multi-layer structure as in claim 9 wherein: the dimensions of the metal sandwich are formed such that the sandwich may be used to mount solar photovoltaic collectors above the upper metallic plate of the sandwich. 15. A multi-layer structure as in claim 9 wherein: the side edges of at least one of the metal plates are shaped to provide a mechanical point to insert one or more transparent glazing materials. 16. A multi-layer sandwich structure as in claim 1, further comprising:
a photovoltaic solar collector adjacently joined to said first metallic plate for heat conduction heating said thermal collector while cooling said pholtovoltaic solar collector. 17. A multi-layer sandwich structure as in claim 1, further comprising:
a photovoltaic solar collector mounted above said first metallic plate for heat transmission heating said thermal collector while cooling said photovoltaic solar collector. | 1,700 |
3,257 | 14,832,738 | 1,767 | Powder coating compositions containing polyester polyols are generally disclosed, including methods of making and using them. In some embodiments, powder coating compositions are disclosed that include a polyester polyol and a cross-linking agent. | 1. A powder coating composition comprising a polyester polyol, wherein the polyester polyol comprises one or more constitutional units according to formula (I):
wherein X1 is C8-36 alkylene, C8-36 alkenylene, C8-36 heteroalkylene, or C8-36 heteroalkenylene, each of which is optionally substituted one or more times by substituents selected independently from R1; and
R1 is a halogen atom, —OH, —NH2, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 heteroalkenyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, or C2-10 heterocycloalkyl. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. The powder coating composition of claim 1, wherein X1 is —(CH2)8—, —(CH2)9—, —(CH2)10—, —(CH2)11—, —(CH2)12—, —(CH2)13—, —(CH2)14—, —(CH2)15—, —(CH2)16—, —(CH2)17—, —(CH2)18—, —(CH2)19—, —(CH2)20—, —(CH2)21—, or —(CH2)22—. 5. The powder coating composition of claim 4, wherein X1 is —(CH2)9—, —(CH2)12—, or —(CH2)16—. 6. The powder coating composition of claim 1, wherein the polyester polyol further comprises one or more constitutional units according to formula (II):
wherein X2 is C2-18 hydrocarbylene, where one or more saturated carbon atoms of the hydrocarbylene group are optionally replaced by oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or silicon. 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. The powder coating composition of claim 6, wherein X2 is —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)3—, —(CH2)4—, —(CH2)5—, —(CH2)6—, —(CH2)7—, —(CH2)8—, —(CH2)9—, —(CH2)10—, —(CH2)11—, —(CH2)12—, —(CH2)13—, —(CH2)14—, —(CH2)15—, or —(CH2)16—. 11. The powder coating composition of claim 10, wherein X2 is —(CH2)4—, —(CH2)6—, or —(CH2)8—. 12. The powder coating composition of claim 6, wherein X2 is C5-10 cycloalkylene, —(C1-4alkylene)-(C5-10 cycloalkylene)-, —(C5-10 cycloalkylene)-(C1-4 alkylene)-, or —(C1-4alkylene)-(C5-10 cycloalkylene)-(C1-4 alkylene)-. 13. (canceled) 14. The powder coating composition of claim 12, wherein X2 is —CH2-(1,4-cyclohexylene)-CH2—. 15. The powder coating composition of claim 6, wherein the polyester polyol is formed from a first reaction mixture, which comprises: a first short-chain diol; and a diacid or an ester thereof. 16. The powder coating composition of claim 15, wherein the diacid is 1,11-undecanedioic acid, 1,12-dodecanedioic acid, 1,13-tridecanedioic acid, 1,14-tetradecanedioic acid, 1,15-pentadecanedioic acid, 1,16-hexadecanedioic acid, 1,17-heptadecanedioic acid, 1,18-octadecanedioic acid, 1,19-nonadecanedioic acid, 1,20-icosanedioic acid, 1,21-henicosanedioic acid, 1,22-docosanedioic acid, 1,23-tricosanedioic acid, 1,24-tetracosanedioic acid, or any esters thereof, or any mixtures of any of the foregoing. 17. (canceled) 18. The powder coating composition of claim 16, wherein the diacid is 1,18-octadecanedioic acid, or an ester thereof. 19. The powder coating composition of claim 15, wherein the first short-chain diol is a C2-18 hydrocarbylene diol, where one or more saturated carbon atoms of the hydrocarbylene group are optionally replaced by oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or silicon. 20. The powder coating composition of claim 19, wherein the first short-chain diol is ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, pentaethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, neopentyl glycol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexane-dimethanol, hydroquinone bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ether, or p-di-(2-hydroxyethoxy)benzene, or any mixture thereof. 21. (canceled) 22. (canceled) 23. The powder coating composition of claim 20, wherein the first short-chain diol is 1,4-butanediol. 24. The powder coating composition of claim 19, wherein the short-chain diol is 1,4-cyclohexyl dimethylene. 25. The powder coating composition of claim 1, wherein the molecular weight of the polyester polyol is 500 Da to 100,000 Da. 26. (canceled) 27. The powder coating composition of claim 15, wherein the weight-to-weight ratio of the diacid to one or more monoacid impurities in the first reaction mixture is at least 100:1. 28. The powder coating composition of claim 15, wherein at least a portion of the diacid or the first short-chain diol is derived from a natural oil or a natural oil derivative. 29. The polyester polyol of claim 28, wherein at least a portion of the diacid or the first short-chain diol is derived from a natural oil by a process that comprises metathesizing a natural oil or a natural oil derivative. 30. The powder coating composition of claim 1, further comprising a cross-linking agent. | Powder coating compositions containing polyester polyols are generally disclosed, including methods of making and using them. In some embodiments, powder coating compositions are disclosed that include a polyester polyol and a cross-linking agent.1. A powder coating composition comprising a polyester polyol, wherein the polyester polyol comprises one or more constitutional units according to formula (I):
wherein X1 is C8-36 alkylene, C8-36 alkenylene, C8-36 heteroalkylene, or C8-36 heteroalkenylene, each of which is optionally substituted one or more times by substituents selected independently from R1; and
R1 is a halogen atom, —OH, —NH2, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 heteroalkenyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, or C2-10 heterocycloalkyl. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. The powder coating composition of claim 1, wherein X1 is —(CH2)8—, —(CH2)9—, —(CH2)10—, —(CH2)11—, —(CH2)12—, —(CH2)13—, —(CH2)14—, —(CH2)15—, —(CH2)16—, —(CH2)17—, —(CH2)18—, —(CH2)19—, —(CH2)20—, —(CH2)21—, or —(CH2)22—. 5. The powder coating composition of claim 4, wherein X1 is —(CH2)9—, —(CH2)12—, or —(CH2)16—. 6. The powder coating composition of claim 1, wherein the polyester polyol further comprises one or more constitutional units according to formula (II):
wherein X2 is C2-18 hydrocarbylene, where one or more saturated carbon atoms of the hydrocarbylene group are optionally replaced by oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or silicon. 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. The powder coating composition of claim 6, wherein X2 is —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)3—, —(CH2)4—, —(CH2)5—, —(CH2)6—, —(CH2)7—, —(CH2)8—, —(CH2)9—, —(CH2)10—, —(CH2)11—, —(CH2)12—, —(CH2)13—, —(CH2)14—, —(CH2)15—, or —(CH2)16—. 11. The powder coating composition of claim 10, wherein X2 is —(CH2)4—, —(CH2)6—, or —(CH2)8—. 12. The powder coating composition of claim 6, wherein X2 is C5-10 cycloalkylene, —(C1-4alkylene)-(C5-10 cycloalkylene)-, —(C5-10 cycloalkylene)-(C1-4 alkylene)-, or —(C1-4alkylene)-(C5-10 cycloalkylene)-(C1-4 alkylene)-. 13. (canceled) 14. The powder coating composition of claim 12, wherein X2 is —CH2-(1,4-cyclohexylene)-CH2—. 15. The powder coating composition of claim 6, wherein the polyester polyol is formed from a first reaction mixture, which comprises: a first short-chain diol; and a diacid or an ester thereof. 16. The powder coating composition of claim 15, wherein the diacid is 1,11-undecanedioic acid, 1,12-dodecanedioic acid, 1,13-tridecanedioic acid, 1,14-tetradecanedioic acid, 1,15-pentadecanedioic acid, 1,16-hexadecanedioic acid, 1,17-heptadecanedioic acid, 1,18-octadecanedioic acid, 1,19-nonadecanedioic acid, 1,20-icosanedioic acid, 1,21-henicosanedioic acid, 1,22-docosanedioic acid, 1,23-tricosanedioic acid, 1,24-tetracosanedioic acid, or any esters thereof, or any mixtures of any of the foregoing. 17. (canceled) 18. The powder coating composition of claim 16, wherein the diacid is 1,18-octadecanedioic acid, or an ester thereof. 19. The powder coating composition of claim 15, wherein the first short-chain diol is a C2-18 hydrocarbylene diol, where one or more saturated carbon atoms of the hydrocarbylene group are optionally replaced by oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or silicon. 20. The powder coating composition of claim 19, wherein the first short-chain diol is ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, pentaethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, neopentyl glycol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexane-dimethanol, hydroquinone bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ether, or p-di-(2-hydroxyethoxy)benzene, or any mixture thereof. 21. (canceled) 22. (canceled) 23. The powder coating composition of claim 20, wherein the first short-chain diol is 1,4-butanediol. 24. The powder coating composition of claim 19, wherein the short-chain diol is 1,4-cyclohexyl dimethylene. 25. The powder coating composition of claim 1, wherein the molecular weight of the polyester polyol is 500 Da to 100,000 Da. 26. (canceled) 27. The powder coating composition of claim 15, wherein the weight-to-weight ratio of the diacid to one or more monoacid impurities in the first reaction mixture is at least 100:1. 28. The powder coating composition of claim 15, wherein at least a portion of the diacid or the first short-chain diol is derived from a natural oil or a natural oil derivative. 29. The polyester polyol of claim 28, wherein at least a portion of the diacid or the first short-chain diol is derived from a natural oil by a process that comprises metathesizing a natural oil or a natural oil derivative. 30. The powder coating composition of claim 1, further comprising a cross-linking agent. | 1,700 |
3,258 | 14,371,967 | 1,781 | An insulating material for use in a Heat-Not-Burn (HNB) smoking article is described. The insulating material, which can be arranged to circumscribe a fuel element of the smoking article, comprises a carbon monoxide (CO) catalyst, but does not comprise glass fibre. | 1. A Heat-Not-Burn (HNB) insulator comprising an insulating material, wherein the insulating material includes a carbon monoxide (CO) catalyst and does not include glass fibre, wherein the insulator is configured for use in a HNB smoking article. 2. The insulator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the CO catalyst is at least one of cerium oxide, a metal halide, and/or a precious metal. 3. The insulator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the insulating material comprises at least one of a sol-gel, aerogel, and/or foamed ceramic. 4. The insulator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the insulating material comprises at least 200 mg of the CO catalyst. 5. (canceled) 6. A method of making a Heat-Not-Burn (HNB insulator the method comprising incorporating a carbon monoxide (CO) catalyst into an insulating material and configuring the insulating material as a HNB insulator, wherein the insulating material does not include glass fibre. 7. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the CO catalyst is incorporated in an active form. 8. A Heat-Not-Burn (HNB) smoking article comprising a HNB insulator, the HNB insulator including an insulating material, wherein the insulating material includes a carbon monoxide (CO) catalyst and does not include glass fibre. 9. The HNB smoking article as claimed in claim 8, further comprising a combustible heat source, wherein the insulating material circumscribes the combustible heat source. 10. A method of reducing the amount of CO present in an aerosol produced by a Heat-Not-Burn (HNB) smoking article, the method comprising incorporating an insulating material into a HNB smoking article, the insulating material including a carbon monoxide (CO) catalyst and not including glass fibre. 11. The method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the insulating material is configured such that the CO catalyst is not destroyed during use of the HNB smoking article. 12. The insulator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the insulating material is at least 0.5 mm thick. 13. The insulator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the insulating material is between about 1.5 mm and about 2 mm thick. 14. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the incorporation of the CO catalyst into the insulating material occurs during manufacture of the insulating material. 15. The method as claimed in claim 14, wherein the incorporation of the CO catalyst into the insulating material comprises adding the CO catalyst at the start of a mixing process. 16. The method as claimed in claim 14, wherein the incorporation of the CO catalyst into the insulating material comprises adding the CO catalyst during a mixing process. 17. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the CO catalyst is co-extruded with the insulating material. 18. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the insulating material is manufactured prior to incorporation of the catalyst, and wherein the incorporation of the CO catalyst into the insulating material comprises one of coating, spraying, and immersion of the insulating material with the CO catalyst. 19. The insulator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the insulating material comprises at least 10% CO catalyst. 20. The insulator as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the insulating material comprises multiple layers, and wherein at least one of the layers of insulating material includes the CO catalyst. | An insulating material for use in a Heat-Not-Burn (HNB) smoking article is described. The insulating material, which can be arranged to circumscribe a fuel element of the smoking article, comprises a carbon monoxide (CO) catalyst, but does not comprise glass fibre.1. A Heat-Not-Burn (HNB) insulator comprising an insulating material, wherein the insulating material includes a carbon monoxide (CO) catalyst and does not include glass fibre, wherein the insulator is configured for use in a HNB smoking article. 2. The insulator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the CO catalyst is at least one of cerium oxide, a metal halide, and/or a precious metal. 3. The insulator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the insulating material comprises at least one of a sol-gel, aerogel, and/or foamed ceramic. 4. The insulator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the insulating material comprises at least 200 mg of the CO catalyst. 5. (canceled) 6. A method of making a Heat-Not-Burn (HNB insulator the method comprising incorporating a carbon monoxide (CO) catalyst into an insulating material and configuring the insulating material as a HNB insulator, wherein the insulating material does not include glass fibre. 7. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the CO catalyst is incorporated in an active form. 8. A Heat-Not-Burn (HNB) smoking article comprising a HNB insulator, the HNB insulator including an insulating material, wherein the insulating material includes a carbon monoxide (CO) catalyst and does not include glass fibre. 9. The HNB smoking article as claimed in claim 8, further comprising a combustible heat source, wherein the insulating material circumscribes the combustible heat source. 10. A method of reducing the amount of CO present in an aerosol produced by a Heat-Not-Burn (HNB) smoking article, the method comprising incorporating an insulating material into a HNB smoking article, the insulating material including a carbon monoxide (CO) catalyst and not including glass fibre. 11. The method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the insulating material is configured such that the CO catalyst is not destroyed during use of the HNB smoking article. 12. The insulator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the insulating material is at least 0.5 mm thick. 13. The insulator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the insulating material is between about 1.5 mm and about 2 mm thick. 14. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the incorporation of the CO catalyst into the insulating material occurs during manufacture of the insulating material. 15. The method as claimed in claim 14, wherein the incorporation of the CO catalyst into the insulating material comprises adding the CO catalyst at the start of a mixing process. 16. The method as claimed in claim 14, wherein the incorporation of the CO catalyst into the insulating material comprises adding the CO catalyst during a mixing process. 17. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the CO catalyst is co-extruded with the insulating material. 18. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the insulating material is manufactured prior to incorporation of the catalyst, and wherein the incorporation of the CO catalyst into the insulating material comprises one of coating, spraying, and immersion of the insulating material with the CO catalyst. 19. The insulator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the insulating material comprises at least 10% CO catalyst. 20. The insulator as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the insulating material comprises multiple layers, and wherein at least one of the layers of insulating material includes the CO catalyst. | 1,700 |
3,259 | 14,015,044 | 1,782 | A composition includes 50 to 95 weight percent of a thermoplastic polyurethane, and 5 to 50 weight percent of a particulate engineering plastic. The particulate engineering plastic has a glass transition temperature or a crystalline melting point greater than or equal to 200° C. and includes a polyarylsulfone, a polyimide, a poly(phenylene sulfide), a semi-crystalline polyamide, or a combination thereof. Incorporation of the particulate engineering plastic into the thermoplastic polyurethane improves one or more of tensile strength, heat resistance, hardness, and char formation. | 1. A composition comprising:
50 to 95 weight percent of a thermoplastic polyurethane; and 5 to 50 weight percent of a particulate engineering plastic; wherein the particulate engineering plastic comprises a polyarylsulfone, a polyimide, a poly(phenylene sulfide), a semi-crystalline polyamide, or a combination thereof; wherein the particulate engineering plastic has a glass transition temperature or a crystalline melting point greater than or equal to 200° C.; wherein the particulate engineering plastic has a mean particle size of 5 to 1000 micrometers; and wherein the weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the particulate engineering plastic comprises a polyarylsulfone. 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the polyarylsulfone comprises poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene) (CAS Reg. No. 25667-42-9), poly(1,4-phenylene ether-ether-sulfone) (CAS Reg. No. 28212-68-2), a copolymer of 1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diol and 1,1-sulfonyl-bis(4-chlorobenzene) (copolymer CAS Reg. No. 25608-64-4), or a combination thereof. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the particulate engineering plastic comprises a polyimide. 5. The composition of claim 4, wherein the polyimide is a polyetherimide comprising poly[2,2-bis(4-(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)phenyl)propane-1,3-phenylene bisimide] (CAS Reg. No. 61128-46-9). 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the particulate engineering plastic comprises a poly(phenylene sulfide). 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the particulate engineering plastic comprises a semi-crystalline polyamide. 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the semi-crystalline polyamide comprises polyamide-6; polyamide-4,6; polyamide-6,6; a terpolymer of 1,6-hexanediamine and terephthalic acid and a third monomer comprising isophthalic acid, adipic acid, caprolactam, 1,5-hexanediamine, or a combination of the foregoing third monomers; or a combination of the foregoing semi-crystalline polyamides. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the particulate engineering plastic has a mean particle size of 5 to 600 micrometers. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the glass transition temperature or crystalline melting point is 250 to 350° C. 11. The composition of claim 1, comprising 10 to 30 weight percent of the particulate engineering plastic. 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polyurethane is the reaction product of reactants comprising a polymeric diol and a diisocyanate. 13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the polymeric diol comprises a polyether diol. 14. The composition of claim 12, wherein the polymeric diol comprises a polyester diol. 15. The composition of claim 12, wherein the diisocyanate comprises 2,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, toluene 2,6-diisocyanate, toluene 2,4-diisocyanate, or a combination thereof. 16. The composition of claim 1,
wherein the composition comprises the polyarylsulfone; wherein the polyarylsulfone comprises poly(1,4-phenylene ether-ether-sulfone) (CAS Reg. No. 28212-68-2); wherein the particulate engineering plastic has a mean particle size of 5 to 600 micrometers; wherein the thermoplastic polyurethane is the reaction product of reactants comprising
a polymeric diol comprising a polyether diol, a polyester diol, or a combination thereof, and
a diisocyanate comprising 2,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, toluene 2,6-diisocyanate, toluene 2,4-diisocyanate, or a combination thereof; and
wherein the composition comprises
70 to 90 weight percent of the thermoplastic polyurethane; and
10 to 30 weight percent of the particulate engineering plastic. 17. An article comprising a composition comprising:
50 to 95 weight percent of a thermoplastic polyurethane; and 5 to 50 weight percent of a particulate engineering plastic; wherein the particulate engineering plastic comprises a polyarylsulfone, a polyimide, a poly(phenylene sulfide), a semi-crystalline polyamide, or a combination thereof; wherein the particulate engineering plastic has a glass transition temperature or a crystalline melting point greater than or equal to 200° C.; wherein the particulate engineering plastic has a mean particle size of 5 to 1000 micrometers; and wherein the weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition. 18. The article of claim 17, selected from the group consisting of films, sheets, cable sheathing, spiral tubing, pneumatic tubing, blow molded bellows, ski boot shells, sport shoe soles, caster tires, belts for machinery, heat sealed textile lamination, automotive body panels, and automotive rocker panels. 19. The article of claim 17,
wherein the composition comprises the polyarylsulfone; wherein the polyarylsulfone comprises poly(1,4-phenylene ether-ether-sulfone) (CAS Reg. No. 28212-68-2); wherein the particulate engineering plastic has a mean particle size of 5 to 600 micrometers; wherein the thermoplastic polyurethane is the reaction product of reactants comprising
a polymeric diol comprising a polyether diol, a polyester diol, or a combination thereof, and
a diisocyanate comprising 2,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, toluene 2,6-diisocyanate, toluene 2,4-diisocyanate, or a combination thereof, and
wherein the composition comprises
70 to 90 weight percent of the thermoplastic polyurethane; and
10 to 30 weight percent of the particulate engineering plastic. | A composition includes 50 to 95 weight percent of a thermoplastic polyurethane, and 5 to 50 weight percent of a particulate engineering plastic. The particulate engineering plastic has a glass transition temperature or a crystalline melting point greater than or equal to 200° C. and includes a polyarylsulfone, a polyimide, a poly(phenylene sulfide), a semi-crystalline polyamide, or a combination thereof. Incorporation of the particulate engineering plastic into the thermoplastic polyurethane improves one or more of tensile strength, heat resistance, hardness, and char formation.1. A composition comprising:
50 to 95 weight percent of a thermoplastic polyurethane; and 5 to 50 weight percent of a particulate engineering plastic; wherein the particulate engineering plastic comprises a polyarylsulfone, a polyimide, a poly(phenylene sulfide), a semi-crystalline polyamide, or a combination thereof; wherein the particulate engineering plastic has a glass transition temperature or a crystalline melting point greater than or equal to 200° C.; wherein the particulate engineering plastic has a mean particle size of 5 to 1000 micrometers; and wherein the weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the particulate engineering plastic comprises a polyarylsulfone. 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the polyarylsulfone comprises poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene) (CAS Reg. No. 25667-42-9), poly(1,4-phenylene ether-ether-sulfone) (CAS Reg. No. 28212-68-2), a copolymer of 1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diol and 1,1-sulfonyl-bis(4-chlorobenzene) (copolymer CAS Reg. No. 25608-64-4), or a combination thereof. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the particulate engineering plastic comprises a polyimide. 5. The composition of claim 4, wherein the polyimide is a polyetherimide comprising poly[2,2-bis(4-(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)phenyl)propane-1,3-phenylene bisimide] (CAS Reg. No. 61128-46-9). 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the particulate engineering plastic comprises a poly(phenylene sulfide). 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the particulate engineering plastic comprises a semi-crystalline polyamide. 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the semi-crystalline polyamide comprises polyamide-6; polyamide-4,6; polyamide-6,6; a terpolymer of 1,6-hexanediamine and terephthalic acid and a third monomer comprising isophthalic acid, adipic acid, caprolactam, 1,5-hexanediamine, or a combination of the foregoing third monomers; or a combination of the foregoing semi-crystalline polyamides. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the particulate engineering plastic has a mean particle size of 5 to 600 micrometers. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the glass transition temperature or crystalline melting point is 250 to 350° C. 11. The composition of claim 1, comprising 10 to 30 weight percent of the particulate engineering plastic. 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polyurethane is the reaction product of reactants comprising a polymeric diol and a diisocyanate. 13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the polymeric diol comprises a polyether diol. 14. The composition of claim 12, wherein the polymeric diol comprises a polyester diol. 15. The composition of claim 12, wherein the diisocyanate comprises 2,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, toluene 2,6-diisocyanate, toluene 2,4-diisocyanate, or a combination thereof. 16. The composition of claim 1,
wherein the composition comprises the polyarylsulfone; wherein the polyarylsulfone comprises poly(1,4-phenylene ether-ether-sulfone) (CAS Reg. No. 28212-68-2); wherein the particulate engineering plastic has a mean particle size of 5 to 600 micrometers; wherein the thermoplastic polyurethane is the reaction product of reactants comprising
a polymeric diol comprising a polyether diol, a polyester diol, or a combination thereof, and
a diisocyanate comprising 2,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, toluene 2,6-diisocyanate, toluene 2,4-diisocyanate, or a combination thereof; and
wherein the composition comprises
70 to 90 weight percent of the thermoplastic polyurethane; and
10 to 30 weight percent of the particulate engineering plastic. 17. An article comprising a composition comprising:
50 to 95 weight percent of a thermoplastic polyurethane; and 5 to 50 weight percent of a particulate engineering plastic; wherein the particulate engineering plastic comprises a polyarylsulfone, a polyimide, a poly(phenylene sulfide), a semi-crystalline polyamide, or a combination thereof; wherein the particulate engineering plastic has a glass transition temperature or a crystalline melting point greater than or equal to 200° C.; wherein the particulate engineering plastic has a mean particle size of 5 to 1000 micrometers; and wherein the weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition. 18. The article of claim 17, selected from the group consisting of films, sheets, cable sheathing, spiral tubing, pneumatic tubing, blow molded bellows, ski boot shells, sport shoe soles, caster tires, belts for machinery, heat sealed textile lamination, automotive body panels, and automotive rocker panels. 19. The article of claim 17,
wherein the composition comprises the polyarylsulfone; wherein the polyarylsulfone comprises poly(1,4-phenylene ether-ether-sulfone) (CAS Reg. No. 28212-68-2); wherein the particulate engineering plastic has a mean particle size of 5 to 600 micrometers; wherein the thermoplastic polyurethane is the reaction product of reactants comprising
a polymeric diol comprising a polyether diol, a polyester diol, or a combination thereof, and
a diisocyanate comprising 2,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, toluene 2,6-diisocyanate, toluene 2,4-diisocyanate, or a combination thereof, and
wherein the composition comprises
70 to 90 weight percent of the thermoplastic polyurethane; and
10 to 30 weight percent of the particulate engineering plastic. | 1,700 |
3,260 | 14,402,382 | 1,736 | An absorbent composition that is useful in the selective removal of hydrogen sulfide relative to carbon dioxide from gaseous mixtures that comprise both hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide and the use thereof. The absorbent composition includes an amine mixture of an amination reaction product of tert-butylamine with a polydispersed polyethylene glycol (PEG) mixture having an average molecular weight within a certain specified range of molecular weights. The amination reaction product may also comprise a first sterically hindered amine and a second sterically hindered amine. The absorbent composition, preferably, includes an organic co-solvent, such as a sulfone compound. A method is also provided for improving the operation of certain gas absorption processes by utilizing the absorbent composition. | 1. An absorbent composition, comprising: (a) from 75 wt. % to 98 wt. %, based on the total weight of said absorbent composition, of an aqueous solvent; and (b) from 2 wt. % to 25 wt. %, based on the total weight of said absorbent composition, of an organic co-solvent, wherein said aqueous solvent comprises from 20 wt. % to 70 wt. %, based on the total weight of said aqueous solvent, of an amination reaction product of a polydispersed polyethylene glycol (PEG) mixture having an average molecular weight that is in the range of from 180 to 1000 and t-butylamine, and from 30 wt. % to 80 wt. % water, based on the total weight of said aqueous solvent, and wherein said organic co-solvent is selected from the group consisting of sulfones, sulfone derivatives, and sulfoxides. 2. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 1, wherein said amination reaction product further comprises at least a first sterically hindered amine and a second sterically hindered amine. 3. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 1, wherein said PEG mixture comprises polyethylene glycols of the formula HOCH2(CH2OCH2)nCH2OH, wherein n is an integer selected from values in the range of from 1 to 24. 4. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 2, wherein said first sterically hindered amine is selected from the group of amine compounds of the formula:
(CH3)3CNH(CH2CH2O)xCH2CH2NHC(CH3)3, wherein x is an integer in the range of from 2 to 16; and wherein said second sterically hindered amine is selected from the group of amine compounds having the following formula: (CH3)3CNH(CH2CH2O)xCH2CH2OH, wherein x is an integer in the range of from 2 to 16. 5. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 4, wherein said amination reaction product has a weight ratio of said first sterically hindered amine to said second sterically hindered amine that is in the range upwardly to 10:1. 6. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 5, wherein said amination reaction product has a weight ratio of said first sterically hindered amine to said second sterically hindered amine that is in the range of from 2.5:1 to 8:1. 7. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 1, wherein said aqueous solvent is present in said absorbent composition in an amount in the range of from 85 wt. % to 97.5 wt. %, wherein said average molecular weight of said PEG mixture is in the range of from 180 to 400, and wherein said organic co-solvent present in said absorbent composition is in an amount in the range of from 2.5 wt. % to 15 wt. %. 8. An absorbent composition, comprising: (a) an aqueous solvent, wherein said aqueous solvent comprises water and an amination reaction product of a polydispersed glycol (PEG) mixture having an average molecular weight that is in the range of from 180 to 1000 and t-butylamine; and (b) an organic co-solvent present is said absorbent composition at an effective concentration to promote the miscibility of said first sterically hindered amine and said second sterically hindered amine at said elevated temperature. 9. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 8, wherein said aqueous solvent comprises: comprising at least two sterically hindered amines including a first sterically hindered amine and a second sterically hindered amine that are at least partially immiscible at an elevated temperature. 10. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 9, wherein said aqueous solvent comprises from 25 wt. % to 65 wt. % said at least two sterically hindered amines and from 35 wt. % to 75 wt. % water. 11. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 8, wherein said absorbent composition includes from 75 wt. % to 98 wt. % of said aqueous solvent and said effective concentration of said organic co-solvent is in the range of from 2 wt. % to 25 wt. %. 12. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 9, wherein said at least two sterically hindered amines include a weight ratio of said first sterically hindered amine to said second sterically hindered amine of said aqueous solvent is in the range of from 2.5:1 to 8:1. 13. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 8, wherein said organic co-solvent is either a substituted or unsubstituted cyclotetramethylene sulfone, wherein no more than two alkyl substituents are appended to the tetramethylene sulfone ring and the alkyl substituents have from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 14. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 9, wherein said first sterically hindered amine is selected from the group of amine compounds of the formula:
(CH3)3CNH(CH2CH2O)xCH2CH2NHC(CH3)3, wherein x is an integer in the range of from 2 to 16; and wherein said second sterically hindered amine is selected from the group of amine compounds having the following formula: (CH3)3CNH(CH2CH2O)xCH2CH2OH, wherein x is an integer in the range of from 2 to 16. 15. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 8, wherein said aqueous solvent is present in said absorbent composition in an amount in the range of from 85 wt. % to 97.5 wt. %, and wherein said organic co-solvent present in said absorbent composition is in an amount in the range of from 2.5 wt. % to 15 wt. %. 16. An absorbent composition, comprising:
an aqueous solvent comprising water and an amine mixture of at least a first sterically hindered amine and a second sterically hindered amine; and an organic co-solvent selected from the group consisting of sulfones, sulfone derivatives, and sulfoxides. 17. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 16, wherein said absorbent composition comprises from 75 wt. % to 98 wt. % said aqueous solvent, which further has a weight ratio of said first sterically hindered amine and said second sterically hindered amine in the range of upwardly to 10:1, and from 2 wt. % to 25 wt. % said organic co-solvent, with the wt. % being based on the total weight of the absorbent composition. 18. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 17, wherein said first sterically hindered amine is selected from the group of amine compounds of the formula:
(CH3)3CNH(CH2CH2O)xCH2CH2NHC(CH3)3, wherein x is an integer in the range of from 2 to 16; and wherein said second sterically hindered amine is selected from the group of amine compounds having the following formula: (CH3)3CNH(CH2CH2O)xCH2CH2OH, wherein x is an integer in the range of from 2 to 16. 19. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 18, wherein said weight ratio of said first sterically hindered amine to said second sterically hindered amine is in the range of from 2.5:1 to 8:1. 20. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 19, wherein said aqueous solvent is present in said absorbent composition in an amount in the range of from 85 wt. % to 97.5 wt. %, and wherein said organic co-solvent present in said absorbent composition is in an amount in the range of from 2.5 wt. % to 15 wt. %. 21. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 20, wherein said organic co-solvent is either a substituted or unsubstituted cyclotetramethylene sulfone, wherein no more than two alkyl substituents are appended to the tetramethylene sulfone ring and the alkyl substituents have from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 22. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 21, wherein said aqueous solvent is present in said absorbent composition in an amount in the range of from 85 wt. % to 97.5 wt. %, and wherein said organic co-solvent present in said absorbent composition is in an amount in the range of from 2.5 wt. % to 15 wt. %. | An absorbent composition that is useful in the selective removal of hydrogen sulfide relative to carbon dioxide from gaseous mixtures that comprise both hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide and the use thereof. The absorbent composition includes an amine mixture of an amination reaction product of tert-butylamine with a polydispersed polyethylene glycol (PEG) mixture having an average molecular weight within a certain specified range of molecular weights. The amination reaction product may also comprise a first sterically hindered amine and a second sterically hindered amine. The absorbent composition, preferably, includes an organic co-solvent, such as a sulfone compound. A method is also provided for improving the operation of certain gas absorption processes by utilizing the absorbent composition.1. An absorbent composition, comprising: (a) from 75 wt. % to 98 wt. %, based on the total weight of said absorbent composition, of an aqueous solvent; and (b) from 2 wt. % to 25 wt. %, based on the total weight of said absorbent composition, of an organic co-solvent, wherein said aqueous solvent comprises from 20 wt. % to 70 wt. %, based on the total weight of said aqueous solvent, of an amination reaction product of a polydispersed polyethylene glycol (PEG) mixture having an average molecular weight that is in the range of from 180 to 1000 and t-butylamine, and from 30 wt. % to 80 wt. % water, based on the total weight of said aqueous solvent, and wherein said organic co-solvent is selected from the group consisting of sulfones, sulfone derivatives, and sulfoxides. 2. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 1, wherein said amination reaction product further comprises at least a first sterically hindered amine and a second sterically hindered amine. 3. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 1, wherein said PEG mixture comprises polyethylene glycols of the formula HOCH2(CH2OCH2)nCH2OH, wherein n is an integer selected from values in the range of from 1 to 24. 4. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 2, wherein said first sterically hindered amine is selected from the group of amine compounds of the formula:
(CH3)3CNH(CH2CH2O)xCH2CH2NHC(CH3)3, wherein x is an integer in the range of from 2 to 16; and wherein said second sterically hindered amine is selected from the group of amine compounds having the following formula: (CH3)3CNH(CH2CH2O)xCH2CH2OH, wherein x is an integer in the range of from 2 to 16. 5. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 4, wherein said amination reaction product has a weight ratio of said first sterically hindered amine to said second sterically hindered amine that is in the range upwardly to 10:1. 6. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 5, wherein said amination reaction product has a weight ratio of said first sterically hindered amine to said second sterically hindered amine that is in the range of from 2.5:1 to 8:1. 7. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 1, wherein said aqueous solvent is present in said absorbent composition in an amount in the range of from 85 wt. % to 97.5 wt. %, wherein said average molecular weight of said PEG mixture is in the range of from 180 to 400, and wherein said organic co-solvent present in said absorbent composition is in an amount in the range of from 2.5 wt. % to 15 wt. %. 8. An absorbent composition, comprising: (a) an aqueous solvent, wherein said aqueous solvent comprises water and an amination reaction product of a polydispersed glycol (PEG) mixture having an average molecular weight that is in the range of from 180 to 1000 and t-butylamine; and (b) an organic co-solvent present is said absorbent composition at an effective concentration to promote the miscibility of said first sterically hindered amine and said second sterically hindered amine at said elevated temperature. 9. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 8, wherein said aqueous solvent comprises: comprising at least two sterically hindered amines including a first sterically hindered amine and a second sterically hindered amine that are at least partially immiscible at an elevated temperature. 10. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 9, wherein said aqueous solvent comprises from 25 wt. % to 65 wt. % said at least two sterically hindered amines and from 35 wt. % to 75 wt. % water. 11. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 8, wherein said absorbent composition includes from 75 wt. % to 98 wt. % of said aqueous solvent and said effective concentration of said organic co-solvent is in the range of from 2 wt. % to 25 wt. %. 12. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 9, wherein said at least two sterically hindered amines include a weight ratio of said first sterically hindered amine to said second sterically hindered amine of said aqueous solvent is in the range of from 2.5:1 to 8:1. 13. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 8, wherein said organic co-solvent is either a substituted or unsubstituted cyclotetramethylene sulfone, wherein no more than two alkyl substituents are appended to the tetramethylene sulfone ring and the alkyl substituents have from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 14. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 9, wherein said first sterically hindered amine is selected from the group of amine compounds of the formula:
(CH3)3CNH(CH2CH2O)xCH2CH2NHC(CH3)3, wherein x is an integer in the range of from 2 to 16; and wherein said second sterically hindered amine is selected from the group of amine compounds having the following formula: (CH3)3CNH(CH2CH2O)xCH2CH2OH, wherein x is an integer in the range of from 2 to 16. 15. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 8, wherein said aqueous solvent is present in said absorbent composition in an amount in the range of from 85 wt. % to 97.5 wt. %, and wherein said organic co-solvent present in said absorbent composition is in an amount in the range of from 2.5 wt. % to 15 wt. %. 16. An absorbent composition, comprising:
an aqueous solvent comprising water and an amine mixture of at least a first sterically hindered amine and a second sterically hindered amine; and an organic co-solvent selected from the group consisting of sulfones, sulfone derivatives, and sulfoxides. 17. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 16, wherein said absorbent composition comprises from 75 wt. % to 98 wt. % said aqueous solvent, which further has a weight ratio of said first sterically hindered amine and said second sterically hindered amine in the range of upwardly to 10:1, and from 2 wt. % to 25 wt. % said organic co-solvent, with the wt. % being based on the total weight of the absorbent composition. 18. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 17, wherein said first sterically hindered amine is selected from the group of amine compounds of the formula:
(CH3)3CNH(CH2CH2O)xCH2CH2NHC(CH3)3, wherein x is an integer in the range of from 2 to 16; and wherein said second sterically hindered amine is selected from the group of amine compounds having the following formula: (CH3)3CNH(CH2CH2O)xCH2CH2OH, wherein x is an integer in the range of from 2 to 16. 19. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 18, wherein said weight ratio of said first sterically hindered amine to said second sterically hindered amine is in the range of from 2.5:1 to 8:1. 20. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 19, wherein said aqueous solvent is present in said absorbent composition in an amount in the range of from 85 wt. % to 97.5 wt. %, and wherein said organic co-solvent present in said absorbent composition is in an amount in the range of from 2.5 wt. % to 15 wt. %. 21. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 20, wherein said organic co-solvent is either a substituted or unsubstituted cyclotetramethylene sulfone, wherein no more than two alkyl substituents are appended to the tetramethylene sulfone ring and the alkyl substituents have from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 22. An absorbent composition as recited in claim 21, wherein said aqueous solvent is present in said absorbent composition in an amount in the range of from 85 wt. % to 97.5 wt. %, and wherein said organic co-solvent present in said absorbent composition is in an amount in the range of from 2.5 wt. % to 15 wt. %. | 1,700 |
3,261 | 13,954,249 | 1,749 | A tire includes a circumferential tread constructed of a base material. The circumferential tread has a plurality of tread elements, with each of the plurality of tread elements having a top surface and a plurality of side surfaces. The circumferential tread further has a plurality of grooves disposed between the plurality of tread elements. A laminate covers at least some of the plurality of tread elements and at least some of the plurality of grooves. The laminate has greater snow traction than the base material. | 1. A tire comprising:
a pair of sidewalls; a circumferential tread constructed of a base rubber, the circumferential tread having a plurality of grooves disposed therein, thereby defining a plurality of tread elements; and a polymeric laminate disposed on the circumferential tread,
wherein the polymeric laminate covers at least one of the plurality of grooves,
wherein the polymeric laminate covers a top surface of at least one of the plurality of tread elements, and
wherein the polymeric laminate has greater snow traction than the base rubber. 2. The tire of claim 1, wherein the polymeric laminate has a lower modulus of elasticity than the base rubber. 3. The tire of claim 1, wherein the polymeric laminate has a plurality of sipes disposed therein. 4. The tire of claim 3, wherein the plurality of sipes terminate in the polymeric laminate without extending to the base rubber. 5. The tire of claim 1, wherein the polymeric laminate has a nominal thickness of between 1 millimeters and 1.5 millimeters. 6. The tire of claim 1, wherein the polymeric laminate is configured to wear off of the top surface of the at least one of the plurality of tread elements during the life of the tire. 7. The tire of claim 6, wherein the polymeric laminate is configured to continue to cover the at least one of the plurality of grooves after the polymeric laminate has worn off of the top surface of the at least one of the plurality of tread elements. 8. The tire of claim 1, wherein the polymeric laminate covers at least one of the pair of sidewalls. 9. The tire of claim 1, wherein the polymeric laminate has a different color than the base rubber. 10. The tire of claim 1, further comprising an inner laminate layer disposed between the base rubber and the polymeric laminate. 11. The tire of claim 10, wherein the inner laminate layer is constructed of a material that exhibits wet performance superior to the base rubber and superior to the polymeric laminate. 12. A tire comprising:
a circumferential tread constructed of a base material,
wherein the circumferential tread has a plurality of tread elements, each of the plurality of tread elements having a top surface and a plurality of side surfaces, and
wherein the circumferential tread further has a plurality of grooves disposed between the plurality of tread elements; and
a laminate covering at least some of the plurality of tread elements and at least some of the plurality of grooves, wherein the laminate has greater snow traction than the base material. 13. The tire of claim 12, wherein the tire is constructed by coextruding the laminate with the base material. 14. The tire of claim 12, wherein the tire is constructed by placing a calendered sheet of laminate on a green tire. 15. The tire of claim 14, wherein the tire is constructed by stitching the calendered sheet of laminate to the green tire. 16. The tire of claim 12, wherein the laminate has a lower modulus of elasticity than the base material. 17. The tire of claim 12, wherein the laminate has a plurality of sipes disposed therein. 18. The tire of claim 12, further comprising an inner laminate layer disposed between the base material and the laminate. 19. A tire comprising:
a pair of sidewalls; a circumferential tread constructed of a base rubber,
wherein the circumferential tread has a plurality of tread elements, each of the plurality of tread elements having a top surface and a plurality of side surfaces, and
wherein the circumferential tread further has a plurality of grooves disposed between the plurality of tread elements; and
a laminate disposed on the circumferential tread, such that the laminate covers at least a portion of the plurality of side surfaces of the plurality of tread elements, wherein the base rubber has lower snow traction than the laminate. 20. The tire of claim 19, wherein the base rubber has a higher modulus of elasticity than the laminate. 21. The tire of claim 19, further comprising an inner laminate layer disposed between the base rubber and the laminate. 22. The tire of claim 19, wherein the laminate is constructed of ozone resistant material. 23. A tire comprising:
a pair of sidewalls, including a first sidewall and a second sidewall; a circumferential tread constructed of a base rubber, the circumferential tread having a plurality of grooves disposed therein, thereby defining a plurality of tread elements; a pair of shoulders, including a first shoulder extending from the circumferential tread to the first sidewall and a second shoulder extending from the circumferential tread to the second sidewall; and a laminate disposed on at least one of the pair of shoulders, wherein the polymeric laminate has greater snow traction than the base rubber. 24. The tire of claim 23, wherein the laminate is disposed on the first shoulder and the second shoulder. 25. The tire of claim 23, wherein the laminate covers at least one of the pair of sidewalls. 26. The tire of claim 23, wherein the laminate covers a top surface of at least one of the plurality of tread elements. 27. The tire of claim 23, wherein the polymeric laminate has a lower modulus of elasticity than the base rubber. | A tire includes a circumferential tread constructed of a base material. The circumferential tread has a plurality of tread elements, with each of the plurality of tread elements having a top surface and a plurality of side surfaces. The circumferential tread further has a plurality of grooves disposed between the plurality of tread elements. A laminate covers at least some of the plurality of tread elements and at least some of the plurality of grooves. The laminate has greater snow traction than the base material.1. A tire comprising:
a pair of sidewalls; a circumferential tread constructed of a base rubber, the circumferential tread having a plurality of grooves disposed therein, thereby defining a plurality of tread elements; and a polymeric laminate disposed on the circumferential tread,
wherein the polymeric laminate covers at least one of the plurality of grooves,
wherein the polymeric laminate covers a top surface of at least one of the plurality of tread elements, and
wherein the polymeric laminate has greater snow traction than the base rubber. 2. The tire of claim 1, wherein the polymeric laminate has a lower modulus of elasticity than the base rubber. 3. The tire of claim 1, wherein the polymeric laminate has a plurality of sipes disposed therein. 4. The tire of claim 3, wherein the plurality of sipes terminate in the polymeric laminate without extending to the base rubber. 5. The tire of claim 1, wherein the polymeric laminate has a nominal thickness of between 1 millimeters and 1.5 millimeters. 6. The tire of claim 1, wherein the polymeric laminate is configured to wear off of the top surface of the at least one of the plurality of tread elements during the life of the tire. 7. The tire of claim 6, wherein the polymeric laminate is configured to continue to cover the at least one of the plurality of grooves after the polymeric laminate has worn off of the top surface of the at least one of the plurality of tread elements. 8. The tire of claim 1, wherein the polymeric laminate covers at least one of the pair of sidewalls. 9. The tire of claim 1, wherein the polymeric laminate has a different color than the base rubber. 10. The tire of claim 1, further comprising an inner laminate layer disposed between the base rubber and the polymeric laminate. 11. The tire of claim 10, wherein the inner laminate layer is constructed of a material that exhibits wet performance superior to the base rubber and superior to the polymeric laminate. 12. A tire comprising:
a circumferential tread constructed of a base material,
wherein the circumferential tread has a plurality of tread elements, each of the plurality of tread elements having a top surface and a plurality of side surfaces, and
wherein the circumferential tread further has a plurality of grooves disposed between the plurality of tread elements; and
a laminate covering at least some of the plurality of tread elements and at least some of the plurality of grooves, wherein the laminate has greater snow traction than the base material. 13. The tire of claim 12, wherein the tire is constructed by coextruding the laminate with the base material. 14. The tire of claim 12, wherein the tire is constructed by placing a calendered sheet of laminate on a green tire. 15. The tire of claim 14, wherein the tire is constructed by stitching the calendered sheet of laminate to the green tire. 16. The tire of claim 12, wherein the laminate has a lower modulus of elasticity than the base material. 17. The tire of claim 12, wherein the laminate has a plurality of sipes disposed therein. 18. The tire of claim 12, further comprising an inner laminate layer disposed between the base material and the laminate. 19. A tire comprising:
a pair of sidewalls; a circumferential tread constructed of a base rubber,
wherein the circumferential tread has a plurality of tread elements, each of the plurality of tread elements having a top surface and a plurality of side surfaces, and
wherein the circumferential tread further has a plurality of grooves disposed between the plurality of tread elements; and
a laminate disposed on the circumferential tread, such that the laminate covers at least a portion of the plurality of side surfaces of the plurality of tread elements, wherein the base rubber has lower snow traction than the laminate. 20. The tire of claim 19, wherein the base rubber has a higher modulus of elasticity than the laminate. 21. The tire of claim 19, further comprising an inner laminate layer disposed between the base rubber and the laminate. 22. The tire of claim 19, wherein the laminate is constructed of ozone resistant material. 23. A tire comprising:
a pair of sidewalls, including a first sidewall and a second sidewall; a circumferential tread constructed of a base rubber, the circumferential tread having a plurality of grooves disposed therein, thereby defining a plurality of tread elements; a pair of shoulders, including a first shoulder extending from the circumferential tread to the first sidewall and a second shoulder extending from the circumferential tread to the second sidewall; and a laminate disposed on at least one of the pair of shoulders, wherein the polymeric laminate has greater snow traction than the base rubber. 24. The tire of claim 23, wherein the laminate is disposed on the first shoulder and the second shoulder. 25. The tire of claim 23, wherein the laminate covers at least one of the pair of sidewalls. 26. The tire of claim 23, wherein the laminate covers a top surface of at least one of the plurality of tread elements. 27. The tire of claim 23, wherein the polymeric laminate has a lower modulus of elasticity than the base rubber. | 1,700 |
3,262 | 14,453,871 | 1,732 | A composition and method of making such a composition that has application in the hydroprocessing of hydrocarbon feedstocks. The method comprises selecting an organic additive by the use of a correlation model for predicting catalytic activity as a function of a physical property that is associated with the organic additive and incorporating the organic additive into a support material to provide the additive impregnated composition. | 1. A composition for use in the hydroprocessing of a hydrocarbon feedstock, wherein said composition comprises: a support material having incorporated therein a metal component and an organic additive selected by the use of a correlation model, wherein said correlation model provides for estimating a predicted catalytic activity of said composition that has been prepared with said organic additive having a characteristic complexation energy, and wherein said organic additive is selected from a group consisting of amide compounds, amine compounds, nitrile compounds, pyrrolidone compounds, urea compounds, and oxalate compounds, wherein said organic additive is capable of forming a metal complex with a transition metal, and wherein said organic additive has said complexation energy of an absolute value of greater than 470 kcal/mol. 2. A composition as recited in claim 1, wherein said metal component is selected from the group of Group 9 or Group 10 metals consisting of cobalt and nickel present in said composition in an amount in the range of from 0.5 wt. % to 20 wt. %, and the group of Group 6 metals consisting of molybdenum and tungsten present in said composition in an amount in the range of from 5 wt. % to 50 wt. %, wherein the weight percents are based on the weight of the dry support material with the metal component as the elemental form regardless of its actual form. 3. A composition as recited in claim 2, wherein said support material a porous refractory oxide selected from the group of refractory oxides consisting of silica, alumina, titania, zirconia, silica-alumina, silica-titania, silica-zirconia, titania-alumina, zirconia-alumina, silica-titania and combinations of two or more thereof; and wherein said support material has a surface area (as determined by the BET method) in the range of from 50 m2/g to 450 m2/g, a mean pore diameter in the range of from 50 to 200 angstroms (Å), and a total pore volume exceeding 0.55 cc/g. 4. A hydroprocessing process, comprising: contacting under hydroprocessing conditions the composition of any one of claims 1 through 3 with a hydrocarbon feedstock. | A composition and method of making such a composition that has application in the hydroprocessing of hydrocarbon feedstocks. The method comprises selecting an organic additive by the use of a correlation model for predicting catalytic activity as a function of a physical property that is associated with the organic additive and incorporating the organic additive into a support material to provide the additive impregnated composition.1. A composition for use in the hydroprocessing of a hydrocarbon feedstock, wherein said composition comprises: a support material having incorporated therein a metal component and an organic additive selected by the use of a correlation model, wherein said correlation model provides for estimating a predicted catalytic activity of said composition that has been prepared with said organic additive having a characteristic complexation energy, and wherein said organic additive is selected from a group consisting of amide compounds, amine compounds, nitrile compounds, pyrrolidone compounds, urea compounds, and oxalate compounds, wherein said organic additive is capable of forming a metal complex with a transition metal, and wherein said organic additive has said complexation energy of an absolute value of greater than 470 kcal/mol. 2. A composition as recited in claim 1, wherein said metal component is selected from the group of Group 9 or Group 10 metals consisting of cobalt and nickel present in said composition in an amount in the range of from 0.5 wt. % to 20 wt. %, and the group of Group 6 metals consisting of molybdenum and tungsten present in said composition in an amount in the range of from 5 wt. % to 50 wt. %, wherein the weight percents are based on the weight of the dry support material with the metal component as the elemental form regardless of its actual form. 3. A composition as recited in claim 2, wherein said support material a porous refractory oxide selected from the group of refractory oxides consisting of silica, alumina, titania, zirconia, silica-alumina, silica-titania, silica-zirconia, titania-alumina, zirconia-alumina, silica-titania and combinations of two or more thereof; and wherein said support material has a surface area (as determined by the BET method) in the range of from 50 m2/g to 450 m2/g, a mean pore diameter in the range of from 50 to 200 angstroms (Å), and a total pore volume exceeding 0.55 cc/g. 4. A hydroprocessing process, comprising: contacting under hydroprocessing conditions the composition of any one of claims 1 through 3 with a hydrocarbon feedstock. | 1,700 |
3,263 | 14,515,301 | 1,741 | A fluid filter produced by additive manufacturing that includes a filter body having an entrance face for fluid entrance, an exit face for fluid exit, at least one pore in the fluid filter body extending from the entrance face to the exit face, and at least one pocket in the pore. The fluid containing the particles flows through the pore from the entrance face to the exit face and the particles are directed into the pocket where the particles become trapped in the pocket. | 1. A filter apparatus for providing filtration of a fluid containing particles, comprising:
a filter body having an entrance face for fluid entrance and an exit face for fluid exit, at least one pore in said fluid filter body extending from said entrance face to said exit face wherein the fluid containing the particles flows through said at least one pore from said entrance face to said exit face, and at least one pocket in said pore wherein the fluid containing the particles is directed into said pore and the particles become trapped in said pocket. 2. The filter apparatus for providing filtration of a fluid containing particles of claim 1 wherein said at least one pore has a section with a structural element that changes direction of the flow of fluid wherein said pocket is adjacent said section with a structural element that changes direction of the flow of fluid and the particles become trapped in said pocket. 3. The filter apparatus for providing filtration of a fluid containing particles of claim 1 wherein said at least one pore has at least one circular section that produces swirls of the fluid and wherein said pocket is adjacent said section that produces swirls and the particles become trapped in said pocket. 4. The filter apparatus for providing filtration of a fluid containing particles of claim 1 further comprising a zig zag baffle in said at least one pore wherein said pocket is in said zig zag baffle. 5. The filter apparatus for providing filtration of a fluid containing particles of claim 4 further comprising at least support baffle proximate said at least one pore and said zig zag baffle. 6. The filter apparatus for providing filtration of a fluid containing particles of claim 1 further comprising at least one circular channel in said at least one pore wherein said pocket is adjacent said at least one circular channel. 7. The filter apparatus for providing filtration of a fluid containing particles of claim 4 wherein the filter apparatus may exposed to heat and further comprising intumescent material in said at least one pore that will expand and block said at least one pore if the filter apparatus is exposed to heat. 8. The filter apparatus for providing filtration of a fluid containing particles of claim 4 wherein the fluid may contain contaminates and further comprising a reactive material in said at least one pore that will react with said contaminates if the fluid contains contaminates. 9. The filter apparatus for providing filtration of a fluid containing particles of claim 1 wherein said filter body is made of ceramic. 10. The filter apparatus for providing filtration of a fluid containing particles of claim 9 wherein said ceramic is sintered. 11. The filter apparatus for providing filtration of a fluid containing particles of claim 1 wherein said entrance face for fluid entrance is an open area for allowing the fluid being filter to enter said at least one pore. 12. The filter apparatus for providing filtration of a fluid containing particles of claim 1 wherein said entrance face for fluid entrance is an opening in said filter body for allowing the fluid being filter to enter said at least one pore. 13. A method of producing a fluid filter using adaptive manufacturing with two print heads wherein the fluid filter includes a fluid filter body having an entrance face for fluid entrance, an exit face for fluid exit, at least one pore in the fluid filter body extending from the entrance face to the exit face, and at least one pocket in the pore wherein fluid containing particles flows through the at least one pore from said entrance face to said exit face and the particles in the fluid become trapped in the pocket; comprising the steps of:
provide a three dimensional model of the fluid filter in a computer readable format, separate said three dimensional model of the fluid filter into void spaces and solid spaces, using one of the two print heads to print inorganic material in said solid spaces and using the other of the two print heads to print organic material in said void spaces, print the fluid filter one layer at a time wherein each layer can include said inorganic material in said solid spaces providing the fluid filter body and said organic material in said void spaces providing the at least one pore and the pocket, and sinter the fluid filter at a temperature wherein said inorganic material will coalesce and said organic material will decompose providing the at least one pore and the pocket in the fluid filter. 14. The method of producing a fluid filter using adaptive manufacturing with two print heads of claim 13 wherein said inorganic material is ceramic material. 15. The method of producing a fluid filter using adaptive manufacturing with two print heads of claim 13 wherein said inorganic material is metal. 16. The method of producing a fluid filter using adaptive manufacturing with two print heads of claim 13 wherein the fluid filter includes intumescent material in said at least one pore that will expand and block said at least one pore if the filter apparatus is exposed to heat and wherein said step of using one of the two print heads to print inorganic material in said solid spaces includes printing inorganic intumescent material in said solid spaces. 17. The method of producing a fluid filter using adaptive manufacturing with two print heads of claim 13 wherein the fluid may contain contaminates and wherein said step of using one of the two print heads to print inorganic material in said solid spaces includes printing inorganic reactive material in said solid spaces wherein said reactive material will react with said contaminates if the fluid contains said contaminates. 18. A method of producing a fluid filter using adaptive manufacturing wherein the fluid filter includes a fluid filter body having an entrance face for fluid entrance, an exit face for fluid exit, at least one pore in the fluid filter body extending from the entrance face to the exit face, and at least one pocket in the pore wherein fluid containing particles flows through the at least one pore from said entrance face to said exit face and the particles in the fluid become trapped in the pocket; comprising the steps of:
provide a three dimensional model of the fluid filter in a computer readable format, separate said three dimensional model of the fluid filter into void spaces and solid spaces, using additive manufacturing to spread inorganic powder in said solid spaces and organic material is said void spaces, using a laser to produce the fluid filter one layer at a time wherein each layer can include said inorganic material in said solid spaces providing the fluid filter body and said organic material in said void spaces providing the at least one pore and the pocket, and sinter the fluid filter at a temperature wherein said inorganic material will coalesce and said organic material will decompose providing the at least one pore and the pocket in the fluid filter. 19. The method of producing a fluid filter using adaptive manufacturing of claim 18 wherein said inorganic material is ceramic material. 20. The method of producing a fluid filter using adaptive manufacturing of claim 18 wherein said inorganic material is metal. 21. The method of producing a fluid filter using adaptive manufacturing of claim 18 wherein the fluid filter includes intumescent material in said at least one pore that will expand and block said at least one pore if the filter apparatus is exposed to heat and wherein said step of using a laser to produce the fluid filter one layer at a time includes using a laser to produce said inorganic intumescent material in said solid spaces. 22. The method of producing a fluid filter using adaptive manufacturing of claim 18 wherein the fluid may contain contaminates and wherein said step of using a laser to produce the fluid filter one layer at a time includes using a laser to produce said reactive material. | A fluid filter produced by additive manufacturing that includes a filter body having an entrance face for fluid entrance, an exit face for fluid exit, at least one pore in the fluid filter body extending from the entrance face to the exit face, and at least one pocket in the pore. The fluid containing the particles flows through the pore from the entrance face to the exit face and the particles are directed into the pocket where the particles become trapped in the pocket.1. A filter apparatus for providing filtration of a fluid containing particles, comprising:
a filter body having an entrance face for fluid entrance and an exit face for fluid exit, at least one pore in said fluid filter body extending from said entrance face to said exit face wherein the fluid containing the particles flows through said at least one pore from said entrance face to said exit face, and at least one pocket in said pore wherein the fluid containing the particles is directed into said pore and the particles become trapped in said pocket. 2. The filter apparatus for providing filtration of a fluid containing particles of claim 1 wherein said at least one pore has a section with a structural element that changes direction of the flow of fluid wherein said pocket is adjacent said section with a structural element that changes direction of the flow of fluid and the particles become trapped in said pocket. 3. The filter apparatus for providing filtration of a fluid containing particles of claim 1 wherein said at least one pore has at least one circular section that produces swirls of the fluid and wherein said pocket is adjacent said section that produces swirls and the particles become trapped in said pocket. 4. The filter apparatus for providing filtration of a fluid containing particles of claim 1 further comprising a zig zag baffle in said at least one pore wherein said pocket is in said zig zag baffle. 5. The filter apparatus for providing filtration of a fluid containing particles of claim 4 further comprising at least support baffle proximate said at least one pore and said zig zag baffle. 6. The filter apparatus for providing filtration of a fluid containing particles of claim 1 further comprising at least one circular channel in said at least one pore wherein said pocket is adjacent said at least one circular channel. 7. The filter apparatus for providing filtration of a fluid containing particles of claim 4 wherein the filter apparatus may exposed to heat and further comprising intumescent material in said at least one pore that will expand and block said at least one pore if the filter apparatus is exposed to heat. 8. The filter apparatus for providing filtration of a fluid containing particles of claim 4 wherein the fluid may contain contaminates and further comprising a reactive material in said at least one pore that will react with said contaminates if the fluid contains contaminates. 9. The filter apparatus for providing filtration of a fluid containing particles of claim 1 wherein said filter body is made of ceramic. 10. The filter apparatus for providing filtration of a fluid containing particles of claim 9 wherein said ceramic is sintered. 11. The filter apparatus for providing filtration of a fluid containing particles of claim 1 wherein said entrance face for fluid entrance is an open area for allowing the fluid being filter to enter said at least one pore. 12. The filter apparatus for providing filtration of a fluid containing particles of claim 1 wherein said entrance face for fluid entrance is an opening in said filter body for allowing the fluid being filter to enter said at least one pore. 13. A method of producing a fluid filter using adaptive manufacturing with two print heads wherein the fluid filter includes a fluid filter body having an entrance face for fluid entrance, an exit face for fluid exit, at least one pore in the fluid filter body extending from the entrance face to the exit face, and at least one pocket in the pore wherein fluid containing particles flows through the at least one pore from said entrance face to said exit face and the particles in the fluid become trapped in the pocket; comprising the steps of:
provide a three dimensional model of the fluid filter in a computer readable format, separate said three dimensional model of the fluid filter into void spaces and solid spaces, using one of the two print heads to print inorganic material in said solid spaces and using the other of the two print heads to print organic material in said void spaces, print the fluid filter one layer at a time wherein each layer can include said inorganic material in said solid spaces providing the fluid filter body and said organic material in said void spaces providing the at least one pore and the pocket, and sinter the fluid filter at a temperature wherein said inorganic material will coalesce and said organic material will decompose providing the at least one pore and the pocket in the fluid filter. 14. The method of producing a fluid filter using adaptive manufacturing with two print heads of claim 13 wherein said inorganic material is ceramic material. 15. The method of producing a fluid filter using adaptive manufacturing with two print heads of claim 13 wherein said inorganic material is metal. 16. The method of producing a fluid filter using adaptive manufacturing with two print heads of claim 13 wherein the fluid filter includes intumescent material in said at least one pore that will expand and block said at least one pore if the filter apparatus is exposed to heat and wherein said step of using one of the two print heads to print inorganic material in said solid spaces includes printing inorganic intumescent material in said solid spaces. 17. The method of producing a fluid filter using adaptive manufacturing with two print heads of claim 13 wherein the fluid may contain contaminates and wherein said step of using one of the two print heads to print inorganic material in said solid spaces includes printing inorganic reactive material in said solid spaces wherein said reactive material will react with said contaminates if the fluid contains said contaminates. 18. A method of producing a fluid filter using adaptive manufacturing wherein the fluid filter includes a fluid filter body having an entrance face for fluid entrance, an exit face for fluid exit, at least one pore in the fluid filter body extending from the entrance face to the exit face, and at least one pocket in the pore wherein fluid containing particles flows through the at least one pore from said entrance face to said exit face and the particles in the fluid become trapped in the pocket; comprising the steps of:
provide a three dimensional model of the fluid filter in a computer readable format, separate said three dimensional model of the fluid filter into void spaces and solid spaces, using additive manufacturing to spread inorganic powder in said solid spaces and organic material is said void spaces, using a laser to produce the fluid filter one layer at a time wherein each layer can include said inorganic material in said solid spaces providing the fluid filter body and said organic material in said void spaces providing the at least one pore and the pocket, and sinter the fluid filter at a temperature wherein said inorganic material will coalesce and said organic material will decompose providing the at least one pore and the pocket in the fluid filter. 19. The method of producing a fluid filter using adaptive manufacturing of claim 18 wherein said inorganic material is ceramic material. 20. The method of producing a fluid filter using adaptive manufacturing of claim 18 wherein said inorganic material is metal. 21. The method of producing a fluid filter using adaptive manufacturing of claim 18 wherein the fluid filter includes intumescent material in said at least one pore that will expand and block said at least one pore if the filter apparatus is exposed to heat and wherein said step of using a laser to produce the fluid filter one layer at a time includes using a laser to produce said inorganic intumescent material in said solid spaces. 22. The method of producing a fluid filter using adaptive manufacturing of claim 18 wherein the fluid may contain contaminates and wherein said step of using a laser to produce the fluid filter one layer at a time includes using a laser to produce said reactive material. | 1,700 |
3,264 | 13,988,656 | 1,783 | Embodiments of the invention provide a robust bonding material suitable for joining semiconductor processing chamber components. Other embodiments provide semiconductor processing chamber components joined using an adhesive material with desired characteristics. In one embodiment, an adhesive material suitable for joining semiconductor chamber components includes an adhesive material having a Young's-modulus lower than 300 psi. In another embodiment, a semiconductor chamber component includes a first surface disposed adjacent a second surface, and an adhesive material coupling the first and second surfaces, wherein the adhesive material has a Young's modulus lower than 300 psi. | 1. An adhesive material suitable for joining semiconductor chamber components, comprising:
an adhesive material having a Young's modulus lower than 300 psi. 2. The material of claim 1, wherein the adhesive material is a silicone based compound. 3. The material of claim 1, wherein the adhesive material is in sheet form. 4. The material of claim 1, wherein the adhesive material has a thermal stress less than 2 MPa. 5. The material of claim 1, wherein the adhesive material has a thermal conductivity between about 0.1 W/mK and about 5 W/mK. 6. The material of claim 1, wherein the thickness of the adhesive material is between about 100 μm and about 500 μm. 7. The material of claim 1, wherein the adhesive material is a preformed ring. 8. The material of claim 1, wherein the adhesive material has an elongation greater than 150 percent. 9. A semiconductor chamber component, comprising:
a first surface disposed adjacent a second surface; and an adhesive material coupling the first surface to the second surface, wherein the adhesive material has a Young's modulus lower than 300 psi. 10. The chamber component of claim 9, wherein the adhesive material is a silicon based compound. 11. The chamber component of claim 9, wherein the first surface is ceramic and the second surface is metallic. 12. The chamber component of claim 9, wherein the first surface is a ceramic gas distribution plate and the second surface is a metallic conductive base plate and the adhesive material is arranged to define gas passages between the first and the second surface. 13. The material of claim 9, wherein the adhesive material has a thermal stress less than 2 MPa. 14. The material of claim 9, wherein the adhesive material has a thermal conductivity between about 0.1 W/mK and about 5 W/mK and a thickness between about 100 μm and about 500 μm. 15. The material of claim 9, wherein the adhesive material has an elongation greater than 150 percent. | Embodiments of the invention provide a robust bonding material suitable for joining semiconductor processing chamber components. Other embodiments provide semiconductor processing chamber components joined using an adhesive material with desired characteristics. In one embodiment, an adhesive material suitable for joining semiconductor chamber components includes an adhesive material having a Young's-modulus lower than 300 psi. In another embodiment, a semiconductor chamber component includes a first surface disposed adjacent a second surface, and an adhesive material coupling the first and second surfaces, wherein the adhesive material has a Young's modulus lower than 300 psi.1. An adhesive material suitable for joining semiconductor chamber components, comprising:
an adhesive material having a Young's modulus lower than 300 psi. 2. The material of claim 1, wherein the adhesive material is a silicone based compound. 3. The material of claim 1, wherein the adhesive material is in sheet form. 4. The material of claim 1, wherein the adhesive material has a thermal stress less than 2 MPa. 5. The material of claim 1, wherein the adhesive material has a thermal conductivity between about 0.1 W/mK and about 5 W/mK. 6. The material of claim 1, wherein the thickness of the adhesive material is between about 100 μm and about 500 μm. 7. The material of claim 1, wherein the adhesive material is a preformed ring. 8. The material of claim 1, wherein the adhesive material has an elongation greater than 150 percent. 9. A semiconductor chamber component, comprising:
a first surface disposed adjacent a second surface; and an adhesive material coupling the first surface to the second surface, wherein the adhesive material has a Young's modulus lower than 300 psi. 10. The chamber component of claim 9, wherein the adhesive material is a silicon based compound. 11. The chamber component of claim 9, wherein the first surface is ceramic and the second surface is metallic. 12. The chamber component of claim 9, wherein the first surface is a ceramic gas distribution plate and the second surface is a metallic conductive base plate and the adhesive material is arranged to define gas passages between the first and the second surface. 13. The material of claim 9, wherein the adhesive material has a thermal stress less than 2 MPa. 14. The material of claim 9, wherein the adhesive material has a thermal conductivity between about 0.1 W/mK and about 5 W/mK and a thickness between about 100 μm and about 500 μm. 15. The material of claim 9, wherein the adhesive material has an elongation greater than 150 percent. | 1,700 |
3,265 | 15,263,869 | 1,718 | Embodiments described herein generally relate to methods for forming a conformal silicon nitride layer at low temperatures. The conformal silicon nitride layer may be formed by pulsing a radio frequency (RF) power into a processing chamber while a gas mixture including trisilylamine is flowing into the processing chamber. Pulsed RF power increases the ratio of neutral to ionic species and activated species of trisilylamine have low sticking coefficients and greater surface migration. As a result, conformality of the deposited silicon nitride layer is improved. | 1. A method for forming a silicon nitride layer, comprising:
flowing trisilylamine into a processing chamber; activating the trisilylamine by forming a plasma while the trisilylamine is flowing into the processing chamber, wherein the plasma is formed by pulsing radio frequency power; and forming the silicon nitride layer on a substrate disposed in the processing chamber. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising simultaneously flowing a second nitrogen-containing precursor into the processing chamber while flowing the trisilylamine into the processing chamber. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the second nitrogen-containing precursor is nitrogen gas, ammonia, or hydrazine. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the flowing of the trisilylamine into the processing chamber has a first flow rate and the flowing of the second nitrogen-containing precursor into the processing chamber has a second flow rate, wherein the second flow rate is greater than the first flow rate. 5. The method of claim 2, further comprising flowing a carrier gas into the processing chamber, wherein the second nitrogen-containing precursor, the trisilylamine, and the carrier gas are flowing into the processing chamber simultaneously. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the carrier gas comprises argon gas or helium gas. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the radio frequency power has a frequency that ranges from about 1 Hz to about 100,000 Hz. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the radio frequency power has a frequency that is about 1,000 Hz. 9. A method for forming a silicon nitride layer, comprising:
flowing a gas mixture into a processing chamber, wherein the gas mixture comprises trisilylamine and a different nitrogen-containing precursor; activating the gas mixture by forming a plasma while the trisilylamine is flowing into the processing chamber, wherein the plasma is formed by pulsing radio frequency power; and forming the silicon nitride layer on a substrate disposed in the processing chamber. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the different nitrogen-containing precursor is nitrogen gas, ammonia, or hydrazine. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the gas mixture further comprises a carrier gas. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the carrier gas comprises argon gas or helium gas. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the radio frequency power has a frequency that ranges from about 1 Hz to about 100,000 Hz. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the radio frequency power has a frequency that is about 1,000 Hz. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the radio frequency power has a power that is about 100 W. 16. A method for forming a silicon nitride layer, comprising:
flowing a gas mixture into a processing chamber, wherein the gas mixture comprises trisilylamine and a second nitrogen-containing precursor; forming activated species of the trisilylamine and the second nitrogen-containing precursor by pulsing radio frequency power into the processing chamber while the trisilylamine is flowing into the processing chamber; and reacting the activated species of the trisilylamine and the second nitrogen-containing precursor to form a reaction product on a substrate disposed in the processing chamber. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the second nitrogen-containing precursor comprises nitrogen gas, ammonia, or hydrazine. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the radio frequency power has a frequency that ranges from about 1 Hz to about 100,000 Hz. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the radio frequency power has a frequency that is about 1,000 Hz. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the reaction product is silicon nitride. | Embodiments described herein generally relate to methods for forming a conformal silicon nitride layer at low temperatures. The conformal silicon nitride layer may be formed by pulsing a radio frequency (RF) power into a processing chamber while a gas mixture including trisilylamine is flowing into the processing chamber. Pulsed RF power increases the ratio of neutral to ionic species and activated species of trisilylamine have low sticking coefficients and greater surface migration. As a result, conformality of the deposited silicon nitride layer is improved.1. A method for forming a silicon nitride layer, comprising:
flowing trisilylamine into a processing chamber; activating the trisilylamine by forming a plasma while the trisilylamine is flowing into the processing chamber, wherein the plasma is formed by pulsing radio frequency power; and forming the silicon nitride layer on a substrate disposed in the processing chamber. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising simultaneously flowing a second nitrogen-containing precursor into the processing chamber while flowing the trisilylamine into the processing chamber. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the second nitrogen-containing precursor is nitrogen gas, ammonia, or hydrazine. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the flowing of the trisilylamine into the processing chamber has a first flow rate and the flowing of the second nitrogen-containing precursor into the processing chamber has a second flow rate, wherein the second flow rate is greater than the first flow rate. 5. The method of claim 2, further comprising flowing a carrier gas into the processing chamber, wherein the second nitrogen-containing precursor, the trisilylamine, and the carrier gas are flowing into the processing chamber simultaneously. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the carrier gas comprises argon gas or helium gas. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the radio frequency power has a frequency that ranges from about 1 Hz to about 100,000 Hz. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the radio frequency power has a frequency that is about 1,000 Hz. 9. A method for forming a silicon nitride layer, comprising:
flowing a gas mixture into a processing chamber, wherein the gas mixture comprises trisilylamine and a different nitrogen-containing precursor; activating the gas mixture by forming a plasma while the trisilylamine is flowing into the processing chamber, wherein the plasma is formed by pulsing radio frequency power; and forming the silicon nitride layer on a substrate disposed in the processing chamber. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the different nitrogen-containing precursor is nitrogen gas, ammonia, or hydrazine. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the gas mixture further comprises a carrier gas. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the carrier gas comprises argon gas or helium gas. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the radio frequency power has a frequency that ranges from about 1 Hz to about 100,000 Hz. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the radio frequency power has a frequency that is about 1,000 Hz. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the radio frequency power has a power that is about 100 W. 16. A method for forming a silicon nitride layer, comprising:
flowing a gas mixture into a processing chamber, wherein the gas mixture comprises trisilylamine and a second nitrogen-containing precursor; forming activated species of the trisilylamine and the second nitrogen-containing precursor by pulsing radio frequency power into the processing chamber while the trisilylamine is flowing into the processing chamber; and reacting the activated species of the trisilylamine and the second nitrogen-containing precursor to form a reaction product on a substrate disposed in the processing chamber. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the second nitrogen-containing precursor comprises nitrogen gas, ammonia, or hydrazine. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the radio frequency power has a frequency that ranges from about 1 Hz to about 100,000 Hz. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the radio frequency power has a frequency that is about 1,000 Hz. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the reaction product is silicon nitride. | 1,700 |
3,266 | 15,098,242 | 1,721 | The flexible solar panel includes a polymer matrix and a plant extract incorporated in the polymer matrix. The plant extract can be an extract of chard ( B. vulgaris subsp. cicla ) including an organic dye. The plant extract can include chloroplasts. The polymer matrix may be formed from either poly(vinyl alcohol) or polystyrene. The flexible solar panel can be green. | 1. A flexible solar panel, comprising a polymer matrix and a plant extract completely incorporated in the polymer matrix, the plant extract being a green-colored extract of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla and including chloroplasts. 2. The flexible solar panel as recited in claim 1, wherein said polymer matrix comprises poly(vinyl alcohol). 3. The flexible solar panel as recited in claim 1, wherein said polymer matrix comprises polystyrene. 4. (canceled) 5. A method of making a flexible solar panel, comprising the steps of:
dissolving poly(vinyl alcohol) in a first amount of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla extract to form a first solution; adding a second amount of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla extract to the first solution to four a second solution; coating a plate with the second solution; drying the second solution on the plate to form a flexible film; and removing the flexible film from the plate, wherein the flexible film forms the flexible solar panel. 6. The method of making a flexible solar panel as recited in claim 5, wherein the step of dissolving the poly(vinyl alcohol) in the B. vulgaris subsp. cicla extract to form the first solution comprises adding the poly(vinyl alcohol) to the B. vulgaris subsp. cicla extract under stirring at a temperature of 60° C. 7. The method of making a flexible solar panel as recited in claim 6, wherein the step of coating the plate with the second solution comprises coating a glass plate with the second solution. 8. The method of making a flexible solar panel as recited in claim 7, wherein the step of drying the second solution on the plate comprises drying the second solution on the plate for 48 hours at room temperature. 9. The method of making a flexible solar panel as recited in claim 5, further comprising the steps of:
blending leaves of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla in water; and centrifuging the blended leaves of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla in the water to produce the extract of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla. 10. A method of making a flexible solar panel, comprising the steps of:
dissolving polystyrene in toluene to form a first solution; adding B. vulgaris subsp. cicla dye to the first solution to form a second solution; coating a plate with the second solution; drying the second solution on a plate to form a flexible film; and removing the flexible film from the plate, wherein the flexible film comprises the flexible solar panel. 11. The method of making a flexible solar panel as recited in claim 10, wherein the step of dissolving the polystyrene in the toluene to form the first solution comprises adding the polystyrene to the toluene under stirring at a temperature of 60° C. 12. The method of making a flexible solar panel as recited in claim 11, wherein the step of coating the plate with the second solution comprises coating a glass plate with the second solution. 13. The method of making a flexible solar panel as recited in claim 12, wherein the step of drying the second solution on the plate comprises drying the second solution on the plate for 48 hours at room temperature. 14. The method of making a flexible solar panel as recited in claim 10, further comprising the steps of:
blending leaves of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla in ethanol; and centrifuging the blended leaves of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla in the ethanol to produce the extract of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla. | The flexible solar panel includes a polymer matrix and a plant extract incorporated in the polymer matrix. The plant extract can be an extract of chard ( B. vulgaris subsp. cicla ) including an organic dye. The plant extract can include chloroplasts. The polymer matrix may be formed from either poly(vinyl alcohol) or polystyrene. The flexible solar panel can be green.1. A flexible solar panel, comprising a polymer matrix and a plant extract completely incorporated in the polymer matrix, the plant extract being a green-colored extract of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla and including chloroplasts. 2. The flexible solar panel as recited in claim 1, wherein said polymer matrix comprises poly(vinyl alcohol). 3. The flexible solar panel as recited in claim 1, wherein said polymer matrix comprises polystyrene. 4. (canceled) 5. A method of making a flexible solar panel, comprising the steps of:
dissolving poly(vinyl alcohol) in a first amount of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla extract to form a first solution; adding a second amount of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla extract to the first solution to four a second solution; coating a plate with the second solution; drying the second solution on the plate to form a flexible film; and removing the flexible film from the plate, wherein the flexible film forms the flexible solar panel. 6. The method of making a flexible solar panel as recited in claim 5, wherein the step of dissolving the poly(vinyl alcohol) in the B. vulgaris subsp. cicla extract to form the first solution comprises adding the poly(vinyl alcohol) to the B. vulgaris subsp. cicla extract under stirring at a temperature of 60° C. 7. The method of making a flexible solar panel as recited in claim 6, wherein the step of coating the plate with the second solution comprises coating a glass plate with the second solution. 8. The method of making a flexible solar panel as recited in claim 7, wherein the step of drying the second solution on the plate comprises drying the second solution on the plate for 48 hours at room temperature. 9. The method of making a flexible solar panel as recited in claim 5, further comprising the steps of:
blending leaves of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla in water; and centrifuging the blended leaves of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla in the water to produce the extract of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla. 10. A method of making a flexible solar panel, comprising the steps of:
dissolving polystyrene in toluene to form a first solution; adding B. vulgaris subsp. cicla dye to the first solution to form a second solution; coating a plate with the second solution; drying the second solution on a plate to form a flexible film; and removing the flexible film from the plate, wherein the flexible film comprises the flexible solar panel. 11. The method of making a flexible solar panel as recited in claim 10, wherein the step of dissolving the polystyrene in the toluene to form the first solution comprises adding the polystyrene to the toluene under stirring at a temperature of 60° C. 12. The method of making a flexible solar panel as recited in claim 11, wherein the step of coating the plate with the second solution comprises coating a glass plate with the second solution. 13. The method of making a flexible solar panel as recited in claim 12, wherein the step of drying the second solution on the plate comprises drying the second solution on the plate for 48 hours at room temperature. 14. The method of making a flexible solar panel as recited in claim 10, further comprising the steps of:
blending leaves of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla in ethanol; and centrifuging the blended leaves of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla in the ethanol to produce the extract of B. vulgaris subsp. cicla. | 1,700 |
3,267 | 13,758,429 | 1,771 | A process for upgrading residuum hydrocarbons and decreasing tendency of the resulting products toward asphaltenic sediment formation in downstream processes is disclosed. The process may include: contacting a residuum hydrocarbon fraction and hydrogen with a hydroconversion catalyst in a hydrocracking reaction zone to convert at least a portion of the residuum hydrocarbon fraction to lighter hydrocarbons; recovering an effluent from the hydrocracking reaction zone; contacting hydrogen and at least a portion of the effluent with a resid hydrotreating catalyst; and separating the effluent to recover two or more hydrocarbon fractions. | 1. A process for upgrading residuum hydrocarbons, the process comprising:
solvent deasphalting a residuum hydrocarbon fraction to produce a deasphalted oil fraction and an asphalt fraction; contacting the asphalt fraction and hydrogen with a first hydroconversion catalyst in a first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system; recovering an effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system; fractionating the effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system to recover one or more hydrocarbon fractions. 2. The process of claim 1, further comprising mixing the asphalt fraction with a diluent to form a diluted asphalt fraction prior to the contacting. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the diluent comprises at least one of FCC cycle oils, slurry oils, aromatics extracts, and straight run vacuum gas oils. 4. The process of claim 1, further comprising:
contacting the deasphalted oil fraction and hydrogen with a second hydroconversion catalyst in a residue hydrodesulfurization unit; recovering an effluent from the residue hydrodesulfurization unit; contacting the residue hydrodesulfurization unit effluent or a portion thereof with a third hydroconversion catalyst in a hydrocracking reactor system; recovering an effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system; fractionating the effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system to recover one or more hydrocarbon fractions. 5. The process of claim 4, wherein the hydrocracking reactor system includes a second ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system comprising one or more ebullated bed reactors. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the deasphalted oil fraction has a metals content of greater than about 80 wppm and a Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR) content of greater than about 10 wt %. 7. The process of claim 4, wherein the effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system and the hydrocracking reactor system are fractionated in a common fractionation system. 8. The process of claim 4, wherein the one or more hydrocarbon fractions produced in fractionating the effluents from one or both the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor systems and the hydrocracking reactor system includes a vacuum residua hydrocarbon fraction. 9. The process of claim 7, further comprising recycling the vacuum residua hydrocarbon fraction to at least one of the solvent deasphalting, the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system, and the hydrocracking reactor system. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the residuum hydrocarbon fraction comprises at least one of petroleum atmospheric or vacuum residua, deasphalted oils, deasphalter pitch, hydrocracked atmospheric tower or vacuum tower bottoms, straight run vacuum gas oils, hydrocracked vacuum gas oils, fluid catalytically cracked (FCC) slurry oils, vacuum gas oils from an ebullated bed process, shale-derived oils, coal-derived oils, bio-derived crude oils, tar sands bitumen, tall oils, black oils. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein contacting in the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system results in a hydrocarbon conversion in the range from about 40 wt % to about 75 wt %, sulfur removal is in the range from about 40 wt % to about 80 wt %, metals removal is in the range from about 60 wt % to about 85 wt % and Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR) removal is in the range from about 30 wt % to about 65 wt %. 12. The process of claim 4, wherein an overall conversion of the deasphalted oil fraction through both the residue desulfurization unit and the hydrocracking reactor system is in the range from about 75 wt % to about 95 wt %. 13. The process of claim 4, wherein a fuel oil produced via the fractionation of the hydrocracking reaction system effluent has a sulfur content of 1 wt % or less. 14. The process of claim 1, wherein a fuel oil produced via the fractionation of the ebullated bed reaction system effluent has a sulfur content of less than 2 wt % or less. 15. The process of claim 4, wherein an overall conversion of the residuum hydrocarbon fraction is in the range from about 60 wt % to about 95 wt %. 16. The process of claim 1, wherein a solvent used in the solvent deasphalting unit is a light hydrocarbon containing from 3 to 7 carbon atoms. 17. The process of claim 1, further comprising contacting the effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor with a second hydroconversion catalyst prior to fractionating the effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system. 18. The process of claim 4, further comprising contacting the effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system with a second hydroconversion catalyst prior to fractionating the effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system. 19. A process for upgrading residuum hydrocarbons, the process comprising:
solvent deasphalting a residuum hydrocarbon fraction to produce a deasphalted oil fraction and an asphalt fraction; contacting the asphalt fraction and hydrogen with a first hydroconversion catalyst in a first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system; recovering an effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system; fractionating the effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system to recover one or more hydrocarbon fractions; contacting the deasphalted oil fraction and hydrogen with a second hydroconversion catalyst in a residue hydrodesulfurization unit; recovering an effluent from the residue hydrodesulfurization unit; contacting the residue hydrodesulfurization unit effluent with a third hydroconversion catalyst in a hydrocracking reactor system; recovering an effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system; and fractionating the effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system to recover one or more hydrocarbon fractions. 20. A process for upgrading residuum hydrocarbons, the process comprising:
solvent deasphalting a residuum hydrocarbon fraction to produce a deasphalted oil fraction and an asphalt fraction; contacting the asphalt fraction and hydrogen with a first hydroconversion catalyst in a first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system; recovering an effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system; fractionating the effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system to recover one or more hydrocarbon fractions; contacting the deasphalted oil fraction and hydrogen with a second hydroconversion catalyst in a residue hydrodesulfurization unit; recovering an effluent from the residue hydrodesulfurization unit; fractionating the effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system to recover one or more hydrocarbon fractions including a vacuum residua hydrocarbon fraction; contacting the vacuum residua hydrocarbon fraction with a third hydroconversion catalyst in a hydrocracking reactor system; recovering an effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system; and fractionating the effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system to recover one or more hydrocarbon fractions. 21. A process for upgrading residuum hydrocarbons, the process comprising:
solvent deasphalting a residuum hydrocarbon fraction to produce a deasphalted oil fraction and an asphalt fraction; contacting the asphalt fraction and hydrogen with a first hydroconversion catalyst in a first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system; recovering an effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system; contacting the effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor with a second hydroconversion catalyst prior to fractionating the effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system to recover one or more hydrocarbon fractions; contacting the deasphalted oil fraction and hydrogen with a third hydroconversion catalyst in a residue hydrodesulfurization unit; recovering an effluent from the residue hydrodesulfurization unit; contacting the residue hydrodesulfurization unit effluent with a fourth hydroconversion catalyst in a hydrocracking reactor system; recovering an effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system; and fractionating the effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system to recover one or more hydrocarbon fractions. 22. A process for upgrading residuum hydrocarbons, the process comprising:
solvent deasphalting a residuum hydrocarbon fraction to produce a deasphalted oil fraction and an asphalt fraction; contacting the asphalt fraction and hydrogen with a first hydroconversion catalyst in a first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system; recovering an effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system; fractionating the effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system to recover one or more hydrocarbon fractions; contacting the deasphalted oil fraction and hydrogen with a second hydroconversion catalyst in a residue hydrodesulfurization unit; recovering an effluent from the residue hydrodesulfurization unit; contacting the residue hydrodesulfurization unit effluent or a portion thereof with a third hydroconversion catalyst in a hydrocracking reactor system; recovering an effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system; and contacting the effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system with a fourth hydroconversion catalyst prior to fractionating the effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system to recover one or more hydrocarbon fractions. | A process for upgrading residuum hydrocarbons and decreasing tendency of the resulting products toward asphaltenic sediment formation in downstream processes is disclosed. The process may include: contacting a residuum hydrocarbon fraction and hydrogen with a hydroconversion catalyst in a hydrocracking reaction zone to convert at least a portion of the residuum hydrocarbon fraction to lighter hydrocarbons; recovering an effluent from the hydrocracking reaction zone; contacting hydrogen and at least a portion of the effluent with a resid hydrotreating catalyst; and separating the effluent to recover two or more hydrocarbon fractions.1. A process for upgrading residuum hydrocarbons, the process comprising:
solvent deasphalting a residuum hydrocarbon fraction to produce a deasphalted oil fraction and an asphalt fraction; contacting the asphalt fraction and hydrogen with a first hydroconversion catalyst in a first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system; recovering an effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system; fractionating the effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system to recover one or more hydrocarbon fractions. 2. The process of claim 1, further comprising mixing the asphalt fraction with a diluent to form a diluted asphalt fraction prior to the contacting. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the diluent comprises at least one of FCC cycle oils, slurry oils, aromatics extracts, and straight run vacuum gas oils. 4. The process of claim 1, further comprising:
contacting the deasphalted oil fraction and hydrogen with a second hydroconversion catalyst in a residue hydrodesulfurization unit; recovering an effluent from the residue hydrodesulfurization unit; contacting the residue hydrodesulfurization unit effluent or a portion thereof with a third hydroconversion catalyst in a hydrocracking reactor system; recovering an effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system; fractionating the effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system to recover one or more hydrocarbon fractions. 5. The process of claim 4, wherein the hydrocracking reactor system includes a second ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system comprising one or more ebullated bed reactors. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the deasphalted oil fraction has a metals content of greater than about 80 wppm and a Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR) content of greater than about 10 wt %. 7. The process of claim 4, wherein the effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system and the hydrocracking reactor system are fractionated in a common fractionation system. 8. The process of claim 4, wherein the one or more hydrocarbon fractions produced in fractionating the effluents from one or both the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor systems and the hydrocracking reactor system includes a vacuum residua hydrocarbon fraction. 9. The process of claim 7, further comprising recycling the vacuum residua hydrocarbon fraction to at least one of the solvent deasphalting, the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system, and the hydrocracking reactor system. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the residuum hydrocarbon fraction comprises at least one of petroleum atmospheric or vacuum residua, deasphalted oils, deasphalter pitch, hydrocracked atmospheric tower or vacuum tower bottoms, straight run vacuum gas oils, hydrocracked vacuum gas oils, fluid catalytically cracked (FCC) slurry oils, vacuum gas oils from an ebullated bed process, shale-derived oils, coal-derived oils, bio-derived crude oils, tar sands bitumen, tall oils, black oils. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein contacting in the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system results in a hydrocarbon conversion in the range from about 40 wt % to about 75 wt %, sulfur removal is in the range from about 40 wt % to about 80 wt %, metals removal is in the range from about 60 wt % to about 85 wt % and Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR) removal is in the range from about 30 wt % to about 65 wt %. 12. The process of claim 4, wherein an overall conversion of the deasphalted oil fraction through both the residue desulfurization unit and the hydrocracking reactor system is in the range from about 75 wt % to about 95 wt %. 13. The process of claim 4, wherein a fuel oil produced via the fractionation of the hydrocracking reaction system effluent has a sulfur content of 1 wt % or less. 14. The process of claim 1, wherein a fuel oil produced via the fractionation of the ebullated bed reaction system effluent has a sulfur content of less than 2 wt % or less. 15. The process of claim 4, wherein an overall conversion of the residuum hydrocarbon fraction is in the range from about 60 wt % to about 95 wt %. 16. The process of claim 1, wherein a solvent used in the solvent deasphalting unit is a light hydrocarbon containing from 3 to 7 carbon atoms. 17. The process of claim 1, further comprising contacting the effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor with a second hydroconversion catalyst prior to fractionating the effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system. 18. The process of claim 4, further comprising contacting the effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system with a second hydroconversion catalyst prior to fractionating the effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system. 19. A process for upgrading residuum hydrocarbons, the process comprising:
solvent deasphalting a residuum hydrocarbon fraction to produce a deasphalted oil fraction and an asphalt fraction; contacting the asphalt fraction and hydrogen with a first hydroconversion catalyst in a first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system; recovering an effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system; fractionating the effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system to recover one or more hydrocarbon fractions; contacting the deasphalted oil fraction and hydrogen with a second hydroconversion catalyst in a residue hydrodesulfurization unit; recovering an effluent from the residue hydrodesulfurization unit; contacting the residue hydrodesulfurization unit effluent with a third hydroconversion catalyst in a hydrocracking reactor system; recovering an effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system; and fractionating the effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system to recover one or more hydrocarbon fractions. 20. A process for upgrading residuum hydrocarbons, the process comprising:
solvent deasphalting a residuum hydrocarbon fraction to produce a deasphalted oil fraction and an asphalt fraction; contacting the asphalt fraction and hydrogen with a first hydroconversion catalyst in a first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system; recovering an effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system; fractionating the effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system to recover one or more hydrocarbon fractions; contacting the deasphalted oil fraction and hydrogen with a second hydroconversion catalyst in a residue hydrodesulfurization unit; recovering an effluent from the residue hydrodesulfurization unit; fractionating the effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system to recover one or more hydrocarbon fractions including a vacuum residua hydrocarbon fraction; contacting the vacuum residua hydrocarbon fraction with a third hydroconversion catalyst in a hydrocracking reactor system; recovering an effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system; and fractionating the effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system to recover one or more hydrocarbon fractions. 21. A process for upgrading residuum hydrocarbons, the process comprising:
solvent deasphalting a residuum hydrocarbon fraction to produce a deasphalted oil fraction and an asphalt fraction; contacting the asphalt fraction and hydrogen with a first hydroconversion catalyst in a first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system; recovering an effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system; contacting the effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor with a second hydroconversion catalyst prior to fractionating the effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system to recover one or more hydrocarbon fractions; contacting the deasphalted oil fraction and hydrogen with a third hydroconversion catalyst in a residue hydrodesulfurization unit; recovering an effluent from the residue hydrodesulfurization unit; contacting the residue hydrodesulfurization unit effluent with a fourth hydroconversion catalyst in a hydrocracking reactor system; recovering an effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system; and fractionating the effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system to recover one or more hydrocarbon fractions. 22. A process for upgrading residuum hydrocarbons, the process comprising:
solvent deasphalting a residuum hydrocarbon fraction to produce a deasphalted oil fraction and an asphalt fraction; contacting the asphalt fraction and hydrogen with a first hydroconversion catalyst in a first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system; recovering an effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system; fractionating the effluent from the first ebullated bed hydroconversion reactor system to recover one or more hydrocarbon fractions; contacting the deasphalted oil fraction and hydrogen with a second hydroconversion catalyst in a residue hydrodesulfurization unit; recovering an effluent from the residue hydrodesulfurization unit; contacting the residue hydrodesulfurization unit effluent or a portion thereof with a third hydroconversion catalyst in a hydrocracking reactor system; recovering an effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system; and contacting the effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system with a fourth hydroconversion catalyst prior to fractionating the effluent from the hydrocracking reactor system to recover one or more hydrocarbon fractions. | 1,700 |
3,268 | 14,207,104 | 1,793 | The present application is directed to sensory technologies for beverages and other products that significantly reduce or fully mask bitterness and/or off-flavor associated with the presence of functional ingredients, such as caffeine or L-phenylalanine. In particular, reduction or masking of the bitterness and/or off-flavor in the beverage or food composition is achieved through the addition of trigeminal sensation-eliciting compounds, referred to herein as sensates, responsible for cooling, warming, tingling, or mouthfeel-type sensations. | 1. A composition for human consumption comprising:
a predetermined quantity of a base composition; caffeine in an amount of about 20 mg to about 200 mg; and one or more sensates,
wherein the one or more sensates comprise about 0.1 to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the composition. 2. The composition for human consumption of claim 1, wherein the one or more sensates is selected from the list comprising menthol and its stereoisomers, menthone glycerol ketal, (−)-menthyl lactate, 3-(1-menthoxy)propane-1,2-diol, WS-3, WS-5, capsaicin, camphor, cinnamaldehyde, CO2, red pepper extract, Szechuan pepper extract, and combinations thereof. 3. The composition for human consumption of claim 1, wherein the one or more sensates comprises one or more compounds capable of stimulating one or more TRP channels located on trigeminal nerve endings. 4. The composition for human consumption of claim 3, wherein the one or more sensates comprises one or more compounds capable of activating at least one TRP channel selecting from list consisting of the TRPM8, TRPV1, and TRPA1 channels. 5. The composition for human consumption of claim 1, wherein the base composition has a pH of about 2 to about 5. 6. The composition for human consumption of claim 1, wherein the base composition comprises a beverage. 7. The composition for human consumption of claim 6, wherein the beverage is selected from the group consisting of water, vegetable juice, fruit juice and combinations thereof. 8. The composition for human consumption of claim 1, further including at least one additive selected from the group consisting of at least one flavorant, at least one viscosity increasing agent, at least one vitamin, at least one mineral, at least one nutraceutical, at least one colorant, at least one preservative, at least one pH adjusting agent, or combination thereof. 9. The composition for human consumption of claim 8, wherein the at least one flavorant is included in the composition in an amount ranging from about 0.5% by weight based on the weight of the composition to about 25% by weight based on the weight of the composition. 10. The composition for human consumption of claim 8, wherein the at least one pH adjusting agent is added to the composition in an amount sufficient to adjust and/or maintain the pH of the composition to a pH of about 2 to about 5. 11. The composition for human consumption claim 8, wherein the at least one viscosity increasing agent is selected from the group consisting of pectin, alginate, starch, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, guar gum and combinations thereof and wherein the at least one viscosity increasing agent is included in the composition in an amount ranging from about 0.5% by weight based on the weight of the composition to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the composition. 12. The composition for human consumption of claim 1, wherein the composition is substantially free of any artificial sweeteners. 13. The composition for human consumption of claim 6, wherein the beverage is a carbonated liquid. 14. The composition for human consumption of claim 1, wherein the base composition is a food. 15. The composition for human consumption of claim 1, wherein the caffeine is an encapsulated caffeine complex including caffeine and an organic acid in about a 1:1 molar ratio, wherein the organic acid is selected from the group consisting of oxalic acid, malonic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, glutamic acid, adipic acid, caffeic acid and combinations thereof, and wherein the encapsulated caffeine releases about 100 mg to about 150 mg of caffeine when consumed. 16. A composition for human consumption comprising:
a beverage or food product; a functional ingredient selected from the group consisting of taurine, glucoronolactone, caffeine, B vitamins, guarana, ginseng, ginkgo biloba, L-carnitine, sugars, antioxidants, yerba maté, creatine, and milk thistle; and one or more sensates,
wherein the one or more sensates is an activator of at least one of the TRP channels selected from the group consisting of the TRPV1, TRPA1, and TRPM8 channels. 17. The composition for human consumption of claim 16, wherein the composition is a functional energy shot, wherein the volume of the energy shot is between about 5 mL and about 60 mL. 18. The composition for human consumption of claim 16, wherein the composition is a food product selected from the group comprising bagels, muffins, pancakes, pastries, doughnuts, dairy products, cereals, biscuits, granola bars, protein bars, cookies, chips, ice cream, popcorn, and soups. 19. The composition for human consumption of claim 16, wherein the functional ingredient is caffeine and wherein the caffeine is encapsulated. 20. A composition for human consumption comprising:
a beverage or food product; a functional ingredient, wherein the functional ingredient is an herb, vitamin, or amino acid; and one or more sensates,
wherein the one or more sensates comprise about 0.1 to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the composition. 21. The composition for human consumption of claim 20, wherein the one or more sensates is selected from the list comprising menthol and its stereoisomers, menthone glycerol ketal, (−)-menthyl lactate, 3-(1-menthoxy)propane-1,2-diol, WS-3, WS-5, capsaicin, camphor, cinnamaldehyde, CO2, red pepper extract, Szechuan pepper extract, and combinations thereof. 22. The composition for human consumption of claim 20, further including at least one additive selected from the group consisting of at least one flavorant, at least one viscosity increasing agent, at least one nutraceutical, at least one colorant, at least one preservative, at least one pH adjusting agent, or combination thereof. | The present application is directed to sensory technologies for beverages and other products that significantly reduce or fully mask bitterness and/or off-flavor associated with the presence of functional ingredients, such as caffeine or L-phenylalanine. In particular, reduction or masking of the bitterness and/or off-flavor in the beverage or food composition is achieved through the addition of trigeminal sensation-eliciting compounds, referred to herein as sensates, responsible for cooling, warming, tingling, or mouthfeel-type sensations.1. A composition for human consumption comprising:
a predetermined quantity of a base composition; caffeine in an amount of about 20 mg to about 200 mg; and one or more sensates,
wherein the one or more sensates comprise about 0.1 to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the composition. 2. The composition for human consumption of claim 1, wherein the one or more sensates is selected from the list comprising menthol and its stereoisomers, menthone glycerol ketal, (−)-menthyl lactate, 3-(1-menthoxy)propane-1,2-diol, WS-3, WS-5, capsaicin, camphor, cinnamaldehyde, CO2, red pepper extract, Szechuan pepper extract, and combinations thereof. 3. The composition for human consumption of claim 1, wherein the one or more sensates comprises one or more compounds capable of stimulating one or more TRP channels located on trigeminal nerve endings. 4. The composition for human consumption of claim 3, wherein the one or more sensates comprises one or more compounds capable of activating at least one TRP channel selecting from list consisting of the TRPM8, TRPV1, and TRPA1 channels. 5. The composition for human consumption of claim 1, wherein the base composition has a pH of about 2 to about 5. 6. The composition for human consumption of claim 1, wherein the base composition comprises a beverage. 7. The composition for human consumption of claim 6, wherein the beverage is selected from the group consisting of water, vegetable juice, fruit juice and combinations thereof. 8. The composition for human consumption of claim 1, further including at least one additive selected from the group consisting of at least one flavorant, at least one viscosity increasing agent, at least one vitamin, at least one mineral, at least one nutraceutical, at least one colorant, at least one preservative, at least one pH adjusting agent, or combination thereof. 9. The composition for human consumption of claim 8, wherein the at least one flavorant is included in the composition in an amount ranging from about 0.5% by weight based on the weight of the composition to about 25% by weight based on the weight of the composition. 10. The composition for human consumption of claim 8, wherein the at least one pH adjusting agent is added to the composition in an amount sufficient to adjust and/or maintain the pH of the composition to a pH of about 2 to about 5. 11. The composition for human consumption claim 8, wherein the at least one viscosity increasing agent is selected from the group consisting of pectin, alginate, starch, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, guar gum and combinations thereof and wherein the at least one viscosity increasing agent is included in the composition in an amount ranging from about 0.5% by weight based on the weight of the composition to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the composition. 12. The composition for human consumption of claim 1, wherein the composition is substantially free of any artificial sweeteners. 13. The composition for human consumption of claim 6, wherein the beverage is a carbonated liquid. 14. The composition for human consumption of claim 1, wherein the base composition is a food. 15. The composition for human consumption of claim 1, wherein the caffeine is an encapsulated caffeine complex including caffeine and an organic acid in about a 1:1 molar ratio, wherein the organic acid is selected from the group consisting of oxalic acid, malonic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, glutamic acid, adipic acid, caffeic acid and combinations thereof, and wherein the encapsulated caffeine releases about 100 mg to about 150 mg of caffeine when consumed. 16. A composition for human consumption comprising:
a beverage or food product; a functional ingredient selected from the group consisting of taurine, glucoronolactone, caffeine, B vitamins, guarana, ginseng, ginkgo biloba, L-carnitine, sugars, antioxidants, yerba maté, creatine, and milk thistle; and one or more sensates,
wherein the one or more sensates is an activator of at least one of the TRP channels selected from the group consisting of the TRPV1, TRPA1, and TRPM8 channels. 17. The composition for human consumption of claim 16, wherein the composition is a functional energy shot, wherein the volume of the energy shot is between about 5 mL and about 60 mL. 18. The composition for human consumption of claim 16, wherein the composition is a food product selected from the group comprising bagels, muffins, pancakes, pastries, doughnuts, dairy products, cereals, biscuits, granola bars, protein bars, cookies, chips, ice cream, popcorn, and soups. 19. The composition for human consumption of claim 16, wherein the functional ingredient is caffeine and wherein the caffeine is encapsulated. 20. A composition for human consumption comprising:
a beverage or food product; a functional ingredient, wherein the functional ingredient is an herb, vitamin, or amino acid; and one or more sensates,
wherein the one or more sensates comprise about 0.1 to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the composition. 21. The composition for human consumption of claim 20, wherein the one or more sensates is selected from the list comprising menthol and its stereoisomers, menthone glycerol ketal, (−)-menthyl lactate, 3-(1-menthoxy)propane-1,2-diol, WS-3, WS-5, capsaicin, camphor, cinnamaldehyde, CO2, red pepper extract, Szechuan pepper extract, and combinations thereof. 22. The composition for human consumption of claim 20, further including at least one additive selected from the group consisting of at least one flavorant, at least one viscosity increasing agent, at least one nutraceutical, at least one colorant, at least one preservative, at least one pH adjusting agent, or combination thereof. | 1,700 |
3,269 | 15,177,408 | 1,793 | The present disclosure provides a concentrated and natural, vinegar-derived food additive, wherein the food additive is an antimicrobial food additive or buffering food additive, compositions comprising the vinegar-derived food additive, methods for making the vinegar-derived food additive. The concentrated food additive can have a high acid value. Food products and methods of making food products containing the vinegar-derived food additive are provided. The food products can be meat, poultry, or fish food products. | 1. A method of preparing a concentrated food additive comprising:
(a) treating vinegar with a basic neutralizing agent to partially neutralize the vinegar to a pH in the range of about 4.0 to about 5.5; and (b) evaporating water from and drying the product of step (a) to produce the concentrated food additive having an acetate and an acid. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
(c) adding untreated vinegar to the acetate of step (b) to produce the concentrated food additive in the form of an acetate-vinegar and acid dry powder or solution. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the concentrated food additive has a pH of about 4.5 to 5.7. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the concentrated food additive has a pH of about 4.5 to 5.7. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the basic neutralizing agent is selected from the group consisting of: sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium carbonate or bicarbonate, a flour, a starch, a natural fiber, and combinations thereof. 6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the basic neutralizing agent is selected from the group consisting of: sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium carbonate or bicarbonate, a flour, a starch, a natural fiber, and combinations thereof. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the acetate is selected from the group consisting of:
sodium acetate, potassium acetate, calcium acetate and magnesium acetate. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the acetate is selected from the group consisting of:
sodium acetate, potassium acetate, calcium acetate and magnesium acetate. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the concentrated food additive consists essentially of an acetate and an acid. 10. A concentrated food additive produced by:
(a) treating vinegar with a basic neutralizing agent to partially neutralize the vinegar to a pH in the range of about 4.0 to about 5.5; and (b) evaporating water from and drying the product of step (a) to produce the concentrated food additive consisting essentially of an acetate and an acid. 11. The concentrated food additive of claim 10, further produced by:
(c) adding untreated vinegar to the product of step (b) to produce the concentrated food additive in the form of a concentrated acetate-vinegar and acid dry powder or solution having a pH of about 4.5 to 5.7. 12. The concentrated food additive of claim 10, wherein the concentrated food additive is a concentrated buffering agent, or a concentrated antimicrobial food additive. 13. The concentrated food additive of claim 11, wherein the concentrated food additive is a concentrated buffering agent, or a concentrated antimicrobial food additive. 14. The concentrated food additive of claim 10, wherein the acetate is selected from the group consisting of: sodium acetate, potassium acetate, calcium acetate and magnesium acetate. 15. The concentrated food additive of claim 11, wherein the acetate is selected from the group consisting of: sodium acetate, potassium acetate, calcium acetate and magnesium acetate. 16. The concentrated food additive of claim 11, wherein the basic neutralizing agent is selected from the group consisting of: sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium carbonate or bicarbonate, a flour, a starch, a natural fiber, and combinations thereof. 17. The concentrated food additive of claim 15, wherein the basic neutralizing agent is selected from the group consisting of: sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium carbonate or bicarbonate, a flour, a starch, a natural fiber, and combinations thereof. 18. A method of reducing bacterial growth and retaining flavor in meat, poultry, or fish comprising injecting and/or massaging an effective amount of the concentrated food additive of claim 10 into the meat, poultry, or fish to reduce bacterial growth during storage of the meat, poultry, or fish. 19. A food product comprising an effective amount of the concentrated food additive according to claim 10, wherein the effective amount is effective to do one or more of increasing the usable life of the food product, increasing the shelf life of the food product, preventing or slowing the growth of one or more pathogenic microorganisms; and
preventing or slowing the growth of one or more food spoilage microorganisms as compared to the otherwise same food product under the otherwise same conditions except without the concentrated food additive. 20. The food product of claim 19, wherein the food product is a meat product, a fish product, a poultry product, or a ready-to-eat food product. | The present disclosure provides a concentrated and natural, vinegar-derived food additive, wherein the food additive is an antimicrobial food additive or buffering food additive, compositions comprising the vinegar-derived food additive, methods for making the vinegar-derived food additive. The concentrated food additive can have a high acid value. Food products and methods of making food products containing the vinegar-derived food additive are provided. The food products can be meat, poultry, or fish food products.1. A method of preparing a concentrated food additive comprising:
(a) treating vinegar with a basic neutralizing agent to partially neutralize the vinegar to a pH in the range of about 4.0 to about 5.5; and (b) evaporating water from and drying the product of step (a) to produce the concentrated food additive having an acetate and an acid. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
(c) adding untreated vinegar to the acetate of step (b) to produce the concentrated food additive in the form of an acetate-vinegar and acid dry powder or solution. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the concentrated food additive has a pH of about 4.5 to 5.7. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the concentrated food additive has a pH of about 4.5 to 5.7. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the basic neutralizing agent is selected from the group consisting of: sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium carbonate or bicarbonate, a flour, a starch, a natural fiber, and combinations thereof. 6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the basic neutralizing agent is selected from the group consisting of: sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium carbonate or bicarbonate, a flour, a starch, a natural fiber, and combinations thereof. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the acetate is selected from the group consisting of:
sodium acetate, potassium acetate, calcium acetate and magnesium acetate. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the acetate is selected from the group consisting of:
sodium acetate, potassium acetate, calcium acetate and magnesium acetate. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the concentrated food additive consists essentially of an acetate and an acid. 10. A concentrated food additive produced by:
(a) treating vinegar with a basic neutralizing agent to partially neutralize the vinegar to a pH in the range of about 4.0 to about 5.5; and (b) evaporating water from and drying the product of step (a) to produce the concentrated food additive consisting essentially of an acetate and an acid. 11. The concentrated food additive of claim 10, further produced by:
(c) adding untreated vinegar to the product of step (b) to produce the concentrated food additive in the form of a concentrated acetate-vinegar and acid dry powder or solution having a pH of about 4.5 to 5.7. 12. The concentrated food additive of claim 10, wherein the concentrated food additive is a concentrated buffering agent, or a concentrated antimicrobial food additive. 13. The concentrated food additive of claim 11, wherein the concentrated food additive is a concentrated buffering agent, or a concentrated antimicrobial food additive. 14. The concentrated food additive of claim 10, wherein the acetate is selected from the group consisting of: sodium acetate, potassium acetate, calcium acetate and magnesium acetate. 15. The concentrated food additive of claim 11, wherein the acetate is selected from the group consisting of: sodium acetate, potassium acetate, calcium acetate and magnesium acetate. 16. The concentrated food additive of claim 11, wherein the basic neutralizing agent is selected from the group consisting of: sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium carbonate or bicarbonate, a flour, a starch, a natural fiber, and combinations thereof. 17. The concentrated food additive of claim 15, wherein the basic neutralizing agent is selected from the group consisting of: sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium carbonate or bicarbonate, a flour, a starch, a natural fiber, and combinations thereof. 18. A method of reducing bacterial growth and retaining flavor in meat, poultry, or fish comprising injecting and/or massaging an effective amount of the concentrated food additive of claim 10 into the meat, poultry, or fish to reduce bacterial growth during storage of the meat, poultry, or fish. 19. A food product comprising an effective amount of the concentrated food additive according to claim 10, wherein the effective amount is effective to do one or more of increasing the usable life of the food product, increasing the shelf life of the food product, preventing or slowing the growth of one or more pathogenic microorganisms; and
preventing or slowing the growth of one or more food spoilage microorganisms as compared to the otherwise same food product under the otherwise same conditions except without the concentrated food additive. 20. The food product of claim 19, wherein the food product is a meat product, a fish product, a poultry product, or a ready-to-eat food product. | 1,700 |
3,270 | 14,566,738 | 1,725 | A fuel cell stack has a first end plate, a second end plate, and an internal current collecting plate. A first load is connected to the first end plate and the second end plate. A second load is connected to the first end plate and the internal current collecting plate. | 1. A fuel cell stack, comprising:
a first end plate; a second end plate; and
an internal current collecting plate arranged in the fuel cell stack between the first end plate and the second end plate, wherein a first load is connected to the first end plate and the second end plate, and a second load is connected to the first end plate and the internal current collecting plate. 2. The fuel cell stack of claim 1, wherein the first load and the second load are supplied two different voltages simultaneously. 3. The fuel cell stack of claim 2, wherein the first load operates at a high voltage, and the second load operates at a lower voltage. 4. The fuel cell stack of claim 1, wherein the fuel cell stack comprises hydrogen fuel cells. 5. The fuel cell stack of claim 4, wherein the hydrogen fuel cells comprise proton exchange membrane cells. 6. The fuel cell stack of claim 1, comprising an anode recycle loop configured to direct a flow of fuel exiting the fuel cell stack to a fuel source for reuse in the fuel cell stack. 7. The fuel cell stack of claim 1, wherein the internal current collecting plate is stainless steel gold-plated. 8. The fuel cell stack of claim 1, wherein the first load and the second load are components of an Unmanned Underwater Vehicle. 9. The fuel cell stack of claim 1, wherein the first load and the second load are components of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. 10. A method of powering multiple loads, comprising:
providing a fuel cell stack having a first end plate, a second endplate, and an internal current collecting plate arranged between the first end plate and the second endplate; connecting a first load to the first end plate and the second endplate; and connecting a second load to the first end plate and the internal current collecting plate. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first load and the second load operate at different voltages simultaneously 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the first load operates at a high voltage and the second load operates at a lower voltage. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the fuel cell stack comprises hydrogen fuel cells. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the first load and the second load are electrical components of an Unmanned Underwater Vehicle. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the first load and the second load are electrical components of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. | A fuel cell stack has a first end plate, a second end plate, and an internal current collecting plate. A first load is connected to the first end plate and the second end plate. A second load is connected to the first end plate and the internal current collecting plate.1. A fuel cell stack, comprising:
a first end plate; a second end plate; and
an internal current collecting plate arranged in the fuel cell stack between the first end plate and the second end plate, wherein a first load is connected to the first end plate and the second end plate, and a second load is connected to the first end plate and the internal current collecting plate. 2. The fuel cell stack of claim 1, wherein the first load and the second load are supplied two different voltages simultaneously. 3. The fuel cell stack of claim 2, wherein the first load operates at a high voltage, and the second load operates at a lower voltage. 4. The fuel cell stack of claim 1, wherein the fuel cell stack comprises hydrogen fuel cells. 5. The fuel cell stack of claim 4, wherein the hydrogen fuel cells comprise proton exchange membrane cells. 6. The fuel cell stack of claim 1, comprising an anode recycle loop configured to direct a flow of fuel exiting the fuel cell stack to a fuel source for reuse in the fuel cell stack. 7. The fuel cell stack of claim 1, wherein the internal current collecting plate is stainless steel gold-plated. 8. The fuel cell stack of claim 1, wherein the first load and the second load are components of an Unmanned Underwater Vehicle. 9. The fuel cell stack of claim 1, wherein the first load and the second load are components of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. 10. A method of powering multiple loads, comprising:
providing a fuel cell stack having a first end plate, a second endplate, and an internal current collecting plate arranged between the first end plate and the second endplate; connecting a first load to the first end plate and the second endplate; and connecting a second load to the first end plate and the internal current collecting plate. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first load and the second load operate at different voltages simultaneously 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the first load operates at a high voltage and the second load operates at a lower voltage. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the fuel cell stack comprises hydrogen fuel cells. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the first load and the second load are electrical components of an Unmanned Underwater Vehicle. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the first load and the second load are electrical components of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. | 1,700 |
3,271 | 14,945,165 | 1,744 | A building material for use in forming exterior surface coverings. According to a preferred embodiment, the building material consists of the combination of a paper material, bonding agent, and water. The building material can either be formed directly upon a substrate, such as a wall or ceiling, or otherwise formed as a sheet of material or molding that can thereafter be affixed to a given surface or substrate. The building materials can be customized to have a specific type of color, shape and texture, and can further be utilized in a wide variety of building applications. | 1-23. (canceled) 24. A process for forming an architectural building material comprising the steps:
a) mixing a bonding agent with a strained admixture, said bonding agent comprising white glue and a thickening agent wherein said thickening agent comprises corn starch and water such that the ratio or water to cornstarch is approximately 8:1 by weight, said strained admixture comprising paper and water present in a ratio of approximately 3:16 by weight; and wherein the ratio of strained admixture to bonding agent will range from 14:2 to 1.0:1.5, said bonding agent and admixture defining a material having a wet dough-like consistency; b) packaging said material produced in step a), said material being packaged such that said material retains said wet dough-like consistency; c) removing said material packaged in step b) and applying said material to a substrate, said substrate being selected from the group consisting of plywood, hardboard or drywall, said material being applied to said substrate whereas said material retains its wet dough-like consistency; d) drying said material applied to said substrate in step c); and e) applying a compound to said building material dried upon said substrate in step d) wherein said compound is operative to impart a property to said building material, said property being selected from the group consisting of heat resistance, waterproofing and durability for use of said substrate in flooring applications. 25. The method of claim 24 wherein in step a) said building material comprises 7 parts by weight of said strained admixture and 3.5 parts by weight of said bonding agent. 26. The method of claim 24 wherein said bonding agent comprises from 1 to 2 parts by weight of white glue and from 0.5 to 1.5 parts by weight of thickening agent. 27. The method of claim 24 wherein said bonding agent comprises 2.0 parts by weight of white glue and 1.5 parts by weight thickening agent. 28. The method of claim 24, wherein in step a) said process further comprises adding at least one additive selected from the group consisting of a flame retardant, gloss, acrylic, hardener, preservative, dye, scent, and combinations thereof to said combined strained admixture and said bonding agent. | A building material for use in forming exterior surface coverings. According to a preferred embodiment, the building material consists of the combination of a paper material, bonding agent, and water. The building material can either be formed directly upon a substrate, such as a wall or ceiling, or otherwise formed as a sheet of material or molding that can thereafter be affixed to a given surface or substrate. The building materials can be customized to have a specific type of color, shape and texture, and can further be utilized in a wide variety of building applications.1-23. (canceled) 24. A process for forming an architectural building material comprising the steps:
a) mixing a bonding agent with a strained admixture, said bonding agent comprising white glue and a thickening agent wherein said thickening agent comprises corn starch and water such that the ratio or water to cornstarch is approximately 8:1 by weight, said strained admixture comprising paper and water present in a ratio of approximately 3:16 by weight; and wherein the ratio of strained admixture to bonding agent will range from 14:2 to 1.0:1.5, said bonding agent and admixture defining a material having a wet dough-like consistency; b) packaging said material produced in step a), said material being packaged such that said material retains said wet dough-like consistency; c) removing said material packaged in step b) and applying said material to a substrate, said substrate being selected from the group consisting of plywood, hardboard or drywall, said material being applied to said substrate whereas said material retains its wet dough-like consistency; d) drying said material applied to said substrate in step c); and e) applying a compound to said building material dried upon said substrate in step d) wherein said compound is operative to impart a property to said building material, said property being selected from the group consisting of heat resistance, waterproofing and durability for use of said substrate in flooring applications. 25. The method of claim 24 wherein in step a) said building material comprises 7 parts by weight of said strained admixture and 3.5 parts by weight of said bonding agent. 26. The method of claim 24 wherein said bonding agent comprises from 1 to 2 parts by weight of white glue and from 0.5 to 1.5 parts by weight of thickening agent. 27. The method of claim 24 wherein said bonding agent comprises 2.0 parts by weight of white glue and 1.5 parts by weight thickening agent. 28. The method of claim 24, wherein in step a) said process further comprises adding at least one additive selected from the group consisting of a flame retardant, gloss, acrylic, hardener, preservative, dye, scent, and combinations thereof to said combined strained admixture and said bonding agent. | 1,700 |
3,272 | 14,615,888 | 1,793 | Methods for purifying steviol glycosides, including Rebaudioside X, are provided herein. Sweetener and sweetened containing Rebaudioside X are also provided herein. Methods of improving the flavor and/or temporal profile of sweetenable compositions, such as beverages, are also provided. | 1.-24. (canceled) 25. A beverage comprising Reb X having the following formula:
wherein Reb X is provided in mixture of steviol glycosides in the range of about 60% to about 99% by weight on a dry basis. 26. The beverage of claim 25,
wherein Reb X is present in a concentration from about 50 ppm to about 600 ppm. 27. The beverage of claim 25,
wherein Reb X is present in an effective amount to provide a sucrose equivalence of greater than about 10%. 28. The beverage of claim 25, further comprising at least one additional sweetener. 29. The beverage claim 25, further comprising at least one additive selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, poly-amino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, nucleotides, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts including organic acid salts and organic base salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants and flavoring ingredients, astringent compounds, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, flavonoids, alcohols, polymers and combinations thereof. 30. The beverage of claim 25, further comprising at least one functional ingredient selected from the group consisting of saponins, antioxidants, dietary fiber sources, fatty acids, vitamins, glucosamine, minerals, preservatives, hydration agents, probiotics, prebiotics, weight management agents, osteoporosis management agents, phytoestrogens, long chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohols, phytosterols and combinations thereof. 31.-35. (canceled) 36. A beverage comprising Reb X as the sole sweetener. 37.-39. (canceled) 40. A beverage comprising:
Reb X, wherein Reb X is provided in a mixture of steviol glycoside in the range of about 60% to about 99% by weight on a dry basis; at least one additive selected from the group consisting of polyols, amino acids, salts, carbohydrates, nucleotides, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts including organic acid salts and organic base salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants and flavoring ingredients, astringent compounds, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, flavonoids, alcohols, polymers and combinations thereof; and optionally at least one additional sweetener and/or at least one functional ingredient. 41. The beverage of claim 40, wherein the additive is a polyol. 42. The beverage of claim 41, wherein the polyol is erythritol. 43. The beverage of claim 42, wherein the weight ratio of Reb X to erythritol is from about 1:1 to about 1:800. 44. The beverage of claim 40, wherein Reb X is present in a concentration from about 1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm. 45. The beverage of claim 40, wherein the additive is an amino acid. 46. The beverage of claim 45, wherein the amino acid is present in a concentration from about 10 ppm to about 50,000 ppm and the Reb X is present in a concentration from about 1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm. 47. The beverage of claim 40, wherein the additive is a salt. 48. The beverage of claim 47, wherein the salt is present in an amount from about 25 ppm to about 25,000 ppm and the Reb X is present in a concentration from about 1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm. 49. A beverage comprising a sweetener composition, wherein the sweetener composition comprises Reb X and a compound selected from the group consisting of Reb A, Reb B, Reb D, NSF-02, Mogroside V, erythritol and combinations thereof,
wherein Reb X is provided in a mixture of steviol glycosides in the range of about 60% to about 99% by weight on a dry basis. 50. The beverage of claim 49, wherein the sweetener composition comprises Reb X and Reb A. 51. The beverage of claim 49, wherein the sweetener composition comprises Reb X and Reb B. 52. The beverage of claim 49, wherein the sweetener composition comprises Reb X and NSF-02. 53. The beverage of claim 49, wherein the sweetener composition comprises Reb X and Mogroside V. 54. The beverage of claim 49, wherein the sweetener composition comprises Reb X and erythritol. 55. The beverage of claim 49, wherein the sweetener composition comprises Reb X and Reb A. 56. The beverage of claim 49, wherein the sweetener composition comprises Reb X and Reb D. 57. The beverage of claim 49, wherein the sweetener composition comprises Reb X, Reb A and Reb D. 58. The beverage of claim 49, wherein the sweetener composition comprises Reb X, Reb B and Reb D. 59. The beverage of claim 49, wherein the pH of the beverage is from about 2.5 to about 4.2. | Methods for purifying steviol glycosides, including Rebaudioside X, are provided herein. Sweetener and sweetened containing Rebaudioside X are also provided herein. Methods of improving the flavor and/or temporal profile of sweetenable compositions, such as beverages, are also provided.1.-24. (canceled) 25. A beverage comprising Reb X having the following formula:
wherein Reb X is provided in mixture of steviol glycosides in the range of about 60% to about 99% by weight on a dry basis. 26. The beverage of claim 25,
wherein Reb X is present in a concentration from about 50 ppm to about 600 ppm. 27. The beverage of claim 25,
wherein Reb X is present in an effective amount to provide a sucrose equivalence of greater than about 10%. 28. The beverage of claim 25, further comprising at least one additional sweetener. 29. The beverage claim 25, further comprising at least one additive selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, poly-amino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, nucleotides, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts including organic acid salts and organic base salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants and flavoring ingredients, astringent compounds, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, flavonoids, alcohols, polymers and combinations thereof. 30. The beverage of claim 25, further comprising at least one functional ingredient selected from the group consisting of saponins, antioxidants, dietary fiber sources, fatty acids, vitamins, glucosamine, minerals, preservatives, hydration agents, probiotics, prebiotics, weight management agents, osteoporosis management agents, phytoestrogens, long chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohols, phytosterols and combinations thereof. 31.-35. (canceled) 36. A beverage comprising Reb X as the sole sweetener. 37.-39. (canceled) 40. A beverage comprising:
Reb X, wherein Reb X is provided in a mixture of steviol glycoside in the range of about 60% to about 99% by weight on a dry basis; at least one additive selected from the group consisting of polyols, amino acids, salts, carbohydrates, nucleotides, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts including organic acid salts and organic base salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants and flavoring ingredients, astringent compounds, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, flavonoids, alcohols, polymers and combinations thereof; and optionally at least one additional sweetener and/or at least one functional ingredient. 41. The beverage of claim 40, wherein the additive is a polyol. 42. The beverage of claim 41, wherein the polyol is erythritol. 43. The beverage of claim 42, wherein the weight ratio of Reb X to erythritol is from about 1:1 to about 1:800. 44. The beverage of claim 40, wherein Reb X is present in a concentration from about 1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm. 45. The beverage of claim 40, wherein the additive is an amino acid. 46. The beverage of claim 45, wherein the amino acid is present in a concentration from about 10 ppm to about 50,000 ppm and the Reb X is present in a concentration from about 1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm. 47. The beverage of claim 40, wherein the additive is a salt. 48. The beverage of claim 47, wherein the salt is present in an amount from about 25 ppm to about 25,000 ppm and the Reb X is present in a concentration from about 1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm. 49. A beverage comprising a sweetener composition, wherein the sweetener composition comprises Reb X and a compound selected from the group consisting of Reb A, Reb B, Reb D, NSF-02, Mogroside V, erythritol and combinations thereof,
wherein Reb X is provided in a mixture of steviol glycosides in the range of about 60% to about 99% by weight on a dry basis. 50. The beverage of claim 49, wherein the sweetener composition comprises Reb X and Reb A. 51. The beverage of claim 49, wherein the sweetener composition comprises Reb X and Reb B. 52. The beverage of claim 49, wherein the sweetener composition comprises Reb X and NSF-02. 53. The beverage of claim 49, wherein the sweetener composition comprises Reb X and Mogroside V. 54. The beverage of claim 49, wherein the sweetener composition comprises Reb X and erythritol. 55. The beverage of claim 49, wherein the sweetener composition comprises Reb X and Reb A. 56. The beverage of claim 49, wherein the sweetener composition comprises Reb X and Reb D. 57. The beverage of claim 49, wherein the sweetener composition comprises Reb X, Reb A and Reb D. 58. The beverage of claim 49, wherein the sweetener composition comprises Reb X, Reb B and Reb D. 59. The beverage of claim 49, wherein the pH of the beverage is from about 2.5 to about 4.2. | 1,700 |
3,273 | 13,046,162 | 1,793 | The present invention relates to treatment of milk and milk products such as waste-milk with an enhanced lactoperoxidase system. The enhanced lactoperoxidase system is activated by the addition of a hydrogen peroxide source and an oxidizable agent, such as a halide to the milk to inactivate the bacterial pathogens. The enhanced lactoperoxidase system may be used alone or in conjunction with pasteurization to reduce or eliminate the bacterial load in milk products. | 1. A milk product comprising a milk composition and LP system components, wherein the LP system components comprise lactoperoxidase, glucose oxidase, glucose and an oxidizable agent. 2. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the oxidizable agent is a halide. 3. The milk product of claim 2 wherein the halide is iodide. 4. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the oxidizable agent is thiocyanate. 5. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the milk composition is waste-milk. 6. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the milk composition is colostrum. 7. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the lactoperoxidase is naturally occurring in the milk. 8. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the LP system components further comprise exogenous peroxidases. 9. The milk product of claim 8 wherein the exogenous peroxidases comprise additional lactoperoxidase, horseradish peroxidase, fungal peroxidase or combinations thereof. 10. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the lactoperoxidase system components further comprise hydrogen peroxide, percarbonate, magnesium peroxide, other sources of hydrogen peroxide or combinations thereof. 11. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the amount of glucose added to the milk composition is between about 0.5 g per liter to about 10.0 grams per liter. 12. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the amount of glucose oxidase added to the milk composition is between about 0.01 grams per liter and about 0.1 grams per liter of a 10,000 GOD Units/gram glucose oxidase. 13. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the concentration of the oxidizable agent in the milk product is between about 0.1 ppm and about 10 ppm. 14. The milk product of claim 1 further comprising organic acids, their salts and combinations thereof. 15. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the milk product is pasteurized and the shelf-life of the milk product is greater than about 12 hours at 40° C. 16. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the milk product is pasteurized and the shelf-life of the milk product is greater than about 7 days at 4.5° C. 17. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the milk composition further comprises a milk-balancer. 18. The milk product of claim 17 further comprising nutritional supplements. 19. An LP system activation add pack for milk compositions, the add pack comprising glucose oxidase, glucose and an oxidizable agent wherein addition of the components of the add pack inactivate the bacterial pathogens in the milk composition by activating the LP system. 20. The LP system of claim 19 further comprising lactoperoxidase, horseradish peroxidase, fungal peroxidase, other peroxidases or combinations thereof. 21. The LP system of claim 19 wherein the oxidizable agent is a halide. 22. The LP system of claim 21 wherein the oxidizable agent is iodide. 23. The LP system of claim 19 further comprising hydrogen peroxide, percarbonate, magnesium peroxide or combinations thereof. 24. A method of treating a milk composition comprising activating an enhanced lactoperoxidase system by adding lactoperoxidase system components comprising glucose oxidase, glucose and an oxidizable agent. 25. The method of claim 24 wherein the milk composition is waste-milk. 26. The method of claim 24 wherein the milk composition is colostrum. 27. The method of claim 24 wherein the oxidizable agent is a halide. 28. The method of claim 27 wherein the halide is iodide. 29. The method of claim 24 wherein the oxidizable agent is thiocyanate. 30. The method of claim 24 wherein lactoperoxidase is naturally occurring in the milk. 31. The method of claim 24 further comprising adding exogenous peroxidases in addition to the naturally occurring lactoperoxidase in the milk composition. 32. The method of claim 31 the peroxidases are selected from the group of additional lactoperoxidase, horseradish peroxidase, fungal peroxidase or combinations thereof. 33. The method of claim 24 further comprising addition of hydrogen peroxide, percarbonate, magnesium peroxide, other sources of hydrogen peroxide or combinations thereof. 34. The method of claim 24 wherein the amount of glucose added to the milk composition is between about 0.5 g per liter to about 10.0 grams per liter. 35. The method of claim 24 wherein the amount of glucose oxidase added to treat the milk composition is between about 0.01 grams per liter and about 0.1 grams per liter of a 10,000 GOD Units/gram glucose oxidase. 36. The method of claim 24 wherein the concentration of the oxidizable agent added is between about 0.1 ppm and about 10 ppm. 37. The method of claim 24 further comprising organic acids, their salts and combinations thereof. 38. The method of claim 24 wherein the milk composition is pasteurized and the shelf-life of the milk product is greater than about 12 hours at 40° C. 39. The method of claim 24 wherein the milk composition is pasteurized and the shelf-life of the milk product is greater than about 7 days at 4.5° C. 40. The method of claim 24 wherein activation of the lactoperoxidase system inactivates pathogens. 41. The method of claim 40 wherein the pathogens are E. coli, Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP), Mycoplasma bovis and combinations thereof. 42. The method of claim 24 wherein the activation of the lactoperoxidase system reduces the number of pathogens at least about 2-fold. 43. The method of claim 24 wherein the milk composition further comprises a milk-balancer product. 44. The method of claim 43 the milk balancer product comprises nutritional supplements. 45. A method of feeding calves comprising providing a milk composition treated with an enhanced lactoperoxidase system, wherein the treatment comprises activation of an enhanced lactoperoxidase system by addition of enhanced lactoperoxidase system components comprising glucose oxidase, glucose and an oxidizable agent. 46. The method of claim 45 wherein the milk composition is waste-milk. 47. The method of claim 45 wherein the milk composition is colostrum. 48. The method of claim 45 wherein the oxidizable agent is a halide. 49. The method of claim 45 wherein the halide is iodide. 50. The method of claim 45 wherein lactoperoxidase is naturally occurring in the milk composition. 51. The method of claim 45 further comprising adding exogenous peroxidases in addition to the naturally occurring lactoperoxidase in the milk composition. 52. The method of claim 51 wherein the peroxidases are selected from the group of additional lactoperoxidase, horseradish peroxidase, fungal peroxidase or combinations thereof. 53. The method of claim 45 further comprising addition of hydrogen peroxide, percarbonate, magnesium peroxide, other sources of hydrogen peroxide or combinations thereof. 54. The method of claim 45 wherein the milk composition further comprises a milk balancer product. 55. The method of claim 54 wherein the milk balancer product comprises nutritional supplements. 56. A method of reducing the spread of Johne's disease in animals comprising feeding the animals milk products treated with an enhanced lactoperoxidase system wherein the treatment comprises addition of components needed to activate the lactoperoxidase system, the components comprising glucose, glucose oxidase and a halide. 57. The method of claim 56 wherein the milk product is waste-milk. 58. The method of claim 56 wherein the oxidizable agent is a halide. 59. The method of claim 58 wherein the halide is iodide. 60. The method of claim 56 wherein the oxidizable agent is thiocyanate. 61. The method of claim 56 wherein the lactoperoxidase is naturally occurring in the milk. 62. The method of claim 56 further comprising adding exogenous peroxidases in addition to the naturally occurring lactoperoxidase in the milk composition. 63. The method of claim 62 the peroxidases are selected from the group of additional lactoperoxidase, horseradish peroxidase, fungal peroxidase or combinations thereof. 64. The method of claim 56 further comprising addition of hydrogen peroxide, percarbonate, magnesium peroxide, other sources of hydrogen peroxide or combinations thereof. 65. The method of claim 56 wherein the amount of glucose added to the milk composition is between about 0.5 g per liter to about 10.0 grams per liter. 66. The method of claim 56 wherein the amount of glucose oxidase added to treat the milk composition is between about 0.01 grams per liter and about 0.1 grams per liter of a 10,000 GOD Units/gram glucose oxidase. 67. The method of claim 56 wherein the concentration of the oxidizable agent added is between about 0.1 ppm and about 10 ppm. 68. The method of claim 56 further comprising organic acids, their salts or combinations thereof. 69. The method of claim 56 wherein the lactoperoxidase system inactivates Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP). | The present invention relates to treatment of milk and milk products such as waste-milk with an enhanced lactoperoxidase system. The enhanced lactoperoxidase system is activated by the addition of a hydrogen peroxide source and an oxidizable agent, such as a halide to the milk to inactivate the bacterial pathogens. The enhanced lactoperoxidase system may be used alone or in conjunction with pasteurization to reduce or eliminate the bacterial load in milk products.1. A milk product comprising a milk composition and LP system components, wherein the LP system components comprise lactoperoxidase, glucose oxidase, glucose and an oxidizable agent. 2. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the oxidizable agent is a halide. 3. The milk product of claim 2 wherein the halide is iodide. 4. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the oxidizable agent is thiocyanate. 5. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the milk composition is waste-milk. 6. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the milk composition is colostrum. 7. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the lactoperoxidase is naturally occurring in the milk. 8. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the LP system components further comprise exogenous peroxidases. 9. The milk product of claim 8 wherein the exogenous peroxidases comprise additional lactoperoxidase, horseradish peroxidase, fungal peroxidase or combinations thereof. 10. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the lactoperoxidase system components further comprise hydrogen peroxide, percarbonate, magnesium peroxide, other sources of hydrogen peroxide or combinations thereof. 11. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the amount of glucose added to the milk composition is between about 0.5 g per liter to about 10.0 grams per liter. 12. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the amount of glucose oxidase added to the milk composition is between about 0.01 grams per liter and about 0.1 grams per liter of a 10,000 GOD Units/gram glucose oxidase. 13. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the concentration of the oxidizable agent in the milk product is between about 0.1 ppm and about 10 ppm. 14. The milk product of claim 1 further comprising organic acids, their salts and combinations thereof. 15. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the milk product is pasteurized and the shelf-life of the milk product is greater than about 12 hours at 40° C. 16. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the milk product is pasteurized and the shelf-life of the milk product is greater than about 7 days at 4.5° C. 17. The milk product of claim 1 wherein the milk composition further comprises a milk-balancer. 18. The milk product of claim 17 further comprising nutritional supplements. 19. An LP system activation add pack for milk compositions, the add pack comprising glucose oxidase, glucose and an oxidizable agent wherein addition of the components of the add pack inactivate the bacterial pathogens in the milk composition by activating the LP system. 20. The LP system of claim 19 further comprising lactoperoxidase, horseradish peroxidase, fungal peroxidase, other peroxidases or combinations thereof. 21. The LP system of claim 19 wherein the oxidizable agent is a halide. 22. The LP system of claim 21 wherein the oxidizable agent is iodide. 23. The LP system of claim 19 further comprising hydrogen peroxide, percarbonate, magnesium peroxide or combinations thereof. 24. A method of treating a milk composition comprising activating an enhanced lactoperoxidase system by adding lactoperoxidase system components comprising glucose oxidase, glucose and an oxidizable agent. 25. The method of claim 24 wherein the milk composition is waste-milk. 26. The method of claim 24 wherein the milk composition is colostrum. 27. The method of claim 24 wherein the oxidizable agent is a halide. 28. The method of claim 27 wherein the halide is iodide. 29. The method of claim 24 wherein the oxidizable agent is thiocyanate. 30. The method of claim 24 wherein lactoperoxidase is naturally occurring in the milk. 31. The method of claim 24 further comprising adding exogenous peroxidases in addition to the naturally occurring lactoperoxidase in the milk composition. 32. The method of claim 31 the peroxidases are selected from the group of additional lactoperoxidase, horseradish peroxidase, fungal peroxidase or combinations thereof. 33. The method of claim 24 further comprising addition of hydrogen peroxide, percarbonate, magnesium peroxide, other sources of hydrogen peroxide or combinations thereof. 34. The method of claim 24 wherein the amount of glucose added to the milk composition is between about 0.5 g per liter to about 10.0 grams per liter. 35. The method of claim 24 wherein the amount of glucose oxidase added to treat the milk composition is between about 0.01 grams per liter and about 0.1 grams per liter of a 10,000 GOD Units/gram glucose oxidase. 36. The method of claim 24 wherein the concentration of the oxidizable agent added is between about 0.1 ppm and about 10 ppm. 37. The method of claim 24 further comprising organic acids, their salts and combinations thereof. 38. The method of claim 24 wherein the milk composition is pasteurized and the shelf-life of the milk product is greater than about 12 hours at 40° C. 39. The method of claim 24 wherein the milk composition is pasteurized and the shelf-life of the milk product is greater than about 7 days at 4.5° C. 40. The method of claim 24 wherein activation of the lactoperoxidase system inactivates pathogens. 41. The method of claim 40 wherein the pathogens are E. coli, Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP), Mycoplasma bovis and combinations thereof. 42. The method of claim 24 wherein the activation of the lactoperoxidase system reduces the number of pathogens at least about 2-fold. 43. The method of claim 24 wherein the milk composition further comprises a milk-balancer product. 44. The method of claim 43 the milk balancer product comprises nutritional supplements. 45. A method of feeding calves comprising providing a milk composition treated with an enhanced lactoperoxidase system, wherein the treatment comprises activation of an enhanced lactoperoxidase system by addition of enhanced lactoperoxidase system components comprising glucose oxidase, glucose and an oxidizable agent. 46. The method of claim 45 wherein the milk composition is waste-milk. 47. The method of claim 45 wherein the milk composition is colostrum. 48. The method of claim 45 wherein the oxidizable agent is a halide. 49. The method of claim 45 wherein the halide is iodide. 50. The method of claim 45 wherein lactoperoxidase is naturally occurring in the milk composition. 51. The method of claim 45 further comprising adding exogenous peroxidases in addition to the naturally occurring lactoperoxidase in the milk composition. 52. The method of claim 51 wherein the peroxidases are selected from the group of additional lactoperoxidase, horseradish peroxidase, fungal peroxidase or combinations thereof. 53. The method of claim 45 further comprising addition of hydrogen peroxide, percarbonate, magnesium peroxide, other sources of hydrogen peroxide or combinations thereof. 54. The method of claim 45 wherein the milk composition further comprises a milk balancer product. 55. The method of claim 54 wherein the milk balancer product comprises nutritional supplements. 56. A method of reducing the spread of Johne's disease in animals comprising feeding the animals milk products treated with an enhanced lactoperoxidase system wherein the treatment comprises addition of components needed to activate the lactoperoxidase system, the components comprising glucose, glucose oxidase and a halide. 57. The method of claim 56 wherein the milk product is waste-milk. 58. The method of claim 56 wherein the oxidizable agent is a halide. 59. The method of claim 58 wherein the halide is iodide. 60. The method of claim 56 wherein the oxidizable agent is thiocyanate. 61. The method of claim 56 wherein the lactoperoxidase is naturally occurring in the milk. 62. The method of claim 56 further comprising adding exogenous peroxidases in addition to the naturally occurring lactoperoxidase in the milk composition. 63. The method of claim 62 the peroxidases are selected from the group of additional lactoperoxidase, horseradish peroxidase, fungal peroxidase or combinations thereof. 64. The method of claim 56 further comprising addition of hydrogen peroxide, percarbonate, magnesium peroxide, other sources of hydrogen peroxide or combinations thereof. 65. The method of claim 56 wherein the amount of glucose added to the milk composition is between about 0.5 g per liter to about 10.0 grams per liter. 66. The method of claim 56 wherein the amount of glucose oxidase added to treat the milk composition is between about 0.01 grams per liter and about 0.1 grams per liter of a 10,000 GOD Units/gram glucose oxidase. 67. The method of claim 56 wherein the concentration of the oxidizable agent added is between about 0.1 ppm and about 10 ppm. 68. The method of claim 56 further comprising organic acids, their salts or combinations thereof. 69. The method of claim 56 wherein the lactoperoxidase system inactivates Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP). | 1,700 |
3,274 | 13,990,699 | 1,793 | A process for producing noodle strips in which a dough sheet is slit into noodle strips using a rotary slitting device comprising at least a pair of cutting blade rolls, scraping members and air flow supply means. The dough sheet is passed through the cutting blade rolls, to thereby slit the dough sheet into noodle strips; the noodle strips are peeled off from the cutting blade rolls using the scraping members, to thereby separate into upper and lower noodle strip bundles; and air flow is supplied to the slit noodle strips from the air flow supply means. There is provided a process capable of stably realizing generally straight noodle strips with no strong longitudinal waves even in a mass production line. | 1. A process for producing noodle strips in which a dough sheet is slit into noodle strips using a rotary slitting device comprising at least a pair of cutting blade rolls, scraping members and air flow supply means, the process comprising at least the steps of:
passing the dough sheet through the cutting blade roll, to thereby slit the dough sheet into noodle strips; peeling the noodle strips off from the cutting blade rolls using the scraping members, to thereby separate into upper and lower noodle strip bundles; and supplying air flow to the slit noodle strips from the air flow supply means. 2. The process for producing noodle strips according to claim 1, wherein the air flow is air flow which acts in a direction of pushing out the noodle strips toward a running direction of the noodle strips. 3. The process for producing noodle strips according to claim 1, wherein the air flow supply means supplies the air flow between the lower noodle strips and the upper noodle strips. 4. The process for producing noodle strips according to claim 1, wherein the air flow, which is supplied to the noodle strips from the air flow supply means, is flow with directionality. 5. The process for producing noodle strips according to claim 1, wherein the air flow supply means includes a hollow columnar or hollow prismatic tubular member. 6. The process for producing noodle strips according to claim 1, wherein the air flow supply means is provided with a plurality of air flow discharge ports. 7. The process for producing noodle strips according to claim 6, wherein the air flow discharge port has a polygonal slit, circular or oval shape. 8. The process for producing noodle strips according to claim 1, wherein the air flow supply means is arranged between upper and lower cutting blade rolls, and air flow from the air flow supply means is supplied between the upper and lower noodle strip bundles peeled off by scraping members. 9. The process for producing noodle strips according to claim 1, wherein the air flow supply means is arranged between a pair of cutting blade rolls, and also air flow is supplied to the position, where the air flow is directly supplied to each of the upper and lower noodle strip bundles, from the air flow supply means. 10. A process for producing noodle strips in which a dough sheet is slit into noodle strips using a rotary slitting device comprising at least a pair of cutting blade rolls, scraping members and air flow supply means, the process comprising at least the steps of:
passing the dough sheet through the cutting blade rolls, to thereby slit the dough sheet into noodle strips; peeling the noodle strips off from the cutting blade rolls using the scraping member, to thereby separate into upper and lower noodle strip bundles; supplying air flow to the slit noodle strips from the air flow supply means, to thereby form a generally flat noodle strip bundle without substantially forming a longitudinal waves in the noodle strips; and pre-gelatinizing the noodle strips, followed by drying. 11. The process for producing instant dried noodles according to claim 10, wherein the generally flat noodle strip bundle is formed by gathering the noodle strips moved irregularly. 12. The process for producing instant dried noodles according to claim 11, wherein generally irregular movement of the noodle strip bundle gives an annular, transverse wave-shaped and/or zigzag-shaped orbit. 13. The process for producing instant dried noodles according to claim 10, wherein a steamer using steam is used as the pre-gelatinization means. 14. Noodle strips for instant dried noodles produced by slitting a dough sheet into noodle strips using a rotary slitting device comprising at least a pair of cutting blade rolls, scraping members and air flow supply means,
wherein the slit noodle strips has “sticking degree” of 35% or less. | A process for producing noodle strips in which a dough sheet is slit into noodle strips using a rotary slitting device comprising at least a pair of cutting blade rolls, scraping members and air flow supply means. The dough sheet is passed through the cutting blade rolls, to thereby slit the dough sheet into noodle strips; the noodle strips are peeled off from the cutting blade rolls using the scraping members, to thereby separate into upper and lower noodle strip bundles; and air flow is supplied to the slit noodle strips from the air flow supply means. There is provided a process capable of stably realizing generally straight noodle strips with no strong longitudinal waves even in a mass production line.1. A process for producing noodle strips in which a dough sheet is slit into noodle strips using a rotary slitting device comprising at least a pair of cutting blade rolls, scraping members and air flow supply means, the process comprising at least the steps of:
passing the dough sheet through the cutting blade roll, to thereby slit the dough sheet into noodle strips; peeling the noodle strips off from the cutting blade rolls using the scraping members, to thereby separate into upper and lower noodle strip bundles; and supplying air flow to the slit noodle strips from the air flow supply means. 2. The process for producing noodle strips according to claim 1, wherein the air flow is air flow which acts in a direction of pushing out the noodle strips toward a running direction of the noodle strips. 3. The process for producing noodle strips according to claim 1, wherein the air flow supply means supplies the air flow between the lower noodle strips and the upper noodle strips. 4. The process for producing noodle strips according to claim 1, wherein the air flow, which is supplied to the noodle strips from the air flow supply means, is flow with directionality. 5. The process for producing noodle strips according to claim 1, wherein the air flow supply means includes a hollow columnar or hollow prismatic tubular member. 6. The process for producing noodle strips according to claim 1, wherein the air flow supply means is provided with a plurality of air flow discharge ports. 7. The process for producing noodle strips according to claim 6, wherein the air flow discharge port has a polygonal slit, circular or oval shape. 8. The process for producing noodle strips according to claim 1, wherein the air flow supply means is arranged between upper and lower cutting blade rolls, and air flow from the air flow supply means is supplied between the upper and lower noodle strip bundles peeled off by scraping members. 9. The process for producing noodle strips according to claim 1, wherein the air flow supply means is arranged between a pair of cutting blade rolls, and also air flow is supplied to the position, where the air flow is directly supplied to each of the upper and lower noodle strip bundles, from the air flow supply means. 10. A process for producing noodle strips in which a dough sheet is slit into noodle strips using a rotary slitting device comprising at least a pair of cutting blade rolls, scraping members and air flow supply means, the process comprising at least the steps of:
passing the dough sheet through the cutting blade rolls, to thereby slit the dough sheet into noodle strips; peeling the noodle strips off from the cutting blade rolls using the scraping member, to thereby separate into upper and lower noodle strip bundles; supplying air flow to the slit noodle strips from the air flow supply means, to thereby form a generally flat noodle strip bundle without substantially forming a longitudinal waves in the noodle strips; and pre-gelatinizing the noodle strips, followed by drying. 11. The process for producing instant dried noodles according to claim 10, wherein the generally flat noodle strip bundle is formed by gathering the noodle strips moved irregularly. 12. The process for producing instant dried noodles according to claim 11, wherein generally irregular movement of the noodle strip bundle gives an annular, transverse wave-shaped and/or zigzag-shaped orbit. 13. The process for producing instant dried noodles according to claim 10, wherein a steamer using steam is used as the pre-gelatinization means. 14. Noodle strips for instant dried noodles produced by slitting a dough sheet into noodle strips using a rotary slitting device comprising at least a pair of cutting blade rolls, scraping members and air flow supply means,
wherein the slit noodle strips has “sticking degree” of 35% or less. | 1,700 |
3,275 | 13,777,374 | 1,761 | Metal complexes adapted to form metallic conductive films upon deposition and treatment. The complexes can have a high concentration of metal and can be soluble in polar protic solvent including ethanol and water. The metal complex can be a covalent complex and can comprise a first and second ligand. Low temperature treatment can be used to convert the complex to a metal. The metallic conductive film can have low resistivity and work function close to pure metal. Coinage metals can be used (e.g., Ag). The ligands can be dative bonding ligands including amines and carboxylate ligands. The ligands can be adapted to volatilize well. High yields of metal can be achieve with high conductivity. | 1. A composition, comprising:
at least one metal complex comprising at least one metal and at least one first ligand and one second ligand, wherein the first ligand is a sigma donor to the metal and volatilizes upon heating the metal complex, wherein the second ligand is different from the first ligand and also volatilizes upon heating the metal complex; and wherein the metal complex has a solubility at 25° C. of at least 100 mg/ml in at least one polar protic solvent. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal complex has a solubility at 25° C. of at least 250 mg/ml in at least one polar protic solvent. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal complex has a solubility at 25° C. of at least 500 mg/ml in at least one polar protic solvent. 4. The composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one polar protic solvent. 5. The composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one polar protic solvent, and wherein the polar protic solvent is water, ethanol, amine or PEG. 6. The composition of claim 1, further comprising at least two polar protic solvents mixed together, wherein one of the polar protic solvents is PEG. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal complex comprises only one metal. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal is in an oxidation state of (I) or (II). 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal is silver, gold, copper, platinum or ruthenium. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal is silver. 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first ligand is a monodentate ligand, a bidentate ligand, or a tridentate ligand. 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first ligand comprises at least two amine groups. 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first ligand comprises at least two unsubstituted amine groups. 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first ligand comprises at least two amines groups, wherein at least one amine group is substituted with a polar group or a linear alkane. 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first ligand is ethylenediamine. 16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first ligand volatizes upon heating at a temperature of 200° C. or less. 17. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first ligand volatizes upon heating at a temperature of 150° C. or less. 18. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second ligand is a carboxylate. 19. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second ligand is a carboxylate comprising a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group. 20. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second ligand is a carboxylate represented by —O—C(O)—R, wherein R is an alkyl group having 5 carbon atoms or less. 21. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second ligand is acetate or isobutyrate. 22. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second ligand volatizes upon heating at a temperature of 200° C. or less. 23. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second ligand volatizes upon heating at a temperature of 150° C. or less. 24. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal is silver, the first ligand comprises at least two unsubstituted amine groups, and the second ligand is a carboxylate. 25. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal complex consist essentially of the metal, the first ligand, and the second ligand. 26. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal complex is 27. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a sharp decomposition transition beginning at a temperature of 200° C. or less. 28. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a sharp decomposition transition beginning at a temperature of 150° C. or less. 29. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is substantially free of nanoparticles. 30. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition can be stored at 25° C. for at least 100 hours without substantial deposition of metal (O). 31. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises at least two metal complexes each comprising a different metal, wherein the at least two metal complexes are adapted to form a metal alloy upon heating. 32. A composition, comprising:
at least one metal complex comprising at least one metal and at least one first ligand and one second ligand, wherein the first ligand is a sigma donor to the metal and volatilizes upon heating the metal complex, wherein the second ligand is different from the first ligand and also volatilizes upon heating the metal complex, and wherein the metal complex is represented by formula (I):
wherein:
R1 is an optionally substituted alkyl group,
R2 is an optionally substituted alkylene group that, together with the Ag and the two amine groups, forms a 4-member, 5-member or 6-member ring, and
R3, R4, R5 and R6 are each independently a hydrogen or a polar-terminated alkyl group. 33. The composition of claim 32, wherein R1 is linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group with 5 carbon atoms or less. 34. The composition of claim 32, wherein R1 is substituted with at least one heteroatom. 35. The composition of claim 32, wherein R2 is a linear or branched alkylene group with 5 carbon atoms or less. 36. The composition of claim 32, wherein R2 is substituted with at least one heteroatom. 37. The composition of claim 32, wherein R3, R4, R5 and R6 are each hydrogen. 38. The composition of claim 32, wherein at least one of R3, R4, R5 and R6 is a polar-terminated alkyl group. 39. The composition of claim 32, wherein R1 is methyl or isopropyl, R2 is —CH2—CH2— or
and R3, R4, R5 and R6 are each hydrogen. 40. The composition of claim 32, further comprising at least one polar protic solvent. 41. The composition of claim 32, further comprising at least one polar protic solvent, and wherein the metal complex has a solubility of at least 250 mg/ml in the polar protic solvent. 42. A method comprising: depositing an ink on a substrate, wherein the ink comprises a composition according to claims 1-41, and
reducing the composition to produce a metallic conductive film. 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the substrate is an organic substrate, and wherein the ink does not react with the organic substrate. 44. The method of claim 42, wherein the depositing step is carried out by inkjet deposition. 45. The method of claim 42, wherein the ink is substantially free of nanoparticles before deposition. 46. The method of claim 42, wherein the ink is substantially free of nanoparticles after deposition. 47. The method of claim 42, wherein the reducing step is carried out by heating. 48. The method of claim 42, wherein the reducing step is carried out by irradiating. 49. The method of claim 42, wherein the reducing step is carried out at room temperature with a reactive gas. 50. The method of claim 42, wherein the reducing step is carried out by heating at a temperature of 250° C. or less, 200° C. or less, or 150° C. or less. 51. The method of claim 42, wherein the metallic conductive film is in the form of a line, with a conductivity of at least 1,000 S/m, at least 10,000 S/m, or at least 100,000 S/m. 52. The method of claim 42, wherein the metallic conductive film is in the form of a line, and the difference between the work function of the metallic conductive film and the work function of the native metal is less than 25%, less than 10%, or less than 5%. 53. The method of claim 42, wherein the metallic conductive film is in the form of a metal grid comprising repetitively patterned structures forming a grid-like network of vertex-shared polygons and polygon-like structures with a varying number of vertices. 54. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal complex is represented by formula (II):
wherein n is an integer of 1 or more, R is H or linear alkane, and R′ is branched, linear or cyclic alkane; wherein the composition further comprises at least one polar protic solvent; and wherein the silver complex has a solubility of at least 250 mg/ml in said polar protic solvent at 25° C. 55. A composition, comprising:
at least one metal complex comprising at least one metal and at least one first ligand and one second ligand, wherein the first ligand is a sigma donor to the metal and volatilizes upon heating the metal complex, and wherein the first ligand is not ammonia, and wherein the second ligand is different from the first ligand and also volatilizes upon heating the metal complex; and wherein the metal complex has a solubility at 25° C. of at least 100 mg/ml in at least one polar protic solvent. 56. A composition comprising at least one composition comprising: (i) at least one metal complex comprising at least one metal and at least one first ligand and one second ligand, wherein the first ligand is a sigma donor to the metal and volatilizes upon heating the metal complex, wherein the second ligand is different from the first ligand and also volatilizes upon heating the metal complex; (ii) at least one solvent, wherein the solvent is a polar protic solvent. 57. The composition according to claim 56, wherein the polar protic solvent is an amine compound. 58. A method of making a composition, the composition comprising:
at least one metal complex comprising at least one metal and at least one first ligand and one second ligand, wherein the first ligand is a sigma donor to the metal and volatilizes upon heating the metal complex, wherein the second ligand is different from the first ligand and also volatilizes upon heating the metal complex; and wherein the metal complex has a solubility at 25° C. of at least 100 mg/ml in at least one polar protic solvent, the method comprising reacting a metal complex comprising the metal and the second ligand with the first ligand. 59. A method according to claim 42, wherein the reducing step comprises at least two heating steps, including a first heating step and a second heating step, wherein the first heating step is carried out at a first temperature and the second heating step is carried out at a second temperature, and wherein the first temperature is lower than the second temperature. 60. The method of claim 59, wherein the first temperature is a fixed temperature or a range of temperature, and wherein the second temperature is a fixed temperature or a range of temperature. 61. The method of claim 59, wherein the first temperature is a fixed temperature, and wherein the second temperature is a fixed temperature. 62. The method of claim 59, wherein the method also comprises a third heating step at a third temperature. 63. The method of claim 59, wherein the method consists essentially of only the first and second heating steps. 64. The method of claim 59, wherein the first temperature is about 75° C. to about 200° C. 65. The method of claim 59, wherein the first temperature is about 100° C. to about 160° C. 66. The method of claim 59, wherein the second temperature is about 200° C. to about 400° C. 67. The method of claim 59, wherein the second temperature is about 250° C. to about 350° C. 68. The method of claim 59, wherein the first temperature is about 100° C. to about 160° C., and wherein the second temperature is about 250° C. to about 350° C. 69. The method of claim 59, wherein the first heating step is carried out with a first heating time and the second heating step is carried out with a second heating time, and wherein the first heating time is longer than the second heating time. 70. The method of claim 59, wherein the first heating step is carried out with a first heating time and the second heating step is carried out with a second heating time, and wherein the first heating time is about 3 minutes to about 20 minutes, and wherein the second heating time is about 30 seconds to about 2 minutes. 71. The method according to claim 42, wherein the reducing step comprises a first heating step in which the temperature and the time of the heating step is adapted to dry the ink but not to produce a full conversion to a final metallic conductive film. 72. A method comprising: depositing an ink on a substrate, wherein the ink comprises at least one metal complex comprising at least one metal and at least one first ligand and one second ligand, wherein the first ligand is a sigma donor to the metal and volatilizes upon heating the metal complex, wherein the second ligand is different from the first ligand and also volatilizes upon heating the metal complex; and
reducing the composition to produce a metallic conductive film, wherein the reducing step comprises at least two heating steps, including a first heating step and a second heating step, wherein the first heating step is carried out at a first temperature and the second heating step is carried out at a second temperature, and wherein the first temperature is lower than the second temperature. | Metal complexes adapted to form metallic conductive films upon deposition and treatment. The complexes can have a high concentration of metal and can be soluble in polar protic solvent including ethanol and water. The metal complex can be a covalent complex and can comprise a first and second ligand. Low temperature treatment can be used to convert the complex to a metal. The metallic conductive film can have low resistivity and work function close to pure metal. Coinage metals can be used (e.g., Ag). The ligands can be dative bonding ligands including amines and carboxylate ligands. The ligands can be adapted to volatilize well. High yields of metal can be achieve with high conductivity.1. A composition, comprising:
at least one metal complex comprising at least one metal and at least one first ligand and one second ligand, wherein the first ligand is a sigma donor to the metal and volatilizes upon heating the metal complex, wherein the second ligand is different from the first ligand and also volatilizes upon heating the metal complex; and wherein the metal complex has a solubility at 25° C. of at least 100 mg/ml in at least one polar protic solvent. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal complex has a solubility at 25° C. of at least 250 mg/ml in at least one polar protic solvent. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal complex has a solubility at 25° C. of at least 500 mg/ml in at least one polar protic solvent. 4. The composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one polar protic solvent. 5. The composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one polar protic solvent, and wherein the polar protic solvent is water, ethanol, amine or PEG. 6. The composition of claim 1, further comprising at least two polar protic solvents mixed together, wherein one of the polar protic solvents is PEG. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal complex comprises only one metal. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal is in an oxidation state of (I) or (II). 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal is silver, gold, copper, platinum or ruthenium. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal is silver. 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first ligand is a monodentate ligand, a bidentate ligand, or a tridentate ligand. 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first ligand comprises at least two amine groups. 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first ligand comprises at least two unsubstituted amine groups. 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first ligand comprises at least two amines groups, wherein at least one amine group is substituted with a polar group or a linear alkane. 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first ligand is ethylenediamine. 16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first ligand volatizes upon heating at a temperature of 200° C. or less. 17. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first ligand volatizes upon heating at a temperature of 150° C. or less. 18. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second ligand is a carboxylate. 19. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second ligand is a carboxylate comprising a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group. 20. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second ligand is a carboxylate represented by —O—C(O)—R, wherein R is an alkyl group having 5 carbon atoms or less. 21. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second ligand is acetate or isobutyrate. 22. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second ligand volatizes upon heating at a temperature of 200° C. or less. 23. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second ligand volatizes upon heating at a temperature of 150° C. or less. 24. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal is silver, the first ligand comprises at least two unsubstituted amine groups, and the second ligand is a carboxylate. 25. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal complex consist essentially of the metal, the first ligand, and the second ligand. 26. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal complex is 27. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a sharp decomposition transition beginning at a temperature of 200° C. or less. 28. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a sharp decomposition transition beginning at a temperature of 150° C. or less. 29. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is substantially free of nanoparticles. 30. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition can be stored at 25° C. for at least 100 hours without substantial deposition of metal (O). 31. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises at least two metal complexes each comprising a different metal, wherein the at least two metal complexes are adapted to form a metal alloy upon heating. 32. A composition, comprising:
at least one metal complex comprising at least one metal and at least one first ligand and one second ligand, wherein the first ligand is a sigma donor to the metal and volatilizes upon heating the metal complex, wherein the second ligand is different from the first ligand and also volatilizes upon heating the metal complex, and wherein the metal complex is represented by formula (I):
wherein:
R1 is an optionally substituted alkyl group,
R2 is an optionally substituted alkylene group that, together with the Ag and the two amine groups, forms a 4-member, 5-member or 6-member ring, and
R3, R4, R5 and R6 are each independently a hydrogen or a polar-terminated alkyl group. 33. The composition of claim 32, wherein R1 is linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group with 5 carbon atoms or less. 34. The composition of claim 32, wherein R1 is substituted with at least one heteroatom. 35. The composition of claim 32, wherein R2 is a linear or branched alkylene group with 5 carbon atoms or less. 36. The composition of claim 32, wherein R2 is substituted with at least one heteroatom. 37. The composition of claim 32, wherein R3, R4, R5 and R6 are each hydrogen. 38. The composition of claim 32, wherein at least one of R3, R4, R5 and R6 is a polar-terminated alkyl group. 39. The composition of claim 32, wherein R1 is methyl or isopropyl, R2 is —CH2—CH2— or
and R3, R4, R5 and R6 are each hydrogen. 40. The composition of claim 32, further comprising at least one polar protic solvent. 41. The composition of claim 32, further comprising at least one polar protic solvent, and wherein the metal complex has a solubility of at least 250 mg/ml in the polar protic solvent. 42. A method comprising: depositing an ink on a substrate, wherein the ink comprises a composition according to claims 1-41, and
reducing the composition to produce a metallic conductive film. 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the substrate is an organic substrate, and wherein the ink does not react with the organic substrate. 44. The method of claim 42, wherein the depositing step is carried out by inkjet deposition. 45. The method of claim 42, wherein the ink is substantially free of nanoparticles before deposition. 46. The method of claim 42, wherein the ink is substantially free of nanoparticles after deposition. 47. The method of claim 42, wherein the reducing step is carried out by heating. 48. The method of claim 42, wherein the reducing step is carried out by irradiating. 49. The method of claim 42, wherein the reducing step is carried out at room temperature with a reactive gas. 50. The method of claim 42, wherein the reducing step is carried out by heating at a temperature of 250° C. or less, 200° C. or less, or 150° C. or less. 51. The method of claim 42, wherein the metallic conductive film is in the form of a line, with a conductivity of at least 1,000 S/m, at least 10,000 S/m, or at least 100,000 S/m. 52. The method of claim 42, wherein the metallic conductive film is in the form of a line, and the difference between the work function of the metallic conductive film and the work function of the native metal is less than 25%, less than 10%, or less than 5%. 53. The method of claim 42, wherein the metallic conductive film is in the form of a metal grid comprising repetitively patterned structures forming a grid-like network of vertex-shared polygons and polygon-like structures with a varying number of vertices. 54. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal complex is represented by formula (II):
wherein n is an integer of 1 or more, R is H or linear alkane, and R′ is branched, linear or cyclic alkane; wherein the composition further comprises at least one polar protic solvent; and wherein the silver complex has a solubility of at least 250 mg/ml in said polar protic solvent at 25° C. 55. A composition, comprising:
at least one metal complex comprising at least one metal and at least one first ligand and one second ligand, wherein the first ligand is a sigma donor to the metal and volatilizes upon heating the metal complex, and wherein the first ligand is not ammonia, and wherein the second ligand is different from the first ligand and also volatilizes upon heating the metal complex; and wherein the metal complex has a solubility at 25° C. of at least 100 mg/ml in at least one polar protic solvent. 56. A composition comprising at least one composition comprising: (i) at least one metal complex comprising at least one metal and at least one first ligand and one second ligand, wherein the first ligand is a sigma donor to the metal and volatilizes upon heating the metal complex, wherein the second ligand is different from the first ligand and also volatilizes upon heating the metal complex; (ii) at least one solvent, wherein the solvent is a polar protic solvent. 57. The composition according to claim 56, wherein the polar protic solvent is an amine compound. 58. A method of making a composition, the composition comprising:
at least one metal complex comprising at least one metal and at least one first ligand and one second ligand, wherein the first ligand is a sigma donor to the metal and volatilizes upon heating the metal complex, wherein the second ligand is different from the first ligand and also volatilizes upon heating the metal complex; and wherein the metal complex has a solubility at 25° C. of at least 100 mg/ml in at least one polar protic solvent, the method comprising reacting a metal complex comprising the metal and the second ligand with the first ligand. 59. A method according to claim 42, wherein the reducing step comprises at least two heating steps, including a first heating step and a second heating step, wherein the first heating step is carried out at a first temperature and the second heating step is carried out at a second temperature, and wherein the first temperature is lower than the second temperature. 60. The method of claim 59, wherein the first temperature is a fixed temperature or a range of temperature, and wherein the second temperature is a fixed temperature or a range of temperature. 61. The method of claim 59, wherein the first temperature is a fixed temperature, and wherein the second temperature is a fixed temperature. 62. The method of claim 59, wherein the method also comprises a third heating step at a third temperature. 63. The method of claim 59, wherein the method consists essentially of only the first and second heating steps. 64. The method of claim 59, wherein the first temperature is about 75° C. to about 200° C. 65. The method of claim 59, wherein the first temperature is about 100° C. to about 160° C. 66. The method of claim 59, wherein the second temperature is about 200° C. to about 400° C. 67. The method of claim 59, wherein the second temperature is about 250° C. to about 350° C. 68. The method of claim 59, wherein the first temperature is about 100° C. to about 160° C., and wherein the second temperature is about 250° C. to about 350° C. 69. The method of claim 59, wherein the first heating step is carried out with a first heating time and the second heating step is carried out with a second heating time, and wherein the first heating time is longer than the second heating time. 70. The method of claim 59, wherein the first heating step is carried out with a first heating time and the second heating step is carried out with a second heating time, and wherein the first heating time is about 3 minutes to about 20 minutes, and wherein the second heating time is about 30 seconds to about 2 minutes. 71. The method according to claim 42, wherein the reducing step comprises a first heating step in which the temperature and the time of the heating step is adapted to dry the ink but not to produce a full conversion to a final metallic conductive film. 72. A method comprising: depositing an ink on a substrate, wherein the ink comprises at least one metal complex comprising at least one metal and at least one first ligand and one second ligand, wherein the first ligand is a sigma donor to the metal and volatilizes upon heating the metal complex, wherein the second ligand is different from the first ligand and also volatilizes upon heating the metal complex; and
reducing the composition to produce a metallic conductive film, wherein the reducing step comprises at least two heating steps, including a first heating step and a second heating step, wherein the first heating step is carried out at a first temperature and the second heating step is carried out at a second temperature, and wherein the first temperature is lower than the second temperature. | 1,700 |
3,276 | 14,644,286 | 1,774 | A fuel nozzle for a gas turbine includes a first radial swirler and a second radial swirler that introduce radial swirl to a flow of pressurized air; a chevron splitter between the two swirlers that directs the swirled flow of pressurized air to a main mixer passage to form a fuel-air mixture with fuel injected into the fuel nozzle; and a main mixer passage that receives the fuel-air mixture from the premixing chamber, and includes a converging throat that accelerates the fuel-air mixture. A method of mixing fuel and air for combustion in a gas turbine includes introducing a radial swirl to first and second flows of pressurized air; directing the swirled, pressurized air to a premixing chamber via a chevron splitter; mixing the swirled, pressurized air with a fuel jet injected into the premixing chamber to form a fuel-air mixture; and accelerating the fuel-air mixture in the main mixer passage having a converging throat. | 1. A fuel nozzle for a gas turbine, comprising:
a first radial swirler and a second radial swirler that introduce radial swirl to a flow of pressurized air; a chevron splitter between the two swirlers that directs the swirled flow of pressurized air to a main mixer passage to form a fuel-air mixture with fuel injected into the fuel nozzle; and a main mixer passage that receives the fuel-air mixture from the premixing chamber, and includes a converging throat that accelerates the fuel-air mixture. 2. The fuel nozzle of claim 1, wherein the first and second radial swirlers are side-by-side in an axial direction of the fuel nozzle. 3. The fuel nozzle of claim 1, wherein the first and second radial swirlers impart counter radial swirls to the flow of pressurized air. 4. The fuel nozzle of claim 1, wherein the chevron splitter and mixer outer lip are corrugated. 5. The fuel nozzle of claim 4, wherein the chevron splitter creates a turbulent fuel-air mixture. 6. The fuel nozzle of claim 5, wherein at least half of the turbulence intensity of the fuel-air mixture is located in the converging throat of the main mixer passage. 7. A method of mixing fuel and air for combustion in a gas turbine, comprising:
introducing a radial swirl to first and second flows of pressurized air; directing the swirled, pressurized air to a premixing chamber via a chevron splitter; mixing the swirled, pressurized air with a fuel jet injected into the premixing chamber to form a fuel-air mixture; and accelerating the fuel-air mixture in the main mixer passage having a converging throat. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the first and second flows of pressurized air are side-by-side in an axial direction of the premixing chamber. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the chevron splitter and a mixer outer lip are corrugated and cause the mixing of the swirled, pressurized air and the fuel jet to be turbulent. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein at least half of the turbulence intensity of the fuel-air mixture is located in the converging throat of the main mixer passage. 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the first and second flows of pressurized air are counter swirled. | A fuel nozzle for a gas turbine includes a first radial swirler and a second radial swirler that introduce radial swirl to a flow of pressurized air; a chevron splitter between the two swirlers that directs the swirled flow of pressurized air to a main mixer passage to form a fuel-air mixture with fuel injected into the fuel nozzle; and a main mixer passage that receives the fuel-air mixture from the premixing chamber, and includes a converging throat that accelerates the fuel-air mixture. A method of mixing fuel and air for combustion in a gas turbine includes introducing a radial swirl to first and second flows of pressurized air; directing the swirled, pressurized air to a premixing chamber via a chevron splitter; mixing the swirled, pressurized air with a fuel jet injected into the premixing chamber to form a fuel-air mixture; and accelerating the fuel-air mixture in the main mixer passage having a converging throat.1. A fuel nozzle for a gas turbine, comprising:
a first radial swirler and a second radial swirler that introduce radial swirl to a flow of pressurized air; a chevron splitter between the two swirlers that directs the swirled flow of pressurized air to a main mixer passage to form a fuel-air mixture with fuel injected into the fuel nozzle; and a main mixer passage that receives the fuel-air mixture from the premixing chamber, and includes a converging throat that accelerates the fuel-air mixture. 2. The fuel nozzle of claim 1, wherein the first and second radial swirlers are side-by-side in an axial direction of the fuel nozzle. 3. The fuel nozzle of claim 1, wherein the first and second radial swirlers impart counter radial swirls to the flow of pressurized air. 4. The fuel nozzle of claim 1, wherein the chevron splitter and mixer outer lip are corrugated. 5. The fuel nozzle of claim 4, wherein the chevron splitter creates a turbulent fuel-air mixture. 6. The fuel nozzle of claim 5, wherein at least half of the turbulence intensity of the fuel-air mixture is located in the converging throat of the main mixer passage. 7. A method of mixing fuel and air for combustion in a gas turbine, comprising:
introducing a radial swirl to first and second flows of pressurized air; directing the swirled, pressurized air to a premixing chamber via a chevron splitter; mixing the swirled, pressurized air with a fuel jet injected into the premixing chamber to form a fuel-air mixture; and accelerating the fuel-air mixture in the main mixer passage having a converging throat. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the first and second flows of pressurized air are side-by-side in an axial direction of the premixing chamber. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the chevron splitter and a mixer outer lip are corrugated and cause the mixing of the swirled, pressurized air and the fuel jet to be turbulent. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein at least half of the turbulence intensity of the fuel-air mixture is located in the converging throat of the main mixer passage. 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the first and second flows of pressurized air are counter swirled. | 1,700 |
3,277 | 13,948,398 | 1,783 | An adhesive tape, with a carrier material, has an acrylate-based foam layer bearing at least one layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive. The pressure-sensitive adhesive (a) being composed of a mixture of at least two different synthetic rubbers, more particularly based on vinylaromatic block copolymers, (b) comprising a resin which is not soluble in the acrylates forming the foam layer, and (c) being chemically uncrosslinked. | 1. Adhesive tape, with a carrier material, comprising an acrylate-based foam layer bearing at least one layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive, the pressure-sensitive adhesive
(a) being composed of a mixture of at least two different synthetic rubbers; (b) comprising a resin that is not soluble in the acrylates forming the foam layer; and (c) being chemically uncrosslinked. 2. Adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the foam layer is a viscoelastic foam layer. 3. Adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate forming the foam layer is a polyacrylate obtained by free or controlled radical polymerization of one or more acrylates and alkylacrylates. 4. Adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate forming the foam layer is a thermally crosslinked polyacrylate. 5. Adhesive tape according to at least one of claim 1, wherein the acrylate forming the foam layer is a poly(meth)acrylate comprising
(a1)) 70 to 100 wt % of acrylic esters and/or methacrylic esters and/or the free acids thereof, of the following structural formula
where R1 is H or CH3 and R2 is H or alkyl chains having 1 to 14 C atoms,
(a2) 0 to 30 wt % of olefinically unsaturated monomers having functional groups, and
(a3) optionally, further acrylates and/or methacrylates and/or olefinically unsaturated monomers, with a fraction between 0 to 5 wt %, which are copolymerizable with component (a1)) and have a functional group which by means of the coupling reagent leads to covalent crosslinking. 6. Adhesive tape according to claim 4, wherein use is made
as monomers (a1) of acrylic monomers comprising acrylic and methacrylic esters with alkyl groups consisting of 1 to 14 C atoms, selected from the group consisting of methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl acrylate, propyl methacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, n-pentyl acrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, n-hexyl methacrylate, n-heptyl acrylate, n-octyl acrylate, n-nonyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, stearyl acrylate, stearyl methacrylate, behenyl acrylate and branched isomers thereof; as monomers (a2) of maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, glycidyl methacrylate, benzyl acrylate, benzyl methacrylate, phenyl acrylate, phenyl methacrylate, tert-butylphenyl acrylate, tert-butylphenyl methacrylate, phenoxyethyl acrylate, phenoxyethyl methacrylate, 2-butoxyethyl methacrylate, 2-butoxyethyl acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, diethylaminoethyl acrylate and tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate; and/or as monomers (a3) of hydroxyethyl acrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl methacrylate, allyl alcohol, itaconic acid, acrylamide and cyanoethyl methacrylate, cyanoethyl acrylate, 6-hydroxyhexyl methacrylate, N-tert-butylacrylamide, N-methylolmethacrylamide, N-(butoxymethyl)methacrylamide, N-methylolacrylamide, N-(ethoxymethyl)acrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide, vinylacetic acid, β-acryloyloxypropionic acid, trichloroacrylic acid, fumaric acid, crotonic acid, aconitic acid, dimethylacrylic acid and 4-vinylbenzoic acid. 7. Adhesive tape according to claim 5, wherein the comonomers are selected such that the glass transition temperature Tg,A of the polymers is below the application temperature. 8. Adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate-based foam layer is admixed with at least one tackifying resin. 9. Adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate-based foam layer is foamed using microballoons. 10. Adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate-based foam layer is crosslinked. 11. Adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate-based foam layer has a layer thickness of between 0.3 mm and 5 mm. 12. Adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the pressure-sensitive adhesive comprises to an extent of at least 70 wt % a mixture of
(i) block copolymers comprising a mixture of block copolymers with the structures I and II I) A′-B′ II) A-B-A, (A-B)n, (A-B)nX and/or (A-B)nX, where
X is the radical of a coupling reagent,
n is an integer between 2 and 10,
A and A′ is a polymer block of a vinylaromatic,
B and B′ is a polymer block formed from butadiene, a mixture of butadiene and isoprene and/or a mixture of butadiene and styrene, and
A and A′, and B and B′, may be identical or different,
(ii) at least one tackifier resin, the fraction of the block copolymers I) being between 30 and 70 wt %, based on the total amount of block copolymers, the fraction A in the case of the block copolymers II) being between 25 and 40 wt %, and the A-B unit within at least one of the vinylaromatic block copolymers of the structure II having a molecular weight Mw of greater than 65 000 g/mol, the molecular weight Mw of the total block copolymer II being greater than 130 000 g/mol. 13. Adhesive tape according to claim 12, wherein the pressure-sensitive adhesive comprises as elastomers only a mixture of vinylaromatic block copolymers of structures I and II, it being possible for the mixture to consist of a vinylaromatic block copolymer of the structure I and a vinylaromatic block copolymer of the structure II or for the mixture to consist of a plurality of different vinylaromatic block copolymers of the structures I and II. 14. Adhesive tape according to claim 12, wherein, in addition to the structures I and II, a block copolymer is used which is a multi-arm block copolymer described by the general formula Qn-Y. 15. Adhesive tape according to claim 12, wherein the block A is a glasslike block having a glass transition temperature (Tg) above at least 40° C. 16. Adhesive tape according to at least one of claim 12, wherein the block B is rubberlike or is a soft block having a Tg of less than room temperature. 17. Adhesive tape according to claim 12, wherein a fraction of the vinylaromatic block copolymer or of the vinylaromatic block copolymers of the structure I in the sum total of the vinylaromatic block copolymers of the structures I and II is between 30 and 70 wt %. 18. Adhesive tape according to claim 12, wherein a fraction or fractions of the vinylaromatic end block A in the block copolymer of the structure I, and/or the fraction or fractions of the vinylaromatic end blocks A and A′ in the block copolymer of the structure II, is or are between 20 and 40 wt %. 19. Adhesive tape according to claim 12, wherein the pressure-sensitive adhesive comprises a first resin having a Tg of at least 60° C., which is compatible with the elastomer blocks of the block copolymers, and/or comprises a second resin having a Tg of less than 60° C., which is compatible with the glasslike blocks of the linear block copolymers and/or of the multi-arm block copolymers. 20. Adhesive tape according to claim 12, wherein the pressure-sensitive adhesive comprises endblock reinforcer α-methylstyrene resins. 21. Adhesive tape according to claim 12, wherein the layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive is applied with a weight per unit area of 40 to 100 g/m2 on the viscoelastic foam carrier layer. 22. Adhesive tape according to claim 12, wherein the adhesive tape consists of the viscoelastic foam carrier layer, that bears a layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive on one side. 23. Adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive tape has a thickness between 100 μm to 5000 mm. 24. Method for producing an adhesive tape according to claim 1, the method comprising:
(i) producing a viscoelastic foam carrier layer having a top face and a bottom face, by
(a) providing a mixture which is polymerizable by means of free or controlled radical polymerization and comprises one or more acrylate and alkylacrylate monomers,
(b) polymerizing the mixture specified under (a),
(c) carrying out thermal crosslinking, and
(d) foaming the polyacrylate, and
(ii) application by coating of one or more pressure-sensitive adhesives, of which at least one
(a) is chemically uncrosslinked and
(b) comprises a mixture of synthetic rubbers,
to at least one of the principal sides of said acrylate foam carrier, in order thus to produce a layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive. 25. Method for producing an adhesive tape according to claim 1, the method comprising:
(i) producing a viscoelastic foam carrier layer having a top face and a bottom face, by
(a) providing a mixture which is polymerizable by means of free or controlled radical polymerization and comprises one or more acrylate and alkylacrylate monomers,
(b) polymerizing the mixture specified under (a),
(c) removing the solvent,
(d) processing the polyacrylate in the melt
(e) in said melt, compounding and homogenizing chemical and/or physical blowing agents and thermal crosslinkers in an extruder,
(f) carrying out thermal crosslinking, and
(g) foaming the polyacrylate, and
(ii) application by coating of one or more pressure-sensitive adhesives, of which at least one in accordance with the invention
(a) is chemically uncrosslinked and
(b) comprises a mixture of vinylaromatic block copolymers, and also
(c) comprises resins which are not soluble in a polyacrylate and
therefore are unable to migrate into the acrylate foam carrier layer, to at least one of the principal sides of said acrylate foam carrier, in order thus to produce a layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive. 26-27. (canceled) | An adhesive tape, with a carrier material, has an acrylate-based foam layer bearing at least one layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive. The pressure-sensitive adhesive (a) being composed of a mixture of at least two different synthetic rubbers, more particularly based on vinylaromatic block copolymers, (b) comprising a resin which is not soluble in the acrylates forming the foam layer, and (c) being chemically uncrosslinked.1. Adhesive tape, with a carrier material, comprising an acrylate-based foam layer bearing at least one layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive, the pressure-sensitive adhesive
(a) being composed of a mixture of at least two different synthetic rubbers; (b) comprising a resin that is not soluble in the acrylates forming the foam layer; and (c) being chemically uncrosslinked. 2. Adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the foam layer is a viscoelastic foam layer. 3. Adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate forming the foam layer is a polyacrylate obtained by free or controlled radical polymerization of one or more acrylates and alkylacrylates. 4. Adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate forming the foam layer is a thermally crosslinked polyacrylate. 5. Adhesive tape according to at least one of claim 1, wherein the acrylate forming the foam layer is a poly(meth)acrylate comprising
(a1)) 70 to 100 wt % of acrylic esters and/or methacrylic esters and/or the free acids thereof, of the following structural formula
where R1 is H or CH3 and R2 is H or alkyl chains having 1 to 14 C atoms,
(a2) 0 to 30 wt % of olefinically unsaturated monomers having functional groups, and
(a3) optionally, further acrylates and/or methacrylates and/or olefinically unsaturated monomers, with a fraction between 0 to 5 wt %, which are copolymerizable with component (a1)) and have a functional group which by means of the coupling reagent leads to covalent crosslinking. 6. Adhesive tape according to claim 4, wherein use is made
as monomers (a1) of acrylic monomers comprising acrylic and methacrylic esters with alkyl groups consisting of 1 to 14 C atoms, selected from the group consisting of methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl acrylate, propyl methacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, n-pentyl acrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, n-hexyl methacrylate, n-heptyl acrylate, n-octyl acrylate, n-nonyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, stearyl acrylate, stearyl methacrylate, behenyl acrylate and branched isomers thereof; as monomers (a2) of maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, glycidyl methacrylate, benzyl acrylate, benzyl methacrylate, phenyl acrylate, phenyl methacrylate, tert-butylphenyl acrylate, tert-butylphenyl methacrylate, phenoxyethyl acrylate, phenoxyethyl methacrylate, 2-butoxyethyl methacrylate, 2-butoxyethyl acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, diethylaminoethyl acrylate and tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate; and/or as monomers (a3) of hydroxyethyl acrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl methacrylate, allyl alcohol, itaconic acid, acrylamide and cyanoethyl methacrylate, cyanoethyl acrylate, 6-hydroxyhexyl methacrylate, N-tert-butylacrylamide, N-methylolmethacrylamide, N-(butoxymethyl)methacrylamide, N-methylolacrylamide, N-(ethoxymethyl)acrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide, vinylacetic acid, β-acryloyloxypropionic acid, trichloroacrylic acid, fumaric acid, crotonic acid, aconitic acid, dimethylacrylic acid and 4-vinylbenzoic acid. 7. Adhesive tape according to claim 5, wherein the comonomers are selected such that the glass transition temperature Tg,A of the polymers is below the application temperature. 8. Adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate-based foam layer is admixed with at least one tackifying resin. 9. Adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate-based foam layer is foamed using microballoons. 10. Adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate-based foam layer is crosslinked. 11. Adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate-based foam layer has a layer thickness of between 0.3 mm and 5 mm. 12. Adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the pressure-sensitive adhesive comprises to an extent of at least 70 wt % a mixture of
(i) block copolymers comprising a mixture of block copolymers with the structures I and II I) A′-B′ II) A-B-A, (A-B)n, (A-B)nX and/or (A-B)nX, where
X is the radical of a coupling reagent,
n is an integer between 2 and 10,
A and A′ is a polymer block of a vinylaromatic,
B and B′ is a polymer block formed from butadiene, a mixture of butadiene and isoprene and/or a mixture of butadiene and styrene, and
A and A′, and B and B′, may be identical or different,
(ii) at least one tackifier resin, the fraction of the block copolymers I) being between 30 and 70 wt %, based on the total amount of block copolymers, the fraction A in the case of the block copolymers II) being between 25 and 40 wt %, and the A-B unit within at least one of the vinylaromatic block copolymers of the structure II having a molecular weight Mw of greater than 65 000 g/mol, the molecular weight Mw of the total block copolymer II being greater than 130 000 g/mol. 13. Adhesive tape according to claim 12, wherein the pressure-sensitive adhesive comprises as elastomers only a mixture of vinylaromatic block copolymers of structures I and II, it being possible for the mixture to consist of a vinylaromatic block copolymer of the structure I and a vinylaromatic block copolymer of the structure II or for the mixture to consist of a plurality of different vinylaromatic block copolymers of the structures I and II. 14. Adhesive tape according to claim 12, wherein, in addition to the structures I and II, a block copolymer is used which is a multi-arm block copolymer described by the general formula Qn-Y. 15. Adhesive tape according to claim 12, wherein the block A is a glasslike block having a glass transition temperature (Tg) above at least 40° C. 16. Adhesive tape according to at least one of claim 12, wherein the block B is rubberlike or is a soft block having a Tg of less than room temperature. 17. Adhesive tape according to claim 12, wherein a fraction of the vinylaromatic block copolymer or of the vinylaromatic block copolymers of the structure I in the sum total of the vinylaromatic block copolymers of the structures I and II is between 30 and 70 wt %. 18. Adhesive tape according to claim 12, wherein a fraction or fractions of the vinylaromatic end block A in the block copolymer of the structure I, and/or the fraction or fractions of the vinylaromatic end blocks A and A′ in the block copolymer of the structure II, is or are between 20 and 40 wt %. 19. Adhesive tape according to claim 12, wherein the pressure-sensitive adhesive comprises a first resin having a Tg of at least 60° C., which is compatible with the elastomer blocks of the block copolymers, and/or comprises a second resin having a Tg of less than 60° C., which is compatible with the glasslike blocks of the linear block copolymers and/or of the multi-arm block copolymers. 20. Adhesive tape according to claim 12, wherein the pressure-sensitive adhesive comprises endblock reinforcer α-methylstyrene resins. 21. Adhesive tape according to claim 12, wherein the layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive is applied with a weight per unit area of 40 to 100 g/m2 on the viscoelastic foam carrier layer. 22. Adhesive tape according to claim 12, wherein the adhesive tape consists of the viscoelastic foam carrier layer, that bears a layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive on one side. 23. Adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive tape has a thickness between 100 μm to 5000 mm. 24. Method for producing an adhesive tape according to claim 1, the method comprising:
(i) producing a viscoelastic foam carrier layer having a top face and a bottom face, by
(a) providing a mixture which is polymerizable by means of free or controlled radical polymerization and comprises one or more acrylate and alkylacrylate monomers,
(b) polymerizing the mixture specified under (a),
(c) carrying out thermal crosslinking, and
(d) foaming the polyacrylate, and
(ii) application by coating of one or more pressure-sensitive adhesives, of which at least one
(a) is chemically uncrosslinked and
(b) comprises a mixture of synthetic rubbers,
to at least one of the principal sides of said acrylate foam carrier, in order thus to produce a layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive. 25. Method for producing an adhesive tape according to claim 1, the method comprising:
(i) producing a viscoelastic foam carrier layer having a top face and a bottom face, by
(a) providing a mixture which is polymerizable by means of free or controlled radical polymerization and comprises one or more acrylate and alkylacrylate monomers,
(b) polymerizing the mixture specified under (a),
(c) removing the solvent,
(d) processing the polyacrylate in the melt
(e) in said melt, compounding and homogenizing chemical and/or physical blowing agents and thermal crosslinkers in an extruder,
(f) carrying out thermal crosslinking, and
(g) foaming the polyacrylate, and
(ii) application by coating of one or more pressure-sensitive adhesives, of which at least one in accordance with the invention
(a) is chemically uncrosslinked and
(b) comprises a mixture of vinylaromatic block copolymers, and also
(c) comprises resins which are not soluble in a polyacrylate and
therefore are unable to migrate into the acrylate foam carrier layer, to at least one of the principal sides of said acrylate foam carrier, in order thus to produce a layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive. 26-27. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,278 | 13,664,871 | 1,724 | Disclosed herein is a absorbed glass matt (AGM) valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery, comprising: a positive plate comprising a positive active material; a negative plate comprising a negative active material; wherein the negative active material comprises a composition comprising a carbon additive; an AGM separator; and an electrolyte; wherein the positive plate, the negative plate, the separator, and the electrolyte are disposed in a container comprising a valve; and wherein the electrolyte is present in an amount that ranges from 100 to 150% by volume based on the total pore volume of the separator. | 1. An absorbed glass matt (AGM) valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery, comprising:
a positive plate comprising a positive active material; a negative plate comprising a negative active material; wherein the negative active material comprises
a composition comprising a carbon additive;
an AGM separator;
and an electrolyte;
wherein the positive plate, the negative plate, the separator, and the electrolyte are disposed in a container comprising a valve; and wherein the electrolyte is present in an amount that ranges from 100 to 150% by volume based on the total pore volume of the separator. 2. The battery of claim 1, wherein carbon additive is a graphite, a carbon black, an activated carbon, a carbon nanotube, a graphene, or a nano-carbon particle, or combinations thereof. 3. The battery of claim 1, wherein carbon additive is a graphite, a carbon black, an activated carbon, or combinations thereof. 4. The battery of claim 1, wherein the carbon additive ranges from 0.1% by weight to 10% by weight based on the total weight of the composition. 5. The battery of claim 1, wherein the carbon additive ranges from 0.5% by weight to 3% by weight based on the total weight of the composition. 6. The battery of claim 1, wherein the carbon additive has a specific surface area that ranges from 5 m2/g to 50 m2/g, from 250 m2/g to 550 m2/g, from 1000 m2/g to 2000 m2/g, or combinations thereof. 7. The battery of claim 1, wherein the carbon additive has a specific surface area that ranges from 5 m2/g to 50 m2/g. 8. The battery of claim 1, wherein the carbon additive has a specific surface area that ranges from 250 m2/g to 550 m2/g. 9. The battery of claim 1, wherein the carbon additive has a specific surface area that ranges from 1000 m2/g to 2000 m2/g. 10. The battery of claim 1, wherein the carbon additive has a total pore volume of at least 0.05 cm3/g and a predominant pore size of less than 20 Å. 11. The battery of claim 1, wherein the carbon additive has a total pore volume of at least 0.05 cm3/g and has a predominant pore size that ranges from 20 Å to 500 Å. 12. The battery of claim 1, wherein the carbon additive has a degradation onset temperature that ranges from 500° C. to 750° C. 13. The battery of claim 1, wherein the carbon additive has a degradation temperature that ranges from 100° C. to 300° C. 14. The battery of claim 1, wherein the carbon additive has a microporosity-to-mesoporosity ratio that ranges from 99:1 to 1:99. 15. The battery of claim 1, wherein the separator comprises a glass fiber, a polymeric fiber, polymeric resin, or combinations thereof. 16. The battery of claim 1, wherein the separator comprises a glass fiber. 17. The battery of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte is present in an amount that ranges from 100 to 140% by volume of the total pore volume of the separator. 18. The battery of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte is present in an amount that ranges from 100 to 130% by volume of the total pore volume of the separator. 19. The battery of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte is present in an amount that ranges from 100 to 120% by volume of the total pore volume of the separator. 20. The battery of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte is present in an amount that ranges from 100 to 110% by volume of the total pore volume of the separator. 21. The battery of claim 1, the lead-acid battery has a discharge capacity, as measured by a C/20 discharge rate, that ranges from 10% to 20% greater than an AGM VRLA battery having a semi-saturated separator. 22. The battery of claim 1, wherein the lead-acid battery has a charge acceptance 0% to 33% greater than an AGM VRLA battery having a semi-saturated separator, wherein the charge acceptance is tested from 40 to 90% state of charge. 23. The battery of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte is present in an amount greater than 100% by volume of the total pore volume of the separator after 6 weeks of a water consumption test performed at a temperature of 60° C. and voltage of 14. V. 24. The battery of claim 1, wherein the durability, as measured by a repeated reserve capacity test, of the battery increases from 0 to 35% relative to an AGM VRLA battery having a semi-saturated separator. | Disclosed herein is a absorbed glass matt (AGM) valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery, comprising: a positive plate comprising a positive active material; a negative plate comprising a negative active material; wherein the negative active material comprises a composition comprising a carbon additive; an AGM separator; and an electrolyte; wherein the positive plate, the negative plate, the separator, and the electrolyte are disposed in a container comprising a valve; and wherein the electrolyte is present in an amount that ranges from 100 to 150% by volume based on the total pore volume of the separator.1. An absorbed glass matt (AGM) valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery, comprising:
a positive plate comprising a positive active material; a negative plate comprising a negative active material; wherein the negative active material comprises
a composition comprising a carbon additive;
an AGM separator;
and an electrolyte;
wherein the positive plate, the negative plate, the separator, and the electrolyte are disposed in a container comprising a valve; and wherein the electrolyte is present in an amount that ranges from 100 to 150% by volume based on the total pore volume of the separator. 2. The battery of claim 1, wherein carbon additive is a graphite, a carbon black, an activated carbon, a carbon nanotube, a graphene, or a nano-carbon particle, or combinations thereof. 3. The battery of claim 1, wherein carbon additive is a graphite, a carbon black, an activated carbon, or combinations thereof. 4. The battery of claim 1, wherein the carbon additive ranges from 0.1% by weight to 10% by weight based on the total weight of the composition. 5. The battery of claim 1, wherein the carbon additive ranges from 0.5% by weight to 3% by weight based on the total weight of the composition. 6. The battery of claim 1, wherein the carbon additive has a specific surface area that ranges from 5 m2/g to 50 m2/g, from 250 m2/g to 550 m2/g, from 1000 m2/g to 2000 m2/g, or combinations thereof. 7. The battery of claim 1, wherein the carbon additive has a specific surface area that ranges from 5 m2/g to 50 m2/g. 8. The battery of claim 1, wherein the carbon additive has a specific surface area that ranges from 250 m2/g to 550 m2/g. 9. The battery of claim 1, wherein the carbon additive has a specific surface area that ranges from 1000 m2/g to 2000 m2/g. 10. The battery of claim 1, wherein the carbon additive has a total pore volume of at least 0.05 cm3/g and a predominant pore size of less than 20 Å. 11. The battery of claim 1, wherein the carbon additive has a total pore volume of at least 0.05 cm3/g and has a predominant pore size that ranges from 20 Å to 500 Å. 12. The battery of claim 1, wherein the carbon additive has a degradation onset temperature that ranges from 500° C. to 750° C. 13. The battery of claim 1, wherein the carbon additive has a degradation temperature that ranges from 100° C. to 300° C. 14. The battery of claim 1, wherein the carbon additive has a microporosity-to-mesoporosity ratio that ranges from 99:1 to 1:99. 15. The battery of claim 1, wherein the separator comprises a glass fiber, a polymeric fiber, polymeric resin, or combinations thereof. 16. The battery of claim 1, wherein the separator comprises a glass fiber. 17. The battery of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte is present in an amount that ranges from 100 to 140% by volume of the total pore volume of the separator. 18. The battery of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte is present in an amount that ranges from 100 to 130% by volume of the total pore volume of the separator. 19. The battery of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte is present in an amount that ranges from 100 to 120% by volume of the total pore volume of the separator. 20. The battery of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte is present in an amount that ranges from 100 to 110% by volume of the total pore volume of the separator. 21. The battery of claim 1, the lead-acid battery has a discharge capacity, as measured by a C/20 discharge rate, that ranges from 10% to 20% greater than an AGM VRLA battery having a semi-saturated separator. 22. The battery of claim 1, wherein the lead-acid battery has a charge acceptance 0% to 33% greater than an AGM VRLA battery having a semi-saturated separator, wherein the charge acceptance is tested from 40 to 90% state of charge. 23. The battery of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte is present in an amount greater than 100% by volume of the total pore volume of the separator after 6 weeks of a water consumption test performed at a temperature of 60° C. and voltage of 14. V. 24. The battery of claim 1, wherein the durability, as measured by a repeated reserve capacity test, of the battery increases from 0 to 35% relative to an AGM VRLA battery having a semi-saturated separator. | 1,700 |
3,279 | 14,261,048 | 1,744 | The method is for use with a substrate having a plurality of parallel channels extending therethrough. In the method, the steps comprise: filling a selected plurality of the channels with a granular material; and consolidating the granular material through heat. The selected plurality of channels is selected to produce a wall that separates the substrate into: a first portion having a first plurality of the parallel channels extending therethrough; and a second portion having a second plurality of the parallel channels extending therethrough. | 1. A method for use with a substrate having a plurality of parallel channels extending therethrough, the method comprising the steps of:
filling a selected plurality of the channels with a granular material; and consolidating the granular material through heat, the selected plurality being selected to produce a wall that separates the substrate into: a first portion having a first plurality of the parallel channels extending therethrough; and a second portion having a second plurality of the parallel channels extending therethrough. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the granular material is sintered to produce the wall. 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the granular material consists essentially of:
from 67 to 96% by weight of fly-ash comprising cenospheres, from 2 to 15% by weight of a heat sensitive binder selected from the group consisting of boric acid and anhydrous boron oxide; from 2 to 7% by weight of a non-wetting agent selected from the group consisting of calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride and barium sulphate; from 0 to 10% by weight of a heat expandable material selected from the group consisting of vermiculite and graphite; and from 0 to 1% by weight of a dust suppressant. 4. A method according to claim 3, wherein the granular material consists essentially of:
from about 89.5% to 90% by weight of said fly ash; about 8% by weight of said heat sensitive binder; about 2% by weight of said non-wetting agent; and from about 0 to 0.5% by weight of said dust suppressant. 5. The method according to claim 3, wherein the binder is boric acid. 6. The method according to claim 3, wherein the granular material contains 2 to 5 wt % of calcium fluoride. 7. The method according to claim 3, wherein the granular material has a density of from 25 to 30 lb/ft3. 8. A method according to claim 1, wherein the granular material has a median particle size of approximately 50 microns and a particle size ranging from 10 to 160 microns. 9. A method according to claim 8, wherein the filling step involves pouring the granular material into the selected plurality of the cells. 10. A method according to claim 9, wherein the substrate is vibrated during the filling process. 11. A method according to claim 6, wherein the vibration to which the substrate is subjected to during the filling step has an amplitude of about 10 millimeters and a speed of about 3 inch per second RMS. | The method is for use with a substrate having a plurality of parallel channels extending therethrough. In the method, the steps comprise: filling a selected plurality of the channels with a granular material; and consolidating the granular material through heat. The selected plurality of channels is selected to produce a wall that separates the substrate into: a first portion having a first plurality of the parallel channels extending therethrough; and a second portion having a second plurality of the parallel channels extending therethrough.1. A method for use with a substrate having a plurality of parallel channels extending therethrough, the method comprising the steps of:
filling a selected plurality of the channels with a granular material; and consolidating the granular material through heat, the selected plurality being selected to produce a wall that separates the substrate into: a first portion having a first plurality of the parallel channels extending therethrough; and a second portion having a second plurality of the parallel channels extending therethrough. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the granular material is sintered to produce the wall. 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the granular material consists essentially of:
from 67 to 96% by weight of fly-ash comprising cenospheres, from 2 to 15% by weight of a heat sensitive binder selected from the group consisting of boric acid and anhydrous boron oxide; from 2 to 7% by weight of a non-wetting agent selected from the group consisting of calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride and barium sulphate; from 0 to 10% by weight of a heat expandable material selected from the group consisting of vermiculite and graphite; and from 0 to 1% by weight of a dust suppressant. 4. A method according to claim 3, wherein the granular material consists essentially of:
from about 89.5% to 90% by weight of said fly ash; about 8% by weight of said heat sensitive binder; about 2% by weight of said non-wetting agent; and from about 0 to 0.5% by weight of said dust suppressant. 5. The method according to claim 3, wherein the binder is boric acid. 6. The method according to claim 3, wherein the granular material contains 2 to 5 wt % of calcium fluoride. 7. The method according to claim 3, wherein the granular material has a density of from 25 to 30 lb/ft3. 8. A method according to claim 1, wherein the granular material has a median particle size of approximately 50 microns and a particle size ranging from 10 to 160 microns. 9. A method according to claim 8, wherein the filling step involves pouring the granular material into the selected plurality of the cells. 10. A method according to claim 9, wherein the substrate is vibrated during the filling process. 11. A method according to claim 6, wherein the vibration to which the substrate is subjected to during the filling step has an amplitude of about 10 millimeters and a speed of about 3 inch per second RMS. | 1,700 |
3,280 | 14,713,386 | 1,794 | Embodiments of cooled process tool adapters for use in substrate processing chambers are provided herein. In some embodiments, a cooled process tool adapter includes: an annular body surrounding a central opening; a coolant channel disposed in the annular body; one or more features to facilitate supporting a process tool within the central opening; an inlet and an outlet disposed in the annular body and fluidly coupled to the coolant channel; and a power connection coupled to the annular body having a terminal to couple the annular body to a bias power source. | 1. A cooled process tool adapter, comprising:
an annular body surrounding a central opening; a coolant channel disposed in the annular body; one or more features to facilitate supporting a process tool within the central opening; an inlet and an outlet disposed in the annular body and fluidly coupled to the coolant channel; and a power connection coupled to the annular body having a terminal to couple the annular body to a bias power source. 2. The cooled process tool adapter of claim 1, wherein the one or more features to facilitate supporting the process tool comprise a radially inwardly extending shelf disposed along an inner diameter of the annular body. 3. The cooled process tool adapter of claim 2, further comprising:
a plurality of through holes disposed through the shelf to facilitate coupling a process tool to the annular body. 4. The cooled process tool adapter of claim 2, further comprising:
one or more alignment pins to facilitate aligning a process tool to the cooled process tool adapter. 5. The cooled process tool adapter of claim 4, wherein the one or more alignment pins are three alignment pins. 6. The cooled process tool adapter of claim 1, wherein the annular body further comprises a substantially planar upper surface and a substantially planar lower surface. 7. The cooled process tool adapter of claim 6, further comprising:
an annular groove disposed along the substantially planar upper surface; and an annular groove disposed along the substantially planar lower surface. 8. The cooled process tool adapter of claim 1, wherein the coolant channel comprises:
a channel disposed along an outer diameter of the annular body; and a cap disposed over the channel to seal the coolant channel. 9. The cooled process tool adapter of claim 1, further comprising:
a plurality of orientation features to facilitate centering and orientation of the cooled process tool adapter with respect to a process chamber in which the cooled process tool adapter is to be installed. 10. The cooled process tool adapter of claim 9, wherein the plurality of orientation features further comprise:
an upper alignment feature to align the cooled process tool adapter with components disposed above the cooled process tool adapter; and an lower alignment feature to align the cooled process tool adapter with components disposed above the cooled process tool adapter. 11. The cooled process tool adapter of claim 9, wherein the plurality of orientation features are two diametrically opposed orientation features. 12. A cooled process tool adapter, comprising:
an annular body surrounding a central opening; a radially inwardly extending shelf disposed along an inner diameter of the annular body to facilitate supporting a process tool within the central opening; a plurality of through holes disposed through the shelf to facilitate coupling a process tool to the annular body a coolant channel disposed in the annular body, wherein the coolant channel comprises a channel disposed along an outer diameter of the annular body and a cap disposed over the channel to seal the coolant channel; an inlet and an outlet disposed in the annular body and fluidly coupled to the coolant channel; and a power connection coupled to the annular body having a terminal to couple the annular body to a bias power source. 13. A process chamber, comprising:
a body including a ground adapter and a lid assembly partially defining an interior volume of the process chamber; a cooled process tool adapter having an annular body surrounding a central opening, wherein the central opening faces the interior volume of the process chamber, and wherein the cooled process tool adapter further comprises:
a coolant channel disposed in the annular body;
an inlet and an outlet disposed in the annular body and fluidly coupled to the coolant channel; and
a power connection coupled to the annular body having a terminal to couple the annular body to a bias power source;
an insulator ring disposed between the cooled process tool adapter and the lid assembly; and an insulator ring disposed between the cooled process tool adapter and the ground adapter. 14. The process chamber of claim 13, further comprising:
a coolant connector housing enclosing the inlet and the outlet of the cooled process tool adapter and having a supply inlet to couple to a coolant source. 15. The process chamber of claim 14, wherein the coolant connector housing further comprises a leak detector. 16. The process chamber of claim 13, wherein the ground adapter further comprises a coolant channel disposed within the ground adapter. 17. The process chamber of claim 16, wherein the coolant channel of the ground adapter and the coolant channel of the cooled process tool adapter are fluidly coupled in series. 18. The process chamber of claim 13, further comprising a bias power source coupled to the cooled process tool adapter. 19. The process chamber of claim 18, wherein the body is grounded. 20. The process chamber of claim 19, further comprising a process tool coupled to the cooled process tool adapter, wherein the process tool is coupled to the bias power source via the cooled process tool adapter. | Embodiments of cooled process tool adapters for use in substrate processing chambers are provided herein. In some embodiments, a cooled process tool adapter includes: an annular body surrounding a central opening; a coolant channel disposed in the annular body; one or more features to facilitate supporting a process tool within the central opening; an inlet and an outlet disposed in the annular body and fluidly coupled to the coolant channel; and a power connection coupled to the annular body having a terminal to couple the annular body to a bias power source.1. A cooled process tool adapter, comprising:
an annular body surrounding a central opening; a coolant channel disposed in the annular body; one or more features to facilitate supporting a process tool within the central opening; an inlet and an outlet disposed in the annular body and fluidly coupled to the coolant channel; and a power connection coupled to the annular body having a terminal to couple the annular body to a bias power source. 2. The cooled process tool adapter of claim 1, wherein the one or more features to facilitate supporting the process tool comprise a radially inwardly extending shelf disposed along an inner diameter of the annular body. 3. The cooled process tool adapter of claim 2, further comprising:
a plurality of through holes disposed through the shelf to facilitate coupling a process tool to the annular body. 4. The cooled process tool adapter of claim 2, further comprising:
one or more alignment pins to facilitate aligning a process tool to the cooled process tool adapter. 5. The cooled process tool adapter of claim 4, wherein the one or more alignment pins are three alignment pins. 6. The cooled process tool adapter of claim 1, wherein the annular body further comprises a substantially planar upper surface and a substantially planar lower surface. 7. The cooled process tool adapter of claim 6, further comprising:
an annular groove disposed along the substantially planar upper surface; and an annular groove disposed along the substantially planar lower surface. 8. The cooled process tool adapter of claim 1, wherein the coolant channel comprises:
a channel disposed along an outer diameter of the annular body; and a cap disposed over the channel to seal the coolant channel. 9. The cooled process tool adapter of claim 1, further comprising:
a plurality of orientation features to facilitate centering and orientation of the cooled process tool adapter with respect to a process chamber in which the cooled process tool adapter is to be installed. 10. The cooled process tool adapter of claim 9, wherein the plurality of orientation features further comprise:
an upper alignment feature to align the cooled process tool adapter with components disposed above the cooled process tool adapter; and an lower alignment feature to align the cooled process tool adapter with components disposed above the cooled process tool adapter. 11. The cooled process tool adapter of claim 9, wherein the plurality of orientation features are two diametrically opposed orientation features. 12. A cooled process tool adapter, comprising:
an annular body surrounding a central opening; a radially inwardly extending shelf disposed along an inner diameter of the annular body to facilitate supporting a process tool within the central opening; a plurality of through holes disposed through the shelf to facilitate coupling a process tool to the annular body a coolant channel disposed in the annular body, wherein the coolant channel comprises a channel disposed along an outer diameter of the annular body and a cap disposed over the channel to seal the coolant channel; an inlet and an outlet disposed in the annular body and fluidly coupled to the coolant channel; and a power connection coupled to the annular body having a terminal to couple the annular body to a bias power source. 13. A process chamber, comprising:
a body including a ground adapter and a lid assembly partially defining an interior volume of the process chamber; a cooled process tool adapter having an annular body surrounding a central opening, wherein the central opening faces the interior volume of the process chamber, and wherein the cooled process tool adapter further comprises:
a coolant channel disposed in the annular body;
an inlet and an outlet disposed in the annular body and fluidly coupled to the coolant channel; and
a power connection coupled to the annular body having a terminal to couple the annular body to a bias power source;
an insulator ring disposed between the cooled process tool adapter and the lid assembly; and an insulator ring disposed between the cooled process tool adapter and the ground adapter. 14. The process chamber of claim 13, further comprising:
a coolant connector housing enclosing the inlet and the outlet of the cooled process tool adapter and having a supply inlet to couple to a coolant source. 15. The process chamber of claim 14, wherein the coolant connector housing further comprises a leak detector. 16. The process chamber of claim 13, wherein the ground adapter further comprises a coolant channel disposed within the ground adapter. 17. The process chamber of claim 16, wherein the coolant channel of the ground adapter and the coolant channel of the cooled process tool adapter are fluidly coupled in series. 18. The process chamber of claim 13, further comprising a bias power source coupled to the cooled process tool adapter. 19. The process chamber of claim 18, wherein the body is grounded. 20. The process chamber of claim 19, further comprising a process tool coupled to the cooled process tool adapter, wherein the process tool is coupled to the bias power source via the cooled process tool adapter. | 1,700 |
3,281 | 15,125,878 | 1,727 | The invention relates to a battery comprising a cathode, an anode and electrolyte between said cathode and anode, in which: —the cathode comprises an oxide containing manganese as active substance; and —the electrolyte contains a lithium imidazolate of formula: (i) in which R, R 1 and R 2 independently of each other represent CN, F, CF 3 , CHF 2 , CH 2 F, C 2 HF 4 , C 2 H 2 F 3 , C 2 H 3 F 2 , C 2 F 5 , C 3 F 7 , C 3 H 2 F 5 , C 3 H 4 F 3 , C 4 F 9 , C 4 H 2 F 7 , C 4 H 4 F 5 , C 5 F 11 , C 3 F 5 OCF 3 , C 2 F 4 OCF 3 , C 2 H 2 F 2 OCF 3 or CF 2 OCF 3 groups. | 1. A battery comprising a cathode, an anode and an electrolyte interposed between the cathode and the anode, in which:
the cathode comprises an oxide containing manganese as active material; and the electrolyte contains a lithium imidazolate of formula:
in which R, R1 and R2 independently represent CN, F, CF3, CHF2, CH2F, C2HF4, C2H2F3, C2H3F2, C2F5, C3F7, C3H2F5, C3H4F3, C4F9, C4H2F7, C4H4F5, C5F11, C3F5OCF3, C2F4OCF3, C2H2F2OCF3 or CF2OCF3 groups. 2. The battery as claimed in claim 1, in which at least one among R, R1 and R2 represents a CN group. 3. The battery as claimed in claim 1, in which R1 and R2 each represent a CN group. 4. The battery as claimed in claim 1, in which R represents a CF3, F or C2F5 group and more particularly preferably represents a CF3 group. 5. The battery as claimed in claim 1, in which the electrolyte consists essentially of one or more lithium imidazolates in a solvent. 6. The battery as claimed in claim 1, in which the cathode contains:
a lithium manganese oxide of formula LixMn2O4 where X represents a number ranging from 0.95 to 1.05; and/or an oxide of formula LiMO2 where M is a combination of Mn with one or more other metals, such as Co, Ni, Al and Fe; as active material. 7. The battery as claimed in claim 1, in which the cathode comprises an oxide containing manganese which exhibits a structure of spinel type. 8. A method of providing electrical power, comprising discharging a battery as claimed in claim 1 under the following conditions:
voltage of between 4 and 4.4 V,
temperature of between 45° C. and 65° C., whereby loss of capacity on cycling is reduced compared to a battery having a manganese oxide spinel cathode. | The invention relates to a battery comprising a cathode, an anode and electrolyte between said cathode and anode, in which: —the cathode comprises an oxide containing manganese as active substance; and —the electrolyte contains a lithium imidazolate of formula: (i) in which R, R 1 and R 2 independently of each other represent CN, F, CF 3 , CHF 2 , CH 2 F, C 2 HF 4 , C 2 H 2 F 3 , C 2 H 3 F 2 , C 2 F 5 , C 3 F 7 , C 3 H 2 F 5 , C 3 H 4 F 3 , C 4 F 9 , C 4 H 2 F 7 , C 4 H 4 F 5 , C 5 F 11 , C 3 F 5 OCF 3 , C 2 F 4 OCF 3 , C 2 H 2 F 2 OCF 3 or CF 2 OCF 3 groups.1. A battery comprising a cathode, an anode and an electrolyte interposed between the cathode and the anode, in which:
the cathode comprises an oxide containing manganese as active material; and the electrolyte contains a lithium imidazolate of formula:
in which R, R1 and R2 independently represent CN, F, CF3, CHF2, CH2F, C2HF4, C2H2F3, C2H3F2, C2F5, C3F7, C3H2F5, C3H4F3, C4F9, C4H2F7, C4H4F5, C5F11, C3F5OCF3, C2F4OCF3, C2H2F2OCF3 or CF2OCF3 groups. 2. The battery as claimed in claim 1, in which at least one among R, R1 and R2 represents a CN group. 3. The battery as claimed in claim 1, in which R1 and R2 each represent a CN group. 4. The battery as claimed in claim 1, in which R represents a CF3, F or C2F5 group and more particularly preferably represents a CF3 group. 5. The battery as claimed in claim 1, in which the electrolyte consists essentially of one or more lithium imidazolates in a solvent. 6. The battery as claimed in claim 1, in which the cathode contains:
a lithium manganese oxide of formula LixMn2O4 where X represents a number ranging from 0.95 to 1.05; and/or an oxide of formula LiMO2 where M is a combination of Mn with one or more other metals, such as Co, Ni, Al and Fe; as active material. 7. The battery as claimed in claim 1, in which the cathode comprises an oxide containing manganese which exhibits a structure of spinel type. 8. A method of providing electrical power, comprising discharging a battery as claimed in claim 1 under the following conditions:
voltage of between 4 and 4.4 V,
temperature of between 45° C. and 65° C., whereby loss of capacity on cycling is reduced compared to a battery having a manganese oxide spinel cathode. | 1,700 |
3,282 | 12,547,278 | 1,771 | Systems for mixing a catalyst precursor with a heavy oil feedstock preparatory to hydroprocessing the heavy oil feedstock in a reactor to form an upgraded feedstock. Achieving very good dispersion of the catalyst precursor facilitates and maximizes the advantages of the colloidal or molecular hydroprocessing catalyst. A catalyst precursor and a heavy oil feedstock having a viscosity greater than the viscosity of the catalyst precursor are provided. The catalyst precursor is pre-mixed with a hydrocarbon oil diluent, forming a diluted catalyst precursor. The diluted precursor is then mixed with at least a portion of the heavy oil feedstock so as to form a catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture. Finally, the catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture is mixed with any remainder of the heavy oil feedstock, resulting in the catalyst precursor being homogeneously dispersed on a colloidal and/or molecular level within the heavy oil feedstock. | 1. A system for homogeneously mixing a catalyst precursor into a heavy oil feedstock having a viscosity greater than the viscosity of the catalyst precursor, comprising:
means for pre-mixing a catalyst precursor with a diluent so that the catalyst precursor is substantially homogeneously dispersed throughout the diluent so as to form a diluted catalyst precursor in which the weight ratio of catalyst precursor to diluent is between about 1:500 and about 1:1, the diluent having a boiling point of at least about 150° C.; means for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with a heavy oil feedstock so as to form a catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture wherein the catalyst precursor is homogeneously dispersed on a colloidal and/or molecular level throughout the heavy oil feedstock. 2. A system as in claim 1, wherein the diluent comprises one or more of vacuum gas oil, decant oil, cycle oil, start up diesel, light gas oil, or a portion of the heavy oil feedstock. 3. A system as recited in claim 1, wherein the means for pre-mixing is designed to provide a weight ratio of catalyst precursor to diluent is between about 1:150 and about 1:2. 4. A system as in claim 1, wherein the means for pre-mixing and the means for mixing are designed to operate at a temperature between about 25° C. and about 300° C. 5. A system as in claim 1, wherein the means for mixing the catalyst precursor with a diluent comprises a static low shear in-line mixer. 6. A system as in claim 5, wherein the static low shear in-line mixer is characterized as including between about 2 and about 20 mixing stages. 7. A system as in claim 5, wherein the static low shear in-line mixer is characterized as including between about 7 and about 15 mixing stages. 8. A system as in claim 5, wherein the static low shear in-line mixer is characterized as including between about 8 and about 12 mixing stages. 9. A system as in claim 1, wherein the means for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the heavy oil feedstock comprises a static low shear in-line mixer. 10. A system as in claim 9, wherein the static low shear in-line mixer is characterized as including between about 2 and about 20 mixing stages. 11. A system as in claim 9, wherein the static low shear in-line mixer is characterized as including between about 7 and about 15 mixing stages. 12. A system as in claim 9, wherein the static low shear in-line mixer is characterized as including between about 8 and about 12 mixing stages. 13. A system as in claim 9, wherein the means for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the heavy oil feedstock further comprises a dynamic high shear mixer. 14. A system as recited in claim 13, wherein the dynamic high shear mixer provides a residence time between about 0.001 second and about 20 minutes. 15. A system as recited in claim 13, wherein the dynamic high shear mixer provides a residence time between about 0.005 second and about 20 seconds. 16. A system as recited in claim 13, wherein the dynamic high shear mixer provides a residence time between about 0.01 second and about 3 seconds. 17. A system as in claim 1, wherein the means for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the heavy oil feedstock comprises:
first means for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with a first portion of the heavy oil feedstock to form catalyst a precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture; and second means for mixing the catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture with a remainder of the heavy oil feedstock so that the catalyst precursor is substantially homogeneously dispersed on a colloidal and/or molecular level throughout the heavy oil feedstock. 18. A system as in claim 17, wherein the means for mixing the catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture with a remainder of the heavy oil feedstock comprises a surge tank having a residence time so as to allow the catalyst precursor to diffuse throughout the heavy oil feedstock so as to result in the catalyst precursor being substantially homogeneously dispersed on a colloidal and/or molecular level within the heavy oil feedstock. 19. A system as in claim 18, wherein the surge tank provides a residence time between about 5 minutes and about 60 minutes. 20. A system as in claim 18, wherein the surge tank provides a residence time between about 10 minutes and about 50 minutes. 21. A system as in claim 18, wherein the surge tank provides a residence time between about 20 minutes and about 40 minutes. 22. A system as in claim 18, wherein the means for mixing the catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture with a remainder of the heavy oil feedstock further comprises one or more multi-stage high pressure pumps. 23. A system as in claim 22, wherein at least one of the one or more multi-stage high pressure pumps comprises at least about 10 compression stages. 24. A system as in claim 22, wherein the one or more multi-stage high pressure pumps comprises two or more pumps arranged in parallel. 25. A system as in claim 22, wherein the one or more multi-stage high pressure pumps comprises two or more pumps arranged in series. 26. A system for homogeneously mixing a catalyst precursor into a heavy oil feedstock having a viscosity greater than the viscosity of the catalyst precursor, comprising:
means for mixing the catalyst precursor with a diluent so as to form a diluted catalyst precursor; means for dividing the heavy oil feedstock into a first portion and a second portion; means for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the first portion of the heavy oil feedstock so as to form a catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture; and means for mixing the catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture with the second portion of the heavy oil feedstock. 27. A system for homogeneously mixing a catalyst precursor into a heavy oil feedstock having a viscosity greater than the viscosity of the catalyst precursor, comprising:
a first static low shear in-line mixer for mixing the catalyst precursor having a first viscosity with a diluent so as to form a diluted catalyst precursor; and at least one second static low shear in-line mixer, at least one dynamic high shear mixer, or any combination thereof for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the heavy oil feedstock so as to form a catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture. 28. A system as in claim 27, further comprising a surge tank providing a residence time so as to allow the catalyst precursor to diffuse throughout the heavy oil feedstock. 29. A system as in claim 27, further comprising one or more multi-stage high pressure pumps for pumping the contents of the surge tank to a hydroprocessing reactor. | Systems for mixing a catalyst precursor with a heavy oil feedstock preparatory to hydroprocessing the heavy oil feedstock in a reactor to form an upgraded feedstock. Achieving very good dispersion of the catalyst precursor facilitates and maximizes the advantages of the colloidal or molecular hydroprocessing catalyst. A catalyst precursor and a heavy oil feedstock having a viscosity greater than the viscosity of the catalyst precursor are provided. The catalyst precursor is pre-mixed with a hydrocarbon oil diluent, forming a diluted catalyst precursor. The diluted precursor is then mixed with at least a portion of the heavy oil feedstock so as to form a catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture. Finally, the catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture is mixed with any remainder of the heavy oil feedstock, resulting in the catalyst precursor being homogeneously dispersed on a colloidal and/or molecular level within the heavy oil feedstock.1. A system for homogeneously mixing a catalyst precursor into a heavy oil feedstock having a viscosity greater than the viscosity of the catalyst precursor, comprising:
means for pre-mixing a catalyst precursor with a diluent so that the catalyst precursor is substantially homogeneously dispersed throughout the diluent so as to form a diluted catalyst precursor in which the weight ratio of catalyst precursor to diluent is between about 1:500 and about 1:1, the diluent having a boiling point of at least about 150° C.; means for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with a heavy oil feedstock so as to form a catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture wherein the catalyst precursor is homogeneously dispersed on a colloidal and/or molecular level throughout the heavy oil feedstock. 2. A system as in claim 1, wherein the diluent comprises one or more of vacuum gas oil, decant oil, cycle oil, start up diesel, light gas oil, or a portion of the heavy oil feedstock. 3. A system as recited in claim 1, wherein the means for pre-mixing is designed to provide a weight ratio of catalyst precursor to diluent is between about 1:150 and about 1:2. 4. A system as in claim 1, wherein the means for pre-mixing and the means for mixing are designed to operate at a temperature between about 25° C. and about 300° C. 5. A system as in claim 1, wherein the means for mixing the catalyst precursor with a diluent comprises a static low shear in-line mixer. 6. A system as in claim 5, wherein the static low shear in-line mixer is characterized as including between about 2 and about 20 mixing stages. 7. A system as in claim 5, wherein the static low shear in-line mixer is characterized as including between about 7 and about 15 mixing stages. 8. A system as in claim 5, wherein the static low shear in-line mixer is characterized as including between about 8 and about 12 mixing stages. 9. A system as in claim 1, wherein the means for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the heavy oil feedstock comprises a static low shear in-line mixer. 10. A system as in claim 9, wherein the static low shear in-line mixer is characterized as including between about 2 and about 20 mixing stages. 11. A system as in claim 9, wherein the static low shear in-line mixer is characterized as including between about 7 and about 15 mixing stages. 12. A system as in claim 9, wherein the static low shear in-line mixer is characterized as including between about 8 and about 12 mixing stages. 13. A system as in claim 9, wherein the means for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the heavy oil feedstock further comprises a dynamic high shear mixer. 14. A system as recited in claim 13, wherein the dynamic high shear mixer provides a residence time between about 0.001 second and about 20 minutes. 15. A system as recited in claim 13, wherein the dynamic high shear mixer provides a residence time between about 0.005 second and about 20 seconds. 16. A system as recited in claim 13, wherein the dynamic high shear mixer provides a residence time between about 0.01 second and about 3 seconds. 17. A system as in claim 1, wherein the means for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the heavy oil feedstock comprises:
first means for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with a first portion of the heavy oil feedstock to form catalyst a precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture; and second means for mixing the catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture with a remainder of the heavy oil feedstock so that the catalyst precursor is substantially homogeneously dispersed on a colloidal and/or molecular level throughout the heavy oil feedstock. 18. A system as in claim 17, wherein the means for mixing the catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture with a remainder of the heavy oil feedstock comprises a surge tank having a residence time so as to allow the catalyst precursor to diffuse throughout the heavy oil feedstock so as to result in the catalyst precursor being substantially homogeneously dispersed on a colloidal and/or molecular level within the heavy oil feedstock. 19. A system as in claim 18, wherein the surge tank provides a residence time between about 5 minutes and about 60 minutes. 20. A system as in claim 18, wherein the surge tank provides a residence time between about 10 minutes and about 50 minutes. 21. A system as in claim 18, wherein the surge tank provides a residence time between about 20 minutes and about 40 minutes. 22. A system as in claim 18, wherein the means for mixing the catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture with a remainder of the heavy oil feedstock further comprises one or more multi-stage high pressure pumps. 23. A system as in claim 22, wherein at least one of the one or more multi-stage high pressure pumps comprises at least about 10 compression stages. 24. A system as in claim 22, wherein the one or more multi-stage high pressure pumps comprises two or more pumps arranged in parallel. 25. A system as in claim 22, wherein the one or more multi-stage high pressure pumps comprises two or more pumps arranged in series. 26. A system for homogeneously mixing a catalyst precursor into a heavy oil feedstock having a viscosity greater than the viscosity of the catalyst precursor, comprising:
means for mixing the catalyst precursor with a diluent so as to form a diluted catalyst precursor; means for dividing the heavy oil feedstock into a first portion and a second portion; means for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the first portion of the heavy oil feedstock so as to form a catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture; and means for mixing the catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture with the second portion of the heavy oil feedstock. 27. A system for homogeneously mixing a catalyst precursor into a heavy oil feedstock having a viscosity greater than the viscosity of the catalyst precursor, comprising:
a first static low shear in-line mixer for mixing the catalyst precursor having a first viscosity with a diluent so as to form a diluted catalyst precursor; and at least one second static low shear in-line mixer, at least one dynamic high shear mixer, or any combination thereof for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the heavy oil feedstock so as to form a catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture. 28. A system as in claim 27, further comprising a surge tank providing a residence time so as to allow the catalyst precursor to diffuse throughout the heavy oil feedstock. 29. A system as in claim 27, further comprising one or more multi-stage high pressure pumps for pumping the contents of the surge tank to a hydroprocessing reactor. | 1,700 |
3,283 | 14,602,885 | 1,716 | A sealing structure is between a workpiece or substrate and a carrier for plasma processing. In one example, a substrate carrier has a top surface for holding a substrate, the top surface having a perimeter and a resilient sealing ridge on the perimeter of the top surface to contact the substrate when the substrate is being carried on the carrier. | 1. A substrate carrier comprising:
a top surface for holding a substrate, the top surface having a perimeter; a resilient sealing ridge on the perimeter of the top surface to contact the substrate when the substrate is being carried on the carrier. 2. The substrate carrier of claim 1, wherein the resilient ridge is formed of one of a polyolefin or a polyimide. 3. The substrate carrier of claim 1, wherein the resilient ridge is formed by spin-coating a material onto the perimeter of the top surface through a mask. 4. The substrate carrier of claim 1, wherein the resilient ridge is formed by deposition. 5. The substrate carrier of claim 4, wherein the resilient ridge is further formed by removing material on the top surface within the perimeter of the top surface. 6. The substrate carrier of claim 1, wherein the resilient ridge is an O-ring in a groove of the carrier. 7. The substrate carrier of claim 1, further comprising an underfill on the top surface within the resilient ridge of the top surface, the underfill to contact the substrate when the substrate is being carried on the carrier. 8. The substrate carrier of claim 1, wherein the underfill is formed of a silicone filled with heat conductive particles. 9. The substrate carrier of claim 1, wherein the substrate has a plurality of pillars facing the top surface the when the substrate is being carried on the carrier and wherein the underfill has a thickness as great as the height of the pillars. 10. The substrate carrier of claim 1, wherein the substrate has a plurality of pillars extending from a surface of the substrate, wherein the pillars are between the substrate and the carrier when the substrate is carried on the carrier, and wherein the resilient ridge has a height from the top surface of the carrier that is at least as high as the height by which the pillars extend from the surface of the substrate. 11. A method comprising:
applying a resilient sealing ridge to a perimeter of a top surface of a carrier; curing the resilient sealing ridge; and applying an electrical charge to the carrier to grip a workpiece so that the ridge contacts a perimeter of the workpiece. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the workpiece has a plurality of pillars extending from a surface of the workpiece and wherein gripping the workpiece comprises gripping the workpiece so that the pillars are between the workpiece and the carrier. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein applying a resilient ridge comprises spin-coating a resilient material on to the top surface of the carrier. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the resilient ridge is formed of a polyolefin. 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising filling an area of the top surface enclosed by the resilient ridge with an underfill, so that when the carrier grips a workpiece, the underfill contacts the workpiece. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the underfill is a conductive silicone. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the applying a resilient ridge comprises attaching an O ring to the top surface of the carrier. 18. A processing system comprising:
a plasma chamber to contain a workpiece, the chamber having a gas source and an exhaust pump; a plasma source to generate a plasma within the chamber; a voltage source to drive a radio frequency bias voltage on the plasma; and a pedestal to carry a workpiece within the chamber, the pedestal having a workpiece carrier, the carrier having a top surface for holding a workpiece, the top surface having a perimeter, and a resilient sealing ridge on the perimeter of the top surface to contact the workpiece when the workpiece is being carried on the carrier. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the resilient ridge is formed of a polyolefin or a polyimide. 20. The system of claim 18, further comprising an underfill on the top surface within the resilient ridge of the top surface, the underfill to contact the workpiece when the workpiece is being carried on the carrier. | A sealing structure is between a workpiece or substrate and a carrier for plasma processing. In one example, a substrate carrier has a top surface for holding a substrate, the top surface having a perimeter and a resilient sealing ridge on the perimeter of the top surface to contact the substrate when the substrate is being carried on the carrier.1. A substrate carrier comprising:
a top surface for holding a substrate, the top surface having a perimeter; a resilient sealing ridge on the perimeter of the top surface to contact the substrate when the substrate is being carried on the carrier. 2. The substrate carrier of claim 1, wherein the resilient ridge is formed of one of a polyolefin or a polyimide. 3. The substrate carrier of claim 1, wherein the resilient ridge is formed by spin-coating a material onto the perimeter of the top surface through a mask. 4. The substrate carrier of claim 1, wherein the resilient ridge is formed by deposition. 5. The substrate carrier of claim 4, wherein the resilient ridge is further formed by removing material on the top surface within the perimeter of the top surface. 6. The substrate carrier of claim 1, wherein the resilient ridge is an O-ring in a groove of the carrier. 7. The substrate carrier of claim 1, further comprising an underfill on the top surface within the resilient ridge of the top surface, the underfill to contact the substrate when the substrate is being carried on the carrier. 8. The substrate carrier of claim 1, wherein the underfill is formed of a silicone filled with heat conductive particles. 9. The substrate carrier of claim 1, wherein the substrate has a plurality of pillars facing the top surface the when the substrate is being carried on the carrier and wherein the underfill has a thickness as great as the height of the pillars. 10. The substrate carrier of claim 1, wherein the substrate has a plurality of pillars extending from a surface of the substrate, wherein the pillars are between the substrate and the carrier when the substrate is carried on the carrier, and wherein the resilient ridge has a height from the top surface of the carrier that is at least as high as the height by which the pillars extend from the surface of the substrate. 11. A method comprising:
applying a resilient sealing ridge to a perimeter of a top surface of a carrier; curing the resilient sealing ridge; and applying an electrical charge to the carrier to grip a workpiece so that the ridge contacts a perimeter of the workpiece. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the workpiece has a plurality of pillars extending from a surface of the workpiece and wherein gripping the workpiece comprises gripping the workpiece so that the pillars are between the workpiece and the carrier. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein applying a resilient ridge comprises spin-coating a resilient material on to the top surface of the carrier. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the resilient ridge is formed of a polyolefin. 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising filling an area of the top surface enclosed by the resilient ridge with an underfill, so that when the carrier grips a workpiece, the underfill contacts the workpiece. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the underfill is a conductive silicone. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the applying a resilient ridge comprises attaching an O ring to the top surface of the carrier. 18. A processing system comprising:
a plasma chamber to contain a workpiece, the chamber having a gas source and an exhaust pump; a plasma source to generate a plasma within the chamber; a voltage source to drive a radio frequency bias voltage on the plasma; and a pedestal to carry a workpiece within the chamber, the pedestal having a workpiece carrier, the carrier having a top surface for holding a workpiece, the top surface having a perimeter, and a resilient sealing ridge on the perimeter of the top surface to contact the workpiece when the workpiece is being carried on the carrier. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the resilient ridge is formed of a polyolefin or a polyimide. 20. The system of claim 18, further comprising an underfill on the top surface within the resilient ridge of the top surface, the underfill to contact the workpiece when the workpiece is being carried on the carrier. | 1,700 |
3,284 | 14,838,874 | 1,786 | This invention discloses a novel multicomponent system or a single compound that is capable of performing triplet-triplet annihilation up conversion process. (TTA-UC) A solution or solid film that comprises this TTA-UC system or compound is provided. This system or compound can be used in an optical or optoelectronic device. | 1. A formulation comprising a mixture of:
a sensitizer; an acceptor; and an emitter;
wherein the acceptor has a first triplet energy lower than a first triplet energy of the sensitizer;
wherein the emitter has a first singlet energy lower than a first singlet energy of the acceptor; and
wherein the sensitizer, the acceptor, and the emitter are jointly capable of performing triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion of light incident on the formulation to emit a luminescent radiation comprising a radiation component from the first singlet energy of the emitter. 2. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the emitter has a first triplet energy higher than the first triplet energy of the acceptor 3. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the emitter has the first triplet energy higher than the first triplet energy of the sensitizer; and
wherein the emitter has the first singlet energy higher than the first singlet energy of the sensitizer. 4. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the sensitizer is selected from the group consisting of: an iridium complex, an osmium complex, a platinum complex, a palladium complex, a rhenium complex, a ruthenium complex, and a gold complex. 5. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the sensitizer is selected from the group consisting of: 6. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the acceptor comprises a fused aromatic group. 7. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the acceptor comprises a group selected from the group consisting of: naphthalene, anthracene, tetracene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, and combinations thereof. 8. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the acceptor is selected from the group consisting of: 9. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the emitter comprises a group selected from the group consisting of: fluoranthene, pyrene, triarylamine, and combinations thereof. 10. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the emitter is selected from the group consisting of: 11. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the acceptor comprises at least 50 wt % of the total mass of the mixture of the sensitizer, the acceptor, and the emitter. 12. A first device comprising a first organic layer; the first organic layer comprising a mixture of:
a sensitizer; an acceptor; and an emitter; wherein the acceptor has a first triplet energy lower than a first triplet energy of the sensitizer; wherein the emitter has a first singlet energy lower than a first singlet energy of the acceptor; and wherein the first device are capable of performing triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion of light incident on the first organic layer to emit a luminescent radiation comprising a radiation component from the first singlet energy of the emitter. 13. The first device of claim 12, wherein the emitter has a first triplet energy higher than the first triplet energy of the acceptor. 14. The first device of claim 12, wherein the emitter has a first singlet energy between 400 nm to 500 nm. 15. The first device of claim 12, wherein the first device has an upconversion efficiency of at least 10%. 16. The first device of claim 12, wherein the first organic layer only contains the sensitizer, the acceptor, and the emitter. 17. The first device of claim 12, wherein the acceptor in the first organic layer comprises at least 50 wt % of the total mass of the mixture of the sensitizer, the acceptor, and the emitter. 18. The first device of claim 12, wherein the first device is selected from the group consisting of a consumer product, an electronic component module, an organic light-emitting device, a lighting panel, a light emitting diode, and a photovoltaic device. 19. The first device of claim 12, wherein the first device comprises an organic light emitting device comprising an emissive material having an emissive spectrum; and
the first organic layer is disposed adjacent to the organic light emitting device such that light emitted by the organic light emitting device is incident on the first organic layer. 20-22. (canceled) 23. A compound for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion comprising:
a sensitizer group; an acceptor group; and an emitter group;
wherein the sensitizer group, the acceptor group, and the emitter group are connected together through covalent bonds by a plurality of spacer groups;
wherein the acceptor group has a first triplet energy lower than a first triplet energy of the sensitizer group;
wherein the emitter group has a first singlet energy lower than a first singlet energy of the acceptor group; and
wherein the compound is capable of performing triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion of light incident on the compound to emit a luminescent radiation comprising a radiation component from the first singlet energy of the emitter group. 24-42. (canceled) | This invention discloses a novel multicomponent system or a single compound that is capable of performing triplet-triplet annihilation up conversion process. (TTA-UC) A solution or solid film that comprises this TTA-UC system or compound is provided. This system or compound can be used in an optical or optoelectronic device.1. A formulation comprising a mixture of:
a sensitizer; an acceptor; and an emitter;
wherein the acceptor has a first triplet energy lower than a first triplet energy of the sensitizer;
wherein the emitter has a first singlet energy lower than a first singlet energy of the acceptor; and
wherein the sensitizer, the acceptor, and the emitter are jointly capable of performing triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion of light incident on the formulation to emit a luminescent radiation comprising a radiation component from the first singlet energy of the emitter. 2. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the emitter has a first triplet energy higher than the first triplet energy of the acceptor 3. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the emitter has the first triplet energy higher than the first triplet energy of the sensitizer; and
wherein the emitter has the first singlet energy higher than the first singlet energy of the sensitizer. 4. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the sensitizer is selected from the group consisting of: an iridium complex, an osmium complex, a platinum complex, a palladium complex, a rhenium complex, a ruthenium complex, and a gold complex. 5. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the sensitizer is selected from the group consisting of: 6. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the acceptor comprises a fused aromatic group. 7. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the acceptor comprises a group selected from the group consisting of: naphthalene, anthracene, tetracene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, and combinations thereof. 8. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the acceptor is selected from the group consisting of: 9. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the emitter comprises a group selected from the group consisting of: fluoranthene, pyrene, triarylamine, and combinations thereof. 10. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the emitter is selected from the group consisting of: 11. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the acceptor comprises at least 50 wt % of the total mass of the mixture of the sensitizer, the acceptor, and the emitter. 12. A first device comprising a first organic layer; the first organic layer comprising a mixture of:
a sensitizer; an acceptor; and an emitter; wherein the acceptor has a first triplet energy lower than a first triplet energy of the sensitizer; wherein the emitter has a first singlet energy lower than a first singlet energy of the acceptor; and wherein the first device are capable of performing triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion of light incident on the first organic layer to emit a luminescent radiation comprising a radiation component from the first singlet energy of the emitter. 13. The first device of claim 12, wherein the emitter has a first triplet energy higher than the first triplet energy of the acceptor. 14. The first device of claim 12, wherein the emitter has a first singlet energy between 400 nm to 500 nm. 15. The first device of claim 12, wherein the first device has an upconversion efficiency of at least 10%. 16. The first device of claim 12, wherein the first organic layer only contains the sensitizer, the acceptor, and the emitter. 17. The first device of claim 12, wherein the acceptor in the first organic layer comprises at least 50 wt % of the total mass of the mixture of the sensitizer, the acceptor, and the emitter. 18. The first device of claim 12, wherein the first device is selected from the group consisting of a consumer product, an electronic component module, an organic light-emitting device, a lighting panel, a light emitting diode, and a photovoltaic device. 19. The first device of claim 12, wherein the first device comprises an organic light emitting device comprising an emissive material having an emissive spectrum; and
the first organic layer is disposed adjacent to the organic light emitting device such that light emitted by the organic light emitting device is incident on the first organic layer. 20-22. (canceled) 23. A compound for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion comprising:
a sensitizer group; an acceptor group; and an emitter group;
wherein the sensitizer group, the acceptor group, and the emitter group are connected together through covalent bonds by a plurality of spacer groups;
wherein the acceptor group has a first triplet energy lower than a first triplet energy of the sensitizer group;
wherein the emitter group has a first singlet energy lower than a first singlet energy of the acceptor group; and
wherein the compound is capable of performing triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion of light incident on the compound to emit a luminescent radiation comprising a radiation component from the first singlet energy of the emitter group. 24-42. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,285 | 14,177,437 | 1,725 | Electrified vehicles such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEV's), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV's), battery electric vehicles (BEV's), or fuel cell vehicles differ from conventional motor vehicles in that they are powered by one or more electric machines (i.e., electric motors and/or generators) instead of or in addition to an internal combustion engine. High voltage current for powering these types of electric machines is typically supplied by a high voltage traction battery system having one or more battery cells that store energy. | 1. A battery cell spacer, comprising:
a unitary body including at least a first dividing wall and a second dividing wall spaced from said first dividing wall; a pocket defined between said first dividing wall and said second dividing wall; and said unitary body adjustable between a first position and a second position to change a dimension associated with said pocket. 2. The battery cell spacer as recited in claim 1, wherein said first dividing wall and said second dividing wall are parallel to one another. 3. The battery cell spacer as recited in claim 1, comprising a battery cell received in said pocket. 4. The battery cell spacer as recited in claim 1, comprising an array structure attached to at least one end of said unitary body. 5. The battery cell spacer as recited in claim 1, wherein said unitary body includes a plurality of walls and a plurality of pockets defined between adjacent walls of said plurality of walls. 6. The battery cell spacer as recited in claim 1, wherein said unitary body includes an accordion shape. 7. The battery cell spacer as recited in claim 1, comprising an end wall that connects said first dividing wall and said second dividing wall. 8. The battery cell spacer as recited in claim 7, wherein said end wall includes a living hinge. 9. The battery cell spacer as recited in claim 1, comprising a hinged wall that connects said first dividing wall and said second dividing wall. 10. The battery cell spacer as recited in claim 1, wherein at least one of said first dividing wall and said second dividing wall includes a flap that is movable between a first position and a second position to close off a bottom of said pocket. 11. The battery cell spacer as recited in claim 10, wherein said flap is connected to either said first dividing wall or said second dividing wall with a hinge. 12. The battery cell spacer as recited in claim 1, wherein said first dividing wall includes a first flap and said second dividing wall includes a second flap that extends toward said first flap, said first flap and said second flap engageable to one another to close off a bottom of said pocket. 13. A battery module, comprising:
a battery cell; and a battery cell spacer that defines a pocket for receiving said battery cell, said battery cell spacer adjustable between an expanded position and a collapsed position to change a positioning of said battery cell spacer relative to said battery cell. 14. The battery module as recited in claim 13, wherein said battery cell spacer includes a first dividing wall, a second dividing wall parallel to said first dividing wall, said pocket defined between said first dividing wall and said second dividing wall for accommodating said battery cell. 15. The battery module as recited in claim 14, comprising an end wall that connects between said first dividing wall and said second dividing wall. 16. The battery module as recited in claim 13, wherein said pocket includes a first dimension in said expanded position and a second, smaller dimension in said collapsed position. 17. A method, comprising:
positioning a battery cell in a pocket of a battery cell spacer; and compressing the battery cell spacer to collapse the battery cell spacer about the battery cell. 18. The method as recited in claim 17, wherein the step of compressing includes applying a force to at least one array structure. 19. The method as recited in claim 17, wherein the step of compressing includes adjusting a molded body of the battery cell spacer between an expanded position and a collapsed position. 20. The method as recited in claim 17, comprising the step of closing off a bottom of the pocket with at least one flap. | Electrified vehicles such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEV's), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV's), battery electric vehicles (BEV's), or fuel cell vehicles differ from conventional motor vehicles in that they are powered by one or more electric machines (i.e., electric motors and/or generators) instead of or in addition to an internal combustion engine. High voltage current for powering these types of electric machines is typically supplied by a high voltage traction battery system having one or more battery cells that store energy.1. A battery cell spacer, comprising:
a unitary body including at least a first dividing wall and a second dividing wall spaced from said first dividing wall; a pocket defined between said first dividing wall and said second dividing wall; and said unitary body adjustable between a first position and a second position to change a dimension associated with said pocket. 2. The battery cell spacer as recited in claim 1, wherein said first dividing wall and said second dividing wall are parallel to one another. 3. The battery cell spacer as recited in claim 1, comprising a battery cell received in said pocket. 4. The battery cell spacer as recited in claim 1, comprising an array structure attached to at least one end of said unitary body. 5. The battery cell spacer as recited in claim 1, wherein said unitary body includes a plurality of walls and a plurality of pockets defined between adjacent walls of said plurality of walls. 6. The battery cell spacer as recited in claim 1, wherein said unitary body includes an accordion shape. 7. The battery cell spacer as recited in claim 1, comprising an end wall that connects said first dividing wall and said second dividing wall. 8. The battery cell spacer as recited in claim 7, wherein said end wall includes a living hinge. 9. The battery cell spacer as recited in claim 1, comprising a hinged wall that connects said first dividing wall and said second dividing wall. 10. The battery cell spacer as recited in claim 1, wherein at least one of said first dividing wall and said second dividing wall includes a flap that is movable between a first position and a second position to close off a bottom of said pocket. 11. The battery cell spacer as recited in claim 10, wherein said flap is connected to either said first dividing wall or said second dividing wall with a hinge. 12. The battery cell spacer as recited in claim 1, wherein said first dividing wall includes a first flap and said second dividing wall includes a second flap that extends toward said first flap, said first flap and said second flap engageable to one another to close off a bottom of said pocket. 13. A battery module, comprising:
a battery cell; and a battery cell spacer that defines a pocket for receiving said battery cell, said battery cell spacer adjustable between an expanded position and a collapsed position to change a positioning of said battery cell spacer relative to said battery cell. 14. The battery module as recited in claim 13, wherein said battery cell spacer includes a first dividing wall, a second dividing wall parallel to said first dividing wall, said pocket defined between said first dividing wall and said second dividing wall for accommodating said battery cell. 15. The battery module as recited in claim 14, comprising an end wall that connects between said first dividing wall and said second dividing wall. 16. The battery module as recited in claim 13, wherein said pocket includes a first dimension in said expanded position and a second, smaller dimension in said collapsed position. 17. A method, comprising:
positioning a battery cell in a pocket of a battery cell spacer; and compressing the battery cell spacer to collapse the battery cell spacer about the battery cell. 18. The method as recited in claim 17, wherein the step of compressing includes applying a force to at least one array structure. 19. The method as recited in claim 17, wherein the step of compressing includes adjusting a molded body of the battery cell spacer between an expanded position and a collapsed position. 20. The method as recited in claim 17, comprising the step of closing off a bottom of the pocket with at least one flap. | 1,700 |
3,286 | 14,068,119 | 1,792 | The invention relates to a method for preserving Agaricus bisporus mushrooms, other Agaricus spp. mushrooms, or other mushrooms that lose more than 15 wt % upon blanching, wherein optionally a relatively small amount (relative to the amount of fresh mushrooms) of additional ingredients is used, comprising the following consecutive steps: (a) Inserting clean fresh mushrooms in a plastic laminate bag; (b) Subjecting the bag with mushrooms to vacuum at a pressure of about 300 mbar or less; (c) Sealing the bag while keeping the vacuum; (d) Releasing the vacuum, and (e) Treating the bag with mushrooms at a temperature of about 60° C. or more. In this way a commonly used blanching step—applied before packaging—is excluded, by virtue of which energy is saved and the taste and nutritional value is improved. Thus, the mushrooms are of excellent quality with good taste and flavor and well preserved. | 1. A method for preserving Agaricus bisporus mushrooms, other Agaricus spp. mushrooms, or other mushrooms that lose more than 15 wt % upon blanching, wherein optionally a relatively small amount (relative to the amount of fresh mushrooms) of additional ingredients is used, the method comprising the following consecutive steps:
a. inserting clean fresh mushrooms in a plastic laminate bag; b. subjecting the bag with mushrooms to vacuum at a pressure of about 300 mbar or less; c. sealing the bag while keeping the vacuum; d. releasing the vacuum; and e. treating the bag with mushrooms at a temperature of about 60° C. or more. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mushrooms are of the species Agaricus bisporus. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mushrooms are grown such that the mushrooms after harvesting do not contain debris. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mushrooms are not heat treated before filling the bag with mushrooms, meaning that the mushrooms have lost less than 3 wt %, by any treatment before filling the bag with mushrooms. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mushrooms are washed with water of a temperature of less than 40° C. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mushrooms are in a sliced or diced form. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein an additive such as a savory product, salt, spice, acid, antioxidant or other ingredient is added to the mushrooms or to the bag before subjecting the bag to vacuum, or to the bag during vacuum. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein an additive is present in the bag in an amount of about 30 wt % relative to the mushroom or less. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein water in an amount of more than 20 wt % relative to the mushrooms is not added. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the packaging contains further solid ingredients such as grain and/or dried vegetable in an amount between 2 and 100 wt % relative to the weight of fresh mushrooms. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the plastic laminate bag comprises a layer of PET provided with an oxygen and water vapor barrier layer and a PE, CPP or other plastic layer for sealing, and wherein the laminate bag comprises a barrier layer from aluminum, aluminum oxide or silicium oxide, triazine, or combinations thereof. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the laminate bag is retortable. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the bag is sealed using a melt sealable layer comprised in the laminate bag, by applying a heat seal, ultrasonic seal or impulse seal to a strip of the bag. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the bag with mushrooms—after sealing—is subjected to sufficient high temperature for a sufficient long time to cause the mushrooms to be pasteurized. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the bag with mushrooms—after sealing—is subjected to sufficient high temperature for a sufficient long time to cause the mushrooms to be sterilized. | The invention relates to a method for preserving Agaricus bisporus mushrooms, other Agaricus spp. mushrooms, or other mushrooms that lose more than 15 wt % upon blanching, wherein optionally a relatively small amount (relative to the amount of fresh mushrooms) of additional ingredients is used, comprising the following consecutive steps: (a) Inserting clean fresh mushrooms in a plastic laminate bag; (b) Subjecting the bag with mushrooms to vacuum at a pressure of about 300 mbar or less; (c) Sealing the bag while keeping the vacuum; (d) Releasing the vacuum, and (e) Treating the bag with mushrooms at a temperature of about 60° C. or more. In this way a commonly used blanching step—applied before packaging—is excluded, by virtue of which energy is saved and the taste and nutritional value is improved. Thus, the mushrooms are of excellent quality with good taste and flavor and well preserved.1. A method for preserving Agaricus bisporus mushrooms, other Agaricus spp. mushrooms, or other mushrooms that lose more than 15 wt % upon blanching, wherein optionally a relatively small amount (relative to the amount of fresh mushrooms) of additional ingredients is used, the method comprising the following consecutive steps:
a. inserting clean fresh mushrooms in a plastic laminate bag; b. subjecting the bag with mushrooms to vacuum at a pressure of about 300 mbar or less; c. sealing the bag while keeping the vacuum; d. releasing the vacuum; and e. treating the bag with mushrooms at a temperature of about 60° C. or more. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mushrooms are of the species Agaricus bisporus. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mushrooms are grown such that the mushrooms after harvesting do not contain debris. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mushrooms are not heat treated before filling the bag with mushrooms, meaning that the mushrooms have lost less than 3 wt %, by any treatment before filling the bag with mushrooms. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mushrooms are washed with water of a temperature of less than 40° C. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mushrooms are in a sliced or diced form. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein an additive such as a savory product, salt, spice, acid, antioxidant or other ingredient is added to the mushrooms or to the bag before subjecting the bag to vacuum, or to the bag during vacuum. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein an additive is present in the bag in an amount of about 30 wt % relative to the mushroom or less. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein water in an amount of more than 20 wt % relative to the mushrooms is not added. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the packaging contains further solid ingredients such as grain and/or dried vegetable in an amount between 2 and 100 wt % relative to the weight of fresh mushrooms. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the plastic laminate bag comprises a layer of PET provided with an oxygen and water vapor barrier layer and a PE, CPP or other plastic layer for sealing, and wherein the laminate bag comprises a barrier layer from aluminum, aluminum oxide or silicium oxide, triazine, or combinations thereof. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the laminate bag is retortable. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the bag is sealed using a melt sealable layer comprised in the laminate bag, by applying a heat seal, ultrasonic seal or impulse seal to a strip of the bag. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the bag with mushrooms—after sealing—is subjected to sufficient high temperature for a sufficient long time to cause the mushrooms to be pasteurized. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the bag with mushrooms—after sealing—is subjected to sufficient high temperature for a sufficient long time to cause the mushrooms to be sterilized. | 1,700 |
3,287 | 15,798,730 | 1,783 | A composite structure with porous metal comprises a porous metal structure and a carbon nanotube structure comprising a plurality of carbon nanotubes, the carbon nanotube structure is fixed on surface of the porous metal structure, and the porous metal structure and the carbon nanotube structure are shrunk together to form a plurality of wrinkled parts. | 1. A composite structure with porous metal comprising:
a porous metal structure; and a carbon nanotube structure comprising a plurality of carbon nanotubes, the carbon nanotube structure is fixed on a surface of the porous metal structure, wherein the porous metal structure and the carbon nanotube structure are shrunk together to form a plurality of wrinkled parts. 2. (canceled) 3. The composite structure with porous metal of claim 1, wherein the plurality of carbon nanotubes in the carbon nanotube structure forming the plurality of wrinkled parts are extended substantially along a same direction. 4. The composite structure with porous metal of claim 1, wherein the plurality of wrinkled parts are connected to each other to form a continuous structure. 5. The composite structure with porous metal of claim 1, wherein the porous metal structure comprises a plurality of ligaments, and the plurality of ligaments define a plurality of pores. 6. The composite structure with porous metal of claim 5, wherein the ligament is a material selected from a group consisting of silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), gold (Au) and a combination thereof. 7. The composite structure with porous metal of claim 1, further comprising a bonding material, wherein the bonding material is configured to fix the carbon nanotube structure on surface of the porous metal structure. 8. The composite structure with porous metal of claim 7, wherein the bonding material is configured to envelop contact surfaces between the carbon nanotube structure and the porous metal structure. 9. The composite structure with porous metal of claim 7, wherein the bonding material is an organic binder material or a metal material. 10. The composite structure with porous metal of claim 1, wherein the carbon nanotube structure comprises a plurality of carbon nanotubes arranged along a same direction. | A composite structure with porous metal comprises a porous metal structure and a carbon nanotube structure comprising a plurality of carbon nanotubes, the carbon nanotube structure is fixed on surface of the porous metal structure, and the porous metal structure and the carbon nanotube structure are shrunk together to form a plurality of wrinkled parts.1. A composite structure with porous metal comprising:
a porous metal structure; and a carbon nanotube structure comprising a plurality of carbon nanotubes, the carbon nanotube structure is fixed on a surface of the porous metal structure, wherein the porous metal structure and the carbon nanotube structure are shrunk together to form a plurality of wrinkled parts. 2. (canceled) 3. The composite structure with porous metal of claim 1, wherein the plurality of carbon nanotubes in the carbon nanotube structure forming the plurality of wrinkled parts are extended substantially along a same direction. 4. The composite structure with porous metal of claim 1, wherein the plurality of wrinkled parts are connected to each other to form a continuous structure. 5. The composite structure with porous metal of claim 1, wherein the porous metal structure comprises a plurality of ligaments, and the plurality of ligaments define a plurality of pores. 6. The composite structure with porous metal of claim 5, wherein the ligament is a material selected from a group consisting of silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), gold (Au) and a combination thereof. 7. The composite structure with porous metal of claim 1, further comprising a bonding material, wherein the bonding material is configured to fix the carbon nanotube structure on surface of the porous metal structure. 8. The composite structure with porous metal of claim 7, wherein the bonding material is configured to envelop contact surfaces between the carbon nanotube structure and the porous metal structure. 9. The composite structure with porous metal of claim 7, wherein the bonding material is an organic binder material or a metal material. 10. The composite structure with porous metal of claim 1, wherein the carbon nanotube structure comprises a plurality of carbon nanotubes arranged along a same direction. | 1,700 |
3,288 | 15,220,165 | 1,791 | A process for preserving fresh ground meat comprises the steps of a) packaging fresh ground meat in a sealed package; b) placing the packaged fresh ground meat in a pressurization vessel and closing the vessel; c) pressurizing the pressurization vessel containing the packaged fresh ground meat to an elevated pressure of at least about 50,000 psi pressure so that the packaged fresh ground meat is placed under the elevated pressure; d) maintaining the elevated pressure on the packaged fresh ground meat for a time of from about 1 to about 300 seconds and at a temperature of from about 30 to about 45 F; e) then reducing the pressure on the packaged fresh ground meat to ambient pressure; and f) removing the ground meat from the pressurization vessel. Pathogens are effectively killed using this process, providing manufacturing efficiencies and longer product shelf life as compared to other ground meat handling procedures. | 1. A process for preserving fresh ground meat comprising the steps of:
a) packaging fresh ground meat in a sealed package; b) placing the packaged fresh ground meat in a pressurization vessel and closing the vessel; c) pressurizing the pressurization vessel containing the packaged fresh ground meat to an elevated pressure of at least about 50,000 psi pressure so the packaged fresh ground meat is placed under the elevated pressure; d) maintaining the elevated pressure on the packaged fresh ground meat for a time of from about 1 to about 300 seconds and at a temperature of from about 30° to about 45° F.; e) then reducing the pressure on the packaged fresh ground meat to ambient pressure; and f) removing the fresh ground meat from the pressurization vessel. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the elevated pressure is from about 50,000 psi to about 130,500 psi. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the elevated pressure is from about 60,000 psi to about 115,000 psi. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the elevated pressure is from about 85,000 psi to about 100,000 psi. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the packaged fresh ground meat is under elevated pressure for a time of from about 30 to about 150 seconds. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the packaged fresh ground meat is under elevated pressure for a time of from about 45 to about 70 seconds. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the sealed package comprises a tray and has headspace over the fresh ground meat. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the fresh ground meat is packaged in a sealed package having an oxygen displaced gas environment. 9. The process of claim 8, wherein the gas environment comprises a gas selected from carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, hydrogen, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and mixtures thereof. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the ground meat comprises ground beef. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the packaged fresh ground meat is in a meat portion of from about ⅛ to about 25 pounds of meat. 12. The process of any of claims claim 11, wherein the packaged fresh ground meat is in a meat portion of from about ⅛ to about 5 pounds of meat. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the fresh ground meat is in the form of patties. 14. The process of claim 1, wherein the fresh ground meat contains additional food inclusions. 15. The process of claim 11, wherein the food inclusions are selected from mushrooms, onions, garlic, cheeses and combinations thereof. 16. The process of claim 1, wherein the ground meat contains seasoning inclusions. 17. The process of claim 1, wherein the fresh ground meat is free of non-endogenous antimicrobial treatment chemicals. 18. The process of claim 1, wherein the fresh ground meat is additionally frozen for storage and delivery to a customer. | A process for preserving fresh ground meat comprises the steps of a) packaging fresh ground meat in a sealed package; b) placing the packaged fresh ground meat in a pressurization vessel and closing the vessel; c) pressurizing the pressurization vessel containing the packaged fresh ground meat to an elevated pressure of at least about 50,000 psi pressure so that the packaged fresh ground meat is placed under the elevated pressure; d) maintaining the elevated pressure on the packaged fresh ground meat for a time of from about 1 to about 300 seconds and at a temperature of from about 30 to about 45 F; e) then reducing the pressure on the packaged fresh ground meat to ambient pressure; and f) removing the ground meat from the pressurization vessel. Pathogens are effectively killed using this process, providing manufacturing efficiencies and longer product shelf life as compared to other ground meat handling procedures.1. A process for preserving fresh ground meat comprising the steps of:
a) packaging fresh ground meat in a sealed package; b) placing the packaged fresh ground meat in a pressurization vessel and closing the vessel; c) pressurizing the pressurization vessel containing the packaged fresh ground meat to an elevated pressure of at least about 50,000 psi pressure so the packaged fresh ground meat is placed under the elevated pressure; d) maintaining the elevated pressure on the packaged fresh ground meat for a time of from about 1 to about 300 seconds and at a temperature of from about 30° to about 45° F.; e) then reducing the pressure on the packaged fresh ground meat to ambient pressure; and f) removing the fresh ground meat from the pressurization vessel. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the elevated pressure is from about 50,000 psi to about 130,500 psi. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the elevated pressure is from about 60,000 psi to about 115,000 psi. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the elevated pressure is from about 85,000 psi to about 100,000 psi. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the packaged fresh ground meat is under elevated pressure for a time of from about 30 to about 150 seconds. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the packaged fresh ground meat is under elevated pressure for a time of from about 45 to about 70 seconds. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the sealed package comprises a tray and has headspace over the fresh ground meat. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the fresh ground meat is packaged in a sealed package having an oxygen displaced gas environment. 9. The process of claim 8, wherein the gas environment comprises a gas selected from carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, hydrogen, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and mixtures thereof. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the ground meat comprises ground beef. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the packaged fresh ground meat is in a meat portion of from about ⅛ to about 25 pounds of meat. 12. The process of any of claims claim 11, wherein the packaged fresh ground meat is in a meat portion of from about ⅛ to about 5 pounds of meat. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the fresh ground meat is in the form of patties. 14. The process of claim 1, wherein the fresh ground meat contains additional food inclusions. 15. The process of claim 11, wherein the food inclusions are selected from mushrooms, onions, garlic, cheeses and combinations thereof. 16. The process of claim 1, wherein the ground meat contains seasoning inclusions. 17. The process of claim 1, wherein the fresh ground meat is free of non-endogenous antimicrobial treatment chemicals. 18. The process of claim 1, wherein the fresh ground meat is additionally frozen for storage and delivery to a customer. | 1,700 |
3,289 | 14,442,301 | 1,787 | A gas barrier film with a protective layer including inorganic particles is provided. A gas barrier effect of the gas barrier film is improved by including inorganic nanoparticles in a protective layer when a protective coating is performed to protect a gas barrier layer. | 1. A gas barrier film comprising:
a substrate layer; a barrier layer formed on the substrate layer; and a protective layer formed on the barrier layer so as to be in contact with the barrier layer, wherein the protective layer contains nanoparticles and a binder and an amount of the nanoparticles is of 40 wt % to 70 wt % based on the total weight of the nanoparticles and the binder. 2. The gas barrier film of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticles are spherical nanoparticles. 3. The gas barrier film of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticles have an average diameter of 100 nm or less. 4. The gas barrier film of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticles are silica particles, alumina particles, titania particles, zirconia particles, antimony oxide particles, or zinc oxide particles. 5. The gas barrier film of claim 1, wherein the binder includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a radical curable compound and a cationic curable compound. 6. The gas barrier film of claim 5, wherein the protective layer further includes a radical initiator or a cationic initiator. 7. The gas barrier film of claim 1, wherein the protective layer has a thickness of 0.2 μm to 2 μm. 8. The gas barrier film of claim 1, wherein the barrier layer includes SiO2, Al2O3, ZnO, ZnS, HfO2, HfON, AlN, or Si3N4. 9. The gas barrier film of claim 1, wherein the barrier layer is an atomic layer deposition layer. 10. The gas barrier film of claim 1, wherein the barrier layer has a thickness of 2 nm to 100 nm. 11. The gas barrier film of claim 1, further comprising an intermediate layer between the barrier layer and the substrate layer. 12. A method of preparing a gas barrier film comprising:
forming a coating layer which contains nanoparticles and a binder precursor and in which an amount of the nanoparticles is 40 wt % to 70 wt % based on the total weight of the nanoparticles and the binder precursor on a barrier layer formed on a substrate layer so as to be in contact with the barrier layer to form a protective layer. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the barrier layer is formed by atomic layer deposition. 14. An electronic device comprising the gas barrier film of claim 1. | A gas barrier film with a protective layer including inorganic particles is provided. A gas barrier effect of the gas barrier film is improved by including inorganic nanoparticles in a protective layer when a protective coating is performed to protect a gas barrier layer.1. A gas barrier film comprising:
a substrate layer; a barrier layer formed on the substrate layer; and a protective layer formed on the barrier layer so as to be in contact with the barrier layer, wherein the protective layer contains nanoparticles and a binder and an amount of the nanoparticles is of 40 wt % to 70 wt % based on the total weight of the nanoparticles and the binder. 2. The gas barrier film of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticles are spherical nanoparticles. 3. The gas barrier film of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticles have an average diameter of 100 nm or less. 4. The gas barrier film of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticles are silica particles, alumina particles, titania particles, zirconia particles, antimony oxide particles, or zinc oxide particles. 5. The gas barrier film of claim 1, wherein the binder includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a radical curable compound and a cationic curable compound. 6. The gas barrier film of claim 5, wherein the protective layer further includes a radical initiator or a cationic initiator. 7. The gas barrier film of claim 1, wherein the protective layer has a thickness of 0.2 μm to 2 μm. 8. The gas barrier film of claim 1, wherein the barrier layer includes SiO2, Al2O3, ZnO, ZnS, HfO2, HfON, AlN, or Si3N4. 9. The gas barrier film of claim 1, wherein the barrier layer is an atomic layer deposition layer. 10. The gas barrier film of claim 1, wherein the barrier layer has a thickness of 2 nm to 100 nm. 11. The gas barrier film of claim 1, further comprising an intermediate layer between the barrier layer and the substrate layer. 12. A method of preparing a gas barrier film comprising:
forming a coating layer which contains nanoparticles and a binder precursor and in which an amount of the nanoparticles is 40 wt % to 70 wt % based on the total weight of the nanoparticles and the binder precursor on a barrier layer formed on a substrate layer so as to be in contact with the barrier layer to form a protective layer. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the barrier layer is formed by atomic layer deposition. 14. An electronic device comprising the gas barrier film of claim 1. | 1,700 |
3,290 | 14,441,580 | 1,723 | Disclosed are a transition metal precursor for preparation of a lithium transition metal oxide, in which a ratio of tap density of the precursor to average particle diameter D50 of the precursor satisfies the condition represented by Equation 1 below, and a lithium transition metal oxide prepared using the same.
0
<
Tap
density
Average
particle
diameter
D
50
of
transition
of
metal
precursor
<
3500
(
g
/
cc
·
cm
)
(
1
) | 1. A transition metal precursor for preparation of a lithium transition metal oxide, in which a ratio of tap density to average particle diameter D50 of the precursor satisfies a condition represented by Equation 1 below:
0
<
Tap
density
Average
particle
diameter
D
50
of
transition
of
metal
precursor
<
3500
(
g
/
cc
·
cm
)
.
(
1
) 2. The transition metal precursor according to claim 1, wherein the transition metal precursor comprises at least two transition metals. 3. The transition metal precursor according to claim 2, wherein the at least two transition metals are at least two selected from the group consisting of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), chromium (Cr), and period 2 transition metals. 4. The transition metal precursor according to claim 3, wherein the at least two transition metals comprise two transition metals selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, and Mn, or all thereof. 5. The transition metal precursor according to claim 1, wherein precursor particles constituting the transition metal precursor are transition metal hydroxide particles. 6. The transition metal precursor according to claim 5, wherein the transition metal hydroxide particles are a compound represented by Formula 2 below:
M(OH1-x)2 (2)
wherein M is at least two selected from Ni, Co, Mn, Al, Cu, Fe, Mg, B, Cr, and period 2 transition metals; and 0≦x≦0.5. 7. The transition metal precursor according to claim 6, wherein M comprises two transition metals selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, and Mn, or all thereof. 8. The transition metal precursor according to claim 1, wherein the transition metal precursor has an average particle diameter D50 of 1 to 30 μm. 9. A lithium transition metal oxide in which a ratio of average particle diameter D50 of the lithium transition metal oxide to average particle diameter D50 of a transition metal precursor for preparation of the lithium transition metal oxide satisfies the condition represented by Equation 3 below:
0
<
Average
particle
diameter
D
50
of
lithium
transition
metal
oxide
Average
particle
diameter
D
50
of
transition
metal
precursor
<
1.2
.
(
3
) 10. The lithium transition metal oxide according to claim 9, wherein the lithium transition metal oxide comprises at least two transition metals. 11. The lithium transition metal oxide according to claim 10, wherein the lithium transition metal oxide is a compound represented by Formula 4 below:
LiaNixMnyCOzMwO2-tAt (4)
wherein 0<a≦1.2, 0≦x≦0.9, 0≦y≦0.9, 0≦z≦0.9, 0≦w≦0.3, 2≦a+x+y+z+w≦2.3, and 0≦t<0.2; M is at least one metal cation selected from the group consisting of Al, Cu, Fe, Mg, B, Cr, and period 2 transition metals; and A is at least one monovalent or divalent anion. 12. The lithium transition metal oxide according to claim 11, wherein, in Formula 4, x>y and x>z. 13. The lithium transition metal oxide according to claim 11, wherein the lithium transition metal oxide comprises at least two transition metals. 14. A lithium secondary battery in which a unit cell comprising a positive electrode comprising the lithium transition metal oxide according to claim 9, a negative electrode, and a polymer membrane disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode is accommodated in a battery case. 15. The lithium secondary battery according to claim 14, wherein the lithium secondary battery is a lithium ion battery. 16. The lithium secondary battery according to claim 14, wherein the lithium secondary battery is a lithium ion polymer battery. 17. The lithium secondary battery according to claim 14, wherein the lithium secondary battery is a lithium polymer battery. | Disclosed are a transition metal precursor for preparation of a lithium transition metal oxide, in which a ratio of tap density of the precursor to average particle diameter D50 of the precursor satisfies the condition represented by Equation 1 below, and a lithium transition metal oxide prepared using the same.
0
<
Tap
density
Average
particle
diameter
D
50
of
transition
of
metal
precursor
<
3500
(
g
/
cc
·
cm
)
(
1
)1. A transition metal precursor for preparation of a lithium transition metal oxide, in which a ratio of tap density to average particle diameter D50 of the precursor satisfies a condition represented by Equation 1 below:
0
<
Tap
density
Average
particle
diameter
D
50
of
transition
of
metal
precursor
<
3500
(
g
/
cc
·
cm
)
.
(
1
) 2. The transition metal precursor according to claim 1, wherein the transition metal precursor comprises at least two transition metals. 3. The transition metal precursor according to claim 2, wherein the at least two transition metals are at least two selected from the group consisting of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), chromium (Cr), and period 2 transition metals. 4. The transition metal precursor according to claim 3, wherein the at least two transition metals comprise two transition metals selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, and Mn, or all thereof. 5. The transition metal precursor according to claim 1, wherein precursor particles constituting the transition metal precursor are transition metal hydroxide particles. 6. The transition metal precursor according to claim 5, wherein the transition metal hydroxide particles are a compound represented by Formula 2 below:
M(OH1-x)2 (2)
wherein M is at least two selected from Ni, Co, Mn, Al, Cu, Fe, Mg, B, Cr, and period 2 transition metals; and 0≦x≦0.5. 7. The transition metal precursor according to claim 6, wherein M comprises two transition metals selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, and Mn, or all thereof. 8. The transition metal precursor according to claim 1, wherein the transition metal precursor has an average particle diameter D50 of 1 to 30 μm. 9. A lithium transition metal oxide in which a ratio of average particle diameter D50 of the lithium transition metal oxide to average particle diameter D50 of a transition metal precursor for preparation of the lithium transition metal oxide satisfies the condition represented by Equation 3 below:
0
<
Average
particle
diameter
D
50
of
lithium
transition
metal
oxide
Average
particle
diameter
D
50
of
transition
metal
precursor
<
1.2
.
(
3
) 10. The lithium transition metal oxide according to claim 9, wherein the lithium transition metal oxide comprises at least two transition metals. 11. The lithium transition metal oxide according to claim 10, wherein the lithium transition metal oxide is a compound represented by Formula 4 below:
LiaNixMnyCOzMwO2-tAt (4)
wherein 0<a≦1.2, 0≦x≦0.9, 0≦y≦0.9, 0≦z≦0.9, 0≦w≦0.3, 2≦a+x+y+z+w≦2.3, and 0≦t<0.2; M is at least one metal cation selected from the group consisting of Al, Cu, Fe, Mg, B, Cr, and period 2 transition metals; and A is at least one monovalent or divalent anion. 12. The lithium transition metal oxide according to claim 11, wherein, in Formula 4, x>y and x>z. 13. The lithium transition metal oxide according to claim 11, wherein the lithium transition metal oxide comprises at least two transition metals. 14. A lithium secondary battery in which a unit cell comprising a positive electrode comprising the lithium transition metal oxide according to claim 9, a negative electrode, and a polymer membrane disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode is accommodated in a battery case. 15. The lithium secondary battery according to claim 14, wherein the lithium secondary battery is a lithium ion battery. 16. The lithium secondary battery according to claim 14, wherein the lithium secondary battery is a lithium ion polymer battery. 17. The lithium secondary battery according to claim 14, wherein the lithium secondary battery is a lithium polymer battery. | 1,700 |
3,291 | 14,591,855 | 1,788 | The present invention relates to fire resistant sustainable sandwich panels comprising a thermoplastic foam core in between outer skins made of natural fibres set within a natural thermoset biopolymer. The sandwich panels are provided with a fire resistant protective coating on an outer surface. This surface may be the surface facing the cabin when installed in an aircraft interior. Such fire resistant sustainable panels provide the required flame and heat resistance, have a high strength-to-weight ratio, low maintenance costs and are generally easily installed. Furthermore, the fire resistant sustainable sandwich panels allow easy recycling and are cheaper than conventional sandwich panels. | 1. An aircraft interior panel comprising:
a core sandwiched between first and second skins, wherein the first and the second skins both comprise a composite comprising fibres set within a biopolymeric resin; and a coating on an outer surface of at least one of the first and the second skins to increase fire resistance of the aircraft interior panel. 2. The aircraft interior panel of claim 1, wherein the biopolymeric resin comprises a natural thermoset polymer. 3. The aircraft interior panel of claim 1, wherein the biopolymeric resin comprises a viscosity-fixing agent. 4. The aircraft interior panel of claim 1, wherein the biopolymeric resin comprises an initiator for promoting polymerisation. 5. The aircraft interior panel of claim 1, wherein the fibres are natural fibres. 6. The aircraft interior panel of claim 1, wherein the core comprises a thermoplastic polymer foam. 7. An aircraft comprising:
at least one aircraft interior panel, wherein the at least one aircraft interior panel comprises:
a core sandwiched between first and second skins,
wherein the first and the second skins both comprise a composite comprising fibres set within a biopolymeric resin; and
a coating on an outer surface of at least one of the first and the second skins to increase fire resistance of the aircraft interior panel. 8. The aircraft of claim 7, wherein the aircraft interior panel is fixed in an interior of the aircraft such that the coating is provided on a surface exposed to a cabin of the interior of the aircraft. 9. The aircraft of claim 7, wherein the biopolymeric resin comprises a natural thermoset polymer. 10. The aircraft of claim 7, wherein the biopolymeric resin comprises a viscosity-fixing agent. 11. The aircraft of claim 7, wherein the biopolymeric resin comprises an initiator for promoting polymerisation. 12. The aircraft of claim 7, wherein the fibres are natural fibres. 13. The aircraft of claim 7, wherein the core comprises a thermoplastic polymer foam. 14. A method of manufacturing an aircraft interior panel, the method comprising:
curing a stack of fibres, a biopolymeric resin, and a core so as to form the aircraft interior panel, and applying a fire resistant protective coating to an outer surface of at least one of first and second skins. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the curing of the stack of fibres, the biopolymeric resin, and the core so as to form the aircraft interior panel comprises:
mixing a thermoset polymer, a viscosity-fixing agent, and an initiator to form the biopolymeric resin, impregnating the fibres with the biopolymeric resin, laying up the fibres impregnated with the biopolymeric resin on both sides of the core to form the stack, and curing the stack in one step to form the aircraft interior panel. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the fibres comprise a woven fabric. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the curing is performed by using one of a vacuum bag and a hot press. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the biopolymeric resin comprises a natural thermoset polymer. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the biopolymeric resin comprises a viscosity-fixing agent. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the biopolymeric resin comprises an initiator for promoting polymerisation. | The present invention relates to fire resistant sustainable sandwich panels comprising a thermoplastic foam core in between outer skins made of natural fibres set within a natural thermoset biopolymer. The sandwich panels are provided with a fire resistant protective coating on an outer surface. This surface may be the surface facing the cabin when installed in an aircraft interior. Such fire resistant sustainable panels provide the required flame and heat resistance, have a high strength-to-weight ratio, low maintenance costs and are generally easily installed. Furthermore, the fire resistant sustainable sandwich panels allow easy recycling and are cheaper than conventional sandwich panels.1. An aircraft interior panel comprising:
a core sandwiched between first and second skins, wherein the first and the second skins both comprise a composite comprising fibres set within a biopolymeric resin; and a coating on an outer surface of at least one of the first and the second skins to increase fire resistance of the aircraft interior panel. 2. The aircraft interior panel of claim 1, wherein the biopolymeric resin comprises a natural thermoset polymer. 3. The aircraft interior panel of claim 1, wherein the biopolymeric resin comprises a viscosity-fixing agent. 4. The aircraft interior panel of claim 1, wherein the biopolymeric resin comprises an initiator for promoting polymerisation. 5. The aircraft interior panel of claim 1, wherein the fibres are natural fibres. 6. The aircraft interior panel of claim 1, wherein the core comprises a thermoplastic polymer foam. 7. An aircraft comprising:
at least one aircraft interior panel, wherein the at least one aircraft interior panel comprises:
a core sandwiched between first and second skins,
wherein the first and the second skins both comprise a composite comprising fibres set within a biopolymeric resin; and
a coating on an outer surface of at least one of the first and the second skins to increase fire resistance of the aircraft interior panel. 8. The aircraft of claim 7, wherein the aircraft interior panel is fixed in an interior of the aircraft such that the coating is provided on a surface exposed to a cabin of the interior of the aircraft. 9. The aircraft of claim 7, wherein the biopolymeric resin comprises a natural thermoset polymer. 10. The aircraft of claim 7, wherein the biopolymeric resin comprises a viscosity-fixing agent. 11. The aircraft of claim 7, wherein the biopolymeric resin comprises an initiator for promoting polymerisation. 12. The aircraft of claim 7, wherein the fibres are natural fibres. 13. The aircraft of claim 7, wherein the core comprises a thermoplastic polymer foam. 14. A method of manufacturing an aircraft interior panel, the method comprising:
curing a stack of fibres, a biopolymeric resin, and a core so as to form the aircraft interior panel, and applying a fire resistant protective coating to an outer surface of at least one of first and second skins. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the curing of the stack of fibres, the biopolymeric resin, and the core so as to form the aircraft interior panel comprises:
mixing a thermoset polymer, a viscosity-fixing agent, and an initiator to form the biopolymeric resin, impregnating the fibres with the biopolymeric resin, laying up the fibres impregnated with the biopolymeric resin on both sides of the core to form the stack, and curing the stack in one step to form the aircraft interior panel. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the fibres comprise a woven fabric. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the curing is performed by using one of a vacuum bag and a hot press. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the biopolymeric resin comprises a natural thermoset polymer. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the biopolymeric resin comprises a viscosity-fixing agent. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the biopolymeric resin comprises an initiator for promoting polymerisation. | 1,700 |
3,292 | 15,094,235 | 1,783 | The invention relates to an optical article provided with antireflection properties, comprising a substrate having at least one main surface coated with an antireflection coating comprising, starting from the substrate: a sub-layer comprising two adjacent layers formed from the same material, the sum of the thicknesses of the two adjacent layers being greater than or equal to 75 nm; and a multilayered antireflection stack comprising at least one high refractive index layer and at least one low refractive index layer, the deposition of the first of said two adjacent layers of the sub-layer having been carried out without ion assistance and the deposition of the second of said two adjacent layers of the sub-layer having been carried out under ion assistance. The invention also relates to a process for manufacturing such an optical article. | 1. An optical article with antireflection properties, comprising a substrate having at least one main surface coated with an antireflection coating comprising, starting from the substrate:
a sub-layer comprising two adjacent layers, the sum of the thicknesses of the two adjacent layers being greater than or equal to 75 nm; and multilayered antireflection stack comprising at least one high refractive index layer and at least one low refractive index layer, wherein the second adjacent layer of the sub-layer is directly deposited upon the first adjacent layer of the sub-layer, wherein the deposition of the first adjacent layer of the sub-layer has been carried out without ion assistance and the deposition of the second adjacent layer of the sub-layer has been carried out under ion assistance, and wherein the sub-layer is deposited on an abrasion- and/or scratch-resistant coating. 2. The article of claim 24, wherein the two adjacent layers of the sub-layer are formed from the same material. 3. The article of claim 24, wherein the thickness ratio of the sub-layer two adjacent layers to each other varies from 9:1 to 1:9. 4. The article of claim 26, wherein the thickness ratio of the sub-layer two adjacent layers to each other varies from 4:6 to 6:4. 5. The article of claim 24, wherein the sum of the thicknesses of the two adjacent layers is greater than or equal to 80 nm. 6. The article of claim 28, wherein the sum of the thicknesses of the two adjacent layers is greater than or equal to 100 nm. 7. The article of claim 29, wherein the sum of the thicknesses of the two adjacent layers is greater than or equal to 150 nm. 8. The article of claim 24, wherein the sub-layer two adjacent layers are SiO2-based layers. 9. The article of claim 31, wherein the sub-layer two adjacent layers are free of Al2O3. 10. The article of claim 31, wherein the sub-layer consists of SiO2 layers. 11. The article of claim 24, wherein the sub-layer comprises, in addition to the two adjacent layers, from one to three layers interleaved between the substrate and the first adjacent layer of the sub-layer. 12. The article of claim 24, further defined as comprising an ASTM BAYER value greater than or equal to 4.5 of the standard ASTM F 735.81. 13. The article of claim 24, wherein all the low refractive index layers of the multilayered antireflection stack comprise a mixture of SiO2 and Al2O3. 14. The article of claim 24, wherein the abrasion- and/or scratch-resistant coating is a poly(meth)acrylate or an epoxysilane based coating. 15. The article of claim 24, wherein the high refractive index layers of the multilayered stack comprise at least one of TiO2, PrTiO3, or ZrO2, or combinations thereof. 16. The article of claim 24, further defined as an ophthalmic lens. 17. The article of claim 24, wherein the sub-layer is adjacent to a high refractive index layer of said multilayered antireflection stack. 18. The article of claim 24, wherein the sum of the thicknesses of said two adjacent layers of the sub-layer is lower than 250 nm. 19. The article of claim 24, wherein the sub-layer comprises a higher layer and a lower layer adjacent to each other, the sum of the thicknesses of said two adjacent layers being greater than or equal to 75 nm, said higher layer being an SiO2-based layer. 20. The article of claim 24, wherein the thickness of the abrasion- and/or scratch-resistant coating ranges from 2 to 10 μm. | The invention relates to an optical article provided with antireflection properties, comprising a substrate having at least one main surface coated with an antireflection coating comprising, starting from the substrate: a sub-layer comprising two adjacent layers formed from the same material, the sum of the thicknesses of the two adjacent layers being greater than or equal to 75 nm; and a multilayered antireflection stack comprising at least one high refractive index layer and at least one low refractive index layer, the deposition of the first of said two adjacent layers of the sub-layer having been carried out without ion assistance and the deposition of the second of said two adjacent layers of the sub-layer having been carried out under ion assistance. The invention also relates to a process for manufacturing such an optical article.1. An optical article with antireflection properties, comprising a substrate having at least one main surface coated with an antireflection coating comprising, starting from the substrate:
a sub-layer comprising two adjacent layers, the sum of the thicknesses of the two adjacent layers being greater than or equal to 75 nm; and multilayered antireflection stack comprising at least one high refractive index layer and at least one low refractive index layer, wherein the second adjacent layer of the sub-layer is directly deposited upon the first adjacent layer of the sub-layer, wherein the deposition of the first adjacent layer of the sub-layer has been carried out without ion assistance and the deposition of the second adjacent layer of the sub-layer has been carried out under ion assistance, and wherein the sub-layer is deposited on an abrasion- and/or scratch-resistant coating. 2. The article of claim 24, wherein the two adjacent layers of the sub-layer are formed from the same material. 3. The article of claim 24, wherein the thickness ratio of the sub-layer two adjacent layers to each other varies from 9:1 to 1:9. 4. The article of claim 26, wherein the thickness ratio of the sub-layer two adjacent layers to each other varies from 4:6 to 6:4. 5. The article of claim 24, wherein the sum of the thicknesses of the two adjacent layers is greater than or equal to 80 nm. 6. The article of claim 28, wherein the sum of the thicknesses of the two adjacent layers is greater than or equal to 100 nm. 7. The article of claim 29, wherein the sum of the thicknesses of the two adjacent layers is greater than or equal to 150 nm. 8. The article of claim 24, wherein the sub-layer two adjacent layers are SiO2-based layers. 9. The article of claim 31, wherein the sub-layer two adjacent layers are free of Al2O3. 10. The article of claim 31, wherein the sub-layer consists of SiO2 layers. 11. The article of claim 24, wherein the sub-layer comprises, in addition to the two adjacent layers, from one to three layers interleaved between the substrate and the first adjacent layer of the sub-layer. 12. The article of claim 24, further defined as comprising an ASTM BAYER value greater than or equal to 4.5 of the standard ASTM F 735.81. 13. The article of claim 24, wherein all the low refractive index layers of the multilayered antireflection stack comprise a mixture of SiO2 and Al2O3. 14. The article of claim 24, wherein the abrasion- and/or scratch-resistant coating is a poly(meth)acrylate or an epoxysilane based coating. 15. The article of claim 24, wherein the high refractive index layers of the multilayered stack comprise at least one of TiO2, PrTiO3, or ZrO2, or combinations thereof. 16. The article of claim 24, further defined as an ophthalmic lens. 17. The article of claim 24, wherein the sub-layer is adjacent to a high refractive index layer of said multilayered antireflection stack. 18. The article of claim 24, wherein the sum of the thicknesses of said two adjacent layers of the sub-layer is lower than 250 nm. 19. The article of claim 24, wherein the sub-layer comprises a higher layer and a lower layer adjacent to each other, the sum of the thicknesses of said two adjacent layers being greater than or equal to 75 nm, said higher layer being an SiO2-based layer. 20. The article of claim 24, wherein the thickness of the abrasion- and/or scratch-resistant coating ranges from 2 to 10 μm. | 1,700 |
3,293 | 15,491,261 | 1,783 | Laminated glass consists of two glass sheets interlayered with at least one film A containing a polyvinyl acetal PA and optionally at least one plasticiser WA, at least one film B containing a polyvinyl acetal PB and at least one plasticiser WB and polymer film C, wherein film A comprises less than 16% by weight of plasticiser WA, film B comprises at least 16% by weight of plasticiser WB, film C comprises polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polylactic acid (PLA), cellulose acetate or ionomers, and wherein film C is located between film A and film B. | 1. A laminated glass, consisting of two glass sheets interlayered with an interlaye film assembly comprising at least one film A containing a polyvinyl acetal PA and optionally at least one plasticiser WA, at least one film B containing a polyvinyl acetal PB and at least one plasticiser WB and at least one polymer film C, wherein film A comprises less than 16% by weight of plasticiser WA, film B comprises at least 16% by weight of plasticiser WB, film C comprises a polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polylactic acid (PLA), cellulose acetate or ionomer polymer, and wherein film C is located between film A and film B. 2. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the tensile stress of film C @ 10% elongation is at least 100% that of the tensile stress film of B @ 10% elongation. 3. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein film C is provided with a heat-shielding function. 4. The laminated glass of claim 3, wherein film C is provided with a metallic heat-shielding coating. 5. The laminated glass of claim 3, wherein film C comprises heat-shielding particles. 6. The laminated glass of claims 1, wherein film A and/or B and/or film C comprises heat-shielding particles. 7. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the film A comprises a polyvinyl acetal PA with a proportion of vinyl alcohol groups from 6 to 26% by weight and the film B comprises a polyvinyl acetal B with a proportion of vinyl alcohol groups from 14 to 26% by weight. 8. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein film B comprises 0.001 to 0.1% by weight alkaline and/or alkaline earth salts of carboxylic acids. 9. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein film C has a smaller surface area than film B. 10. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein film C has at least one opening, such that by means of this opening the film B is in direct contact with film A. 11. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein film B has a wedge-shaped thickness profile. 12. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein film B has a coloured region. 13. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein film A has a coloured region. 14. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein film A contains less than 150 ppm chloride ions and/or nitrate ions and/or sulphate ions in total. | Laminated glass consists of two glass sheets interlayered with at least one film A containing a polyvinyl acetal PA and optionally at least one plasticiser WA, at least one film B containing a polyvinyl acetal PB and at least one plasticiser WB and polymer film C, wherein film A comprises less than 16% by weight of plasticiser WA, film B comprises at least 16% by weight of plasticiser WB, film C comprises polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polylactic acid (PLA), cellulose acetate or ionomers, and wherein film C is located between film A and film B.1. A laminated glass, consisting of two glass sheets interlayered with an interlaye film assembly comprising at least one film A containing a polyvinyl acetal PA and optionally at least one plasticiser WA, at least one film B containing a polyvinyl acetal PB and at least one plasticiser WB and at least one polymer film C, wherein film A comprises less than 16% by weight of plasticiser WA, film B comprises at least 16% by weight of plasticiser WB, film C comprises a polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polylactic acid (PLA), cellulose acetate or ionomer polymer, and wherein film C is located between film A and film B. 2. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the tensile stress of film C @ 10% elongation is at least 100% that of the tensile stress film of B @ 10% elongation. 3. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein film C is provided with a heat-shielding function. 4. The laminated glass of claim 3, wherein film C is provided with a metallic heat-shielding coating. 5. The laminated glass of claim 3, wherein film C comprises heat-shielding particles. 6. The laminated glass of claims 1, wherein film A and/or B and/or film C comprises heat-shielding particles. 7. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein the film A comprises a polyvinyl acetal PA with a proportion of vinyl alcohol groups from 6 to 26% by weight and the film B comprises a polyvinyl acetal B with a proportion of vinyl alcohol groups from 14 to 26% by weight. 8. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein film B comprises 0.001 to 0.1% by weight alkaline and/or alkaline earth salts of carboxylic acids. 9. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein film C has a smaller surface area than film B. 10. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein film C has at least one opening, such that by means of this opening the film B is in direct contact with film A. 11. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein film B has a wedge-shaped thickness profile. 12. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein film B has a coloured region. 13. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein film A has a coloured region. 14. The laminated glass of claim 1, wherein film A contains less than 150 ppm chloride ions and/or nitrate ions and/or sulphate ions in total. | 1,700 |
3,294 | 14,118,510 | 1,792 | The present invention provides a longer-lasting edible animal chew ( 1 ) having a longitudinal axis comprising: i) an outer wall ( 2 ) extending in the direction of said longitudinal axis; and ii) an internal support structure ( 4 ) that contacts the inner surface of said outer wall ( 2 ) at three or more points. | 1. An edible animal chew having a longitudinal axis comprising:
(i) an outer wall extending in the direction of said longitudinal axis; and (ii) an internal support structure that contacts an inner surface of said outer wall at three or more points. 2. The edible animal chew of claim 1, wherein the animal chew is elongate in shape. 3. The edible animal chew of claim 1, wherein said internal support structure defines a plurality of channels that extend in the direction of said longitudinal axis. 4. The edible animal chew of claim 3, wherein said plurality of channels are coextensive with said outer wall in the direction of said longitudinal axis. 5. The edible animal chew of claim 3, wherein said plurality of channels are hollow. 6. The edible animal chew of claim 3, wherein said internal support structure comprises at least one inner wall that defines one of said channels, said inner wall extending in the direction of said longitudinal axis. 7. The edible animal chew of claim 6, wherein said internal support structure further comprises struts connecting said inner wall to said outer wall. 8. The edible animal chew of claim 6, wherein at least three of said plurality of channels are surrounded by the internal support structure and part of said outer wall. 9. The edible animal chew of claim 6, wherein said inner wall has a transverse cross-sectional shape of a polygon or ellipse. 10. The edible animal chew of claim 9, wherein the inner wall transverse cross-sectional shape is a polygon and the internal support structure comprises a strut contacting said inner wall at a vertex of said inner wall polygon. 11. The edible animal chew of claim 9, wherein said inner wall transverse cross-sectional shape is a square. 12. The edible animal chew of claim 6, wherein the internal support structure comprises a further inner wall extending in said longitudinal direction. 13. The edible animal chew of claim 7, wherein the internal support structure comprises an inner wall and four struts;
said inner wall and four struts, in combination with said outer wall, define five channels; each of said four struts extends between the inner surface of said outer wall and the inner wall. 14. The edible animal chew of claim 13, wherein said outer wall has a transverse cross-sectional shape of a polygon or ellipse. 15. The edible animal chew of claim 14, wherein the outer wall transverse cross-sectional shape is a polygon and the internal support structure contacts said outer wall between the vertices of said outer wall polygon. 16. The edible animal chew of claim 14, wherein said outer wall transverse cross-sectional shape is an octagon. 17. The edible animal chew of claim 1, wherein the outer wall and the internal support structure are made from the same material. 18. The edible animal chew of claim 1, which is extruded. 19. The edible animal chew of claim 1, wherein the transverse cross-section of the edible animal chew comprises at least one symmetry element. 20. The edible animal chew of claim 1, wherein the edible animal chew comprises gelatinized starch. | The present invention provides a longer-lasting edible animal chew ( 1 ) having a longitudinal axis comprising: i) an outer wall ( 2 ) extending in the direction of said longitudinal axis; and ii) an internal support structure ( 4 ) that contacts the inner surface of said outer wall ( 2 ) at three or more points.1. An edible animal chew having a longitudinal axis comprising:
(i) an outer wall extending in the direction of said longitudinal axis; and (ii) an internal support structure that contacts an inner surface of said outer wall at three or more points. 2. The edible animal chew of claim 1, wherein the animal chew is elongate in shape. 3. The edible animal chew of claim 1, wherein said internal support structure defines a plurality of channels that extend in the direction of said longitudinal axis. 4. The edible animal chew of claim 3, wherein said plurality of channels are coextensive with said outer wall in the direction of said longitudinal axis. 5. The edible animal chew of claim 3, wherein said plurality of channels are hollow. 6. The edible animal chew of claim 3, wherein said internal support structure comprises at least one inner wall that defines one of said channels, said inner wall extending in the direction of said longitudinal axis. 7. The edible animal chew of claim 6, wherein said internal support structure further comprises struts connecting said inner wall to said outer wall. 8. The edible animal chew of claim 6, wherein at least three of said plurality of channels are surrounded by the internal support structure and part of said outer wall. 9. The edible animal chew of claim 6, wherein said inner wall has a transverse cross-sectional shape of a polygon or ellipse. 10. The edible animal chew of claim 9, wherein the inner wall transverse cross-sectional shape is a polygon and the internal support structure comprises a strut contacting said inner wall at a vertex of said inner wall polygon. 11. The edible animal chew of claim 9, wherein said inner wall transverse cross-sectional shape is a square. 12. The edible animal chew of claim 6, wherein the internal support structure comprises a further inner wall extending in said longitudinal direction. 13. The edible animal chew of claim 7, wherein the internal support structure comprises an inner wall and four struts;
said inner wall and four struts, in combination with said outer wall, define five channels; each of said four struts extends between the inner surface of said outer wall and the inner wall. 14. The edible animal chew of claim 13, wherein said outer wall has a transverse cross-sectional shape of a polygon or ellipse. 15. The edible animal chew of claim 14, wherein the outer wall transverse cross-sectional shape is a polygon and the internal support structure contacts said outer wall between the vertices of said outer wall polygon. 16. The edible animal chew of claim 14, wherein said outer wall transverse cross-sectional shape is an octagon. 17. The edible animal chew of claim 1, wherein the outer wall and the internal support structure are made from the same material. 18. The edible animal chew of claim 1, which is extruded. 19. The edible animal chew of claim 1, wherein the transverse cross-section of the edible animal chew comprises at least one symmetry element. 20. The edible animal chew of claim 1, wherein the edible animal chew comprises gelatinized starch. | 1,700 |
3,295 | 14,652,131 | 1,725 | A graphite-containing electrode includes a porous body that has a plurality of first graphite-containing elements and a plurality of second graphite-containing elements intermingled with the first graphite-containing elements. The first graphite-containing elements have a first degree of graphitization and the second graphite-containing elements have a second, different degree of graphitization. | 1. A graphite-containing electrode comprising:
a porous body including a plurality of first graphite-containing elements and a plurality of second graphite-containing elements intermingled with the plurality of first graphite-containing elements, the plurality of first graphite-containing elements having a first degree of graphitization and the plurality of second graphite-containing elements having a second, different degree of graphitization. 2. The graphite-containing electrode as recited in claim 1, wherein the plurality of first graphite-containing elements and the plurality of second graphite-containing elements are fibers. 3. The graphite-containing electrode as recited in claim 1, wherein the plurality of first graphite-containing elements are non-fiber particles and the plurality of second graphite-containing elements are fibers. 4. The graphite-containing electrode as recited in claim 1, wherein the first degree of graphitization differs from the second degree of graphitization by 25%. 5. The graphite-containing electrode as recited in claim 4, wherein the first degree of graphitization is 20%, and the second degree of graphitization is 40%. 6. The graphite-containing electrode as recited in claim 5, wherein the porous body includes, by weight, 20% of the plurality of first graphite-containing elements and 80% of the plurality of second graphite-containing elements. 7. The graphite-containing electrode as recited in claim 1, further comprising a binder holding the plurality of first graphite-containing elements and the plurality of second graphite-containing elements together. 8. An electrochemical device comprising:
a porous electrode body including a plurality of first graphite-containing elements and a plurality of second graphite-containing elements intermingled with the plurality of first graphite-containing elements, the plurality of first graphite-containing elements having a first degree of graphitization and the plurality of second graphite-containing elements having a second, different degree of graphitization. 9. The electrochemical device as recited in claim 8, wherein the porous electrode body is in an electrochemical cell and is spaced apart from another porous electrode body, with a separator there between. 10. The electrochemical device as recited in claim 9, further comprising a storage portion fluidly connected with the electrochemical cell and at least one liquid electrolyte including an electrochemically active specie. 11. A method of fabricating a graphite-containing electrode, the method comprising:
a) providing a plurality of first graphite-containing elements and a plurality of second graphite-containing elements, the plurality of first graphite-containing elements having a first degree of graphitization and the plurality of second graphite-containing elements having a second, different degree of graphitization; and b) treating the plurality of first graphite-containing elements and the plurality of second graphite-containing elements with an oxidizer to provide oxygen-containing surface groups bonded on the surfaces of the plurality of first graphite-containing elements and the plurality of second graphite-containing elements. 12. The method as recited in claim 11, further comprising, prior to said step a), treating the plurality of first graphite-containing elements and treating the plurality of second graphite-containing elements to provide, respectively, the first degree of graphitization and the second degree of graphitization. 13. The method as recited in claim 11, further comprising, prior to said step a), treating the plurality of first graphite-containing elements and the plurality of second graphite-containing elements under different conditions to provide, respectively, the first degree of graphitization and the second degree of graphitization. 14. The method as recited in claim 11, further comprising, prior to said step a), treating the plurality of first graphite-containing elements at a first temperature and treating the plurality of second graphite-containing elements at a second, higher temperature to provide the first degree of graphitization and the second degree of graphitization. | A graphite-containing electrode includes a porous body that has a plurality of first graphite-containing elements and a plurality of second graphite-containing elements intermingled with the first graphite-containing elements. The first graphite-containing elements have a first degree of graphitization and the second graphite-containing elements have a second, different degree of graphitization.1. A graphite-containing electrode comprising:
a porous body including a plurality of first graphite-containing elements and a plurality of second graphite-containing elements intermingled with the plurality of first graphite-containing elements, the plurality of first graphite-containing elements having a first degree of graphitization and the plurality of second graphite-containing elements having a second, different degree of graphitization. 2. The graphite-containing electrode as recited in claim 1, wherein the plurality of first graphite-containing elements and the plurality of second graphite-containing elements are fibers. 3. The graphite-containing electrode as recited in claim 1, wherein the plurality of first graphite-containing elements are non-fiber particles and the plurality of second graphite-containing elements are fibers. 4. The graphite-containing electrode as recited in claim 1, wherein the first degree of graphitization differs from the second degree of graphitization by 25%. 5. The graphite-containing electrode as recited in claim 4, wherein the first degree of graphitization is 20%, and the second degree of graphitization is 40%. 6. The graphite-containing electrode as recited in claim 5, wherein the porous body includes, by weight, 20% of the plurality of first graphite-containing elements and 80% of the plurality of second graphite-containing elements. 7. The graphite-containing electrode as recited in claim 1, further comprising a binder holding the plurality of first graphite-containing elements and the plurality of second graphite-containing elements together. 8. An electrochemical device comprising:
a porous electrode body including a plurality of first graphite-containing elements and a plurality of second graphite-containing elements intermingled with the plurality of first graphite-containing elements, the plurality of first graphite-containing elements having a first degree of graphitization and the plurality of second graphite-containing elements having a second, different degree of graphitization. 9. The electrochemical device as recited in claim 8, wherein the porous electrode body is in an electrochemical cell and is spaced apart from another porous electrode body, with a separator there between. 10. The electrochemical device as recited in claim 9, further comprising a storage portion fluidly connected with the electrochemical cell and at least one liquid electrolyte including an electrochemically active specie. 11. A method of fabricating a graphite-containing electrode, the method comprising:
a) providing a plurality of first graphite-containing elements and a plurality of second graphite-containing elements, the plurality of first graphite-containing elements having a first degree of graphitization and the plurality of second graphite-containing elements having a second, different degree of graphitization; and b) treating the plurality of first graphite-containing elements and the plurality of second graphite-containing elements with an oxidizer to provide oxygen-containing surface groups bonded on the surfaces of the plurality of first graphite-containing elements and the plurality of second graphite-containing elements. 12. The method as recited in claim 11, further comprising, prior to said step a), treating the plurality of first graphite-containing elements and treating the plurality of second graphite-containing elements to provide, respectively, the first degree of graphitization and the second degree of graphitization. 13. The method as recited in claim 11, further comprising, prior to said step a), treating the plurality of first graphite-containing elements and the plurality of second graphite-containing elements under different conditions to provide, respectively, the first degree of graphitization and the second degree of graphitization. 14. The method as recited in claim 11, further comprising, prior to said step a), treating the plurality of first graphite-containing elements at a first temperature and treating the plurality of second graphite-containing elements at a second, higher temperature to provide the first degree of graphitization and the second degree of graphitization. | 1,700 |
3,296 | 15,631,803 | 1,715 | A method for reducing surface roughness of a component according to an example of the present disclosure includes forming a layer of reactive material on a surface of a component, the surface of the component having at least one partially attached particle, whereby the reactive material substantially covers the at least one partially attached particle, and dissolving the reactive material, wherein dissolving the reactive material covering the partially attached particles causes the partially attached particles to break free from the surface of the component, leaving a new smooth surface.
Another method for reducing surface roughness of an engine component according to an example of the present disclosure includes forming a component by additive manufacturing, the component including an internal feature having at least one rough area, the rough area including at least one partially attached particle, forming an aluminum layer on the surface of the component, the aluminum layer substantially covering the at least one partially attached particle, heat treating the component to cause diffusion of aluminum in a diffusion zone, and dissolving away the aluminum layer and diffusion zone, wherein dissolving the aluminum covering the at least one partially attached particle and the diffusion zone causes the at least one partially attached particle to be freed from the surface of the component. | 1. A method for reducing surface roughness of a component, comprising:
forming a layer of reactive material on a surface of a component, the surface of the component having at least one partially attached particle, whereby the reactive material substantially covers the at least one partially attached particle; dissolving the reactive material, wherein dissolving the reactive material covering the partially attached particles causes the partially attached particles to break free from the surface of the component, leaving a new smooth surface; and forming the component by additive manufacturing, wherein the at least one partially attached particle is one of a partially melted particle and a partially sintered particle. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the component includes an internal feature, and the internal feature includes a non-line-of-sight surface. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the at least one partially attached particle is on the non-line-of-sight surface. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising conveying a solution through the internal features during the dissolving step, the solution dissolving the reactive material. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the solution is inert with respect to the component. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the reactive material is an element selected from one of aluminum, bromine, silicon, chromium, zinc, tin, titanium, yttrium, or any combination thereof. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the reactive material is aluminum and the component comprises a nickel alloy. 8. (canceled) 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising heat treating the component to cause diffusion of the reactive material into a diffusion zone. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the dissolving step dissolves away the layer of reactive material and the diffusion zone. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the layer of reactive material is accomplished by a gas phase deposition process. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the gas phase deposition process including flowing gas containing the reactive material in a laminar flow. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the dissolving step is accomplished with an acidic solution. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the acidic solution is a 20%-50% solution of nitric acid, and wherein the dissolving step is performed at a temperature of between about 90 and 100° F. (32.2 and 37.8° C.). 15. A method for reducing surface roughness of an engine component, comprising:
forming a component by additive manufacturing, the component including an internal feature having at least one rough area, the rough area including at least one partially attached particle; forming an aluminum layer on the surface of the component, the aluminum layer substantially covering the at least one partially attached particle; heat treating the component to cause diffusion of aluminum in a diffusion zone; and dissolving away the aluminum layer and diffusion zone, wherein dissolving the aluminum covering the at least one partially attached particle and the diffusion zone causes the at least one partially attached particle to be freed from the surface of the component. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the component is a nickel alloy component. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein forming the aluminum layer is accomplished by a gas phase deposition process. 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising conveying a solution through the internal features during the dissolving step, wherein the solution dissolves the aluminum. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the solution does not react with the component. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the solution is a 20%-50% solution of nitric acid, and wherein the dissolving step is performed at a temperature of between about 90 and 100° F. (32.2 and 37.8° C.). 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the partially attached particle is an artifact of the additive manufacturing process. | A method for reducing surface roughness of a component according to an example of the present disclosure includes forming a layer of reactive material on a surface of a component, the surface of the component having at least one partially attached particle, whereby the reactive material substantially covers the at least one partially attached particle, and dissolving the reactive material, wherein dissolving the reactive material covering the partially attached particles causes the partially attached particles to break free from the surface of the component, leaving a new smooth surface.
Another method for reducing surface roughness of an engine component according to an example of the present disclosure includes forming a component by additive manufacturing, the component including an internal feature having at least one rough area, the rough area including at least one partially attached particle, forming an aluminum layer on the surface of the component, the aluminum layer substantially covering the at least one partially attached particle, heat treating the component to cause diffusion of aluminum in a diffusion zone, and dissolving away the aluminum layer and diffusion zone, wherein dissolving the aluminum covering the at least one partially attached particle and the diffusion zone causes the at least one partially attached particle to be freed from the surface of the component.1. A method for reducing surface roughness of a component, comprising:
forming a layer of reactive material on a surface of a component, the surface of the component having at least one partially attached particle, whereby the reactive material substantially covers the at least one partially attached particle; dissolving the reactive material, wherein dissolving the reactive material covering the partially attached particles causes the partially attached particles to break free from the surface of the component, leaving a new smooth surface; and forming the component by additive manufacturing, wherein the at least one partially attached particle is one of a partially melted particle and a partially sintered particle. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the component includes an internal feature, and the internal feature includes a non-line-of-sight surface. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the at least one partially attached particle is on the non-line-of-sight surface. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising conveying a solution through the internal features during the dissolving step, the solution dissolving the reactive material. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the solution is inert with respect to the component. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the reactive material is an element selected from one of aluminum, bromine, silicon, chromium, zinc, tin, titanium, yttrium, or any combination thereof. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the reactive material is aluminum and the component comprises a nickel alloy. 8. (canceled) 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising heat treating the component to cause diffusion of the reactive material into a diffusion zone. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the dissolving step dissolves away the layer of reactive material and the diffusion zone. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the layer of reactive material is accomplished by a gas phase deposition process. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the gas phase deposition process including flowing gas containing the reactive material in a laminar flow. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the dissolving step is accomplished with an acidic solution. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the acidic solution is a 20%-50% solution of nitric acid, and wherein the dissolving step is performed at a temperature of between about 90 and 100° F. (32.2 and 37.8° C.). 15. A method for reducing surface roughness of an engine component, comprising:
forming a component by additive manufacturing, the component including an internal feature having at least one rough area, the rough area including at least one partially attached particle; forming an aluminum layer on the surface of the component, the aluminum layer substantially covering the at least one partially attached particle; heat treating the component to cause diffusion of aluminum in a diffusion zone; and dissolving away the aluminum layer and diffusion zone, wherein dissolving the aluminum covering the at least one partially attached particle and the diffusion zone causes the at least one partially attached particle to be freed from the surface of the component. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the component is a nickel alloy component. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein forming the aluminum layer is accomplished by a gas phase deposition process. 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising conveying a solution through the internal features during the dissolving step, wherein the solution dissolves the aluminum. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the solution does not react with the component. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the solution is a 20%-50% solution of nitric acid, and wherein the dissolving step is performed at a temperature of between about 90 and 100° F. (32.2 and 37.8° C.). 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the partially attached particle is an artifact of the additive manufacturing process. | 1,700 |
3,297 | 14,229,439 | 1,793 | A food product includes a first extruded component, a second extruded component co-extruded over the first component, the second component comprising a meat component and an additive, and a casing provided over the second component, wherein the additive comprises at least one of a flavoring, a seasoning, and a coloring. | 1. A food product comprising:
a first food component; a second food component at least partially surrounding at least a portion of the first food component, the second food component comprising an additive; and a casing surrounding the first and second food components, the casing being consumable with the food product and the second food component being adhered to the casing; wherein the additive comprises at least one of a flavoring, a seasoning, and a coloring. 2. The food product of claim 1, wherein the second food component comprises a carrier enrobing the additive and the carrier provides a melting point that delays release of the additive to the first food component. 3. The food product of claim 1, wherein the first food component is offset relative to a center of the second food component. 4. The food product of claim 1, wherein the additive is transferred to a surface of the first food component and/or absorbed into an interior of the first food component. 5. The food product of claim 1, further comprising at least one of:
an adhesive adhered to a surface of the casing to improve adhesion of the additive to the casing; and a primer layer laminated to the surface of the casing to adhere to or absorb the additive. 6. A method of making a food product, the method comprising:
providing a casing material; extruding a food component such that the food component is received within the casing material; and applying an additive to a surface of the casing material in an in-line manner as the food component is being received within the casing material; wherein at least a portion of the additive is transferred from the casing material to the food component after the food component is received within the casing material and the additive is consumable with the food component. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising:
providing the casing material in rolled sheet form; and forming the casing material into a tubular shape prior to directing the food product into the casing material. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the casing material is a shirred tubular casing configured to be drawn off of an extrusion device as the food component is received within the casing material. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein applying the additive to the surface of the casing material in an in-line manner comprises spraying an additive liquid onto a surface of the casing material. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the additive liquid comprises a shellac and a liquid smoke material. 11. The method of claim 6, wherein the additive is a tacky liquid having a viscosity such that the tacky liquid remains in a desired position on the casing material prior to the food product being received within the casing material. 12. The method of claim 6, wherein the additive comprises a quick drying liquid configured to provide a substantially dry additive layer on the casing material prior to the food product being received within the casing material. 13. The method of claim 6, wherein applying the additive to the surface of the casing material in an in-line manner comprises laminating an additive film to a surface of the casing material. 14. The method of claim 6, further comprising processing a surface of the casing material prior to applying the additive to the surface of the casing material, the processing comprising at least one of:
applying a corona treatment to the surface of the casing material; perforating, scoring, and/or roughening the surface of the casing material; applying a primer to the surface of the casing material; applying an adhesive to the surface of the casing material; and applying an electrostatic charge to the casing material. 15. The method of claim 6, wherein applying the additive comprises at least one of:
applying the additive to the surface of the casing material using one or more rollers; brushing the additive onto the surface of the casing material; sifting the additive onto the surface of the casing material; and coating a liquid additive onto the surface of the casing material. 16. A food product comprising:
a first food component; a second food component at least partially surrounding at least a portion of the first food component, the second food component comprising an additive; and a casing surrounding the first and second food components, the casing being a plastic or polymer film that is removable from the food product; wherein the additive is transferred to a surface of the first food component or absorbed into an interior of the component such that at least a portion of the additive remains with the first food component subsequent to removal of the casing. 17. The food product of claim 16, wherein the second food component comprises a carrier enrobing the additive and the carrier provides a melting point that delays release of the additive to the first food component. 18. The food product of claim 16, wherein the first food component is offset relative to a center of the second food component. 19. The food product of claim 16, wherein the additive is transferred to the surface of the first food component or absorbed into the interior of the first food component in a non-uniform manner. 20. The food product of claim 16, wherein the casing comprises a film and at least one of:
an adhesive adhered to a surface of the film to improve adhesion of the additive to the film; and a primer layer laminated to the surface of the film to adhere to or absorb the additive. | A food product includes a first extruded component, a second extruded component co-extruded over the first component, the second component comprising a meat component and an additive, and a casing provided over the second component, wherein the additive comprises at least one of a flavoring, a seasoning, and a coloring.1. A food product comprising:
a first food component; a second food component at least partially surrounding at least a portion of the first food component, the second food component comprising an additive; and a casing surrounding the first and second food components, the casing being consumable with the food product and the second food component being adhered to the casing; wherein the additive comprises at least one of a flavoring, a seasoning, and a coloring. 2. The food product of claim 1, wherein the second food component comprises a carrier enrobing the additive and the carrier provides a melting point that delays release of the additive to the first food component. 3. The food product of claim 1, wherein the first food component is offset relative to a center of the second food component. 4. The food product of claim 1, wherein the additive is transferred to a surface of the first food component and/or absorbed into an interior of the first food component. 5. The food product of claim 1, further comprising at least one of:
an adhesive adhered to a surface of the casing to improve adhesion of the additive to the casing; and a primer layer laminated to the surface of the casing to adhere to or absorb the additive. 6. A method of making a food product, the method comprising:
providing a casing material; extruding a food component such that the food component is received within the casing material; and applying an additive to a surface of the casing material in an in-line manner as the food component is being received within the casing material; wherein at least a portion of the additive is transferred from the casing material to the food component after the food component is received within the casing material and the additive is consumable with the food component. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising:
providing the casing material in rolled sheet form; and forming the casing material into a tubular shape prior to directing the food product into the casing material. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the casing material is a shirred tubular casing configured to be drawn off of an extrusion device as the food component is received within the casing material. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein applying the additive to the surface of the casing material in an in-line manner comprises spraying an additive liquid onto a surface of the casing material. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the additive liquid comprises a shellac and a liquid smoke material. 11. The method of claim 6, wherein the additive is a tacky liquid having a viscosity such that the tacky liquid remains in a desired position on the casing material prior to the food product being received within the casing material. 12. The method of claim 6, wherein the additive comprises a quick drying liquid configured to provide a substantially dry additive layer on the casing material prior to the food product being received within the casing material. 13. The method of claim 6, wherein applying the additive to the surface of the casing material in an in-line manner comprises laminating an additive film to a surface of the casing material. 14. The method of claim 6, further comprising processing a surface of the casing material prior to applying the additive to the surface of the casing material, the processing comprising at least one of:
applying a corona treatment to the surface of the casing material; perforating, scoring, and/or roughening the surface of the casing material; applying a primer to the surface of the casing material; applying an adhesive to the surface of the casing material; and applying an electrostatic charge to the casing material. 15. The method of claim 6, wherein applying the additive comprises at least one of:
applying the additive to the surface of the casing material using one or more rollers; brushing the additive onto the surface of the casing material; sifting the additive onto the surface of the casing material; and coating a liquid additive onto the surface of the casing material. 16. A food product comprising:
a first food component; a second food component at least partially surrounding at least a portion of the first food component, the second food component comprising an additive; and a casing surrounding the first and second food components, the casing being a plastic or polymer film that is removable from the food product; wherein the additive is transferred to a surface of the first food component or absorbed into an interior of the component such that at least a portion of the additive remains with the first food component subsequent to removal of the casing. 17. The food product of claim 16, wherein the second food component comprises a carrier enrobing the additive and the carrier provides a melting point that delays release of the additive to the first food component. 18. The food product of claim 16, wherein the first food component is offset relative to a center of the second food component. 19. The food product of claim 16, wherein the additive is transferred to the surface of the first food component or absorbed into the interior of the first food component in a non-uniform manner. 20. The food product of claim 16, wherein the casing comprises a film and at least one of:
an adhesive adhered to a surface of the film to improve adhesion of the additive to the film; and a primer layer laminated to the surface of the film to adhere to or absorb the additive. | 1,700 |
3,298 | 15,151,084 | 1,712 | A method for forming a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) includes co-firing the anode and cathode electrode layers, which involves placing an unfired anode onto a surface during the cathode print cycle. To avoid damage to the electrolyte and cathode production cycle by the green anode ink, an abrasion resistant ink is used to print the anode electrode layer. | 1. A method of making a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), comprising:
forming a first electrode on a first side of a planar solid oxide electrolyte using an abrasion resistant ink, the abrasion resistant ink comprising an abrasion resistant binder which comprises a derivative of methacrylic acid; drying the first electrode; forming a second electrode on a second side of the solid oxide electrolyte prior to firing the first electrode; drying the second electrode; and firing the first and second electrodes during a single firing step; wherein the first electrode is an anode and the second electrode is a cathode; and wherein:
drying the first electrode comprises curing the anode to form interlocking chains or crosslinks in a binder in the abrasion resistant ink such that the binder forms a matrix which contains dispersed anode precursor powder, thereby providing abrasion resistance;
forming the second electrode comprises placing the electrolyte with the dried anode face down on a conveyor and printing the cathode on the second side of the electrolyte; and
firing the first and second electrodes during a single firing step comprises co-firing the anode and the cathode such that the abrasion resistant ink prevents or reduces scuffing of the anode, and prevents or reduces release of loose anode powder into the cathode during cathode forming and drying. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the abrasion resistant ink comprises:
around 60-80 wt. % of a composite powder, wherein the composite powder comprises a metal phase and a ceramic phase; around 1-10 wt. % of the abrasion resistant binder, wherein the abrasion resistant binder comprises a polymer or polymer precursor; around 5-35% wt. % of an organic solvent; zero to less than 2 wt. % of a dispersant; and zero to less than 1 wt. % of a plasticizer. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the first electrode comprises:
printing a first sublayer of the first electrode; drying the first sublayer; printing a second sublayer of the first electrode on the first sublayer; and drying the second sublayer. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the ceramic phase comprises samaria-doped ceria (SDC). 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the metal phase comprises a nickel-containing phase that is dispersed throughout the ceramic phase. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein drying the first electrode comprises curing the first electrode at 100° C.-150° C. for 2-20 minutes to cure the polymer binder such that the polymer binder forms crosslinks or interlocking chains. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the polymer binder is cross-linked or has interlocking chains prior to the step of drying. 8. The method of claim 2, wherein firing the first and second electrodes in a single firing step comprises sintering the first and second electrodes at 1000-1300° C. for 1-6 hours. 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the ink contains greater than zero wt. % plasticizer, which comprises butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP). 10. The method of claim 2, wherein the ink contains greater than zero wt. % dispersant, which comprises a polymeric surfactant. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising stacking a plurality of unsintered planar solid oxide electrolytes having a dried first electrode on first sides of each of the planar solid oxide electrolytes and a dried second electrode on the second sides of each of the planar solid oxide electrolytes prior to the single firing step. | A method for forming a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) includes co-firing the anode and cathode electrode layers, which involves placing an unfired anode onto a surface during the cathode print cycle. To avoid damage to the electrolyte and cathode production cycle by the green anode ink, an abrasion resistant ink is used to print the anode electrode layer.1. A method of making a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), comprising:
forming a first electrode on a first side of a planar solid oxide electrolyte using an abrasion resistant ink, the abrasion resistant ink comprising an abrasion resistant binder which comprises a derivative of methacrylic acid; drying the first electrode; forming a second electrode on a second side of the solid oxide electrolyte prior to firing the first electrode; drying the second electrode; and firing the first and second electrodes during a single firing step; wherein the first electrode is an anode and the second electrode is a cathode; and wherein:
drying the first electrode comprises curing the anode to form interlocking chains or crosslinks in a binder in the abrasion resistant ink such that the binder forms a matrix which contains dispersed anode precursor powder, thereby providing abrasion resistance;
forming the second electrode comprises placing the electrolyte with the dried anode face down on a conveyor and printing the cathode on the second side of the electrolyte; and
firing the first and second electrodes during a single firing step comprises co-firing the anode and the cathode such that the abrasion resistant ink prevents or reduces scuffing of the anode, and prevents or reduces release of loose anode powder into the cathode during cathode forming and drying. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the abrasion resistant ink comprises:
around 60-80 wt. % of a composite powder, wherein the composite powder comprises a metal phase and a ceramic phase; around 1-10 wt. % of the abrasion resistant binder, wherein the abrasion resistant binder comprises a polymer or polymer precursor; around 5-35% wt. % of an organic solvent; zero to less than 2 wt. % of a dispersant; and zero to less than 1 wt. % of a plasticizer. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the first electrode comprises:
printing a first sublayer of the first electrode; drying the first sublayer; printing a second sublayer of the first electrode on the first sublayer; and drying the second sublayer. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the ceramic phase comprises samaria-doped ceria (SDC). 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the metal phase comprises a nickel-containing phase that is dispersed throughout the ceramic phase. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein drying the first electrode comprises curing the first electrode at 100° C.-150° C. for 2-20 minutes to cure the polymer binder such that the polymer binder forms crosslinks or interlocking chains. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the polymer binder is cross-linked or has interlocking chains prior to the step of drying. 8. The method of claim 2, wherein firing the first and second electrodes in a single firing step comprises sintering the first and second electrodes at 1000-1300° C. for 1-6 hours. 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the ink contains greater than zero wt. % plasticizer, which comprises butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP). 10. The method of claim 2, wherein the ink contains greater than zero wt. % dispersant, which comprises a polymeric surfactant. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising stacking a plurality of unsintered planar solid oxide electrolytes having a dried first electrode on first sides of each of the planar solid oxide electrolytes and a dried second electrode on the second sides of each of the planar solid oxide electrolytes prior to the single firing step. | 1,700 |
3,299 | 14,110,527 | 1,794 | A tubular target for cathode atomization does not have a backing tube and it is made of molybdenum or a molybdenum alloy. The target has an inner surface which is in contact at least in certain regions with a cooling medium, wherein at least one region of the inner surface is separated from the cooling medium by at least one protective device. By way of example, the protective device may be in the form of a polymer layer. The tubular target exhibits outstanding long-term stability. | 1-15. (canceled) 16. A tubular target for cathode atomization, comprising:
a tubular target body formed without a backing tube and made of molybdenum or a molybdenum alloy having a molybdenum content of at least 50 at. %; said target body having a sputtering surface and an inner surface to be cooled, at least in certain regions thereof, with a cooling medium; and at least one protective device disposed to separate at least one region of the inner surface from the cooling medium. 17. The tubular target according to claim 16, wherein said protective device is in areal contact with said inner surface. 18. The tubular target according to claim 17, wherein said protective device has a thickness of 0.0005 mm to 1 mm. 19. The tubular target according to claim 18, wherein said protective device has a thickness of 0.0005 mm to 0.1 mm. 20. The tubular target according to claim 16, wherein said protective device is a single-ply or multi-ply layer. 21. The tubular target according to claim 16, wherein said protective device is a film disposed on said inner surface. 22. The tubular target according to claim 16, wherein an entirety of said inner surface is separated from the cooling medium by at least one protective device. 23. The tubular target according to claim 16, wherein said protective device consists of at least one material selected from the group consisting of polymer, metal, ceramic, and glass. 24. The tubular target according to claim 16, wherein said protective device comprises at least one polymer. 25. The tubular target according to claim 24, wherein said polymer is a thermally and/or electrically conductive polymer. 26. The tubular target according to claim 24, wherein said polymer is provided with a filler. 27. The tubular target according to claim 26, wherein said filler comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of ceramic, graphite, and metal. 28. The tubular target according to claim 24, wherein said protective device consists of at least one polymer. 29. The tubular target according to claim 24, wherein said polymer is a polymer selected from the group consisting of epoxy resin, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyester, vinyl ester, and fluoroelastomer. 30. A method of producing a tubular target, the method comprising the steps of providing a tubular target body formed without a backing tube and made of molybdenum or a molybdenum alloy having a molybdenum content of at least 50 at. % and introducing a protective device onto the inner surface of the tubular target body by a process selected from the group consisting of wet coating, spraying, and inserting a film, to thereby produce the tubular target according to claim 16. | A tubular target for cathode atomization does not have a backing tube and it is made of molybdenum or a molybdenum alloy. The target has an inner surface which is in contact at least in certain regions with a cooling medium, wherein at least one region of the inner surface is separated from the cooling medium by at least one protective device. By way of example, the protective device may be in the form of a polymer layer. The tubular target exhibits outstanding long-term stability.1-15. (canceled) 16. A tubular target for cathode atomization, comprising:
a tubular target body formed without a backing tube and made of molybdenum or a molybdenum alloy having a molybdenum content of at least 50 at. %; said target body having a sputtering surface and an inner surface to be cooled, at least in certain regions thereof, with a cooling medium; and at least one protective device disposed to separate at least one region of the inner surface from the cooling medium. 17. The tubular target according to claim 16, wherein said protective device is in areal contact with said inner surface. 18. The tubular target according to claim 17, wherein said protective device has a thickness of 0.0005 mm to 1 mm. 19. The tubular target according to claim 18, wherein said protective device has a thickness of 0.0005 mm to 0.1 mm. 20. The tubular target according to claim 16, wherein said protective device is a single-ply or multi-ply layer. 21. The tubular target according to claim 16, wherein said protective device is a film disposed on said inner surface. 22. The tubular target according to claim 16, wherein an entirety of said inner surface is separated from the cooling medium by at least one protective device. 23. The tubular target according to claim 16, wherein said protective device consists of at least one material selected from the group consisting of polymer, metal, ceramic, and glass. 24. The tubular target according to claim 16, wherein said protective device comprises at least one polymer. 25. The tubular target according to claim 24, wherein said polymer is a thermally and/or electrically conductive polymer. 26. The tubular target according to claim 24, wherein said polymer is provided with a filler. 27. The tubular target according to claim 26, wherein said filler comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of ceramic, graphite, and metal. 28. The tubular target according to claim 24, wherein said protective device consists of at least one polymer. 29. The tubular target according to claim 24, wherein said polymer is a polymer selected from the group consisting of epoxy resin, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyester, vinyl ester, and fluoroelastomer. 30. A method of producing a tubular target, the method comprising the steps of providing a tubular target body formed without a backing tube and made of molybdenum or a molybdenum alloy having a molybdenum content of at least 50 at. % and introducing a protective device onto the inner surface of the tubular target body by a process selected from the group consisting of wet coating, spraying, and inserting a film, to thereby produce the tubular target according to claim 16. | 1,700 |
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