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3,100 | 15,610,463 | 1,794 | An apparatus includes a gas input and a cooling plate. A groove surrounds the gas input and less than one hundred percent of the cooling plate. An inflatable seal is in the groove. | 1. An system comprising:
a cooling chamber; a first cooling plate within the cooling chamber; a second cooling plate positioned opposite the first cooling plate within the cooling chamber; a carrier configured to move a workpiece into the cooling chamber and position the workpiece between the first cooling plate and the second cooling plate; and an inflatable seal surrounding a portion of the first cooling plate and the second cooling plate, wherein
the inflatable seal forms a gas channel between the first cooling plate and the second cooling plate when the inflatable seal is inflated, and
the inflatable seal removes the gas channel between the first cooling plate and the second cooling plate when the inflatable seal is deflated. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the inflatable seal blocks the carrier from positioning the workpiece between the first cooling plate and the second cooling plate when the inflatable seal is inflated. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a gas inlet within the first cooling plate. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the gas channel is configured to direct a flow of gas from the gas inlet to the workpiece, and then from the workpiece to an opening in the inflatable seal. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the gas includes argon, nitrogen, or helium. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the inflatable seal forms a carrier channel between the first cooling plate and the second cooling plate when the inflatable seal is deflated. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the carrier is further configured to position the workpiece between the first cooling plate and the second cooling plate after the workpiece has been heated in a sputtering deposition process. 8. An apparatus comprising:
a first inflatable seal surrounding a plurality of cooling plates; and a second inflatable seal surrounding the plurality of cooling plates, wherein
the first inflatable seal and the second inflatable seal are configured to form a carrier channel when the first inflatable seal and the second inflatable seal are deflated, the carrier channel allowing a carrier to position a workpiece between the plurality of cooling plates,
the first inflatable seal and the second inflatable seal are configured to form a gas channel when the first inflatable seal and the second inflatable seal are inflated, and
the first inflatable seal and the second inflatable seal are configured to remove the gas channel when the first inflatable seal and the second inflatable seal are deflated. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the first inflatable seal and the second inflatable seal are configured to block the carrier channel when the first inflatable seal and the second inflatable seal are inflated. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising a gas inlet, wherein the first inflatable seal and the second inflatable seal surround the gas inlet. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the gas channel is configured to direct a flow of gas from a gas inlet to the workpiece, and then from the workpiece to an opening formed by the first inflatable seal and the second inflatable seal. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the gas is helium. 13. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the first inflatable seal and the second inflatable seal only partially surround the plurality of cooling plates when the first inflatable seal and the second inflatable seal are inflated. 14. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the carrier is further configured to position the workpiece between the plurality of cooling plates after the workpiece has been heated in a sputtering deposition process. 15. An apparatus comprising:
a gas input, a cooling plate, a groove surrounding the gas input and less than one hundred percent of the cooling plate, and an inflatable seal in the groove, wherein the inflatable seal forms a gas channel when inflated and removes the gas channel when deflated. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising
an additional cooling plate, an additional groove surrounding less than one hundred percent of the additional cooling plate, wherein the additional groove is positioned opposite the groove, and an additional inflatable seal in the additional groove. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the inflatable seal and the additional inflatable seal are positioned to inflate against each other. 18. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the inflatable seal reduces an open volume around the cooling plate when the inflatable seal is inflated. 19. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the inflatable seal directs a flow of gas past the cooling plate from the gas input when the inflatable seal is inflated. 20. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the inflatable seal forms a carrier channel when deflated. | An apparatus includes a gas input and a cooling plate. A groove surrounds the gas input and less than one hundred percent of the cooling plate. An inflatable seal is in the groove.1. An system comprising:
a cooling chamber; a first cooling plate within the cooling chamber; a second cooling plate positioned opposite the first cooling plate within the cooling chamber; a carrier configured to move a workpiece into the cooling chamber and position the workpiece between the first cooling plate and the second cooling plate; and an inflatable seal surrounding a portion of the first cooling plate and the second cooling plate, wherein
the inflatable seal forms a gas channel between the first cooling plate and the second cooling plate when the inflatable seal is inflated, and
the inflatable seal removes the gas channel between the first cooling plate and the second cooling plate when the inflatable seal is deflated. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the inflatable seal blocks the carrier from positioning the workpiece between the first cooling plate and the second cooling plate when the inflatable seal is inflated. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a gas inlet within the first cooling plate. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the gas channel is configured to direct a flow of gas from the gas inlet to the workpiece, and then from the workpiece to an opening in the inflatable seal. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the gas includes argon, nitrogen, or helium. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the inflatable seal forms a carrier channel between the first cooling plate and the second cooling plate when the inflatable seal is deflated. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the carrier is further configured to position the workpiece between the first cooling plate and the second cooling plate after the workpiece has been heated in a sputtering deposition process. 8. An apparatus comprising:
a first inflatable seal surrounding a plurality of cooling plates; and a second inflatable seal surrounding the plurality of cooling plates, wherein
the first inflatable seal and the second inflatable seal are configured to form a carrier channel when the first inflatable seal and the second inflatable seal are deflated, the carrier channel allowing a carrier to position a workpiece between the plurality of cooling plates,
the first inflatable seal and the second inflatable seal are configured to form a gas channel when the first inflatable seal and the second inflatable seal are inflated, and
the first inflatable seal and the second inflatable seal are configured to remove the gas channel when the first inflatable seal and the second inflatable seal are deflated. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the first inflatable seal and the second inflatable seal are configured to block the carrier channel when the first inflatable seal and the second inflatable seal are inflated. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising a gas inlet, wherein the first inflatable seal and the second inflatable seal surround the gas inlet. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the gas channel is configured to direct a flow of gas from a gas inlet to the workpiece, and then from the workpiece to an opening formed by the first inflatable seal and the second inflatable seal. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the gas is helium. 13. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the first inflatable seal and the second inflatable seal only partially surround the plurality of cooling plates when the first inflatable seal and the second inflatable seal are inflated. 14. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the carrier is further configured to position the workpiece between the plurality of cooling plates after the workpiece has been heated in a sputtering deposition process. 15. An apparatus comprising:
a gas input, a cooling plate, a groove surrounding the gas input and less than one hundred percent of the cooling plate, and an inflatable seal in the groove, wherein the inflatable seal forms a gas channel when inflated and removes the gas channel when deflated. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising
an additional cooling plate, an additional groove surrounding less than one hundred percent of the additional cooling plate, wherein the additional groove is positioned opposite the groove, and an additional inflatable seal in the additional groove. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the inflatable seal and the additional inflatable seal are positioned to inflate against each other. 18. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the inflatable seal reduces an open volume around the cooling plate when the inflatable seal is inflated. 19. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the inflatable seal directs a flow of gas past the cooling plate from the gas input when the inflatable seal is inflated. 20. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the inflatable seal forms a carrier channel when deflated. | 1,700 |
3,101 | 13,705,576 | 1,712 | A coating composition and a method for coating metallic substrates for corrosion resistance. In at least one embodiment, the coating composition comprises acid, metal acetate, organosilane and water. | 1. An aqueous organo sol-gel composition for coating a metallic component, the composition comprising:
acid; metal acetate; organosilane; and water. 2. The composition of claim 1 further comprising an optional surfactant, wherein the components are present in the following weight percents based on weight percent solids:
Components
Weight Percent
acid
1.75 to 8
metal acetate
1.5 to 8
organosilane
10 to 50
water
35 to 90
surfactant
0 to 1 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the components are present in the following weight percents based on weight percent solids:
Components
Weight Percent
acid
2 to 4
metal acetate
1.75 to 4
organosilane
10 to 25
water
55 to 80
surfactant
0 to 1
solvent
6 to 12 4. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the coating composition is sprayable against a metal substrate to form a coating 0.6 to 2.5 microns thick on the substrate. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal acetate comprises zirconium acetate, magnesium acetate, or a combination thereof. 6. The composition of claim 2, wherein the acid comprises glacial acetic acid; the organosilane comprises glycidoxypropyl trimethoxy silane and the metal acetate comprises magnesium acetate. 7. A method for improving corrosion resistance of a metallic substrate, the method comprising steps of:
providing an aqueous organo sol-gel composition according to claim 1; depositing the composition on an aluminum or aluminum alloy substrate; and allowing the composition to dry to form a sol-gel coating on the substrate. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the substrate comprises aluminum and has a metallic oxide coating thereon, the sol-gel coating being disposed on the metallic oxide coating to form a seal over the metallic oxide coating. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the substrate further comprises copper. 10. The method of claim 8 wherein the metal oxide coating is selected from the group consisting of zirconium oxide, titanium oxide and combinations thereof. 11. The method of claim 8 wherein the metal oxide comprises titanium oxide. 12. The method of claim 7 wherein the composition is allowed to dry to form a sol-gel coating on the substrate at temperatures less than 100° Celsius. 13. The method of claim 7 wherein the composition is allowed to dry to form a sol-gel coating on the substrate at ambient temperature. 14. The method of claim 7, wherein the aqueous organo sol-gel composition is provided as a two component product comprising:
A) a first part comprised of the acid and the metal acetate; and B) a second part that comprises the organosilane and optional components that do not cause silane hydrolysis; said method further comprising an induction step wherein, prior to depositing, said first part and second part are mixed thereby forming a mixture, the mixture is allowed an induction time during which the organosilane begins hydrolysis and the mixture is remixed. 15. A coated metallic substrate comprising:
an aluminum alloy substrate comprising copper; a metallic oxide coating on the aluminum alloy substrate, said metallic oxide being selected from the group consisting of zirconium oxide, titanium oxide and combinations thereof; and an organo sol-gel composition applied over the metallic oxide coating, and dried at temperatures less than 100° Celsius thereby forming a sol-gel coating; said organo sol-gel composition comprising: glacial acetic acid; an epoxy silane; a metal acetate selected from zirconium acetate, magnesium acetate or a combination thereof; wherein the coated metallic substrate shows no corrosion after at least 500 hours salt spray testing according to ASTM B117. 16. A metallic substrate coated according to claim 7. 17. A metallic substrate coated according to claim 8. 18. A metallic substrate coated according to claim 9 wherein the sol-gel coating has a thickness of 0.6 to 2.5 microns. 19. A metallic substrate coated according to claim 11. 20. A metallic substrate coated according to claim 12 wherein the sol-gel coating has a thickness of 0.6 to 2.5 microns. | A coating composition and a method for coating metallic substrates for corrosion resistance. In at least one embodiment, the coating composition comprises acid, metal acetate, organosilane and water.1. An aqueous organo sol-gel composition for coating a metallic component, the composition comprising:
acid; metal acetate; organosilane; and water. 2. The composition of claim 1 further comprising an optional surfactant, wherein the components are present in the following weight percents based on weight percent solids:
Components
Weight Percent
acid
1.75 to 8
metal acetate
1.5 to 8
organosilane
10 to 50
water
35 to 90
surfactant
0 to 1 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the components are present in the following weight percents based on weight percent solids:
Components
Weight Percent
acid
2 to 4
metal acetate
1.75 to 4
organosilane
10 to 25
water
55 to 80
surfactant
0 to 1
solvent
6 to 12 4. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the coating composition is sprayable against a metal substrate to form a coating 0.6 to 2.5 microns thick on the substrate. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal acetate comprises zirconium acetate, magnesium acetate, or a combination thereof. 6. The composition of claim 2, wherein the acid comprises glacial acetic acid; the organosilane comprises glycidoxypropyl trimethoxy silane and the metal acetate comprises magnesium acetate. 7. A method for improving corrosion resistance of a metallic substrate, the method comprising steps of:
providing an aqueous organo sol-gel composition according to claim 1; depositing the composition on an aluminum or aluminum alloy substrate; and allowing the composition to dry to form a sol-gel coating on the substrate. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the substrate comprises aluminum and has a metallic oxide coating thereon, the sol-gel coating being disposed on the metallic oxide coating to form a seal over the metallic oxide coating. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the substrate further comprises copper. 10. The method of claim 8 wherein the metal oxide coating is selected from the group consisting of zirconium oxide, titanium oxide and combinations thereof. 11. The method of claim 8 wherein the metal oxide comprises titanium oxide. 12. The method of claim 7 wherein the composition is allowed to dry to form a sol-gel coating on the substrate at temperatures less than 100° Celsius. 13. The method of claim 7 wherein the composition is allowed to dry to form a sol-gel coating on the substrate at ambient temperature. 14. The method of claim 7, wherein the aqueous organo sol-gel composition is provided as a two component product comprising:
A) a first part comprised of the acid and the metal acetate; and B) a second part that comprises the organosilane and optional components that do not cause silane hydrolysis; said method further comprising an induction step wherein, prior to depositing, said first part and second part are mixed thereby forming a mixture, the mixture is allowed an induction time during which the organosilane begins hydrolysis and the mixture is remixed. 15. A coated metallic substrate comprising:
an aluminum alloy substrate comprising copper; a metallic oxide coating on the aluminum alloy substrate, said metallic oxide being selected from the group consisting of zirconium oxide, titanium oxide and combinations thereof; and an organo sol-gel composition applied over the metallic oxide coating, and dried at temperatures less than 100° Celsius thereby forming a sol-gel coating; said organo sol-gel composition comprising: glacial acetic acid; an epoxy silane; a metal acetate selected from zirconium acetate, magnesium acetate or a combination thereof; wherein the coated metallic substrate shows no corrosion after at least 500 hours salt spray testing according to ASTM B117. 16. A metallic substrate coated according to claim 7. 17. A metallic substrate coated according to claim 8. 18. A metallic substrate coated according to claim 9 wherein the sol-gel coating has a thickness of 0.6 to 2.5 microns. 19. A metallic substrate coated according to claim 11. 20. A metallic substrate coated according to claim 12 wherein the sol-gel coating has a thickness of 0.6 to 2.5 microns. | 1,700 |
3,102 | 15,361,570 | 1,784 | A sandwich element includes a base element and a structural element. The structural element forms a soft touch surface of the sandwich element, the structural element contains at least two functional layers, one of the functional layers is a soft touch layer and another of the functional layers is a decorative layer forming the soft touch surface. The soft touch layer is disposed between the decorative layer and the base element and a fire-retardant layer is disposed in the interior of the sandwich element. | 1. A sandwich element, comprising:
an interior of the sandwich element; a fire-retardant layer disposed in said interior; a base element; and a structural element; said structural element forming a soft touch surface of the sandwich element; said structural element containing at least two functional layers; one of said functional layers being a soft touch layer and another of said functional layers being a decorative layer forming said soft touch surface; and said soft touch layer being disposed between said decorative layer and said base element. 2. The sandwich element according to claim 1, wherein said fire-retardant layer is disposed between said base element and said structural element. 3. The sandwich element according to claim 1, wherein said base element is a sandwich structure. 4. The sandwich element according to claim 3, wherein said sandwich structure is a fiber composite element or a monolithic or thermoplastic deep-drawn element. 5. The sandwich element according to claim 1, which further comprises an adhesive or an adhesive layer bonding at least two of said functional layers to one another. 6. The sandwich element according to claim 1, wherein:
said base element is coated with said fire-retardant layer; and an adhesive or an adhesive layer bonds said structural element onto said base element. 7. The sandwich element according to claim 1, wherein said base element extends in a planar manner along an extension surface, said base element has a flat side extending along said extension surface, and said structural element is applied to said flat side. 8. The sandwich element according to claim 1, wherein said base element extends in a planar manner along an extension surface, said base element has a flat side extending along said extension surface, and said fire-retardant layer is applied to said flat side. 9. The sandwich element according to claim 1, wherein said fire-retardant layer is a coating layer. 10. The sandwich element according to claim 1, wherein said fire-retardant layer is an intumescent fire-retardant layer. 11. The sandwich element according to claim 10, wherein said intumescent fire-retardant layer at least one of contains expandable graphite or is an ablative fire-retardant layer. 12. The sandwich element according to claim 11, wherein said ablative fire-retardant layer contains aluminum hydroxide. 13. The sandwich element according to claim 1, wherein the sandwich element is at least a section of an interior compartment structure of an interior compartment. 14. The sandwich element according to claim 1, wherein said interior compartment is disposed in a passenger cabin or in a vehicle or in an aircraft. | A sandwich element includes a base element and a structural element. The structural element forms a soft touch surface of the sandwich element, the structural element contains at least two functional layers, one of the functional layers is a soft touch layer and another of the functional layers is a decorative layer forming the soft touch surface. The soft touch layer is disposed between the decorative layer and the base element and a fire-retardant layer is disposed in the interior of the sandwich element.1. A sandwich element, comprising:
an interior of the sandwich element; a fire-retardant layer disposed in said interior; a base element; and a structural element; said structural element forming a soft touch surface of the sandwich element; said structural element containing at least two functional layers; one of said functional layers being a soft touch layer and another of said functional layers being a decorative layer forming said soft touch surface; and said soft touch layer being disposed between said decorative layer and said base element. 2. The sandwich element according to claim 1, wherein said fire-retardant layer is disposed between said base element and said structural element. 3. The sandwich element according to claim 1, wherein said base element is a sandwich structure. 4. The sandwich element according to claim 3, wherein said sandwich structure is a fiber composite element or a monolithic or thermoplastic deep-drawn element. 5. The sandwich element according to claim 1, which further comprises an adhesive or an adhesive layer bonding at least two of said functional layers to one another. 6. The sandwich element according to claim 1, wherein:
said base element is coated with said fire-retardant layer; and an adhesive or an adhesive layer bonds said structural element onto said base element. 7. The sandwich element according to claim 1, wherein said base element extends in a planar manner along an extension surface, said base element has a flat side extending along said extension surface, and said structural element is applied to said flat side. 8. The sandwich element according to claim 1, wherein said base element extends in a planar manner along an extension surface, said base element has a flat side extending along said extension surface, and said fire-retardant layer is applied to said flat side. 9. The sandwich element according to claim 1, wherein said fire-retardant layer is a coating layer. 10. The sandwich element according to claim 1, wherein said fire-retardant layer is an intumescent fire-retardant layer. 11. The sandwich element according to claim 10, wherein said intumescent fire-retardant layer at least one of contains expandable graphite or is an ablative fire-retardant layer. 12. The sandwich element according to claim 11, wherein said ablative fire-retardant layer contains aluminum hydroxide. 13. The sandwich element according to claim 1, wherein the sandwich element is at least a section of an interior compartment structure of an interior compartment. 14. The sandwich element according to claim 1, wherein said interior compartment is disposed in a passenger cabin or in a vehicle or in an aircraft. | 1,700 |
3,103 | 14,991,987 | 1,797 | Provided are methods of detecting the presence or amount of the active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, in a body fluid sample using tandem mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography. | 1. A method for detecting the presence or amount of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate in a body fluid sample by tandem mass spectrometry, comprising:
(i) purifying said sample with an extraction column and an analytical column for chromatographic separation;
(ii) generating a parent ion of said pyridoxal 5′-phosphate from said purified sample;
(iii) generating one or more daughter ions of said parent ion; and
(iv) detecting the presence or amount of one or more said ions generated in step (ii) or step (iii) or both, and relating the detected ions to the presence or amount of said pyridoxal 5′-phosphate in said sample. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the extraction column is a mixed mode anion exchange polymer column, and the analytical column is a C-8 analytical column. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the extraction column comprises particles of about 50 μm, and the analytical column comprises particles of about 3.5 μm. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein steps (i)-(iv) are performed in an online automated fashion. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said parent ion has a mass/charge ratio of 248.03+/−1. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein said one or more daughter ions comprise a daughter ion with a mass/charge ratio of 150.00+/−1. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said sample comprises plasma. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein step (ii) is performed by electrospray ionization. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein step (iii) is performed by Collision-Induced Dissociation using a neutral gas. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein an internal standard is added to the body fluid sample prior to step (i). 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said analytical column is a high performance liquid chromatography column. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising protein precipitation prior to the purification step. | Provided are methods of detecting the presence or amount of the active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, in a body fluid sample using tandem mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography.1. A method for detecting the presence or amount of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate in a body fluid sample by tandem mass spectrometry, comprising:
(i) purifying said sample with an extraction column and an analytical column for chromatographic separation;
(ii) generating a parent ion of said pyridoxal 5′-phosphate from said purified sample;
(iii) generating one or more daughter ions of said parent ion; and
(iv) detecting the presence or amount of one or more said ions generated in step (ii) or step (iii) or both, and relating the detected ions to the presence or amount of said pyridoxal 5′-phosphate in said sample. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the extraction column is a mixed mode anion exchange polymer column, and the analytical column is a C-8 analytical column. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the extraction column comprises particles of about 50 μm, and the analytical column comprises particles of about 3.5 μm. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein steps (i)-(iv) are performed in an online automated fashion. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said parent ion has a mass/charge ratio of 248.03+/−1. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein said one or more daughter ions comprise a daughter ion with a mass/charge ratio of 150.00+/−1. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said sample comprises plasma. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein step (ii) is performed by electrospray ionization. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein step (iii) is performed by Collision-Induced Dissociation using a neutral gas. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein an internal standard is added to the body fluid sample prior to step (i). 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said analytical column is a high performance liquid chromatography column. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising protein precipitation prior to the purification step. | 1,700 |
3,104 | 14,680,608 | 1,761 | A polyamide molding material with the following composition is proposed:
(a) 20 to 85% by weight of at least one semi-crystalline polyamide; (b) 4 to 18% by weight of carbon fibers with a fiber diameter in the range of 2 to 10 μm; (c) 10 to 60% by weight of at least one particulate mineral or saline filler; (d) 3 to 30% by weight of at least one amorphous polymer with a glass transition temperature of at least 45° C. determined according to ISO 11357; (e) 0 to 20% by weight of carbon black; (f) 0 to 20% by weight of at least one further additive and/or addition agent;
wherein the components (a) to (f) add up in total to 100% by weight. | 1. A polyamide molding material, having the following composition:
(a) 20 to 85% by weight of at least one semi-crystalline polyamide; (b) 4 to 18% by weight of carbon fibers with a fiber diameter in the range of 2 to 10 μm; (c) 10 to 60% by weight of at least one particulate mineral or saline filler; (d) 3 to 30% by weight of at least one amorphous polymer with a glass transition temperature of at least 45° C. determined according to ISO 11357; (e) 0 to 20% by weight of carbon black; (f) 0 to 20% by weight of at least one further additive and/or addition agent; wherein the components (a) to (f) add up in total to 100% by weight. 2. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the semi-crystalline polyamide (a) is an aliphatic or a semi-aromatic polyamide. 3. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the semi-crystalline polyamide (a) is selected from the group consisting of PA 46, PA 6, PA 66, PA 11, PA 12, PA 610, PA 1212, PA 1010, PA 10/11, PA 10/12, PA 11/12, PA 6/10, PA 6/12, PA 6/9, PA 8/10, PA 612, PA 614, PA 66/6, PA 4T/4I, PA 4T/6I, PA 5T/5I, PA 6T/6I, PA 6T/6I/6, PA 6T/66, PA 6T/610, PA 10T/106, PA 6T/612, PA 6T/10T, PA 6T/10I, PA 9T, PA 10T, PA 12T, PA 10T/10I, PA10T/12, PA10T/11, PA 6T/9T, PA 6T/12T, PA 6T/10T/6I, PA 6T/6I/6, PA 6T/6I/12, PA 10T/612, PA 10T/610, and/or mixtures, blends or alloys of said polyamides, wherein PA 66 and PA 612 are preferred. 4. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one semi-crystalline polyamide (a) is contained in the polyamide molding material with 25 to 50% by weight, preferably 27 to 45% by weight, and more preferably 30 to 40% by weight. 5. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the carbon fibers (b) are contained in the polyamide molding material with 5 to 16% by weight. 6. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the particulate mineral or saline filler (c) is selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, dolomite, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium sulphate, barium sulphate, barite, calcium silicates, aluminum silicates, kaolin, chalk, mica, layered silicates, talcum, clay, and/or mixtures of said fillers, wherein calcium carbonate is preferred. 7. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one particulate mineral or saline filler (c) is contained in the polyamide molding material with 15 to 55% by weight, preferably 20 to 50% by weight, and more preferably 35 to 45% by weight. 8. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one amorphous polymer (d) is selected from the group consisting of PA 6I, PA 10I, copolyamides 6I/6T with a mol ratio of isophthalic acid to terephthalic acid of between 1:0 and 3:2, copolyamides 10I/10T with a mol ratio of isophthalic acid to terephthalic acid of between 1:0 and 3:2, polyphenylene ethers, especially poly(2,6-diethyl-1,4-phenylene) ether, poly(2-methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-phenylene) ether, poly(2-methyl-6-propyl-1,4-phenylene) ether, poly(2,6-dipropyl-1,4-phenylene) ether, poly(2-ethyl-6-propyl-1,4-phenylene) ether, polyphenylene ether copolymers which contain 2,3,6-trimethyl phenol, grafted variants of the aforementioned polyphenylene ethers, further mixtures of the aforementioned polyphenylene ethers, and/or mixtures of the aforementioned amorphous polymers, wherein a copolyamide 6I/6T with a mol ratio of isophthalic acid to terephthalic acid of 2:1 is preferred. 9. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one amorphous polymer (d) has a glass transition temperature determined according to ISO 11357 of 50° C. to 280° C., preferably 60° C. to 250° C., and more preferably 75° C. to 220° C. 10. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one amorphous polymer (d) is contained in the polyamide molding material with 5 to 27% by weight, preferably 8 to 20% by weight, and more preferably 7 to 17% by weight. 11. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one amorphous polymer (d) comprises polyphenylene ether, wherein the polyamide molding material contains 5 to 9% by weight of polyphenylene ether. 12. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the carbon black (e) is contained in the polyamide molding material with 1 to 15% by weight, preferably 2 to 12% by weight, and more preferably 3 to 8% by weight. 13. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one further additive and/or the at least one further addition agent (f) is selected from the group consisting of UV absorbers, UV stabilizers, heat stabilizers, hydrolysis stabilizers, cross-linking activation agents, cross-linking agents, flame retardants, coloring agents, adhesion-promoting agents, compatibilizers, lubricants, glass fibers, auxiliary lubricants and mold release agents, inorganic pigments, organic pigments, IR absorbers, antistatic agents, anti-blocking agents, nucleation agents, crystallization accelerants, crystallization retarders, chain-lengthening additives, optical brighteners, photochromic additives, impact modifiers, wherein maleic-anhydride-modified olefin copolymers and/or mixtures thereof are preferred as impact modifiers. 14. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the further additive and/or the further addition agent (f) is contained in the polyamide molding material with 0.1 to 15% by weight, preferably 0.2 to 10% by weight, and more preferably 0.25 to 5% by weight. 15. A polyamide molded body which consists at least in sections of a polyamide molding material according to claim 1, preferably provided in form of components which require electrical conductivity, for interior and exterior parts in the automotive sector and in the region of other means of transport, preferably for filler cap covers, in the electric and electronic sector, especially for parts of a housing or housing component for portable electronic devices, domestic appliances, domestic machines, devices and apparatuses for telecommunications and consumer electronics, preferably mobile phones, interior and exterior parts with preferably supporting mechanical function with electrical conductivity in the areas of electricity, furniture, sports, mechanical engineering, sanitation and hygiene, medicine, energy and drive technology. 16. The use of particulate mineral or saline fillers for reducing the specific surface resistance and/or the specific volume resistance of carbon-fiber-containing polyamide molding materials with a carbon-fiber diameter in the range of 2 to 10 μm. | A polyamide molding material with the following composition is proposed:
(a) 20 to 85% by weight of at least one semi-crystalline polyamide; (b) 4 to 18% by weight of carbon fibers with a fiber diameter in the range of 2 to 10 μm; (c) 10 to 60% by weight of at least one particulate mineral or saline filler; (d) 3 to 30% by weight of at least one amorphous polymer with a glass transition temperature of at least 45° C. determined according to ISO 11357; (e) 0 to 20% by weight of carbon black; (f) 0 to 20% by weight of at least one further additive and/or addition agent;
wherein the components (a) to (f) add up in total to 100% by weight.1. A polyamide molding material, having the following composition:
(a) 20 to 85% by weight of at least one semi-crystalline polyamide; (b) 4 to 18% by weight of carbon fibers with a fiber diameter in the range of 2 to 10 μm; (c) 10 to 60% by weight of at least one particulate mineral or saline filler; (d) 3 to 30% by weight of at least one amorphous polymer with a glass transition temperature of at least 45° C. determined according to ISO 11357; (e) 0 to 20% by weight of carbon black; (f) 0 to 20% by weight of at least one further additive and/or addition agent; wherein the components (a) to (f) add up in total to 100% by weight. 2. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the semi-crystalline polyamide (a) is an aliphatic or a semi-aromatic polyamide. 3. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the semi-crystalline polyamide (a) is selected from the group consisting of PA 46, PA 6, PA 66, PA 11, PA 12, PA 610, PA 1212, PA 1010, PA 10/11, PA 10/12, PA 11/12, PA 6/10, PA 6/12, PA 6/9, PA 8/10, PA 612, PA 614, PA 66/6, PA 4T/4I, PA 4T/6I, PA 5T/5I, PA 6T/6I, PA 6T/6I/6, PA 6T/66, PA 6T/610, PA 10T/106, PA 6T/612, PA 6T/10T, PA 6T/10I, PA 9T, PA 10T, PA 12T, PA 10T/10I, PA10T/12, PA10T/11, PA 6T/9T, PA 6T/12T, PA 6T/10T/6I, PA 6T/6I/6, PA 6T/6I/12, PA 10T/612, PA 10T/610, and/or mixtures, blends or alloys of said polyamides, wherein PA 66 and PA 612 are preferred. 4. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one semi-crystalline polyamide (a) is contained in the polyamide molding material with 25 to 50% by weight, preferably 27 to 45% by weight, and more preferably 30 to 40% by weight. 5. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the carbon fibers (b) are contained in the polyamide molding material with 5 to 16% by weight. 6. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the particulate mineral or saline filler (c) is selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, dolomite, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium sulphate, barium sulphate, barite, calcium silicates, aluminum silicates, kaolin, chalk, mica, layered silicates, talcum, clay, and/or mixtures of said fillers, wherein calcium carbonate is preferred. 7. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one particulate mineral or saline filler (c) is contained in the polyamide molding material with 15 to 55% by weight, preferably 20 to 50% by weight, and more preferably 35 to 45% by weight. 8. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one amorphous polymer (d) is selected from the group consisting of PA 6I, PA 10I, copolyamides 6I/6T with a mol ratio of isophthalic acid to terephthalic acid of between 1:0 and 3:2, copolyamides 10I/10T with a mol ratio of isophthalic acid to terephthalic acid of between 1:0 and 3:2, polyphenylene ethers, especially poly(2,6-diethyl-1,4-phenylene) ether, poly(2-methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-phenylene) ether, poly(2-methyl-6-propyl-1,4-phenylene) ether, poly(2,6-dipropyl-1,4-phenylene) ether, poly(2-ethyl-6-propyl-1,4-phenylene) ether, polyphenylene ether copolymers which contain 2,3,6-trimethyl phenol, grafted variants of the aforementioned polyphenylene ethers, further mixtures of the aforementioned polyphenylene ethers, and/or mixtures of the aforementioned amorphous polymers, wherein a copolyamide 6I/6T with a mol ratio of isophthalic acid to terephthalic acid of 2:1 is preferred. 9. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one amorphous polymer (d) has a glass transition temperature determined according to ISO 11357 of 50° C. to 280° C., preferably 60° C. to 250° C., and more preferably 75° C. to 220° C. 10. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one amorphous polymer (d) is contained in the polyamide molding material with 5 to 27% by weight, preferably 8 to 20% by weight, and more preferably 7 to 17% by weight. 11. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one amorphous polymer (d) comprises polyphenylene ether, wherein the polyamide molding material contains 5 to 9% by weight of polyphenylene ether. 12. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the carbon black (e) is contained in the polyamide molding material with 1 to 15% by weight, preferably 2 to 12% by weight, and more preferably 3 to 8% by weight. 13. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one further additive and/or the at least one further addition agent (f) is selected from the group consisting of UV absorbers, UV stabilizers, heat stabilizers, hydrolysis stabilizers, cross-linking activation agents, cross-linking agents, flame retardants, coloring agents, adhesion-promoting agents, compatibilizers, lubricants, glass fibers, auxiliary lubricants and mold release agents, inorganic pigments, organic pigments, IR absorbers, antistatic agents, anti-blocking agents, nucleation agents, crystallization accelerants, crystallization retarders, chain-lengthening additives, optical brighteners, photochromic additives, impact modifiers, wherein maleic-anhydride-modified olefin copolymers and/or mixtures thereof are preferred as impact modifiers. 14. A polyamide molding material according to claim 1, characterized in that the further additive and/or the further addition agent (f) is contained in the polyamide molding material with 0.1 to 15% by weight, preferably 0.2 to 10% by weight, and more preferably 0.25 to 5% by weight. 15. A polyamide molded body which consists at least in sections of a polyamide molding material according to claim 1, preferably provided in form of components which require electrical conductivity, for interior and exterior parts in the automotive sector and in the region of other means of transport, preferably for filler cap covers, in the electric and electronic sector, especially for parts of a housing or housing component for portable electronic devices, domestic appliances, domestic machines, devices and apparatuses for telecommunications and consumer electronics, preferably mobile phones, interior and exterior parts with preferably supporting mechanical function with electrical conductivity in the areas of electricity, furniture, sports, mechanical engineering, sanitation and hygiene, medicine, energy and drive technology. 16. The use of particulate mineral or saline fillers for reducing the specific surface resistance and/or the specific volume resistance of carbon-fiber-containing polyamide molding materials with a carbon-fiber diameter in the range of 2 to 10 μm. | 1,700 |
3,105 | 13,921,878 | 1,788 | Thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticles of an iron-cobalt ternary alloy core and a silicon dioxide shell having high magnetic saturation are provided. A magnetic core of high magnetic moment obtained by compression sintering the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticles is also provided. The magnetic core has little core loss due to hysteresis or eddy current flow. | 1. A thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle, comprising:
a superparamagnetic core of an iron cobalt ternary alloy; and a shell of a silicon dioxide directly coating the core; wherein the third component of the ternary alloy is a transition metal selected from the group consisting of scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper and zinc, a diameter of the iron cobalt ternary alloy core is 200 nm or less, the core shell particle is obtained by a process comprising: wet chemical precipitation of the core; coating of the core with a silicon dioxide shell to obtain a thermally untreated core shell nanoparticle having a magnetic saturation (MS); and thermal annealing of the untreated core shell nanoparticle to obtain the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle having a magnetic saturation (TAMS); wherein TAMS is equal to or greater than 1.25 MS. 2. The thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle according to claim 1, wherein the thermal annealing comprises heating the core shell nanoparticle having a magnetic saturation (MS) at a temperature of from 150° C. to 600° C. for from 3 to 180 seconds. 3. The thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle according to claim 1, wherein a coercivity value of the thermally untreated core shell nanoparticle (HC) and a coercivity value of the thermally treated core shell nanoparticle (TAHC) are substantially equal. 4. The thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle according to claim 1, wherein the superparamagnetic core comprises an iron cobalt vanadium ternary alloy. 5. The thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle according to claim 1, wherein the superparamagnetic core consists of an iron cobalt vanadium ternary alloy. 6. The thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle according to claim 1, wherein the diameter of the iron cobalt ternary alloy core is less than 50 nm. 7. A magnetic core, comprising:
a plurality of the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle according to claim 1; wherein the magnetic core is a monolithic structure of thermally annealed superparamagnetic core grains of an iron cobalt ternary alloy directly bonded by the silicon dioxide shells, which form a silica matrix. 8. The magnetic core according to claim 7, wherein a space between individual thermally annealed superparamagnetic nano iron cobalt ternary alloy particles is occupied substantially only by the silicon dioxide. 9. The magnetic core according to claim 7, wherein the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core comprises an iron cobalt vanadium alloy. 10. The magnetic core according to claim 7, wherein the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core consists of an iron cobalt vanadium alloy. 11. The magnetic core according to claim 7, wherein at least 97% by volume of the space between the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core grains of iron cobalt ternary alloy is occupied by silicon dioxide. 12. The magnetic core according to claim 7, wherein an average grain size of the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core grains of iron cobalt ternary alloy is from 2 to 160 nm. 13. A method to prepare a monolithic magnetic core,
the magnetic core comprising thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell particles having a particle size of less than 200 nm; wherein the core consists of a superparamagnetic iron cobalt ternary alloy and the shell consists of silicon dioxide; the method comprising sintering the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticles under heat and pressure under flow of an inert gas to obtain a monolithic structure; wherein the core of the core shell particle consists of a superparamagnetic iron cobalt ternary alloy and the shell consists of a silicon dioxide matrix, and the third component of the ternary alloy is a transition metal selected from the group consisting of scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper and zinc. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the thermal annealment comprises heating the core shell nanoparticles at a temperature of from 150° C. to 600° C. for from 3 to 180 seconds. 15. An electrical/magnetic conversion device, which comprises a magnetic core according to claim 7. 16. An vehicle part comprising the electrical/magnetic conversion device according to claim 15, wherein the part is selected from the group consisting of a motor, a generator, a transformer, an inductor and an alternator. | Thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticles of an iron-cobalt ternary alloy core and a silicon dioxide shell having high magnetic saturation are provided. A magnetic core of high magnetic moment obtained by compression sintering the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticles is also provided. The magnetic core has little core loss due to hysteresis or eddy current flow.1. A thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle, comprising:
a superparamagnetic core of an iron cobalt ternary alloy; and a shell of a silicon dioxide directly coating the core; wherein the third component of the ternary alloy is a transition metal selected from the group consisting of scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper and zinc, a diameter of the iron cobalt ternary alloy core is 200 nm or less, the core shell particle is obtained by a process comprising: wet chemical precipitation of the core; coating of the core with a silicon dioxide shell to obtain a thermally untreated core shell nanoparticle having a magnetic saturation (MS); and thermal annealing of the untreated core shell nanoparticle to obtain the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle having a magnetic saturation (TAMS); wherein TAMS is equal to or greater than 1.25 MS. 2. The thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle according to claim 1, wherein the thermal annealing comprises heating the core shell nanoparticle having a magnetic saturation (MS) at a temperature of from 150° C. to 600° C. for from 3 to 180 seconds. 3. The thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle according to claim 1, wherein a coercivity value of the thermally untreated core shell nanoparticle (HC) and a coercivity value of the thermally treated core shell nanoparticle (TAHC) are substantially equal. 4. The thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle according to claim 1, wherein the superparamagnetic core comprises an iron cobalt vanadium ternary alloy. 5. The thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle according to claim 1, wherein the superparamagnetic core consists of an iron cobalt vanadium ternary alloy. 6. The thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle according to claim 1, wherein the diameter of the iron cobalt ternary alloy core is less than 50 nm. 7. A magnetic core, comprising:
a plurality of the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle according to claim 1; wherein the magnetic core is a monolithic structure of thermally annealed superparamagnetic core grains of an iron cobalt ternary alloy directly bonded by the silicon dioxide shells, which form a silica matrix. 8. The magnetic core according to claim 7, wherein a space between individual thermally annealed superparamagnetic nano iron cobalt ternary alloy particles is occupied substantially only by the silicon dioxide. 9. The magnetic core according to claim 7, wherein the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core comprises an iron cobalt vanadium alloy. 10. The magnetic core according to claim 7, wherein the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core consists of an iron cobalt vanadium alloy. 11. The magnetic core according to claim 7, wherein at least 97% by volume of the space between the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core grains of iron cobalt ternary alloy is occupied by silicon dioxide. 12. The magnetic core according to claim 7, wherein an average grain size of the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core grains of iron cobalt ternary alloy is from 2 to 160 nm. 13. A method to prepare a monolithic magnetic core,
the magnetic core comprising thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell particles having a particle size of less than 200 nm; wherein the core consists of a superparamagnetic iron cobalt ternary alloy and the shell consists of silicon dioxide; the method comprising sintering the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticles under heat and pressure under flow of an inert gas to obtain a monolithic structure; wherein the core of the core shell particle consists of a superparamagnetic iron cobalt ternary alloy and the shell consists of a silicon dioxide matrix, and the third component of the ternary alloy is a transition metal selected from the group consisting of scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper and zinc. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the thermal annealment comprises heating the core shell nanoparticles at a temperature of from 150° C. to 600° C. for from 3 to 180 seconds. 15. An electrical/magnetic conversion device, which comprises a magnetic core according to claim 7. 16. An vehicle part comprising the electrical/magnetic conversion device according to claim 15, wherein the part is selected from the group consisting of a motor, a generator, a transformer, an inductor and an alternator. | 1,700 |
3,106 | 14,574,429 | 1,761 | This invention relates to non-bleeding, non-staining colored speckles for use in granular or powdered detergents such as laundry detergents and automatic dishwashing detergents. The colored speckles are comprised of a salt or salt-containing carrier and a coloring agent and are characterized as being substantially uniformly colored throughout the cross-sectional volume of the speckle. | 1. A colored speckle comprising:
a) a majority by weight of at least one salt or salt-containing carrier material selected from the group consisting of sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium silicate, sodium stearate, sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate, sodium lauryl sulfate, enzymes, zeolite, clay, and combinations thereof; and b) at least one coloring agent;
wherein the at least one carrier material and the at least one coloring agent form a carrier-coloring agent composite, and
wherein the carrier-coloring agent composite comprises a cross-sectional volume that is substantially uniformly colored by the at least one coloring agent. 2. The colored speckle of claim 1, wherein the at least one salt or salt-containing carrier material is a compacted salt or salt-containing carrier material. 3. The colored speckle of claim 1, wherein the at least one salt or salt-containing carrier material exhibits an average particle size of between about 0.1 mm and about 2 mm. 4. The colored speckle of claim 1, wherein the at least one salt or salt-containing carrier material exhibits an average particle size of between about 0.3 mm and about 1.5 mm. 5. The colored speckle of claim 1, wherein the coloring agent is selected from the group consisting of polymeric colorants, acid dyes, basic dyes, direct dyes, solvent dyes, vat dyes, mordant dyes, indigoid dyes, reactive dyes, disperse dyes, sulfur dyes, fluorescent dyes, inorganic pigments, organic pigments, natural colorants, and mixtures thereof. 6. The colored speckle of claim 5, wherein the coloring agent is a polymeric colorant. 7. The colored speckle of claim 6, wherein the polymeric colorant is characterized by having a chromophore group is selected from the group consisting of nitroso, nitro, azo, stilbene, bis-stilbene, biphenyl, oligophenethylene, fluorene, coumarin, naphthalamide, diarylmethane, triarylmethane, xanthene acridine, quinoline, methine, thiazole, indamine, indophenol, azine, thiazine, oxazine, aminoketone, hydroxyketone, anthraquinone, indigoid, phthalocyanine chromophore groups, and mixtures thereof. 8. A powdered detergent formulation comprising the colored speckle of claim 1. | This invention relates to non-bleeding, non-staining colored speckles for use in granular or powdered detergents such as laundry detergents and automatic dishwashing detergents. The colored speckles are comprised of a salt or salt-containing carrier and a coloring agent and are characterized as being substantially uniformly colored throughout the cross-sectional volume of the speckle.1. A colored speckle comprising:
a) a majority by weight of at least one salt or salt-containing carrier material selected from the group consisting of sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium silicate, sodium stearate, sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate, sodium lauryl sulfate, enzymes, zeolite, clay, and combinations thereof; and b) at least one coloring agent;
wherein the at least one carrier material and the at least one coloring agent form a carrier-coloring agent composite, and
wherein the carrier-coloring agent composite comprises a cross-sectional volume that is substantially uniformly colored by the at least one coloring agent. 2. The colored speckle of claim 1, wherein the at least one salt or salt-containing carrier material is a compacted salt or salt-containing carrier material. 3. The colored speckle of claim 1, wherein the at least one salt or salt-containing carrier material exhibits an average particle size of between about 0.1 mm and about 2 mm. 4. The colored speckle of claim 1, wherein the at least one salt or salt-containing carrier material exhibits an average particle size of between about 0.3 mm and about 1.5 mm. 5. The colored speckle of claim 1, wherein the coloring agent is selected from the group consisting of polymeric colorants, acid dyes, basic dyes, direct dyes, solvent dyes, vat dyes, mordant dyes, indigoid dyes, reactive dyes, disperse dyes, sulfur dyes, fluorescent dyes, inorganic pigments, organic pigments, natural colorants, and mixtures thereof. 6. The colored speckle of claim 5, wherein the coloring agent is a polymeric colorant. 7. The colored speckle of claim 6, wherein the polymeric colorant is characterized by having a chromophore group is selected from the group consisting of nitroso, nitro, azo, stilbene, bis-stilbene, biphenyl, oligophenethylene, fluorene, coumarin, naphthalamide, diarylmethane, triarylmethane, xanthene acridine, quinoline, methine, thiazole, indamine, indophenol, azine, thiazine, oxazine, aminoketone, hydroxyketone, anthraquinone, indigoid, phthalocyanine chromophore groups, and mixtures thereof. 8. A powdered detergent formulation comprising the colored speckle of claim 1. | 1,700 |
3,107 | 13,565,250 | 1,788 | A magnetic core of superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticles having a particle size of less than 200 nm; wherein the core is an iron cobalt ternary alloy and the shell is a silicon oxide is provided. The magnetic core is a monolithic structure of superparamagnetic core grains of an iron cobalt ternary alloy directly bonded by the silicon dioxide shells. A method to prepare the magnetic core which allows maintenance of the superparamagnetic state of the nanoparticles is also provided. The magnetic core has little core loss due to hysteresis or eddy current flow. | 1. A magnetic core, comprising:
core shell nanoparticles having a particle size of 2 to 200 nm; wherein the core is an iron cobalt ternary alloy and the shell is a silicon oxide, the third component of the ternary alloy is a transition metal selected from the group consisting of scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper and zinc, and the magnetic core is a monolithic structure of superparamagnetic core grains of the iron cobalt ternary alloy directly bonded by the silicon oxide shells, which form a silica matrix. 2. The magnetic core according to claim 1, wherein a space between individual superparamagnetic nano iron cobalt ternary alloy particles is occupied substantially only by the silicon oxide. 3. The magnetic core according to claim 1, wherein the iron cobalt ternary alloy is an iron cobalt vanadium alloy. 4. The core shell nanoparticles according to claim 1, wherein the iron cobalt ternary alloy is an iron cobalt chromium alloy. 5. The magnetic core according to claim 1, wherein the silicon oxide is silicon dioxide. 6. The magnetic core according to claim 5, wherein at least 97% by volume of the space between the iron cobalt ternary alloy grains is occupied by silicon dioxide. 7. The magnetic core according to claim 5, wherein an average nanoparticle size is from 2 to 160 nm. 8. A method to prepare a monolithic magnetic core,
the magnetic core comprising superparamagnetic core shell particles having a particle size of 2 to 200 nm; wherein the core consists of a superparamagnetic iron cobalt ternary alloy and the shell consists of silicon dioxide, wherein the third component of the ternary alloy is a transition metal selected from the group consisting of scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper and zinc; the method comprising sintering the superparamagnetic core shell particles under heat and pressure under flow of an inert gas to obtain a monolithic structure; wherein the core of the core shell particle consists of superparamagnetic iron cobalt ternary alloy and the shell consists of silicon dioxide matrix. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the particle size is from 2 to 160 nm. 10. An electrical/magnetic conversion device, which comprises a core structure according to claim 1. 11. A vehicle part comprising the electrical/magnetic conversion device according to claim 10, wherein the part is selected from the group consisting of a motor, a generator, a transformer, an inductor and an alternator. | A magnetic core of superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticles having a particle size of less than 200 nm; wherein the core is an iron cobalt ternary alloy and the shell is a silicon oxide is provided. The magnetic core is a monolithic structure of superparamagnetic core grains of an iron cobalt ternary alloy directly bonded by the silicon dioxide shells. A method to prepare the magnetic core which allows maintenance of the superparamagnetic state of the nanoparticles is also provided. The magnetic core has little core loss due to hysteresis or eddy current flow.1. A magnetic core, comprising:
core shell nanoparticles having a particle size of 2 to 200 nm; wherein the core is an iron cobalt ternary alloy and the shell is a silicon oxide, the third component of the ternary alloy is a transition metal selected from the group consisting of scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper and zinc, and the magnetic core is a monolithic structure of superparamagnetic core grains of the iron cobalt ternary alloy directly bonded by the silicon oxide shells, which form a silica matrix. 2. The magnetic core according to claim 1, wherein a space between individual superparamagnetic nano iron cobalt ternary alloy particles is occupied substantially only by the silicon oxide. 3. The magnetic core according to claim 1, wherein the iron cobalt ternary alloy is an iron cobalt vanadium alloy. 4. The core shell nanoparticles according to claim 1, wherein the iron cobalt ternary alloy is an iron cobalt chromium alloy. 5. The magnetic core according to claim 1, wherein the silicon oxide is silicon dioxide. 6. The magnetic core according to claim 5, wherein at least 97% by volume of the space between the iron cobalt ternary alloy grains is occupied by silicon dioxide. 7. The magnetic core according to claim 5, wherein an average nanoparticle size is from 2 to 160 nm. 8. A method to prepare a monolithic magnetic core,
the magnetic core comprising superparamagnetic core shell particles having a particle size of 2 to 200 nm; wherein the core consists of a superparamagnetic iron cobalt ternary alloy and the shell consists of silicon dioxide, wherein the third component of the ternary alloy is a transition metal selected from the group consisting of scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper and zinc; the method comprising sintering the superparamagnetic core shell particles under heat and pressure under flow of an inert gas to obtain a monolithic structure; wherein the core of the core shell particle consists of superparamagnetic iron cobalt ternary alloy and the shell consists of silicon dioxide matrix. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the particle size is from 2 to 160 nm. 10. An electrical/magnetic conversion device, which comprises a core structure according to claim 1. 11. A vehicle part comprising the electrical/magnetic conversion device according to claim 10, wherein the part is selected from the group consisting of a motor, a generator, a transformer, an inductor and an alternator. | 1,700 |
3,108 | 14,108,426 | 1,742 | The instant invention pertains to a method and a fluid polymerizable composition for producing contact lenses with improved lens quality and with increased product yield. The method of the invention involves adding a water soluble and/or water dispersible quaternary ammonium cationic group containing silicone surfactant into a fluid polymerizable composition including a lens-forming material in an amount sufficient to reduce an averaged mold separation force by at least about 30% in comparison with that without the water soluble and/or water dispersible quaternary ammonium cationic group containing silicone surfactant. | 1. A method for producing silicone hydrogel contact lenses, comprising the steps of:
(1) providing a mold for making soft contact lenses, wherein the mold has a first mold half with a first molding surface defining an anterior surface of a contact lens and a second mold half with a second molding surface defining a posterior surface of the contact lens, wherein said first and second mold halves are configured to receive each other such that a cavity is formed between said first and second molding surfaces; (2) introduce a fluid polymerizable composition comprising at least one actinically-crosslinkable water processable siloxane-containing prepolymer and at least one water soluble and/or dispersible quaternary ammonium cationic group containing silicone surfactant into the cavity, (3) curing the fluid polymerizable composition in the mold to form a silicone hydrogel contact lens, wherein the formed silicone hydrogel contact lens comprises the anterior surface defined by the first molding surface, the opposite posterior surface defined by the second molding surface, (4) separating the mold, wherein the water soluble/dispersible silicone surfactant is present in an amount sufficient to reduce an averaged mold separation force by at least about 30% in comparison with that without the water soluble/dispersible quaternary ammonium cationic group containing silicone surfactant. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the quaternary ammonium cationic group containing silicone surfactant comprises a cationic surfactant which is represented by formula (I)
in which R1 is a C1-C8 alkylene divalent radical (preferably propylene divalent radical), R2 is C1-C8 alkyl radical (preferably C1-C4 alkyl radical, more preferably methyl or ethyl radical), X− is a halogen ion (Cl−, Br−, or I−), a is an integer of from 10 to 50, b is an integer of from 2 to 8. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein in the cationic surfactant of formula (I), R1 is propylene divalent radical and R2 is methyl or ethyl. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the mold is a reusable mold. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the reusable mold is made of glass or quartz. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the quaternary ammonium cationic group containing silicone surfactant comprises a cationic surfactant which is represented by formula (II)
in which R1, R2, R3 and R4, independently of each other, is a C1-C8 alkyl radical (preferably C1-C4 alkyl radical, more preferably methyl or ethyl radical), X— is a halogen ion (Cl—, Br—, or I—), n is an integer of from 10 to 50. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein in the cationic surfactant of formula (II), R1, R2, R3 and R4 is methyl or ethyl. 8. A method for producing a contact lens, comprising: the steps of:
(1) providing a mold for making soft contact lenses, wherein the mold has a first mold half with a first molding surface defining an anterior surface of a contact lens and a second mold half with a second molding surface defining a posterior surface of the contact lens, wherein said first and second mold halves are configured to receive each other such that a cavity is formed between said first and second molding surfaces; (2) applying to at least a part of a surface of the mold a layer of water soluble and/ordispersible quaternary ammonium cationic group containing silicone surfactant, (3) at least partially drying said layer, (4) introduce a fluid polymerizable composition into the cavity, wherein the fluid polymerizable composition comprises at least one actinically-crosslinkable water processable siloxane-containing prepolymer, (5) curing the fluid polymerizable composition in the mold to form a silicone hydrogel contact lens, wherein the formed silicone hydrogel contact lens comprises the anterior surface defined by the first molding surface, the opposite posterior surface defined by the second molding surface; and (6) separating the mold, wherein the water soluble/dispersible surfactant is present is present in an amount sufficient to reduce an averaged mold separation force by at least about 30% in comparison with that without the water soluble and/or dispersible silicone surfactant. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the quaternary ammonium cationic group containing silicone surfactant comprises a cationic surfactant which is represented by formula (I)
in which R1 is a C1-C8 alkylene divalent radical (preferably propylene divalent radical), R2 is C1-C8 alkyl radical (preferably C1-C4 alkyl radical, more preferably methyl or ethyl radical), X— is a halogen ion (Cl—, Br—, or I—), a is an integer of from 10 to 50, b is an integer of from 2 to 8. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein in the cationic surfactant of formula (I), R1 is propylene divalent radical and R2 is methyl or ethyl. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the mold is a reusable mold. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the reusable mold is made of glass or quartz. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the quaternary ammonium cationic group containing silicone surfactant comprises a cationic surfactant which is represented by formula (II)
in which R1, R2, R3 and R4, independently of each other, is a C1-C8 alkyl radical (preferably C1-C4 alkyl radical, more preferably methyl or ethyl radical), X— is a halogen ion (Cl—, Br—, or I—), n is an integer of from 10 to 50. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein in the cationic surfactant of formula (II), R1, R2, R3 and R4 is methyl or ethyl. | The instant invention pertains to a method and a fluid polymerizable composition for producing contact lenses with improved lens quality and with increased product yield. The method of the invention involves adding a water soluble and/or water dispersible quaternary ammonium cationic group containing silicone surfactant into a fluid polymerizable composition including a lens-forming material in an amount sufficient to reduce an averaged mold separation force by at least about 30% in comparison with that without the water soluble and/or water dispersible quaternary ammonium cationic group containing silicone surfactant.1. A method for producing silicone hydrogel contact lenses, comprising the steps of:
(1) providing a mold for making soft contact lenses, wherein the mold has a first mold half with a first molding surface defining an anterior surface of a contact lens and a second mold half with a second molding surface defining a posterior surface of the contact lens, wherein said first and second mold halves are configured to receive each other such that a cavity is formed between said first and second molding surfaces; (2) introduce a fluid polymerizable composition comprising at least one actinically-crosslinkable water processable siloxane-containing prepolymer and at least one water soluble and/or dispersible quaternary ammonium cationic group containing silicone surfactant into the cavity, (3) curing the fluid polymerizable composition in the mold to form a silicone hydrogel contact lens, wherein the formed silicone hydrogel contact lens comprises the anterior surface defined by the first molding surface, the opposite posterior surface defined by the second molding surface, (4) separating the mold, wherein the water soluble/dispersible silicone surfactant is present in an amount sufficient to reduce an averaged mold separation force by at least about 30% in comparison with that without the water soluble/dispersible quaternary ammonium cationic group containing silicone surfactant. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the quaternary ammonium cationic group containing silicone surfactant comprises a cationic surfactant which is represented by formula (I)
in which R1 is a C1-C8 alkylene divalent radical (preferably propylene divalent radical), R2 is C1-C8 alkyl radical (preferably C1-C4 alkyl radical, more preferably methyl or ethyl radical), X− is a halogen ion (Cl−, Br−, or I−), a is an integer of from 10 to 50, b is an integer of from 2 to 8. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein in the cationic surfactant of formula (I), R1 is propylene divalent radical and R2 is methyl or ethyl. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the mold is a reusable mold. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the reusable mold is made of glass or quartz. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the quaternary ammonium cationic group containing silicone surfactant comprises a cationic surfactant which is represented by formula (II)
in which R1, R2, R3 and R4, independently of each other, is a C1-C8 alkyl radical (preferably C1-C4 alkyl radical, more preferably methyl or ethyl radical), X— is a halogen ion (Cl—, Br—, or I—), n is an integer of from 10 to 50. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein in the cationic surfactant of formula (II), R1, R2, R3 and R4 is methyl or ethyl. 8. A method for producing a contact lens, comprising: the steps of:
(1) providing a mold for making soft contact lenses, wherein the mold has a first mold half with a first molding surface defining an anterior surface of a contact lens and a second mold half with a second molding surface defining a posterior surface of the contact lens, wherein said first and second mold halves are configured to receive each other such that a cavity is formed between said first and second molding surfaces; (2) applying to at least a part of a surface of the mold a layer of water soluble and/ordispersible quaternary ammonium cationic group containing silicone surfactant, (3) at least partially drying said layer, (4) introduce a fluid polymerizable composition into the cavity, wherein the fluid polymerizable composition comprises at least one actinically-crosslinkable water processable siloxane-containing prepolymer, (5) curing the fluid polymerizable composition in the mold to form a silicone hydrogel contact lens, wherein the formed silicone hydrogel contact lens comprises the anterior surface defined by the first molding surface, the opposite posterior surface defined by the second molding surface; and (6) separating the mold, wherein the water soluble/dispersible surfactant is present is present in an amount sufficient to reduce an averaged mold separation force by at least about 30% in comparison with that without the water soluble and/or dispersible silicone surfactant. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the quaternary ammonium cationic group containing silicone surfactant comprises a cationic surfactant which is represented by formula (I)
in which R1 is a C1-C8 alkylene divalent radical (preferably propylene divalent radical), R2 is C1-C8 alkyl radical (preferably C1-C4 alkyl radical, more preferably methyl or ethyl radical), X— is a halogen ion (Cl—, Br—, or I—), a is an integer of from 10 to 50, b is an integer of from 2 to 8. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein in the cationic surfactant of formula (I), R1 is propylene divalent radical and R2 is methyl or ethyl. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the mold is a reusable mold. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the reusable mold is made of glass or quartz. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the quaternary ammonium cationic group containing silicone surfactant comprises a cationic surfactant which is represented by formula (II)
in which R1, R2, R3 and R4, independently of each other, is a C1-C8 alkyl radical (preferably C1-C4 alkyl radical, more preferably methyl or ethyl radical), X— is a halogen ion (Cl—, Br—, or I—), n is an integer of from 10 to 50. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein in the cationic surfactant of formula (II), R1, R2, R3 and R4 is methyl or ethyl. | 1,700 |
3,109 | 15,515,934 | 1,749 | A soundproof tyre and a process for the production thereof. The tyre includes particular polyolefin sound absorbent foams that provide damping for noise generated in a cavity of the tyre, together with resistance to hydrolysis, poor water absorption and an unexpected thermal and mechanical stability in use conditions. The sound absorbent material is applied on at least a portion of a radially inner surface of the tyre. The portion of the radially inner surface includes an impermeable elastomeric material layer. The sound absorbent material includes a foamed polyolefin material with closed macrocells having an average size of at least 1.5 mm according to ASTM D357 6. | 1. Soundproof tyre for vehicle wheels comprising at least:
a sound absorbent material applied at least on one portion of the radially inner surface of the tyre, preferably of the impermeable elastomeric material layer, wherein said sound absorbent material comprises a foamed polyolefin material with closed macrocells having an average size of at least 1.5 mm, more preferably of at least 3 mm, still more preferably of at least 4 mm according to ASTM D3576. 2. The tyre as claimed in claim 1, wherein said foamed polyolefin material with closed macrocells comprises at least one perforation, preferably at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 30 perforations per 10 cm2 of at least one surface of the material itself. 3. The tyre as claimed in claim 1, wherein said foamed polyolefin material with closed cells, comprises
a number of cells in 25 mm less than 30, preferably less than 20, more preferably less than 10. 4. The tyre as claimed in claim 2, wherein said foamed polyolefin material with closed cells is in sheet form with two opposite main surfaces and comprises in at least one of the two surfaces at least one perforation every 4 cm2, preferably at least one perforation every 2 cm2, still more preferably at least one perforation every 1 cm2. 5. The tyre as claimed in claim 1, wherein said foamed polyolefin material with closed cells is obtained through expansion of a polyolefin material selected from among homo- and copolymers of ethylene, of propylene, of C4-C20 alpha-olefin or mixtures thereof, preferably from among homo- and copolymers of ethylene and mixtures thereof. 6. The tyre as claimed in claim 5, wherein said polyolefin material is a low density polyethylene (LDPE), with a density equal to or less than 0.940 g/cm3, preferably with a density comprised between 0.910-0.940 g/cm3. 7. The tyre as claimed in claim 1, wherein the foamed polyolefin material has a density not greater than 40 Kg/m3, preferably not greater than 30 Kg/m3, more preferably not greater than 25 Kg/m3. 8. The tyre as claimed in claim 2, wherein the foamed polyolefin material comprises at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 25% of cells open by the perforation. 9. The tyre as claimed in claim 2, wherein the foamed polyolefin material comprises at least one through perforation and at least one partial perforation. 10. The tyre as claimed in claim 2, wherein the perforations of the perforated foamed polyolefin material are uniformly distributed over the entire surface of the material. 11. The tyre as claimed in claim 2, wherein the perforations of the perforated foamed polyolefin material have an average width greater than 0.01 mm, preferably greater than 0.1 mm, preferably greater than 0.5 mm. 12. The tyre as claimed in claim 2, wherein the thickness of the foamed polyolefin material is greater than about 5 mm, comprised between about 5 and 50 mm, preferably between about 7 and 40 mm, more preferably between about 10 and 30 mm. 13. The tyre as claimed in claim 1, wherein said tyre is high performance (HP High Performance) or ultra high performance (UHP Ultra High Performance). 14. Process for producing a soundproof tyre for vehicle wheels which comprises:
i) providing a vulcanised and moulded tyre; ii) optionally, cleaning at least one portion of the radially inner surface of the tyre, and iii) applying a sound absorbent material at least on the portion, optionally cleaned, of the radially inner surface of the tyre, wherein the sound absorbent material comprises a foamed polyolefin material with closed macrocells having an average cell size of at least 1.5 mm, more preferably of at least 3 mm, still more preferably of at least 4 mm according to ASTM D3576, preferably perforated. | A soundproof tyre and a process for the production thereof. The tyre includes particular polyolefin sound absorbent foams that provide damping for noise generated in a cavity of the tyre, together with resistance to hydrolysis, poor water absorption and an unexpected thermal and mechanical stability in use conditions. The sound absorbent material is applied on at least a portion of a radially inner surface of the tyre. The portion of the radially inner surface includes an impermeable elastomeric material layer. The sound absorbent material includes a foamed polyolefin material with closed macrocells having an average size of at least 1.5 mm according to ASTM D357 6.1. Soundproof tyre for vehicle wheels comprising at least:
a sound absorbent material applied at least on one portion of the radially inner surface of the tyre, preferably of the impermeable elastomeric material layer, wherein said sound absorbent material comprises a foamed polyolefin material with closed macrocells having an average size of at least 1.5 mm, more preferably of at least 3 mm, still more preferably of at least 4 mm according to ASTM D3576. 2. The tyre as claimed in claim 1, wherein said foamed polyolefin material with closed macrocells comprises at least one perforation, preferably at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 30 perforations per 10 cm2 of at least one surface of the material itself. 3. The tyre as claimed in claim 1, wherein said foamed polyolefin material with closed cells, comprises
a number of cells in 25 mm less than 30, preferably less than 20, more preferably less than 10. 4. The tyre as claimed in claim 2, wherein said foamed polyolefin material with closed cells is in sheet form with two opposite main surfaces and comprises in at least one of the two surfaces at least one perforation every 4 cm2, preferably at least one perforation every 2 cm2, still more preferably at least one perforation every 1 cm2. 5. The tyre as claimed in claim 1, wherein said foamed polyolefin material with closed cells is obtained through expansion of a polyolefin material selected from among homo- and copolymers of ethylene, of propylene, of C4-C20 alpha-olefin or mixtures thereof, preferably from among homo- and copolymers of ethylene and mixtures thereof. 6. The tyre as claimed in claim 5, wherein said polyolefin material is a low density polyethylene (LDPE), with a density equal to or less than 0.940 g/cm3, preferably with a density comprised between 0.910-0.940 g/cm3. 7. The tyre as claimed in claim 1, wherein the foamed polyolefin material has a density not greater than 40 Kg/m3, preferably not greater than 30 Kg/m3, more preferably not greater than 25 Kg/m3. 8. The tyre as claimed in claim 2, wherein the foamed polyolefin material comprises at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 25% of cells open by the perforation. 9. The tyre as claimed in claim 2, wherein the foamed polyolefin material comprises at least one through perforation and at least one partial perforation. 10. The tyre as claimed in claim 2, wherein the perforations of the perforated foamed polyolefin material are uniformly distributed over the entire surface of the material. 11. The tyre as claimed in claim 2, wherein the perforations of the perforated foamed polyolefin material have an average width greater than 0.01 mm, preferably greater than 0.1 mm, preferably greater than 0.5 mm. 12. The tyre as claimed in claim 2, wherein the thickness of the foamed polyolefin material is greater than about 5 mm, comprised between about 5 and 50 mm, preferably between about 7 and 40 mm, more preferably between about 10 and 30 mm. 13. The tyre as claimed in claim 1, wherein said tyre is high performance (HP High Performance) or ultra high performance (UHP Ultra High Performance). 14. Process for producing a soundproof tyre for vehicle wheels which comprises:
i) providing a vulcanised and moulded tyre; ii) optionally, cleaning at least one portion of the radially inner surface of the tyre, and iii) applying a sound absorbent material at least on the portion, optionally cleaned, of the radially inner surface of the tyre, wherein the sound absorbent material comprises a foamed polyolefin material with closed macrocells having an average cell size of at least 1.5 mm, more preferably of at least 3 mm, still more preferably of at least 4 mm according to ASTM D3576, preferably perforated. | 1,700 |
3,110 | 14,594,195 | 1,761 | Method and apparatus for treating laundry. | 1. A method for treating laundry comprising the steps of:
providing a treatment composition comprising a photoactive component; contacting in an appliance said treatment composition with said laundry; and irradiating said treatment composition with visible light; wherein the step of irradiating said treatment composition with visible light is performed with a source of light that is tool free attachable to and detachable from an interior portion of said appliance. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said photoactive component is a photoactivator. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of irradiating said treatment composition with visible light is performed with a light source having a power source independent of said appliance. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of irradiating said treatment composition with visible light is performed with a dispenser that comprises said source of light and a reservoir releasably containing said treatment composition. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of irradiating said treatment composition with visible light provides a radiant flux between about 500 mW and 500 W at a wavelength between about 350 nm and about 750 nm. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said appliance has a cabinet within which said laundry is cleaned, wherein said source of light is tool free attachable to and detachable from said cabinet. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the treatment composition is a fully formulated laundry detergent. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the treatment composition comprises from about 0.5% to about 20% by weight photoactivator. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the treatment composition comprises from about 1% to about 10% by weight photoactivator. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein said source of light is tool free attachable to and detachable from a mobile component within said appliance. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of contacting in an appliance said treatment composition with said laundry is performed in a rotating drum. 12. An automated laundry washing machine for implementing the method according to claim 1, wherein said automated laundry washing machine comprises:
an interior portion for holding laundry; and a source of light; wherein said source of light is tool free attachable to and detachable from said interior portion. | Method and apparatus for treating laundry.1. A method for treating laundry comprising the steps of:
providing a treatment composition comprising a photoactive component; contacting in an appliance said treatment composition with said laundry; and irradiating said treatment composition with visible light; wherein the step of irradiating said treatment composition with visible light is performed with a source of light that is tool free attachable to and detachable from an interior portion of said appliance. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said photoactive component is a photoactivator. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of irradiating said treatment composition with visible light is performed with a light source having a power source independent of said appliance. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of irradiating said treatment composition with visible light is performed with a dispenser that comprises said source of light and a reservoir releasably containing said treatment composition. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of irradiating said treatment composition with visible light provides a radiant flux between about 500 mW and 500 W at a wavelength between about 350 nm and about 750 nm. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said appliance has a cabinet within which said laundry is cleaned, wherein said source of light is tool free attachable to and detachable from said cabinet. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the treatment composition is a fully formulated laundry detergent. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the treatment composition comprises from about 0.5% to about 20% by weight photoactivator. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the treatment composition comprises from about 1% to about 10% by weight photoactivator. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein said source of light is tool free attachable to and detachable from a mobile component within said appliance. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of contacting in an appliance said treatment composition with said laundry is performed in a rotating drum. 12. An automated laundry washing machine for implementing the method according to claim 1, wherein said automated laundry washing machine comprises:
an interior portion for holding laundry; and a source of light; wherein said source of light is tool free attachable to and detachable from said interior portion. | 1,700 |
3,111 | 14,777,337 | 1,771 | Embodiments are described herein to provide a functional composition that can be added to the lubricant of the HVAC system to help prevent/reduce the lubricant breakdown. The functional composition can also help prevent/reduce material deposition on, for example, an orifice of an expansion or heat transfer surface(s) or heat transfer surface(s). The functional composition can be added as an additive to a lubricant of a HVAC system to form a lubricant composition. The lubricant composition can be added to a HVAC system to help prevent/reduce the material deposition. In some embodiments, the functional composition can be added to a HVAC system during operation of the HVAC system to help remove/reduce existing material deposition. | 1. A functional composition of a lubricant in a HVAC system, comprising one or a combination of:
a compound that interferes with lubricant breakdown, a compound that interferes with formation of metal carboxylates on a load bearing surface; a compound that coats the load bearing surfaces so as to reduce deposition of metal-carboxylates on the loading surface; a compound that reduces a catalytic effect of the metal carboxylates; a compound that changes a polarity and/or acidity of the lubricant so as to remove the deposited lubricant breakdown; a compound that coats an expansion device or heat transfer surface of the HVAC system so as to prevent deposition of the lubricant breakdown; and a compound that changes the polarity of the lubricant so as to increase a solubility of metal carboxylates. 2. The functional composition of claim 1, wherein the lubricant is selected from a group comprising polyolester polyvinyl ether, alkylbenzene, polyalphaolefins, alkylated naphthenics, mineral oil, and a combination thereof. 3. The functional composition of claim 1, wherein the HVAC system includes a HFC refrigerant. 4. A method of treating a lubricant composition of a HVAC system, comprising:
adding a functional composition from about 5 to 10% by weight of the lubricant, wherein the functional composition includes: a hydroxycarboxylic acid ester; and a base oil lubricant selected from a group comprising an alkylbenzene, an alkylated naphthenic, a polyalkylene glycol, a polyvinylether, a polyalphaolefin, mineral oil, a polyol ester, or a combination thereof. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the hydroxycarboxylic acid ester of the functional composition is a product of the esterification of a hydroxycarboxylic acid with an alcohol. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the alcohol is selected from a group comprising methanol, ethanol, caproic alcohol, caprylic alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, capric alcohol, lauryl alcohol, isotridecyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, palmitoleyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, elaidyl alcohol, petroselinyl alcohol, linolyl alcohol, linolenyl alcohol, elaeostearyl alcohol, arachidyl alcohol, gadoleyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, erucyl alcohol, brassidyl alcohol, or a combination thereof. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the functional composition includes from about 1% to about 60% by weight of the hydroxycarboxylic acid ester. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the functional composition includes from about 5% to about 40% by weight of the hydroxycarboxylic acid ester. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the functional composition includes from about 10% to about 20% by weight of the hydroxycarboxylic acid ester. 10. The method of claim 4, wherein the hydroxycarboxylic acid is selected from a group comprising
a hydroxy dicarboxylic acid, a hydroxy bicarboxylic acid, a hydroxyl polycarboxylic acid or a combination thereof. 11. The method of claim 4, wherein the hydroxycarboxylic acid is selected from a group comprising:
a hydroxycarboxylic acit ricinoleic acid (RA), hydroxystearic acid, hydroxylauric acid, hydroxydecanoic acid, hydroxyarachidic acid, hydroxypalmitic acid, hydroxyerucic acid, hydroxylinoleic acid, hydroxyarachidonic, citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, and a combination thereof. 12. The method of claim 4, wherein the hydroxycarboxylic acid includes a ring structure, wherein the ring structure is selected from a group comprising aromatic, homocyclic, hetercyclic or a combination thereof. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the hydroxycarboxylic acid is selected from a group comprising salicylic acid, dihydroxybenzoic acid, or a combination thereof. 14. The method of claim 4, wherein the hydroxycarboxylic acid ester is formed by a hydroxycarboxylic acid and a fatty acid. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the fatty acid is selected form pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, tridecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, nonadecanoic acid, icosanoic acid, oleic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, or a combination thereof. 16. The method of claim 4, further comprising a second hydroxycarboxylic acid ester. 17. A method of servicing a HVAC system, comprising:
adding a functional composition from about 5 to 10% by weight of a lubricant of the HVAC system, wherein the functional composition includes: an ester of a hydroxycarboxylic acid; and a base oil lubricant selected from a group comprising an alkylbenzene, an alkylated naphthenic, a polyalkylene glycol, a polyvinylether, a polyalphaolefin, mineral oil, a polyol ester, and a combination thereof. 18. The method of claim 4, wherein the HVAC system includes a HFC refrigerant. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the HVAC system includes a HFC refrigerant. | Embodiments are described herein to provide a functional composition that can be added to the lubricant of the HVAC system to help prevent/reduce the lubricant breakdown. The functional composition can also help prevent/reduce material deposition on, for example, an orifice of an expansion or heat transfer surface(s) or heat transfer surface(s). The functional composition can be added as an additive to a lubricant of a HVAC system to form a lubricant composition. The lubricant composition can be added to a HVAC system to help prevent/reduce the material deposition. In some embodiments, the functional composition can be added to a HVAC system during operation of the HVAC system to help remove/reduce existing material deposition.1. A functional composition of a lubricant in a HVAC system, comprising one or a combination of:
a compound that interferes with lubricant breakdown, a compound that interferes with formation of metal carboxylates on a load bearing surface; a compound that coats the load bearing surfaces so as to reduce deposition of metal-carboxylates on the loading surface; a compound that reduces a catalytic effect of the metal carboxylates; a compound that changes a polarity and/or acidity of the lubricant so as to remove the deposited lubricant breakdown; a compound that coats an expansion device or heat transfer surface of the HVAC system so as to prevent deposition of the lubricant breakdown; and a compound that changes the polarity of the lubricant so as to increase a solubility of metal carboxylates. 2. The functional composition of claim 1, wherein the lubricant is selected from a group comprising polyolester polyvinyl ether, alkylbenzene, polyalphaolefins, alkylated naphthenics, mineral oil, and a combination thereof. 3. The functional composition of claim 1, wherein the HVAC system includes a HFC refrigerant. 4. A method of treating a lubricant composition of a HVAC system, comprising:
adding a functional composition from about 5 to 10% by weight of the lubricant, wherein the functional composition includes: a hydroxycarboxylic acid ester; and a base oil lubricant selected from a group comprising an alkylbenzene, an alkylated naphthenic, a polyalkylene glycol, a polyvinylether, a polyalphaolefin, mineral oil, a polyol ester, or a combination thereof. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the hydroxycarboxylic acid ester of the functional composition is a product of the esterification of a hydroxycarboxylic acid with an alcohol. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the alcohol is selected from a group comprising methanol, ethanol, caproic alcohol, caprylic alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, capric alcohol, lauryl alcohol, isotridecyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, palmitoleyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, elaidyl alcohol, petroselinyl alcohol, linolyl alcohol, linolenyl alcohol, elaeostearyl alcohol, arachidyl alcohol, gadoleyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, erucyl alcohol, brassidyl alcohol, or a combination thereof. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the functional composition includes from about 1% to about 60% by weight of the hydroxycarboxylic acid ester. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the functional composition includes from about 5% to about 40% by weight of the hydroxycarboxylic acid ester. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the functional composition includes from about 10% to about 20% by weight of the hydroxycarboxylic acid ester. 10. The method of claim 4, wherein the hydroxycarboxylic acid is selected from a group comprising
a hydroxy dicarboxylic acid, a hydroxy bicarboxylic acid, a hydroxyl polycarboxylic acid or a combination thereof. 11. The method of claim 4, wherein the hydroxycarboxylic acid is selected from a group comprising:
a hydroxycarboxylic acit ricinoleic acid (RA), hydroxystearic acid, hydroxylauric acid, hydroxydecanoic acid, hydroxyarachidic acid, hydroxypalmitic acid, hydroxyerucic acid, hydroxylinoleic acid, hydroxyarachidonic, citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, and a combination thereof. 12. The method of claim 4, wherein the hydroxycarboxylic acid includes a ring structure, wherein the ring structure is selected from a group comprising aromatic, homocyclic, hetercyclic or a combination thereof. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the hydroxycarboxylic acid is selected from a group comprising salicylic acid, dihydroxybenzoic acid, or a combination thereof. 14. The method of claim 4, wherein the hydroxycarboxylic acid ester is formed by a hydroxycarboxylic acid and a fatty acid. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the fatty acid is selected form pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, tridecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, nonadecanoic acid, icosanoic acid, oleic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, or a combination thereof. 16. The method of claim 4, further comprising a second hydroxycarboxylic acid ester. 17. A method of servicing a HVAC system, comprising:
adding a functional composition from about 5 to 10% by weight of a lubricant of the HVAC system, wherein the functional composition includes: an ester of a hydroxycarboxylic acid; and a base oil lubricant selected from a group comprising an alkylbenzene, an alkylated naphthenic, a polyalkylene glycol, a polyvinylether, a polyalphaolefin, mineral oil, a polyol ester, and a combination thereof. 18. The method of claim 4, wherein the HVAC system includes a HFC refrigerant. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the HVAC system includes a HFC refrigerant. | 1,700 |
3,112 | 15,457,961 | 1,774 | A system and method for holding and sanitizing handheld implements. The system uses a container filled with a body of open cell foam. The body of the open cell foam has hollow shafts formed therein for holding the implements. The hollow shafts in the body of open cell foam are accessible through the open top of the container. A volume of a liquid disinfectant is poured into the container. The liquid disinfectant is at least partially absorbed by the body of open cell foam. This moistens the walls of the hollow shafts with disinfectant. As handheld implement is inserted into a hollow shaft, it is physically wiped and coated with the liquid disinfectant without being submerged in liquid disinfectant. When the implement is drawn out of the tubular shaft, it is clean, sanitized and ready to use without the need to dry. | 1. In a window having a window sash, wherein said window sash travels in guide tracks between a fully open position and a fully closed position, a system for inhibiting drift movement of said window sash out of said fully open position, said system comprising:
a brake shoe having a spool post, wherein said brake shoe moves in one of said guide tracks with said window sash as said window sash is manually manipulated between said fully closed position and said fully open position; a flexible locking finger extending from said brake shoe; a coiled ribbon spring supported by said brake shoe about said spool post, wherein said coiled ribbon spring has a free end that can be extended away from said brake shoe; a stop mounted to said one of said guide tracks at a fixed elevation, said stop having a bottom edge that faces said brake shoe in one of said guide tracks, wherein said stop has a depression formed therein for receiving said flexible locking finger and an inclined surface that extends from said bottom edge to said depression to guide said flexible locking finger into said depression as said window sash moves toward said fully open position, wherein said flexible locking finger engages said depression when said sash reaches said fully open position therein creating an interconnection that prevents said brake shoe from moving away from said stop until a threshold separating force is applied to said window sash to move said sash from said fully open position towards said fully closed position, and; an anchor element extending from said stop that interconnects with said free end of said coiled ribbon spring, wherein said coiled ribbon spring biases said brake shoe toward said stop. 2. The system according to claim 1, wherein said threshold force is between one pound and ten pounds. 3.-9. (canceled) 10. In a window having a window sash, wherein said window sash can move in guide tracks between a fully open position and a fully closed position, a system for inhibiting inadvertent movement of said window sash out of said fully open position, said system comprising:
a brake shoe coupled to said window sash that moves in one of said guide tracks; a locking finger that extends from said brake shoe; a ribbon coil spring supported by said brake shoe, wherein said ribbon coil spring moves with said brake shoe in one of said guide tracks, wherein said ribbon spring has a free end; a stop mounted at a fixed position within said one of said guide tracks, said stop having a depression formed therein for receiving said locking finger and an inclined surface that leads into said depression, wherein said inclined surface guides said locking finger into said depression as said window sash moves toward said fully open position; an anchor element thereon that interconnects with said free end of said ribbon coil spring; wherein said brake shoe is separable from said stop when a closing force is manually applied that acts to move said window sash toward said fully closed position. 11. The system according to claim 10, wherein said closing force is between one pound and ten pounds. 12. The system according to claim 10, wherein said locking finger on said brake shoe interconnects with said depression on said stop when said window sash is in said fully open position. 13.-19. (canceled) | A system and method for holding and sanitizing handheld implements. The system uses a container filled with a body of open cell foam. The body of the open cell foam has hollow shafts formed therein for holding the implements. The hollow shafts in the body of open cell foam are accessible through the open top of the container. A volume of a liquid disinfectant is poured into the container. The liquid disinfectant is at least partially absorbed by the body of open cell foam. This moistens the walls of the hollow shafts with disinfectant. As handheld implement is inserted into a hollow shaft, it is physically wiped and coated with the liquid disinfectant without being submerged in liquid disinfectant. When the implement is drawn out of the tubular shaft, it is clean, sanitized and ready to use without the need to dry.1. In a window having a window sash, wherein said window sash travels in guide tracks between a fully open position and a fully closed position, a system for inhibiting drift movement of said window sash out of said fully open position, said system comprising:
a brake shoe having a spool post, wherein said brake shoe moves in one of said guide tracks with said window sash as said window sash is manually manipulated between said fully closed position and said fully open position; a flexible locking finger extending from said brake shoe; a coiled ribbon spring supported by said brake shoe about said spool post, wherein said coiled ribbon spring has a free end that can be extended away from said brake shoe; a stop mounted to said one of said guide tracks at a fixed elevation, said stop having a bottom edge that faces said brake shoe in one of said guide tracks, wherein said stop has a depression formed therein for receiving said flexible locking finger and an inclined surface that extends from said bottom edge to said depression to guide said flexible locking finger into said depression as said window sash moves toward said fully open position, wherein said flexible locking finger engages said depression when said sash reaches said fully open position therein creating an interconnection that prevents said brake shoe from moving away from said stop until a threshold separating force is applied to said window sash to move said sash from said fully open position towards said fully closed position, and; an anchor element extending from said stop that interconnects with said free end of said coiled ribbon spring, wherein said coiled ribbon spring biases said brake shoe toward said stop. 2. The system according to claim 1, wherein said threshold force is between one pound and ten pounds. 3.-9. (canceled) 10. In a window having a window sash, wherein said window sash can move in guide tracks between a fully open position and a fully closed position, a system for inhibiting inadvertent movement of said window sash out of said fully open position, said system comprising:
a brake shoe coupled to said window sash that moves in one of said guide tracks; a locking finger that extends from said brake shoe; a ribbon coil spring supported by said brake shoe, wherein said ribbon coil spring moves with said brake shoe in one of said guide tracks, wherein said ribbon spring has a free end; a stop mounted at a fixed position within said one of said guide tracks, said stop having a depression formed therein for receiving said locking finger and an inclined surface that leads into said depression, wherein said inclined surface guides said locking finger into said depression as said window sash moves toward said fully open position; an anchor element thereon that interconnects with said free end of said ribbon coil spring; wherein said brake shoe is separable from said stop when a closing force is manually applied that acts to move said window sash toward said fully closed position. 11. The system according to claim 10, wherein said closing force is between one pound and ten pounds. 12. The system according to claim 10, wherein said locking finger on said brake shoe interconnects with said depression on said stop when said window sash is in said fully open position. 13.-19. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,113 | 14,839,202 | 1,793 | A process for producing colourless vat milk is proposed, in which
(a) vat milk is subjected to an ultrafiltration and in the course of this a first permeate P 1 and a first retentate R 1 are produced; (b) the permeate P 1 is subjected to a reverse osmosis and in the course of this a second permeate P 2 and a second retentate R 2 are produced, (c) the second retentate R 2 is treated with an adsorbent and in the course of this a further retentate R 2 * is produced, (d) the resultant retentate R 2 * is combined with the retentate R 1 and the permeate P 2. | 1. A process for the production of colourless vat milk, comprising the steps of:
(a) subjecting vat milk to ultrafiltration using a membrane having a pore size of about 1,000 to about 50,000 Dalton to obtain a first permeate P1 and a first retentate R1; (b) subjecting the first permeate P1 to a reverse osmosis using a membrane having a pore size of about 1,000 to about 50,000 Dalton to obtain a second permeate P2 and a second retentate; R2 (c) treating the second retentate R2 with an adsorbent to obtain a third retentate R2*; and (d) combining the third retentate R2* with the second permeate P2. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the ultrafiltration (step a) is carried out at a temperature in the range from about 10 to about 55° C. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the ultrafiltration (step a) is carried out at a temperature in the range from about 12 to about 20° C. 4-5. (canceled) 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the ultrafiltration (step a) is carried out using spiral wound membranes or plate-frame modules made of polysulfone or polyethylene membranes. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the reverse osmosis (step b) is carried out at a temperature in the range from about 10 to about 55° C. 8. (canceled) 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the adsorbent used is activated carbon. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the adsorbent used is an ion-exchange resin. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the adsorption is carried out at temperatures in the range from about 10 to about 55° C. 12. (canceled) 13. A process for obtaining riboflavin, comprising the steps of:
(a) subjecting vat milk to ultrafiltration using a membrane having a pore size of about 1,000 to about 50,000 Dalton to obtain a first permeate P1 and a first retentate R1; (b) subjecting the first permeate P1 to a reverse osmosis using a membrane having a pore size of about 1,000 to about 50,000 Dalton to obtain a second permeate P2 and a second retentate R2; (c) treating the second riboflavin-containing retentate R2 with an adsorbent to obtain a third retentate R2*; (d) treating the adsorbent with a suitable desorbent, to remove the amount of riboflavin adsorbed by the adsorbent; and (e) isolating the riboflavin by separating the desorbent. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the adsorbent used is activated carbon. 15. The Process of claim 13, wherein the desorbent used is ethanol or isopropyl alcohol. 16. A process for making colourless cheese, in which the colourless cheese dairy milk obtainable according to claim 1 serves as the starting material. | A process for producing colourless vat milk is proposed, in which
(a) vat milk is subjected to an ultrafiltration and in the course of this a first permeate P 1 and a first retentate R 1 are produced; (b) the permeate P 1 is subjected to a reverse osmosis and in the course of this a second permeate P 2 and a second retentate R 2 are produced, (c) the second retentate R 2 is treated with an adsorbent and in the course of this a further retentate R 2 * is produced, (d) the resultant retentate R 2 * is combined with the retentate R 1 and the permeate P 2.1. A process for the production of colourless vat milk, comprising the steps of:
(a) subjecting vat milk to ultrafiltration using a membrane having a pore size of about 1,000 to about 50,000 Dalton to obtain a first permeate P1 and a first retentate R1; (b) subjecting the first permeate P1 to a reverse osmosis using a membrane having a pore size of about 1,000 to about 50,000 Dalton to obtain a second permeate P2 and a second retentate; R2 (c) treating the second retentate R2 with an adsorbent to obtain a third retentate R2*; and (d) combining the third retentate R2* with the second permeate P2. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the ultrafiltration (step a) is carried out at a temperature in the range from about 10 to about 55° C. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the ultrafiltration (step a) is carried out at a temperature in the range from about 12 to about 20° C. 4-5. (canceled) 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the ultrafiltration (step a) is carried out using spiral wound membranes or plate-frame modules made of polysulfone or polyethylene membranes. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the reverse osmosis (step b) is carried out at a temperature in the range from about 10 to about 55° C. 8. (canceled) 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the adsorbent used is activated carbon. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the adsorbent used is an ion-exchange resin. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the adsorption is carried out at temperatures in the range from about 10 to about 55° C. 12. (canceled) 13. A process for obtaining riboflavin, comprising the steps of:
(a) subjecting vat milk to ultrafiltration using a membrane having a pore size of about 1,000 to about 50,000 Dalton to obtain a first permeate P1 and a first retentate R1; (b) subjecting the first permeate P1 to a reverse osmosis using a membrane having a pore size of about 1,000 to about 50,000 Dalton to obtain a second permeate P2 and a second retentate R2; (c) treating the second riboflavin-containing retentate R2 with an adsorbent to obtain a third retentate R2*; (d) treating the adsorbent with a suitable desorbent, to remove the amount of riboflavin adsorbed by the adsorbent; and (e) isolating the riboflavin by separating the desorbent. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the adsorbent used is activated carbon. 15. The Process of claim 13, wherein the desorbent used is ethanol or isopropyl alcohol. 16. A process for making colourless cheese, in which the colourless cheese dairy milk obtainable according to claim 1 serves as the starting material. | 1,700 |
3,114 | 14,308,687 | 1,791 | A system and method of inducing sensory deception in a person eating, drinking or smoking a consumable product. When many products are eaten, drunk or smoked, those objects are taken into the mouth with a plastic object. The plastic object has a first segment and a second segment, wherein the first segment enters the mouth and the second segment remains under the nose just outside the mouth. Sensory deception is created by forming at least part of the first segment from plastic that has been combined with a gustatory perception modifier. Furthermore, the second segment is at least partially comprised of a plastic that has been combined with a selected scent. The modified plastic stimulates the sense of taste when entering the mouth. The second segment contains the scented plastic. This segment stimulates the olfactory sense. Together, the two segments create modified olfactory and gustatory inputs. | 1. A method of inducing modified sensory enhancement to a person drinking a fluid from a receptacle, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a closure for a receptacle, said closure having a first segment and a second segment, wherein said closure enables fluid from within said receptacle to be drunk through said closure by placing said first segment of said closure in a person's mouth while said second segment of said closure remains external of the mouth, wherein said first segment is comprised at least in part of a plastic that has been combined with an gustatory perception modifier; and wherein said second segment is comprised at least in part of a plastic that has been combined with a selected scent; and wherein said first segment stimulates a sense of taste while said second segment stimulates a sense of smell, therein creating said modified sensory enhancement while said fluid is being consumed. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said first segment is also comprised, at least in part, of said plastic that has been combined with said selected scent. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said receptacle is a bottle with a threaded neck and said closure is a bottle closure that engages said threaded neck. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein said receptacle is a cup and said closure is a cup lid. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein said gustatory perception modifier is selected from a group consisting of sucralose, stevia, aspartame, saccharin, cyclamate, salt, salt modifiers, spices, capsicum, and citric acid. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said receptacle is a water bottle and said fluid is water. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein said second segment of said closure is a valve cap and said first segment of said closure is a nipple head that moves on said valve cap. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein said second segment of said closure is a cap and said first segment of said closure is a straw element that extends into said valve cap. 9. A method of inducing modified sensory enhancement in a person consuming a product from an open receptacle, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a receptacle having a first section and a second section, wherein said first section passes into a person's mouth when said product is being consumed, while said second section remains external of the mouth, wherein said first section is comprised at least in part of a plastic that has been combined with a gustatory perception modifier; and wherein said second section is comprised at least in part of a plastic that has been combined with a selected scent; and wherein said first section stimulates a sense of taste while said second section stimulates a sense of smell, therein creating said modified sensory enhancement while said product is being consumed. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein said receptacle is a cup with a rim, wherein said first section includes said rim. 11. The method according to claim 9, wherein said receptacle is a spoon having a front tip, wherein said first section includes said front tip. 12. The method according to claim 9, wherein said gustatory perception modifier is a sweetener that is selected from a group consisting of sucralose, stevia, aspartame, saccharin, and cyclamate. 13. A method of inducing modified sensory enhancement in a person inhaling smoke and/or gases through a mouthpiece, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a mouthpiece having a body with an inhalation tip at one end, wherein said inhalation tip is comprised at least in part of a plastic that has been combined with a gustatory perception modifiers; and wherein said body is comprised at least in part of a plastic that has been combined with a selected scent; and wherein said inhalation tip stimulates a sense of taste while said body stimulates a sense of smell, therein creating said sensory deception while said gases are being inhaled. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein said inhalation tip is also comprised, at least in part, of said plastic that has been combined with said selected scent. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein said mouthpiece is the mouthpiece to a hookah pipe. 16. The method according to claim 13, wherein said mouthpiece is the mouthpiece to an electronic cigarette. 17. A method of inducing modified sensory enhancement in a person consuming a product, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a molded object used to transfer a consumable product into a user's mouth, where a first section of said molded object enters the mouth when said consumable product is consumed, wherein said first section of said molded object is comprised at least in part, of a plastic that has been combined with a gustatory perception modifier. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein a second section of said molded object is comprised at least in part of the plastic has been combined with a selected scent;
wherein said first section stimulates a sense of taste while said second section stimulates a sense of smell when said consumable product is consumed, therein creating a modified sensory enhancement. 19. The method according to claim 17, wherein said molded product is a toothbrush. 20. A method of inducing modified sensory enhancement in a person who is brushing his/her teeth, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a toothbrush that is used to transfer toothpaste into a user's mouth, wherein said toothbrush is comprised at least in part, of a plastic that has been combined with a gustatory perception modifier. | A system and method of inducing sensory deception in a person eating, drinking or smoking a consumable product. When many products are eaten, drunk or smoked, those objects are taken into the mouth with a plastic object. The plastic object has a first segment and a second segment, wherein the first segment enters the mouth and the second segment remains under the nose just outside the mouth. Sensory deception is created by forming at least part of the first segment from plastic that has been combined with a gustatory perception modifier. Furthermore, the second segment is at least partially comprised of a plastic that has been combined with a selected scent. The modified plastic stimulates the sense of taste when entering the mouth. The second segment contains the scented plastic. This segment stimulates the olfactory sense. Together, the two segments create modified olfactory and gustatory inputs.1. A method of inducing modified sensory enhancement to a person drinking a fluid from a receptacle, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a closure for a receptacle, said closure having a first segment and a second segment, wherein said closure enables fluid from within said receptacle to be drunk through said closure by placing said first segment of said closure in a person's mouth while said second segment of said closure remains external of the mouth, wherein said first segment is comprised at least in part of a plastic that has been combined with an gustatory perception modifier; and wherein said second segment is comprised at least in part of a plastic that has been combined with a selected scent; and wherein said first segment stimulates a sense of taste while said second segment stimulates a sense of smell, therein creating said modified sensory enhancement while said fluid is being consumed. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said first segment is also comprised, at least in part, of said plastic that has been combined with said selected scent. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said receptacle is a bottle with a threaded neck and said closure is a bottle closure that engages said threaded neck. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein said receptacle is a cup and said closure is a cup lid. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein said gustatory perception modifier is selected from a group consisting of sucralose, stevia, aspartame, saccharin, cyclamate, salt, salt modifiers, spices, capsicum, and citric acid. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said receptacle is a water bottle and said fluid is water. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein said second segment of said closure is a valve cap and said first segment of said closure is a nipple head that moves on said valve cap. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein said second segment of said closure is a cap and said first segment of said closure is a straw element that extends into said valve cap. 9. A method of inducing modified sensory enhancement in a person consuming a product from an open receptacle, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a receptacle having a first section and a second section, wherein said first section passes into a person's mouth when said product is being consumed, while said second section remains external of the mouth, wherein said first section is comprised at least in part of a plastic that has been combined with a gustatory perception modifier; and wherein said second section is comprised at least in part of a plastic that has been combined with a selected scent; and wherein said first section stimulates a sense of taste while said second section stimulates a sense of smell, therein creating said modified sensory enhancement while said product is being consumed. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein said receptacle is a cup with a rim, wherein said first section includes said rim. 11. The method according to claim 9, wherein said receptacle is a spoon having a front tip, wherein said first section includes said front tip. 12. The method according to claim 9, wherein said gustatory perception modifier is a sweetener that is selected from a group consisting of sucralose, stevia, aspartame, saccharin, and cyclamate. 13. A method of inducing modified sensory enhancement in a person inhaling smoke and/or gases through a mouthpiece, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a mouthpiece having a body with an inhalation tip at one end, wherein said inhalation tip is comprised at least in part of a plastic that has been combined with a gustatory perception modifiers; and wherein said body is comprised at least in part of a plastic that has been combined with a selected scent; and wherein said inhalation tip stimulates a sense of taste while said body stimulates a sense of smell, therein creating said sensory deception while said gases are being inhaled. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein said inhalation tip is also comprised, at least in part, of said plastic that has been combined with said selected scent. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein said mouthpiece is the mouthpiece to a hookah pipe. 16. The method according to claim 13, wherein said mouthpiece is the mouthpiece to an electronic cigarette. 17. A method of inducing modified sensory enhancement in a person consuming a product, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a molded object used to transfer a consumable product into a user's mouth, where a first section of said molded object enters the mouth when said consumable product is consumed, wherein said first section of said molded object is comprised at least in part, of a plastic that has been combined with a gustatory perception modifier. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein a second section of said molded object is comprised at least in part of the plastic has been combined with a selected scent;
wherein said first section stimulates a sense of taste while said second section stimulates a sense of smell when said consumable product is consumed, therein creating a modified sensory enhancement. 19. The method according to claim 17, wherein said molded product is a toothbrush. 20. A method of inducing modified sensory enhancement in a person who is brushing his/her teeth, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a toothbrush that is used to transfer toothpaste into a user's mouth, wherein said toothbrush is comprised at least in part, of a plastic that has been combined with a gustatory perception modifier. | 1,700 |
3,115 | 14,001,373 | 1,727 | A fuel cell system for generating power by supplying a reaction gas to a fuel cell includes a wet state detection unit configured to detect a wet state of an electrolyte membrane of the fuel cell, a steady time target wet state setting unit configured to set a steady time target wet state of the electrolyte membrane during a steady operation of the fuel cell system based on an operating condition of the fuel cell system, and a transient time target wet state setting unit configured to set a transient time target wet state so that the wet state of the electrolyte membrane gradually changes from a wet state detected before a transient operation starts to the steady time target wet state during the transient operation in which the operating condition of the fuel cell system changes. | 1.-11. (canceled) 12. A fuel cell system for generating power by supplying a reaction gas to a fuel cell, comprising:
a wet state detection unit configured to detect a wet state of an electrolyte membrane of the fuel cell; a steady time target wet state setting unit configured to set a target wet state of the electrolyte membrane during a steady operation of the fuel cell system as a steady time target wet state based on an operating condition of the fuel cell system; and a transient time target wet state setting unit configured to set a transient time target wet state so that the wet state of the electrolyte membrane gradually changes from a wet state detected before a transient operation starts to the steady time target wet state during the transient operation in which the operating condition of the fuel cell system changes. 13. The fuel cell system according to claim 12, wherein the transient time target wet state setting unit sets the transient time target wet state in consideration of one or both of fuel economy and sound vibration during the transient operation of the fuel cell system. 14. The fuel cell system according to claim 12, wherein the transient time target wet state setting unit sets the transient time target wet state by applying a process of limiting a change rate of the steady time target wet state of the electrolyte membrane to the steady time target wet state. 15. The fuel cell system according to claim 12, wherein the transient time target wet state setting unit limits a change rate of the transient time target wet state by applying a delay process to the steady time target wet state. 16. The fuel cell system according to claim 14, wherein the transient time target wet state setting unit makes the change rate of the transient time target wet state smaller when the wet state is controlled to dry the electrolyte membrane than when the wet state is controlled to wet the electrolyte membrane. 17. The fuel cell system according to claim 12, comprising a wet state control unit configured to set the steady time target wet state as the target wet state during the steady operation of the fuel cell system, setting the transient time target wet state as the target wet state during the transient operation of the fuel cell system and controlling the wet state of the electrolyte membrane based on the set target wet state and the wet state of the electrolyte membrane. 18. The fuel cell system according to claim 17, wherein the wet state control unit includes:
a target operation amount calculation unit configured to calculate a target operation amount, which is a target value of an operation amount capable of adjusting the wet state of the electrolyte membrane, based on the set target wet state; an upper/lower limit value setting unit configured to set an upper limit value and a lower limit value of the target operation amount based on the operating condition of the fuel cell system; and an operation amount control unit configured to control the operation amount to fall within a range between the upper and lower limit values of the target operation amount. 19. The fuel cell system according to claim 12, wherein the wet state detection unit includes an internal resistance detection means for detecting internal resistance of the fuel cell and detects the wet state of the electrolyte membrane based on the internal resistance of the fuel cell detected by the internal resistance detection means from a correlation between the wet state of the electrolyte membrane of the fuel cell and the internal resistance of the fuel cell. 20. The fuel cell system according to claim 12, wherein:
the wet state detection unit detects internal resistance of the fuel cell as the wet state of the electrolyte membrane; the transient time target wet state setting unit sets the transient time target wet state by applying a process of limiting a change rate of the steady time target wet state of the electrolyte membrane to the steady time target wet state; and the fuel cell system further comprises: a transient time internal resistance setting unit configured to set transient time internal resistance based on the transient time target wet state from a correlation between the wet state of the electrolyte membrane and the internal resistance of the fuel cell, and an operation amount control unit configured to control an operation amount capable of adjusting the wet state of the electrolyte membrane so that the internal resistance of the fuel cell becomes the transient time internal resistance. 21. The fuel cell system according to claim 20, wherein the correlation is a relationship in which the internal resistance changes with a nonlinear characteristic in relation to a change in the wet state of the electrolyte membrane. 22. A fuel cell system for generating power by supplying a reaction gas to a fuel cell, comprising:
a wet state detection unit configured to detect a wet state of an electrolyte membrane of the fuel cell; a target wet state setting unit configured to set a target wet state of the electrolyte membrane during a steady operation of the fuel cell system based on an operating condition of the fuel cell system; a target operation amount calculation unit configured to calculate a target operation amount, which is a target value of an operation amount capable of adjusting the wet state of the electrolyte membrane, based on the target wet state of the electrolyte membrane; and an operation amount control unit configured to calculate a transient time target operation amount by applying a process of limiting the change rate of the target operation amount to the target operation amount during a transient operation in which the operating condition of the fuel cell system changes, and controlling the operation amount to attain the transient time target operation amount. | A fuel cell system for generating power by supplying a reaction gas to a fuel cell includes a wet state detection unit configured to detect a wet state of an electrolyte membrane of the fuel cell, a steady time target wet state setting unit configured to set a steady time target wet state of the electrolyte membrane during a steady operation of the fuel cell system based on an operating condition of the fuel cell system, and a transient time target wet state setting unit configured to set a transient time target wet state so that the wet state of the electrolyte membrane gradually changes from a wet state detected before a transient operation starts to the steady time target wet state during the transient operation in which the operating condition of the fuel cell system changes.1.-11. (canceled) 12. A fuel cell system for generating power by supplying a reaction gas to a fuel cell, comprising:
a wet state detection unit configured to detect a wet state of an electrolyte membrane of the fuel cell; a steady time target wet state setting unit configured to set a target wet state of the electrolyte membrane during a steady operation of the fuel cell system as a steady time target wet state based on an operating condition of the fuel cell system; and a transient time target wet state setting unit configured to set a transient time target wet state so that the wet state of the electrolyte membrane gradually changes from a wet state detected before a transient operation starts to the steady time target wet state during the transient operation in which the operating condition of the fuel cell system changes. 13. The fuel cell system according to claim 12, wherein the transient time target wet state setting unit sets the transient time target wet state in consideration of one or both of fuel economy and sound vibration during the transient operation of the fuel cell system. 14. The fuel cell system according to claim 12, wherein the transient time target wet state setting unit sets the transient time target wet state by applying a process of limiting a change rate of the steady time target wet state of the electrolyte membrane to the steady time target wet state. 15. The fuel cell system according to claim 12, wherein the transient time target wet state setting unit limits a change rate of the transient time target wet state by applying a delay process to the steady time target wet state. 16. The fuel cell system according to claim 14, wherein the transient time target wet state setting unit makes the change rate of the transient time target wet state smaller when the wet state is controlled to dry the electrolyte membrane than when the wet state is controlled to wet the electrolyte membrane. 17. The fuel cell system according to claim 12, comprising a wet state control unit configured to set the steady time target wet state as the target wet state during the steady operation of the fuel cell system, setting the transient time target wet state as the target wet state during the transient operation of the fuel cell system and controlling the wet state of the electrolyte membrane based on the set target wet state and the wet state of the electrolyte membrane. 18. The fuel cell system according to claim 17, wherein the wet state control unit includes:
a target operation amount calculation unit configured to calculate a target operation amount, which is a target value of an operation amount capable of adjusting the wet state of the electrolyte membrane, based on the set target wet state; an upper/lower limit value setting unit configured to set an upper limit value and a lower limit value of the target operation amount based on the operating condition of the fuel cell system; and an operation amount control unit configured to control the operation amount to fall within a range between the upper and lower limit values of the target operation amount. 19. The fuel cell system according to claim 12, wherein the wet state detection unit includes an internal resistance detection means for detecting internal resistance of the fuel cell and detects the wet state of the electrolyte membrane based on the internal resistance of the fuel cell detected by the internal resistance detection means from a correlation between the wet state of the electrolyte membrane of the fuel cell and the internal resistance of the fuel cell. 20. The fuel cell system according to claim 12, wherein:
the wet state detection unit detects internal resistance of the fuel cell as the wet state of the electrolyte membrane; the transient time target wet state setting unit sets the transient time target wet state by applying a process of limiting a change rate of the steady time target wet state of the electrolyte membrane to the steady time target wet state; and the fuel cell system further comprises: a transient time internal resistance setting unit configured to set transient time internal resistance based on the transient time target wet state from a correlation between the wet state of the electrolyte membrane and the internal resistance of the fuel cell, and an operation amount control unit configured to control an operation amount capable of adjusting the wet state of the electrolyte membrane so that the internal resistance of the fuel cell becomes the transient time internal resistance. 21. The fuel cell system according to claim 20, wherein the correlation is a relationship in which the internal resistance changes with a nonlinear characteristic in relation to a change in the wet state of the electrolyte membrane. 22. A fuel cell system for generating power by supplying a reaction gas to a fuel cell, comprising:
a wet state detection unit configured to detect a wet state of an electrolyte membrane of the fuel cell; a target wet state setting unit configured to set a target wet state of the electrolyte membrane during a steady operation of the fuel cell system based on an operating condition of the fuel cell system; a target operation amount calculation unit configured to calculate a target operation amount, which is a target value of an operation amount capable of adjusting the wet state of the electrolyte membrane, based on the target wet state of the electrolyte membrane; and an operation amount control unit configured to calculate a transient time target operation amount by applying a process of limiting the change rate of the target operation amount to the target operation amount during a transient operation in which the operating condition of the fuel cell system changes, and controlling the operation amount to attain the transient time target operation amount. | 1,700 |
3,116 | 14,420,827 | 1,726 | A housing for a battery cell, preferably for a lithium-ion cell, includes a housing cover, and a metal-core printed circuit board on the housing cover. The housing further includes an electronic component that is configured to monitor the battery cell, and that is arranged on the metal-core printed circuit board on the housing cover. This configuration enables the temperature of the battery cell to be very precisely and cost-effectively determined by very good thermal coupling to the housing cover. The disclosure further relates to a battery cell, a battery module and a vehicle. | 1. A housing for a battery cell comprising:
a housing cover; a metal core circuit board positioned on the housing cover; and an electronic component arranged on the metal core circuit board on the housing cover. 2. The housing as claimed in claim 1, wherein the housing cover forms the metal core of the metal core circuit board. 3. The housing as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
the housing cover includes a surface having two terminals; and the electronic component is arranged between said two terminals. 4. The housing as claimed in claims 1, wherein the electronic component includes a circuit that is configured to monitor a battery cell that is arranged in the housing. 5. The housing as claimed in, claim 1, wherein the electronic component is part of a battery management system. 6. A battery cell comprising;
a housing that includes:
a housing cover;
a metal core circuit board positioned on the housing cover; and
an electronic component arranged on the metal core circuit board on the housing cover. 7. The battery cell as claimed in claim 6, wherein the battery cell is a lithium ion cell. 8. The battery cell as claimed in claim 7, wherein the battery cell is comprised by a battery module. 9. A motor vehicle comprising:
an electric drive motor; and a battery module that is connected or is configured to be connected to the electric drive motor, and that includes:
a battery cell having:.
a housing with:
a housing cover;
a metal core circuit board positioned on the housing cover; and
an electronic component arranged on the metal core circuit board on the housing cover. | A housing for a battery cell, preferably for a lithium-ion cell, includes a housing cover, and a metal-core printed circuit board on the housing cover. The housing further includes an electronic component that is configured to monitor the battery cell, and that is arranged on the metal-core printed circuit board on the housing cover. This configuration enables the temperature of the battery cell to be very precisely and cost-effectively determined by very good thermal coupling to the housing cover. The disclosure further relates to a battery cell, a battery module and a vehicle.1. A housing for a battery cell comprising:
a housing cover; a metal core circuit board positioned on the housing cover; and an electronic component arranged on the metal core circuit board on the housing cover. 2. The housing as claimed in claim 1, wherein the housing cover forms the metal core of the metal core circuit board. 3. The housing as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
the housing cover includes a surface having two terminals; and the electronic component is arranged between said two terminals. 4. The housing as claimed in claims 1, wherein the electronic component includes a circuit that is configured to monitor a battery cell that is arranged in the housing. 5. The housing as claimed in, claim 1, wherein the electronic component is part of a battery management system. 6. A battery cell comprising;
a housing that includes:
a housing cover;
a metal core circuit board positioned on the housing cover; and
an electronic component arranged on the metal core circuit board on the housing cover. 7. The battery cell as claimed in claim 6, wherein the battery cell is a lithium ion cell. 8. The battery cell as claimed in claim 7, wherein the battery cell is comprised by a battery module. 9. A motor vehicle comprising:
an electric drive motor; and a battery module that is connected or is configured to be connected to the electric drive motor, and that includes:
a battery cell having:.
a housing with:
a housing cover;
a metal core circuit board positioned on the housing cover; and
an electronic component arranged on the metal core circuit board on the housing cover. | 1,700 |
3,117 | 15,626,257 | 1,799 | A deodorizer for insertion into athletic and other equipment, having an outer housing that is infused with an antimicrobial agent and that has ventilation holes, and containing a moisture absorbing deodorizer within the outer housing. The deodorizer absorbs moisture that allows bacteria to grow and the antimicrobial infused outer housing kills existing bacteria, thereby reducing bacteria and odor. | 1. A device for insertion within sports equipment comprising:
an outer housing having ventilation holes, said outer housing being infused with antimicrobial ions; a removable insert displaced within said outer housing, said insert including a moisture absorbing deodorizer. 2. A device according to claim 1, wherein said ions include silver ions. 3. A device according to claim 2, wherein said device is shaped as a tube to fit inside a glove. 4. A pair of devices according to claim 3, further comprising a strap connecting said pair of devices to each other. 5. A pair of devices according to claim 4, further comprising a clip strap connected to one of said devices with a clip at the other end of the strap for connecting to said other device. 6. A pair of devices according to claim 4, wherein said strap is made from paracord. 7. A device according to claim 3, wherein said outer housing is approximately 7.5 inches in length and ¾ inches wide. 8. A device according to claim 7, wherein said removable insert includes approximately 50% scented silica and approximately 50% unscented silica. 9. A device according to claim 8, wherein said removable insert is approximately 18 cm long and approximately 2 cm wide. 10. A device according to claim 7, wherein said removable insert includes approximately 7.5 g scented silica gel and approximately 7.5 g activated carbon. 11. A device according to claim 1, wherein said outer housing is comprised of plastic and maintains a formed shape, and said removable insert is a container that includes said moisture absorbing deodorizer. | A deodorizer for insertion into athletic and other equipment, having an outer housing that is infused with an antimicrobial agent and that has ventilation holes, and containing a moisture absorbing deodorizer within the outer housing. The deodorizer absorbs moisture that allows bacteria to grow and the antimicrobial infused outer housing kills existing bacteria, thereby reducing bacteria and odor.1. A device for insertion within sports equipment comprising:
an outer housing having ventilation holes, said outer housing being infused with antimicrobial ions; a removable insert displaced within said outer housing, said insert including a moisture absorbing deodorizer. 2. A device according to claim 1, wherein said ions include silver ions. 3. A device according to claim 2, wherein said device is shaped as a tube to fit inside a glove. 4. A pair of devices according to claim 3, further comprising a strap connecting said pair of devices to each other. 5. A pair of devices according to claim 4, further comprising a clip strap connected to one of said devices with a clip at the other end of the strap for connecting to said other device. 6. A pair of devices according to claim 4, wherein said strap is made from paracord. 7. A device according to claim 3, wherein said outer housing is approximately 7.5 inches in length and ¾ inches wide. 8. A device according to claim 7, wherein said removable insert includes approximately 50% scented silica and approximately 50% unscented silica. 9. A device according to claim 8, wherein said removable insert is approximately 18 cm long and approximately 2 cm wide. 10. A device according to claim 7, wherein said removable insert includes approximately 7.5 g scented silica gel and approximately 7.5 g activated carbon. 11. A device according to claim 1, wherein said outer housing is comprised of plastic and maintains a formed shape, and said removable insert is a container that includes said moisture absorbing deodorizer. | 1,700 |
3,118 | 14,772,094 | 1,783 | Polymeric multilayer film having first and second generally opposed major surfaces, adjacent first and second layers that are separable from each other, and an array of indentations extending into the first and second layers. Polymeric multilayer film having first and second generally opposed major surfaces, an array of openings extending between the first and second major surfaces, and at least first and second adjacent layers that are separable from each other, wherein the openings each have a series of areas through the openings from the first and second major surfaces ranging from minimum to maximum areas, and wherein the minimum area is not at at least one of the major surface. Embodiments of polymeric multilayer film described herein are useful, for example, for filtration and acoustic absorption. | 1. A polymeric multilayer film having first and second generally opposed major surfaces, adjacent first and second layers that are separable from each other, and an array of indentations extending into the first and second layers. 2. The polymeric multilayer film of claim 1, wherein the first layer comprises at least one of polycarbonate, polyamide 6, polyamide 66, polyethyleneterephthalate, polyethylenenaphthalate, cellulose acetobutyrate, polymethylmethacrylate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, or polybutyleneterephthalate, and the second layer comprises polyolefin. 3. The polymeric multilayer film of claim 1, wherein the first layer comprises polyethylene and the second layer comprises polypropylene. 4. A method of making the article of claim 1, the method comprising extruding at least first and second separable polymeric layers into a nip to provide a polymeric multilayer film, wherein the nip comprises a first roll having a structured surface that imparts indentations extending into at least the first and second layers of the polymeric multilayer film. 5. A polymeric multilayer film having first and second generally opposed major surfaces, an array of openings extending between the first and second major surfaces, and at least first and second adjacent layers that are separable from each other, wherein the openings each have a series of areas through the openings from the first and second major surfaces ranging from minimum to maximum areas, and wherein the minimum area is not at at least one of the major surface. 6. The polymeric multilayer film of claim 5, wherein the first layer comprises at least one of polycarbonate, polyamide 6, polyamide 66, polyethyleneterephthalate, polyethylenenaphthalate, cellulose acetobutyrate, polymethylmethacrylate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, or polybutyleneterephthalate, and the second layer comprises polyolefin. 7. The polymeric multilayer film of claim 5, wherein the polymeric multilayer film has a thickness greater than 125 micrometers. 8. The polymeric multilayer film of claim 5 having at least 30 openings/cm2. 9. The polymeric multilayer film of claim 5, wherein openings have a largest dimension of not greater than 100 micrometers. 10. The polymeric multilayer film of claim 5, wherein a flow resistance, as determined by the Flow Resistance Test, in a range from 250 rayls to 2150 rayls. 11. A method of making a polymeric multilayer film, the method comprising:
extruding at least two separable polymeric layers into a nip to provide a polymeric multilayer film, wherein the nip comprises a first roll having a structured surface that imparts indentations through a first major surface of the polymeric multilayer film; and passing the first major surface having the indentations over a chill roll while applying a heat source to a generally opposed second major surface of the polymeric multilayer film, wherein the application of heat from the heat source results in formation of openings to provide the polymeric multilayer film of claim 5. 12. The method claim 11 further comprising separating at least the first and second layers of the polymeric multilayer film having openings. | Polymeric multilayer film having first and second generally opposed major surfaces, adjacent first and second layers that are separable from each other, and an array of indentations extending into the first and second layers. Polymeric multilayer film having first and second generally opposed major surfaces, an array of openings extending between the first and second major surfaces, and at least first and second adjacent layers that are separable from each other, wherein the openings each have a series of areas through the openings from the first and second major surfaces ranging from minimum to maximum areas, and wherein the minimum area is not at at least one of the major surface. Embodiments of polymeric multilayer film described herein are useful, for example, for filtration and acoustic absorption.1. A polymeric multilayer film having first and second generally opposed major surfaces, adjacent first and second layers that are separable from each other, and an array of indentations extending into the first and second layers. 2. The polymeric multilayer film of claim 1, wherein the first layer comprises at least one of polycarbonate, polyamide 6, polyamide 66, polyethyleneterephthalate, polyethylenenaphthalate, cellulose acetobutyrate, polymethylmethacrylate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, or polybutyleneterephthalate, and the second layer comprises polyolefin. 3. The polymeric multilayer film of claim 1, wherein the first layer comprises polyethylene and the second layer comprises polypropylene. 4. A method of making the article of claim 1, the method comprising extruding at least first and second separable polymeric layers into a nip to provide a polymeric multilayer film, wherein the nip comprises a first roll having a structured surface that imparts indentations extending into at least the first and second layers of the polymeric multilayer film. 5. A polymeric multilayer film having first and second generally opposed major surfaces, an array of openings extending between the first and second major surfaces, and at least first and second adjacent layers that are separable from each other, wherein the openings each have a series of areas through the openings from the first and second major surfaces ranging from minimum to maximum areas, and wherein the minimum area is not at at least one of the major surface. 6. The polymeric multilayer film of claim 5, wherein the first layer comprises at least one of polycarbonate, polyamide 6, polyamide 66, polyethyleneterephthalate, polyethylenenaphthalate, cellulose acetobutyrate, polymethylmethacrylate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, or polybutyleneterephthalate, and the second layer comprises polyolefin. 7. The polymeric multilayer film of claim 5, wherein the polymeric multilayer film has a thickness greater than 125 micrometers. 8. The polymeric multilayer film of claim 5 having at least 30 openings/cm2. 9. The polymeric multilayer film of claim 5, wherein openings have a largest dimension of not greater than 100 micrometers. 10. The polymeric multilayer film of claim 5, wherein a flow resistance, as determined by the Flow Resistance Test, in a range from 250 rayls to 2150 rayls. 11. A method of making a polymeric multilayer film, the method comprising:
extruding at least two separable polymeric layers into a nip to provide a polymeric multilayer film, wherein the nip comprises a first roll having a structured surface that imparts indentations through a first major surface of the polymeric multilayer film; and passing the first major surface having the indentations over a chill roll while applying a heat source to a generally opposed second major surface of the polymeric multilayer film, wherein the application of heat from the heat source results in formation of openings to provide the polymeric multilayer film of claim 5. 12. The method claim 11 further comprising separating at least the first and second layers of the polymeric multilayer film having openings. | 1,700 |
3,119 | 14,010,646 | 1,733 | Ferritic stainless steels with good oxidation resistance, good high temperature strength, and good formability are produced with Ti addition and low Al content for room temperature formability resulting from equiaxed as-cast grain structures. Columbium (niobium) and copper are added for high temperature strength. Silicon and manganese are added for oxidation resistance. The ferritic stainless steels provide better oxidation resistance than ferritic stainless steels of 18Cr—2Mo and 15Cr-Cb-Ti—Si—Mn. In addition, they are generally less costly to produce than 18Cr—2Mo. | 1. A ferritic stainless steel comprising the following elements by weight percent:
0.020% or less carbon 0.020% or less nitrogen 15-20% chromium 0.30% or less titanium 0.50% or less columbium 1.0-2.00% copper 1.0-1.7% silicon 0.4-1.5% manganese 0.050% or less phosphorus 0.01% or less sulfur 0.020% or less aluminum 2. The ferritic stainless steel of claim 1, further comprising at least one of the following elements by weight percent:
3.0% or less molybdenum 0.010% or less boron 0.5% or less vanadium 1.0% or less nickel | Ferritic stainless steels with good oxidation resistance, good high temperature strength, and good formability are produced with Ti addition and low Al content for room temperature formability resulting from equiaxed as-cast grain structures. Columbium (niobium) and copper are added for high temperature strength. Silicon and manganese are added for oxidation resistance. The ferritic stainless steels provide better oxidation resistance than ferritic stainless steels of 18Cr—2Mo and 15Cr-Cb-Ti—Si—Mn. In addition, they are generally less costly to produce than 18Cr—2Mo.1. A ferritic stainless steel comprising the following elements by weight percent:
0.020% or less carbon 0.020% or less nitrogen 15-20% chromium 0.30% or less titanium 0.50% or less columbium 1.0-2.00% copper 1.0-1.7% silicon 0.4-1.5% manganese 0.050% or less phosphorus 0.01% or less sulfur 0.020% or less aluminum 2. The ferritic stainless steel of claim 1, further comprising at least one of the following elements by weight percent:
3.0% or less molybdenum 0.010% or less boron 0.5% or less vanadium 1.0% or less nickel | 1,700 |
3,120 | 14,954,937 | 1,777 | A handheld pool skimmer is an apparatus that allows a user to get into a swimming pool and manually collect all of the debris within the swimming pool. The apparatus includes an edging frame, a mesh, a plurality of handgrips, and a plurality of brushes. The mesh is used to sift through the pool water and collect the debris within the pool water. The mesh is held taught on the apparatus with the edging frame, which also provides a structural base for the other components. The handgrips are distributed about the edging frame so that the user can grasp the necessary section of the present invention. The brushes allow the user to scrub or sweep up debris from the surface of the swimming pool. | 1. A handheld pool skimmer comprises:
an edging frame; a mesh; a plurality of handgrips; a plurality of brushes; said edging frame comprises an inner lateral surface, an outer lateral surface, a first assembly piece, and a second assembly piece; a division between said first assembly piece and said second assembly piece perpendicularly traversing through said inner lateral surface and said outer lateral surface; said mesh traversing into said edging frame from said inner lateral surface; said mesh being perimetrically pressed in between said first assembly piece and said second assembly piece; each of said plurality of handgrips being connected adjacent to said inner lateral surface; said plurality of handgrips being distributed around said edging frame; and each of said plurality of brushes being mounted into said edging frame from said outer lateral surface. 2. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
a plurality of rivets;
said first assembly piece and said second assembly piece being identically-shaped mirroring pieces of said edging frame;
said first assembly piece and said second assembly piece being coextensively aligned with each other;
said first assembly piece and said second assembly piece being held together by said plurality of rivets; and
said plurality of rivets being distributed about said edging frame. 3. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
a screen spline;
said edging frame further comprises a spline-receiving channel and an annular protrusion;
said spline-receiving channel being integrated into and about said first assembly piece, adjacent to said division;
said annular protrusion being integrated into and about said second assembly piece, adjacent to said division;
an annular section of said mesh being pressed into said spline-receiving channel by said screen spline; and
said screen spline being pressed into said spline-receiving channel by said annular protrusion. 4. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 3 comprises:
a quantity of waterproof glue; and
said annular section of said mesh and said screen spline being adhered into said spline-receiving channel by said quantity of waterproof glue. 5. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 3 comprises:
an exposed section of said mesh being perimetrically delineated by said inner lateral surface; and
said exposed section being held in a taut and planar configuration by the edging frame. 6. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
said edging frame further comprises a first lengthwise portion, a second lengthwise portion, a first widthwise portion, and a second widthwise portion;
said first lengthwise portion and said second lengthwise portion being positioned opposite to each other across said edging frame;
said first widthwise portion and said second widthwise portion being positioned opposite to each other across said edging frame;
said first widthwise portion and said second widthwise portion being positioned in between said first lengthwise portion and said second lengthwise portion; and
said plurality of brushes being positioned adjacent to said first widthwise portion. 7. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 6 comprises:
a hanging feature; and
said hanging feature being centrally integrated along said second widthwise portion. 8. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 6 comprises:
said plurality of handgrips comprises a first lengthwise handgrip and a second lengthwise handgrip;
said first lengthwise handgrip being positioned along said first lengthwise portion, adjacent to said second widthwise portion; and
said second lengthwise handgrip being positioned along said second lengthwise portion, adjacent to said second widthwise portion. 9. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 6 comprises:
said plurality of handgrips comprises a first widthwise handgrip and a second widthwise handgrip;
said first widthwise handgrip being centrally positioned along said first widthwise portion; and
said second widthwise handgrip being centrally positioned along said second widthwise portion. 10. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
each of said plurality of brushes comprises a plurality of bristles; and
said plurality of bristles being oriented normal to said outer lateral surface. 11. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 10 comprises:
said edging frame further comprises a plurality of brush-receiving slots;
each of said plurality of brushes further comprises a base;
said plurality of bristles being connected into said base;
said plurality of brush-receiving slots traversing into a first widthwise portion of said edging frame from said outer lateral surface;
said plurality of brush-receiving slots being distributed along said first widthwise portion;
said base for each of said plurality of brushes being engaged to a corresponding slot from said plurality of brush-receiving slots; and
said base for each of said plurality of brushes being clamped in between said first assembly piece and said second assembly piece. 12. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
a self-adjusting buoyancy feature; and
said self-adjusting buoyancy feature being integrated along said edging frame. 13. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 12 comprises:
said self-adjusting buoyancy feature comprises a first ballasting channel and a second ballasting channel;
said first ballasting channel being integrated into and about said first assembly piece, adjacent to said division;
said second ballasting channel being integrated into and about said second assembly piece, adjacent to said division; and
said first ballasting channel and said second ballasting channel being pressed against each other, wherein water is retained between said first ballasting channel and said second ballasting channel. 14. A handheld pool skimmer comprises:
an edging frame; a mesh; a plurality of handgrips; a plurality of brushes; a screen spline; a quantity of waterproof glue; said edging frame comprises an inner lateral surface, an outer lateral surface, a first assembly piece, a second assembly piece, a spline-receiving channel, and an annular protrusion; a division between said first assembly piece and said second assembly piece perpendicularly traversing through said inner lateral surface and said outer lateral surface; said mesh traversing into said edging frame from said inner lateral surface; said mesh being perimetrically pressed in between said first assembly piece and said second assembly piece; each of said plurality of handgrips being connected adjacent to said inner lateral surface; said plurality of handgrips being distributed around said edging frame; each of said plurality of brushes being mounted into said edging frame from said outer lateral surface; said spline-receiving channel being integrated into and about said first assembly piece, adjacent to said division; said annular protrusion being integrated into and about said second assembly piece, adjacent to said division; an annular section of said mesh being pressed into said spline-receiving channel by said screen spline; said screen spline being pressed into said spline-receiving channel by said annular protrusion; and said annular section of said mesh and said screen spline being adhered into said spline-receiving channel by said quantity of waterproof glue. 15. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 14 comprises:
a plurality of rivets;
said first assembly piece and said second assembly piece being identically-shaped mirroring pieces of said edging frame;
said first assembly piece and said second assembly piece being coextensively aligned with each other;
said first assembly piece and said second assembly piece being held together by said plurality of rivets; and
said plurality of rivets being distributed about said edging frame. 16. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 14 comprises:
an exposed section of said mesh being perimetrically delineated by said inner lateral surface; and
said exposed section being held in a taut and planar configuration by the edging frame. 17. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 14 comprises:
a hanging feature;
said edging frame further comprises a first lengthwise portion, a second lengthwise portion, a first widthwise portion, and a second widthwise portion;
said first lengthwise portion and said second lengthwise portion being positioned opposite to each other across said edging frame;
said first widthwise portion and said second widthwise portion being positioned opposite to each other across said edging frame;
said first widthwise portion and said second widthwise portion being positioned in between said first lengthwise portion and said second lengthwise portion;
said plurality of brushes being positioned adjacent to said first widthwise portion; and
said hanging feature being centrally integrated along said second widthwise portion. 18. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 17 comprises:
said plurality of handgrips comprises a first lengthwise handgrip, a second lengthwise handgrip, a first widthwise handgrip, and a second widthwise handgrip;
said first lengthwise handgrip being positioned along said first lengthwise portion, adjacent to said second widthwise portion;
said second lengthwise handgrip being positioned along said second lengthwise portion, adjacent to said second widthwise portion;
said first widthwise handgrip being centrally positioned along said first widthwise portion; and
said second widthwise handgrip being centrally positioned along said second widthwise portion. 19. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 14 comprises:
each of said plurality of brushes comprises a plurality of bristles and a base;
said edging frame further comprises a plurality of brush-receiving slots;
said plurality of bristles being oriented normal to said outer lateral surface;
said plurality of bristles being connected into said base;
said plurality of brush-receiving slots traversing into a first widthwise portion of said edging frame from said outer lateral surface;
said plurality of brush-receiving slots being distributed along said first widthwise portion;
said base for each of said plurality of brushes being engaged to a corresponding slot from said plurality of brush-receiving slots; and
said base for each of said plurality of brushes being clamped in between said first assembly piece and said second assembly piece. 20. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 14 comprises:
a self-adjusting buoyancy feature;
said self-adjusting buoyancy feature comprises a first ballasting channel and a second ballasting channel;
said self-adjusting buoyancy feature being integrated along said edging frame;
said first ballasting channel being integrated into and about said first assembly piece, adjacent to said division;
said second ballasting channel being integrated into and about said second assembly piece, adjacent to said division; and
said first ballasting channel and said second ballasting channel being pressed against each other, wherein water is retained between said first ballasting channel and said second ballasting channel. | A handheld pool skimmer is an apparatus that allows a user to get into a swimming pool and manually collect all of the debris within the swimming pool. The apparatus includes an edging frame, a mesh, a plurality of handgrips, and a plurality of brushes. The mesh is used to sift through the pool water and collect the debris within the pool water. The mesh is held taught on the apparatus with the edging frame, which also provides a structural base for the other components. The handgrips are distributed about the edging frame so that the user can grasp the necessary section of the present invention. The brushes allow the user to scrub or sweep up debris from the surface of the swimming pool.1. A handheld pool skimmer comprises:
an edging frame; a mesh; a plurality of handgrips; a plurality of brushes; said edging frame comprises an inner lateral surface, an outer lateral surface, a first assembly piece, and a second assembly piece; a division between said first assembly piece and said second assembly piece perpendicularly traversing through said inner lateral surface and said outer lateral surface; said mesh traversing into said edging frame from said inner lateral surface; said mesh being perimetrically pressed in between said first assembly piece and said second assembly piece; each of said plurality of handgrips being connected adjacent to said inner lateral surface; said plurality of handgrips being distributed around said edging frame; and each of said plurality of brushes being mounted into said edging frame from said outer lateral surface. 2. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
a plurality of rivets;
said first assembly piece and said second assembly piece being identically-shaped mirroring pieces of said edging frame;
said first assembly piece and said second assembly piece being coextensively aligned with each other;
said first assembly piece and said second assembly piece being held together by said plurality of rivets; and
said plurality of rivets being distributed about said edging frame. 3. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
a screen spline;
said edging frame further comprises a spline-receiving channel and an annular protrusion;
said spline-receiving channel being integrated into and about said first assembly piece, adjacent to said division;
said annular protrusion being integrated into and about said second assembly piece, adjacent to said division;
an annular section of said mesh being pressed into said spline-receiving channel by said screen spline; and
said screen spline being pressed into said spline-receiving channel by said annular protrusion. 4. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 3 comprises:
a quantity of waterproof glue; and
said annular section of said mesh and said screen spline being adhered into said spline-receiving channel by said quantity of waterproof glue. 5. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 3 comprises:
an exposed section of said mesh being perimetrically delineated by said inner lateral surface; and
said exposed section being held in a taut and planar configuration by the edging frame. 6. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
said edging frame further comprises a first lengthwise portion, a second lengthwise portion, a first widthwise portion, and a second widthwise portion;
said first lengthwise portion and said second lengthwise portion being positioned opposite to each other across said edging frame;
said first widthwise portion and said second widthwise portion being positioned opposite to each other across said edging frame;
said first widthwise portion and said second widthwise portion being positioned in between said first lengthwise portion and said second lengthwise portion; and
said plurality of brushes being positioned adjacent to said first widthwise portion. 7. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 6 comprises:
a hanging feature; and
said hanging feature being centrally integrated along said second widthwise portion. 8. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 6 comprises:
said plurality of handgrips comprises a first lengthwise handgrip and a second lengthwise handgrip;
said first lengthwise handgrip being positioned along said first lengthwise portion, adjacent to said second widthwise portion; and
said second lengthwise handgrip being positioned along said second lengthwise portion, adjacent to said second widthwise portion. 9. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 6 comprises:
said plurality of handgrips comprises a first widthwise handgrip and a second widthwise handgrip;
said first widthwise handgrip being centrally positioned along said first widthwise portion; and
said second widthwise handgrip being centrally positioned along said second widthwise portion. 10. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
each of said plurality of brushes comprises a plurality of bristles; and
said plurality of bristles being oriented normal to said outer lateral surface. 11. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 10 comprises:
said edging frame further comprises a plurality of brush-receiving slots;
each of said plurality of brushes further comprises a base;
said plurality of bristles being connected into said base;
said plurality of brush-receiving slots traversing into a first widthwise portion of said edging frame from said outer lateral surface;
said plurality of brush-receiving slots being distributed along said first widthwise portion;
said base for each of said plurality of brushes being engaged to a corresponding slot from said plurality of brush-receiving slots; and
said base for each of said plurality of brushes being clamped in between said first assembly piece and said second assembly piece. 12. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
a self-adjusting buoyancy feature; and
said self-adjusting buoyancy feature being integrated along said edging frame. 13. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 12 comprises:
said self-adjusting buoyancy feature comprises a first ballasting channel and a second ballasting channel;
said first ballasting channel being integrated into and about said first assembly piece, adjacent to said division;
said second ballasting channel being integrated into and about said second assembly piece, adjacent to said division; and
said first ballasting channel and said second ballasting channel being pressed against each other, wherein water is retained between said first ballasting channel and said second ballasting channel. 14. A handheld pool skimmer comprises:
an edging frame; a mesh; a plurality of handgrips; a plurality of brushes; a screen spline; a quantity of waterproof glue; said edging frame comprises an inner lateral surface, an outer lateral surface, a first assembly piece, a second assembly piece, a spline-receiving channel, and an annular protrusion; a division between said first assembly piece and said second assembly piece perpendicularly traversing through said inner lateral surface and said outer lateral surface; said mesh traversing into said edging frame from said inner lateral surface; said mesh being perimetrically pressed in between said first assembly piece and said second assembly piece; each of said plurality of handgrips being connected adjacent to said inner lateral surface; said plurality of handgrips being distributed around said edging frame; each of said plurality of brushes being mounted into said edging frame from said outer lateral surface; said spline-receiving channel being integrated into and about said first assembly piece, adjacent to said division; said annular protrusion being integrated into and about said second assembly piece, adjacent to said division; an annular section of said mesh being pressed into said spline-receiving channel by said screen spline; said screen spline being pressed into said spline-receiving channel by said annular protrusion; and said annular section of said mesh and said screen spline being adhered into said spline-receiving channel by said quantity of waterproof glue. 15. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 14 comprises:
a plurality of rivets;
said first assembly piece and said second assembly piece being identically-shaped mirroring pieces of said edging frame;
said first assembly piece and said second assembly piece being coextensively aligned with each other;
said first assembly piece and said second assembly piece being held together by said plurality of rivets; and
said plurality of rivets being distributed about said edging frame. 16. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 14 comprises:
an exposed section of said mesh being perimetrically delineated by said inner lateral surface; and
said exposed section being held in a taut and planar configuration by the edging frame. 17. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 14 comprises:
a hanging feature;
said edging frame further comprises a first lengthwise portion, a second lengthwise portion, a first widthwise portion, and a second widthwise portion;
said first lengthwise portion and said second lengthwise portion being positioned opposite to each other across said edging frame;
said first widthwise portion and said second widthwise portion being positioned opposite to each other across said edging frame;
said first widthwise portion and said second widthwise portion being positioned in between said first lengthwise portion and said second lengthwise portion;
said plurality of brushes being positioned adjacent to said first widthwise portion; and
said hanging feature being centrally integrated along said second widthwise portion. 18. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 17 comprises:
said plurality of handgrips comprises a first lengthwise handgrip, a second lengthwise handgrip, a first widthwise handgrip, and a second widthwise handgrip;
said first lengthwise handgrip being positioned along said first lengthwise portion, adjacent to said second widthwise portion;
said second lengthwise handgrip being positioned along said second lengthwise portion, adjacent to said second widthwise portion;
said first widthwise handgrip being centrally positioned along said first widthwise portion; and
said second widthwise handgrip being centrally positioned along said second widthwise portion. 19. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 14 comprises:
each of said plurality of brushes comprises a plurality of bristles and a base;
said edging frame further comprises a plurality of brush-receiving slots;
said plurality of bristles being oriented normal to said outer lateral surface;
said plurality of bristles being connected into said base;
said plurality of brush-receiving slots traversing into a first widthwise portion of said edging frame from said outer lateral surface;
said plurality of brush-receiving slots being distributed along said first widthwise portion;
said base for each of said plurality of brushes being engaged to a corresponding slot from said plurality of brush-receiving slots; and
said base for each of said plurality of brushes being clamped in between said first assembly piece and said second assembly piece. 20. The handheld pool skimmer as claimed in claim 14 comprises:
a self-adjusting buoyancy feature;
said self-adjusting buoyancy feature comprises a first ballasting channel and a second ballasting channel;
said self-adjusting buoyancy feature being integrated along said edging frame;
said first ballasting channel being integrated into and about said first assembly piece, adjacent to said division;
said second ballasting channel being integrated into and about said second assembly piece, adjacent to said division; and
said first ballasting channel and said second ballasting channel being pressed against each other, wherein water is retained between said first ballasting channel and said second ballasting channel. | 1,700 |
3,121 | 14,660,230 | 1,713 | A sound absorbing panel and method therefor comprising providing a first sheet of photosensitive material, applying a first mask having a first plurality of features to the first sheet of photosensitive material, exposing the masked material to ultraviolet light, heating the first sheet of photosensitive material to form crystals in exposed portions of the first sheet, and etching the crystals to form a second plurality of features in the first sheet of photosensitive material. | 1. A method of making a sound absorbing panel comprising the steps of:
a) applying a first mask having a first plurality of features to a first sheet of photosensitive material to form a masked material; b) exposing the masked material to ultraviolet light; c) heating the first sheet of photosensitive material to form crystals in exposed portions of the first sheet; and d) etching the crystals to form a second plurality of features in the first sheet of photosensitive material. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of repeating steps a) through d) for a second sheet of photosensitive material. 3. The method of claim 2 further comprising the step of providing a resilient surface spaced apart from and substantially in the same shape of the first or second sheet of photosensitive material wherein the first and second sheets of photosensitive material are between the resilient surface and environment. 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of:
a) applying a second mask having a third plurality of features to the etched first sheet of photosensitive material;
b) exposing the masked material to ultraviolet light;
c) heating the first sheet of photosensitive material to form crystals in exposed portions of the first sheet; and
d) etching the crystals to form a fourth plurality of features in the first sheet of photosensitive material. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first sheet of material is three dimensional. 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising either one or both the step of tinting, coloring or decorating the first sheet of photosensitive material and the step of strengthening the first sheet photosensitive material. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the second plurality of features have a diameter or depth of up to about 20 μm, up to about 40 μm, up to about 60 μm, up to about 100 μm, up to about 0.1 mm, up to about 0.3 mm, up to about 0.5 mm, up to about 1.0 mm, up to about 1.5 mm, or up to about 2.0 mm. 8. A sound absorbing panel comprising:
a first sheet of photosensitive material; and a resilient surface spaced apart from the first sheet of photosensitive material by a predetermined distance, wherein the sheet of photosensitive material includes a first plurality of features. 9. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8, wherein the first plurality of features comprise etched features. 10. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8, wherein the first sheet of material is three dimensional. 11. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8, wherein the photosensitive material is a glass or glass ceramic material. 12. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8, wherein the photosensitive material comprises:
about 75-85 wt % SiO2, about 2-6 wt % Al2O3, about 7-11 wt % Li2O, about 3-6 wt % K2O, about 0.5-2.5 wt % Na2O, about 0.01-0.5 wt % Ag, about 0.01-0.5 wt % Sb2O3, about 0.01-0.04 wt % CeO2, about 0-0.01 wt % Au, and about 0-0.01 wt % SnO2. 13. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8, wherein the first sheet has a thickness of up to about 20 μm, up to about 40 μm, up to about 60 μm, up to about 100 μm, up to about 0.1 mm, up to about 0.3 mm, up to about 0.5 mm, up to about 1.0 mm, up to about 1.5 mm, or up to about 2.0 mm. 14. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8, wherein the photosensitive material is translucent, transparent, tinted, colored, or decorated. 15. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8, wherein the photosensitive material is strengthened. 16. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8, wherein the features have a diameter or depth of up to about 20 μm, up to about 40 μm, up to about 60 μm, up to about 100 μm, up to about 0.1 mm, up to about 0.3 mm, up to about 0.5 mm, up to about 1.0 mm, up to about 1.5 mm, or up to about 2.0 mm 17. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8 further comprising a second sheet of photosensitive material having a second plurality of features etched therein, the second sheet intermediate the first sheet and the resilient surface. 18. A sound absorbing panel comprising:
a first sheet of photosensitive material; and a resilient surface spaced apart from the first sheet of photosensitive material by a predetermined distance, wherein the first sheet of photosensitive material includes a plurality of features formed therein without mechanical etching. 19. The sound absorbing panel of claim 18 wherein the plurality of features are formed by chemical etching. 20. The sound absorbing panel of claim 18, wherein the first sheet of material is three dimensional. | A sound absorbing panel and method therefor comprising providing a first sheet of photosensitive material, applying a first mask having a first plurality of features to the first sheet of photosensitive material, exposing the masked material to ultraviolet light, heating the first sheet of photosensitive material to form crystals in exposed portions of the first sheet, and etching the crystals to form a second plurality of features in the first sheet of photosensitive material.1. A method of making a sound absorbing panel comprising the steps of:
a) applying a first mask having a first plurality of features to a first sheet of photosensitive material to form a masked material; b) exposing the masked material to ultraviolet light; c) heating the first sheet of photosensitive material to form crystals in exposed portions of the first sheet; and d) etching the crystals to form a second plurality of features in the first sheet of photosensitive material. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of repeating steps a) through d) for a second sheet of photosensitive material. 3. The method of claim 2 further comprising the step of providing a resilient surface spaced apart from and substantially in the same shape of the first or second sheet of photosensitive material wherein the first and second sheets of photosensitive material are between the resilient surface and environment. 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of:
a) applying a second mask having a third plurality of features to the etched first sheet of photosensitive material;
b) exposing the masked material to ultraviolet light;
c) heating the first sheet of photosensitive material to form crystals in exposed portions of the first sheet; and
d) etching the crystals to form a fourth plurality of features in the first sheet of photosensitive material. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first sheet of material is three dimensional. 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising either one or both the step of tinting, coloring or decorating the first sheet of photosensitive material and the step of strengthening the first sheet photosensitive material. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the second plurality of features have a diameter or depth of up to about 20 μm, up to about 40 μm, up to about 60 μm, up to about 100 μm, up to about 0.1 mm, up to about 0.3 mm, up to about 0.5 mm, up to about 1.0 mm, up to about 1.5 mm, or up to about 2.0 mm. 8. A sound absorbing panel comprising:
a first sheet of photosensitive material; and a resilient surface spaced apart from the first sheet of photosensitive material by a predetermined distance, wherein the sheet of photosensitive material includes a first plurality of features. 9. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8, wherein the first plurality of features comprise etched features. 10. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8, wherein the first sheet of material is three dimensional. 11. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8, wherein the photosensitive material is a glass or glass ceramic material. 12. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8, wherein the photosensitive material comprises:
about 75-85 wt % SiO2, about 2-6 wt % Al2O3, about 7-11 wt % Li2O, about 3-6 wt % K2O, about 0.5-2.5 wt % Na2O, about 0.01-0.5 wt % Ag, about 0.01-0.5 wt % Sb2O3, about 0.01-0.04 wt % CeO2, about 0-0.01 wt % Au, and about 0-0.01 wt % SnO2. 13. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8, wherein the first sheet has a thickness of up to about 20 μm, up to about 40 μm, up to about 60 μm, up to about 100 μm, up to about 0.1 mm, up to about 0.3 mm, up to about 0.5 mm, up to about 1.0 mm, up to about 1.5 mm, or up to about 2.0 mm. 14. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8, wherein the photosensitive material is translucent, transparent, tinted, colored, or decorated. 15. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8, wherein the photosensitive material is strengthened. 16. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8, wherein the features have a diameter or depth of up to about 20 μm, up to about 40 μm, up to about 60 μm, up to about 100 μm, up to about 0.1 mm, up to about 0.3 mm, up to about 0.5 mm, up to about 1.0 mm, up to about 1.5 mm, or up to about 2.0 mm 17. The sound absorbing panel of claim 8 further comprising a second sheet of photosensitive material having a second plurality of features etched therein, the second sheet intermediate the first sheet and the resilient surface. 18. A sound absorbing panel comprising:
a first sheet of photosensitive material; and a resilient surface spaced apart from the first sheet of photosensitive material by a predetermined distance, wherein the first sheet of photosensitive material includes a plurality of features formed therein without mechanical etching. 19. The sound absorbing panel of claim 18 wherein the plurality of features are formed by chemical etching. 20. The sound absorbing panel of claim 18, wherein the first sheet of material is three dimensional. | 1,700 |
3,122 | 14,429,250 | 1,777 | The invention pertains to a method for treating water in order to make it drinkable or desalinated, said method comprising at least one cycle for treating said water comprising:
a step of coagulation and/or flocculation; a step of flotation, within a flotation reactor ( 29 ), of the water coming from said step of coagulation, followed or not followed by a step of flocculation; a step of gravity filtration, within a gravity filter ( 33 ), of the water coming from said step of flotation, said flotation reactor ( 29 ) being at least partly superimposed on said gravity filter ( 33 ),
and at least one cycle for washing said gravity filter comprising a step for backwashing said gravity filter,
characterized in that said step of gravity filtration is carried out at a speed of 10 m/h to 30 m/h, said gravity filter having a bed of filtering material ( 330 ) distributed on a height of 1.5 m to 3.0 m. | 1-22. (canceled) 23. A method for treating water in order to make it drinkable or desalinated, said method comprising at least one cycle for treating said water comprising:
a step of coagulation; a step of flotation, within a flotation reactor, of the water coming from said step of coagulation; a step of gravity filtration, within a gravity filter, of the water coming from said step of flotation, said flotation reactor being at least partly superimposed on said gravity filter, and at least one cycle for washing said gravity filter comprising a step for backwashing said gravity filter,
characterized in that said step of gravity filtration is carried out at a speed of 10 m/h to 30 m/h, said gravity filter having a bed of filtering material distributed over a height of 1.5 m to 3.0 m. 24. The method according to claim 23 characterized in that said cycle for washing comprises a step for sweeping an interface between said flotation reactor and said gravity filter with a fluid dispensed by a system of injection bars that extend on the surface of said interface. 25. The method according to claim 24 characterized in that, during said step of sweeping, said fluid is dispensed substantially in parallel to said interface. 26. The method according to claim 24, characterized in that said step of sweeping and said step of backwashing are carried out simultaneously. 27. The method according to claim 23, characterized in that said step of backwashing comprises a counterflow injection of water into said gravity filter at a speed of 8 to 60 m3/m2/h. 28. The method according to claim 24, characterized in that said cycle for backwashing comprises successive steps of counterflow injection of air into said gravity filter, counterflow injection of air and water into said gravity filter, counterflow injection of water into said gravity filter (33), and said step of sweeping and said step for injecting water being implemented simultaneously. 29. The method according to claim 23, characterized in that said cycle for treating comprises at least one step for mini-washing said gravity filter. 30. The method according to claim 29, characterized in that said step of mini-washing comprises a counterflow infiltration of water into said gravity filter. 31. The method according to claim 30, characterized in that the duration of said step of infiltration is from 10 to 30 seconds, the water being infiltrated into said gravity filter at a speed of 10 to 30 m/h. 32. The method according to claim 29, characterized in that said step of mini-washing comprises a step for sweeping said interface. 33. The method according to claim 29, characterized in that the method comprises a step for measuring a piece of information representing the head loss through said gravity filter, said step of mini-washing being activated when the measured value of said piece of information representing the head loss through said gravity filter is greater than or equal to a first predetermined threshold. 34. An installation for treating water adapted to the implementing of a method according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises:
means for intake of water to be treated; a zone of coagulation; a flotation reactor comprising an inlet connected to an outlet of said coagulation zone; a gravity filter;
said flotation reactor being at least partly superimposed on said gravity filter and communicating with it so that the water coming from said flotation reactor flows gravitationally into said gravity filter; and
characterized in that said gravity filter has a bed of filtering material distributed over a height of 1.5 m to 3.0 m. 35. The installation according to claim 34 characterized in that said filtering material is constituted by a layer of sand having a grain size of 0.5 mm to 0.8 mm distributed over the height of 1.5 m to 3.0 m. 36. The installation according to claim 34 characterized in that said filtering material is constituted by two layers, namely:
a lower layer of sand having a grain size of 0.5 mm to 0.8 mm distributed over a height of 0.75 m to 1.5 m; and
an upper layer of a material having a grain size of 1.2 mm to 2.5 mm chosen from the group comprising anthracite, pumice stone, filtralite and granular activated carbon, distributed over a height of 0.75 m to 1.5 m. 37. The installation according to claim 34 characterized in that said filtering material is constituted by three layers, namely:
a lower layer of a material chosen from the group comprising manganese dioxide and garnet having a grain size of 0.2 mm to 2.5 mm, distributed over a height of 0.3 m to 2 m,
an intermediate layer of sand having a grain size of 0.5 mm to 0.8 mm, distributed on a height of 0.6 m to 3 m, and,
an upper layer of a material having a grain size of 1.2 mm to 2.5 mm chosen from the group comprising anthracite, pumice stone, filtralite and granular activated carbon, distributed on a height of 0.6 m to 3 m. 38. The installation according to claim 34 characterized in that it comprises means for injecting a sweeping fluid into the interface between said flotation reactor and said gravity filter, said means for injecting comprising a system of bars for injecting a sweeping fluid that extend on the surface of said interface. 39. The installation according to claim 38, characterized in that said bars comprise tubes perforated by orifices. 40. The installation according to claim 39, characterized in that the diameter of said orifices is from 30 to 40 millimeters. 41. The installation according to claim 39, characterized in that the distance between two successive orifices made in a perforated tube is from 100 to 150 millimeters. 42. The installation according to claim 39, characterized in that the distance between two successive perforated tubes is from 1 to 2 meters. 43. The installation according to claim 39, characterized in that the axes of said orifices extend essentially in parallel to said interface. 44. A method of treating water comprising:
mixing a coagulant with the water; after mixing the coagulant with the water, directing the water into a flotation reactor by directing the water over a flow guide and downwardly into a base portin of the flotation reactor and upwardly therefrom into an upper disposed zone in the flotation reactor; injecting oxygen-saturated water into a lower portion of the flotation reactor where the oxygen-saturated water forms air bubbles; directing the water, oxygen-saturated water and bubbles concurrently upwardly through a portion of the flotation reactor to an upper portion thereof; forming floc in the flotation reactor and employing the air bubbles to move the floc to the surface of the water contained in the flotation reactor; extracting a mixture of floc and air bubbles from the flotation reactor; filtering the water downwardly through a gravity filter disposed beneath a portion of the flocculation reactor at a speed of at least 10 m/h and filtering the water to remove floc and suspended solids and to produce filtered water; extracting the filtered water from the gravity filter; measuring the head loss of the gravity filter and when the head loss exceeds a selected threshold value, backwashing the gravity filter; aerating the gravity filter by injecting compressed gas into the lower portion of the gravity filter and causing the compressed gas to move upwardly through the gravity filter and causing floc trapped in the gravity filter to be dislodged; and injecting sweeping water generally through an interface between the flotation reactor and the gravity filter and causing a horizontal current of sweeping water to flow horizontally between the flotation reactor and the gravity filter. 45. The method of claim 44 wherein the gravity filter includes a bed of filtering material that is distributed over a height of approximately 1.5 m to approximately 3.0 m and wherein the method includes directing water from the flotation reactor downwardly through the bed of filtering material in the gravity filter. 46. The method of claim 45 wherein the sweeping water is dispensed from a system of injection bars that are disposed between the flotation reactor and the gravity filter. | The invention pertains to a method for treating water in order to make it drinkable or desalinated, said method comprising at least one cycle for treating said water comprising:
a step of coagulation and/or flocculation; a step of flotation, within a flotation reactor ( 29 ), of the water coming from said step of coagulation, followed or not followed by a step of flocculation; a step of gravity filtration, within a gravity filter ( 33 ), of the water coming from said step of flotation, said flotation reactor ( 29 ) being at least partly superimposed on said gravity filter ( 33 ),
and at least one cycle for washing said gravity filter comprising a step for backwashing said gravity filter,
characterized in that said step of gravity filtration is carried out at a speed of 10 m/h to 30 m/h, said gravity filter having a bed of filtering material ( 330 ) distributed on a height of 1.5 m to 3.0 m.1-22. (canceled) 23. A method for treating water in order to make it drinkable or desalinated, said method comprising at least one cycle for treating said water comprising:
a step of coagulation; a step of flotation, within a flotation reactor, of the water coming from said step of coagulation; a step of gravity filtration, within a gravity filter, of the water coming from said step of flotation, said flotation reactor being at least partly superimposed on said gravity filter, and at least one cycle for washing said gravity filter comprising a step for backwashing said gravity filter,
characterized in that said step of gravity filtration is carried out at a speed of 10 m/h to 30 m/h, said gravity filter having a bed of filtering material distributed over a height of 1.5 m to 3.0 m. 24. The method according to claim 23 characterized in that said cycle for washing comprises a step for sweeping an interface between said flotation reactor and said gravity filter with a fluid dispensed by a system of injection bars that extend on the surface of said interface. 25. The method according to claim 24 characterized in that, during said step of sweeping, said fluid is dispensed substantially in parallel to said interface. 26. The method according to claim 24, characterized in that said step of sweeping and said step of backwashing are carried out simultaneously. 27. The method according to claim 23, characterized in that said step of backwashing comprises a counterflow injection of water into said gravity filter at a speed of 8 to 60 m3/m2/h. 28. The method according to claim 24, characterized in that said cycle for backwashing comprises successive steps of counterflow injection of air into said gravity filter, counterflow injection of air and water into said gravity filter, counterflow injection of water into said gravity filter (33), and said step of sweeping and said step for injecting water being implemented simultaneously. 29. The method according to claim 23, characterized in that said cycle for treating comprises at least one step for mini-washing said gravity filter. 30. The method according to claim 29, characterized in that said step of mini-washing comprises a counterflow infiltration of water into said gravity filter. 31. The method according to claim 30, characterized in that the duration of said step of infiltration is from 10 to 30 seconds, the water being infiltrated into said gravity filter at a speed of 10 to 30 m/h. 32. The method according to claim 29, characterized in that said step of mini-washing comprises a step for sweeping said interface. 33. The method according to claim 29, characterized in that the method comprises a step for measuring a piece of information representing the head loss through said gravity filter, said step of mini-washing being activated when the measured value of said piece of information representing the head loss through said gravity filter is greater than or equal to a first predetermined threshold. 34. An installation for treating water adapted to the implementing of a method according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises:
means for intake of water to be treated; a zone of coagulation; a flotation reactor comprising an inlet connected to an outlet of said coagulation zone; a gravity filter;
said flotation reactor being at least partly superimposed on said gravity filter and communicating with it so that the water coming from said flotation reactor flows gravitationally into said gravity filter; and
characterized in that said gravity filter has a bed of filtering material distributed over a height of 1.5 m to 3.0 m. 35. The installation according to claim 34 characterized in that said filtering material is constituted by a layer of sand having a grain size of 0.5 mm to 0.8 mm distributed over the height of 1.5 m to 3.0 m. 36. The installation according to claim 34 characterized in that said filtering material is constituted by two layers, namely:
a lower layer of sand having a grain size of 0.5 mm to 0.8 mm distributed over a height of 0.75 m to 1.5 m; and
an upper layer of a material having a grain size of 1.2 mm to 2.5 mm chosen from the group comprising anthracite, pumice stone, filtralite and granular activated carbon, distributed over a height of 0.75 m to 1.5 m. 37. The installation according to claim 34 characterized in that said filtering material is constituted by three layers, namely:
a lower layer of a material chosen from the group comprising manganese dioxide and garnet having a grain size of 0.2 mm to 2.5 mm, distributed over a height of 0.3 m to 2 m,
an intermediate layer of sand having a grain size of 0.5 mm to 0.8 mm, distributed on a height of 0.6 m to 3 m, and,
an upper layer of a material having a grain size of 1.2 mm to 2.5 mm chosen from the group comprising anthracite, pumice stone, filtralite and granular activated carbon, distributed on a height of 0.6 m to 3 m. 38. The installation according to claim 34 characterized in that it comprises means for injecting a sweeping fluid into the interface between said flotation reactor and said gravity filter, said means for injecting comprising a system of bars for injecting a sweeping fluid that extend on the surface of said interface. 39. The installation according to claim 38, characterized in that said bars comprise tubes perforated by orifices. 40. The installation according to claim 39, characterized in that the diameter of said orifices is from 30 to 40 millimeters. 41. The installation according to claim 39, characterized in that the distance between two successive orifices made in a perforated tube is from 100 to 150 millimeters. 42. The installation according to claim 39, characterized in that the distance between two successive perforated tubes is from 1 to 2 meters. 43. The installation according to claim 39, characterized in that the axes of said orifices extend essentially in parallel to said interface. 44. A method of treating water comprising:
mixing a coagulant with the water; after mixing the coagulant with the water, directing the water into a flotation reactor by directing the water over a flow guide and downwardly into a base portin of the flotation reactor and upwardly therefrom into an upper disposed zone in the flotation reactor; injecting oxygen-saturated water into a lower portion of the flotation reactor where the oxygen-saturated water forms air bubbles; directing the water, oxygen-saturated water and bubbles concurrently upwardly through a portion of the flotation reactor to an upper portion thereof; forming floc in the flotation reactor and employing the air bubbles to move the floc to the surface of the water contained in the flotation reactor; extracting a mixture of floc and air bubbles from the flotation reactor; filtering the water downwardly through a gravity filter disposed beneath a portion of the flocculation reactor at a speed of at least 10 m/h and filtering the water to remove floc and suspended solids and to produce filtered water; extracting the filtered water from the gravity filter; measuring the head loss of the gravity filter and when the head loss exceeds a selected threshold value, backwashing the gravity filter; aerating the gravity filter by injecting compressed gas into the lower portion of the gravity filter and causing the compressed gas to move upwardly through the gravity filter and causing floc trapped in the gravity filter to be dislodged; and injecting sweeping water generally through an interface between the flotation reactor and the gravity filter and causing a horizontal current of sweeping water to flow horizontally between the flotation reactor and the gravity filter. 45. The method of claim 44 wherein the gravity filter includes a bed of filtering material that is distributed over a height of approximately 1.5 m to approximately 3.0 m and wherein the method includes directing water from the flotation reactor downwardly through the bed of filtering material in the gravity filter. 46. The method of claim 45 wherein the sweeping water is dispensed from a system of injection bars that are disposed between the flotation reactor and the gravity filter. | 1,700 |
3,123 | 14,420,067 | 1,712 | Described is a method for producing a multicoat color and/or effect paint system, the method comprising: (1) applying a pigmented aqueous basecoat material to a substrate, (2) forming a polymer film from the basecoat material applied in stage (1), (3) applying a clearcoat material to the resulting polymer film, and subsequently (4) curing the polymer film together with the clearcoat film. In stage (1) a pigmented aqueous basecoat material is used that comprises at least one ether compound of the structural formula (I)
wherein R 1 is a C x alkyl radical, R 2 is a C y alkylene radical and R 3 is a C z alkyl radical, n is 0 to 5, and wherein x+n·y+z=18 to 24. Also described are coating materials and also the use of the ether compounds in pigmented aqueous coating materials. | 1. A method for producing a multicoat color and/or effect paint system, the method comprising:
(1) applying a pigmented aqueous basecoat material to a substrate, (2) forming a polymer film from the basecoat material applied in stage (1), (3) applying a clearcoat material to the resulting polymer film, and subsequently (4) curing the polymer film together with the clearcoat film,
wherein, in stage (1), a pigmented aqueous basecoat material is used which comprises at least one ether compound of the structural formula (I)
wherein R1 is a Cx alkyl radical, R2 is a Cy alkylene radical and R3 is a Cz alkyl radical, n is 0 to 5, wherein −x+n·y+z=18 to 24, and the sum total of the weight percentage fractions, based on the total weight of the aqueous basecoat material applied in stage (1), of all of the ether compounds of structural formula (I) is 0.1% to 5% by weight. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the sum total of the weight percentage fractions, based on the total weight of the aqueous basecoat material applied in stage (1), of all of the ether compounds of structural formula (I) is 0.2% to 4% by weight. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein a mixture of the said ether compounds is used. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein x+n·y+z=18 to 22. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein n is 0 to 2. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein n is 0 and wherein x+n·y+z=18 to 22. 7. A pigmented aqueous basecoat material comprising at least one ether compound of the structural formula (I)
wherein R1 is a Cx alkyl radical, R2 is a Cy alkylene radical and R3 is a Cz alkyl radical, n is 0 to 5 and wherein x+n·y+z=18 to 24, and the sum total of the weight percentage fractions, based on the total weight of the aqueous basecoat material, of all of the ether compounds of structural formula (I) is 0.1% to 5% by weight. 8. The pigmented aqueous basecoat material of claim 7, wherein the sum total of the weight percentage fractions, based on the total weight of the pigmented aqueous basecoat material, of all of the ether compounds of structural formula (I) is 0.2% to 4% by weight. 9. The pigmented aqueous basecoat material of claim 7, wherein a mixture of the said ether compounds is used. 10. The pigmented aqueous basecoat material of claim 7, wherein x+n·y+z=18 to 22. 11. The pigmented aqueous basecoat material of claim 7, wherein n is 0 and wherein x+n·y+z=18 to 22. 12. A method of reducing the number of pinholes in pigment basecoat materials, the method comprising adding at least one ether compound of the structural formula (I)
to a pigmented aqueous basecoat material, wherein R1 is a Cx alkyl radical, R2 is a Cy alkylene radical and R3 is a Cz alkyl radical, n is 0 to 5, wherein x+n·y+z=18 to 24, and wherein the sum total of the weight percentage fractions, based on the total weight of the aqueous basecoat material, of all of the ether compounds of structural formula (I) is 0.1% to 5% by weight. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the sum total of the weight percentage fractions, based on the total weight of the pigmented aqueous basecoat material, of all of the ether compounds of structural formula (I) is 0.2% to 4% by weight. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein a mixture of the said ether compounds is used. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein n is 0 and wherein x+n·y+z=18. | Described is a method for producing a multicoat color and/or effect paint system, the method comprising: (1) applying a pigmented aqueous basecoat material to a substrate, (2) forming a polymer film from the basecoat material applied in stage (1), (3) applying a clearcoat material to the resulting polymer film, and subsequently (4) curing the polymer film together with the clearcoat film. In stage (1) a pigmented aqueous basecoat material is used that comprises at least one ether compound of the structural formula (I)
wherein R 1 is a C x alkyl radical, R 2 is a C y alkylene radical and R 3 is a C z alkyl radical, n is 0 to 5, and wherein x+n·y+z=18 to 24. Also described are coating materials and also the use of the ether compounds in pigmented aqueous coating materials.1. A method for producing a multicoat color and/or effect paint system, the method comprising:
(1) applying a pigmented aqueous basecoat material to a substrate, (2) forming a polymer film from the basecoat material applied in stage (1), (3) applying a clearcoat material to the resulting polymer film, and subsequently (4) curing the polymer film together with the clearcoat film,
wherein, in stage (1), a pigmented aqueous basecoat material is used which comprises at least one ether compound of the structural formula (I)
wherein R1 is a Cx alkyl radical, R2 is a Cy alkylene radical and R3 is a Cz alkyl radical, n is 0 to 5, wherein −x+n·y+z=18 to 24, and the sum total of the weight percentage fractions, based on the total weight of the aqueous basecoat material applied in stage (1), of all of the ether compounds of structural formula (I) is 0.1% to 5% by weight. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the sum total of the weight percentage fractions, based on the total weight of the aqueous basecoat material applied in stage (1), of all of the ether compounds of structural formula (I) is 0.2% to 4% by weight. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein a mixture of the said ether compounds is used. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein x+n·y+z=18 to 22. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein n is 0 to 2. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein n is 0 and wherein x+n·y+z=18 to 22. 7. A pigmented aqueous basecoat material comprising at least one ether compound of the structural formula (I)
wherein R1 is a Cx alkyl radical, R2 is a Cy alkylene radical and R3 is a Cz alkyl radical, n is 0 to 5 and wherein x+n·y+z=18 to 24, and the sum total of the weight percentage fractions, based on the total weight of the aqueous basecoat material, of all of the ether compounds of structural formula (I) is 0.1% to 5% by weight. 8. The pigmented aqueous basecoat material of claim 7, wherein the sum total of the weight percentage fractions, based on the total weight of the pigmented aqueous basecoat material, of all of the ether compounds of structural formula (I) is 0.2% to 4% by weight. 9. The pigmented aqueous basecoat material of claim 7, wherein a mixture of the said ether compounds is used. 10. The pigmented aqueous basecoat material of claim 7, wherein x+n·y+z=18 to 22. 11. The pigmented aqueous basecoat material of claim 7, wherein n is 0 and wherein x+n·y+z=18 to 22. 12. A method of reducing the number of pinholes in pigment basecoat materials, the method comprising adding at least one ether compound of the structural formula (I)
to a pigmented aqueous basecoat material, wherein R1 is a Cx alkyl radical, R2 is a Cy alkylene radical and R3 is a Cz alkyl radical, n is 0 to 5, wherein x+n·y+z=18 to 24, and wherein the sum total of the weight percentage fractions, based on the total weight of the aqueous basecoat material, of all of the ether compounds of structural formula (I) is 0.1% to 5% by weight. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the sum total of the weight percentage fractions, based on the total weight of the pigmented aqueous basecoat material, of all of the ether compounds of structural formula (I) is 0.2% to 4% by weight. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein a mixture of the said ether compounds is used. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein n is 0 and wherein x+n·y+z=18. | 1,700 |
3,124 | 15,839,588 | 1,733 | A bainitic steel comprising, in weight % (wt %) C: 0.16-0.23, Si: 0.8-1.0, Mo: 0.67-0.9, Cr: 1.10-1.30, V: 0.18-0.4, Ni: 1.60-2.0, Mn: 0.65-0.9, P: 50.020, S: 50.02, Cu: <0.20, N: 0.005-0.012, balance Fe and unavoidable impurities. | 1. A top hammer drill rod, comprising:
a central rod portion extending longitudinally from a first end to a second end; a case hardened, threaded male connector at the first end; and a case hardened, threaded female connector at the second end, wherein the drill rod is formed from a steel comprising, in weight % (wt %): C: 0.16-0.23 Si: 0.85-0.95 Mo: 0.67-0.9 Cr: 1.10-1.30 V: 0.18-0.4 Ni: 1.60-2.0 Mn: 0.65-0.9 P: 0.020 S: ≤0.02 Cu: ≤0.20 N: 0.005-0.012 balance Fe and unavoidable impurities, wherein at least one of the male connector and the female connector includes a core region and a surface zone, wherein a microstructure of the surface zone includes martensite, and wherein a microstructure of the core region includes bainite. 2. The top hammer drill rod according to claim 1, wherein the microstructure of the core region consists of martensite and bainite. 3. The top hammer drill rod according to claim 2, wherein the amount of Si in the steel is 0.85-0.95 wt %. 4. The top hammer drill rod according to claim 3, wherein the amount of Si in the steel is 0.87-0.89 wt %. 5. The top hammer drill rod according to claim 2, wherein the amount of Mo in the steel is 0.70-0.80 wt %. 6. The top hammer drill rod according to claim 2, wherein the amount of Cr in the steel is 1.20-1.25 wt %. 7. The top hammer drill rod according to claim 2, wherein the amount of V in the steel is 0.20-0.30 wt %. 8. The top hammer drill rod according to claim 2, wherein the amount of N in the steel is 0.008-0.012 wt %. 9. The top hammer drill rod according to claim 2, wherein the top hammer drill rod is used during air-cold top hammer drilling above ground. | A bainitic steel comprising, in weight % (wt %) C: 0.16-0.23, Si: 0.8-1.0, Mo: 0.67-0.9, Cr: 1.10-1.30, V: 0.18-0.4, Ni: 1.60-2.0, Mn: 0.65-0.9, P: 50.020, S: 50.02, Cu: <0.20, N: 0.005-0.012, balance Fe and unavoidable impurities.1. A top hammer drill rod, comprising:
a central rod portion extending longitudinally from a first end to a second end; a case hardened, threaded male connector at the first end; and a case hardened, threaded female connector at the second end, wherein the drill rod is formed from a steel comprising, in weight % (wt %): C: 0.16-0.23 Si: 0.85-0.95 Mo: 0.67-0.9 Cr: 1.10-1.30 V: 0.18-0.4 Ni: 1.60-2.0 Mn: 0.65-0.9 P: 0.020 S: ≤0.02 Cu: ≤0.20 N: 0.005-0.012 balance Fe and unavoidable impurities, wherein at least one of the male connector and the female connector includes a core region and a surface zone, wherein a microstructure of the surface zone includes martensite, and wherein a microstructure of the core region includes bainite. 2. The top hammer drill rod according to claim 1, wherein the microstructure of the core region consists of martensite and bainite. 3. The top hammer drill rod according to claim 2, wherein the amount of Si in the steel is 0.85-0.95 wt %. 4. The top hammer drill rod according to claim 3, wherein the amount of Si in the steel is 0.87-0.89 wt %. 5. The top hammer drill rod according to claim 2, wherein the amount of Mo in the steel is 0.70-0.80 wt %. 6. The top hammer drill rod according to claim 2, wherein the amount of Cr in the steel is 1.20-1.25 wt %. 7. The top hammer drill rod according to claim 2, wherein the amount of V in the steel is 0.20-0.30 wt %. 8. The top hammer drill rod according to claim 2, wherein the amount of N in the steel is 0.008-0.012 wt %. 9. The top hammer drill rod according to claim 2, wherein the top hammer drill rod is used during air-cold top hammer drilling above ground. | 1,700 |
3,125 | 14,178,643 | 1,734 | Chlorous acid is generated from a chlorite salt precursor, a chlorate salt precursor, or a combination of both by ion exchange. The ion exchange material facilitates the generation of chlorous acid by simultaneously removing unwanted cations from solution and adding hydrogen ion to solution. Chlorine dioxide is generated in a controlled manner from chlorous acid by catalysis. Chlorine dioxide can be generated either subsequent to the generation of chlorous acid or simultaneously with the generation of chlorous acid. For catalysis of chlorous acid to chlorine dioxide, the chlorous acid may be generated by ion exchange or in a conventional manner. Ion exchange materials are also used to purify the chlorous acid and chlorine dioxide solutions, without causing degradation of said solutions, to exchange undesirable ions in the chlorous acid and chlorine dioxide solutions with desirable ions, such as stabilizing ions, and to adjust the pH of chlorous acid and Chlorine dioxide solutions. | 1-41. (canceled) 42: A process for producing chlorine dioxide comprising the step of:
feeding chlorous acid into contact with a catalytic material deposited on a substrate in a moist environment to produce the chlorine dioxide. 43: The process of claim 42, wherein the catalytic material is selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, manganese dioxide, carbon, ion exchange material, and combinations thereof. 44: The process of claim 42, wherein the catalytic material is platinum. 45: The process of claim 42, wherein the catalytic material is palladium. 46: The process of claim 42, wherein the catalytic material is manganese dioxide. 47: The process of claim 42, wherein the catalytic material is carbon. 48: The process of claim 42, wherein the catalytic material is ion exchange material. 49: The process of claim 42, wherein the catalytic material is platinum coated acid-washed carbon particles. 50: A process for generating chlorous acid comprising contacting a solution containing counter anions with an anion exchange material in chlorite form in a moist acidic environment, such that the counter anions of the solution exchange with the chlorite on the anion exchange material to form the chlorous acid. | Chlorous acid is generated from a chlorite salt precursor, a chlorate salt precursor, or a combination of both by ion exchange. The ion exchange material facilitates the generation of chlorous acid by simultaneously removing unwanted cations from solution and adding hydrogen ion to solution. Chlorine dioxide is generated in a controlled manner from chlorous acid by catalysis. Chlorine dioxide can be generated either subsequent to the generation of chlorous acid or simultaneously with the generation of chlorous acid. For catalysis of chlorous acid to chlorine dioxide, the chlorous acid may be generated by ion exchange or in a conventional manner. Ion exchange materials are also used to purify the chlorous acid and chlorine dioxide solutions, without causing degradation of said solutions, to exchange undesirable ions in the chlorous acid and chlorine dioxide solutions with desirable ions, such as stabilizing ions, and to adjust the pH of chlorous acid and Chlorine dioxide solutions.1-41. (canceled) 42: A process for producing chlorine dioxide comprising the step of:
feeding chlorous acid into contact with a catalytic material deposited on a substrate in a moist environment to produce the chlorine dioxide. 43: The process of claim 42, wherein the catalytic material is selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, manganese dioxide, carbon, ion exchange material, and combinations thereof. 44: The process of claim 42, wherein the catalytic material is platinum. 45: The process of claim 42, wherein the catalytic material is palladium. 46: The process of claim 42, wherein the catalytic material is manganese dioxide. 47: The process of claim 42, wherein the catalytic material is carbon. 48: The process of claim 42, wherein the catalytic material is ion exchange material. 49: The process of claim 42, wherein the catalytic material is platinum coated acid-washed carbon particles. 50: A process for generating chlorous acid comprising contacting a solution containing counter anions with an anion exchange material in chlorite form in a moist acidic environment, such that the counter anions of the solution exchange with the chlorite on the anion exchange material to form the chlorous acid. | 1,700 |
3,126 | 14,595,968 | 1,771 | A process and system for converting a high-pour-point organic feedstock to an upgraded product that exhibits good low-temperature properties (cloud point, pour point, and viscosity) and improved transportability. The high-efficiency process includes a continuous-flow, high-rate hydrothermal reactor system and integrated separation systems that result in low complexity, small footprint, high energy efficiency, and high yields of high-quality upgraded product. The system is specifically desirable for use in converting waxy feedstocks, such as yellow and black wax petroleum crudes and wax from the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process, into upgraded crude that exhibits a high diesel fraction and, correspondingly, low vacuum gas oil (VGO) fraction. | 1. A continuous flow process for converting a high-pour-point organic feedstock to an upgraded product comprising:
providing a high-pour-point organic feedstock; feeding the high-pour-point organic feedstock into a separation system to produce a distillate fraction and a heavy fraction; feeding the heavy fraction from the separation system into a high-rate hydrothermal reactor system to produce an upgraded heavy fraction; and feeding the upgraded heavy fraction into the separation system or combining the upgraded heavy fraction with the distillate fraction to form the upgraded product. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system transfers a predetermined amount of energy to the upgraded heavy fraction such that when the upgraded heavy fraction is fed into the separation system, the predetermined amount of energy is sufficient to effect separation of the distillate fraction and the heavy fraction. 3. The process of claim 1, further comprising mixing the heavy fraction from the separation system with one of a water and water-oil mixture to produce a heavy fraction mixture and feeding the heavy fraction mixture into the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system. 4. The process of claim 3, further comprising separating water from the distillate fraction or the upgraded heavy fraction for recovering water for recycling and combining with the heavy fraction. 5. The process of claim 3, further comprising maintaining a temperature and pressure of the water and heavy fraction mixture in the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system for sufficient time to produce an upgraded heavy fraction that has a low-pour-point. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the high-pour-point organic feedstock has a pour point greater than 10° C. and is selected from the group consisting of heavy crude oil, tar sands bitumen, shale oil, waxy crude oils including yellow wax and black wax, petroleum oil fractions, synthetic crudes, and mixtures thereof. 7. The process of claim 6, wherein the synthetic crudes comprises wax from the Fischer-Tropsch process. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the separation system is operated at net positive pressure of 2 psig to 30 psig and comprises at least one of one or more flash drums, one or more rectification columns, one or more distillation columns, or any combination thereof. 9. The process of claim 1, further comprising depressurizing the upgraded heavy fraction exiting from the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system, filtering the depressurized upgraded heavy fraction, partially cooling the filtered depressurized heavy fraction in a feed-effluent heat exchanger, and feeding the partially cooled heavy fraction to a flash drum where a bottoms portion that contains refractory compounds is combined with the distillate fraction from the separation system to form the upgraded product. 10. The process of claim 1, further comprising providing one or more condensers to condense the distillate fraction from the separation system to produce fuel gas and a reflux stream, wherein a first portion of the reflux stream is fed into the separation system. 11. The process of claim 10, wherein a second portion of the reflux stream is combined with a portion of the upgraded heavy fraction from the high-rate hydrothermal reactor to produce the upgraded product. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein no liquid byproducts are produced. 13. The process of claim 1, further comprising treating the heavy fraction from the separation system in a deasphalting process to remove coke precursors from feedstocks exhibiting high Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR) before the heavy fraction is fed to the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the deasphalting process comprises one of a solvent deasphalting process and vacuum distillation. 15. The process of claim 3, wherein the water-to-oil weight ratio in the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system is between 1:20 and 1:1. 16. The process of claim 15, wherein the water-to-oil weight ratio is between 1:10 and 1:2. 17. The process of claim 3, wherein the heavy fraction and oil-water mixture is heated in the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system to a temperature between 400° C. and 600° C. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein the heavy fraction and oil-water mixture is heated to a temperature between 450° C. and 550° C. 19. The process of claim 5, wherein the pressure in the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system is maintained between 1500 psig and 6000 psig. 20. The process of claim 19, wherein the pressure in the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system is maintained between 3000 psig and 4000 psig. 21. The process of claim 1, wherein the residence time of the heavy fraction in the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system at operating conditions is less than 1 minute. 22. The process of claim 1, including depressurizing the upgraded heavy fraction exiting the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system, filtering the depressurized upgraded heavy fraction, feeding the filtered upgraded heavy fraction to a feed-effluent heat exchanger, cooling the filter upgraded heavy fraction, feeding the cooled upgraded heavy fraction to one or more separators to remove fuel gas and water therefrom, and combining the upgraded heavy fraction exiting the one or more separators with the distillate fraction to form the upgraded product without the production of liquid byproducts. 23. The process of claim 22, further comprising treating the heavy fraction from the separation system in a deasphalting process to remove coke precursors from feedstocks exhibiting high Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR) before the heavy fraction is fed to the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system and wherein the deasphalting process comprises one of a solvent deasphalting process and vacuum distillation. 24. A continuous flow system for converting a high-pour-point organic feedstock to an upgraded product comprising:
a separation system for receiving high-pour-point organic feedstock and for separating the high-pour-point organic feedstock into a distillate fraction and a heavy fraction; and a high-rate hydrothermal reactor system for receiving the heavy fraction from the separation system and to upgrade the heavy fraction into an upgraded heavy fraction, wherein the upgraded heavy fraction can be fed into the separation system or can be combined with the distillate fraction to form the upgraded product. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system is configured to operate at a temperature and pressure so as to transfer a predetermined amount of energy to the heavy fraction such that when the upgraded heavy product is fed into the separation system, the predetermined amount of energy is sufficient to effect separation of the distillate fraction and the heavy fraction. 26. The system of claim 24, including a water or water-oil mixture feed for mixing with the heavy fraction from the separation system at a location in-line before the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system. 27. The system of claim 24, wherein the high pour point organic feedstock has a pour point greater than 10° C. and is selected from the group consisting of heavy crude oil, tar sands bitumen, shale oil, waxy crude oils including yellow wax and black wax, petroleum oil fractions, synthetic crudes, and mixtures thereof. 28. The system of claim 24, further comprising a depressurizing device for depressurizing the upgraded heavy fraction exiting from the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system, a filter for filtering the depressurized upgraded heavy fraction, a feed-effluent heat exchanger for partially cooling the filtered depressurized heavy fraction, and a flash drum for receiving the partially cooled heavy fraction where a bottoms portion that contains refractory compounds is combined with the distillate fraction from the separation system to form the upgraded product. 29. The system of claim 24, further comprising one or more condensers to condense the distillate fraction from the separation system to produce fuel gas and a reflux stream, wherein a first portion of the reflux stream is fed into the separation system. 30. The system of claim 29, wherein a second portion of the reflux stream is combined with a portion of the upgraded heavy fraction from the high-rate hydrothermal reactor to produce the upgraded product without producing any liquid byproducts. 31. The system of claim 24, further comprising a deasphalting device for treating the heavy fraction exiting from the separation system to remove coke precursors from feedstocks exhibiting high Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR) before the heavy fraction is fed to the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system. 32. The system of claim 24, further comprising a depressurizing device for depressurizing the upgraded heavy fraction exiting the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system, a filter for filtering the depressurized upgraded heavy fraction, a feed-effluent heat exchanger for cooling the filtered upgraded heavy fraction, one or more separators for separating fuel gas and water from the upgraded heavy fraction, wherein the upgraded heavy fraction exiting the one or more separators is combined with the distillate fraction to form the upgraded product without the production of liquid byproducts. 33. The system of claim 32, further comprising a deasphalting device for treating the heavy fraction from the separation system to remove coke precursors from feedstocks exhibiting high Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR) before the heavy fraction is fed to the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system and wherein the deasphalting device comprises one of a solvent deasphalting device and a vacuum distillation device. | A process and system for converting a high-pour-point organic feedstock to an upgraded product that exhibits good low-temperature properties (cloud point, pour point, and viscosity) and improved transportability. The high-efficiency process includes a continuous-flow, high-rate hydrothermal reactor system and integrated separation systems that result in low complexity, small footprint, high energy efficiency, and high yields of high-quality upgraded product. The system is specifically desirable for use in converting waxy feedstocks, such as yellow and black wax petroleum crudes and wax from the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process, into upgraded crude that exhibits a high diesel fraction and, correspondingly, low vacuum gas oil (VGO) fraction.1. A continuous flow process for converting a high-pour-point organic feedstock to an upgraded product comprising:
providing a high-pour-point organic feedstock; feeding the high-pour-point organic feedstock into a separation system to produce a distillate fraction and a heavy fraction; feeding the heavy fraction from the separation system into a high-rate hydrothermal reactor system to produce an upgraded heavy fraction; and feeding the upgraded heavy fraction into the separation system or combining the upgraded heavy fraction with the distillate fraction to form the upgraded product. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system transfers a predetermined amount of energy to the upgraded heavy fraction such that when the upgraded heavy fraction is fed into the separation system, the predetermined amount of energy is sufficient to effect separation of the distillate fraction and the heavy fraction. 3. The process of claim 1, further comprising mixing the heavy fraction from the separation system with one of a water and water-oil mixture to produce a heavy fraction mixture and feeding the heavy fraction mixture into the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system. 4. The process of claim 3, further comprising separating water from the distillate fraction or the upgraded heavy fraction for recovering water for recycling and combining with the heavy fraction. 5. The process of claim 3, further comprising maintaining a temperature and pressure of the water and heavy fraction mixture in the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system for sufficient time to produce an upgraded heavy fraction that has a low-pour-point. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the high-pour-point organic feedstock has a pour point greater than 10° C. and is selected from the group consisting of heavy crude oil, tar sands bitumen, shale oil, waxy crude oils including yellow wax and black wax, petroleum oil fractions, synthetic crudes, and mixtures thereof. 7. The process of claim 6, wherein the synthetic crudes comprises wax from the Fischer-Tropsch process. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the separation system is operated at net positive pressure of 2 psig to 30 psig and comprises at least one of one or more flash drums, one or more rectification columns, one or more distillation columns, or any combination thereof. 9. The process of claim 1, further comprising depressurizing the upgraded heavy fraction exiting from the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system, filtering the depressurized upgraded heavy fraction, partially cooling the filtered depressurized heavy fraction in a feed-effluent heat exchanger, and feeding the partially cooled heavy fraction to a flash drum where a bottoms portion that contains refractory compounds is combined with the distillate fraction from the separation system to form the upgraded product. 10. The process of claim 1, further comprising providing one or more condensers to condense the distillate fraction from the separation system to produce fuel gas and a reflux stream, wherein a first portion of the reflux stream is fed into the separation system. 11. The process of claim 10, wherein a second portion of the reflux stream is combined with a portion of the upgraded heavy fraction from the high-rate hydrothermal reactor to produce the upgraded product. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein no liquid byproducts are produced. 13. The process of claim 1, further comprising treating the heavy fraction from the separation system in a deasphalting process to remove coke precursors from feedstocks exhibiting high Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR) before the heavy fraction is fed to the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the deasphalting process comprises one of a solvent deasphalting process and vacuum distillation. 15. The process of claim 3, wherein the water-to-oil weight ratio in the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system is between 1:20 and 1:1. 16. The process of claim 15, wherein the water-to-oil weight ratio is between 1:10 and 1:2. 17. The process of claim 3, wherein the heavy fraction and oil-water mixture is heated in the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system to a temperature between 400° C. and 600° C. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein the heavy fraction and oil-water mixture is heated to a temperature between 450° C. and 550° C. 19. The process of claim 5, wherein the pressure in the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system is maintained between 1500 psig and 6000 psig. 20. The process of claim 19, wherein the pressure in the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system is maintained between 3000 psig and 4000 psig. 21. The process of claim 1, wherein the residence time of the heavy fraction in the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system at operating conditions is less than 1 minute. 22. The process of claim 1, including depressurizing the upgraded heavy fraction exiting the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system, filtering the depressurized upgraded heavy fraction, feeding the filtered upgraded heavy fraction to a feed-effluent heat exchanger, cooling the filter upgraded heavy fraction, feeding the cooled upgraded heavy fraction to one or more separators to remove fuel gas and water therefrom, and combining the upgraded heavy fraction exiting the one or more separators with the distillate fraction to form the upgraded product without the production of liquid byproducts. 23. The process of claim 22, further comprising treating the heavy fraction from the separation system in a deasphalting process to remove coke precursors from feedstocks exhibiting high Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR) before the heavy fraction is fed to the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system and wherein the deasphalting process comprises one of a solvent deasphalting process and vacuum distillation. 24. A continuous flow system for converting a high-pour-point organic feedstock to an upgraded product comprising:
a separation system for receiving high-pour-point organic feedstock and for separating the high-pour-point organic feedstock into a distillate fraction and a heavy fraction; and a high-rate hydrothermal reactor system for receiving the heavy fraction from the separation system and to upgrade the heavy fraction into an upgraded heavy fraction, wherein the upgraded heavy fraction can be fed into the separation system or can be combined with the distillate fraction to form the upgraded product. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system is configured to operate at a temperature and pressure so as to transfer a predetermined amount of energy to the heavy fraction such that when the upgraded heavy product is fed into the separation system, the predetermined amount of energy is sufficient to effect separation of the distillate fraction and the heavy fraction. 26. The system of claim 24, including a water or water-oil mixture feed for mixing with the heavy fraction from the separation system at a location in-line before the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system. 27. The system of claim 24, wherein the high pour point organic feedstock has a pour point greater than 10° C. and is selected from the group consisting of heavy crude oil, tar sands bitumen, shale oil, waxy crude oils including yellow wax and black wax, petroleum oil fractions, synthetic crudes, and mixtures thereof. 28. The system of claim 24, further comprising a depressurizing device for depressurizing the upgraded heavy fraction exiting from the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system, a filter for filtering the depressurized upgraded heavy fraction, a feed-effluent heat exchanger for partially cooling the filtered depressurized heavy fraction, and a flash drum for receiving the partially cooled heavy fraction where a bottoms portion that contains refractory compounds is combined with the distillate fraction from the separation system to form the upgraded product. 29. The system of claim 24, further comprising one or more condensers to condense the distillate fraction from the separation system to produce fuel gas and a reflux stream, wherein a first portion of the reflux stream is fed into the separation system. 30. The system of claim 29, wherein a second portion of the reflux stream is combined with a portion of the upgraded heavy fraction from the high-rate hydrothermal reactor to produce the upgraded product without producing any liquid byproducts. 31. The system of claim 24, further comprising a deasphalting device for treating the heavy fraction exiting from the separation system to remove coke precursors from feedstocks exhibiting high Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR) before the heavy fraction is fed to the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system. 32. The system of claim 24, further comprising a depressurizing device for depressurizing the upgraded heavy fraction exiting the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system, a filter for filtering the depressurized upgraded heavy fraction, a feed-effluent heat exchanger for cooling the filtered upgraded heavy fraction, one or more separators for separating fuel gas and water from the upgraded heavy fraction, wherein the upgraded heavy fraction exiting the one or more separators is combined with the distillate fraction to form the upgraded product without the production of liquid byproducts. 33. The system of claim 32, further comprising a deasphalting device for treating the heavy fraction from the separation system to remove coke precursors from feedstocks exhibiting high Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR) before the heavy fraction is fed to the high-rate hydrothermal reactor system and wherein the deasphalting device comprises one of a solvent deasphalting device and a vacuum distillation device. | 1,700 |
3,127 | 15,152,936 | 1,712 | Photovoltaic systems and processes for producing photovoltaic systems are disclosed. | 1. A process for producing a photovoltaic system comprising:
depositing a first electrode layer over a substrate; spray coating an ethoxylated polyethyleneimine (PEIE) layer over the first electrode layer; depositing a bulk heterojunction active layer over the PEIE layer; and depositing a second electrode layer over the bulk heterojunction active layer. 2. The process of claim 1, further comprising spray coating a metal oxide nanoparticle layer over the first electrode layer, wherein the PEIE layer is spray coated onto the metal oxide nanoparticle layer. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the metal oxide nanoparticle layer comprises zinc oxide nanoparticles. 4. The process of claim 1, further comprising:
spray coating a dielectric layer over the substrate; and spray coating the first electrode layer over the dielectric layer. 5. The process of claim 4, wherein the dielectric layer comprises a cured acrylic urethane clear-coat layer having a surface roughness (Ra) of less than 25 nanometers. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein depositing the second electrode layer over the bulk heterojunction active layer comprises spray coating a formulation comprising anhydrous poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). 7. The process of claim 1, wherein depositing the bulk heterojunction active layer over the PEIE layer comprises spray coating a formulation comprising:
poly[[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl][3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl]]:[6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PTB7:PCBM); or poly(3-hexyl thiophene):[6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM). 8. The process of claim 1, wherein:
the first electrode layer comprises:
a spray coated silver layer; or
a spray coated layer comprising PEDOT:PSS; and
the second electrode layer comprises:
a spray coated silver layer; or
a spray coated layer comprising PEDOT:PSS. 9. The process of claim 8, wherein the spray coated silver layers are formed from the reaction products of a Tollens' reaction. 10. The process of claim 8, wherein the spray coated layers comprising PEDOT:PSS are formed from a spray coated formulation comprising anhydrous PEDOT:PSS. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the PEIE layer is spray coated using a formulation consisting of PEIE, water, and optionally ethanol, 2-propanol, or isopropanol, or any combination of ethanol, 2-propanol, or isopropanol. 12. A process for producing a low work function electrode for a photovoltaic system comprising:
depositing an electrode layer over a substrate; and spray coating an ethoxylated polyethyleneimine (PEIE) layer over the electrode layer. 13. The process of claim 12, further comprising spray coating a metal oxide nanoparticle layer over the electrode layer, wherein the PEIE layer is spray coated onto the metal oxide nanoparticle layer. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the metal oxide nanoparticle layer comprises zinc oxide nanoparticles. 15. The process of claim 12, further comprising:
spray coating a dielectric layer over the substrate; and spray coating the first electrode layer over the dielectric layer. 16. The process of claim 15, wherein the dielectric layer comprises a cured acrylic urethane clear-coat layer having a surface roughness (Ra) of less than 25 nanometers. 17. The process of claim 12, wherein depositing the electrode layer comprises spray coating a silver layer over the substrate. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein the silver layer is formed from the reaction products of a Tollens' reaction. 19. The process of claim 12, wherein depositing the electrode layer comprises spray coating a formulation comprising PEDOT:PSS. 20. The process of claim 12, wherein the PEIE layer is spray coated using a formulation consisting of PEIE, water, and optionally ethanol, 2-propanol, or isopropanol, or any combination of ethanol, 2-propanol, or isopropanol. | Photovoltaic systems and processes for producing photovoltaic systems are disclosed.1. A process for producing a photovoltaic system comprising:
depositing a first electrode layer over a substrate; spray coating an ethoxylated polyethyleneimine (PEIE) layer over the first electrode layer; depositing a bulk heterojunction active layer over the PEIE layer; and depositing a second electrode layer over the bulk heterojunction active layer. 2. The process of claim 1, further comprising spray coating a metal oxide nanoparticle layer over the first electrode layer, wherein the PEIE layer is spray coated onto the metal oxide nanoparticle layer. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the metal oxide nanoparticle layer comprises zinc oxide nanoparticles. 4. The process of claim 1, further comprising:
spray coating a dielectric layer over the substrate; and spray coating the first electrode layer over the dielectric layer. 5. The process of claim 4, wherein the dielectric layer comprises a cured acrylic urethane clear-coat layer having a surface roughness (Ra) of less than 25 nanometers. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein depositing the second electrode layer over the bulk heterojunction active layer comprises spray coating a formulation comprising anhydrous poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). 7. The process of claim 1, wherein depositing the bulk heterojunction active layer over the PEIE layer comprises spray coating a formulation comprising:
poly[[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl][3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl]]:[6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PTB7:PCBM); or poly(3-hexyl thiophene):[6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM). 8. The process of claim 1, wherein:
the first electrode layer comprises:
a spray coated silver layer; or
a spray coated layer comprising PEDOT:PSS; and
the second electrode layer comprises:
a spray coated silver layer; or
a spray coated layer comprising PEDOT:PSS. 9. The process of claim 8, wherein the spray coated silver layers are formed from the reaction products of a Tollens' reaction. 10. The process of claim 8, wherein the spray coated layers comprising PEDOT:PSS are formed from a spray coated formulation comprising anhydrous PEDOT:PSS. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the PEIE layer is spray coated using a formulation consisting of PEIE, water, and optionally ethanol, 2-propanol, or isopropanol, or any combination of ethanol, 2-propanol, or isopropanol. 12. A process for producing a low work function electrode for a photovoltaic system comprising:
depositing an electrode layer over a substrate; and spray coating an ethoxylated polyethyleneimine (PEIE) layer over the electrode layer. 13. The process of claim 12, further comprising spray coating a metal oxide nanoparticle layer over the electrode layer, wherein the PEIE layer is spray coated onto the metal oxide nanoparticle layer. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the metal oxide nanoparticle layer comprises zinc oxide nanoparticles. 15. The process of claim 12, further comprising:
spray coating a dielectric layer over the substrate; and spray coating the first electrode layer over the dielectric layer. 16. The process of claim 15, wherein the dielectric layer comprises a cured acrylic urethane clear-coat layer having a surface roughness (Ra) of less than 25 nanometers. 17. The process of claim 12, wherein depositing the electrode layer comprises spray coating a silver layer over the substrate. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein the silver layer is formed from the reaction products of a Tollens' reaction. 19. The process of claim 12, wherein depositing the electrode layer comprises spray coating a formulation comprising PEDOT:PSS. 20. The process of claim 12, wherein the PEIE layer is spray coated using a formulation consisting of PEIE, water, and optionally ethanol, 2-propanol, or isopropanol, or any combination of ethanol, 2-propanol, or isopropanol. | 1,700 |
3,128 | 13,379,185 | 1,793 | The present invention relates to milk powder compositions comprising lactase and to processes for the manufacture of said milk powder compositions. The processes have been found to stabilise lactase in said milk powder compositions. It further relates to the use of said milk powder compositions in alleviating the symptoms of gastro-intestinal intolerance in mammals. | 1. Process for the manufacture of a milk powder composition comprising 5-70% lactose and lactase comprising the steps of:
mixing lactase with a milk composition in the presence of water; and drying the mixture to form the milk powder composition, the drying step occurring within 0.1 to 120 minutes from the mixing of the lactase with the milk composition in the presence of water. 2. Process for the manufacture of a milk powder composition comprising the step of co-drying a lactase solution and a milk composition to form a milk powder composition comprising 5-70% lactose and lactase. 3. Process for the manufacture of a milk powder composition comprising the step of spray-drying a lactase solution onto a milk powder to yield a milk powder composition comprising 5-70% lactose and lactase. 4. Process according to claim 1, wherein the lactase is selected from the group consisting of Aspergillus oryzae Aspergillus niger, Bacillus spp., Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces fragilis, Saccharomyces lactis, Kluyveromyces spp. lactase and mixtures thereof. 5. Process according to claim 1, wherein the milk composition is selected from the group consisting of low-fat milk, whole milk, reconstituted milk, milk powders with maltodextrin and/or vegetable fats, whey powders, whey fractions, buttermilk powders, fermented milk powders, dietary or nutritional formulas containing lactose, cream powders, dairy creamers with vegetable fat and/or milk fat, health care or clinical care formulas containing lactose and mixtures thereof. 6. Process according to claim 1, wherein the milk powder composition has a water content of 1 to about 9%. 7. Process according to claim 1, wherein the temperature during the process steps is not greater than 75° C. 8. Process according to claim 1, wherein the drying is performed by a process selected from the group consisting of spray-drying, freeze-drying, vacuum drying, and roller drying. 9. Use of a process according to claim 1 for stabilising lactase in a milk powder composition. 10. (canceled) 11. Milk powder composition comprising lactose and lactase, wherein the lactase is physically associated with milk powder particles. 12. Milk powder composition according to claim 11, wherein the amount of lactose is 5-70 wt %. 13. Milk powder composition according to claim 11, wherein the amount of lactase is 0.001-4 wt % based on dry weight. 14. A method for alleviating the symptoms of lactose intolerance in mammals comprising the step of administering a composition comprising:
a milk composition comprising lactose and lactase, wherein the lactase is physically associated with milk powder particles to a mammal in need of same. 15. Method according to claim 14, wherein the mammals are humans. 16. Process according to claim 2, wherein the lactase is selected from the group consisting of Aspergillus oryzae Aspergillus niger, Bacillus spp., Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces fragilis, Saccharomyces lactis, Kluyveromyces spp. lactase and mixtures thereof. 17. Process according to claim 2, wherein the milk composition is selected from the group consisting of low-fat milk, whole milk, reconstituted milk, milk powders with maltodextrin and/or vegetable fats, whey powders, whey fractions, buttermilk powders, fermented milk powders, dietary or nutritional formulas containing lactose, cream powders, dairy creamers with vegetable fat and/or milk fat, health care or clinical care formulas containing lactose and mixtures thereof. 18. Process according to claim 2, wherein the milk powder composition has a water content of 1 to about 9%. 19. Process according to claim 2, wherein the temperature during the process steps is not greater than 75° C. 20. Process according to claim 2, wherein the drying is performed by a process selected from the group consisting of spray-drying, freeze-drying, vacuum drying, and roller drying. 21. Use of a process according to claim 2 for stabilising lactase in a milk powder composition. 22. Process according to claim 3, wherein the lactase is selected from the group consisting of Aspergillus oryzae Aspergillus niger, Bacillus spp., Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces fragilis, Saccharomyces lactis, Kluyveromyces spp. lactase and mixtures thereof. 23. Process according to claim 3, wherein the milk composition is selected from the group consisting of low-fat milk, whole milk, reconstituted milk, milk powders with maltodextrin and/or vegetable fats, whey powders, whey fractions, buttermilk powders, fermented milk powders, dietary or nutritional formulas containing lactose, cream powders, dairy creamers with vegetable fat and/or milk fat, health care or clinical care formulas containing lactose and mixtures thereof. 24. Process according to claim 3, wherein the milk powder composition has a water content of 1 to about 9%. 25. Process according to claim 3, wherein the temperature during the process steps is not greater than 75° C. 26. Use of a process according to claim 3 for stabilising lactase in a milk powder composition. | The present invention relates to milk powder compositions comprising lactase and to processes for the manufacture of said milk powder compositions. The processes have been found to stabilise lactase in said milk powder compositions. It further relates to the use of said milk powder compositions in alleviating the symptoms of gastro-intestinal intolerance in mammals.1. Process for the manufacture of a milk powder composition comprising 5-70% lactose and lactase comprising the steps of:
mixing lactase with a milk composition in the presence of water; and drying the mixture to form the milk powder composition, the drying step occurring within 0.1 to 120 minutes from the mixing of the lactase with the milk composition in the presence of water. 2. Process for the manufacture of a milk powder composition comprising the step of co-drying a lactase solution and a milk composition to form a milk powder composition comprising 5-70% lactose and lactase. 3. Process for the manufacture of a milk powder composition comprising the step of spray-drying a lactase solution onto a milk powder to yield a milk powder composition comprising 5-70% lactose and lactase. 4. Process according to claim 1, wherein the lactase is selected from the group consisting of Aspergillus oryzae Aspergillus niger, Bacillus spp., Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces fragilis, Saccharomyces lactis, Kluyveromyces spp. lactase and mixtures thereof. 5. Process according to claim 1, wherein the milk composition is selected from the group consisting of low-fat milk, whole milk, reconstituted milk, milk powders with maltodextrin and/or vegetable fats, whey powders, whey fractions, buttermilk powders, fermented milk powders, dietary or nutritional formulas containing lactose, cream powders, dairy creamers with vegetable fat and/or milk fat, health care or clinical care formulas containing lactose and mixtures thereof. 6. Process according to claim 1, wherein the milk powder composition has a water content of 1 to about 9%. 7. Process according to claim 1, wherein the temperature during the process steps is not greater than 75° C. 8. Process according to claim 1, wherein the drying is performed by a process selected from the group consisting of spray-drying, freeze-drying, vacuum drying, and roller drying. 9. Use of a process according to claim 1 for stabilising lactase in a milk powder composition. 10. (canceled) 11. Milk powder composition comprising lactose and lactase, wherein the lactase is physically associated with milk powder particles. 12. Milk powder composition according to claim 11, wherein the amount of lactose is 5-70 wt %. 13. Milk powder composition according to claim 11, wherein the amount of lactase is 0.001-4 wt % based on dry weight. 14. A method for alleviating the symptoms of lactose intolerance in mammals comprising the step of administering a composition comprising:
a milk composition comprising lactose and lactase, wherein the lactase is physically associated with milk powder particles to a mammal in need of same. 15. Method according to claim 14, wherein the mammals are humans. 16. Process according to claim 2, wherein the lactase is selected from the group consisting of Aspergillus oryzae Aspergillus niger, Bacillus spp., Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces fragilis, Saccharomyces lactis, Kluyveromyces spp. lactase and mixtures thereof. 17. Process according to claim 2, wherein the milk composition is selected from the group consisting of low-fat milk, whole milk, reconstituted milk, milk powders with maltodextrin and/or vegetable fats, whey powders, whey fractions, buttermilk powders, fermented milk powders, dietary or nutritional formulas containing lactose, cream powders, dairy creamers with vegetable fat and/or milk fat, health care or clinical care formulas containing lactose and mixtures thereof. 18. Process according to claim 2, wherein the milk powder composition has a water content of 1 to about 9%. 19. Process according to claim 2, wherein the temperature during the process steps is not greater than 75° C. 20. Process according to claim 2, wherein the drying is performed by a process selected from the group consisting of spray-drying, freeze-drying, vacuum drying, and roller drying. 21. Use of a process according to claim 2 for stabilising lactase in a milk powder composition. 22. Process according to claim 3, wherein the lactase is selected from the group consisting of Aspergillus oryzae Aspergillus niger, Bacillus spp., Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces fragilis, Saccharomyces lactis, Kluyveromyces spp. lactase and mixtures thereof. 23. Process according to claim 3, wherein the milk composition is selected from the group consisting of low-fat milk, whole milk, reconstituted milk, milk powders with maltodextrin and/or vegetable fats, whey powders, whey fractions, buttermilk powders, fermented milk powders, dietary or nutritional formulas containing lactose, cream powders, dairy creamers with vegetable fat and/or milk fat, health care or clinical care formulas containing lactose and mixtures thereof. 24. Process according to claim 3, wherein the milk powder composition has a water content of 1 to about 9%. 25. Process according to claim 3, wherein the temperature during the process steps is not greater than 75° C. 26. Use of a process according to claim 3 for stabilising lactase in a milk powder composition. | 1,700 |
3,129 | 13,394,608 | 1,793 | A method for manufacturing a ripened cheese and cheese-like product having a sodium content of at most 0.3% (w/w) and/or fat content of at most 30% (w/w), the method improving organoleptic properties by using a milk- and/or whey-based mineral product and/or a biologically active peptide. | 1. A method for improving organoleptic properties of a ripened cheese having a sodium content of at most 0.3% (w/w) and/or a fat content of at most 30% (w/w), comprising a step of adding milk- and/or whey-based minerals and/or one or more biologically active peptides to a milk raw material. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sodium content of the cheese is at most 0.12%. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fat content of the cheese is at most 17% or, if the fat content is more than 17% to 30%, the proportion of hard fat is at most 33% of the fat. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the milk- and/or whey-based minerals are in the form of retentate obtained from reverse osmosis. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the milk- and/or whey-based minerals are a mineral powder known as trademark Valio Milk Mineral Powder VMMP. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least part of the amount of biologically active peptide is provided for the product by adding at least one biologically active peptide thereto. 7. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the biologically active peptide is added as a concentrate in concentrate or powder form containing at least one biologically active peptide. 8. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the biologically active peptide is isoleucine-proline-proline (IPP) and/or valine-proline-proline (VPP) and/or leucine-proline-proline (LPP) or a mixture thereof. 9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein one or more enzymes, preferably a proteolytic enzyme, and/or taste imparting starters (adjunct starters) are added in the cooking step and/or salting of the cheese. 10. A ripened cheese which contains milk- and/or whey-based minerals and which has a sodium content of at most 0.3% (w/w), preferably at most 0.12%, and a fat content of at most 30% (w/w). 11. The ripened cheese of claim 10, wherein the fat content is at most 17%, or if the fat content is more than 17% to 30%, the proportion of saturated (hard) fat is at most 33%. 12. The ripened cheese as claimed in claim 10, containing approximately 0.015 to 0.025% of one or more biologically active peptides. 13. A method for manufacturing a ripened cheese having a sodium content of at most 0.3% (w/w) and/or a fat content of at most 30% (w/w), the method comprising the following steps of:
renneting a milk raw material providing a cheese curd discharging the cheese curd to obtain a cheese mass if necessary, pre-pressing or alternatively removing at least part of the whey from the cheese mass optionally cheddaring, stacking and milling optionally salting the pre-pressed or cheddared cheese mass optionally cutting the cheese mass into pieces and milling moulding and pressing the cheese mass to cheese optionally brine salting the cheese cooling the cheese if desired, packing the cheese into a ripening bag and ripening bringing the ripened cheese into a desired size and shape, wherein the cheese is salted with milk- and/or whey-based minerals. 14. The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein salting with milk- and/or whey-based minerals is performed for the pre-pressed cheese mass and/or brine salting is performed for the moulded and pressed cheese. 15. The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein salting with milk- and/or whey-based minerals is performed in a package, such as a ripening bag. 16. The method as claimed in claim 14, wherein brine salting is performed simultaneously with cooling. 17. The method as claimed in claim 13 for manufacturing Cheddar cheese, wherein, after discharging the cheese curd, the cheese mass is cheddared and stacked. 18. The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein at least one biologically active peptide and/or one or more enzymes and/or one or more starters are added substantially simultaneously with salting. 19. Use of milk- and/or whey-based minerals and/or a biologically active peptide for preventing quality defects of organoleptic properties of a ripened cheese having a sodium content of at most 0.3% (w/w) and/or a fat content of at most 30% (w/w). | A method for manufacturing a ripened cheese and cheese-like product having a sodium content of at most 0.3% (w/w) and/or fat content of at most 30% (w/w), the method improving organoleptic properties by using a milk- and/or whey-based mineral product and/or a biologically active peptide.1. A method for improving organoleptic properties of a ripened cheese having a sodium content of at most 0.3% (w/w) and/or a fat content of at most 30% (w/w), comprising a step of adding milk- and/or whey-based minerals and/or one or more biologically active peptides to a milk raw material. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sodium content of the cheese is at most 0.12%. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fat content of the cheese is at most 17% or, if the fat content is more than 17% to 30%, the proportion of hard fat is at most 33% of the fat. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the milk- and/or whey-based minerals are in the form of retentate obtained from reverse osmosis. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the milk- and/or whey-based minerals are a mineral powder known as trademark Valio Milk Mineral Powder VMMP. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least part of the amount of biologically active peptide is provided for the product by adding at least one biologically active peptide thereto. 7. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the biologically active peptide is added as a concentrate in concentrate or powder form containing at least one biologically active peptide. 8. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the biologically active peptide is isoleucine-proline-proline (IPP) and/or valine-proline-proline (VPP) and/or leucine-proline-proline (LPP) or a mixture thereof. 9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein one or more enzymes, preferably a proteolytic enzyme, and/or taste imparting starters (adjunct starters) are added in the cooking step and/or salting of the cheese. 10. A ripened cheese which contains milk- and/or whey-based minerals and which has a sodium content of at most 0.3% (w/w), preferably at most 0.12%, and a fat content of at most 30% (w/w). 11. The ripened cheese of claim 10, wherein the fat content is at most 17%, or if the fat content is more than 17% to 30%, the proportion of saturated (hard) fat is at most 33%. 12. The ripened cheese as claimed in claim 10, containing approximately 0.015 to 0.025% of one or more biologically active peptides. 13. A method for manufacturing a ripened cheese having a sodium content of at most 0.3% (w/w) and/or a fat content of at most 30% (w/w), the method comprising the following steps of:
renneting a milk raw material providing a cheese curd discharging the cheese curd to obtain a cheese mass if necessary, pre-pressing or alternatively removing at least part of the whey from the cheese mass optionally cheddaring, stacking and milling optionally salting the pre-pressed or cheddared cheese mass optionally cutting the cheese mass into pieces and milling moulding and pressing the cheese mass to cheese optionally brine salting the cheese cooling the cheese if desired, packing the cheese into a ripening bag and ripening bringing the ripened cheese into a desired size and shape, wherein the cheese is salted with milk- and/or whey-based minerals. 14. The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein salting with milk- and/or whey-based minerals is performed for the pre-pressed cheese mass and/or brine salting is performed for the moulded and pressed cheese. 15. The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein salting with milk- and/or whey-based minerals is performed in a package, such as a ripening bag. 16. The method as claimed in claim 14, wherein brine salting is performed simultaneously with cooling. 17. The method as claimed in claim 13 for manufacturing Cheddar cheese, wherein, after discharging the cheese curd, the cheese mass is cheddared and stacked. 18. The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein at least one biologically active peptide and/or one or more enzymes and/or one or more starters are added substantially simultaneously with salting. 19. Use of milk- and/or whey-based minerals and/or a biologically active peptide for preventing quality defects of organoleptic properties of a ripened cheese having a sodium content of at most 0.3% (w/w) and/or a fat content of at most 30% (w/w). | 1,700 |
3,130 | 14,227,302 | 1,762 | The present disclosure relates to polymer compositions. The disclosed compositions comprise a thermoplastic polymer, a laser direct structuring additive, and a reinforcing filler. Also disclosed are methods for making the disclosed polymer composition and articles of manufacture comprising the disclosed polymer composition. | 1. A polymer composition comprising:
a. a thermoplastic polymer; b. a laser direct structuring additive; and c. a glass reinforcement component; wherein the polymer composition is capable of being plated after being activated using a laser. 2. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises polycarbonate, polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer, polyamide, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene vinyl alcohol, polyoxymethylene, polyacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polyamide-imide, polyetherketone, polycaprolactone, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polyester, polyimide, polyketone, polylactic acid, polyurethane, or polyvinyl acetate or a combination thereof. 3. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is present in an amount ranging from about 10% by weight to about 90% by weight based on the total weight of the composition. 4. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is present in an amount ranging from about 10% by weight to about 90% by weight based on the total weight of the composition, the glass reinforcement component is present in an amount ranging from greater than 0% by weight to about 60% by weight based on the total weight of the composition, and the laser direct structuring additive is present in an amount ranging from about 1% by weight to about 10% by weight based on the total weight of the composition. 5. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises a polycarbonate. 6. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises a polyamide. 7. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the laser direct structuring additive comprises a metal oxide, a copper salt, a metal oxide spinel, or a mixture of metal oxide spinels, or a combination thereof. 8. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the laser direct structuring additive is present in an amount from about 1% by weight to about 10% by weight based on the total weight of the composition. 9. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the glass reinforcement component is present an amount from greater than 0% by weight to about 60% by weight based on the total weight of the composition. 10. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the glass reinforcement component comprises a glass fiber, a flat glass, a long glass, a short glass, a large diameter glass, a small diameter glass, or a nano glass, or a combination thereof. 11. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer composition has a flexural modulus of greater than about 3 GPa. 12. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer composition has a tensile modulus of greater than about 3 GPa. 13. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer composition has a flexural modulus of greater than about 3 GPa and a tensile modulus of greater than about 3 GPa. 14. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer composition has one or more of a tensile modulus, a flexural modulus, and a plating index that increase with an increasing concentration of the glass component. 15. The polymer composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one additive comprising a plasticizer, a stabilizer, an anti-static agent, a flame-retardant, an impact modifier, a colorant, an antioxidant, or a mold release agent, or a combination thereof. 16. A polymer composition comprising:
a. a thermoplastic polymer; b. a laser direct structuring additive; and c. a reinforcing filler; wherein the polymer composition is capable of being plated after being activated using a laser; and wherein the polymer composition has a flexural modulus of greater than about 3 GPa and a tensile modulus of greater than about 3 GPa. 17. The polymer composition of claim 16, wherein the reinforcing filler comprises a glass reinforcement component, a carbon fiber, a mineral filler, or a talc, or a combination thereof. 18. The polymer composition of claim 16, further comprising at least one additive comprising a plasticizer, a stabilizer, an anti-static agent, a flame-retardant, an impact modifier, a colorant, an antioxidant, or a mold release agent, or a combination thereof. 19. A method for making a polymer composition comprising forming a blend composition comprising:
a. a thermoplastic polymer; b. a laser direct structuring additive; and c. a reinforcing filler; wherein the polymer composition is capable of being plated after being activated using a laser; and wherein the blend composition has a flexural modulus of greater than about 3 GPa and a tensile modulus of greater than about 3 GPa. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the blend composition further comprises a plasticizer, a stabilizer, an anti-static agent, a flame-retardant, an impact modifier, a colorant, an antioxidant, or a mold release agent, or a combination thereof. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the blend composition is formed by twin screw extrusion. 22. An article of manufacture comprising the polymer composition of claim 1. 23. The article manufacture of claim 22, wherein the article comprises a computer device, a household appliance, a decoration device, an electromagnetic interference device, a printed circuit, a Wi-Fi device, a Bluetooth device, a GPS device, a cellular antenna device, a smart phone device, an automotive device, a military device, an aerospace device, a medical device, a hearing aid, a sensor device, a security device, a shielding device, an RF antenna device, or an RFID device. 24. An article of manufacture comprising the polymer composition of claim 16. 25. The article manufacture of claim 24, wherein the article comprises a computer device, a household appliance, a decoration device, an electromagnetic interference device, a printed circuit, a Wi-Fi device, a Bluetooth device, a GPS device, a cellular antenna device, a smart phone device, an automotive device, a military device, an aerospace device, a medical device, a hearing aid, a sensor device, a security device, a shielding device, an RF antenna device, or an RFID device. | The present disclosure relates to polymer compositions. The disclosed compositions comprise a thermoplastic polymer, a laser direct structuring additive, and a reinforcing filler. Also disclosed are methods for making the disclosed polymer composition and articles of manufacture comprising the disclosed polymer composition.1. A polymer composition comprising:
a. a thermoplastic polymer; b. a laser direct structuring additive; and c. a glass reinforcement component; wherein the polymer composition is capable of being plated after being activated using a laser. 2. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises polycarbonate, polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer, polyamide, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene vinyl alcohol, polyoxymethylene, polyacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polyamide-imide, polyetherketone, polycaprolactone, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polyester, polyimide, polyketone, polylactic acid, polyurethane, or polyvinyl acetate or a combination thereof. 3. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is present in an amount ranging from about 10% by weight to about 90% by weight based on the total weight of the composition. 4. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is present in an amount ranging from about 10% by weight to about 90% by weight based on the total weight of the composition, the glass reinforcement component is present in an amount ranging from greater than 0% by weight to about 60% by weight based on the total weight of the composition, and the laser direct structuring additive is present in an amount ranging from about 1% by weight to about 10% by weight based on the total weight of the composition. 5. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises a polycarbonate. 6. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises a polyamide. 7. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the laser direct structuring additive comprises a metal oxide, a copper salt, a metal oxide spinel, or a mixture of metal oxide spinels, or a combination thereof. 8. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the laser direct structuring additive is present in an amount from about 1% by weight to about 10% by weight based on the total weight of the composition. 9. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the glass reinforcement component is present an amount from greater than 0% by weight to about 60% by weight based on the total weight of the composition. 10. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the glass reinforcement component comprises a glass fiber, a flat glass, a long glass, a short glass, a large diameter glass, a small diameter glass, or a nano glass, or a combination thereof. 11. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer composition has a flexural modulus of greater than about 3 GPa. 12. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer composition has a tensile modulus of greater than about 3 GPa. 13. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer composition has a flexural modulus of greater than about 3 GPa and a tensile modulus of greater than about 3 GPa. 14. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer composition has one or more of a tensile modulus, a flexural modulus, and a plating index that increase with an increasing concentration of the glass component. 15. The polymer composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one additive comprising a plasticizer, a stabilizer, an anti-static agent, a flame-retardant, an impact modifier, a colorant, an antioxidant, or a mold release agent, or a combination thereof. 16. A polymer composition comprising:
a. a thermoplastic polymer; b. a laser direct structuring additive; and c. a reinforcing filler; wherein the polymer composition is capable of being plated after being activated using a laser; and wherein the polymer composition has a flexural modulus of greater than about 3 GPa and a tensile modulus of greater than about 3 GPa. 17. The polymer composition of claim 16, wherein the reinforcing filler comprises a glass reinforcement component, a carbon fiber, a mineral filler, or a talc, or a combination thereof. 18. The polymer composition of claim 16, further comprising at least one additive comprising a plasticizer, a stabilizer, an anti-static agent, a flame-retardant, an impact modifier, a colorant, an antioxidant, or a mold release agent, or a combination thereof. 19. A method for making a polymer composition comprising forming a blend composition comprising:
a. a thermoplastic polymer; b. a laser direct structuring additive; and c. a reinforcing filler; wherein the polymer composition is capable of being plated after being activated using a laser; and wherein the blend composition has a flexural modulus of greater than about 3 GPa and a tensile modulus of greater than about 3 GPa. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the blend composition further comprises a plasticizer, a stabilizer, an anti-static agent, a flame-retardant, an impact modifier, a colorant, an antioxidant, or a mold release agent, or a combination thereof. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the blend composition is formed by twin screw extrusion. 22. An article of manufacture comprising the polymer composition of claim 1. 23. The article manufacture of claim 22, wherein the article comprises a computer device, a household appliance, a decoration device, an electromagnetic interference device, a printed circuit, a Wi-Fi device, a Bluetooth device, a GPS device, a cellular antenna device, a smart phone device, an automotive device, a military device, an aerospace device, a medical device, a hearing aid, a sensor device, a security device, a shielding device, an RF antenna device, or an RFID device. 24. An article of manufacture comprising the polymer composition of claim 16. 25. The article manufacture of claim 24, wherein the article comprises a computer device, a household appliance, a decoration device, an electromagnetic interference device, a printed circuit, a Wi-Fi device, a Bluetooth device, a GPS device, a cellular antenna device, a smart phone device, an automotive device, a military device, an aerospace device, a medical device, a hearing aid, a sensor device, a security device, a shielding device, an RF antenna device, or an RFID device. | 1,700 |
3,131 | 13,984,835 | 1,736 | A method of generating syngas as a primary product from renewable feedstock, fossil fuels, or hazardous waste with the use of a cupola. The cupola operates selectably on inductive heat alone, chemically assisted heat, or plasma assisted heat. Additionally, the operation of the cupola is augmented by the use of direct acting carbon or graphite rods that carry electrical current for additional heat generation into the metal bath that is influenced by the inductive element. The method includes the steps of providing a cupola for containing a metal bath; and operating an inductive element to react with the metal bath. Feedstock in the form of a combination of fossil fuel, a hazardous waste, and a hazardous material is supplied to the cupola. A plasma torch operates on the metal bath selectably directly and indirectly. Steam, air, oxygen enriched air, and oxygen are supplied in selectable combinations. | 1. A method of producing syngas, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a cupola for containing a metal bath; and operating an inductive element to react with the metal bath. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein there is provided the further step of delivering a feedstock to the cupola. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the feedstock is a fossil fuel. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the feedstock is a hazardous waste. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the feedstock is a combination of any organic compound, fossil fuel, and hazardous material. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein there is provided the further step of supplementing said step of operating an inductive element by the further step of operating a plasma torch. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein said step of operating a plasma torch is performed to operate on the metal bath selectably directly and indirectly. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein a plasma torch is arranged in a downdraft arrangement to work in series with the inductive furnace. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the plasma torch in a downdraft arrangement can be placed at an angle that is other than vertical. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein there is provided the further step of supplementing said step of operating an inductive element by the further step of injecting steam to enhance the production of syngas. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein there is provided the further step of supplementing said step of operating an inductive element by the further step of injecting a selectable one of air, oxygen enriched air, and oxygen. 12. A method of producing syngas, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a cupola for containing a metal bath; operating an inductive element to react with the metal bath; and supplementing said step of operating an inductive element by the further step of operating a plasma torch. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein said step of operating a plasma torch is performed to operate on the metal bath selectably directly and indirectly. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein there is further provided the step of supplementing said step of operating an inductive element by the further step of adding chemical heat. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein there is further provided the step of supplementing said step of operating an inductive element by the further step of injecting steam to enhance the production of syngas. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein there is further provided the step of supplementing said step of operating an inductive element by the further step of injecting a selectable one of air, oxygen enriched air, and oxygen. 17. A method of producing syngas, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a cupola for containing a metal bath; operating an inductive element to react with the metal bath; and supplementing said step of operating an inductive element by the further step of propagating a selectable one of plasma and electricity into the metal bath to supplement heating of the cupola by said step of operating an inductive element. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein there is provided the further step of supplementing said step of operating an inductive element by the further step of operating a plasma torch. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said step of operating a plasma torch is performed to operate on the metal bath selectably directly and indirectly. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein there is provided the further step of supplementing said step of operating an inductive element by the further step of injecting steam to enhance the production of syngas. 21. The method of claim 17, wherein there is provided the further step of supplementing said step of operating an inductive element by the further step of injecting a selectable one of air, oxygen enriched air, and oxygen. 22. The method of claim 17, wherein there is provided the further step of supplementing said step of operating an inductive element by the further step of conducting electrical energy via a conductive rod formed of a selectable one of graphite and carbon into the metal bath. | A method of generating syngas as a primary product from renewable feedstock, fossil fuels, or hazardous waste with the use of a cupola. The cupola operates selectably on inductive heat alone, chemically assisted heat, or plasma assisted heat. Additionally, the operation of the cupola is augmented by the use of direct acting carbon or graphite rods that carry electrical current for additional heat generation into the metal bath that is influenced by the inductive element. The method includes the steps of providing a cupola for containing a metal bath; and operating an inductive element to react with the metal bath. Feedstock in the form of a combination of fossil fuel, a hazardous waste, and a hazardous material is supplied to the cupola. A plasma torch operates on the metal bath selectably directly and indirectly. Steam, air, oxygen enriched air, and oxygen are supplied in selectable combinations.1. A method of producing syngas, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a cupola for containing a metal bath; and operating an inductive element to react with the metal bath. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein there is provided the further step of delivering a feedstock to the cupola. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the feedstock is a fossil fuel. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the feedstock is a hazardous waste. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the feedstock is a combination of any organic compound, fossil fuel, and hazardous material. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein there is provided the further step of supplementing said step of operating an inductive element by the further step of operating a plasma torch. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein said step of operating a plasma torch is performed to operate on the metal bath selectably directly and indirectly. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein a plasma torch is arranged in a downdraft arrangement to work in series with the inductive furnace. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the plasma torch in a downdraft arrangement can be placed at an angle that is other than vertical. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein there is provided the further step of supplementing said step of operating an inductive element by the further step of injecting steam to enhance the production of syngas. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein there is provided the further step of supplementing said step of operating an inductive element by the further step of injecting a selectable one of air, oxygen enriched air, and oxygen. 12. A method of producing syngas, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a cupola for containing a metal bath; operating an inductive element to react with the metal bath; and supplementing said step of operating an inductive element by the further step of operating a plasma torch. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein said step of operating a plasma torch is performed to operate on the metal bath selectably directly and indirectly. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein there is further provided the step of supplementing said step of operating an inductive element by the further step of adding chemical heat. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein there is further provided the step of supplementing said step of operating an inductive element by the further step of injecting steam to enhance the production of syngas. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein there is further provided the step of supplementing said step of operating an inductive element by the further step of injecting a selectable one of air, oxygen enriched air, and oxygen. 17. A method of producing syngas, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a cupola for containing a metal bath; operating an inductive element to react with the metal bath; and supplementing said step of operating an inductive element by the further step of propagating a selectable one of plasma and electricity into the metal bath to supplement heating of the cupola by said step of operating an inductive element. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein there is provided the further step of supplementing said step of operating an inductive element by the further step of operating a plasma torch. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said step of operating a plasma torch is performed to operate on the metal bath selectably directly and indirectly. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein there is provided the further step of supplementing said step of operating an inductive element by the further step of injecting steam to enhance the production of syngas. 21. The method of claim 17, wherein there is provided the further step of supplementing said step of operating an inductive element by the further step of injecting a selectable one of air, oxygen enriched air, and oxygen. 22. The method of claim 17, wherein there is provided the further step of supplementing said step of operating an inductive element by the further step of conducting electrical energy via a conductive rod formed of a selectable one of graphite and carbon into the metal bath. | 1,700 |
3,132 | 14,936,751 | 1,795 | An electrochemical machining apparatus is modular and includes a power module, an electrolyte processing module, an actuator module, and a control module that are connected with one another via a connection apparatus. The components are modular and are mounted on separate supports, many of which additionally include caster, and the connection apparatus is in the form of a removable umbilical. The modules can be individually moved to a location within a facility where a component is installed, and the modules can be interconnected to form the modular electrochemical machining apparatus at the location of the installed component. The apparatus can then perform an electrochemical machining operation in situ on the installed component. | 1. A modular electrochemical machining apparatus structured to be moved to a location within a facility where a component is installed and to perform an electrochemical machining operation on the component, the modular electrochemical machining apparatus comprising:
a power module comprising a power supply and a first support, the power supply being situated on the first support; an electrolyte apparatus comprising an electrolyte processing module, the electrolyte processing module comprising a fluid circulation system structured to carry and circulate a quantity of electrolyte material and a second support, at least a portion of the fluid circulation system being situated on the second support, the second support being separate from the first support; a drive apparatus comprising an actuator module, the actuator module comprising an actuator and a third support, the third support being separate from the first support and the second support and being structured to be affixed to at least one of the component and another structure of the facility that is situated in proximity to the component, the actuator comprising a movable portion that is movable with respect to the third support between a first position with respect to the component and a second position with respect to the component as a part of the electrochemical machining operation; a control apparatus in operative communication with the actuator; and a connection apparatus structured to connect together the power module, the electrolyte apparatus, and the drive apparatus. 2. The modular electrochemical machining apparatus of claim 1 wherein the drive apparatus further comprises an electrochemical machining electrode that is affixable to the movable portion and that is structured to moved thereby between the first and second positions, the electrochemical machining electrode being structured to be electrically connected with the power supply and being further structured to be in fluid communication with the electrolyte processing module. 3. The modular electrochemical machining apparatus of claim 2 wherein the drive apparatus further comprises a plurality of electrochemical machining electrodes that include the electrochemical machining electrode that each include an integral actuator and that are interchangeably affixable to the drive apparatus. 4. The modular electrochemical machining apparatus of claim 2 wherein the connection apparatus comprises an electrical connection that includes at least a first electrical connector, the at least first electrical connector being disconnectably connected with one of the drive apparatus and the power supply to electrically connect together the electrochemical machining electrode and the power supply. 5. The modular electrochemical machining apparatus of claim 4 wherein the connection apparatus further comprises a fluid connection that includes at least a first fluid connector, the at least first fluid connector being disconnectably connected with one of the electrolyte apparatus and the drive apparatus to connect together in fluid communication the fluid circulation system and the electrochemical machining electrode. 6. The modular electrochemical machining apparatus of claim 5 wherein the electrolyte apparatus further comprises an electrolyte collector that is structured to collect at least a portion of a flow of the electrolyte after is has been in physical contact with the component, the electrolyte collector being connectable in fluid communication with the fluid connection. 7. The modular electrochemical machining apparatus of claim 3 wherein the actuator is electrically connected with the electrical connection to disconnectably electrically connect together the actuator and the power supply 8. The modular electrochemical machining apparatus of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte apparatus further comprises an electrolyte collector that is structured to collect at least a portion of a flow of the electrolyte after it has been in physical contact with the component, electrolyte collector being connectable in fluid communication with the fluid circulation system. 9. The modular electrochemical machining apparatus of claim 1 wherein the control apparatus comprises:
a processor apparatus comprising a processor and a storage;
an input apparatus structured to provide input signals to the processor apparatus;
an output apparatus structured to receive output signals from the processor apparatus;
the storage having a number of routines stored therein, the routines being executable on the processor and being structured to cause the actuator to move the movable portions between the first and second positions;
a user interface comprising at least a portion of the input apparatus and at least a portion of the output apparatus, the least portion of the input apparatus being structured to provide a number of input signals to the processor apparatus responsive to a number of user inputs, the least portion of the output apparatus being structured to provide at least one of a number of visual outputs and a number of audible outputs responsive to receiving a number of output signals from the processor apparatus;
a first transceiver electrically connected with at least the drive apparatus;
a second transceiver electrically connected with the user interface; and
the first and second transceivers being structured to be in communication with one another. | An electrochemical machining apparatus is modular and includes a power module, an electrolyte processing module, an actuator module, and a control module that are connected with one another via a connection apparatus. The components are modular and are mounted on separate supports, many of which additionally include caster, and the connection apparatus is in the form of a removable umbilical. The modules can be individually moved to a location within a facility where a component is installed, and the modules can be interconnected to form the modular electrochemical machining apparatus at the location of the installed component. The apparatus can then perform an electrochemical machining operation in situ on the installed component.1. A modular electrochemical machining apparatus structured to be moved to a location within a facility where a component is installed and to perform an electrochemical machining operation on the component, the modular electrochemical machining apparatus comprising:
a power module comprising a power supply and a first support, the power supply being situated on the first support; an electrolyte apparatus comprising an electrolyte processing module, the electrolyte processing module comprising a fluid circulation system structured to carry and circulate a quantity of electrolyte material and a second support, at least a portion of the fluid circulation system being situated on the second support, the second support being separate from the first support; a drive apparatus comprising an actuator module, the actuator module comprising an actuator and a third support, the third support being separate from the first support and the second support and being structured to be affixed to at least one of the component and another structure of the facility that is situated in proximity to the component, the actuator comprising a movable portion that is movable with respect to the third support between a first position with respect to the component and a second position with respect to the component as a part of the electrochemical machining operation; a control apparatus in operative communication with the actuator; and a connection apparatus structured to connect together the power module, the electrolyte apparatus, and the drive apparatus. 2. The modular electrochemical machining apparatus of claim 1 wherein the drive apparatus further comprises an electrochemical machining electrode that is affixable to the movable portion and that is structured to moved thereby between the first and second positions, the electrochemical machining electrode being structured to be electrically connected with the power supply and being further structured to be in fluid communication with the electrolyte processing module. 3. The modular electrochemical machining apparatus of claim 2 wherein the drive apparatus further comprises a plurality of electrochemical machining electrodes that include the electrochemical machining electrode that each include an integral actuator and that are interchangeably affixable to the drive apparatus. 4. The modular electrochemical machining apparatus of claim 2 wherein the connection apparatus comprises an electrical connection that includes at least a first electrical connector, the at least first electrical connector being disconnectably connected with one of the drive apparatus and the power supply to electrically connect together the electrochemical machining electrode and the power supply. 5. The modular electrochemical machining apparatus of claim 4 wherein the connection apparatus further comprises a fluid connection that includes at least a first fluid connector, the at least first fluid connector being disconnectably connected with one of the electrolyte apparatus and the drive apparatus to connect together in fluid communication the fluid circulation system and the electrochemical machining electrode. 6. The modular electrochemical machining apparatus of claim 5 wherein the electrolyte apparatus further comprises an electrolyte collector that is structured to collect at least a portion of a flow of the electrolyte after is has been in physical contact with the component, the electrolyte collector being connectable in fluid communication with the fluid connection. 7. The modular electrochemical machining apparatus of claim 3 wherein the actuator is electrically connected with the electrical connection to disconnectably electrically connect together the actuator and the power supply 8. The modular electrochemical machining apparatus of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte apparatus further comprises an electrolyte collector that is structured to collect at least a portion of a flow of the electrolyte after it has been in physical contact with the component, electrolyte collector being connectable in fluid communication with the fluid circulation system. 9. The modular electrochemical machining apparatus of claim 1 wherein the control apparatus comprises:
a processor apparatus comprising a processor and a storage;
an input apparatus structured to provide input signals to the processor apparatus;
an output apparatus structured to receive output signals from the processor apparatus;
the storage having a number of routines stored therein, the routines being executable on the processor and being structured to cause the actuator to move the movable portions between the first and second positions;
a user interface comprising at least a portion of the input apparatus and at least a portion of the output apparatus, the least portion of the input apparatus being structured to provide a number of input signals to the processor apparatus responsive to a number of user inputs, the least portion of the output apparatus being structured to provide at least one of a number of visual outputs and a number of audible outputs responsive to receiving a number of output signals from the processor apparatus;
a first transceiver electrically connected with at least the drive apparatus;
a second transceiver electrically connected with the user interface; and
the first and second transceivers being structured to be in communication with one another. | 1,700 |
3,133 | 14,186,081 | 1,795 | Cyanide-free acidic silver electroplating compositions include one or more acids or salts of tellurium and may be used to electroplate matte silver deposits on metals, such as nickel, copper or copper alloys. Matte silver metal may be electroplated at conventional plating rates or at high plating rates, such as in reel-to-reel and jet plating. The cyanide-free acidic silver electroplating compositions may be used to electroplate matte silver in the manufacture of electronic components such as electrical connectors, finishing layers for metallic substrates, optical devices and decorative applications. | 1. An acidic silver electroplating composition consisting of one or more sources of silver ions, one or more acids, one or more sources of tellurium, one or more optional compounds chosen from suppressors, surfactants and grain refiners, one or more compounds having a formula:
HO—R—S—R′—S—R″—OH (I)
wherein R, R′ and R″ are the same or different and are linear or branched alkylene radicals having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; and one or more compounds having a formula:
wherein M is hydrogen, NH4, sodium or potassium and R1 is substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched (C2-C20)alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted (C6-C10)aryl; the acidic silver electroplating composition is substantially free of cyanide. 2. The acidic silver electroplating composition of claim 1, wherein a ratio of a concentration of the one or more compounds of formula (II) to a concentration of the one or more compounds of formula (I) is 0.5:1 to 2:1. 3. The acidic silver electroplating composition of claim 1, wherein a molar ratio of the one or more compounds of formula (II) to a molar ratio of silver ions is 0.5:1 to 2:1. 4. The acidic silver electroplating composition of claim 1, wherein R, R′ and R″ are the same or different and are linear or branched alkylene radicals having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. 5. The acidic silver electroplating composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more sources of tellurium are in amounts of 50 mg/L to 2 g/L. 6. The acidic silver electroplating composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more sources of tellurium are chosen from telluric acid, tellurous acid, organotellurium compounds and tellurium dioxide. 7. The acidic silver electroplating composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more acids are chosen from arylsulfonic acids, alkanesulfonic acids, sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid and hydrofluoric acid. 8. A method of electroplating silver comprising:
a) contacting a substrate with a silver electroplating bath consisting of one or more sources of silver ions, one or more acids, one or more sources of tellurium, one or more optional compounds chosen from suppressors, surfactants and grain refiners, one or more compounds having a formula:
HO—R—S—R′—S—R″—OH (I)
wherein R, R′ and R″ are the same or different and are linear or branched alkylene radicals having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; and one or more compounds having a formula:
wherein M is hydrogen, NH4, sodium or potassium and R1 is substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched (C2-C20)alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted (C6-C10)aryl; the silver electroplating composition is substantially free of cyanide and
b) electroplating matte silver on the substrate. 9. The method of electroplating silver of claim 8, wherein a current density is from 0.05 A/dm2 or higher. 10. The method of electroplating silver of claim 9, wherein the current density is from 1 A/dm2 to 25 A/dm2. | Cyanide-free acidic silver electroplating compositions include one or more acids or salts of tellurium and may be used to electroplate matte silver deposits on metals, such as nickel, copper or copper alloys. Matte silver metal may be electroplated at conventional plating rates or at high plating rates, such as in reel-to-reel and jet plating. The cyanide-free acidic silver electroplating compositions may be used to electroplate matte silver in the manufacture of electronic components such as electrical connectors, finishing layers for metallic substrates, optical devices and decorative applications.1. An acidic silver electroplating composition consisting of one or more sources of silver ions, one or more acids, one or more sources of tellurium, one or more optional compounds chosen from suppressors, surfactants and grain refiners, one or more compounds having a formula:
HO—R—S—R′—S—R″—OH (I)
wherein R, R′ and R″ are the same or different and are linear or branched alkylene radicals having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; and one or more compounds having a formula:
wherein M is hydrogen, NH4, sodium or potassium and R1 is substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched (C2-C20)alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted (C6-C10)aryl; the acidic silver electroplating composition is substantially free of cyanide. 2. The acidic silver electroplating composition of claim 1, wherein a ratio of a concentration of the one or more compounds of formula (II) to a concentration of the one or more compounds of formula (I) is 0.5:1 to 2:1. 3. The acidic silver electroplating composition of claim 1, wherein a molar ratio of the one or more compounds of formula (II) to a molar ratio of silver ions is 0.5:1 to 2:1. 4. The acidic silver electroplating composition of claim 1, wherein R, R′ and R″ are the same or different and are linear or branched alkylene radicals having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. 5. The acidic silver electroplating composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more sources of tellurium are in amounts of 50 mg/L to 2 g/L. 6. The acidic silver electroplating composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more sources of tellurium are chosen from telluric acid, tellurous acid, organotellurium compounds and tellurium dioxide. 7. The acidic silver electroplating composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more acids are chosen from arylsulfonic acids, alkanesulfonic acids, sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid and hydrofluoric acid. 8. A method of electroplating silver comprising:
a) contacting a substrate with a silver electroplating bath consisting of one or more sources of silver ions, one or more acids, one or more sources of tellurium, one or more optional compounds chosen from suppressors, surfactants and grain refiners, one or more compounds having a formula:
HO—R—S—R′—S—R″—OH (I)
wherein R, R′ and R″ are the same or different and are linear or branched alkylene radicals having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; and one or more compounds having a formula:
wherein M is hydrogen, NH4, sodium or potassium and R1 is substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched (C2-C20)alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted (C6-C10)aryl; the silver electroplating composition is substantially free of cyanide and
b) electroplating matte silver on the substrate. 9. The method of electroplating silver of claim 8, wherein a current density is from 0.05 A/dm2 or higher. 10. The method of electroplating silver of claim 9, wherein the current density is from 1 A/dm2 to 25 A/dm2. | 1,700 |
3,134 | 14,950,680 | 1,749 | A pneumatic tire includes a carcass reinforced by a carcass ply extending from a first bead to a second bead and a belt structure including a first portion and a second portion. The belt structure is disposed radially outward of the carcass ply in a crown portion of the pneumatic tire. The first portion includes a belt with a belt width extending axially from a first shoulder portion of the crown portion to a second shoulder portion of the crown portion. The second portion includes a plurality of bands with band widths less than the belt width. One of the bands has a first group of cords oriented in a first direction relative to a centerline of the pneumatic tire and a second group of cords oriented in a second direction relative to the centerline of the pneumatic tire. | 1. A pneumatic tire comprising:
a carcass reinforced by a carcass ply extending from a first bead to a second bead; and a belt structure including a first portion and a second portion, the belt structure being disposed radially outward of the carcass ply in a crown portion of the pneumatic tire, the first portion comprising a belt with a belt width extending axially from a first shoulder portion of the crown portion to a second shoulder portion of the crown portion, the second portion comprising a plurality of bands with band widths less than the belt width, one of the bands having a first group of cords oriented in a first direction relative to a centerline of the pneumatic tire and a second group of cords oriented in a second direction relative to the centerline of the pneumatic tire. 2. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the first group of cords has a linear density value in the range between 1000 dtex to 4000 dtex. 3. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 2 wherein the first group of cords has a structure of one single polyamide/nylon core yarn and only two aramid wrap yarns. 4. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 3 wherein the first group of cords has an end count of cord ends per inch in the range between 15-32. 5. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 4 wherein the second group of cords has a linear density value in the range between 1000 dtex to 2000 dtex. 6. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 4 wherein the second group of cords has a linear density value in the range between 3000 dtex to 4000 dtex. 7. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 6 wherein the second group of cords has a structure of one single polyamide/nylon core yarn and only two aramid wrap yarns. 8. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 7 wherein the second group of cords has an end count of cord ends per inch in the range between 15-32. 9. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the belt structure includes rubberized yarns oriented in several directions. 10. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the belt structure includes rubberized yarns oriented in several directions. 11. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the belt structure includes both rubberized yarns and rubberized cords oriented in several directions. 12. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein a single band of the belt structure includes rubberized yarns oriented in several directions. 13. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein a single band of the belt structure includes rubberized yarns oriented in several directions. 14. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein a single band of the belt structure includes both rubberized yarns and rubberized cords oriented in several directions. 15. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the belt structure is entirely constructed single continuous band. 16. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the first group of cords is interlaced with the second group of cords. 17. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the first group of cords is radially spaced apart from the second group of cords. 18. A method for designing a pneumatic tire comprising:
replacing a first belt and a second belt with a single third belt, the third belt comprising a first portion and an integral separate second portion, the first portion comprising a belt with a belt width extending axially from a first shoulder portion of the crown portion to a second shoulder portion of the crown portion, the second portion comprising a plurality of bands with band widths less than the belt width, one of the bands having a first group of cords oriented in a first direction relative to a centerline of the pneumatic tire and a second group of cords oriented in a second direction relative to the centerline of the pneumatic tire. 19. The method as set forth in claim 18 further including the step of manufacturing the third belt as an integral structure from a continuous circular band. 20. The method as set forth in claim 19 further including the step of interlacing the first group of cords and the second group of cords. | A pneumatic tire includes a carcass reinforced by a carcass ply extending from a first bead to a second bead and a belt structure including a first portion and a second portion. The belt structure is disposed radially outward of the carcass ply in a crown portion of the pneumatic tire. The first portion includes a belt with a belt width extending axially from a first shoulder portion of the crown portion to a second shoulder portion of the crown portion. The second portion includes a plurality of bands with band widths less than the belt width. One of the bands has a first group of cords oriented in a first direction relative to a centerline of the pneumatic tire and a second group of cords oriented in a second direction relative to the centerline of the pneumatic tire.1. A pneumatic tire comprising:
a carcass reinforced by a carcass ply extending from a first bead to a second bead; and a belt structure including a first portion and a second portion, the belt structure being disposed radially outward of the carcass ply in a crown portion of the pneumatic tire, the first portion comprising a belt with a belt width extending axially from a first shoulder portion of the crown portion to a second shoulder portion of the crown portion, the second portion comprising a plurality of bands with band widths less than the belt width, one of the bands having a first group of cords oriented in a first direction relative to a centerline of the pneumatic tire and a second group of cords oriented in a second direction relative to the centerline of the pneumatic tire. 2. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the first group of cords has a linear density value in the range between 1000 dtex to 4000 dtex. 3. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 2 wherein the first group of cords has a structure of one single polyamide/nylon core yarn and only two aramid wrap yarns. 4. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 3 wherein the first group of cords has an end count of cord ends per inch in the range between 15-32. 5. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 4 wherein the second group of cords has a linear density value in the range between 1000 dtex to 2000 dtex. 6. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 4 wherein the second group of cords has a linear density value in the range between 3000 dtex to 4000 dtex. 7. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 6 wherein the second group of cords has a structure of one single polyamide/nylon core yarn and only two aramid wrap yarns. 8. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 7 wherein the second group of cords has an end count of cord ends per inch in the range between 15-32. 9. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the belt structure includes rubberized yarns oriented in several directions. 10. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the belt structure includes rubberized yarns oriented in several directions. 11. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the belt structure includes both rubberized yarns and rubberized cords oriented in several directions. 12. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein a single band of the belt structure includes rubberized yarns oriented in several directions. 13. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein a single band of the belt structure includes rubberized yarns oriented in several directions. 14. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein a single band of the belt structure includes both rubberized yarns and rubberized cords oriented in several directions. 15. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the belt structure is entirely constructed single continuous band. 16. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the first group of cords is interlaced with the second group of cords. 17. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the first group of cords is radially spaced apart from the second group of cords. 18. A method for designing a pneumatic tire comprising:
replacing a first belt and a second belt with a single third belt, the third belt comprising a first portion and an integral separate second portion, the first portion comprising a belt with a belt width extending axially from a first shoulder portion of the crown portion to a second shoulder portion of the crown portion, the second portion comprising a plurality of bands with band widths less than the belt width, one of the bands having a first group of cords oriented in a first direction relative to a centerline of the pneumatic tire and a second group of cords oriented in a second direction relative to the centerline of the pneumatic tire. 19. The method as set forth in claim 18 further including the step of manufacturing the third belt as an integral structure from a continuous circular band. 20. The method as set forth in claim 19 further including the step of interlacing the first group of cords and the second group of cords. | 1,700 |
3,135 | 14,174,327 | 1,729 | The present invention provides one with a high cycle life Ni—Fe battery. The battery uses a particular electrolyte. The resulting characteristics of cycle life, as well as power and charge retention, are much improved over conventional Ni—Fe batteries. | 1. A battery comprising a nickel cathode, an iron anode with the battery exhibiting a cycle life of at least about 10,000 cycles. 2. The battery of claim 1, further comprising an electrolyte comprised of sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide and a sulfide. 3. The battery of claim 1, further comprising a polyolefin battery separator. 4. The battery of claim 1, which is a sealed battery. 5. The battery of claim 1, wherein the iron anode is comprised of a single layer of a conductive substrate coated on at least one side with a coating comprising an iron active material and a binder. 6. The battery of claim 5, wherein the substrate is coated on both sides. 7. The battery of claim 1, further exhibiting a specific energy of at least about 105 watt hours/kg. 8. The battery of claim 1, further exhibiting an energy density of at least about 183 watt hours/liter. 9. The battery of claim 1, further exhibiting a specific power of at least about 2100 watts/kg. 10. The battery of claim 1, further exhibiting a power density of at least about 3660 watts/liter. 11. The battery of claim 1, further exhibiting a watt hour efficiency of at least about 95%. 12. The battery of claim 1, further exhibiting a charge retention, measured as capacity at 28 days 20° C., of at least about 95%. 13. The battery of claim 1, exhibiting
a specific power of at least about 2100 watts/kg; and a power density of at least about 3660 watts/liter. 14. The battery of claim 13, exhibiting
a specific energy of at least about 105 watt hours/kg; an energy density of at least about 183 watt hours/liter; a watt hour efficiency of at least about 95%; and a charge retention of at least about 95%. 15. The battery of claim 2, exhibiting
a specific power of at least about 2100 watts/kg; and a power density of at least about 3660 watts/liter. 16. The battery of claim 15, exhibiting
a specific energy of at least about 105 watt hours/kg; an energy density of at least about 183 watt hours/liter; a watt hour efficiency of at least about 95%; and a charge retention of at least about 95%. | The present invention provides one with a high cycle life Ni—Fe battery. The battery uses a particular electrolyte. The resulting characteristics of cycle life, as well as power and charge retention, are much improved over conventional Ni—Fe batteries.1. A battery comprising a nickel cathode, an iron anode with the battery exhibiting a cycle life of at least about 10,000 cycles. 2. The battery of claim 1, further comprising an electrolyte comprised of sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide and a sulfide. 3. The battery of claim 1, further comprising a polyolefin battery separator. 4. The battery of claim 1, which is a sealed battery. 5. The battery of claim 1, wherein the iron anode is comprised of a single layer of a conductive substrate coated on at least one side with a coating comprising an iron active material and a binder. 6. The battery of claim 5, wherein the substrate is coated on both sides. 7. The battery of claim 1, further exhibiting a specific energy of at least about 105 watt hours/kg. 8. The battery of claim 1, further exhibiting an energy density of at least about 183 watt hours/liter. 9. The battery of claim 1, further exhibiting a specific power of at least about 2100 watts/kg. 10. The battery of claim 1, further exhibiting a power density of at least about 3660 watts/liter. 11. The battery of claim 1, further exhibiting a watt hour efficiency of at least about 95%. 12. The battery of claim 1, further exhibiting a charge retention, measured as capacity at 28 days 20° C., of at least about 95%. 13. The battery of claim 1, exhibiting
a specific power of at least about 2100 watts/kg; and a power density of at least about 3660 watts/liter. 14. The battery of claim 13, exhibiting
a specific energy of at least about 105 watt hours/kg; an energy density of at least about 183 watt hours/liter; a watt hour efficiency of at least about 95%; and a charge retention of at least about 95%. 15. The battery of claim 2, exhibiting
a specific power of at least about 2100 watts/kg; and a power density of at least about 3660 watts/liter. 16. The battery of claim 15, exhibiting
a specific energy of at least about 105 watt hours/kg; an energy density of at least about 183 watt hours/liter; a watt hour efficiency of at least about 95%; and a charge retention of at least about 95%. | 1,700 |
3,136 | 14,174,027 | 1,729 | Providing is a battery comprising an iron anode, a nickel cathode, and an electrolyte comprised of sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide and a soluble metal sulfide. In one embodiment the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the electrolyte ranges from 6.0 M to 7.5 M, the amount of lithium hydroxide present in the electrolyte ranges from 0.5 to 2.0 M, and the amount of metal sulfide present in the electrolyte ranges from 1-2% by weight. | 1. A battery comprising an iron anode, a nickel cathode, and an electrolyte comprised of sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide and a soluble metal sulfide. 2. The battery of claim 1, wherein the metal sulfide is an alkali metal sulfide. 3. The battery of claim 2, wherein the metal sulfide is sodium sulfide. 4. The battery of claim 1, wherein the iron anode contains sulfur or sulfur compounds. 5. The battery of claim 1, wherein the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the electrolyte is in the range of from 6.0 M to 7.5 M. 6. The battery of claim 1, wherein the amount of lithium hydroxide in the electrolyte is in the range of from 0.5 to 2.0 M. 7. The battery of claim 1, wherein the amount of metal sulfide in the electrolyte is in the range of from 1-2% by weight. 8. The battery of claim 1, wherein the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the electrolyte ranges from 6.0 M to 7.5 M, the amount of lithium hydroxide present in the electrolyte ranges from 0.5 to 2.0 M, and the amount of metal sulfide present in the electrolyte ranges from 1-2% by weight. 9. The battery of claim 8, wherein the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the electrolyte ranges from 6.0 M to 7.0 M, the amount of lithium hydroxide present in the electrolyte ranges from 0.5 to 1.5 M, and the amount of metal sulfide present in the electrolyte ranges from 0.5 to 1.5 wt %. 10. The battery of claim 8, wherein the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the electrolyte is about 6.0 M, the amount of lithium hydroxide in the electrolyte is about 1 M, and the amount of metal sulfide in the electrolyte is about 1% by weight. 11. The battery of claim 1, wherein the iron electrode is affixed to a two dimensional conductive substrate. 12. The battery of claim 11, wherein the conductive substrate is a perforated strip or expanded metal. 13. The battery of claim 1, wherein the iron electrode comprises a three dimensional conductive substrate. 14. The battery of claim 13, wherein the conductive substrate is a metal foam, metal felt, or metal foil. 15. The battery of claim 14, wherein the foil is a perforated foil in which the perforation result in burrs that protrude above and below the surface of the foil. 16. The battery of claim 14, wherein the foil has metallic nickel or iron particles sintered onto the surface of the foil. 17. The battery of claim 1, wherein the amount of sulfide contained in the electrolyte ranges from 0.23% to 0.75% by weight of the electrolyte. 18. The battery of claim 7, wherein the amount of sulfide contained in the electrolyte ranges from 0.23% to 0.75% by weight of the electrolyte. | Providing is a battery comprising an iron anode, a nickel cathode, and an electrolyte comprised of sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide and a soluble metal sulfide. In one embodiment the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the electrolyte ranges from 6.0 M to 7.5 M, the amount of lithium hydroxide present in the electrolyte ranges from 0.5 to 2.0 M, and the amount of metal sulfide present in the electrolyte ranges from 1-2% by weight.1. A battery comprising an iron anode, a nickel cathode, and an electrolyte comprised of sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide and a soluble metal sulfide. 2. The battery of claim 1, wherein the metal sulfide is an alkali metal sulfide. 3. The battery of claim 2, wherein the metal sulfide is sodium sulfide. 4. The battery of claim 1, wherein the iron anode contains sulfur or sulfur compounds. 5. The battery of claim 1, wherein the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the electrolyte is in the range of from 6.0 M to 7.5 M. 6. The battery of claim 1, wherein the amount of lithium hydroxide in the electrolyte is in the range of from 0.5 to 2.0 M. 7. The battery of claim 1, wherein the amount of metal sulfide in the electrolyte is in the range of from 1-2% by weight. 8. The battery of claim 1, wherein the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the electrolyte ranges from 6.0 M to 7.5 M, the amount of lithium hydroxide present in the electrolyte ranges from 0.5 to 2.0 M, and the amount of metal sulfide present in the electrolyte ranges from 1-2% by weight. 9. The battery of claim 8, wherein the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the electrolyte ranges from 6.0 M to 7.0 M, the amount of lithium hydroxide present in the electrolyte ranges from 0.5 to 1.5 M, and the amount of metal sulfide present in the electrolyte ranges from 0.5 to 1.5 wt %. 10. The battery of claim 8, wherein the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the electrolyte is about 6.0 M, the amount of lithium hydroxide in the electrolyte is about 1 M, and the amount of metal sulfide in the electrolyte is about 1% by weight. 11. The battery of claim 1, wherein the iron electrode is affixed to a two dimensional conductive substrate. 12. The battery of claim 11, wherein the conductive substrate is a perforated strip or expanded metal. 13. The battery of claim 1, wherein the iron electrode comprises a three dimensional conductive substrate. 14. The battery of claim 13, wherein the conductive substrate is a metal foam, metal felt, or metal foil. 15. The battery of claim 14, wherein the foil is a perforated foil in which the perforation result in burrs that protrude above and below the surface of the foil. 16. The battery of claim 14, wherein the foil has metallic nickel or iron particles sintered onto the surface of the foil. 17. The battery of claim 1, wherein the amount of sulfide contained in the electrolyte ranges from 0.23% to 0.75% by weight of the electrolyte. 18. The battery of claim 7, wherein the amount of sulfide contained in the electrolyte ranges from 0.23% to 0.75% by weight of the electrolyte. | 1,700 |
3,137 | 14,942,420 | 1,774 | A beverage container for a blender includes one or more vibrating mechanisms coupled to a bottom portion of the beverage container or integrated within one or more walls of the beverage container. After a beverage has been blended, the one or more vibrating mechanisms are activated as the beverage is being poured. Vibrations from the one or more vibrating mechanisms are mechanically transmitted to the beverage container, thereby promoting the pourability of the beverage from the beverage container, including dislodging ingredients in the beverage that became lodged or trapped in crevices of the beverage container during the prior blending process, and freeing up beverage ingredients that accumulated at the bottom of the beverage container during the prior blending process. | 1. A smoothie blender and smoothie pouring apparatus, comprising:
a blending pitcher including a removable blending pitcher lid and a pouring spout formed in a lip of the blending pitcher, said pouring spout configured to channel a thick, viscous smoothie, as the thick, viscous smoothie is being dispensed from the blending pitcher; a cutting blade configured to be disposed inside the blending pitcher during blending of the thick, viscous smoothie, said cutting blade operable to cut and crush ice, fruit, and other solid smoothie ingredients; a blender docking station including a blender motor that turns said cutting blade during blending of the thick, viscous smoothie; a blending pitcher attachment configured to dock and undock the blending pitcher to and from the blender docking station, said blending pitcher attachment configured to remain attached to the blending pitcher both when the blending pitcher is docked in the blender docking station and the thick, viscous smoothie is being prepared and when the blending pitcher is undocked from the blender docking station and the thick, viscous smoothie is being dispensed from the blending pitcher; and one or more vibrating mechanisms housed within or attached to the blending pitcher attachment configured to aggressively shake and vibrate the blending pitcher attachment and the blending pitcher when the blending pitcher attachment and blending pitcher are undocked from the blender docking station and a human pourer is dispensing the thick, viscous smoothie from the blending pitcher, wherein the one or more vibrating mechanisms has/have a physical constitution and vibrational capacity sufficient to generate and mechanically transmit vibrations to the blending pitcher that are of a magnitude necessary to dislodge and extricate accumulations of the thick, viscous smoothie that accumulated in a bottom of the blending pitcher during blending and compel the thick, viscous smoothie to pour from the blending pitcher. 2. The smoothie blender and smoothie pouring apparatus of claim 1, wherein the blending pitcher attachment further includes an aperture through which the blender motor in the blender docking station accesses and turns the cutting blade in the blending pitcher when the blending pitcher attachment and blending pitcher are docked to the blender docking station and the thick, viscous smoothie is being blended. 3. The smoothie blender and smoothie pouring apparatus of claim 1, wherein the blending pitcher attachment includes a collar that surrounds a bottom opening of the blending pitcher when the blending pitcher attachment is attached to the blending pitcher. 4. The smoothie blender and smoothie pouring apparatus of claim 3, wherein the blending pitcher attachment further includes an aperture through which the blender motor in the blender docking station accesses and turns the cutting blade in the blending pitcher when the blending pitcher attachment and blending pitcher are docked to the blender docking station and the thick, viscous smoothie is being blended. 5. The smoothie blender and smoothie pouring apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more vibrating mechanisms includes a moveable mass configured to impart vibrations to the blending pitcher attachment and blending pitcher when the human pourer is dispensing the thick, viscous smoothie from the blending pitcher. 6. The smoothie blender and smoothie pouring apparatus of claim 5, wherein the blending pitcher attachment includes a physical track along which the movable mass is configured to travel and oscillate. 7. The smoothie blender and smoothie pouring apparatus of claim 5, wherein the one or more vibrating mechanisms further comprises a motor and the moveable mass comprises a weight that is coupled to a shaft of the motor and offset from a longitudinal axis of a shaft of the motor. 8. The smoothie blender and smoothie pouring apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
a rechargeable power supply configured to supply electrical power to the one or more vibrating mechanisms when the human pourer is dispensing the thick, viscous smoothie from the blending pitcher; and electrical contacts electrically connected to the rechargeable power supply configured to electrically engage electrical contacts in the blender docking station when the blending pitcher is docked to the blender docking station. 9. An apparatus for compelling a thick, viscous blended smoothie to pour from a blending pitcher, comprising:
a blending pitcher accessory adapted to attach to a blending pitcher and configured to dock and undock the blending pitcher to and from a blender docking station, said blending pitcher accessory configured to remain attached to the blending pitcher both when the blending pitcher is docked to the blender docking station and when the blending pitcher is undocked from the blender docking station; an aperture formed through the blending pitcher accessory and through which a blender motor in the blender docking station accesses a cutting blade in the blending pitcher when the blending pitcher accessory is docking the blending pitcher to the blender docking station and a thick, viscous smoothie is being prepared; and a vibrating mechanism attached to or housed within the blending pitcher accessory configured to aggressively shake and vibrate the blending pitcher accessory and the blending pitcher when the blending pitcher accessory and blending pitcher are undocked from the blender docking station and a human pourer is dispensing a thick, viscous blended smoothie from the blending pitcher, wherein the vibrating mechanism has a physical constitution and vibrational capacity sufficient to generate and mechanically transmit vibrations to the blending pitcher accessory and the blending pitcher that are of a magnitude necessary to dislodge and extricate accumulations of the thick, viscous blended smoothie from a bottom of the blending pitcher and compel the thick, viscous blended smoothie to pour from the blending pitcher. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the blending pitcher accessory includes a collar that surrounds a bottom opening of the blending pitcher when the blending pitcher accessory is attached to the blending pitcher. 11. The apparatus of claim 9, further comprising a rechargeable power source attached to or housed within the blending pitcher accessory configured to supply electrical power to the vibrating mechanism when the blending pitcher accessory and blending pitcher are undocked from the blender docking station and a human pourer is dispensing the thick, viscous blended smoothie from the blending pitcher. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the blending pitcher accessory further includes electrical contacts that are electrically connected to the rechargeable power source and configured to electrically engage electrical contacts in the blender docking station when the blending pitcher is docked in the blender docking station. 13. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the vibrating mechanism comprises a moveable mass configured to impart vibrations to the blending pitcher attachment and the blending pitcher when the human pourer is dispensing the thick, viscous blended smoothie from the blending pitcher. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the blending pitcher accessory includes a physical track along which the movable mass is configured to travel and oscillate when the human pourer is dispensing the thick, viscous blended smoothie from the blending pitcher. 15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the vibrating mechanism comprises a motor and the moveable mass comprises a weight coupled to a shaft of the motor and offset from a longitudinal axis of a shaft of the motor. 16. A smoothie pouring apparatus, comprising
a blending pitcher that includes: a single, indivisible main body with a bottom through which an aperture is formed and a sidewall having an interior surface and an exterior surface and which extends from the bottom to form an enclosure within which a blended smoothie can be held and contained, a handle that is attached to the exterior surface of the sidewall of the main body, a blending pitcher lid that covers a top opening of the main body during blending of the smoothie, and a pouring spout that channels the blended smoothie as the blended smoothie is being dispensed from the blending pitcher; a vibrating mechanism interposed within a wall of the main body of the blending pitcher, said vibrating mechanism configured to aggressively vibrate and shake the blending pitcher when a human pourer is pouring the blended smoothie from the blending pitcher, wherein the vibrating mechanism has a physical constitution and vibrational capacity sufficient to generate and mechanically transmit vibrations to the blending pitcher that are of a magnitude necessary to dislodge and extricate accumulations of a thick, viscous blended smoothie from the bottom of the blending pitcher and compel the thick, viscous blended smoothie to pour from the blending pitcher. 17. The smoothie pouring apparatus of claim 16, further comprising a power supply interposed within or attached to a wall of the main body of the blending pitcher, said power supply configured to supply electrical power to the vibrating mechanism when the human pourer is pouring a smoothie from the blending pitcher. 18. The smoothie pouring apparatus of claim 17, wherein the power supply comprises a rechargeable power supply. 19. The smoothie pouring apparatus of claim 18, wherein the blending pitcher further includes electrical contacts in electrical contact with the rechargeable power supply configured to electrically engage electrical contacts in a blender base when the blending pitcher is docked to the blender base. 20. A method of preparing and pouring a semi-frozen beverage, comprising:
attaching a blending pitcher attachment to a blending pitcher, said blending pitcher attachment including a vibrating mechanism; adding ice and other beverage ingredients to the blending pitcher; docking the blending pitcher and the blending pitcher attachment to a blender docking station, said docking including guiding a shaft of a blender motor contained in the blender docking station through an aperture formed through a bottom of the blending pitcher attachment; mechanically coupling a cutting blade inside the blending pitcher to the shaft of the blender motor; blending the ice and other beverage ingredients that were added to the blending pitcher to form a blended semi-frozen beverage, said blending including cutting and crushing the ice using the cutting blade; undocking the blending pitcher from the blender docking station with the blending pitcher attachment remaining attached to the blending pitcher; after undocking the blending pitcher and attached blending pitcher attachment from the docking station, dispensing the blended semi-frozen beverage from the blending pitcher; and while dispensing the blended semi-frozen beverage from the blending pitcher, vibrating said blending pitcher using said vibrating mechanism to promote the pourability of the blended semi-frozen beverage. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the blended semi-frozen beverage comprises a thick, viscous blended smoothie and the vibrating mechanism of the blending pitcher attachment has a physical constitution and vibrational capacity sufficient to generate and mechanically transmit vibrations to the blending pitcher that are of a magnitude necessary to dislodge and extricate accumulations of the thick, viscous blended smoothie that accumulated in a bottom of the blending pitcher during blending and compel the thick, viscous smoothie to pour from the blending pitcher. 22. A method of preparing and pouring a thick, viscous smoothie, comprising:
adding ice and other smoothie ingredients to a blending pitcher; docking the blending pitcher to a blender docking station; mechanically coupling a cutting blade inside the blending pitcher to a shaft of a blender motor contained in the docking station; using the cutting blade and blender motor, cutting and crushing the ice and other smoothie ingredients to form a thick, viscous blended smoothie; undocking the blending pitcher from the blender docking station; after undocking the blending pitcher from the docking station, dispensing the thick, viscous blended smoothie from the blending pitcher; and while dispensing the thick, viscous blended smoothie, vibrating the blending pitcher at a vibrational magnitude necessary to dislodge and extricate accumulations of the thick, viscous blended smoothie that accumulated in a bottom of the blending pitcher during blending and compel the thick, viscous blended smoothie to pour from the blending pitcher, wherein dispensing the thick, viscous blended smoothie from the blending pitcher is performed by a human pourer, and wherein vibrating the blending pitcher is performed by a blending pitcher attachment adapted to attach to the blending pitcher, said blending pitcher attachment including a vibrating mechanism that mechanically transmits vibrations to the bottom of the blending pitcher as the human pourer is dispensing the thick, viscous blended smoothie from the blending pitcher. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the blending pitcher attachment is further configured to dock the blending pitcher to the blender docking station. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the blending pitcher attachment includes a shaft aperture configured to receive the shaft of the blender motor, and docking the blending pitcher to the blender docking station includes guiding the shaft of the blender motor through the shaft aperture to engage the cutting blade inside the blending pitcher. 25. The method of claim 22, wherein the blending pitcher attachment is configured to remain attached to the blending pitcher both when the blending pitcher is docked to the blender docking station and when undocked from the blender docking station. 26. The method of claim 22, wherein the blending pitcher attachment includes a collar that surrounds a bottom opening of the blending pitcher when the blending pitcher attachment is attached to the blending pitcher. | A beverage container for a blender includes one or more vibrating mechanisms coupled to a bottom portion of the beverage container or integrated within one or more walls of the beverage container. After a beverage has been blended, the one or more vibrating mechanisms are activated as the beverage is being poured. Vibrations from the one or more vibrating mechanisms are mechanically transmitted to the beverage container, thereby promoting the pourability of the beverage from the beverage container, including dislodging ingredients in the beverage that became lodged or trapped in crevices of the beverage container during the prior blending process, and freeing up beverage ingredients that accumulated at the bottom of the beverage container during the prior blending process.1. A smoothie blender and smoothie pouring apparatus, comprising:
a blending pitcher including a removable blending pitcher lid and a pouring spout formed in a lip of the blending pitcher, said pouring spout configured to channel a thick, viscous smoothie, as the thick, viscous smoothie is being dispensed from the blending pitcher; a cutting blade configured to be disposed inside the blending pitcher during blending of the thick, viscous smoothie, said cutting blade operable to cut and crush ice, fruit, and other solid smoothie ingredients; a blender docking station including a blender motor that turns said cutting blade during blending of the thick, viscous smoothie; a blending pitcher attachment configured to dock and undock the blending pitcher to and from the blender docking station, said blending pitcher attachment configured to remain attached to the blending pitcher both when the blending pitcher is docked in the blender docking station and the thick, viscous smoothie is being prepared and when the blending pitcher is undocked from the blender docking station and the thick, viscous smoothie is being dispensed from the blending pitcher; and one or more vibrating mechanisms housed within or attached to the blending pitcher attachment configured to aggressively shake and vibrate the blending pitcher attachment and the blending pitcher when the blending pitcher attachment and blending pitcher are undocked from the blender docking station and a human pourer is dispensing the thick, viscous smoothie from the blending pitcher, wherein the one or more vibrating mechanisms has/have a physical constitution and vibrational capacity sufficient to generate and mechanically transmit vibrations to the blending pitcher that are of a magnitude necessary to dislodge and extricate accumulations of the thick, viscous smoothie that accumulated in a bottom of the blending pitcher during blending and compel the thick, viscous smoothie to pour from the blending pitcher. 2. The smoothie blender and smoothie pouring apparatus of claim 1, wherein the blending pitcher attachment further includes an aperture through which the blender motor in the blender docking station accesses and turns the cutting blade in the blending pitcher when the blending pitcher attachment and blending pitcher are docked to the blender docking station and the thick, viscous smoothie is being blended. 3. The smoothie blender and smoothie pouring apparatus of claim 1, wherein the blending pitcher attachment includes a collar that surrounds a bottom opening of the blending pitcher when the blending pitcher attachment is attached to the blending pitcher. 4. The smoothie blender and smoothie pouring apparatus of claim 3, wherein the blending pitcher attachment further includes an aperture through which the blender motor in the blender docking station accesses and turns the cutting blade in the blending pitcher when the blending pitcher attachment and blending pitcher are docked to the blender docking station and the thick, viscous smoothie is being blended. 5. The smoothie blender and smoothie pouring apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more vibrating mechanisms includes a moveable mass configured to impart vibrations to the blending pitcher attachment and blending pitcher when the human pourer is dispensing the thick, viscous smoothie from the blending pitcher. 6. The smoothie blender and smoothie pouring apparatus of claim 5, wherein the blending pitcher attachment includes a physical track along which the movable mass is configured to travel and oscillate. 7. The smoothie blender and smoothie pouring apparatus of claim 5, wherein the one or more vibrating mechanisms further comprises a motor and the moveable mass comprises a weight that is coupled to a shaft of the motor and offset from a longitudinal axis of a shaft of the motor. 8. The smoothie blender and smoothie pouring apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
a rechargeable power supply configured to supply electrical power to the one or more vibrating mechanisms when the human pourer is dispensing the thick, viscous smoothie from the blending pitcher; and electrical contacts electrically connected to the rechargeable power supply configured to electrically engage electrical contacts in the blender docking station when the blending pitcher is docked to the blender docking station. 9. An apparatus for compelling a thick, viscous blended smoothie to pour from a blending pitcher, comprising:
a blending pitcher accessory adapted to attach to a blending pitcher and configured to dock and undock the blending pitcher to and from a blender docking station, said blending pitcher accessory configured to remain attached to the blending pitcher both when the blending pitcher is docked to the blender docking station and when the blending pitcher is undocked from the blender docking station; an aperture formed through the blending pitcher accessory and through which a blender motor in the blender docking station accesses a cutting blade in the blending pitcher when the blending pitcher accessory is docking the blending pitcher to the blender docking station and a thick, viscous smoothie is being prepared; and a vibrating mechanism attached to or housed within the blending pitcher accessory configured to aggressively shake and vibrate the blending pitcher accessory and the blending pitcher when the blending pitcher accessory and blending pitcher are undocked from the blender docking station and a human pourer is dispensing a thick, viscous blended smoothie from the blending pitcher, wherein the vibrating mechanism has a physical constitution and vibrational capacity sufficient to generate and mechanically transmit vibrations to the blending pitcher accessory and the blending pitcher that are of a magnitude necessary to dislodge and extricate accumulations of the thick, viscous blended smoothie from a bottom of the blending pitcher and compel the thick, viscous blended smoothie to pour from the blending pitcher. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the blending pitcher accessory includes a collar that surrounds a bottom opening of the blending pitcher when the blending pitcher accessory is attached to the blending pitcher. 11. The apparatus of claim 9, further comprising a rechargeable power source attached to or housed within the blending pitcher accessory configured to supply electrical power to the vibrating mechanism when the blending pitcher accessory and blending pitcher are undocked from the blender docking station and a human pourer is dispensing the thick, viscous blended smoothie from the blending pitcher. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the blending pitcher accessory further includes electrical contacts that are electrically connected to the rechargeable power source and configured to electrically engage electrical contacts in the blender docking station when the blending pitcher is docked in the blender docking station. 13. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the vibrating mechanism comprises a moveable mass configured to impart vibrations to the blending pitcher attachment and the blending pitcher when the human pourer is dispensing the thick, viscous blended smoothie from the blending pitcher. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the blending pitcher accessory includes a physical track along which the movable mass is configured to travel and oscillate when the human pourer is dispensing the thick, viscous blended smoothie from the blending pitcher. 15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the vibrating mechanism comprises a motor and the moveable mass comprises a weight coupled to a shaft of the motor and offset from a longitudinal axis of a shaft of the motor. 16. A smoothie pouring apparatus, comprising
a blending pitcher that includes: a single, indivisible main body with a bottom through which an aperture is formed and a sidewall having an interior surface and an exterior surface and which extends from the bottom to form an enclosure within which a blended smoothie can be held and contained, a handle that is attached to the exterior surface of the sidewall of the main body, a blending pitcher lid that covers a top opening of the main body during blending of the smoothie, and a pouring spout that channels the blended smoothie as the blended smoothie is being dispensed from the blending pitcher; a vibrating mechanism interposed within a wall of the main body of the blending pitcher, said vibrating mechanism configured to aggressively vibrate and shake the blending pitcher when a human pourer is pouring the blended smoothie from the blending pitcher, wherein the vibrating mechanism has a physical constitution and vibrational capacity sufficient to generate and mechanically transmit vibrations to the blending pitcher that are of a magnitude necessary to dislodge and extricate accumulations of a thick, viscous blended smoothie from the bottom of the blending pitcher and compel the thick, viscous blended smoothie to pour from the blending pitcher. 17. The smoothie pouring apparatus of claim 16, further comprising a power supply interposed within or attached to a wall of the main body of the blending pitcher, said power supply configured to supply electrical power to the vibrating mechanism when the human pourer is pouring a smoothie from the blending pitcher. 18. The smoothie pouring apparatus of claim 17, wherein the power supply comprises a rechargeable power supply. 19. The smoothie pouring apparatus of claim 18, wherein the blending pitcher further includes electrical contacts in electrical contact with the rechargeable power supply configured to electrically engage electrical contacts in a blender base when the blending pitcher is docked to the blender base. 20. A method of preparing and pouring a semi-frozen beverage, comprising:
attaching a blending pitcher attachment to a blending pitcher, said blending pitcher attachment including a vibrating mechanism; adding ice and other beverage ingredients to the blending pitcher; docking the blending pitcher and the blending pitcher attachment to a blender docking station, said docking including guiding a shaft of a blender motor contained in the blender docking station through an aperture formed through a bottom of the blending pitcher attachment; mechanically coupling a cutting blade inside the blending pitcher to the shaft of the blender motor; blending the ice and other beverage ingredients that were added to the blending pitcher to form a blended semi-frozen beverage, said blending including cutting and crushing the ice using the cutting blade; undocking the blending pitcher from the blender docking station with the blending pitcher attachment remaining attached to the blending pitcher; after undocking the blending pitcher and attached blending pitcher attachment from the docking station, dispensing the blended semi-frozen beverage from the blending pitcher; and while dispensing the blended semi-frozen beverage from the blending pitcher, vibrating said blending pitcher using said vibrating mechanism to promote the pourability of the blended semi-frozen beverage. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the blended semi-frozen beverage comprises a thick, viscous blended smoothie and the vibrating mechanism of the blending pitcher attachment has a physical constitution and vibrational capacity sufficient to generate and mechanically transmit vibrations to the blending pitcher that are of a magnitude necessary to dislodge and extricate accumulations of the thick, viscous blended smoothie that accumulated in a bottom of the blending pitcher during blending and compel the thick, viscous smoothie to pour from the blending pitcher. 22. A method of preparing and pouring a thick, viscous smoothie, comprising:
adding ice and other smoothie ingredients to a blending pitcher; docking the blending pitcher to a blender docking station; mechanically coupling a cutting blade inside the blending pitcher to a shaft of a blender motor contained in the docking station; using the cutting blade and blender motor, cutting and crushing the ice and other smoothie ingredients to form a thick, viscous blended smoothie; undocking the blending pitcher from the blender docking station; after undocking the blending pitcher from the docking station, dispensing the thick, viscous blended smoothie from the blending pitcher; and while dispensing the thick, viscous blended smoothie, vibrating the blending pitcher at a vibrational magnitude necessary to dislodge and extricate accumulations of the thick, viscous blended smoothie that accumulated in a bottom of the blending pitcher during blending and compel the thick, viscous blended smoothie to pour from the blending pitcher, wherein dispensing the thick, viscous blended smoothie from the blending pitcher is performed by a human pourer, and wherein vibrating the blending pitcher is performed by a blending pitcher attachment adapted to attach to the blending pitcher, said blending pitcher attachment including a vibrating mechanism that mechanically transmits vibrations to the bottom of the blending pitcher as the human pourer is dispensing the thick, viscous blended smoothie from the blending pitcher. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the blending pitcher attachment is further configured to dock the blending pitcher to the blender docking station. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the blending pitcher attachment includes a shaft aperture configured to receive the shaft of the blender motor, and docking the blending pitcher to the blender docking station includes guiding the shaft of the blender motor through the shaft aperture to engage the cutting blade inside the blending pitcher. 25. The method of claim 22, wherein the blending pitcher attachment is configured to remain attached to the blending pitcher both when the blending pitcher is docked to the blender docking station and when undocked from the blender docking station. 26. The method of claim 22, wherein the blending pitcher attachment includes a collar that surrounds a bottom opening of the blending pitcher when the blending pitcher attachment is attached to the blending pitcher. | 1,700 |
3,138 | 15,009,312 | 1,723 | An electrode material tor a lithium-ion rechargeable battery of the present invention includes inorganic particles represented by General Formula LiFe x Mn 1-x-y M y PO 4 (0.05≦x≦1.0, 0≦y≦0.14; here, M represents at least one element selected from Mg, Ca, Co, Sr, Ba, Ti, Zn, B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, and rare earth elements) and a carbonaceous film coating surfaces of the inorganic particles, and at least one peak of a micropore diameter distribution is present in a range of 0.4 nm to 5.0 nm. An electrode for a lithium-ion rechargeable battery of the present invention includes the electrode material for a lithium-ion rechargeable battery of the present invention. A lithium-ion rechargeable battery of the present invention includes a cathode, an anode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte, in which the electrode for a lithium-ion rechargeable battery of the present invention is used as the cathode. | 1. An electrode material for a lithium-ion rechargeable battery comprising:
inorganic particles represented by General Formula LiFexMn1-x-yMyPO4 (0.05≦x≦1.0, 0≦y≦0.14; here, M represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Co, Sr, Ba, Ti, Zn, B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, and rare earth elements); and a carbonaceous film coating surfaces of the inorganic particles and having micropores, wherein the electrode material has al least one peak of a micropore diameter distribution in a range of 0.4 nm to 5.0 nm, measured using a nitrogen adsorption amount measurement instrument (manufactured by MircotracBEL Corp., product No.: BELSORP.max) 2. The electrode material for a lithium-ion rechargeable battery according to claim 1,
wherein the electrode material has two or more peaks of a micropore diameter distribution in a range of 0.4 nm to 5.0 nm. 3. The electrode material for a lithium-ion rechargeable battery according to claim 1,
wherein activation energy for a migration reaction of lithium ions in an interface between the inorganic particle and the carbonaceous film is 70 kJ/mol or less. 4. The electrode material for a lithium-ion rechargeable battery according to claim 1,
wherein the carbonaceous film coats 50% or more of the surfaces of the inorganic particles. 5. An electrode for a lithium-ion rechargeable battery comprising:
the electrode material for a lithium-ion rechargeable battery according to claim 1. 6. A lithium-ion rechargeable battery comprising;
a cathode; an anode; and a non-aqueous electrolyte, wherein the lithium-ion rechargeable battery comprises the electrode for a lithium-ion rechargeable battery according to claim 5 as the cathode. | An electrode material tor a lithium-ion rechargeable battery of the present invention includes inorganic particles represented by General Formula LiFe x Mn 1-x-y M y PO 4 (0.05≦x≦1.0, 0≦y≦0.14; here, M represents at least one element selected from Mg, Ca, Co, Sr, Ba, Ti, Zn, B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, and rare earth elements) and a carbonaceous film coating surfaces of the inorganic particles, and at least one peak of a micropore diameter distribution is present in a range of 0.4 nm to 5.0 nm. An electrode for a lithium-ion rechargeable battery of the present invention includes the electrode material for a lithium-ion rechargeable battery of the present invention. A lithium-ion rechargeable battery of the present invention includes a cathode, an anode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte, in which the electrode for a lithium-ion rechargeable battery of the present invention is used as the cathode.1. An electrode material for a lithium-ion rechargeable battery comprising:
inorganic particles represented by General Formula LiFexMn1-x-yMyPO4 (0.05≦x≦1.0, 0≦y≦0.14; here, M represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Co, Sr, Ba, Ti, Zn, B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, and rare earth elements); and a carbonaceous film coating surfaces of the inorganic particles and having micropores, wherein the electrode material has al least one peak of a micropore diameter distribution in a range of 0.4 nm to 5.0 nm, measured using a nitrogen adsorption amount measurement instrument (manufactured by MircotracBEL Corp., product No.: BELSORP.max) 2. The electrode material for a lithium-ion rechargeable battery according to claim 1,
wherein the electrode material has two or more peaks of a micropore diameter distribution in a range of 0.4 nm to 5.0 nm. 3. The electrode material for a lithium-ion rechargeable battery according to claim 1,
wherein activation energy for a migration reaction of lithium ions in an interface between the inorganic particle and the carbonaceous film is 70 kJ/mol or less. 4. The electrode material for a lithium-ion rechargeable battery according to claim 1,
wherein the carbonaceous film coats 50% or more of the surfaces of the inorganic particles. 5. An electrode for a lithium-ion rechargeable battery comprising:
the electrode material for a lithium-ion rechargeable battery according to claim 1. 6. A lithium-ion rechargeable battery comprising;
a cathode; an anode; and a non-aqueous electrolyte, wherein the lithium-ion rechargeable battery comprises the electrode for a lithium-ion rechargeable battery according to claim 5 as the cathode. | 1,700 |
3,139 | 15,367,337 | 1,783 | A method for patching a depression in a composite parent structure. The method comprises: inserting an insert in the depression; placing a composite patch having a multiplicity of curved flexible members on one side of the composite parent structure in a position where a central portion of the composite patch overlies the insert and the flexible members confront opposing portions of the composite parent structure providing adhesive between the composite patch, the insert, and the composite parent structure; pressing the composite patch against the composite parent structure with sufficient pressure to force the flexible members to conform to the shape of the composite parent structure; and while the flexible members are in a stressed state, curing the adhesive in a manner that causes the flexible members to bond to the parent structure. | 1. A composite structure comprising:
a parent structure having a depression, said parent structure being made of composite material; an insert in said depression, said insert being made of composite material; and a patch bonded by adhesive to one side of said parent structure and one side of said insert, said patch being made of composite material, wherein said patch comprises a central portion and a multiplicity of pre-stressed members that extend outwardly from an outermost portion of said central portion of said patch, wherein said central portion of said patch is directly bonded to said one side of said insert by adhesive therebetween, and each of said multiplicity of pre-stressed members is directly bonded to opposing portions of said one side of said parent structure by adhesive therebetween, each pre-stressed member of said multiplicity being in a flexed state with a potential to deform toward an unflexed state in the event that a strength of the bond between that pre-stressed member and an opposing portion of said one side of said parent structure becomes zero. 2. The composite structure as recited in claim 1, wherein said patch further comprises an innermost portion having a single opening, said innermost portion being bonded to said insert and not to said parent structure, and each of said multiplicity of pre-stressed members being bonded to said parent structure and not to said insert. 3. The composite structure as recited in claim 1, further comprising a scrim disposed in the adhesive that bonds said patch to said parent structure. 4. The composite structure as recited in claim 1, further comprising adhesive disposed in slits between adjacent pre-stressed members of said multiplicity. 5. The composite structure as recited in claim 1, wherein said composite structure is part of an aerial vehicle. 6. The composite structure as recited in claim 1, wherein said insert comprises a central opening, said central opening being closed by a plug and not by a bolt. 7. A composite structure comprising:
a parent structure having a depression, said parent structure being made of composite material; an insert in said depression, said insert being made of composite material; and a patch bonded by adhesive to one side of said parent structure and one side of said insert, said patch being made of composite material, wherein said patch comprises a central portion and a multiplicity of pre-stressed members that extend outwardly from an outermost portion of said central portion of said patch and are separated by slits, wherein said central portion of said patch is directly bonded to said one side of said insert by adhesive therebetween, and each of said multiplicity of pre-stressed members is directly bonded to opposing portions of said one side of said parent structure by adhesive therebetween and has the property that at least a portion of the pre-stressed member will deform toward an unflexed state in the event that a bond strength between said portion of said pre-stressed member of said multiplicity and an opposing portion of said one side of said parent structure changes from a non-zero value to zero. 8. The composite structure as recited in claim 7, wherein said patch further comprises an innermost portion having a single opening, said innermost portion being bonded to said insert and not to said parent structure, and each of said multiplicity of pre-stressed members being bonded to said parent structure and not to said insert. 9. The composite structure as recited in claim 7, further comprising a scrim disposed in the adhesive that bonds said patch to said parent structure. 10. The composite structure as recited in claim 7, wherein said insert comprises a central opening, said central opening being closed by a plug and not by a bolt. 11. A method for patching a depression in a composite parent structure, said method comprising:
inserting an insert in the depression; placing a composite patch having a multiplicity of curved flexible members on one side of the composite parent structure in a position where a central portion of the composite patch overlies the insert and the flexible members confront opposing portions of the composite parent structure disposed around the insert; providing adhesive between the composite patch and the insert, and between the composite patch and the composite parent structure; and pressing the composite patch against the composite parent structure with sufficient pressure to force the flexible members to conform to the shape of the surface of the opposing portions of the composite parent structure while the adhesive therebetween is curing. 12. The method as recited in claim 11, wherein the flexible members of the composite patch become less curved or straight during said pressing step. 13. The method as recited in claim 11, further comprising non-destructive evaluation of the integrity of bond lines between the flexible members of the composite patch and the opposing portions of the composite parent structure. 14. The method as recited in claim 11, wherein said pressing step comprising applying pressure using mechanical force. 15. The method as recited in claim 11, wherein said pressing step comprising applying pressure using magnetic force. 16. The method as recited in claim 11, wherein said pressing step comprising applying vacuum pressure. 17. The method as recited in claim 11, further comprising placing a bladder over said composite patch, wherein said pressing step comprises applying pressure to said bladder. 18. A method for patching a depression in a composite parent structure, said method comprising:
inserting an insert in the depression; placing a composite patch having a multiplicity of curved flexible members on one side of the composite parent structure in a position where a central portion of the composite patch overlies the insert and the flexible members confront opposing portions of the composite parent structure disposed around the insert; providing adhesive between the composite patch and the insert, and between the composite patch and the composite parent structure; pressing the composite patch against the composite parent structure with sufficient pressure to force the flexible members to conform to the shape of the surface of the opposing portions of the composite parent structure so that the volumes of space between the flexible members and the composite parent structure are filled with adhesive; and curing the adhesive while the flexible members are conformed to the shape of the surface of the opposing portions of the composite parent structure in a manner that causes the flexible members to bond to the parent structure. 19. The method as recited in claim 18, wherein after the flexible members have been bonded to the parent structure by said curing process, each flexible member is in a respective pre-stressed flexed state with a potential to deform toward an unflexed state in the event that a strength of the bond between that flexible member and an opposing portion of said parent structure becomes zero. 20. The method as recited in claim 18, further comprising placing randomized fibers within the adhesive before the adhesive is cured. | A method for patching a depression in a composite parent structure. The method comprises: inserting an insert in the depression; placing a composite patch having a multiplicity of curved flexible members on one side of the composite parent structure in a position where a central portion of the composite patch overlies the insert and the flexible members confront opposing portions of the composite parent structure providing adhesive between the composite patch, the insert, and the composite parent structure; pressing the composite patch against the composite parent structure with sufficient pressure to force the flexible members to conform to the shape of the composite parent structure; and while the flexible members are in a stressed state, curing the adhesive in a manner that causes the flexible members to bond to the parent structure.1. A composite structure comprising:
a parent structure having a depression, said parent structure being made of composite material; an insert in said depression, said insert being made of composite material; and a patch bonded by adhesive to one side of said parent structure and one side of said insert, said patch being made of composite material, wherein said patch comprises a central portion and a multiplicity of pre-stressed members that extend outwardly from an outermost portion of said central portion of said patch, wherein said central portion of said patch is directly bonded to said one side of said insert by adhesive therebetween, and each of said multiplicity of pre-stressed members is directly bonded to opposing portions of said one side of said parent structure by adhesive therebetween, each pre-stressed member of said multiplicity being in a flexed state with a potential to deform toward an unflexed state in the event that a strength of the bond between that pre-stressed member and an opposing portion of said one side of said parent structure becomes zero. 2. The composite structure as recited in claim 1, wherein said patch further comprises an innermost portion having a single opening, said innermost portion being bonded to said insert and not to said parent structure, and each of said multiplicity of pre-stressed members being bonded to said parent structure and not to said insert. 3. The composite structure as recited in claim 1, further comprising a scrim disposed in the adhesive that bonds said patch to said parent structure. 4. The composite structure as recited in claim 1, further comprising adhesive disposed in slits between adjacent pre-stressed members of said multiplicity. 5. The composite structure as recited in claim 1, wherein said composite structure is part of an aerial vehicle. 6. The composite structure as recited in claim 1, wherein said insert comprises a central opening, said central opening being closed by a plug and not by a bolt. 7. A composite structure comprising:
a parent structure having a depression, said parent structure being made of composite material; an insert in said depression, said insert being made of composite material; and a patch bonded by adhesive to one side of said parent structure and one side of said insert, said patch being made of composite material, wherein said patch comprises a central portion and a multiplicity of pre-stressed members that extend outwardly from an outermost portion of said central portion of said patch and are separated by slits, wherein said central portion of said patch is directly bonded to said one side of said insert by adhesive therebetween, and each of said multiplicity of pre-stressed members is directly bonded to opposing portions of said one side of said parent structure by adhesive therebetween and has the property that at least a portion of the pre-stressed member will deform toward an unflexed state in the event that a bond strength between said portion of said pre-stressed member of said multiplicity and an opposing portion of said one side of said parent structure changes from a non-zero value to zero. 8. The composite structure as recited in claim 7, wherein said patch further comprises an innermost portion having a single opening, said innermost portion being bonded to said insert and not to said parent structure, and each of said multiplicity of pre-stressed members being bonded to said parent structure and not to said insert. 9. The composite structure as recited in claim 7, further comprising a scrim disposed in the adhesive that bonds said patch to said parent structure. 10. The composite structure as recited in claim 7, wherein said insert comprises a central opening, said central opening being closed by a plug and not by a bolt. 11. A method for patching a depression in a composite parent structure, said method comprising:
inserting an insert in the depression; placing a composite patch having a multiplicity of curved flexible members on one side of the composite parent structure in a position where a central portion of the composite patch overlies the insert and the flexible members confront opposing portions of the composite parent structure disposed around the insert; providing adhesive between the composite patch and the insert, and between the composite patch and the composite parent structure; and pressing the composite patch against the composite parent structure with sufficient pressure to force the flexible members to conform to the shape of the surface of the opposing portions of the composite parent structure while the adhesive therebetween is curing. 12. The method as recited in claim 11, wherein the flexible members of the composite patch become less curved or straight during said pressing step. 13. The method as recited in claim 11, further comprising non-destructive evaluation of the integrity of bond lines between the flexible members of the composite patch and the opposing portions of the composite parent structure. 14. The method as recited in claim 11, wherein said pressing step comprising applying pressure using mechanical force. 15. The method as recited in claim 11, wherein said pressing step comprising applying pressure using magnetic force. 16. The method as recited in claim 11, wherein said pressing step comprising applying vacuum pressure. 17. The method as recited in claim 11, further comprising placing a bladder over said composite patch, wherein said pressing step comprises applying pressure to said bladder. 18. A method for patching a depression in a composite parent structure, said method comprising:
inserting an insert in the depression; placing a composite patch having a multiplicity of curved flexible members on one side of the composite parent structure in a position where a central portion of the composite patch overlies the insert and the flexible members confront opposing portions of the composite parent structure disposed around the insert; providing adhesive between the composite patch and the insert, and between the composite patch and the composite parent structure; pressing the composite patch against the composite parent structure with sufficient pressure to force the flexible members to conform to the shape of the surface of the opposing portions of the composite parent structure so that the volumes of space between the flexible members and the composite parent structure are filled with adhesive; and curing the adhesive while the flexible members are conformed to the shape of the surface of the opposing portions of the composite parent structure in a manner that causes the flexible members to bond to the parent structure. 19. The method as recited in claim 18, wherein after the flexible members have been bonded to the parent structure by said curing process, each flexible member is in a respective pre-stressed flexed state with a potential to deform toward an unflexed state in the event that a strength of the bond between that flexible member and an opposing portion of said parent structure becomes zero. 20. The method as recited in claim 18, further comprising placing randomized fibers within the adhesive before the adhesive is cured. | 1,700 |
3,140 | 15,132,627 | 1,732 | An aqueous enteric coating composition including hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, acetate succinate, and a basic amino acid. | 1. An aqueous enteric coating composition comprising:
a) hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate; and b) a basic amino acid. 2. The aqueous enteric coating composition according to claim 1, further comprising a plasticizer, a surfactant, and an anti-tacking agent. 3. The aqueous enteric coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the basic amino acid is selected from group consisting of L-alginine, L-histidine and L-lysine. 4. The aqueous enteric coating composition according to claim 2, wherein the plasticizer comprises triethyl citrate (TEC), triacetin, tributyl citrate, acetyl triethyl citrate (ATEC), acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), dibutyl phthalate, dibutyl sebacate (DBS), diethyl phthalate, vinyl pyrrolidone glycol triacetate, polyethylene glycol, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, propylene glycol, propylene carbonate, castor oil, and combinations or mixtures thereof. 5. The aqueous enteric coating composition according to claim 2, wherein the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of sodium lauryl sulfate, sucrose fatty acid esters, lecithin, and d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol, and combinations and mixtures thereof. 6. The aqueous enteric coating composition according to claim 2, wherein the anti-tacking agent is selected from the group consisting of stearyl alcohol, stearic acid, glycerol monostearate (GMS), talc, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide, amorphous silicic acid, and fumed silica, and combinations or mixtures thereof. 7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a tablet, pellet, granule, hard capsule or soft capsule coated with the aqueous enteric coating composition of claims 1 and a pharmaceutical or nutraceutical. 8. An aqueous enteric coating composition comprising:
a) 5 to 20 percent hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate; b) 0.05 to 1.0 percent L-alginine, L-histidine or L-lysine; c) 0.5 to 10 percent plasticizer; d) 0.1 to 10 percent anti-tacking agent; e) 0.05 to 0.5 percent surfactant; and 65 to 95 percent water. 9. The aqueous enteric coating composition according to claim 8, wherein the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of sodium lauryl sulfate, sucrose fatty acid esters, lecithin, and d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol, and combinations and mixtures thereof. 10. The aqueous enteric coating composition according to claim 8, wherein the anti-tacking agent is selected from the group consisting of stearyl alcohol, stearic acid, glycerol monostearate (GMS), talc, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide, amorphous silicic acid, and fumed silica, and combinations or mixtures thereof. 11. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a tablet, pellet, granule, hard capsule or soft capsule coated with the aqueous enteric coating composition of claim 8 and a pharmaceutical or nutraceutical. | An aqueous enteric coating composition including hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, acetate succinate, and a basic amino acid.1. An aqueous enteric coating composition comprising:
a) hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate; and b) a basic amino acid. 2. The aqueous enteric coating composition according to claim 1, further comprising a plasticizer, a surfactant, and an anti-tacking agent. 3. The aqueous enteric coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the basic amino acid is selected from group consisting of L-alginine, L-histidine and L-lysine. 4. The aqueous enteric coating composition according to claim 2, wherein the plasticizer comprises triethyl citrate (TEC), triacetin, tributyl citrate, acetyl triethyl citrate (ATEC), acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), dibutyl phthalate, dibutyl sebacate (DBS), diethyl phthalate, vinyl pyrrolidone glycol triacetate, polyethylene glycol, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, propylene glycol, propylene carbonate, castor oil, and combinations or mixtures thereof. 5. The aqueous enteric coating composition according to claim 2, wherein the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of sodium lauryl sulfate, sucrose fatty acid esters, lecithin, and d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol, and combinations and mixtures thereof. 6. The aqueous enteric coating composition according to claim 2, wherein the anti-tacking agent is selected from the group consisting of stearyl alcohol, stearic acid, glycerol monostearate (GMS), talc, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide, amorphous silicic acid, and fumed silica, and combinations or mixtures thereof. 7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a tablet, pellet, granule, hard capsule or soft capsule coated with the aqueous enteric coating composition of claims 1 and a pharmaceutical or nutraceutical. 8. An aqueous enteric coating composition comprising:
a) 5 to 20 percent hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate; b) 0.05 to 1.0 percent L-alginine, L-histidine or L-lysine; c) 0.5 to 10 percent plasticizer; d) 0.1 to 10 percent anti-tacking agent; e) 0.05 to 0.5 percent surfactant; and 65 to 95 percent water. 9. The aqueous enteric coating composition according to claim 8, wherein the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of sodium lauryl sulfate, sucrose fatty acid esters, lecithin, and d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol, and combinations and mixtures thereof. 10. The aqueous enteric coating composition according to claim 8, wherein the anti-tacking agent is selected from the group consisting of stearyl alcohol, stearic acid, glycerol monostearate (GMS), talc, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide, amorphous silicic acid, and fumed silica, and combinations or mixtures thereof. 11. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a tablet, pellet, granule, hard capsule or soft capsule coated with the aqueous enteric coating composition of claim 8 and a pharmaceutical or nutraceutical. | 1,700 |
3,141 | 15,662,871 | 1,718 | A plasma spray system including a temperature sensor operable to determine a temperature of the workpiece at a measurement zone; a heater operable to selectively heat the workpiece at a heating zone downstream of the measurement zone; a plasma spray subsystem operable to plasma spray a workpiece, the plasma spray defines an application zone on the workpiece downstream of the heating zone and a control in communication with the plasma spray subsystem, the temperature sensor, and the heater, the control operable to control the heater to heat the workpiece in the heating zone to a desired temperature in response to a temperature determined by the temperature sensor. | 1. A plasma spray system, comprising:
a turntable to which a workpiece is mounted; a temperature sensor operable to determine a temperature of the workpiece in a measurement zone; a heater operable to selectively heat the workpiece in a heating zone downstream of the measurement zone; a plasma spray subsystem operable to plasma spray a second layer of a multi-layer ceramic coating onto a first layer of a multi-layer ceramic coating onto the workpiece in an application zone downstream of the heating zone; and a control in communication with the plasma spray subsystem, the temperature sensor, and the heater, the control operable to control the heater to heat the workpiece in the heating zone in response to the temperature of the workpiece in the measurement zone such that the workpiece in the application zone is at a desired temperature to receive the plasma spray, the turntable operable to move the workpiece with respect to the temperature sensor, the heater, and the plasma spray subsystem such that the workpiece sequentially traverses through the measurement zone, the heating zone, then the application zone. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the application zone is about 0.5 inches (12.7 millimeters) in diameter on the workpiece. 5. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the temperature sensor is an infrared camera. 6. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the heater is an infrared heater. 7. The system as recited in claim 1, further comprising a chiller in communication with the control, the chiller operable to selectively cool the workpiece in a cooling zone downstream of the measurement zone. 8. The system as recited in claim 7, wherein the chiller includes a compressed air system to spray cool air. 9. The system as recited in claim 8, wherein the compressed air is sprayed onto a backside of the workpiece to define the cooling zone opposite the heating zone. 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. A method for plasma spraying a workpiece, comprising:
preheating a workpiece; plasma spraying a first layer of a multi-layer ceramic coating to the preheated workpiece; sensing a temperature in a measurement zone on the first layer of the multi-layer ceramic coating; selectively adjusting a temperature of the workpiece in a zone downstream of the measurement zone to a desired temperature in response to the sensing; and plasma spraying a second layer of the multi-layer ceramic coating onto the first layer of a multi-layer ceramic coating downstream of the zone such that the workpiece in the application zone is at a desired temperature; and rotating a turntable to which the workpiece is mounted such that the workpiece sequentially traverses the measurement zone, the zone, then the application zone. 13. (canceled) 14. The method as recited in claim 12, further comprising maintaining a sequential relationship of the measurement zone, the heating zone, and the application zone on the workpiece. 15. The method as recited in claim 14, further comprising sizing the measurement zone, the zone, and the application zone on the workpiece to be equivalent. 16. The method as recited in claim 12, wherein selectively adjusting the temperature of the workpiece in the zone comprising cooling the zone on the workpiece downstream of the measurement zone to a desired temperature in response to the sensing. 17. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein the cooling is performed in a zone on a backside of the workpiece opposite a heating zone, either the heating or cooling being performed to obtain the desired temperature in response to the sensing. 18. The method as recited in claim 12, wherein the measurement zone, the zone, and the application zone are about the same size. 19. The method as recited in claim 12, wherein the measurement zone, the heating zone, and the application zone are arranged horizontally. 20. The method as recited in claim 18, wherein the measurement zone, the heating zone, and the application zone are each about 0.5 inches (12.7 millimeters) in diameter. 21. The method as recited in claim 12, wherein the temperature within the measurement zone is utilized to determine a difference between the sensed temperature and the desired temperature for effective application of the coating material. 22. The method as recited in claim 12, wherein applying the second layer of the multi-layer ceramic coating comprises applying the second layer of the multi-layer ceramic coating during a subsequent rotation of the turntable subsequent to applying the first layer. | A plasma spray system including a temperature sensor operable to determine a temperature of the workpiece at a measurement zone; a heater operable to selectively heat the workpiece at a heating zone downstream of the measurement zone; a plasma spray subsystem operable to plasma spray a workpiece, the plasma spray defines an application zone on the workpiece downstream of the heating zone and a control in communication with the plasma spray subsystem, the temperature sensor, and the heater, the control operable to control the heater to heat the workpiece in the heating zone to a desired temperature in response to a temperature determined by the temperature sensor.1. A plasma spray system, comprising:
a turntable to which a workpiece is mounted; a temperature sensor operable to determine a temperature of the workpiece in a measurement zone; a heater operable to selectively heat the workpiece in a heating zone downstream of the measurement zone; a plasma spray subsystem operable to plasma spray a second layer of a multi-layer ceramic coating onto a first layer of a multi-layer ceramic coating onto the workpiece in an application zone downstream of the heating zone; and a control in communication with the plasma spray subsystem, the temperature sensor, and the heater, the control operable to control the heater to heat the workpiece in the heating zone in response to the temperature of the workpiece in the measurement zone such that the workpiece in the application zone is at a desired temperature to receive the plasma spray, the turntable operable to move the workpiece with respect to the temperature sensor, the heater, and the plasma spray subsystem such that the workpiece sequentially traverses through the measurement zone, the heating zone, then the application zone. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the application zone is about 0.5 inches (12.7 millimeters) in diameter on the workpiece. 5. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the temperature sensor is an infrared camera. 6. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the heater is an infrared heater. 7. The system as recited in claim 1, further comprising a chiller in communication with the control, the chiller operable to selectively cool the workpiece in a cooling zone downstream of the measurement zone. 8. The system as recited in claim 7, wherein the chiller includes a compressed air system to spray cool air. 9. The system as recited in claim 8, wherein the compressed air is sprayed onto a backside of the workpiece to define the cooling zone opposite the heating zone. 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. A method for plasma spraying a workpiece, comprising:
preheating a workpiece; plasma spraying a first layer of a multi-layer ceramic coating to the preheated workpiece; sensing a temperature in a measurement zone on the first layer of the multi-layer ceramic coating; selectively adjusting a temperature of the workpiece in a zone downstream of the measurement zone to a desired temperature in response to the sensing; and plasma spraying a second layer of the multi-layer ceramic coating onto the first layer of a multi-layer ceramic coating downstream of the zone such that the workpiece in the application zone is at a desired temperature; and rotating a turntable to which the workpiece is mounted such that the workpiece sequentially traverses the measurement zone, the zone, then the application zone. 13. (canceled) 14. The method as recited in claim 12, further comprising maintaining a sequential relationship of the measurement zone, the heating zone, and the application zone on the workpiece. 15. The method as recited in claim 14, further comprising sizing the measurement zone, the zone, and the application zone on the workpiece to be equivalent. 16. The method as recited in claim 12, wherein selectively adjusting the temperature of the workpiece in the zone comprising cooling the zone on the workpiece downstream of the measurement zone to a desired temperature in response to the sensing. 17. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein the cooling is performed in a zone on a backside of the workpiece opposite a heating zone, either the heating or cooling being performed to obtain the desired temperature in response to the sensing. 18. The method as recited in claim 12, wherein the measurement zone, the zone, and the application zone are about the same size. 19. The method as recited in claim 12, wherein the measurement zone, the heating zone, and the application zone are arranged horizontally. 20. The method as recited in claim 18, wherein the measurement zone, the heating zone, and the application zone are each about 0.5 inches (12.7 millimeters) in diameter. 21. The method as recited in claim 12, wherein the temperature within the measurement zone is utilized to determine a difference between the sensed temperature and the desired temperature for effective application of the coating material. 22. The method as recited in claim 12, wherein applying the second layer of the multi-layer ceramic coating comprises applying the second layer of the multi-layer ceramic coating during a subsequent rotation of the turntable subsequent to applying the first layer. | 1,700 |
3,142 | 14,707,106 | 1,783 | Embodiments of durable, anti-reflective articles are described. In one or more embodiments, the article includes a substrate and an anti-reflective coating disposed on the major surface. The article exhibits an average light transmittance of about 94% or greater over an optical wavelength regime and/or an average light reflectance of about 2% or less over the optical wavelength regime, as measured from an anti-reflective surface. In some embodiments, the article exhibits a maximum hardness of about 8 GPa or greater as measured by a Berkovich Indenter Hardness Test along an indentation depth of about 50 nm or greater and a b* value, in reflectance, in the range from about −5 to about 1 as measured on the anti-reflective surface only at all incidence illumination angles in the range from about 0 degrees to about 60 degrees under an International Commission on Illumination illuminant. | 1. An article comprising:
a substrate having a major surface; and an anti-reflective coating having a thickness of about 1 μm or less disposed on the major surface, the anti-reflective coating comprising an anti-reflective surface, wherein the article exhibits a maximum hardness of about 8 GPa or greater as measured by a Berkovich Indenter Hardness Test along an indentation depth of about 50 nm or greater; wherein the article exhibits either one or both of:
a single side average light transmittance of about 94% or greater over an optical wavelength regime and
a single side light reflectance of about 2% or less over the optical wavelength regime, and
wherein the article exhibits a b* value, in reflectance, in the range from about −5 to about 1 as measured on the anti-reflective surface only at all incidence illumination angles in the range from about 0 degrees to about 60 degrees. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the b* value is measured under an F2 illuminant. 3. The article of claim 1, wherein the article exhibits
article transmittance color coordinates in the (L*, a*, b*) colorimetry system at normal incidence under an International Commission on Illumination illuminant exhibiting a reference point color shift of less than about 2 from a reference point as measured at the anti-reflective surface, the reference point comprising at least one of the color coordinates (a*=0, b*=0) and the transmittance color coordinates of the substrate, and article reflectance color coordinates in the (L*, a*, b*) colorimetry system at normal incidence under an International Commission on Illumination illuminant exhibiting a reference point color shift of less than about 5 from a reference point as measured at the anti-reflective surface, the reference point comprising at least one of the color coordinates (a*=0, b*=0), the color coordinates (a*−2, b*=−2) and the reflectance color coordinates of the substrate, wherein, when the reference point is the color coordinates (a*=0, b*=0), the color shift is defined by √((a*article)2+(b*article)2), wherein, when the reference point is the color coordinates (a*=−2, b*=−2), the color shift is defined by √(a*article+2)2+(b*article+2)2), and wherein, when the reference point is the color coordinates of the substrate, the color shift is defined by √((a*article−a*substrate)2+(b*article−b*substrate)2). 4. The article of claim 1, wherein the article exhibits an abrasion resistance comprising about 1% haze or less, as measured using a hazemeter having an aperture, wherein the aperture has a diameter of about 8 mm, and
wherein the abrasion resistance is measured after a 500-cycle abrasion using a Taber Test. 5. The article of claim 1, wherein the article exhibits an abrasion resistance comprising an average roughness Ra, as measured by atomic force microscopy, of about 12 nm or less, and
wherein the abrasion resistance is measured after a 500-cycle abrasion using a Taber Test. 6. The article of claim 1, wherein the article exhibits an abrasion resistance comprising a scattered light intensity of about 0.05 (in units of 1/steradian) or less, at a polar scattering angle of about 40 degrees or less, as measured at normal incidence in transmission using an imaging sphere for scatter measurements, with a 2 mm aperture at 600 nm wavelength, and
wherein the abrasion resistance is measured after a 500-cycle abrasion using a Taber Test. 7. The article of claim 1, wherein the article exhibits an abrasion resistance comprising a scattered light intensity of about 0.1 (in units of 1/steradian) or less, at a polar scattering angle of about 20 degrees or less, as measured at normal incidence in transmission using an imaging sphere for scatter measurements, with a 2 mm aperture at 600 nm wavelength, and
wherein the abrasion resistance is measured after a 500-cycle abrasion using a Taber Test. 8. The article of claim 1, wherein the anti-reflective coating comprises a plurality of layers, the plurality of layers comprising a first low RI layer, a second high RI layer and an optional third layer. 9. The article of claim 8, wherein at least one of the first low RI layer and the second high RI layer comprises an optical thickness (n*d) in the range from about 2 nm to about 200 nm. 10. The article of claim 1, wherein the anti-reflective coating comprises a thickness of about 800 nm or less. 11. The article of claim 1, wherein the article exhibits a reflectance angular color shift of less than about 5, as measured on the anti-reflective surface, at all angles from normal incidence to an incident illumination angle in the range from about 20 degrees to about 60 degrees under a F2 illuminant, and wherein angular color shift is calculated using the equation √(a*2−a*1)2+(b*2-b*1)2), with a*1, and b*1 representing the coordinates of the article when viewed at normal incidence and a*2, and b*2 representing the coordinates of the article when viewed at the incident illumination angle. 12. The article of claim 1, exhibiting a reflectance spectra such that the maximum reflectance over a wavelength range from about 400 nm to about 480 nm (R400-max) is greater than the maximum reflectance over a wavelength range from about 500 nm to about 600 nm (R500-max) and the maximum reflectance over a wavelength range from about 640 nm to about 710 (R640-max), and
wherein the minimum reflectance over a wavelength range from about 400 nm to about 480 nm (R400-min) is optionally less than the minimum reflectance over a wavelength range from about 500 nm to about 600 nm (R500-min), and wherein the minimum reflectance over a wavelength range from about 640 to about 710 (R640-min) is optionally less than R500-min. 13. The article of claim 8, wherein anti-reflective coating comprises a physical thickness and a plurality of second high RI layers comprising a nitride or an oxynitride, and wherein the combined physical thickness of the second high RI layers is 40% or greater of the physical thickness of the anti-reflective coating. 14. The article of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises an amorphous substrate or a crystalline substrate. 15. The article of claim 14, wherein the amorphous substrate comprises a glass selected from the group consisting of soda lime glass, alkali aluminosilicate glass, alkali containing borosilicate glass and alkali aluminoborosilicate glass. 16. The article of claim 15, wherein the glass is chemically strengthened and comprises a compressive stress (CS) layer with a surface CS of at least 250 MPa extending within the chemically strengthened glass from a surface of the chemically strengthened glass to a depth of layer (DOL) of at least about 10 μm. 17. The article of claim 1, further comprising any one or more of an easy-to-clean coating, a diamond-like carbon coating, and a scratch resistant coating, disposed on the anti-reflective coating. 18. An article comprising:
a substrate having a major surface; and an anti-reflective coating having a thickness of about 1 μm or less disposed on the major surface, the anti-reflective coating comprising an anti-reflective surface, wherein the article exhibits a maximum hardness of about 8 GPa or greater as measured by a Berkovich Indenter Hardness Test along an indentation depth of about 50 nm or greater; wherein the article exhibits either one or both of:
a single side average light transmittance of about 94% or greater over an optical wavelength regime and
a single side light reflectance of about 2% or less over the optical wavelength regime,
wherein the article exhibits a reflectance angular color shift of less than about 5, as measured on the anti-reflective surface from normal incidence to an incident illumination angle in the range from about 2 degrees to about 60 degrees under a D65 illuminant or F2 illuminant, wherein angular color shift is calculated using the equation √((a*2−a*1)2+(b*2−b*1)2), with a*1, and b*1 representing the coordinates of the article when viewed at normal incidence and a*2, and b*2 representing the coordinates of the article when viewed at the incident illumination angle, and
wherein the article exhibits either one or both
article transmittance color coordinates in the (L*, a*, b*) colorimetry system at normal incidence the D65 or F2 illuminant exhibiting a reference point color shift of less than about 2 from a reference point as measured at the anti-reflective surface, the reference point comprising at least one of the color coordinates (a*=0, b*=0) and the transmittance color coordinates of the substrate, and
article reflectance color coordinates in the (L*, a*, b*) colorimetry system at normal incidence exhibiting a color shift of less than about 5 from a reference point as measured at the anti-reflective surface, the reference point comprising at least one of the color coordinates (a*=0, b*=0), the coordinates (a*=−2, b*=−2), and the reflectance color coordinates of the substrate,
wherein, when the reference point is the color coordinates (a*=0, b*=0), the color shift is defined by √(a*article)2+(b*article)2),
wherein, when the reference point is the color coordinates (a*=−2, b*=−2), the color shift is defined by √(a*article+2)2+(b*article+2)2), and
wherein, when the reference point is the color coordinates of the substrate, the color shift is defined by √(a*article−a*substrate)2+(b*article−b*substrate)2). 19. The article of claim 18, wherein the article exhibits an abrasion resistance comprising any one of
about 1% haze or less, as measured using a hazemeter having an aperture, wherein the aperture has a diameter of about 8 mm, an average roughness, as measured by atomic force microscopy, of about 12 nm RMS or less, a scattered light intensity of about 0.05 (in units of 1/steradian) or less, at a polar scattering angle of about 40 degrees or less, as measured at normal incidence in transmission using an imaging sphere for scatter measurements, with a 2 mm aperture at 600 nm wavelength, and a scattered light intensity of about 0.1 (in units of 1/steradian) or less, at a polar scattering angle of about 20 degrees or less, as measured at normal incidence in transmission using an imaging sphere for scatter measurements, with a 2 mm aperture at 600 nm wavelength, wherein the abrasion resistance is measured after a 500-cycle abrasion using a Taber Test. 20. The article of claim 18, wherein the anti-reflective coating comprises a plurality of layers, the plurality of layers comprising a first low RI layer, a second high RI layer and an optional third layer, wherein at least one of the first low RI layer and the second high RI layer comprises an optical thickness (n*d) in the range from about 2 nm to about 200 nm. 21. The article of claim 18, wherein the article exhibits the reflectance angular color shift at all angles from normal incidence to an incident illumination angle, in the range from about 20 degrees to about 60 degrees. 22. The article of claim 18, wherein the substrate comprises an amorphous substrate or a crystalline substrate. 23. The article of claim 18, further comprising any one or more of an easy-to-clean coating, a diamond-like carbon coating, and a scratch resistant coating, disposed on the anti-reflective coating. 24. An article comprising:
a substrate having a major surface; and an anti-reflective coating having a thickness of about 1 μm or less disposed on the major surface, wherein the article exhibits an abrasion resistance comprising any one or more of:
about 1% haze or less, as measured using a hazemeter having an aperture, wherein the aperture has a diameter of about 8 mm,
an average roughness, as measured by atomic force microscopy, of about 12 nm RMS or less,
a scattered light intensity of about 0.05 (in units of 1/steradian) or less, at a polar scattering angle of about 40 degrees or less, as measured at normal incidence in transmission using an imaging sphere for scatter measurements, with a 2 mm aperture at 600 nm wavelength, and
a scattered light intensity of about 0.1 (in units of 1/steradian) or less, at a polar scattering angle of about 20 degrees or less, as measured at normal incidence in transmission using an imaging sphere for scatter measurements, with a 2 mm aperture at 600 nm wavelength,
wherein the abrasion resistance is measured after a 500-cycle abrasion using a Taber Test,
wherein the article exhibits an average visible photopic reflectance of about 1% or less over the optical wavelength regime at normal incidence under a D65 or F2 illuminant, and wherein the article exhibits a b* value, in reflectance, in the range from about −5 to about 1 as measured on the anti-reflective surface only at all incidence illumination angles in the range from about 0 degrees to about 60 degrees under a D65 illuminant or F2 illuminant. 25. The article of claim 24, wherein anti-reflective coating comprises a plurality of layers, the plurality of layers comprising at least one first low RI layer and more than one second high RI layer, and wherein the combined thickness of the second high RI layers is less than about 500 nm or less. 26. The article of claim 24, wherein the article exhibits a single side average light transmittance of about 98% or greater over the optical wavelength regime. 27. An article comprising:
a substrate having a major surface; and an anti-reflective coating having a thickness of about 1 μm or less disposed on the major surface, wherein the article exhibits an average visible photopic reflectance of about 0.7% or less over the optical wavelength regime at normal incidence under a D65 or F2 illuminant, wherein the article exhibits a b* value, in reflectance, in the range from about −5 to about 1 as measured on the anti-reflective surface only at all incidence illumination angles in the range from about 0 degrees to about 60 degrees under a F2 illuminant, and wherein the article exhibits a reflectance angular color shift of less than about 5, as measured on the anti-reflective surface at all angles from normal incidence to an incident illumination angle in the range from about 20 degrees to about 60 degrees under a D65 illuminant or F2 illuminant and wherein angular color shift is calculated using the equation √(a*2−a*1)2+(b*2−b*1)2), with a*1, and b*1 representing the coordinates of the article when viewed at normal incidence and a*2, and b*2 representing the coordinates of the article when viewed at the incident illumination angle. 28. The article of claim 27, wherein the article exhibits a maximum hardness of about 8 GPa or greater as measured by a Berkovich Indenter Hardness Test an indentation depth of about 50 nm or greater. 29. The article of claim 27, wherein anti-reflective coating comprises a physical thickness and a plurality of layers comprising a nitride or oxynitride, and wherein the combined physical thickness of the layers comprising a nitride or an oxynitride is 40% or greater of the physical thickness of the anti-reflective coating. 30. The article of claim 27, wherein the angular color shift is less than about 2. | Embodiments of durable, anti-reflective articles are described. In one or more embodiments, the article includes a substrate and an anti-reflective coating disposed on the major surface. The article exhibits an average light transmittance of about 94% or greater over an optical wavelength regime and/or an average light reflectance of about 2% or less over the optical wavelength regime, as measured from an anti-reflective surface. In some embodiments, the article exhibits a maximum hardness of about 8 GPa or greater as measured by a Berkovich Indenter Hardness Test along an indentation depth of about 50 nm or greater and a b* value, in reflectance, in the range from about −5 to about 1 as measured on the anti-reflective surface only at all incidence illumination angles in the range from about 0 degrees to about 60 degrees under an International Commission on Illumination illuminant.1. An article comprising:
a substrate having a major surface; and an anti-reflective coating having a thickness of about 1 μm or less disposed on the major surface, the anti-reflective coating comprising an anti-reflective surface, wherein the article exhibits a maximum hardness of about 8 GPa or greater as measured by a Berkovich Indenter Hardness Test along an indentation depth of about 50 nm or greater; wherein the article exhibits either one or both of:
a single side average light transmittance of about 94% or greater over an optical wavelength regime and
a single side light reflectance of about 2% or less over the optical wavelength regime, and
wherein the article exhibits a b* value, in reflectance, in the range from about −5 to about 1 as measured on the anti-reflective surface only at all incidence illumination angles in the range from about 0 degrees to about 60 degrees. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the b* value is measured under an F2 illuminant. 3. The article of claim 1, wherein the article exhibits
article transmittance color coordinates in the (L*, a*, b*) colorimetry system at normal incidence under an International Commission on Illumination illuminant exhibiting a reference point color shift of less than about 2 from a reference point as measured at the anti-reflective surface, the reference point comprising at least one of the color coordinates (a*=0, b*=0) and the transmittance color coordinates of the substrate, and article reflectance color coordinates in the (L*, a*, b*) colorimetry system at normal incidence under an International Commission on Illumination illuminant exhibiting a reference point color shift of less than about 5 from a reference point as measured at the anti-reflective surface, the reference point comprising at least one of the color coordinates (a*=0, b*=0), the color coordinates (a*−2, b*=−2) and the reflectance color coordinates of the substrate, wherein, when the reference point is the color coordinates (a*=0, b*=0), the color shift is defined by √((a*article)2+(b*article)2), wherein, when the reference point is the color coordinates (a*=−2, b*=−2), the color shift is defined by √(a*article+2)2+(b*article+2)2), and wherein, when the reference point is the color coordinates of the substrate, the color shift is defined by √((a*article−a*substrate)2+(b*article−b*substrate)2). 4. The article of claim 1, wherein the article exhibits an abrasion resistance comprising about 1% haze or less, as measured using a hazemeter having an aperture, wherein the aperture has a diameter of about 8 mm, and
wherein the abrasion resistance is measured after a 500-cycle abrasion using a Taber Test. 5. The article of claim 1, wherein the article exhibits an abrasion resistance comprising an average roughness Ra, as measured by atomic force microscopy, of about 12 nm or less, and
wherein the abrasion resistance is measured after a 500-cycle abrasion using a Taber Test. 6. The article of claim 1, wherein the article exhibits an abrasion resistance comprising a scattered light intensity of about 0.05 (in units of 1/steradian) or less, at a polar scattering angle of about 40 degrees or less, as measured at normal incidence in transmission using an imaging sphere for scatter measurements, with a 2 mm aperture at 600 nm wavelength, and
wherein the abrasion resistance is measured after a 500-cycle abrasion using a Taber Test. 7. The article of claim 1, wherein the article exhibits an abrasion resistance comprising a scattered light intensity of about 0.1 (in units of 1/steradian) or less, at a polar scattering angle of about 20 degrees or less, as measured at normal incidence in transmission using an imaging sphere for scatter measurements, with a 2 mm aperture at 600 nm wavelength, and
wherein the abrasion resistance is measured after a 500-cycle abrasion using a Taber Test. 8. The article of claim 1, wherein the anti-reflective coating comprises a plurality of layers, the plurality of layers comprising a first low RI layer, a second high RI layer and an optional third layer. 9. The article of claim 8, wherein at least one of the first low RI layer and the second high RI layer comprises an optical thickness (n*d) in the range from about 2 nm to about 200 nm. 10. The article of claim 1, wherein the anti-reflective coating comprises a thickness of about 800 nm or less. 11. The article of claim 1, wherein the article exhibits a reflectance angular color shift of less than about 5, as measured on the anti-reflective surface, at all angles from normal incidence to an incident illumination angle in the range from about 20 degrees to about 60 degrees under a F2 illuminant, and wherein angular color shift is calculated using the equation √(a*2−a*1)2+(b*2-b*1)2), with a*1, and b*1 representing the coordinates of the article when viewed at normal incidence and a*2, and b*2 representing the coordinates of the article when viewed at the incident illumination angle. 12. The article of claim 1, exhibiting a reflectance spectra such that the maximum reflectance over a wavelength range from about 400 nm to about 480 nm (R400-max) is greater than the maximum reflectance over a wavelength range from about 500 nm to about 600 nm (R500-max) and the maximum reflectance over a wavelength range from about 640 nm to about 710 (R640-max), and
wherein the minimum reflectance over a wavelength range from about 400 nm to about 480 nm (R400-min) is optionally less than the minimum reflectance over a wavelength range from about 500 nm to about 600 nm (R500-min), and wherein the minimum reflectance over a wavelength range from about 640 to about 710 (R640-min) is optionally less than R500-min. 13. The article of claim 8, wherein anti-reflective coating comprises a physical thickness and a plurality of second high RI layers comprising a nitride or an oxynitride, and wherein the combined physical thickness of the second high RI layers is 40% or greater of the physical thickness of the anti-reflective coating. 14. The article of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises an amorphous substrate or a crystalline substrate. 15. The article of claim 14, wherein the amorphous substrate comprises a glass selected from the group consisting of soda lime glass, alkali aluminosilicate glass, alkali containing borosilicate glass and alkali aluminoborosilicate glass. 16. The article of claim 15, wherein the glass is chemically strengthened and comprises a compressive stress (CS) layer with a surface CS of at least 250 MPa extending within the chemically strengthened glass from a surface of the chemically strengthened glass to a depth of layer (DOL) of at least about 10 μm. 17. The article of claim 1, further comprising any one or more of an easy-to-clean coating, a diamond-like carbon coating, and a scratch resistant coating, disposed on the anti-reflective coating. 18. An article comprising:
a substrate having a major surface; and an anti-reflective coating having a thickness of about 1 μm or less disposed on the major surface, the anti-reflective coating comprising an anti-reflective surface, wherein the article exhibits a maximum hardness of about 8 GPa or greater as measured by a Berkovich Indenter Hardness Test along an indentation depth of about 50 nm or greater; wherein the article exhibits either one or both of:
a single side average light transmittance of about 94% or greater over an optical wavelength regime and
a single side light reflectance of about 2% or less over the optical wavelength regime,
wherein the article exhibits a reflectance angular color shift of less than about 5, as measured on the anti-reflective surface from normal incidence to an incident illumination angle in the range from about 2 degrees to about 60 degrees under a D65 illuminant or F2 illuminant, wherein angular color shift is calculated using the equation √((a*2−a*1)2+(b*2−b*1)2), with a*1, and b*1 representing the coordinates of the article when viewed at normal incidence and a*2, and b*2 representing the coordinates of the article when viewed at the incident illumination angle, and
wherein the article exhibits either one or both
article transmittance color coordinates in the (L*, a*, b*) colorimetry system at normal incidence the D65 or F2 illuminant exhibiting a reference point color shift of less than about 2 from a reference point as measured at the anti-reflective surface, the reference point comprising at least one of the color coordinates (a*=0, b*=0) and the transmittance color coordinates of the substrate, and
article reflectance color coordinates in the (L*, a*, b*) colorimetry system at normal incidence exhibiting a color shift of less than about 5 from a reference point as measured at the anti-reflective surface, the reference point comprising at least one of the color coordinates (a*=0, b*=0), the coordinates (a*=−2, b*=−2), and the reflectance color coordinates of the substrate,
wherein, when the reference point is the color coordinates (a*=0, b*=0), the color shift is defined by √(a*article)2+(b*article)2),
wherein, when the reference point is the color coordinates (a*=−2, b*=−2), the color shift is defined by √(a*article+2)2+(b*article+2)2), and
wherein, when the reference point is the color coordinates of the substrate, the color shift is defined by √(a*article−a*substrate)2+(b*article−b*substrate)2). 19. The article of claim 18, wherein the article exhibits an abrasion resistance comprising any one of
about 1% haze or less, as measured using a hazemeter having an aperture, wherein the aperture has a diameter of about 8 mm, an average roughness, as measured by atomic force microscopy, of about 12 nm RMS or less, a scattered light intensity of about 0.05 (in units of 1/steradian) or less, at a polar scattering angle of about 40 degrees or less, as measured at normal incidence in transmission using an imaging sphere for scatter measurements, with a 2 mm aperture at 600 nm wavelength, and a scattered light intensity of about 0.1 (in units of 1/steradian) or less, at a polar scattering angle of about 20 degrees or less, as measured at normal incidence in transmission using an imaging sphere for scatter measurements, with a 2 mm aperture at 600 nm wavelength, wherein the abrasion resistance is measured after a 500-cycle abrasion using a Taber Test. 20. The article of claim 18, wherein the anti-reflective coating comprises a plurality of layers, the plurality of layers comprising a first low RI layer, a second high RI layer and an optional third layer, wherein at least one of the first low RI layer and the second high RI layer comprises an optical thickness (n*d) in the range from about 2 nm to about 200 nm. 21. The article of claim 18, wherein the article exhibits the reflectance angular color shift at all angles from normal incidence to an incident illumination angle, in the range from about 20 degrees to about 60 degrees. 22. The article of claim 18, wherein the substrate comprises an amorphous substrate or a crystalline substrate. 23. The article of claim 18, further comprising any one or more of an easy-to-clean coating, a diamond-like carbon coating, and a scratch resistant coating, disposed on the anti-reflective coating. 24. An article comprising:
a substrate having a major surface; and an anti-reflective coating having a thickness of about 1 μm or less disposed on the major surface, wherein the article exhibits an abrasion resistance comprising any one or more of:
about 1% haze or less, as measured using a hazemeter having an aperture, wherein the aperture has a diameter of about 8 mm,
an average roughness, as measured by atomic force microscopy, of about 12 nm RMS or less,
a scattered light intensity of about 0.05 (in units of 1/steradian) or less, at a polar scattering angle of about 40 degrees or less, as measured at normal incidence in transmission using an imaging sphere for scatter measurements, with a 2 mm aperture at 600 nm wavelength, and
a scattered light intensity of about 0.1 (in units of 1/steradian) or less, at a polar scattering angle of about 20 degrees or less, as measured at normal incidence in transmission using an imaging sphere for scatter measurements, with a 2 mm aperture at 600 nm wavelength,
wherein the abrasion resistance is measured after a 500-cycle abrasion using a Taber Test,
wherein the article exhibits an average visible photopic reflectance of about 1% or less over the optical wavelength regime at normal incidence under a D65 or F2 illuminant, and wherein the article exhibits a b* value, in reflectance, in the range from about −5 to about 1 as measured on the anti-reflective surface only at all incidence illumination angles in the range from about 0 degrees to about 60 degrees under a D65 illuminant or F2 illuminant. 25. The article of claim 24, wherein anti-reflective coating comprises a plurality of layers, the plurality of layers comprising at least one first low RI layer and more than one second high RI layer, and wherein the combined thickness of the second high RI layers is less than about 500 nm or less. 26. The article of claim 24, wherein the article exhibits a single side average light transmittance of about 98% or greater over the optical wavelength regime. 27. An article comprising:
a substrate having a major surface; and an anti-reflective coating having a thickness of about 1 μm or less disposed on the major surface, wherein the article exhibits an average visible photopic reflectance of about 0.7% or less over the optical wavelength regime at normal incidence under a D65 or F2 illuminant, wherein the article exhibits a b* value, in reflectance, in the range from about −5 to about 1 as measured on the anti-reflective surface only at all incidence illumination angles in the range from about 0 degrees to about 60 degrees under a F2 illuminant, and wherein the article exhibits a reflectance angular color shift of less than about 5, as measured on the anti-reflective surface at all angles from normal incidence to an incident illumination angle in the range from about 20 degrees to about 60 degrees under a D65 illuminant or F2 illuminant and wherein angular color shift is calculated using the equation √(a*2−a*1)2+(b*2−b*1)2), with a*1, and b*1 representing the coordinates of the article when viewed at normal incidence and a*2, and b*2 representing the coordinates of the article when viewed at the incident illumination angle. 28. The article of claim 27, wherein the article exhibits a maximum hardness of about 8 GPa or greater as measured by a Berkovich Indenter Hardness Test an indentation depth of about 50 nm or greater. 29. The article of claim 27, wherein anti-reflective coating comprises a physical thickness and a plurality of layers comprising a nitride or oxynitride, and wherein the combined physical thickness of the layers comprising a nitride or an oxynitride is 40% or greater of the physical thickness of the anti-reflective coating. 30. The article of claim 27, wherein the angular color shift is less than about 2. | 1,700 |
3,143 | 14,702,920 | 1,723 | The electrochemical device 40 includes a device main body 60 and an armoring body 50 for accommodating the device main body 60 . The armoring body 50 is constituted by a laminated armoring material in which a heat-resistant resin layer 2 is adhered to a first surface of a metal foil layer 4 and a thermal fusion resin layer 3 is adhered to a second surface of the metal foil layer 4 , and metal exposed sections 54 and 56 in which the metal foil layer 4 is exposed is formed at least on the heat-resistant resin layer 2 side which is an outer side of the laminated armoring material 50. | 1. An electrochemical device comprising:
a device main body; and an armoring body for accommodating the device main body, wherein the armoring body is constituted by a laminated armoring material in which a heat-resistant resin layer is adhered to a first surface of a metal foil layer and a thermal fusion resin layer is adhered to a second surface of the metal foil layer, and a metal exposed section in which the metal foil layer is exposed is formed at least on the heat-resistant resin layer side which is an outer side of the laminated armoring material. 2. The electrochemical device as recited in claim 1,
wherein the metal exposed section is formed on both surfaces of the metal foil layer as a conductive section, and in the armoring body, at least one of electrodes including a positive electrode and a negative electrode of the device main body is joined to the conductive section. 3. The electrochemical device as recited in claim 2, wherein an inside of the armoring body is decompressed. 4. The electrochemical device as recited in claim 2, wherein the at least one of electrodes of the device main body and the conductive section of the armoring body are joined by ultrasonic joining. 5. The electrochemical device as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal exposed section on the heat-resistant resin layer side and the metal exposed section on the thermal fusion resin layer side are formed at the same position sandwiching the metal foil layer. 6. The electrochemical device as recited in claim 1, wherein the heat-resistant resin layer of the laminated armoring material is constituted by a stretched film and the thermal fusion resin layer is constituted by an unstretched film. 7. The electrochemical device as recited in claim 1, wherein a chemical conversion film is formed on a surface of the metal foil layer at least on a side of the thermal fusion resin layer. 8. A method of producing a laminated armoring material for an armoring body for accommodating a device main body of an electrochemical device, comprising:
adhering a first resin layer to a first surface of a metal foil layer via a first adhesive agent layer; adhering a second resin layer to a second surface of the metal foil layer via a second adhesive agent layer; and removing a part of at least one of the first resin layer and the second resin layer, wherein the at least one of the first resin layer and the second resin layer is adhered to the metal foil layer via one of the first adhesive agent layer and the second adhesive agent layer formed by applying an adhesive agent to a joining region of the metal foil layer and the at least one of the first resin layer and the second resin layer excluding a part of the joining region so that an adhesive agent unapplied section in which the adhesive agent is not applied is formed, and wherein the part of at least one of the first resin layer and the second resin layer corresponds to the adhesive agent unapplied section, and is removed to expose the metal foil layer. 9. The method of producing the laminated armoring material as recited in claim 8, wherein, as an adhering method on a side of the first surface of the metal foil layer and an adhering method on a side of the second surface of the metal foil layer, a process for forming the adhesive agent unapplied section is employed to produce a laminated body for a laminated armoring material having the adhesive agent unapplied section on both surfaces of the metal foil layer. 10. The method of producing the laminated armoring material as recited in claim 8, wherein, in a process for forming the adhesive agent unapplied section, the adhesive agent is applied using a roll having a concave portion and a convex portion on a peripheral surface of the roll to form the adhesive agent unapplied section corresponding to a shape of the convex portion. 11. The method of producing the laminated armoring material as recited in claim 8, wherein the resin layer is cut and removed by irradiating a laser in a process for removing the part of at least one of the first resin layer and the second resin layer. 12. A laminated sheet armoring material produced by the method as recited in claim 8. | The electrochemical device 40 includes a device main body 60 and an armoring body 50 for accommodating the device main body 60 . The armoring body 50 is constituted by a laminated armoring material in which a heat-resistant resin layer 2 is adhered to a first surface of a metal foil layer 4 and a thermal fusion resin layer 3 is adhered to a second surface of the metal foil layer 4 , and metal exposed sections 54 and 56 in which the metal foil layer 4 is exposed is formed at least on the heat-resistant resin layer 2 side which is an outer side of the laminated armoring material 50.1. An electrochemical device comprising:
a device main body; and an armoring body for accommodating the device main body, wherein the armoring body is constituted by a laminated armoring material in which a heat-resistant resin layer is adhered to a first surface of a metal foil layer and a thermal fusion resin layer is adhered to a second surface of the metal foil layer, and a metal exposed section in which the metal foil layer is exposed is formed at least on the heat-resistant resin layer side which is an outer side of the laminated armoring material. 2. The electrochemical device as recited in claim 1,
wherein the metal exposed section is formed on both surfaces of the metal foil layer as a conductive section, and in the armoring body, at least one of electrodes including a positive electrode and a negative electrode of the device main body is joined to the conductive section. 3. The electrochemical device as recited in claim 2, wherein an inside of the armoring body is decompressed. 4. The electrochemical device as recited in claim 2, wherein the at least one of electrodes of the device main body and the conductive section of the armoring body are joined by ultrasonic joining. 5. The electrochemical device as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal exposed section on the heat-resistant resin layer side and the metal exposed section on the thermal fusion resin layer side are formed at the same position sandwiching the metal foil layer. 6. The electrochemical device as recited in claim 1, wherein the heat-resistant resin layer of the laminated armoring material is constituted by a stretched film and the thermal fusion resin layer is constituted by an unstretched film. 7. The electrochemical device as recited in claim 1, wherein a chemical conversion film is formed on a surface of the metal foil layer at least on a side of the thermal fusion resin layer. 8. A method of producing a laminated armoring material for an armoring body for accommodating a device main body of an electrochemical device, comprising:
adhering a first resin layer to a first surface of a metal foil layer via a first adhesive agent layer; adhering a second resin layer to a second surface of the metal foil layer via a second adhesive agent layer; and removing a part of at least one of the first resin layer and the second resin layer, wherein the at least one of the first resin layer and the second resin layer is adhered to the metal foil layer via one of the first adhesive agent layer and the second adhesive agent layer formed by applying an adhesive agent to a joining region of the metal foil layer and the at least one of the first resin layer and the second resin layer excluding a part of the joining region so that an adhesive agent unapplied section in which the adhesive agent is not applied is formed, and wherein the part of at least one of the first resin layer and the second resin layer corresponds to the adhesive agent unapplied section, and is removed to expose the metal foil layer. 9. The method of producing the laminated armoring material as recited in claim 8, wherein, as an adhering method on a side of the first surface of the metal foil layer and an adhering method on a side of the second surface of the metal foil layer, a process for forming the adhesive agent unapplied section is employed to produce a laminated body for a laminated armoring material having the adhesive agent unapplied section on both surfaces of the metal foil layer. 10. The method of producing the laminated armoring material as recited in claim 8, wherein, in a process for forming the adhesive agent unapplied section, the adhesive agent is applied using a roll having a concave portion and a convex portion on a peripheral surface of the roll to form the adhesive agent unapplied section corresponding to a shape of the convex portion. 11. The method of producing the laminated armoring material as recited in claim 8, wherein the resin layer is cut and removed by irradiating a laser in a process for removing the part of at least one of the first resin layer and the second resin layer. 12. A laminated sheet armoring material produced by the method as recited in claim 8. | 1,700 |
3,144 | 13,632,154 | 1,785 | An apparatus includes a disk substrate and a soft underlayer overlying the disk substrate. A magnetic seed layer overlies the soft underlayer, wherein the magnetic seed layer is formed by a hexagonal close-packed lattice material and has in-plane magnetic anisotropy. | 1. An apparatus comprising:
a substrate; a soft underlayer overlying said substrate; and a magnetic seed layer overlying said soft underlayer, wherein said magnetic seed layer is formed from a hexagonal close-packed crystalline structure, having longitudinal magnetization, and wherein said magnetic seed layer is permeable by magnetic flux. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a thickness of said magnetic seed layer ranges between 10-100 Å. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said magnetic seed layer comprises a plurality of growth layers, wherein each growth layer of said plurality of growth layers is between 10-100 Å thick. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said magnetic seed layer and said soft underlayer are operable to pass magnetic flux in horizontal direction. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said soft underlayer is amorphous and has in-plane magnetic anisotropy. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a magnetic base layer disposed above said magnetic seed layer. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said interlayer is operable to substantially prevent magnetic interactions between the soft underlayer and said magnetic seed layer and said magnetic base layer to optimize microstructural and magnetic properties of hard recording layer. 8. An apparatus comprising:
a magnetic base layer, wherein said magnetic base layer comprises a plurality of magnetic recording islands operable to magnetically align in response to a magnetic flux; a magnetic seed layer disposed below said magnetic base layer, wherein said magnetic seed layer is formed by a hexagonal close-packed lattice material, having in-plane magnetic anisotropy, and wherein said magnetic seed layer is operable to pass said magnetic flux longitudinally, wherein said magnetic flux is produced by a read/write pole; and a soft underlayer disposed below said magnetic seed layer. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein a thickness of said magnetic seed layer ranges between 10-100 Å. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein said magnetic seed layer comprises a plurality of growth layers, wherein each growth layer of said plurality of growth layers is between 10-100 Å thick. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein said soft underlayer is operable to pass said magnetic flux. 12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein said soft underlayer is amorphous and has in-plane magnetic anisotropy. 13. The apparatus of claim 8 further comprising an interlayer disposed between said magnetic base layer and said magnetic seed layer. 14. An apparatus comprising:
a soft underlayer; and a magnetic seed layer overlying said soft underlayer, wherein said magnetic seed layer is formed from a hexagonal close-packed lattice material having in-plane magnetic anisotropy. 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a thickness of said magnetic seed layer ranges between 10-100 Å thick. 16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said magnetic seed layer comprises a plurality of growth layers, wherein each magnetic growth layer of said plurality of growth layers is between 10-100 Å thick. 17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said magnetic seed layer is operable to pass magnetic flux in horizontal direction. 18. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said soft underlayer has an in-plane magnetic anisotropy, wherein said soft underlayer is operable to pass a magnetic flux through, and wherein said magnetic seed layer is operable to pass a magnetic flux through. 19. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
an interlayer overlying said magnetic seed layer; and
a magnetic base layer overlying said interlayer. 20. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein said interlayer is operable to substantially prevent magnetic interactions between the soft underlayer and said magnetic seed layer and said magnetic base layer. | An apparatus includes a disk substrate and a soft underlayer overlying the disk substrate. A magnetic seed layer overlies the soft underlayer, wherein the magnetic seed layer is formed by a hexagonal close-packed lattice material and has in-plane magnetic anisotropy.1. An apparatus comprising:
a substrate; a soft underlayer overlying said substrate; and a magnetic seed layer overlying said soft underlayer, wherein said magnetic seed layer is formed from a hexagonal close-packed crystalline structure, having longitudinal magnetization, and wherein said magnetic seed layer is permeable by magnetic flux. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a thickness of said magnetic seed layer ranges between 10-100 Å. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said magnetic seed layer comprises a plurality of growth layers, wherein each growth layer of said plurality of growth layers is between 10-100 Å thick. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said magnetic seed layer and said soft underlayer are operable to pass magnetic flux in horizontal direction. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said soft underlayer is amorphous and has in-plane magnetic anisotropy. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a magnetic base layer disposed above said magnetic seed layer. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said interlayer is operable to substantially prevent magnetic interactions between the soft underlayer and said magnetic seed layer and said magnetic base layer to optimize microstructural and magnetic properties of hard recording layer. 8. An apparatus comprising:
a magnetic base layer, wherein said magnetic base layer comprises a plurality of magnetic recording islands operable to magnetically align in response to a magnetic flux; a magnetic seed layer disposed below said magnetic base layer, wherein said magnetic seed layer is formed by a hexagonal close-packed lattice material, having in-plane magnetic anisotropy, and wherein said magnetic seed layer is operable to pass said magnetic flux longitudinally, wherein said magnetic flux is produced by a read/write pole; and a soft underlayer disposed below said magnetic seed layer. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein a thickness of said magnetic seed layer ranges between 10-100 Å. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein said magnetic seed layer comprises a plurality of growth layers, wherein each growth layer of said plurality of growth layers is between 10-100 Å thick. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein said soft underlayer is operable to pass said magnetic flux. 12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein said soft underlayer is amorphous and has in-plane magnetic anisotropy. 13. The apparatus of claim 8 further comprising an interlayer disposed between said magnetic base layer and said magnetic seed layer. 14. An apparatus comprising:
a soft underlayer; and a magnetic seed layer overlying said soft underlayer, wherein said magnetic seed layer is formed from a hexagonal close-packed lattice material having in-plane magnetic anisotropy. 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a thickness of said magnetic seed layer ranges between 10-100 Å thick. 16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said magnetic seed layer comprises a plurality of growth layers, wherein each magnetic growth layer of said plurality of growth layers is between 10-100 Å thick. 17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said magnetic seed layer is operable to pass magnetic flux in horizontal direction. 18. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said soft underlayer has an in-plane magnetic anisotropy, wherein said soft underlayer is operable to pass a magnetic flux through, and wherein said magnetic seed layer is operable to pass a magnetic flux through. 19. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
an interlayer overlying said magnetic seed layer; and
a magnetic base layer overlying said interlayer. 20. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein said interlayer is operable to substantially prevent magnetic interactions between the soft underlayer and said magnetic seed layer and said magnetic base layer. | 1,700 |
3,145 | 13,604,951 | 1,735 | Methods for making a material superwicking and/or superwetting (superhydrophyllic) involving creating one or more indentations in the surface of the material that have a micro-rough surface of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, or other irregularly shaped features having heights and/or widths on the order of 0.5 to 100 microns and the micro-rough surface having a nano-rough surface of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features having heights and/or widths on the order of 1 to 500 nanometers. Superwicking and/or superwetting materials having micro-rough and nano-rough surface indentations, including metals, glass, enamel, polymers, semiconductors, and others. | 1. A method for making a non-superhydrophyllic material superhydrophilic (superwetting), comprising the steps of:
a) providing a non-superhydrophilic material having at least one of a smooth, a roughened, and a pre-structured surface; and b) processing the surface region of the material using an energy flux comprising at least one of one or more pulses from a suitable energy source and continuous radiation from a continuous energy source, further comprising:
i) creating one or more indentations in the surface, wherein said one or more indentations have a micro-rough surface comprising at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features having heights and/or widths on the order of 0.5 to 100 microns,
further wherein the micro-rough surface has a nano-rough surface comprising at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, grooves, and other irregularly shaped features having heights and/or widths on the order of 1 to 500 nanometers. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) further comprises providing a metal material. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) further comprises providing a glass material. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) further comprises providing a dielectric material. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) further comprises providing a semiconductor material. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) further comprises providing a polymer material. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) further comprises providing a dentin material. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) further comprises providing an enamel material. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) further comprises providing a material comprising hydroxyapatite. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein step (b)(i) further comprises creating one or more discrete, adjacent indentations each having a maximum surface dimension between about 0.1 μm to 5 cm. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising creating a plurality of the discrete, adjacent indentations in a selected pattern. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein step (b)(i) further comprises creating one or more immediately adjacent indentations each having a maximum surface dimension between about 0.1 μm to 5 cm. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising creating a plurality of the immediately adjacent indentations in a selected pattern. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein at least some of the plurality of the immediately adjacent indentations are overlapping. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein step (b)(i) further comprises creating one or more grooves each having a width from 10 nm to 5 mm and a depth from 10 nm to 5 mm. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising creating the one or more grooves in a desired pattern. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising creating a two-dimensional array of grooves. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising creating the one or more grooves in straight lines. 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising creating a plurality of the grooves characterized by a periodicity from 10 nm to 10 cm. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the material is metal, wherein the grooves have a periodicity from 10 nm to 10 cm, a width from 10 nm to 5 mm, and a depth from 10 nm to 5 mm. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the grooves have a periodicity 100+5 μm, a width of 100±5 μm, and a depth of 75±5 μm,
further wherein the micro-rough surface comprises at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 0.5 to 10 microns, further wherein the micro-rough surface has a nano-rough surface comprising at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 5 to 500 nanometers. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the material is glass and the grooves have a periodicity from 10 nm to 10 cm, a width from 10 nm to 5 mm, and a depth from 10 nm to 5 mm. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the grooves have a periodicity of 100±5 μm, a width of 100±5 μm, and a depth of 40±5 μm,
further wherein the micro-rough surface comprises at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 0.5 to 10 microns, further wherein the micro-rough surface has a nano-rough surface comprising at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 5 to 500 nanometers. 24. The method of claim 19, wherein the material is dentin and the grooves have a periodicity from 10 nm to 2 mm, a width from 10 nm to 2 mm, and a depth from 10 nm to 2 mm. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the grooves have a periodicity of 95±5 μm, a width of 95±5 μm, and a depth of 100±5 μm,
further wherein the micro-rough surface comprises at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 0.5 to 10 microns, further wherein the micro-rough surface has a nano-rough surface comprising at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 5 to 500 nanometers. 26. The method of claim 19, wherein the material is enamel and the grooves have a periodicity from 10 nm to 2 mm, a width from 10 nm to 2 mm, and a depth from 10 nm to 2 mm. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the grooves have a periodicity of 100±5 μm, a width of 100±5 μm, and a depth of 120±5 μm,
further wherein the micro-rough surface comprises at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 0.5 to 10 microns, further wherein the micro-rough surface has a nano-rough surface comprising at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 5 to 500 nanometers. 28. The method of claim 1, wherein the processing step is selected from at least one of direct laser ablation, interferometric laser ablation, near-field laser ablation, a mask projection ablation technique, laser-assisted chemical etching, deposition from a laser ablation plume, plasmonic nanoablation, through a self-assembled microlens array formed by deposition of glass microspheres on the material surface. 29. A material, comprising:
an initially non-superhydrophilic material having at least one of a smooth, a roughened, and a pre-structured surface; and one or more indentations in the surface, wherein said one or more indentations have a micro-rough surface comprising at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 0.5 to 100 microns,
further wherein the micro-rough surface has a nano-rough surface comprising at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, grooves, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 1 to 500 nanometers. 30. The material of claim 29, wherein the material is a metal material. 31. The material of claim 29, wherein the material is a glass material. 32. The material of claim 29, wherein the material is a dentin material. 33. The material of claim 29, wherein the material is a dielectric material. 34. The material of claim 29, wherein the material is a semiconductor material. 35. The material of claim 29, wherein the material is a polymer material. 36. The material of claim 29, wherein the material is an enamel material. 37. The material of claim 29, wherein the material comprises hydroxyapatite. 38. The material of claim 29, wherein the one or more indentations further comprises one or more discrete, adjacent indentations each having a maximum surface dimension between about 0.1 μm to 5 cm. 39. The material of claim 38, wherein the one or more adjacent indentations are disposed in a selected pattern. 40. The material of claim 29, wherein the one or more indentations further comprises one or more immediately adjacent indentations each having a maximum surface dimension between about 0.1 μm to 5 cm. 41. The material of claim 40, wherein the one or more immediately adjacent indentations are disposed in a selected pattern. 42. The material of claim 41, wherein at least some of the plurality of the immediately adjacent indentations are overlapping. 43. The material of claim 29, wherein the one or more indentations are grooves each having a width from 10 nm to 5 mm and a depth from 10 nm to 5 mm. 44. The material of claim 43, wherein the grooves are disposed in a two-dimensional array. 45. The material of claim 43, wherein the one or more grooves are disposed in straight lines. 46. The material of claim 44, wherein plurality of the grooves are characterized by a periodicity from 10 nm to 10 cm. 47. The material of claim 43, wherein the material is metal, wherein the grooves have a periodicity from 10 nm to 10 cm, a width from 10 nm to 5 mm, and a depth from 10 nm to 5 mm. 48. The material of claim 45, wherein the grooves have a periodicity of 100+5 μm, a width of 100+5 μm, and a depth of 75+5 μm,
further wherein the micro-rough surface comprises at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 0.5 to 10 microns, further wherein the micro-rough surface has a nano-rough surface comprising at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 5 to 500 nanometers. 49. The material of claim 43, wherein the material is glass and the grooves have a periodicity from 10 nm to 10 cm, a width from 10 nm to 5 mm, and a depth from 10 nm to 5 mm. 50. The material of claim 49, wherein the grooves have a periodicity of 100+5 μm, a width of 100+5 μm, and a depth of 40+5 μm,
further wherein the micro-rough surface comprises at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 0.5 to 10 microns, further wherein the micro-rough surface has a nano-rough surface comprising at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 5 to 500 nanometers. 51. The material of claim 43, wherein the material is dentin and the grooves have a periodicity from 10 nm to 2 mm, a width from 10 nm to 2 mm, and a depth from 10 nm to 2 mm. 52. The material of claim 51, wherein the grooves have a periodicity of 95+5 μm, a width of 95+5 μm, and a depth of 100+5 μm,
further wherein the micro-rough surface comprises at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 0.5 to 10 microns, further wherein the micro-rough surface has a nano-rough surface comprising at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 5 to 500 nanometers. 53. The material of claim 43, wherein the material is enamel and the grooves have a periodicity from 10 nm to 2 mm, a width from 10 nm to 2 mm, and a depth from 10 nm to 2 mm. 54. The material of claim 53, wherein the grooves have a periodicity of 100+5 μm, a width of 100+5 μm, and a depth of 120+5 μm,
further wherein the micro-rough surface comprises at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 0.5 to 10 microns, further wherein the micro-rough surface has a nano-rough surface comprising at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 5 to 500 nanometers. | Methods for making a material superwicking and/or superwetting (superhydrophyllic) involving creating one or more indentations in the surface of the material that have a micro-rough surface of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, or other irregularly shaped features having heights and/or widths on the order of 0.5 to 100 microns and the micro-rough surface having a nano-rough surface of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features having heights and/or widths on the order of 1 to 500 nanometers. Superwicking and/or superwetting materials having micro-rough and nano-rough surface indentations, including metals, glass, enamel, polymers, semiconductors, and others.1. A method for making a non-superhydrophyllic material superhydrophilic (superwetting), comprising the steps of:
a) providing a non-superhydrophilic material having at least one of a smooth, a roughened, and a pre-structured surface; and b) processing the surface region of the material using an energy flux comprising at least one of one or more pulses from a suitable energy source and continuous radiation from a continuous energy source, further comprising:
i) creating one or more indentations in the surface, wherein said one or more indentations have a micro-rough surface comprising at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features having heights and/or widths on the order of 0.5 to 100 microns,
further wherein the micro-rough surface has a nano-rough surface comprising at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, grooves, and other irregularly shaped features having heights and/or widths on the order of 1 to 500 nanometers. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) further comprises providing a metal material. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) further comprises providing a glass material. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) further comprises providing a dielectric material. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) further comprises providing a semiconductor material. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) further comprises providing a polymer material. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) further comprises providing a dentin material. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) further comprises providing an enamel material. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) further comprises providing a material comprising hydroxyapatite. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein step (b)(i) further comprises creating one or more discrete, adjacent indentations each having a maximum surface dimension between about 0.1 μm to 5 cm. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising creating a plurality of the discrete, adjacent indentations in a selected pattern. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein step (b)(i) further comprises creating one or more immediately adjacent indentations each having a maximum surface dimension between about 0.1 μm to 5 cm. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising creating a plurality of the immediately adjacent indentations in a selected pattern. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein at least some of the plurality of the immediately adjacent indentations are overlapping. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein step (b)(i) further comprises creating one or more grooves each having a width from 10 nm to 5 mm and a depth from 10 nm to 5 mm. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising creating the one or more grooves in a desired pattern. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising creating a two-dimensional array of grooves. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising creating the one or more grooves in straight lines. 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising creating a plurality of the grooves characterized by a periodicity from 10 nm to 10 cm. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the material is metal, wherein the grooves have a periodicity from 10 nm to 10 cm, a width from 10 nm to 5 mm, and a depth from 10 nm to 5 mm. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the grooves have a periodicity 100+5 μm, a width of 100±5 μm, and a depth of 75±5 μm,
further wherein the micro-rough surface comprises at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 0.5 to 10 microns, further wherein the micro-rough surface has a nano-rough surface comprising at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 5 to 500 nanometers. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the material is glass and the grooves have a periodicity from 10 nm to 10 cm, a width from 10 nm to 5 mm, and a depth from 10 nm to 5 mm. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the grooves have a periodicity of 100±5 μm, a width of 100±5 μm, and a depth of 40±5 μm,
further wherein the micro-rough surface comprises at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 0.5 to 10 microns, further wherein the micro-rough surface has a nano-rough surface comprising at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 5 to 500 nanometers. 24. The method of claim 19, wherein the material is dentin and the grooves have a periodicity from 10 nm to 2 mm, a width from 10 nm to 2 mm, and a depth from 10 nm to 2 mm. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the grooves have a periodicity of 95±5 μm, a width of 95±5 μm, and a depth of 100±5 μm,
further wherein the micro-rough surface comprises at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 0.5 to 10 microns, further wherein the micro-rough surface has a nano-rough surface comprising at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 5 to 500 nanometers. 26. The method of claim 19, wherein the material is enamel and the grooves have a periodicity from 10 nm to 2 mm, a width from 10 nm to 2 mm, and a depth from 10 nm to 2 mm. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the grooves have a periodicity of 100±5 μm, a width of 100±5 μm, and a depth of 120±5 μm,
further wherein the micro-rough surface comprises at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 0.5 to 10 microns, further wherein the micro-rough surface has a nano-rough surface comprising at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 5 to 500 nanometers. 28. The method of claim 1, wherein the processing step is selected from at least one of direct laser ablation, interferometric laser ablation, near-field laser ablation, a mask projection ablation technique, laser-assisted chemical etching, deposition from a laser ablation plume, plasmonic nanoablation, through a self-assembled microlens array formed by deposition of glass microspheres on the material surface. 29. A material, comprising:
an initially non-superhydrophilic material having at least one of a smooth, a roughened, and a pre-structured surface; and one or more indentations in the surface, wherein said one or more indentations have a micro-rough surface comprising at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 0.5 to 100 microns,
further wherein the micro-rough surface has a nano-rough surface comprising at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, grooves, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 1 to 500 nanometers. 30. The material of claim 29, wherein the material is a metal material. 31. The material of claim 29, wherein the material is a glass material. 32. The material of claim 29, wherein the material is a dentin material. 33. The material of claim 29, wherein the material is a dielectric material. 34. The material of claim 29, wherein the material is a semiconductor material. 35. The material of claim 29, wherein the material is a polymer material. 36. The material of claim 29, wherein the material is an enamel material. 37. The material of claim 29, wherein the material comprises hydroxyapatite. 38. The material of claim 29, wherein the one or more indentations further comprises one or more discrete, adjacent indentations each having a maximum surface dimension between about 0.1 μm to 5 cm. 39. The material of claim 38, wherein the one or more adjacent indentations are disposed in a selected pattern. 40. The material of claim 29, wherein the one or more indentations further comprises one or more immediately adjacent indentations each having a maximum surface dimension between about 0.1 μm to 5 cm. 41. The material of claim 40, wherein the one or more immediately adjacent indentations are disposed in a selected pattern. 42. The material of claim 41, wherein at least some of the plurality of the immediately adjacent indentations are overlapping. 43. The material of claim 29, wherein the one or more indentations are grooves each having a width from 10 nm to 5 mm and a depth from 10 nm to 5 mm. 44. The material of claim 43, wherein the grooves are disposed in a two-dimensional array. 45. The material of claim 43, wherein the one or more grooves are disposed in straight lines. 46. The material of claim 44, wherein plurality of the grooves are characterized by a periodicity from 10 nm to 10 cm. 47. The material of claim 43, wherein the material is metal, wherein the grooves have a periodicity from 10 nm to 10 cm, a width from 10 nm to 5 mm, and a depth from 10 nm to 5 mm. 48. The material of claim 45, wherein the grooves have a periodicity of 100+5 μm, a width of 100+5 μm, and a depth of 75+5 μm,
further wherein the micro-rough surface comprises at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 0.5 to 10 microns, further wherein the micro-rough surface has a nano-rough surface comprising at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 5 to 500 nanometers. 49. The material of claim 43, wherein the material is glass and the grooves have a periodicity from 10 nm to 10 cm, a width from 10 nm to 5 mm, and a depth from 10 nm to 5 mm. 50. The material of claim 49, wherein the grooves have a periodicity of 100+5 μm, a width of 100+5 μm, and a depth of 40+5 μm,
further wherein the micro-rough surface comprises at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 0.5 to 10 microns, further wherein the micro-rough surface has a nano-rough surface comprising at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 5 to 500 nanometers. 51. The material of claim 43, wherein the material is dentin and the grooves have a periodicity from 10 nm to 2 mm, a width from 10 nm to 2 mm, and a depth from 10 nm to 2 mm. 52. The material of claim 51, wherein the grooves have a periodicity of 95+5 μm, a width of 95+5 μm, and a depth of 100+5 μm,
further wherein the micro-rough surface comprises at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 0.5 to 10 microns, further wherein the micro-rough surface has a nano-rough surface comprising at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 5 to 500 nanometers. 53. The material of claim 43, wherein the material is enamel and the grooves have a periodicity from 10 nm to 2 mm, a width from 10 nm to 2 mm, and a depth from 10 nm to 2 mm. 54. The material of claim 53, wherein the grooves have a periodicity of 100+5 μm, a width of 100+5 μm, and a depth of 120+5 μm,
further wherein the micro-rough surface comprises at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 0.5 to 10 microns, further wherein the micro-rough surface has a nano-rough surface comprising at least one of protrusions, cavities, spheres, rods, and other irregularly shaped features on the order of 5 to 500 nanometers. | 1,700 |
3,146 | 14,780,860 | 1,733 | To provide an R-T-B based sintered magnet having high B r and high H cJ without using Dy. Disclosed is an R-T-B based sintered magnet which includes an Nd 2 Fe 14 B type compound as a main phase, and comprises the main phase, a first grain boundary phase located between two main phases, and a second grain boundary phase located between three or more main phases, wherein the composition of the R-T-B based sintered magnet comprises: R: 29.0% by mass or more and 31.5% by mass or less, B: 0.86% by mass or more and 0.90% by mass or less, Ga: 0.4% by mass or more and 0.6% by mass or less, Al: 0.5% by mass or less (including 0% by mass), and balance being T and inevitable impurities. | 1.-6. (canceled) 7. An R-T-B based sintered magnet including an Nd2Fe14B type compound as a main phase comprising:
the main phase, a first grain boundary phase located between two main phases, and a second grain boundary phase located between three or more main phases, wherein the composition of the R-T-B based sintered magnet comprises: R: 29.0% by mass or more and 31.5% by mass or less (R being Nd and/or Pr), B: 0.86% by mass or more and 0.90% by mass or less, Ga: 0.4% by mass or more and 0.6% by mass or less, Al: 0.5% by mass or less (including 0% by mass), and balance being T (T is a transition metal element and inevitably includes Fe) and inevitable impurities. 8. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 7, further including:
Cu: 0.05% by mass or more and 0.20% by mass or less. 9. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 7, wherein the content of Cu is 0.08% by mass or more and 0.15% by mass or less. 10. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 7, wherein the content of B is 0.87% by mass or more and 0.89% by mass or less. 11. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 7, wherein the content of Al is 0.3% by mass or less (including 0% by mass). 12. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 7, wherein an R—Ga phase including R: 70% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less, Ga: 5% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less, and Fe: 20% by mass or less (including 0) is present in the first grain boundary phase. 13. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 8, wherein an R—Ga phase including R: 70% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less, Ga: 5% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less, and Fe: 20% by mass or less (including 0), and an R—Ga—Cu phase in which Ga of the R—Ga phase is partially replaced with Cu are present in the first grain boundary phase. 14. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 7, including a first grain boundary phase free from an R-T-Ga phase composed of R6Fe13Ga1. | To provide an R-T-B based sintered magnet having high B r and high H cJ without using Dy. Disclosed is an R-T-B based sintered magnet which includes an Nd 2 Fe 14 B type compound as a main phase, and comprises the main phase, a first grain boundary phase located between two main phases, and a second grain boundary phase located between three or more main phases, wherein the composition of the R-T-B based sintered magnet comprises: R: 29.0% by mass or more and 31.5% by mass or less, B: 0.86% by mass or more and 0.90% by mass or less, Ga: 0.4% by mass or more and 0.6% by mass or less, Al: 0.5% by mass or less (including 0% by mass), and balance being T and inevitable impurities.1.-6. (canceled) 7. An R-T-B based sintered magnet including an Nd2Fe14B type compound as a main phase comprising:
the main phase, a first grain boundary phase located between two main phases, and a second grain boundary phase located between three or more main phases, wherein the composition of the R-T-B based sintered magnet comprises: R: 29.0% by mass or more and 31.5% by mass or less (R being Nd and/or Pr), B: 0.86% by mass or more and 0.90% by mass or less, Ga: 0.4% by mass or more and 0.6% by mass or less, Al: 0.5% by mass or less (including 0% by mass), and balance being T (T is a transition metal element and inevitably includes Fe) and inevitable impurities. 8. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 7, further including:
Cu: 0.05% by mass or more and 0.20% by mass or less. 9. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 7, wherein the content of Cu is 0.08% by mass or more and 0.15% by mass or less. 10. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 7, wherein the content of B is 0.87% by mass or more and 0.89% by mass or less. 11. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 7, wherein the content of Al is 0.3% by mass or less (including 0% by mass). 12. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 7, wherein an R—Ga phase including R: 70% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less, Ga: 5% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less, and Fe: 20% by mass or less (including 0) is present in the first grain boundary phase. 13. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 8, wherein an R—Ga phase including R: 70% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less, Ga: 5% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less, and Fe: 20% by mass or less (including 0), and an R—Ga—Cu phase in which Ga of the R—Ga phase is partially replaced with Cu are present in the first grain boundary phase. 14. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 7, including a first grain boundary phase free from an R-T-Ga phase composed of R6Fe13Ga1. | 1,700 |
3,147 | 14,351,820 | 1,749 | A tire having a crown reinforcement formed of at least two working crown layers each formed of reinforcing elements inserted between two calendaring layers of rubber compound, crossed from one layer to the other making angles of between 10° and 45° with the circumferential direction and the crown reinforcements comprising at least one layer of circumferential reinforcing elements. The elastic modulus under 10% tensile strain of at least one calendaring layer of at least one working crown layer is less than 8.5 MPa and the maximum value of tan(δ), denoted tan(δ)max, of said at least one calendaring layer of at least one working crown layer is less than 0.100. | 1. A tire comprising:
a radial carcass reinforcement comprising a crown reinforcement comprising:
at least two working crown layers each formed of reinforcing elements inserted between two calendering layers of rubber mixture, crossed from one layer to the other while forming, with a circumferential direction, angles of between 10° and 45°,
at least one layer of circumferential reinforcing elements, wherein the tensile modulus of elasticity at 10% elongation of at least one calendering layer of at least one working crown layer is less than 8.5 MPa and wherein,
the maximum tan(δ) value, denoted tan(δ)max, of the at least one calendering layer of at least one working crown layer is less than 0.100 and wherein,
the at least one calendering layer of at least one working crown layer is an elastomeric mixture based on natural rubber or on synthetic polyisoprene predominantly comprising cis-1,4 enchainments and optionally on at least one other diene elastomer, the natural rubber or the synthetic polyisoprene, in the case of a blend, being present at a predominant content with respect to the content of the other diene elastomer(s) used, and on a reinforcing filler consisting:
a) either of carbon black with a BET specific surface of greater than 60 m2/g,
i. employed at a content of between 20 and 40 phr when the structural index of the carbon black using Compressed Oil Absorption Number (COAN) is greater than 85,
ii. employed at a content of between 20 and 50 phr when the structural index of the carbon black (COAN) is less than 85,
b) or of carbon black with a BET specific surface of less than 60 m2/g, whatever its structural index, employed at a content of between 20 and 80 phr,
c) or of a white filler of silica and/or alumina type comprising SiOH and/or AlOH surface functional groups, selected from the group consisting of precipitated or fumed silicas, aluminas and aluminosilicates, or alternatively carbon blacks modified during or after the synthesis having a BET specific surface of between 130 and 260 m2/g, employed at a content of between 20 and 80 phr,
d) or of a blend of carbon black described in (a) and/or of carbon black described in (b) and/or a white filler described in (c), in which the overall content of filler is between 20 and 80 phr;
a tread joined to two beads via two sidewalls, radially topping the crown reinforcement. 2. The tire according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing elements of at least one working crown layer are saturated layered cords, at least one inner liner being sheathed with a layer consisting of a polymeric composition. 3. The tire according to claim 1, wherein the layer of circumferential reinforcing elements is positioned radially between two working crown layers. 4. The tire according to claim 1, wherein at least two working crown layers exhibit different axial widths, wherein the difference between an axial width of an axially widest working crown layer and an axial width of an axially narrowest working crown layer is between 10 and 30 mm. 5. The tire according to claim 4, wherein the axially widest working crown layer is radially interior to the other working crown layers. 6. The tire according to claim 4, wherein the axial widths of the working crown layers radially adjacent to the layer of circumferential reinforcing elements are greater than the axial width of the said layer of circumferential reinforcing elements. 7. The tire according to claim 6, wherein the working crown layers adjacent to the layer of circumferential reinforcing elements are on either side of the equatorial plane and, in the immediate axial extension of the layer of circumferential reinforcing elements, coupled over an axial width, in order to be subsequently decoupled by profiled elements of rubber mixture at least over the remainder of the width common to the said two working layers. 8. The tire according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing elements of at least one layer of circumferential reinforcing elements are metal reinforcing elements exhibiting a secant modulus at 0.7% elongation of between 10 and 120 GPa and a maximum tangent modulus of less than 150 GPa. 9. The tire according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing elements of the working crown layers are inextensible. 10. The tire according to claim 1, wherein the angle formed by the reinforcing elements of the working crown layers with the circumferential direction is less than 30°. 11. The tire according to claim 1, wherein the crown reinforcement is supplemented radially on the outside by at least one additional ply, known as protective ply, of “elastic” reinforcing elements, which are oriented, with respect to the circumferential direction, with an angle of between 10° and 45° and in the same direction as the angle formed by the inextensible elements of the working ply radially adjacent to it. 12. The tire according to claim 1, wherein the crown reinforcement additionally comprises a triangulation layer formed of metal reinforcing elements forming, with the circumferential direction, angles greater than 60°. | A tire having a crown reinforcement formed of at least two working crown layers each formed of reinforcing elements inserted between two calendaring layers of rubber compound, crossed from one layer to the other making angles of between 10° and 45° with the circumferential direction and the crown reinforcements comprising at least one layer of circumferential reinforcing elements. The elastic modulus under 10% tensile strain of at least one calendaring layer of at least one working crown layer is less than 8.5 MPa and the maximum value of tan(δ), denoted tan(δ)max, of said at least one calendaring layer of at least one working crown layer is less than 0.100.1. A tire comprising:
a radial carcass reinforcement comprising a crown reinforcement comprising:
at least two working crown layers each formed of reinforcing elements inserted between two calendering layers of rubber mixture, crossed from one layer to the other while forming, with a circumferential direction, angles of between 10° and 45°,
at least one layer of circumferential reinforcing elements, wherein the tensile modulus of elasticity at 10% elongation of at least one calendering layer of at least one working crown layer is less than 8.5 MPa and wherein,
the maximum tan(δ) value, denoted tan(δ)max, of the at least one calendering layer of at least one working crown layer is less than 0.100 and wherein,
the at least one calendering layer of at least one working crown layer is an elastomeric mixture based on natural rubber or on synthetic polyisoprene predominantly comprising cis-1,4 enchainments and optionally on at least one other diene elastomer, the natural rubber or the synthetic polyisoprene, in the case of a blend, being present at a predominant content with respect to the content of the other diene elastomer(s) used, and on a reinforcing filler consisting:
a) either of carbon black with a BET specific surface of greater than 60 m2/g,
i. employed at a content of between 20 and 40 phr when the structural index of the carbon black using Compressed Oil Absorption Number (COAN) is greater than 85,
ii. employed at a content of between 20 and 50 phr when the structural index of the carbon black (COAN) is less than 85,
b) or of carbon black with a BET specific surface of less than 60 m2/g, whatever its structural index, employed at a content of between 20 and 80 phr,
c) or of a white filler of silica and/or alumina type comprising SiOH and/or AlOH surface functional groups, selected from the group consisting of precipitated or fumed silicas, aluminas and aluminosilicates, or alternatively carbon blacks modified during or after the synthesis having a BET specific surface of between 130 and 260 m2/g, employed at a content of between 20 and 80 phr,
d) or of a blend of carbon black described in (a) and/or of carbon black described in (b) and/or a white filler described in (c), in which the overall content of filler is between 20 and 80 phr;
a tread joined to two beads via two sidewalls, radially topping the crown reinforcement. 2. The tire according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing elements of at least one working crown layer are saturated layered cords, at least one inner liner being sheathed with a layer consisting of a polymeric composition. 3. The tire according to claim 1, wherein the layer of circumferential reinforcing elements is positioned radially between two working crown layers. 4. The tire according to claim 1, wherein at least two working crown layers exhibit different axial widths, wherein the difference between an axial width of an axially widest working crown layer and an axial width of an axially narrowest working crown layer is between 10 and 30 mm. 5. The tire according to claim 4, wherein the axially widest working crown layer is radially interior to the other working crown layers. 6. The tire according to claim 4, wherein the axial widths of the working crown layers radially adjacent to the layer of circumferential reinforcing elements are greater than the axial width of the said layer of circumferential reinforcing elements. 7. The tire according to claim 6, wherein the working crown layers adjacent to the layer of circumferential reinforcing elements are on either side of the equatorial plane and, in the immediate axial extension of the layer of circumferential reinforcing elements, coupled over an axial width, in order to be subsequently decoupled by profiled elements of rubber mixture at least over the remainder of the width common to the said two working layers. 8. The tire according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing elements of at least one layer of circumferential reinforcing elements are metal reinforcing elements exhibiting a secant modulus at 0.7% elongation of between 10 and 120 GPa and a maximum tangent modulus of less than 150 GPa. 9. The tire according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing elements of the working crown layers are inextensible. 10. The tire according to claim 1, wherein the angle formed by the reinforcing elements of the working crown layers with the circumferential direction is less than 30°. 11. The tire according to claim 1, wherein the crown reinforcement is supplemented radially on the outside by at least one additional ply, known as protective ply, of “elastic” reinforcing elements, which are oriented, with respect to the circumferential direction, with an angle of between 10° and 45° and in the same direction as the angle formed by the inextensible elements of the working ply radially adjacent to it. 12. The tire according to claim 1, wherein the crown reinforcement additionally comprises a triangulation layer formed of metal reinforcing elements forming, with the circumferential direction, angles greater than 60°. | 1,700 |
3,148 | 13,942,116 | 1,788 | Thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticles of an iron-cobalt alloy core and a silicon dioxide shell having high magnetic saturation are provided. A magnetic core of high magnetic moment obtained by compression sintering the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticles is also provided. The magnetic core has little core loss due to hysteresis or eddy current flow. | 1. A thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle, comprising:
a superparamagnetic core of an iron cobalt alloy; and a shell of a silicon dioxide directly coating the core; wherein a diameter of the iron cobalt alloy core is 200 nm or less, the core shell particle is obtained by a process comprising: wet chemical precipitation of the core; coating of the core with a silicon dioxide shell to obtain a thermally untreated core shell nanoparticle having a magnetic saturation (Ms); and thermal annealing of the untreated core shell nanoparticle to obtain the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle having a magnetic saturation (TAMs); wherein TAMs is equal to or greater than 1.25Ms. 2. The thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle according to claim 1, wherein the thermal annealing comprises heating the core shell nanoparticle having a magnetic saturation (Ms) at a temperature of from 150° C. to 600° C. for from 3 to 180 seconds. 3. The thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle according to claim 1, wherein a coercivity value of the thermally untreated core shell nanoparticle (HC) and a coercivity value of the thermally treated core shell nanoparticle (TAHC) are substantially equal. 4. The thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle according to claim 1, wherein the superparamagnetic core consists of an iron cobalt alloy. 5. The thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle according to claim 1, wherein the diameter of the iron cobalt core is less than 50 nm. 6. A magnetic core, comprising:
a plurality of the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticles according to claim 1; wherein the magnetic core is a monolithic structure of thermally annealed superparamagnetic core grains of an iron cobalt alloy directly bonded by the silicon dioxide shells, which form a silica matrix. 7. The magnetic core according to claim 6, wherein a space between individual thermally annealed superparamagnetic iron cobalt alloy nanoparticles is occupied substantially only by the silicon dioxide. 8. The magnetic core according to claim 7, wherein the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core consists of an iron cobalt alloy. 9. The magnetic core according to claim 7, wherein at least 97% by volume of the space between the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core grains of iron cobalt alloy is occupied by silicon dioxide. 10. The magnetic core according to claim 7, wherein an average grain size of the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core grains of iron cobalt alloy is from 2 to 160 nm. 11. A method to prepare a monolithic magnetic core,
the magnetic core comprising thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell particles having a particle size of less than 200 nm; wherein the core consists of a superparamagnetic iron cobalt alloy and the shell consists of silicon dioxide; the method comprising sintering the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticles under heat and pressure under flow of an inert gas to obtain a monolithic structure; wherein the core of the core shell particle consists of a superparamagnetic iron cobalt alloy and the shell consists of a silicon dioxide matrix. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the thermal annealment comprises heating the core shell nanoparticles at a temperature of from 150° C. to 600° C. for from 3 to 180 seconds. 13. An electrical/magnetic conversion device, which comprises a magnetic core according to claim 6. 14. An electrical/magnetic conversion device, which comprises a magnetic core according to claim 7. 15. An vehicle part comprising the electrical/magnetic conversion device according to claim 13, wherein the part is selected from the group consisting of a motor, a generator, a transformer, an inductor and an alternator. 16. An vehicle part comprising the electrical/magnetic conversion device according to claim 14, wherein the part is selected from the group consisting of a motor, a generator, a transformer, an inductor and an alternator. | Thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticles of an iron-cobalt alloy core and a silicon dioxide shell having high magnetic saturation are provided. A magnetic core of high magnetic moment obtained by compression sintering the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticles is also provided. The magnetic core has little core loss due to hysteresis or eddy current flow.1. A thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle, comprising:
a superparamagnetic core of an iron cobalt alloy; and a shell of a silicon dioxide directly coating the core; wherein a diameter of the iron cobalt alloy core is 200 nm or less, the core shell particle is obtained by a process comprising: wet chemical precipitation of the core; coating of the core with a silicon dioxide shell to obtain a thermally untreated core shell nanoparticle having a magnetic saturation (Ms); and thermal annealing of the untreated core shell nanoparticle to obtain the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle having a magnetic saturation (TAMs); wherein TAMs is equal to or greater than 1.25Ms. 2. The thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle according to claim 1, wherein the thermal annealing comprises heating the core shell nanoparticle having a magnetic saturation (Ms) at a temperature of from 150° C. to 600° C. for from 3 to 180 seconds. 3. The thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle according to claim 1, wherein a coercivity value of the thermally untreated core shell nanoparticle (HC) and a coercivity value of the thermally treated core shell nanoparticle (TAHC) are substantially equal. 4. The thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle according to claim 1, wherein the superparamagnetic core consists of an iron cobalt alloy. 5. The thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticle according to claim 1, wherein the diameter of the iron cobalt core is less than 50 nm. 6. A magnetic core, comprising:
a plurality of the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticles according to claim 1; wherein the magnetic core is a monolithic structure of thermally annealed superparamagnetic core grains of an iron cobalt alloy directly bonded by the silicon dioxide shells, which form a silica matrix. 7. The magnetic core according to claim 6, wherein a space between individual thermally annealed superparamagnetic iron cobalt alloy nanoparticles is occupied substantially only by the silicon dioxide. 8. The magnetic core according to claim 7, wherein the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core consists of an iron cobalt alloy. 9. The magnetic core according to claim 7, wherein at least 97% by volume of the space between the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core grains of iron cobalt alloy is occupied by silicon dioxide. 10. The magnetic core according to claim 7, wherein an average grain size of the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core grains of iron cobalt alloy is from 2 to 160 nm. 11. A method to prepare a monolithic magnetic core,
the magnetic core comprising thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell particles having a particle size of less than 200 nm; wherein the core consists of a superparamagnetic iron cobalt alloy and the shell consists of silicon dioxide; the method comprising sintering the thermally annealed superparamagnetic core shell nanoparticles under heat and pressure under flow of an inert gas to obtain a monolithic structure; wherein the core of the core shell particle consists of a superparamagnetic iron cobalt alloy and the shell consists of a silicon dioxide matrix. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the thermal annealment comprises heating the core shell nanoparticles at a temperature of from 150° C. to 600° C. for from 3 to 180 seconds. 13. An electrical/magnetic conversion device, which comprises a magnetic core according to claim 6. 14. An electrical/magnetic conversion device, which comprises a magnetic core according to claim 7. 15. An vehicle part comprising the electrical/magnetic conversion device according to claim 13, wherein the part is selected from the group consisting of a motor, a generator, a transformer, an inductor and an alternator. 16. An vehicle part comprising the electrical/magnetic conversion device according to claim 14, wherein the part is selected from the group consisting of a motor, a generator, a transformer, an inductor and an alternator. | 1,700 |
3,149 | 13,810,672 | 1,774 | A continuous mixer includes a barrel with a hollow interior, and a pair of mixing rotors housed in the barrel and that rotate in mutually different directions, each mixing rotor including a mixing portion with plural mixing flights formed about an axial center of the mixing rotor and projecting radially outward. The mixing rotors have a center distance therebetween smaller than a rotation outer diameter of each of the respective mixing flights. An inter-rotor clearance, which is the smallest clearance between the mixing portions at each rotation phase of the mixing rotors in a cross section perpendicular to axial directions of the both mixing rotors, has a dimension allowing an extensional flow to be generated in a material passing through the inter-rotor clearance. The continuous mixer can reliably and efficiently mix a material having a large viscosity difference between a dispersed phase and a matrix phase. | 1. A continuous mixer for continuously mixing a material, comprising:
a barrel with a hollow interior; and a pair of mixing rotors which are housed in the barrel and rotate in mutually different directions, each of the mixing rotors including a mixing portion with a plurality of mixing flights formed about an axial center of the mixing rotor and projecting radially outward, wherein: both of the mixing rotors are arranged so as to make a center distance therebetween smaller than a rotation outer diameter of each of the mixing flights; and the continuous mixer has an inter-rotor clearance which is a smallest clearance between the mixing portions at each rotation phase of the mixing rotors in a cross section perpendicular to axial directions of both of the mixing rotors, the inter-rotor clearance having a size equal to or smaller than 0.16-fold of an inner diameter of the barrel over a rotation region of 85% or more of one rotation of each of the mixing rotors. 2. A continuous mixer for continuously mixing a material, comprising:
a barrel with a hollow interior; and a pair of mixing rotors which are housed in the barrel and rotate in mutually different directions, each of the mixing rotors including a mixing portion with a plurality of mixing flights formed about an axial center of the mixing rotor and projecting radially outward, wherein: both of the mixing rotors are arranged so as to make a center distance therebetween smaller than a rotation outer diameter of each of the mixing flights; and the continuous mixer has an inter-rotor clearance which is a smallest clearance between the mixing portions at each rotation phase of the mixing rotors in a cross section perpendicular to axial directions of both of the mixing rotors, the inter-rotor clearance having a size equal to or smaller than 0.1-fold of an inner diameter of the barrel over a rotation region of 59% or more of one rotation of each of the mixing rotors. 3. A continuous mixer for continuously mixing a material, comprising:
a barrel with a hollow interior; and a pair of mixing rotors which are housed in the barrel and rotate in mutually different directions, each of the mixing rotors including a mixing portion with a plurality of mixing flights formed about an axial center of the mixing rotor and projecting radially outward, wherein: both of the mixing rotors are arranged so as to make a center distance therebetween smaller than a rotation outer diameter of each of the mixing flights; and the continuous mixer has an inter-rotor clearance which is a smallest clearance between the mixing portions at each rotation phase of the mixing rotors in a cross section perpendicular to axial directions of both of the mixing rotors, the inter-rotor clearance having a size smaller than 0.07-fold of an inner diameter of the barrel over a rotation region of 34% or more of one rotation of each of the mixing rotors. 4. A continuous mixer according to claim 1, wherein the inter-rotor clearance has a size equal to or smaller than 0.16-fold of the inner diameter of the barrel over an entire area of one rotation of each of the mixing rotors. 5. A continuous mixer according to claim 3, wherein the inter-rotor clearance has a size equal to or smaller than 0.07-fold of the inner diameter of the barrel over an entire area of one rotation of each of the mixing rotors. 6. A continuous mixer according to claim 1, wherein each of the mixing portions forms recesses each formed between the mixing flights adjacent to each other in a circumferential direction and the pair of mixing rotors are arranged so as to rotate in such a manner that the mixing flights of one mixing rotor are opposed to the respective recesses of the other mixing rotor. 7. A continuous mixer according to claim 1, wherein the inter-rotor clearance is smaller than the largest one of clearances formed in directions normal to the inner surface of the barrel between the outer surfaces of the mixing portions and the barrel inner surface over an entire area of one rotation of each of the mixing rotors. 8. A continuous mixer according to claim 1, wherein the inter-rotor clearance has a size equal to or larger than 0.02-fold of the inner diameter of the barrel over an entire area of one rotation of each of the mixing rotors. 9. A continuous mixer according to claim 1, wherein the inner diameter of the barrel is equal to or greater than 1.1-fold of the center distance. 10. A continuous mixer to claim 1, wherein the mixing rotor includes, as the mixing portion, at least one mixing portion having a diameter D and an axial length L which make a ratio L/D be 1 or larger than 1. 11. A continuous mixer to claim 10, wherein each of the mixing rotors has the mixing portion in only a single area and has a total length ratio Ln/L1 which satisfies a condition of 0.30≦Ln/L1≦0.53 where Ln denotes an axial length of the mixing portion and L1 denotes an axial length of the portion except supported shaft portions. 12. A continuous mixer to claim 10, wherein each of the mixing rotors has the mixing portion in each of a plurality of areas spaced in the axial direction and has a total length ratio Ln/L1 which satisfies a condition of 0.30≦Ln/L1≦50.53 where Ln denotes a total sum of axial lengths of all of the mixing portions and L1 denotes an axial length of the portion except supported shaft portions. 13. A continuous mixing method for continuously mixing a material, comprising:
preparing a continuous mixer including a barrel with a hollow interior and a pair of mixing rotors which are housed in the barrel and rotate in mutually different directions, each of the mixing rotors including a mixing portion with a plurality of mixing flights formed about an axial center of the mixing rotor and projecting radially outward, the pair of mixing rotors being arranged so as to make a center distance therebetween smaller than a rotation outer diameter of each of the mixing flights; and mixing the material by generating an extensional flow in the material passing through an inter-rotor clearance which is the smallest clearance between the mixing portions at each rotation phase of the mixing rotors in a cross section perpendicular to axial directions of the both mixing rotors. 14. A continuous mixing method according to claim 13, the prepared wherein each of the mixing portions in the prepared continuous mixer forms recesses each formed between the mixing flights adjacent to each other in a circumferential direction, and the mixing rotors are rotated in such a manner that the mixing flights of one of the pair of mixing rotors are opposed to the respective recesses of the other mixing rotor. | A continuous mixer includes a barrel with a hollow interior, and a pair of mixing rotors housed in the barrel and that rotate in mutually different directions, each mixing rotor including a mixing portion with plural mixing flights formed about an axial center of the mixing rotor and projecting radially outward. The mixing rotors have a center distance therebetween smaller than a rotation outer diameter of each of the respective mixing flights. An inter-rotor clearance, which is the smallest clearance between the mixing portions at each rotation phase of the mixing rotors in a cross section perpendicular to axial directions of the both mixing rotors, has a dimension allowing an extensional flow to be generated in a material passing through the inter-rotor clearance. The continuous mixer can reliably and efficiently mix a material having a large viscosity difference between a dispersed phase and a matrix phase.1. A continuous mixer for continuously mixing a material, comprising:
a barrel with a hollow interior; and a pair of mixing rotors which are housed in the barrel and rotate in mutually different directions, each of the mixing rotors including a mixing portion with a plurality of mixing flights formed about an axial center of the mixing rotor and projecting radially outward, wherein: both of the mixing rotors are arranged so as to make a center distance therebetween smaller than a rotation outer diameter of each of the mixing flights; and the continuous mixer has an inter-rotor clearance which is a smallest clearance between the mixing portions at each rotation phase of the mixing rotors in a cross section perpendicular to axial directions of both of the mixing rotors, the inter-rotor clearance having a size equal to or smaller than 0.16-fold of an inner diameter of the barrel over a rotation region of 85% or more of one rotation of each of the mixing rotors. 2. A continuous mixer for continuously mixing a material, comprising:
a barrel with a hollow interior; and a pair of mixing rotors which are housed in the barrel and rotate in mutually different directions, each of the mixing rotors including a mixing portion with a plurality of mixing flights formed about an axial center of the mixing rotor and projecting radially outward, wherein: both of the mixing rotors are arranged so as to make a center distance therebetween smaller than a rotation outer diameter of each of the mixing flights; and the continuous mixer has an inter-rotor clearance which is a smallest clearance between the mixing portions at each rotation phase of the mixing rotors in a cross section perpendicular to axial directions of both of the mixing rotors, the inter-rotor clearance having a size equal to or smaller than 0.1-fold of an inner diameter of the barrel over a rotation region of 59% or more of one rotation of each of the mixing rotors. 3. A continuous mixer for continuously mixing a material, comprising:
a barrel with a hollow interior; and a pair of mixing rotors which are housed in the barrel and rotate in mutually different directions, each of the mixing rotors including a mixing portion with a plurality of mixing flights formed about an axial center of the mixing rotor and projecting radially outward, wherein: both of the mixing rotors are arranged so as to make a center distance therebetween smaller than a rotation outer diameter of each of the mixing flights; and the continuous mixer has an inter-rotor clearance which is a smallest clearance between the mixing portions at each rotation phase of the mixing rotors in a cross section perpendicular to axial directions of both of the mixing rotors, the inter-rotor clearance having a size smaller than 0.07-fold of an inner diameter of the barrel over a rotation region of 34% or more of one rotation of each of the mixing rotors. 4. A continuous mixer according to claim 1, wherein the inter-rotor clearance has a size equal to or smaller than 0.16-fold of the inner diameter of the barrel over an entire area of one rotation of each of the mixing rotors. 5. A continuous mixer according to claim 3, wherein the inter-rotor clearance has a size equal to or smaller than 0.07-fold of the inner diameter of the barrel over an entire area of one rotation of each of the mixing rotors. 6. A continuous mixer according to claim 1, wherein each of the mixing portions forms recesses each formed between the mixing flights adjacent to each other in a circumferential direction and the pair of mixing rotors are arranged so as to rotate in such a manner that the mixing flights of one mixing rotor are opposed to the respective recesses of the other mixing rotor. 7. A continuous mixer according to claim 1, wherein the inter-rotor clearance is smaller than the largest one of clearances formed in directions normal to the inner surface of the barrel between the outer surfaces of the mixing portions and the barrel inner surface over an entire area of one rotation of each of the mixing rotors. 8. A continuous mixer according to claim 1, wherein the inter-rotor clearance has a size equal to or larger than 0.02-fold of the inner diameter of the barrel over an entire area of one rotation of each of the mixing rotors. 9. A continuous mixer according to claim 1, wherein the inner diameter of the barrel is equal to or greater than 1.1-fold of the center distance. 10. A continuous mixer to claim 1, wherein the mixing rotor includes, as the mixing portion, at least one mixing portion having a diameter D and an axial length L which make a ratio L/D be 1 or larger than 1. 11. A continuous mixer to claim 10, wherein each of the mixing rotors has the mixing portion in only a single area and has a total length ratio Ln/L1 which satisfies a condition of 0.30≦Ln/L1≦0.53 where Ln denotes an axial length of the mixing portion and L1 denotes an axial length of the portion except supported shaft portions. 12. A continuous mixer to claim 10, wherein each of the mixing rotors has the mixing portion in each of a plurality of areas spaced in the axial direction and has a total length ratio Ln/L1 which satisfies a condition of 0.30≦Ln/L1≦50.53 where Ln denotes a total sum of axial lengths of all of the mixing portions and L1 denotes an axial length of the portion except supported shaft portions. 13. A continuous mixing method for continuously mixing a material, comprising:
preparing a continuous mixer including a barrel with a hollow interior and a pair of mixing rotors which are housed in the barrel and rotate in mutually different directions, each of the mixing rotors including a mixing portion with a plurality of mixing flights formed about an axial center of the mixing rotor and projecting radially outward, the pair of mixing rotors being arranged so as to make a center distance therebetween smaller than a rotation outer diameter of each of the mixing flights; and mixing the material by generating an extensional flow in the material passing through an inter-rotor clearance which is the smallest clearance between the mixing portions at each rotation phase of the mixing rotors in a cross section perpendicular to axial directions of the both mixing rotors. 14. A continuous mixing method according to claim 13, the prepared wherein each of the mixing portions in the prepared continuous mixer forms recesses each formed between the mixing flights adjacent to each other in a circumferential direction, and the mixing rotors are rotated in such a manner that the mixing flights of one of the pair of mixing rotors are opposed to the respective recesses of the other mixing rotor. | 1,700 |
3,150 | 13,369,459 | 1,743 | A circular mold-forming substrate of 125-300 mm diameter having a surface on which a topological pattern is to be formed is provided wherein the thickness of the substrate has a variation of up to 2 μm within a circle having a diameter of 125 mm. | 1. A circular mold-forming substrate having a surface on which a topological pattern is to be formed and having a diameter of 125 mm to 300 mm and a thickness, wherein the thickness of the substrate has a variation of up to 2 within a circle having a diameter of up to 125 mm. 2. The substrate of claim 1 wherein the substrate has a diameter of up to 300 mm and a thickness variation of up to 10 μm over the entire surface. 3. The substrate of claim 1 wherein provided that the substrate, within the circle having a diameter of up to 125 mm, has a thickness T at the thickest point t, a thickness C at the center c, and a thickness E at point e of the intersections between line t-c and the periphery of a circle having a diameter of 125 mm which is remote from t, these substrate thicknesses meet the relationship: T≧C≧E. 4. The substrate of claim 3 wherein the substrate thicknesses T and E within the circle having a diameter of up to 125 mm meet the relationship: 0.6 μm≧T−E≧0.3 μm. 5. The substrate of claim 1 which is a quartz glass substrate. 6. The substrate of claim 1 which is a quartz glass substrate having a metal thin film or resist film for forming a transfer pattern. 7. The substrate of claim 1 wherein defects with a size of up to 0.5 μm are present on the surface within the circle having a diameter of up to 125 mm. 8. The substrate of claim 1 which is used in nanoimprint lithography. 9. A method for inspecting a mold-forming substrate, comprising examining a substrate whether or not it complies with the requirement of claim 1 for thereby judging the substrate to pass or fail. | A circular mold-forming substrate of 125-300 mm diameter having a surface on which a topological pattern is to be formed is provided wherein the thickness of the substrate has a variation of up to 2 μm within a circle having a diameter of 125 mm.1. A circular mold-forming substrate having a surface on which a topological pattern is to be formed and having a diameter of 125 mm to 300 mm and a thickness, wherein the thickness of the substrate has a variation of up to 2 within a circle having a diameter of up to 125 mm. 2. The substrate of claim 1 wherein the substrate has a diameter of up to 300 mm and a thickness variation of up to 10 μm over the entire surface. 3. The substrate of claim 1 wherein provided that the substrate, within the circle having a diameter of up to 125 mm, has a thickness T at the thickest point t, a thickness C at the center c, and a thickness E at point e of the intersections between line t-c and the periphery of a circle having a diameter of 125 mm which is remote from t, these substrate thicknesses meet the relationship: T≧C≧E. 4. The substrate of claim 3 wherein the substrate thicknesses T and E within the circle having a diameter of up to 125 mm meet the relationship: 0.6 μm≧T−E≧0.3 μm. 5. The substrate of claim 1 which is a quartz glass substrate. 6. The substrate of claim 1 which is a quartz glass substrate having a metal thin film or resist film for forming a transfer pattern. 7. The substrate of claim 1 wherein defects with a size of up to 0.5 μm are present on the surface within the circle having a diameter of up to 125 mm. 8. The substrate of claim 1 which is used in nanoimprint lithography. 9. A method for inspecting a mold-forming substrate, comprising examining a substrate whether or not it complies with the requirement of claim 1 for thereby judging the substrate to pass or fail. | 1,700 |
3,151 | 13,240,856 | 1,716 | The present disclosure provides an apparatus for fabricating a semiconductor device. The apparatus includes a polishing head that is operable to perform a polishing process to a wafer. The apparatus includes a retaining ring that is rotatably coupled to the polishing head. The retaining ring is operable to secure the wafer to be polished. The apparatus includes a soft material component located within the retaining ring. The soft material component is softer than silicon. The soft material component is operable to grind a bevel region of the wafer during the polishing process. The apparatus includes a spray nozzle that is rotatably coupled to the polishing head. The spray nozzle is operable to dispense a cleaning solution to the bevel region of the wafer during the polishing process. | 1. A semiconductor fabrication apparatus, comprising:
a polishing head; a retaining structure coupled to the polishing head, wherein the retaining structure is operable to hold a wafer in position; and a component embedded in the retaining structure, wherein the component is softer than the wafer, and wherein the component is operable to make contact with a bevel region of the wafer. 2. The semiconductor fabrication apparatus of claim 1, wherein the retaining structure is coupled to the polishing head through a rotationally flexible mechanism, such that the retaining structure is operable to be rotated 360 degrees around the wafer. 3. The semiconductor fabrication apparatus of claim 2, wherein a rotation of the retaining structure is operable to remove bevel defects from the wafer. 4. The semiconductor fabrication apparatus of claim 2, wherein the rotationally flexible mechanism includes a trackball. 5. The semiconductor fabrication apparatus of claim 2, wherein the retaining structure is operable to be rotated independently from a rotation of the polishing head. 6. The semiconductor fabrication apparatus of claim 1, further including a spray nozzle coupled to the polishing head, the spray nozzle being operable to dispense a cleaning solution onto the wafer. 7. The semiconductor fabrication apparatus of claim 6, wherein the spray nozzle is coupled to the polishing head through a rotationally flexible mechanism, such that the spray nozzle is operable to be rotated in a manner to dispense the cleaning solution to the bevel region of the wafer. 8. The semiconductor fabrication apparatus of claim 1, wherein the component has a recess for housing the bevel region of the wafer therein. 9. The semiconductor fabrication apparatus of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor fabrication apparatus is operable to perform a chemical-mechanical-polishing (CMP) process. 10. A polishing head used in semiconductor fabrication, comprising:
a retaining ring that is rotatably coupled to the polishing head, wherein the retaining ring is operable to secure the wafer to be polished; a soft material component located within the retaining ring, wherein the soft material component is softer than silicon, and wherein the soft material component is operable to grind a bevel region of the wafer during the polishing process; and a spray nozzle that is rotatably coupled to the polishing head, wherein the spray nozzle is operable to dispense a cleaning solution to the bevel region of the wafer during the polishing process. 11. The polishing head of claim 10, wherein the retaining ring and the spray nozzle are each coupled to the polishing head through a trackball that allows for a 360 degree rotational movement. 12. The polishing head of claim 10, wherein a rotation of the retaining ring around the bevel region of the wafer is carried out separately from a movement of the polishing head with respect to a surface of the wafer. 13. The polishing head of claim 12, wherein:
the retaining ring is operable to loosen undesired particles located on the bevel region by circularly grinding the soft material component around the bevel region; and the spray nozzle is operable to remove the loosened undesired particles by rinsing the particles away from the wafer through the cleaning solution. 14. The polishing head of claim 10, wherein the soft material component is shaped to have an angular recess inside which the bevel region of the wafer is housed. 15. The polishing head of claim 10, wherein the polishing head is operable to perform a chemical-mechanical-polishing (CMP) process. 16. A method of semiconductor fabrication, comprising:
placing a wafer within a retaining structure, the retaining structure including a component that is softer than the wafer and that is operable to make contact with a bevel region of the wafer; rotating the retaining structure around the bevel region of the wafer in a manner such that the bevel region of the wafer is polished by the component of the retaining structure; dispensing a cleaning solution to the wafer; and polishing a surface of the wafer. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein:
the rotating includes loosening bevel defects from the bevel region of the wafer; and the dispensing includes washing away the loosened bevel defects from the wafer. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the retaining structure and the spray nozzle are both rotatably coupled to a polishing head, and wherein the polishing is carried out by moving the polishing head with respect to a polishing pad. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the rotating the retaining structure and the polishing are performed independently of one another. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the retaining structure and the spray nozzle are both coupled to the polishing head through a trackball. | The present disclosure provides an apparatus for fabricating a semiconductor device. The apparatus includes a polishing head that is operable to perform a polishing process to a wafer. The apparatus includes a retaining ring that is rotatably coupled to the polishing head. The retaining ring is operable to secure the wafer to be polished. The apparatus includes a soft material component located within the retaining ring. The soft material component is softer than silicon. The soft material component is operable to grind a bevel region of the wafer during the polishing process. The apparatus includes a spray nozzle that is rotatably coupled to the polishing head. The spray nozzle is operable to dispense a cleaning solution to the bevel region of the wafer during the polishing process.1. A semiconductor fabrication apparatus, comprising:
a polishing head; a retaining structure coupled to the polishing head, wherein the retaining structure is operable to hold a wafer in position; and a component embedded in the retaining structure, wherein the component is softer than the wafer, and wherein the component is operable to make contact with a bevel region of the wafer. 2. The semiconductor fabrication apparatus of claim 1, wherein the retaining structure is coupled to the polishing head through a rotationally flexible mechanism, such that the retaining structure is operable to be rotated 360 degrees around the wafer. 3. The semiconductor fabrication apparatus of claim 2, wherein a rotation of the retaining structure is operable to remove bevel defects from the wafer. 4. The semiconductor fabrication apparatus of claim 2, wherein the rotationally flexible mechanism includes a trackball. 5. The semiconductor fabrication apparatus of claim 2, wherein the retaining structure is operable to be rotated independently from a rotation of the polishing head. 6. The semiconductor fabrication apparatus of claim 1, further including a spray nozzle coupled to the polishing head, the spray nozzle being operable to dispense a cleaning solution onto the wafer. 7. The semiconductor fabrication apparatus of claim 6, wherein the spray nozzle is coupled to the polishing head through a rotationally flexible mechanism, such that the spray nozzle is operable to be rotated in a manner to dispense the cleaning solution to the bevel region of the wafer. 8. The semiconductor fabrication apparatus of claim 1, wherein the component has a recess for housing the bevel region of the wafer therein. 9. The semiconductor fabrication apparatus of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor fabrication apparatus is operable to perform a chemical-mechanical-polishing (CMP) process. 10. A polishing head used in semiconductor fabrication, comprising:
a retaining ring that is rotatably coupled to the polishing head, wherein the retaining ring is operable to secure the wafer to be polished; a soft material component located within the retaining ring, wherein the soft material component is softer than silicon, and wherein the soft material component is operable to grind a bevel region of the wafer during the polishing process; and a spray nozzle that is rotatably coupled to the polishing head, wherein the spray nozzle is operable to dispense a cleaning solution to the bevel region of the wafer during the polishing process. 11. The polishing head of claim 10, wherein the retaining ring and the spray nozzle are each coupled to the polishing head through a trackball that allows for a 360 degree rotational movement. 12. The polishing head of claim 10, wherein a rotation of the retaining ring around the bevel region of the wafer is carried out separately from a movement of the polishing head with respect to a surface of the wafer. 13. The polishing head of claim 12, wherein:
the retaining ring is operable to loosen undesired particles located on the bevel region by circularly grinding the soft material component around the bevel region; and the spray nozzle is operable to remove the loosened undesired particles by rinsing the particles away from the wafer through the cleaning solution. 14. The polishing head of claim 10, wherein the soft material component is shaped to have an angular recess inside which the bevel region of the wafer is housed. 15. The polishing head of claim 10, wherein the polishing head is operable to perform a chemical-mechanical-polishing (CMP) process. 16. A method of semiconductor fabrication, comprising:
placing a wafer within a retaining structure, the retaining structure including a component that is softer than the wafer and that is operable to make contact with a bevel region of the wafer; rotating the retaining structure around the bevel region of the wafer in a manner such that the bevel region of the wafer is polished by the component of the retaining structure; dispensing a cleaning solution to the wafer; and polishing a surface of the wafer. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein:
the rotating includes loosening bevel defects from the bevel region of the wafer; and the dispensing includes washing away the loosened bevel defects from the wafer. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the retaining structure and the spray nozzle are both rotatably coupled to a polishing head, and wherein the polishing is carried out by moving the polishing head with respect to a polishing pad. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the rotating the retaining structure and the polishing are performed independently of one another. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the retaining structure and the spray nozzle are both coupled to the polishing head through a trackball. | 1,700 |
3,152 | 14,397,267 | 1,735 | A process for casting a piston for an internal combustion engine including tilting, the mould portions which define the casting cavity through at least 45 degrees about a horizontal axis after filling and before solidification in such a manner that the axis of rotation of the component moves in the direction of the vertical. A casting mould for casting a piston for an internal combustion engine includes mould portions which define the casting cavity that are tiltable through at least 45 degrees about a horizontal axis after filling and before solidification in such a manner that the axis of rotation of the piston moves in the direction of the vertical. | 1. method for casting a piston for an internal combustion engine, in which the tool portions defining the casting cavity are tilted after filling and before solidification by at least 45 degrees about a horizontal axis such that the axis of rotation of the component moves in the direction of the vertical position. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein a tilting angle can be set. 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the axis of rotation of the piston is aligned so as to be substantially horizontal during filling. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the axis of rotation of the piston is aligned so as to be substantially vertical during solidification. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the casting material is filled into a lateral region of the piston. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein after the tilting of the tool portions a feeder is disposed in an upper region of the piston. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one insert, such as, for example, a core for a cooling channel and/or a ring carrier, is cast into the piston. 8. A casting tool for casting a piston for an internal combustion engine, in which the tool portions defining the casting cavity are tiltable after filling and before solidification by at least 45 degrees about a horizontal axis such that the axis of rotation of the piston moves in the direction of the vertical position. 9. The casting tool according to claim 8, wherein a tilting angle can be set. 10. The casting tool according to claim 8 wherein a feeder is disposed in a region lying along the axis of rotation of the piston at the end of the piston. 11. The casting tool according to claim 8, wherein the tool portions defining the casting cavity can be tilted such that after the tilting a feeder is disposed in an upper region. 12. The casting tool according to claim 8, wherein the mold cavity has at least one recess which, when the axis of rotation of the piston to be cast is aligned so as to be horizontal, is located in an upper region, preferably at one of the highest points. | A process for casting a piston for an internal combustion engine including tilting, the mould portions which define the casting cavity through at least 45 degrees about a horizontal axis after filling and before solidification in such a manner that the axis of rotation of the component moves in the direction of the vertical. A casting mould for casting a piston for an internal combustion engine includes mould portions which define the casting cavity that are tiltable through at least 45 degrees about a horizontal axis after filling and before solidification in such a manner that the axis of rotation of the piston moves in the direction of the vertical.1. method for casting a piston for an internal combustion engine, in which the tool portions defining the casting cavity are tilted after filling and before solidification by at least 45 degrees about a horizontal axis such that the axis of rotation of the component moves in the direction of the vertical position. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein a tilting angle can be set. 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the axis of rotation of the piston is aligned so as to be substantially horizontal during filling. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the axis of rotation of the piston is aligned so as to be substantially vertical during solidification. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the casting material is filled into a lateral region of the piston. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein after the tilting of the tool portions a feeder is disposed in an upper region of the piston. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one insert, such as, for example, a core for a cooling channel and/or a ring carrier, is cast into the piston. 8. A casting tool for casting a piston for an internal combustion engine, in which the tool portions defining the casting cavity are tiltable after filling and before solidification by at least 45 degrees about a horizontal axis such that the axis of rotation of the piston moves in the direction of the vertical position. 9. The casting tool according to claim 8, wherein a tilting angle can be set. 10. The casting tool according to claim 8 wherein a feeder is disposed in a region lying along the axis of rotation of the piston at the end of the piston. 11. The casting tool according to claim 8, wherein the tool portions defining the casting cavity can be tilted such that after the tilting a feeder is disposed in an upper region. 12. The casting tool according to claim 8, wherein the mold cavity has at least one recess which, when the axis of rotation of the piston to be cast is aligned so as to be horizontal, is located in an upper region, preferably at one of the highest points. | 1,700 |
3,153 | 14,911,676 | 1,744 | A method and a device for producing blow-molded containers, which are sterile at least in some areas, in a blow-molding machine. A preform made of a thermoplastic material is first heated, then stretched by a stretching rod in a blowing station, and then supplied with a pressurized fluid via a blow nozzle, wherein a sterilization device is arranged in the blowing station. The sterilization device has at least one radiation source which emits a sterilizing radiation onto the stretching rod and/or onto the blow nozzle. | 1-22. (canceled) 23. A method for manufacturing blow-molded containers which are sterile at least in some areas in a blow-molding machine, the method comprising the steps of: initially heating a preform made of a thermoplastic material; stretching the preform with a stretching rod in a blowing station and, by way of a blowing nozzle, impinging the preform with a pressurized fluid; and emitting a sterilizing radiation onto the stretching rod and/or onto the blowing nozzle from at least one radiation source of a sterilization installation disposed in the blowing station. 24. The method as claimed in claim 23, wherein the sterilizing radiation is emitted during a blow-molding process and/or during an inline operation and/or during start-up of the blow-molding machine. 25. The method as claimed in claim 23, wherein the radiation source is a UV radiation source that emits UV radiation. 26. The method as claimed in claim 25, wherein the stretching rod is made of a UV radiation conducting material, and UV radiation is irradiated into the stretching rod, directed from the stretching rod into the preform and emitted onto an internal wall of the preform. 27. The method as claimed in claim 26, wherein the stretching rod is made of a quartz glass. 28. The method as claimed in claim 23, wherein the stretching rod has at least one internal duct, and ionized a and/or a chemical sterilization agent is routed through the internal duct into the preform and/or routed out of the preform. 29. The method as claimed in claim 23, wherein the radiation source is disposed so as to be fixed in height in relation to the blowing station, and the stretching rod and/or the blowing nozzle during a height-positioning movement thereof are moved past the radiation source. 31. The method as claimed in claim 29, wherein a radiation source is disposed so as to be positionally fixed in relation to the blowing station and emits radiation onto a side of the blowing nozzle that faces the preform and/or onto a mouth area of the preform. 31. The method as claimed in claim 29, wherein a plurality of blowing stations are disposed on a rotating blowing wheel, and each blowing station has a conjointly rotating sterilization installation. 32. The method as claimed in claim 23, wherein a radiation source is disposed on the blowing nozzle and emits radiation onto the stretching rod and/or onto a mouth area of the preform and/or onto a blowing nozzle area that comes into contact with the preform. 33. The method as claimed in claim 23, wherein the radiation source is configured so as to be centrically symmetrical, surrounds an area to be sterilized in an annular manner, and the sterilizing radiation is emitted into an annular interior. 34. The method as claimed in claim 23, wherein sterile air for configuring a sterile air curtain is blown down around the blowing nozzle. 35. The method as claimed in claim 34, wherein the sterile air curtain is blown down in a laminar flow along the blowing nozzle and/or proceeding from the blowing nozzle in a direction of the preform. 36. A device for manufacturing blow-molded containers which are sterile in at least some areas, that device comprising: a heating section for temperature controlling preforms of a thermoplastic material; at least one blowing station for blow-molding the preforms to form containers, wherein the blowing station has a stretching rod for stretching the preform and a blowing nozzle for impinging the preform with a pressurized fluid; and a sterilization installation disposed in the blowing station, wherein the sterilization installation has at least one radiation source that emits a sterilizing radiation onto the stretching rod and/or onto the blowing nozzle. 37. The device as claimed in claim 36, wherein the sterilization installation is actuatable to emit sterilizing radiation during blow-molding and/or during an inline operation and/or during start-up of the device. 38. The device as claimed in claim 36, wherein the radiation source is configured as a UV radiation emitting UV radiation source. 39. The device as claimed in claim 38, wherein the stretching rod is made of a UV radiation conducting material. 40. The device as claimed in claim 39, wherein the stretching rod is made of a quartz glass. 41. The device as claimed in claim 36, wherein the stretching rod has at least one internal duct that is connected in a valve-controlled manner to a source or sink for ionized air and/or to a source or sink for a chemical sterilization agent, so as to route ionized air and/or the chemical sterilization agent through the internal duct into the preform and/or out of the preform. 42. The device as claimed in claim 36, wherein the radiation source is disposed so as to be fixed in height in relation to the blowing station in so that the stretching rod and/or the blowing nozzle during a height-positioning movement thereof are moved past the radiation source. 43. The device as claimed in claim 42, wherein the radiation source is disposed so as to be positionally fixed in relation to the blowing station such that the radiation source emits radiation onto a side of the blowing nozzle that faces the preform and/or onto a mouth area of the preform. 44. The device as claimed in claim 42, wherein a plurality of blowing stations are disposed on a rotating blowing wheel and each blowing station has a conjointly rotating sterilization installation. 45. The device as claimed in claim 36, wherein the radiation source is disposed on the blowing nozzle such that the radiation source emits radiation onto the stretching rod and/or onto a mouth area of the preform and/or onto a blowing nozzle area that comes into contact with the preform. 46. The device as claimed in claim 36, wherein the radiation source is configured so as to be centrically symmetrical surrounds an area to be sterilized in an annular manner, and emits the sterilizing radiation into an annular interior. 47. The device as claimed in claim 36, further comprising sterile air outlets in an area of the blowing station, the sterile air outlets being supplied with sterile air and being disposed and configured so that sterile air for configuring a sterile air curtain is blown down around the blowing nozzle. 48. The device as claimed in claim 47, wherein the sterile air outlets are disposed and configured to blow down the sterile air curtain in a laminar flow along the blowing nozzle or proceeding from the blowing nozzle in a direction of the preform. | A method and a device for producing blow-molded containers, which are sterile at least in some areas, in a blow-molding machine. A preform made of a thermoplastic material is first heated, then stretched by a stretching rod in a blowing station, and then supplied with a pressurized fluid via a blow nozzle, wherein a sterilization device is arranged in the blowing station. The sterilization device has at least one radiation source which emits a sterilizing radiation onto the stretching rod and/or onto the blow nozzle.1-22. (canceled) 23. A method for manufacturing blow-molded containers which are sterile at least in some areas in a blow-molding machine, the method comprising the steps of: initially heating a preform made of a thermoplastic material; stretching the preform with a stretching rod in a blowing station and, by way of a blowing nozzle, impinging the preform with a pressurized fluid; and emitting a sterilizing radiation onto the stretching rod and/or onto the blowing nozzle from at least one radiation source of a sterilization installation disposed in the blowing station. 24. The method as claimed in claim 23, wherein the sterilizing radiation is emitted during a blow-molding process and/or during an inline operation and/or during start-up of the blow-molding machine. 25. The method as claimed in claim 23, wherein the radiation source is a UV radiation source that emits UV radiation. 26. The method as claimed in claim 25, wherein the stretching rod is made of a UV radiation conducting material, and UV radiation is irradiated into the stretching rod, directed from the stretching rod into the preform and emitted onto an internal wall of the preform. 27. The method as claimed in claim 26, wherein the stretching rod is made of a quartz glass. 28. The method as claimed in claim 23, wherein the stretching rod has at least one internal duct, and ionized a and/or a chemical sterilization agent is routed through the internal duct into the preform and/or routed out of the preform. 29. The method as claimed in claim 23, wherein the radiation source is disposed so as to be fixed in height in relation to the blowing station, and the stretching rod and/or the blowing nozzle during a height-positioning movement thereof are moved past the radiation source. 31. The method as claimed in claim 29, wherein a radiation source is disposed so as to be positionally fixed in relation to the blowing station and emits radiation onto a side of the blowing nozzle that faces the preform and/or onto a mouth area of the preform. 31. The method as claimed in claim 29, wherein a plurality of blowing stations are disposed on a rotating blowing wheel, and each blowing station has a conjointly rotating sterilization installation. 32. The method as claimed in claim 23, wherein a radiation source is disposed on the blowing nozzle and emits radiation onto the stretching rod and/or onto a mouth area of the preform and/or onto a blowing nozzle area that comes into contact with the preform. 33. The method as claimed in claim 23, wherein the radiation source is configured so as to be centrically symmetrical, surrounds an area to be sterilized in an annular manner, and the sterilizing radiation is emitted into an annular interior. 34. The method as claimed in claim 23, wherein sterile air for configuring a sterile air curtain is blown down around the blowing nozzle. 35. The method as claimed in claim 34, wherein the sterile air curtain is blown down in a laminar flow along the blowing nozzle and/or proceeding from the blowing nozzle in a direction of the preform. 36. A device for manufacturing blow-molded containers which are sterile in at least some areas, that device comprising: a heating section for temperature controlling preforms of a thermoplastic material; at least one blowing station for blow-molding the preforms to form containers, wherein the blowing station has a stretching rod for stretching the preform and a blowing nozzle for impinging the preform with a pressurized fluid; and a sterilization installation disposed in the blowing station, wherein the sterilization installation has at least one radiation source that emits a sterilizing radiation onto the stretching rod and/or onto the blowing nozzle. 37. The device as claimed in claim 36, wherein the sterilization installation is actuatable to emit sterilizing radiation during blow-molding and/or during an inline operation and/or during start-up of the device. 38. The device as claimed in claim 36, wherein the radiation source is configured as a UV radiation emitting UV radiation source. 39. The device as claimed in claim 38, wherein the stretching rod is made of a UV radiation conducting material. 40. The device as claimed in claim 39, wherein the stretching rod is made of a quartz glass. 41. The device as claimed in claim 36, wherein the stretching rod has at least one internal duct that is connected in a valve-controlled manner to a source or sink for ionized air and/or to a source or sink for a chemical sterilization agent, so as to route ionized air and/or the chemical sterilization agent through the internal duct into the preform and/or out of the preform. 42. The device as claimed in claim 36, wherein the radiation source is disposed so as to be fixed in height in relation to the blowing station in so that the stretching rod and/or the blowing nozzle during a height-positioning movement thereof are moved past the radiation source. 43. The device as claimed in claim 42, wherein the radiation source is disposed so as to be positionally fixed in relation to the blowing station such that the radiation source emits radiation onto a side of the blowing nozzle that faces the preform and/or onto a mouth area of the preform. 44. The device as claimed in claim 42, wherein a plurality of blowing stations are disposed on a rotating blowing wheel and each blowing station has a conjointly rotating sterilization installation. 45. The device as claimed in claim 36, wherein the radiation source is disposed on the blowing nozzle such that the radiation source emits radiation onto the stretching rod and/or onto a mouth area of the preform and/or onto a blowing nozzle area that comes into contact with the preform. 46. The device as claimed in claim 36, wherein the radiation source is configured so as to be centrically symmetrical surrounds an area to be sterilized in an annular manner, and emits the sterilizing radiation into an annular interior. 47. The device as claimed in claim 36, further comprising sterile air outlets in an area of the blowing station, the sterile air outlets being supplied with sterile air and being disposed and configured so that sterile air for configuring a sterile air curtain is blown down around the blowing nozzle. 48. The device as claimed in claim 47, wherein the sterile air outlets are disposed and configured to blow down the sterile air curtain in a laminar flow along the blowing nozzle or proceeding from the blowing nozzle in a direction of the preform. | 1,700 |
3,154 | 13,203,677 | 1,712 | The instant invention is a multilayer structure, and a process for making a multilayer structure. The multilayer structure includes (a) a first layer comprising one or more primary layers, wherein the first layer has a thickness in the range of less than 1 cm,—(b) a second layer comprising one or more secondary layers derived from one or more polyolefin dispersions, wherein the one or more secondary layers have a thickness in the range of less than 15 μm; and (c) a third layer comprising one or more tertiary layers having a thickness in the range of less than 150 μm. The second layer is disposed therebetween the first layer and the third layer. | 1. A multilayer structure comprising:
a first layer comprising one or more primary layers, wherein said first layer has a thickness in the range of less than 1 cm; a second layer comprising one or more secondary layers derived from one or more polyolefin dispersions; wherein said one or more secondary layers have a thickness in the range of less than 15 μm; and a third layer comprising one or more tertiary layers having a thickness in the range of less than 150 μm; wherein said second layer is disposed therebetween said first layer and said third layer. 2. A process for making a multilayer structure comprising the steps of:
providing a first layer comprising one or more primary layers having a thickness in the range of less than 1 mm; providing one or more polyolefin dispersions comprising;
at least one or more base polymers;
at least one or more stabilizing agents;
a liquid media; and
optionally one or more neutralizing agents;
optionally one or more fillers;
applying said one or more polyolefin dispersions to one or more surfaces of said one or more primary layers; removing at least a portion of the liquid media from said one or more polyolefin dispersions; thereby forming a second layer comprising one or more secondary layers having a thickness in the range of less than 15 μm, wherein said second layer is associated with at least one surface of said first layer; thereby forming an intermediate structure; providing a third layer comprising one or more tertiary layers having a thickness in the range of less than 150 μm; bonding said third layer to one or more surfaces of said intermediate structure; thereby forming said multilayer structure, wherein said second layer is disposed therebetween said first layer and said third layer. 3. The process according to claim 2, wherein the third layer is formed via extrusion coating process. 4. The process according to claim 2, wherein the forming and boding of the third layer to the intermediate layer is via extrusion coating lamination process. 5. The process according to claim 2, wherein said third layer is bonded to the intermediate layer via lamination process. 6. The process of claim 2, wherein bonding of at least partial surface of the third layer to the intermediate layer is via heat sealing process. | The instant invention is a multilayer structure, and a process for making a multilayer structure. The multilayer structure includes (a) a first layer comprising one or more primary layers, wherein the first layer has a thickness in the range of less than 1 cm,—(b) a second layer comprising one or more secondary layers derived from one or more polyolefin dispersions, wherein the one or more secondary layers have a thickness in the range of less than 15 μm; and (c) a third layer comprising one or more tertiary layers having a thickness in the range of less than 150 μm. The second layer is disposed therebetween the first layer and the third layer.1. A multilayer structure comprising:
a first layer comprising one or more primary layers, wherein said first layer has a thickness in the range of less than 1 cm; a second layer comprising one or more secondary layers derived from one or more polyolefin dispersions; wherein said one or more secondary layers have a thickness in the range of less than 15 μm; and a third layer comprising one or more tertiary layers having a thickness in the range of less than 150 μm; wherein said second layer is disposed therebetween said first layer and said third layer. 2. A process for making a multilayer structure comprising the steps of:
providing a first layer comprising one or more primary layers having a thickness in the range of less than 1 mm; providing one or more polyolefin dispersions comprising;
at least one or more base polymers;
at least one or more stabilizing agents;
a liquid media; and
optionally one or more neutralizing agents;
optionally one or more fillers;
applying said one or more polyolefin dispersions to one or more surfaces of said one or more primary layers; removing at least a portion of the liquid media from said one or more polyolefin dispersions; thereby forming a second layer comprising one or more secondary layers having a thickness in the range of less than 15 μm, wherein said second layer is associated with at least one surface of said first layer; thereby forming an intermediate structure; providing a third layer comprising one or more tertiary layers having a thickness in the range of less than 150 μm; bonding said third layer to one or more surfaces of said intermediate structure; thereby forming said multilayer structure, wherein said second layer is disposed therebetween said first layer and said third layer. 3. The process according to claim 2, wherein the third layer is formed via extrusion coating process. 4. The process according to claim 2, wherein the forming and boding of the third layer to the intermediate layer is via extrusion coating lamination process. 5. The process according to claim 2, wherein said third layer is bonded to the intermediate layer via lamination process. 6. The process of claim 2, wherein bonding of at least partial surface of the third layer to the intermediate layer is via heat sealing process. | 1,700 |
3,155 | 14,696,996 | 1,792 | The invention relates to the use of natural or synthetic green fodder flavors as feed additive for livestock, in particular for affecting the eating behavior of livestock, corresponding methods for affecting the eating behavior of livestock, and also feedstuff additives usable therefor. | 1.-15. (canceled) 16. A feed additive for affecting the eating behavior of livestock which comprises natural or synthetic green fodder flavors. 17. The additive according to claim 16, wherein the green fodder flavors comprise C6-breakdown products of long-chain fatty acids. 18. The additive according to claim 16, wherein the green fodder flavors comprise hexanal and/or at least one monounsaturated or polyunsaturated analog thereof. 19. The additive according to claim 18, wherein the analogs are selected from 2-, 3- and 4-hexenals, in each case in the cis- or trans-form. 20. The additive according to claim 16, wherein the flavors consist essentially of hexanal and/or one or more monounsaturated or polyunsaturated analogs thereof. 21. The additive according to claim 16, wherein the flavors used are in undiluted form, optionally provided on a feed-qualified carrier. 22. A feedstuff supplemented with green fodder flavors. 23. A method for affecting the eating behavior of livestock, where feed is administered to the livestock, which feed is supplemented with the feed additive according to claim 16. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein said change in eating behavior is an increase of the frequency of feed intake (feed intake frequency) 25. The method according to claim 23, wherein the livestock is selected from goats, sheep, calves, cattle and in particular dairy cattle, 26. The method according to claim 23, wherein the livestock is selected from dairy cows. 27. The method according to claim 23 for increasing the fresh matter intake (FMI) (kg/d). 28. The method according to claim 23, wherein the green fodder flavor(s) are used in an amount which is sufficient to give the livestock a daily dose of 0.05 to 10 g/animal/d. | The invention relates to the use of natural or synthetic green fodder flavors as feed additive for livestock, in particular for affecting the eating behavior of livestock, corresponding methods for affecting the eating behavior of livestock, and also feedstuff additives usable therefor.1.-15. (canceled) 16. A feed additive for affecting the eating behavior of livestock which comprises natural or synthetic green fodder flavors. 17. The additive according to claim 16, wherein the green fodder flavors comprise C6-breakdown products of long-chain fatty acids. 18. The additive according to claim 16, wherein the green fodder flavors comprise hexanal and/or at least one monounsaturated or polyunsaturated analog thereof. 19. The additive according to claim 18, wherein the analogs are selected from 2-, 3- and 4-hexenals, in each case in the cis- or trans-form. 20. The additive according to claim 16, wherein the flavors consist essentially of hexanal and/or one or more monounsaturated or polyunsaturated analogs thereof. 21. The additive according to claim 16, wherein the flavors used are in undiluted form, optionally provided on a feed-qualified carrier. 22. A feedstuff supplemented with green fodder flavors. 23. A method for affecting the eating behavior of livestock, where feed is administered to the livestock, which feed is supplemented with the feed additive according to claim 16. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein said change in eating behavior is an increase of the frequency of feed intake (feed intake frequency) 25. The method according to claim 23, wherein the livestock is selected from goats, sheep, calves, cattle and in particular dairy cattle, 26. The method according to claim 23, wherein the livestock is selected from dairy cows. 27. The method according to claim 23 for increasing the fresh matter intake (FMI) (kg/d). 28. The method according to claim 23, wherein the green fodder flavor(s) are used in an amount which is sufficient to give the livestock a daily dose of 0.05 to 10 g/animal/d. | 1,700 |
3,156 | 14,336,418 | 1,723 | An exemplary battery pack device includes a plate having a vent path to communicate a fluid vented from a battery cell. The vent path extends non-linearly between an inlet opening and an outlet opening. | 1. A battery pack device, comprising:
a plate having a vent path to communicate a fluid vented from a battery cell, the vent path extending non-linearly between an inlet opening and an outlet opening. 2. The battery pack device of claim 1, wherein the plate is an end plate. 3. The battery pack device of claim 1, wherein the vent path extends non-linearly within the plate. 4. The battery pack device of claim 1, wherein the vent path includes a first section extending along a first axis and a second section extending along a second axis that is transverse to the first axis. 5. The battery pack device of claim 1, wherein the plate comprises a wall and a foot extending from a vertical bottom portion of the wall. 6. The battery pack device of claim 5, wherein the wall compresses a battery cell array and the foot interfaces with a cold plate. 7. The battery pack device of claim 6, wherein the vent path is a first vent path and the foot provides a portion of a second vent path that receives flow of the fluid from first vent path. 8. The battery pack device of claim 7, wherein the second vent path extends laterally from the first vent path. 9. A battery pack device, comprising:
a conduit compressing against a battery cell array, the conduit to communicate fluid that is vented from the battery cell array along a non-linear vent path. 10. The battery pack device of claim 9, wherein the conduit is a plate. 11. The battery pack device of claim 9, further comprising a foot extending from the conduit. 12. The battery pack device of claim 11, wherein the non-linear vent path is a first vent path, and the foot provides a portion of a second vent path. 13. The battery pack device of claim 12, wherein the second vent path extends laterally from the first vent path. 14. The battery pack device of claim 13, wherein the foot includes a shiplap joint to interface with another foot extending from another conduit. 15. The battery pack device of claim 11, wherein the foot extends from the conduit opposite the battery cell array, and the foot interfaces with a cold plate. 16. The battery pack device of claim 11, wherein the array comprises lithium ion battery cells. 17. A method of venting fluid from a battery pack, comprising:
venting fluid along a non-linear path established within a plate, the fluid from a battery cell array. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising compressing the battery cell array with the plate. 19. The method of claim 18, moving the fluid along the non-linear path from a first position to second position that is vertically below the first position. | An exemplary battery pack device includes a plate having a vent path to communicate a fluid vented from a battery cell. The vent path extends non-linearly between an inlet opening and an outlet opening.1. A battery pack device, comprising:
a plate having a vent path to communicate a fluid vented from a battery cell, the vent path extending non-linearly between an inlet opening and an outlet opening. 2. The battery pack device of claim 1, wherein the plate is an end plate. 3. The battery pack device of claim 1, wherein the vent path extends non-linearly within the plate. 4. The battery pack device of claim 1, wherein the vent path includes a first section extending along a first axis and a second section extending along a second axis that is transverse to the first axis. 5. The battery pack device of claim 1, wherein the plate comprises a wall and a foot extending from a vertical bottom portion of the wall. 6. The battery pack device of claim 5, wherein the wall compresses a battery cell array and the foot interfaces with a cold plate. 7. The battery pack device of claim 6, wherein the vent path is a first vent path and the foot provides a portion of a second vent path that receives flow of the fluid from first vent path. 8. The battery pack device of claim 7, wherein the second vent path extends laterally from the first vent path. 9. A battery pack device, comprising:
a conduit compressing against a battery cell array, the conduit to communicate fluid that is vented from the battery cell array along a non-linear vent path. 10. The battery pack device of claim 9, wherein the conduit is a plate. 11. The battery pack device of claim 9, further comprising a foot extending from the conduit. 12. The battery pack device of claim 11, wherein the non-linear vent path is a first vent path, and the foot provides a portion of a second vent path. 13. The battery pack device of claim 12, wherein the second vent path extends laterally from the first vent path. 14. The battery pack device of claim 13, wherein the foot includes a shiplap joint to interface with another foot extending from another conduit. 15. The battery pack device of claim 11, wherein the foot extends from the conduit opposite the battery cell array, and the foot interfaces with a cold plate. 16. The battery pack device of claim 11, wherein the array comprises lithium ion battery cells. 17. A method of venting fluid from a battery pack, comprising:
venting fluid along a non-linear path established within a plate, the fluid from a battery cell array. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising compressing the battery cell array with the plate. 19. The method of claim 18, moving the fluid along the non-linear path from a first position to second position that is vertically below the first position. | 1,700 |
3,157 | 14,632,731 | 1,795 | Embodiments of the invention provide amperometric analyte sensor systems comprising a plurality of electrodes including one or more electrodes designed to monitor pH in order to facilitate the sensing of analytes at different pH levels within a sensor environment. Typical embodiments of the invention include glucose oxidase based amperometric sensors used in the management of diabetes. | 1. An amperometric analyte sensor system comprising:
a base; a plurality of electrodes disposed on the base including: a working electrode; a counter electrode; a reference electrode; a pH electrode responsive to changes in pH within the sensor system; a processor; and a computer-readable program having instructions which cause the processor to assess signal data obtained from the working electrode and the pH electrode; wherein: the working electrode and the processor are coupled so that the working electrode monitors analyte within the sensor system; the pH electrode and the processor are coupled so that the pH electrode monitors pH within the sensor system; and the processor uses a first algorithm to calculate a concentration of analyte when the pH of the sensor system is at or above pH 7.1; and the processor uses a second algorithm to calculate a concentration of analyte when the pH of the sensor system is below pH 6.9. 2. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 1, wherein the second algorithm calculates the concentration of analyte considering an at least 10% drop in analyte signal that results from the pH of the sensor system changing from at or above pH 7.1 to below pH 6.9. 3. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 1, wherein the working electrode is coated with a plurality of layered materials comprising:
an analyte sensing layer comprising an oxidoreductase that produces an acidic compound in the presence of analyte; an interference rejection layer; a protein layer; an adhesion promoting layer; and/or an analyte modulating layer, wherein the analyte modulating layer comprises a composition that modulates the diffusion of an analyte diffusing through the analyte modulating layer. 4. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 1, wherein the working electrode comprises platinum black coated with a glucose oxidase composition that forms gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of glucose. 5. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 1, wherein the pH electrode comprises a metal, a metal oxide, a polymer and/or a hydrogel. 6. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 1, wherein the pH electrode and the working electrode are both in operable contact with the reference electrode and the counter electrode. 7. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 1, wherein the pH electrode continuously monitors the open circuit potential between the pH electrode and the reference electrode. 8. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 7, wherein the first and second algorithms include a determination of how pH modulates amperometric current observed at the working electrode in the presence of analyte. 9. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 1, wherein the pH electrode functions as the working electrode. 10. A method of calculating the concentration of glucose at a plurality of different pH values within an amperometric glucose sensor, the method comprising:
(a) placing an amperometric glucose sensor into an environment comprising glucose, where the amperometric analyte sensor is disposed within a system comprising: a base; a plurality of electrodes disposed on the base including: a working electrode, wherein the working electrode is coated with:
an analyte sensing layer comprising glucose oxidase that produces gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of glucose; and
an analyte modulating layer, wherein the analyte modulating layer comprises a composition that modulates the diffusion of an analyte diffusing through the analyte modulating layer;
a counter electrode; a reference electrode; a pH electrode responsive to changes in pH within the local sensor system environment; a processor; and a computer-readable program having instructions which cause the processor to:
assess signal data obtained from the working electrode and the pH electrode; wherein:
the working electrode and the processor are coupled so that the working electrode monitors glucose within the sensor system;
the pH electrode and the processor are coupled so that the pH electrode monitors the pH of the sensor within the sensor system;
(b) monitoring the pH of the sensor within the sensor system;
(c) monitoring glucose within the sensor system; and
(d) calculating the concentration of glucose, wherein:
the processor uses a first set of parameters to calculate a concentration of glucose when the pH of the analyte sensing layer is at or above pH 7.1; and
the processor uses a second set of parameters to calculate a concentration of glucose when the pH of the analyte sensing layer is below pH 6.9. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the second set of parameters calculates the concentration of analyte using an at least 10% drop in analyte signal that results from the pH of the sensor system changing from at or above pH 7.1 to below pH 6.9. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the pH electrode continuously monitors the open circuit potential between the pH electrode and the reference electrode. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the system switches from using the first set of parameters to using the second set of parameters when the open circuit potential is above or below a predefined value that is between 20 millivolts and 180 millivolts. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the method includes using a calibration curve of the relationship between current and pH at the working electrode within the sensor. 15. A method of making an analyte sensor comprising the steps of:
providing a base layer; forming a conductive layer on the base layer, wherein the conductive layer includes a plurality of electrodes including a pH electrode, a working electrode, a reference electrode and a counter electrode; forming an analyte sensing layer over the working electrode, wherein the analyte sensing layer comprises a polypeptide that forms an acidic compound in the presence of the analyte; and forming an analyte modulating layer disposed over the analyte sensing layer, wherein the analyte modulating layer includes a composition that modulates the diffusion of the analyte therethrough. forming an adhesion promoting layer on the analyte sensing layer or the protein layer; or forming a cover layer disposed on at least a portion of the analyte modulating layer, wherein the cover layer further includes an aperture over at least a portion of the analyte modulating layer. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the analyte modulating layer comprises:
(1) a polyurethane/polyurea polymer formed from a mixture comprising:
(a) a diisocyanate;
(b) a hydrophilic polymer comprising a hydrophilic diol or hydrophilic diamine; and
(c) a siloxane having an amino, hydroxyl or carboxylic acid functional group at a terminus; and/or
(2) a branched acrylate polymer formed from a mixture comprising:
(a) a butyl, propyl, ethyl or methyl-acrylate;
(b) an amino-acrylate;
(c) a siloxane-acrylate; and
(d) a poly(ethylene oxide)-acrylate. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the analyte sensor apparatus operably coupled to a process comprising a computer-readable program having instructions which cause the processor to assess signal data obtained from the working electrode and the pH electrode; wherein:
the pH electrode and the processor are coupled so that the pH electrode monitors pH of the sensor within the sensor system; and the processor uses a first algorithm to calculate a concentration of analyte when the pH of the sensor system is at or above pH 7.1; and the processor uses a second algorithm to calculate a concentration of analyte when the pH of the sensor system is below pH 6.9. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the pH electrode is adapted to continuously monitor open circuit potential between the pH electrode and the reference electrode. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the system switches from using the first algorithm to using the algorithm when the open circuit potential is above or below a predefined value that is between 20 millivolts and 180 millivolts. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein a single electrode functions the pH electrode and the working electrode. | Embodiments of the invention provide amperometric analyte sensor systems comprising a plurality of electrodes including one or more electrodes designed to monitor pH in order to facilitate the sensing of analytes at different pH levels within a sensor environment. Typical embodiments of the invention include glucose oxidase based amperometric sensors used in the management of diabetes.1. An amperometric analyte sensor system comprising:
a base; a plurality of electrodes disposed on the base including: a working electrode; a counter electrode; a reference electrode; a pH electrode responsive to changes in pH within the sensor system; a processor; and a computer-readable program having instructions which cause the processor to assess signal data obtained from the working electrode and the pH electrode; wherein: the working electrode and the processor are coupled so that the working electrode monitors analyte within the sensor system; the pH electrode and the processor are coupled so that the pH electrode monitors pH within the sensor system; and the processor uses a first algorithm to calculate a concentration of analyte when the pH of the sensor system is at or above pH 7.1; and the processor uses a second algorithm to calculate a concentration of analyte when the pH of the sensor system is below pH 6.9. 2. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 1, wherein the second algorithm calculates the concentration of analyte considering an at least 10% drop in analyte signal that results from the pH of the sensor system changing from at or above pH 7.1 to below pH 6.9. 3. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 1, wherein the working electrode is coated with a plurality of layered materials comprising:
an analyte sensing layer comprising an oxidoreductase that produces an acidic compound in the presence of analyte; an interference rejection layer; a protein layer; an adhesion promoting layer; and/or an analyte modulating layer, wherein the analyte modulating layer comprises a composition that modulates the diffusion of an analyte diffusing through the analyte modulating layer. 4. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 1, wherein the working electrode comprises platinum black coated with a glucose oxidase composition that forms gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of glucose. 5. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 1, wherein the pH electrode comprises a metal, a metal oxide, a polymer and/or a hydrogel. 6. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 1, wherein the pH electrode and the working electrode are both in operable contact with the reference electrode and the counter electrode. 7. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 1, wherein the pH electrode continuously monitors the open circuit potential between the pH electrode and the reference electrode. 8. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 7, wherein the first and second algorithms include a determination of how pH modulates amperometric current observed at the working electrode in the presence of analyte. 9. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 1, wherein the pH electrode functions as the working electrode. 10. A method of calculating the concentration of glucose at a plurality of different pH values within an amperometric glucose sensor, the method comprising:
(a) placing an amperometric glucose sensor into an environment comprising glucose, where the amperometric analyte sensor is disposed within a system comprising: a base; a plurality of electrodes disposed on the base including: a working electrode, wherein the working electrode is coated with:
an analyte sensing layer comprising glucose oxidase that produces gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of glucose; and
an analyte modulating layer, wherein the analyte modulating layer comprises a composition that modulates the diffusion of an analyte diffusing through the analyte modulating layer;
a counter electrode; a reference electrode; a pH electrode responsive to changes in pH within the local sensor system environment; a processor; and a computer-readable program having instructions which cause the processor to:
assess signal data obtained from the working electrode and the pH electrode; wherein:
the working electrode and the processor are coupled so that the working electrode monitors glucose within the sensor system;
the pH electrode and the processor are coupled so that the pH electrode monitors the pH of the sensor within the sensor system;
(b) monitoring the pH of the sensor within the sensor system;
(c) monitoring glucose within the sensor system; and
(d) calculating the concentration of glucose, wherein:
the processor uses a first set of parameters to calculate a concentration of glucose when the pH of the analyte sensing layer is at or above pH 7.1; and
the processor uses a second set of parameters to calculate a concentration of glucose when the pH of the analyte sensing layer is below pH 6.9. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the second set of parameters calculates the concentration of analyte using an at least 10% drop in analyte signal that results from the pH of the sensor system changing from at or above pH 7.1 to below pH 6.9. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the pH electrode continuously monitors the open circuit potential between the pH electrode and the reference electrode. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the system switches from using the first set of parameters to using the second set of parameters when the open circuit potential is above or below a predefined value that is between 20 millivolts and 180 millivolts. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the method includes using a calibration curve of the relationship between current and pH at the working electrode within the sensor. 15. A method of making an analyte sensor comprising the steps of:
providing a base layer; forming a conductive layer on the base layer, wherein the conductive layer includes a plurality of electrodes including a pH electrode, a working electrode, a reference electrode and a counter electrode; forming an analyte sensing layer over the working electrode, wherein the analyte sensing layer comprises a polypeptide that forms an acidic compound in the presence of the analyte; and forming an analyte modulating layer disposed over the analyte sensing layer, wherein the analyte modulating layer includes a composition that modulates the diffusion of the analyte therethrough. forming an adhesion promoting layer on the analyte sensing layer or the protein layer; or forming a cover layer disposed on at least a portion of the analyte modulating layer, wherein the cover layer further includes an aperture over at least a portion of the analyte modulating layer. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the analyte modulating layer comprises:
(1) a polyurethane/polyurea polymer formed from a mixture comprising:
(a) a diisocyanate;
(b) a hydrophilic polymer comprising a hydrophilic diol or hydrophilic diamine; and
(c) a siloxane having an amino, hydroxyl or carboxylic acid functional group at a terminus; and/or
(2) a branched acrylate polymer formed from a mixture comprising:
(a) a butyl, propyl, ethyl or methyl-acrylate;
(b) an amino-acrylate;
(c) a siloxane-acrylate; and
(d) a poly(ethylene oxide)-acrylate. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the analyte sensor apparatus operably coupled to a process comprising a computer-readable program having instructions which cause the processor to assess signal data obtained from the working electrode and the pH electrode; wherein:
the pH electrode and the processor are coupled so that the pH electrode monitors pH of the sensor within the sensor system; and the processor uses a first algorithm to calculate a concentration of analyte when the pH of the sensor system is at or above pH 7.1; and the processor uses a second algorithm to calculate a concentration of analyte when the pH of the sensor system is below pH 6.9. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the pH electrode is adapted to continuously monitor open circuit potential between the pH electrode and the reference electrode. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the system switches from using the first algorithm to using the algorithm when the open circuit potential is above or below a predefined value that is between 20 millivolts and 180 millivolts. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein a single electrode functions the pH electrode and the working electrode. | 1,700 |
3,158 | 14,340,670 | 1,783 | Embodiments are directed to strengthened glass articles comprising a thickness t≦1 mm (1000 μm), an inner region under a central tension CT (in MPa), and at least one compressive stress layer adjacent the inner region and extending within the strengthened glass article from a surface of the strengthened glass article to a depth of layer DOL (in μm), wherein the strengthened glass article is under a compressive stress at the surface CS s (in MPa), wherein the strengthened glass article is an alkali aluminosilicate glass article comprising 0-5 mol % Li 2 O, and at least 3 mol % Al 2 O 3 , and wherein the DOL≧70 μm, and a CS s /DOL ratio≧2.5 MPa/μm. | 1. A strengthened glass article comprising:
a thickness t≦1 mm, an inner region under a central tension CT, and at least one compressive stress layer adjacent the inner region and extending within the strengthened glass article from a surface of the strengthened glass article to a depth of layer DOL, wherein the strengthened glass article is under a compressive stress at the surface CSs, wherein the strengthened glass article is an alkali aluminosilicate glass article comprising 0-5 mol % Li2O, and at least 3 mol % Al2O3, and wherein the DOL≧70 μm, and a CSs/DOL ratio≧2.5 MPa/μm. 2. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the CSs>300 MPa. 3. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the strengthened glass article comprises 0-5 mol % K2O. 4. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the thickness t≦0.9 mm. 5. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the strengthened glass article has a stress profile such that a compressive stress CSD at an intermediate critical depth of 50 μm below the surface of the strengthened glass article is at least 10% of CSs, 6. The strengthened glass article of claim 5, wherein CSD is at least 50 MPa. 7. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the strengthened glass article comprises from 5 mol % to 20 mol % Na2O. 8. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the strengthened glass article comprises from 0 mol % to 10 mol % MgO. 9. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the CSs/DOL ratio is in a range from 8 MPa/μm to 10 MPa/μm. 10. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the DOL is in a range from 0.2t to 0.1t. 11. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the DOL is in a range from 70 to 120 μm. 12. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the CSs is in a range from 700 to 1200 MPa. 13. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the thickness t is in a range from about 0.4 mm to about 0.8 mm. 14. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the CT≧150 MPa. 15. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the CSs/DOL ratio is in a range from 3 MPa/μm to 12 MPa/μm. 16. The strengthened glass article of claim 15, wherein the CSs/DOL ratio is in a range from 3 MPa/μm to 5 MPa/μm. 17. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the strengthened glass article has a stress profile defined by a first compressive stress zone which extends from the surface of the strengthened glass article to a distance x below the surface, and a second compressive stress zone extending from the distance x to the DOL, and
wherein the first compressive stress zone defines a rate r1 of decrease of compressive stress from the surface to the distance x below the surface, the second compressive stress zone defines a rate r2 of decrease of compressive stress from the distance x to the DOL, and wherein r1≧2r2. 18. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the CSs≧350 MPa. 19. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the strengthened glass has at least a 60% survival rate when dropped in a drop test from a height of at least 100 cm onto a drop surface utilizing a uniform drop rate procedure. 20. The strengthened glass of claim 19, wherein the strengthened glass is incorporated into an electronic device. 21. A strengthened glass article comprising:
a thickness t≦1 mm, an inner region under a central tension CT, and at least one compressive stress layer adjacent the inner region and extending within the strengthened glass article from a surface of the strengthened glass article to a depth of layer DOL, wherein the strengthened glass article is under a compressive stress at the surface CSs, wherein the strengthened glass article is an alkali aluminosilicate glass article comprising 0-5 mol % Li2O, at least 3 mol % Al2O3, and at least 5 mol % Na2O, and wherein the DOL≧70 μm, a CSs/DOL ratio 2.5 MPa/μm, and wherein the strengthened glass article, when subjected to a point impact sufficient to break the strengthened glass article, has a frangibility index of less than 3. 22. The strengthened glass article of claim 21, wherein the CSs>300 MPa. 23. The strengthened glass article of claim 21, wherein the CSs/DOL ratio is in a range from 3 MPa/μm to 12 MPa/μm. 24. The strengthened glass article of claim 21, wherein the CSs≧350 MPa. 25. The strengthened glass article of claim 21, wherein the thickness t≦0.9 mm. 26. The strengthened glass article of claim 21, wherein the thickness t is in a range from about 0.4 mm to about 0.8 mm. 27. The strengthened glass article of claim 21, wherein the DOL is in a range from 0.2t to 0.1t, where DOL is expressed in millimeters. 28. A strengthened glass article comprising:
a thickness t≦1 mm, an inner region under a central tension CT, and at least one compressive stress layer adjacent the inner region and extending within the strengthened glass article from a surface of the strengthened glass article to a depth of layer DOL, wherein the strengthened glass article is under a compressive stress at the surface CSs, wherein the strengthened glass article is an alkali aluminosilicate glass article comprising 0-5 mol % Li2O, at least 3 mol % Al2O3, and at least 5 mol % Na2O, and wherein the DOL≧70 μm, a CSs/DOL ratio≧3.0 MPa/μm, and the CT≦150 MPa. 29. The strengthened glass article of claim 28, wherein the CSs>300 MPa. 30. The strengthened glass article of claim 28, wherein the CSs/DOL ratio is in a range from 3 MPa/μm to 12 MPa/μm. 31. The strengthened glass article of claim 28, wherein the CSs≧350 MPa. 32. The strengthened glass article of claim 28, wherein the thickness t≦0.9 mm. 33. The strengthened glass article of claim 28, wherein the DOL is in a range from 0.3 to 0.1t, where DOL is expressed in mm. 34. The strengthened glass article of claim 28, wherein the strengthened glass has at least a 60% survival rate when dropped in a drop test from a height of at least 100 cm onto a drop surface in a uniform test procedure. 35. The strengthened glass of claim 34, wherein the strengthened glass is incorporated into an electronic device. 36. The strengthened glass article of claim 28, wherein the strengthened glass article has a stress profile such that a compressive stress CSD at an intermediate critical depth of 50 μm below the surface of the strengthened glass article is at least 10% of CSs, 37. The strengthened glass article of claim 35, wherein CSD is at least 50 MPa. 38. A strengthened glass, the strengthened glass having an inner region under a central tension CT, and at least one compressive stress layer under a compressive stress CS, the compressive stress layer extending from a surface of the glass to a depth of compression and being adjacent to the inner region, wherein the strengthened glass has at least a 60% survival rate when dropped in a drop test from a height of at least 100 cm onto a drop surface utilizing a uniform drop testing procedure. 39. The strengthened glass of claim 38, wherein the strengthened glass is incorporated into an electronic device. 40. The strengthened glass of claim 38, wherein the strengthened glass a 60% probability of withstanding fracture when the strengthened glass contacts the drop surface at a flat angle, at a non-flat angle, or both. 41. The strengthened glass of claim 38, wherein the non-flat angle is 30° relative to the drop surface. 42. The strengthened glass of claim 38, wherein the drop surface is an abrasive sandpaper having a grit value in a range from about 150 to about 200 and an average grit particle size in a range from about 70 μm to about 90 μm. 43. A method of producing a strengthened glass article having a thickness t≦1 mm and at least one compressive stress layer extending from a surface of the strengthened glass article to a depth of layer DOL≧70 μm, the method comprising:
conducting a first ion exchange step by immersing an alkali aluminosilicate glass article in a first ion exchange bath at a temperature of greater than 400° C. for a time sufficient such that the compressive stress layer has a depth of at least 70 μm after the first ion exchange step; and
optionally conducting a second ion exchange step by immersing the alkali aluminosilicate glass article in a second ion exchange bath different from the first ion exchange bath at a temperature of at least 350° C. for a time sufficient to produce the compressive layer having DOL≧90 μm. 44. The method of claim 43, wherein the first ion exchange step is conducted for a time of at least 8 hours. 45. The method of claim 43, wherein the first ion exchange bath comprises at least about 30% by weight of a sodium composition that delivers sodium ions to the alkali aluminosilicate glass article. 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the first ion exchange bath comprises from about 30% to about 60% by weight of the sodium composition. 47. The method of claim 43, wherein the temperature of the first ion exchange step is 435° C. or greater. 48. The method of claim 43, wherein the strengthened glass article has a compressive stress of at least 150 MPa after the first ion exchange step. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the strengthened glass article has a CS of about 200 to about 400 MPa after the first ion exchange step. 50. The method of claim 43, wherein the second ion exchange step is conducted for a time of 75 minutes or less. 51. The method of claim 50, wherein the second ion exchange step is conducted for a time of about 10 to about 20 minutes. 52. The method of claim 43, wherein the second ion exchange bath comprises at least about 95% by weight of a potassium composition that delivers potassium ions to the alkali aluminosilicate glass article. 53. The method of claim 52, wherein the second ion exchange bath comprises from about 98% to about 99.5% by weight of the potassium composition. 54. The method of claim 52, wherein the second ion exchange bath comprises 0-2% by weight of a sodium composition. 55. The method of claim 43, wherein the temperature of the second ion exchange step is 360° C. or greater. 56. The method of claim 43, wherein the strengthened glass article has a compressive stress of at least 700 MPa after the second ion exchange step. 57. The method of claim 56, wherein the strengthened glass article has a compressive stress of about 700 to about 1000 MPa after the second ion exchange step. 58. The method of claim 43, wherein the compressive stress layer has a depth of 70 μm to 85 μm after the first ion exchange step. 59. The method of claim 43, wherein the DOL is in a range from 70 μm to 100 μm after the second ion exchange step. 60. A method of performing a glass drop test on a glass product, the method comprising:
providing a drop surface having an abrasive sandpaper upper surface, the abrasive sandpaper upper surface having a grit of at least 150; dropping the glass product number of times (n) from a drop height, dn=d1+(n−1)*k, onto the drop surface, wherein d1 is an initial drop height, n refers to the number of repetitions of the glass drop within the glass drop test, and k is an increment for increasing drop heights for successive glass drop repetitions, and wherein the drop surface has an abrasive sandpaper upper surface, the abrasive sandpaper upper surface having a grit of at least 150; determining if there is fracture in the strengthened glass product after each drop; and ending the glass drop test upon detecting a fracture in the glass product or when the glass product is not fractured when dropped from a maximum drop height. 61. The method of claim 60, wherein dropping the glass product from the drop height onto the drop surface comprises dropping the glass product onto the drop surface such that the glass product contacts the drop surface at a flat angle relative to the drop surface. 62. The method of claim 61, wherein dropping the glass product from the drop height onto the drop surface comprises dropping the glass product onto the drop surface such that the glass product contacts the drop surface at a non-flat angle relative to the drop surface. 63. The method of claim 62, wherein the non-flat angle is 30°. 64. The method of claim 60, wherein the drop surface is an abrasive sandpaper having a grit value in a range from about 150 to about 200 and an average grit particle size in a range from about 70 μm to about 90 μm. | Embodiments are directed to strengthened glass articles comprising a thickness t≦1 mm (1000 μm), an inner region under a central tension CT (in MPa), and at least one compressive stress layer adjacent the inner region and extending within the strengthened glass article from a surface of the strengthened glass article to a depth of layer DOL (in μm), wherein the strengthened glass article is under a compressive stress at the surface CS s (in MPa), wherein the strengthened glass article is an alkali aluminosilicate glass article comprising 0-5 mol % Li 2 O, and at least 3 mol % Al 2 O 3 , and wherein the DOL≧70 μm, and a CS s /DOL ratio≧2.5 MPa/μm.1. A strengthened glass article comprising:
a thickness t≦1 mm, an inner region under a central tension CT, and at least one compressive stress layer adjacent the inner region and extending within the strengthened glass article from a surface of the strengthened glass article to a depth of layer DOL, wherein the strengthened glass article is under a compressive stress at the surface CSs, wherein the strengthened glass article is an alkali aluminosilicate glass article comprising 0-5 mol % Li2O, and at least 3 mol % Al2O3, and wherein the DOL≧70 μm, and a CSs/DOL ratio≧2.5 MPa/μm. 2. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the CSs>300 MPa. 3. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the strengthened glass article comprises 0-5 mol % K2O. 4. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the thickness t≦0.9 mm. 5. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the strengthened glass article has a stress profile such that a compressive stress CSD at an intermediate critical depth of 50 μm below the surface of the strengthened glass article is at least 10% of CSs, 6. The strengthened glass article of claim 5, wherein CSD is at least 50 MPa. 7. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the strengthened glass article comprises from 5 mol % to 20 mol % Na2O. 8. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the strengthened glass article comprises from 0 mol % to 10 mol % MgO. 9. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the CSs/DOL ratio is in a range from 8 MPa/μm to 10 MPa/μm. 10. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the DOL is in a range from 0.2t to 0.1t. 11. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the DOL is in a range from 70 to 120 μm. 12. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the CSs is in a range from 700 to 1200 MPa. 13. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the thickness t is in a range from about 0.4 mm to about 0.8 mm. 14. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the CT≧150 MPa. 15. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the CSs/DOL ratio is in a range from 3 MPa/μm to 12 MPa/μm. 16. The strengthened glass article of claim 15, wherein the CSs/DOL ratio is in a range from 3 MPa/μm to 5 MPa/μm. 17. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the strengthened glass article has a stress profile defined by a first compressive stress zone which extends from the surface of the strengthened glass article to a distance x below the surface, and a second compressive stress zone extending from the distance x to the DOL, and
wherein the first compressive stress zone defines a rate r1 of decrease of compressive stress from the surface to the distance x below the surface, the second compressive stress zone defines a rate r2 of decrease of compressive stress from the distance x to the DOL, and wherein r1≧2r2. 18. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the CSs≧350 MPa. 19. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the strengthened glass has at least a 60% survival rate when dropped in a drop test from a height of at least 100 cm onto a drop surface utilizing a uniform drop rate procedure. 20. The strengthened glass of claim 19, wherein the strengthened glass is incorporated into an electronic device. 21. A strengthened glass article comprising:
a thickness t≦1 mm, an inner region under a central tension CT, and at least one compressive stress layer adjacent the inner region and extending within the strengthened glass article from a surface of the strengthened glass article to a depth of layer DOL, wherein the strengthened glass article is under a compressive stress at the surface CSs, wherein the strengthened glass article is an alkali aluminosilicate glass article comprising 0-5 mol % Li2O, at least 3 mol % Al2O3, and at least 5 mol % Na2O, and wherein the DOL≧70 μm, a CSs/DOL ratio 2.5 MPa/μm, and wherein the strengthened glass article, when subjected to a point impact sufficient to break the strengthened glass article, has a frangibility index of less than 3. 22. The strengthened glass article of claim 21, wherein the CSs>300 MPa. 23. The strengthened glass article of claim 21, wherein the CSs/DOL ratio is in a range from 3 MPa/μm to 12 MPa/μm. 24. The strengthened glass article of claim 21, wherein the CSs≧350 MPa. 25. The strengthened glass article of claim 21, wherein the thickness t≦0.9 mm. 26. The strengthened glass article of claim 21, wherein the thickness t is in a range from about 0.4 mm to about 0.8 mm. 27. The strengthened glass article of claim 21, wherein the DOL is in a range from 0.2t to 0.1t, where DOL is expressed in millimeters. 28. A strengthened glass article comprising:
a thickness t≦1 mm, an inner region under a central tension CT, and at least one compressive stress layer adjacent the inner region and extending within the strengthened glass article from a surface of the strengthened glass article to a depth of layer DOL, wherein the strengthened glass article is under a compressive stress at the surface CSs, wherein the strengthened glass article is an alkali aluminosilicate glass article comprising 0-5 mol % Li2O, at least 3 mol % Al2O3, and at least 5 mol % Na2O, and wherein the DOL≧70 μm, a CSs/DOL ratio≧3.0 MPa/μm, and the CT≦150 MPa. 29. The strengthened glass article of claim 28, wherein the CSs>300 MPa. 30. The strengthened glass article of claim 28, wherein the CSs/DOL ratio is in a range from 3 MPa/μm to 12 MPa/μm. 31. The strengthened glass article of claim 28, wherein the CSs≧350 MPa. 32. The strengthened glass article of claim 28, wherein the thickness t≦0.9 mm. 33. The strengthened glass article of claim 28, wherein the DOL is in a range from 0.3 to 0.1t, where DOL is expressed in mm. 34. The strengthened glass article of claim 28, wherein the strengthened glass has at least a 60% survival rate when dropped in a drop test from a height of at least 100 cm onto a drop surface in a uniform test procedure. 35. The strengthened glass of claim 34, wherein the strengthened glass is incorporated into an electronic device. 36. The strengthened glass article of claim 28, wherein the strengthened glass article has a stress profile such that a compressive stress CSD at an intermediate critical depth of 50 μm below the surface of the strengthened glass article is at least 10% of CSs, 37. The strengthened glass article of claim 35, wherein CSD is at least 50 MPa. 38. A strengthened glass, the strengthened glass having an inner region under a central tension CT, and at least one compressive stress layer under a compressive stress CS, the compressive stress layer extending from a surface of the glass to a depth of compression and being adjacent to the inner region, wherein the strengthened glass has at least a 60% survival rate when dropped in a drop test from a height of at least 100 cm onto a drop surface utilizing a uniform drop testing procedure. 39. The strengthened glass of claim 38, wherein the strengthened glass is incorporated into an electronic device. 40. The strengthened glass of claim 38, wherein the strengthened glass a 60% probability of withstanding fracture when the strengthened glass contacts the drop surface at a flat angle, at a non-flat angle, or both. 41. The strengthened glass of claim 38, wherein the non-flat angle is 30° relative to the drop surface. 42. The strengthened glass of claim 38, wherein the drop surface is an abrasive sandpaper having a grit value in a range from about 150 to about 200 and an average grit particle size in a range from about 70 μm to about 90 μm. 43. A method of producing a strengthened glass article having a thickness t≦1 mm and at least one compressive stress layer extending from a surface of the strengthened glass article to a depth of layer DOL≧70 μm, the method comprising:
conducting a first ion exchange step by immersing an alkali aluminosilicate glass article in a first ion exchange bath at a temperature of greater than 400° C. for a time sufficient such that the compressive stress layer has a depth of at least 70 μm after the first ion exchange step; and
optionally conducting a second ion exchange step by immersing the alkali aluminosilicate glass article in a second ion exchange bath different from the first ion exchange bath at a temperature of at least 350° C. for a time sufficient to produce the compressive layer having DOL≧90 μm. 44. The method of claim 43, wherein the first ion exchange step is conducted for a time of at least 8 hours. 45. The method of claim 43, wherein the first ion exchange bath comprises at least about 30% by weight of a sodium composition that delivers sodium ions to the alkali aluminosilicate glass article. 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the first ion exchange bath comprises from about 30% to about 60% by weight of the sodium composition. 47. The method of claim 43, wherein the temperature of the first ion exchange step is 435° C. or greater. 48. The method of claim 43, wherein the strengthened glass article has a compressive stress of at least 150 MPa after the first ion exchange step. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the strengthened glass article has a CS of about 200 to about 400 MPa after the first ion exchange step. 50. The method of claim 43, wherein the second ion exchange step is conducted for a time of 75 minutes or less. 51. The method of claim 50, wherein the second ion exchange step is conducted for a time of about 10 to about 20 minutes. 52. The method of claim 43, wherein the second ion exchange bath comprises at least about 95% by weight of a potassium composition that delivers potassium ions to the alkali aluminosilicate glass article. 53. The method of claim 52, wherein the second ion exchange bath comprises from about 98% to about 99.5% by weight of the potassium composition. 54. The method of claim 52, wherein the second ion exchange bath comprises 0-2% by weight of a sodium composition. 55. The method of claim 43, wherein the temperature of the second ion exchange step is 360° C. or greater. 56. The method of claim 43, wherein the strengthened glass article has a compressive stress of at least 700 MPa after the second ion exchange step. 57. The method of claim 56, wherein the strengthened glass article has a compressive stress of about 700 to about 1000 MPa after the second ion exchange step. 58. The method of claim 43, wherein the compressive stress layer has a depth of 70 μm to 85 μm after the first ion exchange step. 59. The method of claim 43, wherein the DOL is in a range from 70 μm to 100 μm after the second ion exchange step. 60. A method of performing a glass drop test on a glass product, the method comprising:
providing a drop surface having an abrasive sandpaper upper surface, the abrasive sandpaper upper surface having a grit of at least 150; dropping the glass product number of times (n) from a drop height, dn=d1+(n−1)*k, onto the drop surface, wherein d1 is an initial drop height, n refers to the number of repetitions of the glass drop within the glass drop test, and k is an increment for increasing drop heights for successive glass drop repetitions, and wherein the drop surface has an abrasive sandpaper upper surface, the abrasive sandpaper upper surface having a grit of at least 150; determining if there is fracture in the strengthened glass product after each drop; and ending the glass drop test upon detecting a fracture in the glass product or when the glass product is not fractured when dropped from a maximum drop height. 61. The method of claim 60, wherein dropping the glass product from the drop height onto the drop surface comprises dropping the glass product onto the drop surface such that the glass product contacts the drop surface at a flat angle relative to the drop surface. 62. The method of claim 61, wherein dropping the glass product from the drop height onto the drop surface comprises dropping the glass product onto the drop surface such that the glass product contacts the drop surface at a non-flat angle relative to the drop surface. 63. The method of claim 62, wherein the non-flat angle is 30°. 64. The method of claim 60, wherein the drop surface is an abrasive sandpaper having a grit value in a range from about 150 to about 200 and an average grit particle size in a range from about 70 μm to about 90 μm. | 1,700 |
3,159 | 14,646,914 | 1,795 | In a gas sensor element 1 capable of detecting a concentration of a specific gas contained in a measuring target gas, an electrode 12 formed on a solid electrolyte body 11 having an oxygen ion conductivity is made of noble metal and solid electrolyte. The electrode 12 has a noble metal part 121 made of the noble metal, a solid electrolyte part 122 made of the solid electrolyte, and a mixture part 123 made of the noble metal and the solid electrolyte when a cross-sectional surface of the electrode 12 is observed. The mixture part 123 is formed along an interface part 120 between the noble metal part 121 and the solid electrolyte part 122. | 1. An electrode for use in a gas sensor equipped with a gas sensor element capable of detecting a concentration of a specific gas contained in a measuring target gas, the electrode being formed on a solid electrolyte body having an oxygen ion conductivity arranged in the gas sensor element,
the electrode comprising noble metal and solid electrolyte, wherein a noble metal part, a solid electrolyte part, and a mixture part are formed in a cross-sectional surface of the electrode, the noble metal part is made of the noble metal, the solid electrolyte part is made of the solid electrolyte, and the mixture part is made of the noble metal and the solid electrolyte, in which the noble metal and the solid electrolyte are mixed in contact to each other in a three-dimensional nano-scale structure, and the mixture part is formed along an interface part between the noble metal part and the solid electrolyte part. 2. The electrode for use in a gas sensor according to claim 1, wherein at least a part of the noble metal and the solid electrolyte in the mixture part forms a continuous layer with micro-scale noble metal in the noble metal part or micro-scale solid electrolyte in the solid electrolyte part. 3. The electrode for use in a gas sensor according to claim 1, wherein in the mixture part, the noble metal and the solid electrolyte are not separated from each other by a continuous curve in a circle area having a diameter of 200 nm. 4. The electrode for use in a gas sensor according to claim 1, wherein the mixture part inside at least a 5 μm squared is formed in the overall interface part between the noble metal part and the solid electrolyte part in a cross-sectional surface of the electrode. 5. The electrode for use in a gas sensor according to claim 1, wherein the mixture part has a maximum width which is not more than 50 times of a minimum width of the mixture part. 6. The electrode for use in a gas sensor according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the noble metal part and the solid electrolyte part is formed in a circle part having a diameter of 1 μm which contains the mixture part in a cross-sectional surface of the electrode. 7. The electrode for use in a gas sensor according to claim 1, wherein the solid electrolyte body has an oxygen ion conductivity. 8. The electrode for use in a gas sensor according to claim 1, wherein the noble metal is platinum, and the solid electrolyte is yttria-stabilized zirconia. 9. The electrode for use in a gas sensor according to claim 6, wherein a presence ratio of the mixture part in the circle area having the diameter of 1 μm which contains the mixture part is not more than 80%. 10. The electrode for use in a gas sensor according to claim 6, wherein a presence ratio of the mixture part in the circle area having the diameter of 1 μm which contains the mixture part is not more than 50%. 11. A gas sensor element comprising: the electrode according to claim 1 formed at a measuring target gas side on one surface of the solid electrolyte body having an oxygen ion conductivity; and a reference electrode formed at a reference gas side on the other surface of the solid electrolyte body. | In a gas sensor element 1 capable of detecting a concentration of a specific gas contained in a measuring target gas, an electrode 12 formed on a solid electrolyte body 11 having an oxygen ion conductivity is made of noble metal and solid electrolyte. The electrode 12 has a noble metal part 121 made of the noble metal, a solid electrolyte part 122 made of the solid electrolyte, and a mixture part 123 made of the noble metal and the solid electrolyte when a cross-sectional surface of the electrode 12 is observed. The mixture part 123 is formed along an interface part 120 between the noble metal part 121 and the solid electrolyte part 122.1. An electrode for use in a gas sensor equipped with a gas sensor element capable of detecting a concentration of a specific gas contained in a measuring target gas, the electrode being formed on a solid electrolyte body having an oxygen ion conductivity arranged in the gas sensor element,
the electrode comprising noble metal and solid electrolyte, wherein a noble metal part, a solid electrolyte part, and a mixture part are formed in a cross-sectional surface of the electrode, the noble metal part is made of the noble metal, the solid electrolyte part is made of the solid electrolyte, and the mixture part is made of the noble metal and the solid electrolyte, in which the noble metal and the solid electrolyte are mixed in contact to each other in a three-dimensional nano-scale structure, and the mixture part is formed along an interface part between the noble metal part and the solid electrolyte part. 2. The electrode for use in a gas sensor according to claim 1, wherein at least a part of the noble metal and the solid electrolyte in the mixture part forms a continuous layer with micro-scale noble metal in the noble metal part or micro-scale solid electrolyte in the solid electrolyte part. 3. The electrode for use in a gas sensor according to claim 1, wherein in the mixture part, the noble metal and the solid electrolyte are not separated from each other by a continuous curve in a circle area having a diameter of 200 nm. 4. The electrode for use in a gas sensor according to claim 1, wherein the mixture part inside at least a 5 μm squared is formed in the overall interface part between the noble metal part and the solid electrolyte part in a cross-sectional surface of the electrode. 5. The electrode for use in a gas sensor according to claim 1, wherein the mixture part has a maximum width which is not more than 50 times of a minimum width of the mixture part. 6. The electrode for use in a gas sensor according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the noble metal part and the solid electrolyte part is formed in a circle part having a diameter of 1 μm which contains the mixture part in a cross-sectional surface of the electrode. 7. The electrode for use in a gas sensor according to claim 1, wherein the solid electrolyte body has an oxygen ion conductivity. 8. The electrode for use in a gas sensor according to claim 1, wherein the noble metal is platinum, and the solid electrolyte is yttria-stabilized zirconia. 9. The electrode for use in a gas sensor according to claim 6, wherein a presence ratio of the mixture part in the circle area having the diameter of 1 μm which contains the mixture part is not more than 80%. 10. The electrode for use in a gas sensor according to claim 6, wherein a presence ratio of the mixture part in the circle area having the diameter of 1 μm which contains the mixture part is not more than 50%. 11. A gas sensor element comprising: the electrode according to claim 1 formed at a measuring target gas side on one surface of the solid electrolyte body having an oxygen ion conductivity; and a reference electrode formed at a reference gas side on the other surface of the solid electrolyte body. | 1,700 |
3,160 | 12,627,752 | 1,741 | A graded index multimode fiber and method of producing the graded index multimode fiber utilize a technique of reducing an index profile of the core of the multimode fiber below a standard parabolic index profile. This can be done by changing dopant concentrations in the fiber core over the radius of the fiber core. The result is a multimode fiber having differential mode delay characteristics that are intentionally not minimized. The index profile can be reduced below the standard parabolic index profile over the entire radius of the core, or only for radii above a specified radius. | 1. A method of manufacturing multimode optical fiber having a core with an index profile resulting in a radius-dependent graded index of refraction, said method comprising reducing the index of refraction over the radius of the fiber core such that the index profile of the fiber core is reduced below a standard parabolic index profile at increasing core radii. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said index profile of said fiber core is decreased below a standard parabolic index profile continuously and monotonically over the radius of the fiber core. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said index profile of said fiber core is reduced below a standard parabolic index profile for core radii greater than 5 μm. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein said index profile of said fiber core is reduced below a standard parabolic index profile for core radii greater than 1 μm. 5. A method of manufacturing multimode optical fiber having a core with an index profile resulting in a radius-dependent graded index of refraction, said method comprising reducing the index of refraction over the radius of the fiber core by controlling dopant concentrations such that the index profile of the fiber core is reduced below a standard parabolic index profile at increasing core radii by reducing a target value of the index profile below a standard parabolic index profile. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein said index profile of said fiber core is decreased below a standard parabolic index profile continuously and monotonically over the radius of the fiber core. 7. The method of claim 5 wherein said index profile of said fiber core is reduced below a standard parabolic index profile for core radii greater than 5 μm. 8. The method of claim 5 wherein said index profile of said fiber core is reduced below a standard parabolic index profile for core radii greater than 1 μm. | A graded index multimode fiber and method of producing the graded index multimode fiber utilize a technique of reducing an index profile of the core of the multimode fiber below a standard parabolic index profile. This can be done by changing dopant concentrations in the fiber core over the radius of the fiber core. The result is a multimode fiber having differential mode delay characteristics that are intentionally not minimized. The index profile can be reduced below the standard parabolic index profile over the entire radius of the core, or only for radii above a specified radius.1. A method of manufacturing multimode optical fiber having a core with an index profile resulting in a radius-dependent graded index of refraction, said method comprising reducing the index of refraction over the radius of the fiber core such that the index profile of the fiber core is reduced below a standard parabolic index profile at increasing core radii. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said index profile of said fiber core is decreased below a standard parabolic index profile continuously and monotonically over the radius of the fiber core. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said index profile of said fiber core is reduced below a standard parabolic index profile for core radii greater than 5 μm. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein said index profile of said fiber core is reduced below a standard parabolic index profile for core radii greater than 1 μm. 5. A method of manufacturing multimode optical fiber having a core with an index profile resulting in a radius-dependent graded index of refraction, said method comprising reducing the index of refraction over the radius of the fiber core by controlling dopant concentrations such that the index profile of the fiber core is reduced below a standard parabolic index profile at increasing core radii by reducing a target value of the index profile below a standard parabolic index profile. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein said index profile of said fiber core is decreased below a standard parabolic index profile continuously and monotonically over the radius of the fiber core. 7. The method of claim 5 wherein said index profile of said fiber core is reduced below a standard parabolic index profile for core radii greater than 5 μm. 8. The method of claim 5 wherein said index profile of said fiber core is reduced below a standard parabolic index profile for core radii greater than 1 μm. | 1,700 |
3,161 | 14,150,400 | 1,793 | A chocolate confection has a coated surface that has a coarse sugar coating formed from one or more layers of a first solution having a first sugar to water ratio and a finish sugar coating applied over the coarse sugar coating and formed from one or more layers of a second solution having a second sugar to water ratio. The first sugar to water ratio is less than half water by weight and the second sugar to water ratio is more than half water by weight. There is at least one edible dye marking adapted for application to the finish sugar coating. | 1. A chocolate confection having a coated surface that has a coarse sugar coating formed from one or more layers of a first solution having a first sugar to water ratio and at least one edible dye adapted for application to the finish sugar coating. 2. The chocolate confection of claim 1 wherein the chocolate confection has a hollow center. 3. The chocolate confection of claim 1 wherein the coated surface is unglazed. 4. The chocolate confection of claim 1 and further comprising a finish sugar coating applied over the coarse sugar coating and formed from one or more layers of a second solution having a second sugar to water ratio, wherein the first sugar to water ratio is less than half water by weight and wherein the second sugar to water ratio is more than half water by weight, and further comprising 5. The chocolate confection of claim 4 wherein the finish sugar coating has a plurality of visible pores in a size range of 0.02 to 0.3 millimeters. 6. The chocolate confection of claim 4 wherein at least one of the coarse or the finish sugar coatings further comprise a colorant. 7. The chocolate confection of claim 1 wherein the chocolate confection further comprises a non-chocolate edible element that is at least partially encased in chocolate. 8. The chocolate confection of claim 1 wherein the chocolate confection is substantially solid chocolate. 9. A method for coating a chocolate confection, the method comprising:
sealing the surface of the chocolate confection with a binding agent; applying a first coating solution to the sealed surface in one or more rough sugar layers, wherein the weight of sugar exceeds the weight of water in the first coating solution; sprinkling dry sugar onto the chocolate confection having the first applied coating solution; applying a second, finish coating sugar solution over the rough sugar layers on the surface in one or more layers; and air-drying the coated chocolate confection. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the first coating solution further comprises maltodextrin. 11. The method of claim 9 wherein sealing the surface and applying the first and second coating solutions are performed within a panning drum. 12. The method of claim 9 further comprising forming the chocolate confection using a book mold. 13. The method of claim 9 wherein one or both of the first and second coating solutions further comprise a colorant. 14. The method of claim 9 further comprising marking the finish coating using an edible dye. 15. The method of claim 8 wherein the chocolate confection has a hollow center. 16. The method of claim 9 wherein the weight of water exceeds the weight of sugar in the second coating solution. 17. A method for forming a decorative chocolate confection, the method comprising:
forming a chocolate confection; sealing the surface of the chocolate confection by applying a binding agent; applying a first coating solution to the sealed surface in one or more rough sugar layers, wherein the weight of sugar exceeds the weight of water in the first coating solution, and drying the one or more rough sugar layers; applying, to the one or more rough sugar layers, a second, finish coating solution in one or more finishing layers, wherein the weight of water exceeds the weight of sugar in the second coating solution; drying the finish coating; and writing upon the dried finish coating using an edible dye. 18. The method of claim 17 further comprising sprinkling dry sugar onto the chocolate confection after applying the first coating solution and before applying the second coating solution. | A chocolate confection has a coated surface that has a coarse sugar coating formed from one or more layers of a first solution having a first sugar to water ratio and a finish sugar coating applied over the coarse sugar coating and formed from one or more layers of a second solution having a second sugar to water ratio. The first sugar to water ratio is less than half water by weight and the second sugar to water ratio is more than half water by weight. There is at least one edible dye marking adapted for application to the finish sugar coating.1. A chocolate confection having a coated surface that has a coarse sugar coating formed from one or more layers of a first solution having a first sugar to water ratio and at least one edible dye adapted for application to the finish sugar coating. 2. The chocolate confection of claim 1 wherein the chocolate confection has a hollow center. 3. The chocolate confection of claim 1 wherein the coated surface is unglazed. 4. The chocolate confection of claim 1 and further comprising a finish sugar coating applied over the coarse sugar coating and formed from one or more layers of a second solution having a second sugar to water ratio, wherein the first sugar to water ratio is less than half water by weight and wherein the second sugar to water ratio is more than half water by weight, and further comprising 5. The chocolate confection of claim 4 wherein the finish sugar coating has a plurality of visible pores in a size range of 0.02 to 0.3 millimeters. 6. The chocolate confection of claim 4 wherein at least one of the coarse or the finish sugar coatings further comprise a colorant. 7. The chocolate confection of claim 1 wherein the chocolate confection further comprises a non-chocolate edible element that is at least partially encased in chocolate. 8. The chocolate confection of claim 1 wherein the chocolate confection is substantially solid chocolate. 9. A method for coating a chocolate confection, the method comprising:
sealing the surface of the chocolate confection with a binding agent; applying a first coating solution to the sealed surface in one or more rough sugar layers, wherein the weight of sugar exceeds the weight of water in the first coating solution; sprinkling dry sugar onto the chocolate confection having the first applied coating solution; applying a second, finish coating sugar solution over the rough sugar layers on the surface in one or more layers; and air-drying the coated chocolate confection. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the first coating solution further comprises maltodextrin. 11. The method of claim 9 wherein sealing the surface and applying the first and second coating solutions are performed within a panning drum. 12. The method of claim 9 further comprising forming the chocolate confection using a book mold. 13. The method of claim 9 wherein one or both of the first and second coating solutions further comprise a colorant. 14. The method of claim 9 further comprising marking the finish coating using an edible dye. 15. The method of claim 8 wherein the chocolate confection has a hollow center. 16. The method of claim 9 wherein the weight of water exceeds the weight of sugar in the second coating solution. 17. A method for forming a decorative chocolate confection, the method comprising:
forming a chocolate confection; sealing the surface of the chocolate confection by applying a binding agent; applying a first coating solution to the sealed surface in one or more rough sugar layers, wherein the weight of sugar exceeds the weight of water in the first coating solution, and drying the one or more rough sugar layers; applying, to the one or more rough sugar layers, a second, finish coating solution in one or more finishing layers, wherein the weight of water exceeds the weight of sugar in the second coating solution; drying the finish coating; and writing upon the dried finish coating using an edible dye. 18. The method of claim 17 further comprising sprinkling dry sugar onto the chocolate confection after applying the first coating solution and before applying the second coating solution. | 1,700 |
3,162 | 14,441,200 | 1,793 | A method and apparatus for seasoning a cooked food product is disclosed. A non-aqueous liquid seasoning mixture is applied onto a surface of a cooked food product. The seasoning mixture includes at least 35% wt solids. | 1. A method of seasoning a cooked food product comprising applying a non-aqueous liquid seasoning mixture onto a surface of a cooked food product, the seasoning mixture comprising at least 35% wt solids. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the fried food product comprises cooked corn masa. 3. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the cooked food product is a taco shell. 4. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the non-aqueous liquid seasoning mixture comprise at least 40% wt solids and has a viscosity of at least 1000 cps. 5. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the applying step comprises spraying the non-aqueous liquid seasoning mixture onto a surface of a cooked food product with a spinning disc sprayer. 6. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the applying step comprises spraying the non-aqueous liquid seasoning mixture, at a temperature in a range from 38 to 60 degrees centigrade, onto the surface of a cooked food product. 7. The method according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising frying the food product in frying oil before the applying step. 8. The method according to claims 7, wherein the non-aqueous liquid of the seasoning mixture is a same type of oil as the frying oil. 9. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the applying step disposes from 1 to 3 grams of non-aqueous liquid seasoning mixture onto the surface of the food product. 10. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the non-aqueous liquid seasoning mixture comprises particles having a size of at least 250 micrometers. 11. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the non-aqueous liquid seasoning mixture comprises particles having a size of less than 30 micrometers. 12. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the non-aqueous liquid of the seasoning mixture is a solid at a temperature of 27 degrees. 13. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the non-aqueous liquid seasoning mixture comprises a range from 45 to 60% wt solids and has a viscosity of at least 1500 cps. 14. A fried food product formed by the method according to any of the preceding claims. 15. An apparatus for seasoning a cooked food product comprising:
a spinning disc spray chamber comprising a spinning disc sprayer and having a product zone configured to receive a non-aqueous liquid seasoning mixture from the spinning disc sprayer, the non-aqueous liquid seasoning mixture comprising at least 35% wt solids; a food product conveyor for continuously moving a cooked food product through the product zone. 16. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the cooked food product is a corn masa taco shell. 17. The apparatus according to claim 15, further comprising a progressive cavity pump providing the non-aqueous liquid seasoning mixture to the spinning disc sprayer. | A method and apparatus for seasoning a cooked food product is disclosed. A non-aqueous liquid seasoning mixture is applied onto a surface of a cooked food product. The seasoning mixture includes at least 35% wt solids.1. A method of seasoning a cooked food product comprising applying a non-aqueous liquid seasoning mixture onto a surface of a cooked food product, the seasoning mixture comprising at least 35% wt solids. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the fried food product comprises cooked corn masa. 3. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the cooked food product is a taco shell. 4. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the non-aqueous liquid seasoning mixture comprise at least 40% wt solids and has a viscosity of at least 1000 cps. 5. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the applying step comprises spraying the non-aqueous liquid seasoning mixture onto a surface of a cooked food product with a spinning disc sprayer. 6. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the applying step comprises spraying the non-aqueous liquid seasoning mixture, at a temperature in a range from 38 to 60 degrees centigrade, onto the surface of a cooked food product. 7. The method according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising frying the food product in frying oil before the applying step. 8. The method according to claims 7, wherein the non-aqueous liquid of the seasoning mixture is a same type of oil as the frying oil. 9. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the applying step disposes from 1 to 3 grams of non-aqueous liquid seasoning mixture onto the surface of the food product. 10. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the non-aqueous liquid seasoning mixture comprises particles having a size of at least 250 micrometers. 11. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the non-aqueous liquid seasoning mixture comprises particles having a size of less than 30 micrometers. 12. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the non-aqueous liquid of the seasoning mixture is a solid at a temperature of 27 degrees. 13. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the non-aqueous liquid seasoning mixture comprises a range from 45 to 60% wt solids and has a viscosity of at least 1500 cps. 14. A fried food product formed by the method according to any of the preceding claims. 15. An apparatus for seasoning a cooked food product comprising:
a spinning disc spray chamber comprising a spinning disc sprayer and having a product zone configured to receive a non-aqueous liquid seasoning mixture from the spinning disc sprayer, the non-aqueous liquid seasoning mixture comprising at least 35% wt solids; a food product conveyor for continuously moving a cooked food product through the product zone. 16. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the cooked food product is a corn masa taco shell. 17. The apparatus according to claim 15, further comprising a progressive cavity pump providing the non-aqueous liquid seasoning mixture to the spinning disc sprayer. | 1,700 |
3,163 | 15,371,554 | 1,763 | A semiconductor device is provided. The semiconductor device includes a first semiconductor component having a semiconductor substrate, and a barrier layer disposed at least on or at a portion of the first semiconductor component. The barrier layer includes a polymer material and an organic metal complexing agent covalently bound to the polymer material. | 1. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a first semiconductor component comprising a semiconductor substrate; and a barrier layer disposed at least on, in or at a portion of the first semiconductor component, wherein the barrier layer comprises a polymer material and an organic metal complexing agent covalently bound to the polymer material. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the metal complexing agent comprises a crown ether and/or cryptand. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising an encapsulation enclosing the first semiconductor component and the barrier layer. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 3, wherein the encapsulation comprises a moulding material different from the polymer material of the barrier layer. 5. The semiconductor device of claim , wherein the barrier layer is at least partially provided between the first semiconductor component and the encapsulation. 6. The semiconductor device of claim 3, further comprising a lead frame at least partially embedded in the encapsulation, wherein the first semiconductor component is electrically connected to the lead frame. 7. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the barrier layer covers at least a portion of a surface area of the first semiconductor component. 8. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the barrier layer is an intermediate dielectric layer in the first semiconductor component. 9. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein a concentration of the organic metal complexing agent covalently bound to the polymer material is in a range of 1 mol of the organic metal complexing agent per 200 g of the polymer material to 1 mol of the organic metal complexing agent per 1,500,000 g of the polymer material. 10. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the crown ether includes at least one of 15-crown-5 and derivatives thereof, 18-crown-6 and derivatives thereof, 12-crown-4 and derivatives thereof, 21-crown-7 and derivatives thereof, 24-crown-8 and derivatives thereof, or any combination thereof. 11. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the cryptand includes [2,2,2] Cryptand (=1,10-diaza-4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane), [2,2,1] Cryptand, and/or derivatives thereof. 12. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the polymer material is a homopolymer or copolymer resulting from the polymerization of monomers selected from the group consisting of: imides, epoxies, silicones, monomers having functional side chains, methacrylates, and any combinations thereof. 13. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising a second semiconductor component, wherein the barrier layer is disposed between the first semiconductor component and the second semiconductor component. 14. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the barrier layer is disposed between an inner layer and an outer layer of the encapsulation. 15. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the barrier layer is configured to immobilize ions which diffuse into the barrier layer. 16. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the barrier layer is configured as an ion getter layer. 17. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor device is a power semiconductor device. 18. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a first semiconductor component; and a barrier layer disposed at least on or at a portion of the first semiconductor component, wherein the barrier layer comprises a polymer material and at least one cryptand embedded in the polymer material. 19. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a first semiconductor component; and a barrier layer disposed at least in, on or at a portion of the first semiconductor component, wherein the barrier layer comprises a polymeraterial formed by a covalently cross-linked organic metal complexing agent, wherein the metal complexing agent comprises at east a crown ether and/or cryptand. 20. An encapsulation for a semiconductor device, comprising a polymer material and an organic metal complexing agent covalently bound to the polymer material. 21. The encapsulation material of claim 20, wherein the polymer material comprises at least one of epoxy, PBO, PBI, polyimide, silicone, BCB, PNB, polysiloxane, and polyaromatic fluorocarbons, and wherein the organic metal complexing agent is covalently bound to the polymer material. 22. The encapsulation material of claim 20, wherein the polymer material comprises a copolymer comprising (a) polymer comprising at least one of epoxy, PBO, PBI, polyimide, silicone, BCB, PNB, polysiloxane, polyaromatic fluorocarbones and the organic metal complexing agent covalently bound to the polymer and (b) a polymer comprising at least one of epoxy, PBO, PBI, polyimide, silicone, BCB, PNB, polysiloxane, polyaromatic fluorocarbones without an organic metal complexing agent. 23. A method of manufacturing a power semiconductor device having at least one semiconductor component, the method comprising:
preparing a barrier material by at least one of:
(1) covalently binding an organic metal complexing agent to a polymer material;
(2) copolymerising an organic metal complexing agent and monomers; and
(3) copolymerising monomers having an organic metal complexing agent covalently bound to the monomers and monomers which do not have an organic metal complexing agent,
to form a polymeric barrier material; and applying the barrier material to at least a portion of the at least one semiconductor component to form a barrier layer. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the organic metal complexing agent comprises at least one of crown ether and cryptand. 25. A method of manufacturing a power semiconductor device having at least one semiconductor component, the method comprising:
preparing a barrier material by embedding at least one cryptand in a polymer material; and applying the barrier material to at least a portion of the at least one semiconductor component to form a barrier layer. 26. A method of manufacturing a power semiconductor device having at least one semiconductor component, the method comprising:
preparing a barrier material consisting of at least a crown ether and/or cryptand; and applying the barrier material to at least a portion of the at least one semiconductor component to form a barrier layer. 27. The method of claim 26, further comprising:
providing a moulding material different from the polymer material of the barrier layer; and encapsulating the at least one semiconductor component and the barrier layer to form an encapsulating moulding comprised of the moulding material. | A semiconductor device is provided. The semiconductor device includes a first semiconductor component having a semiconductor substrate, and a barrier layer disposed at least on or at a portion of the first semiconductor component. The barrier layer includes a polymer material and an organic metal complexing agent covalently bound to the polymer material.1. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a first semiconductor component comprising a semiconductor substrate; and a barrier layer disposed at least on, in or at a portion of the first semiconductor component, wherein the barrier layer comprises a polymer material and an organic metal complexing agent covalently bound to the polymer material. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the metal complexing agent comprises a crown ether and/or cryptand. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising an encapsulation enclosing the first semiconductor component and the barrier layer. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 3, wherein the encapsulation comprises a moulding material different from the polymer material of the barrier layer. 5. The semiconductor device of claim , wherein the barrier layer is at least partially provided between the first semiconductor component and the encapsulation. 6. The semiconductor device of claim 3, further comprising a lead frame at least partially embedded in the encapsulation, wherein the first semiconductor component is electrically connected to the lead frame. 7. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the barrier layer covers at least a portion of a surface area of the first semiconductor component. 8. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the barrier layer is an intermediate dielectric layer in the first semiconductor component. 9. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein a concentration of the organic metal complexing agent covalently bound to the polymer material is in a range of 1 mol of the organic metal complexing agent per 200 g of the polymer material to 1 mol of the organic metal complexing agent per 1,500,000 g of the polymer material. 10. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the crown ether includes at least one of 15-crown-5 and derivatives thereof, 18-crown-6 and derivatives thereof, 12-crown-4 and derivatives thereof, 21-crown-7 and derivatives thereof, 24-crown-8 and derivatives thereof, or any combination thereof. 11. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the cryptand includes [2,2,2] Cryptand (=1,10-diaza-4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane), [2,2,1] Cryptand, and/or derivatives thereof. 12. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the polymer material is a homopolymer or copolymer resulting from the polymerization of monomers selected from the group consisting of: imides, epoxies, silicones, monomers having functional side chains, methacrylates, and any combinations thereof. 13. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising a second semiconductor component, wherein the barrier layer is disposed between the first semiconductor component and the second semiconductor component. 14. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the barrier layer is disposed between an inner layer and an outer layer of the encapsulation. 15. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the barrier layer is configured to immobilize ions which diffuse into the barrier layer. 16. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the barrier layer is configured as an ion getter layer. 17. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor device is a power semiconductor device. 18. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a first semiconductor component; and a barrier layer disposed at least on or at a portion of the first semiconductor component, wherein the barrier layer comprises a polymer material and at least one cryptand embedded in the polymer material. 19. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a first semiconductor component; and a barrier layer disposed at least in, on or at a portion of the first semiconductor component, wherein the barrier layer comprises a polymeraterial formed by a covalently cross-linked organic metal complexing agent, wherein the metal complexing agent comprises at east a crown ether and/or cryptand. 20. An encapsulation for a semiconductor device, comprising a polymer material and an organic metal complexing agent covalently bound to the polymer material. 21. The encapsulation material of claim 20, wherein the polymer material comprises at least one of epoxy, PBO, PBI, polyimide, silicone, BCB, PNB, polysiloxane, and polyaromatic fluorocarbons, and wherein the organic metal complexing agent is covalently bound to the polymer material. 22. The encapsulation material of claim 20, wherein the polymer material comprises a copolymer comprising (a) polymer comprising at least one of epoxy, PBO, PBI, polyimide, silicone, BCB, PNB, polysiloxane, polyaromatic fluorocarbones and the organic metal complexing agent covalently bound to the polymer and (b) a polymer comprising at least one of epoxy, PBO, PBI, polyimide, silicone, BCB, PNB, polysiloxane, polyaromatic fluorocarbones without an organic metal complexing agent. 23. A method of manufacturing a power semiconductor device having at least one semiconductor component, the method comprising:
preparing a barrier material by at least one of:
(1) covalently binding an organic metal complexing agent to a polymer material;
(2) copolymerising an organic metal complexing agent and monomers; and
(3) copolymerising monomers having an organic metal complexing agent covalently bound to the monomers and monomers which do not have an organic metal complexing agent,
to form a polymeric barrier material; and applying the barrier material to at least a portion of the at least one semiconductor component to form a barrier layer. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the organic metal complexing agent comprises at least one of crown ether and cryptand. 25. A method of manufacturing a power semiconductor device having at least one semiconductor component, the method comprising:
preparing a barrier material by embedding at least one cryptand in a polymer material; and applying the barrier material to at least a portion of the at least one semiconductor component to form a barrier layer. 26. A method of manufacturing a power semiconductor device having at least one semiconductor component, the method comprising:
preparing a barrier material consisting of at least a crown ether and/or cryptand; and applying the barrier material to at least a portion of the at least one semiconductor component to form a barrier layer. 27. The method of claim 26, further comprising:
providing a moulding material different from the polymer material of the barrier layer; and encapsulating the at least one semiconductor component and the barrier layer to form an encapsulating moulding comprised of the moulding material. | 1,700 |
3,164 | 14,765,754 | 1,799 | Implementations of the present invention relate to apparatuses, systems, and methods for constructing and using a metastatic mimetic device. The device includes at least one chamber with a gate structure that allows a channel to selectively allow fluid communication between an interior of the chamber and an exterior of the chamber. The channel includes a porous member extending across a cross-section of the channel to control flow rates or allow the mimetic device to replicate transport across a member. | 1. A device for imaging at least two test components, the device comprising:
a chamber having a base and at least one wall that define an interior and an exterior of the chamber; an opening through the at least one wall of the chamber, the opening configured to provide fluid communication between the interior and exterior of the chamber; a gate moveable relative to the chamber and configured to selectively seal the opening; and a porous member disposed transversely across the opening. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the at least one wall is a first cylinder. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein the gate is a second cylinder having a second opening therethrough, the second cylinder being disposed concentrically to the first cylinder. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the gate is rotatable relative to the chamber. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the chamber and/or the gate are formed from polycarbonate, glass, polysulfone, polydimethylsiloxane, polymethyl-methacrylate, silicone, or polystyrene. 6. The device of claim 1, further comprising a second porous member selectively disposed across the opening. 7. The device of claim 1, further comprising multiple openings through the at least one wall of the chamber. 8. The device of claim 7, further comprising multiple gates configured to selectively seal the multiple openings. 9. A device for the imaging of cell cultures, the device comprising:
an internal wall having an inner surface, an outer surface, and an internal opening therethrough; a base associated with the internal wall and defining a first chamber; an external wall having an inner surface, an outer surface, and an external opening therethrough, the inner surface of the external wall being adjacent to the outer surface of the internal wall; and a porous member disposed between the internal wall and external wall and extending across at least the internal opening or the external opening, wherein the internal wall and external wall are movable relative to one another. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein at least one of the internal wall and the external wall is removable. 11. The device of claim 9, wherein the internal wall is a cylinder. 12. The device of claim 9, wherein the internal opening and external opening form a channel providing fluid communication between an interior and an exterior of the first chamber when the internal opening and external opening align, further comprising a tab configured to cover the channel. 13. The device of claim 9, further comprising a second chamber in which the first chamber is disposed. 14. The device of claim 9, wherein the internal opening and external opening form a channel providing fluid communication between an interior and an exterior of the first chamber when the internal opening and external opening align. 15. The device of claim 9, further comprising an optically clear material. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the optically clear material is polycarbonate, glass, polysulfone, polydimethylsiloxane, polymethyl-methacrylate, silicone, or polystyrene. 17. A method for the imaging of at least two test components, the method comprising:
providing a metastasis mimetic device comprising:
a chamber having a base and at least one wall that define an interior and an exterior of the chamber;
an opening through the at least one wall of the chamber, the opening configured to provide fluid communication between the interior and exterior of the chamber;
a gate moveable relative to the chamber and configured to selectively seal the opening; and
a porous member disposed transversely across the opening;
ensuring the opening is sealed;
positioning a first test component adjacent the opening in the exterior of the chamber;
inserting a second test component adjacent the opening in the interior of the chamber; and
moving the gate relative to the chamber to allow communication between the first and second test components. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising applying cells to the porous member. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein applying cells to the porous member comprises applying a cell culture medium and applying endothelial cells. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein moving the gate relative to the chamber comprises rotating a cylinder. | Implementations of the present invention relate to apparatuses, systems, and methods for constructing and using a metastatic mimetic device. The device includes at least one chamber with a gate structure that allows a channel to selectively allow fluid communication between an interior of the chamber and an exterior of the chamber. The channel includes a porous member extending across a cross-section of the channel to control flow rates or allow the mimetic device to replicate transport across a member.1. A device for imaging at least two test components, the device comprising:
a chamber having a base and at least one wall that define an interior and an exterior of the chamber; an opening through the at least one wall of the chamber, the opening configured to provide fluid communication between the interior and exterior of the chamber; a gate moveable relative to the chamber and configured to selectively seal the opening; and a porous member disposed transversely across the opening. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the at least one wall is a first cylinder. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein the gate is a second cylinder having a second opening therethrough, the second cylinder being disposed concentrically to the first cylinder. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the gate is rotatable relative to the chamber. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the chamber and/or the gate are formed from polycarbonate, glass, polysulfone, polydimethylsiloxane, polymethyl-methacrylate, silicone, or polystyrene. 6. The device of claim 1, further comprising a second porous member selectively disposed across the opening. 7. The device of claim 1, further comprising multiple openings through the at least one wall of the chamber. 8. The device of claim 7, further comprising multiple gates configured to selectively seal the multiple openings. 9. A device for the imaging of cell cultures, the device comprising:
an internal wall having an inner surface, an outer surface, and an internal opening therethrough; a base associated with the internal wall and defining a first chamber; an external wall having an inner surface, an outer surface, and an external opening therethrough, the inner surface of the external wall being adjacent to the outer surface of the internal wall; and a porous member disposed between the internal wall and external wall and extending across at least the internal opening or the external opening, wherein the internal wall and external wall are movable relative to one another. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein at least one of the internal wall and the external wall is removable. 11. The device of claim 9, wherein the internal wall is a cylinder. 12. The device of claim 9, wherein the internal opening and external opening form a channel providing fluid communication between an interior and an exterior of the first chamber when the internal opening and external opening align, further comprising a tab configured to cover the channel. 13. The device of claim 9, further comprising a second chamber in which the first chamber is disposed. 14. The device of claim 9, wherein the internal opening and external opening form a channel providing fluid communication between an interior and an exterior of the first chamber when the internal opening and external opening align. 15. The device of claim 9, further comprising an optically clear material. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the optically clear material is polycarbonate, glass, polysulfone, polydimethylsiloxane, polymethyl-methacrylate, silicone, or polystyrene. 17. A method for the imaging of at least two test components, the method comprising:
providing a metastasis mimetic device comprising:
a chamber having a base and at least one wall that define an interior and an exterior of the chamber;
an opening through the at least one wall of the chamber, the opening configured to provide fluid communication between the interior and exterior of the chamber;
a gate moveable relative to the chamber and configured to selectively seal the opening; and
a porous member disposed transversely across the opening;
ensuring the opening is sealed;
positioning a first test component adjacent the opening in the exterior of the chamber;
inserting a second test component adjacent the opening in the interior of the chamber; and
moving the gate relative to the chamber to allow communication between the first and second test components. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising applying cells to the porous member. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein applying cells to the porous member comprises applying a cell culture medium and applying endothelial cells. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein moving the gate relative to the chamber comprises rotating a cylinder. | 1,700 |
3,165 | 14,533,381 | 1,796 | Systems and methods implementing the systems including a facility including a plurality of collection apparatuses distributed in the facility for ease of collection and transportation. The system also includes transportation subsystems for shipping filled inner containers to a processing subsystem and for transporting a fuel material or a land fillable material to incineration or landfill subsystems. The systems may also include a monitoring subsystem for monitoring the deployed collection apparatuses, inner containers, the fuel material and the land fillable material. | 1. A system comprising:
a collection subsystem including at least one collection apparatus located in a facility the generates used, unused, and/or waste pharmaceutical containing materials including over-the-counter (OTC) pharmaceuticals, prescription pharmaceuticals and controlled pharmaceuticals, where each apparatus includes a lockable outer container having a lockable opening and a unidirectional depositing member and a transportable inner container for receiving the used, unused, and/or waste pharmaceutical containing materials through the unidirectional depositing member, a repurposing subsystem including processing units, optionally pretreating units, and optionally post-treating units for processing the used, unused, and/or waste pharmaceutical containing materials to produce a burnable fuel material or a plurality of burnable fuel materials or a landfill material or a plurality of landfill materials, and a transportation subsystem including common carriers, contract carriers, medical waste pick-up service companies, hazardous waste pick-up service companies, or mixtures and combinations thereof for transporting the transportable inner containers from the collection subsystem to the repurposing subsystem. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the collection subsystem includes a plurality of collection apparatuses. 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
a disposal subsystem including a landfill facility, a cement facility, an incineration facility, an industrial facility that burns the burnable fuel materials, or other facility that burns the burnable fuel materials. 4. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
a monitoring subsystem including a camera for monitoring use of and access to the collection apparatus. 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
a tracking system for tracking the inner container, where the inner container including a tracking device. 6. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
a monitoring system including a camera for monitoring use of and access to the collecting apparatus and a tracking system for tracking the inner container, where the inner container including a tracking device. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the repurposing and/or disposal subsystem includes:
an addition subsystem adapted to add components to the collected pharmaceutical material to alter a composition of the collected pharmaceutical material to tailor the pharmaceutical material into a fuel material or a landfill material. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the repurposing and/or disposal subsystem includes:
an addition subsystem adapted to add components to the collected pharmaceutical material to alter a composition of the collected pharmaceutical material to tailor the pharmaceutical material into a fuel material or a landfill material, and a sizing subsystem for reducing a particle size of the collected pharmaceutical material or the augmented pharmaceutical material to form a particulate burnable fuel. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the repurposing and/or disposal subsystem includes:
an addition subsystem adapted to add components to the collected pharmaceutical material to alter a composition of the collected pharmaceutical material to tailor the pharmaceutical material into a fuel material or a landfill material, a sizing subsystem adapted to reduce a particle size of the collected pharmaceutical material or the augmented pharmaceutical material to form a particulate burnable fuel and/or a particulate landfill material, and a shaping subsystem adapted to shape the for the particulate burnable fuel and/or the particulate landfill material into a shaped particulate burnable fuel and/or a shaped particulate landfill material. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the source pharmaceutical material comprise from about 50 wt. % to about 100 wt. % of unused pharmaceuticals including over-the-counter (OTC) pharmaceuticals, prescription pharmaceuticals and controlled pharmaceuticals, from about 50 wt. % to about 0 wt. % of pulp materials, from about 50 wt. % to about 0 wt. % of fiber materials, from about 50 wt. % to about 0 wt. % of fabric materials, from about 50 wt. % to about 0 wt. % polymer materials, and from about 10 wt. % to about 0 wt. % of metal materials, where components may sum to an amount greater than 100 wt. %, making the component makeup relative instead of absolute. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the augmented pharmaceutical material includes 100 wt % of the source pharmaceutical material and from to about 0 wt. % of binding agents, from about 50 wt. % to about 0 wt. % of conventional fuels, and from about 50 wt. % to about 0 wt. % of ash materials, where the augmenting materials are added to the source pharmaceutical material to adjust the makeup of the materials to better formulation the materials for used as a fuel or a landfill material. 12. A method for collecting and processing a source pharmaceutical material comprising the steps of:
placing one collection apparatus or a plurality of collections apparatuses in a facility that generates used, unused, and/or waste pharmaceutical containing materials including over-the-counter (OTC) pharmaceuticals, prescription pharmaceuticals and controlled pharmaceuticals, where each apparatus includes a lockable outer container having a lockable opening and a unidirectional depositing member and a transportable inner container for receiving the used, unused, and/or waste pharmaceutical containing materials through the unidirectional depositing member, collecting the used, unused, and/or waste pharmaceutical containing materials in the inner container, unlocking the outer container and removing the inner container, transporting the inner container to a repurposing subsystem via a transportation service selected from the group consisting of common carriers, contract carriers, medical waste pick-up service companies, hazardous waste pick-up service companies, or mixtures and combinations thereof, and repurposing the used, unused, and/or waste pharmaceutical containing materials into a burnable fuel or a landfill material. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step:
disposing of the burnable fuel material in a landfill facility, a cement facility, an incineration facility, an industrial facility that burns the burnable fuel material, or other facility that burns the burnable fuel material. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step:
disposing of the landfill material in a landfill. 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step:
sealing the inner container, and tracking the inner container. 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step:
monitoring the collection apparatus or apparatuses. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the monitoring occurs after opening the unidirectional member or locking or unlocking the lockable outer container. 18. The method of claim 11, further comprising the step:
after transporting, sizing the source pharmaceutical material to reduce the particle size of the source pharmaceutical material to form a particulate pharmaceutical material. 19. The method of claim 11, further comprising the step:
after transporting, sizing the source pharmaceutical material to reduce the particle size of the source pharmaceutical material to form a particulate pharmaceutical material and shaping the particulate pharmaceutical material into a shaped particulate pharmaceutical material. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising the step:
combusting the fuel in an incinerator or cement kiln. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising the step:
combusting the particulate pharmaceutical material in an incinerator or cement kiln. 22. The method of claim 19, further comprising the step:
combusting the shaped particulate pharmaceutical material in an incinerator or cement kiln. 23. The method of claim 11, further comprising the step:
after transporting, adding augmenting material to form an augmented pharmaceutical material, where the augmented pharmaceutical material includes 100 wt % of the source pharmaceutical material and from to about 0 wt. % of binding agents, from about 50 wt. % to about 0 wt. % of conventional fuels, and from about 50 wt. % to about 0 wt. % of ash materials, where the augmenting materials are added to the source pharmaceutical material to adjust the makeup of the materials to better formulation the materials for used as a fuel or a landfill material. | Systems and methods implementing the systems including a facility including a plurality of collection apparatuses distributed in the facility for ease of collection and transportation. The system also includes transportation subsystems for shipping filled inner containers to a processing subsystem and for transporting a fuel material or a land fillable material to incineration or landfill subsystems. The systems may also include a monitoring subsystem for monitoring the deployed collection apparatuses, inner containers, the fuel material and the land fillable material.1. A system comprising:
a collection subsystem including at least one collection apparatus located in a facility the generates used, unused, and/or waste pharmaceutical containing materials including over-the-counter (OTC) pharmaceuticals, prescription pharmaceuticals and controlled pharmaceuticals, where each apparatus includes a lockable outer container having a lockable opening and a unidirectional depositing member and a transportable inner container for receiving the used, unused, and/or waste pharmaceutical containing materials through the unidirectional depositing member, a repurposing subsystem including processing units, optionally pretreating units, and optionally post-treating units for processing the used, unused, and/or waste pharmaceutical containing materials to produce a burnable fuel material or a plurality of burnable fuel materials or a landfill material or a plurality of landfill materials, and a transportation subsystem including common carriers, contract carriers, medical waste pick-up service companies, hazardous waste pick-up service companies, or mixtures and combinations thereof for transporting the transportable inner containers from the collection subsystem to the repurposing subsystem. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the collection subsystem includes a plurality of collection apparatuses. 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
a disposal subsystem including a landfill facility, a cement facility, an incineration facility, an industrial facility that burns the burnable fuel materials, or other facility that burns the burnable fuel materials. 4. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
a monitoring subsystem including a camera for monitoring use of and access to the collection apparatus. 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
a tracking system for tracking the inner container, where the inner container including a tracking device. 6. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
a monitoring system including a camera for monitoring use of and access to the collecting apparatus and a tracking system for tracking the inner container, where the inner container including a tracking device. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the repurposing and/or disposal subsystem includes:
an addition subsystem adapted to add components to the collected pharmaceutical material to alter a composition of the collected pharmaceutical material to tailor the pharmaceutical material into a fuel material or a landfill material. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the repurposing and/or disposal subsystem includes:
an addition subsystem adapted to add components to the collected pharmaceutical material to alter a composition of the collected pharmaceutical material to tailor the pharmaceutical material into a fuel material or a landfill material, and a sizing subsystem for reducing a particle size of the collected pharmaceutical material or the augmented pharmaceutical material to form a particulate burnable fuel. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the repurposing and/or disposal subsystem includes:
an addition subsystem adapted to add components to the collected pharmaceutical material to alter a composition of the collected pharmaceutical material to tailor the pharmaceutical material into a fuel material or a landfill material, a sizing subsystem adapted to reduce a particle size of the collected pharmaceutical material or the augmented pharmaceutical material to form a particulate burnable fuel and/or a particulate landfill material, and a shaping subsystem adapted to shape the for the particulate burnable fuel and/or the particulate landfill material into a shaped particulate burnable fuel and/or a shaped particulate landfill material. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the source pharmaceutical material comprise from about 50 wt. % to about 100 wt. % of unused pharmaceuticals including over-the-counter (OTC) pharmaceuticals, prescription pharmaceuticals and controlled pharmaceuticals, from about 50 wt. % to about 0 wt. % of pulp materials, from about 50 wt. % to about 0 wt. % of fiber materials, from about 50 wt. % to about 0 wt. % of fabric materials, from about 50 wt. % to about 0 wt. % polymer materials, and from about 10 wt. % to about 0 wt. % of metal materials, where components may sum to an amount greater than 100 wt. %, making the component makeup relative instead of absolute. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the augmented pharmaceutical material includes 100 wt % of the source pharmaceutical material and from to about 0 wt. % of binding agents, from about 50 wt. % to about 0 wt. % of conventional fuels, and from about 50 wt. % to about 0 wt. % of ash materials, where the augmenting materials are added to the source pharmaceutical material to adjust the makeup of the materials to better formulation the materials for used as a fuel or a landfill material. 12. A method for collecting and processing a source pharmaceutical material comprising the steps of:
placing one collection apparatus or a plurality of collections apparatuses in a facility that generates used, unused, and/or waste pharmaceutical containing materials including over-the-counter (OTC) pharmaceuticals, prescription pharmaceuticals and controlled pharmaceuticals, where each apparatus includes a lockable outer container having a lockable opening and a unidirectional depositing member and a transportable inner container for receiving the used, unused, and/or waste pharmaceutical containing materials through the unidirectional depositing member, collecting the used, unused, and/or waste pharmaceutical containing materials in the inner container, unlocking the outer container and removing the inner container, transporting the inner container to a repurposing subsystem via a transportation service selected from the group consisting of common carriers, contract carriers, medical waste pick-up service companies, hazardous waste pick-up service companies, or mixtures and combinations thereof, and repurposing the used, unused, and/or waste pharmaceutical containing materials into a burnable fuel or a landfill material. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step:
disposing of the burnable fuel material in a landfill facility, a cement facility, an incineration facility, an industrial facility that burns the burnable fuel material, or other facility that burns the burnable fuel material. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step:
disposing of the landfill material in a landfill. 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step:
sealing the inner container, and tracking the inner container. 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step:
monitoring the collection apparatus or apparatuses. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the monitoring occurs after opening the unidirectional member or locking or unlocking the lockable outer container. 18. The method of claim 11, further comprising the step:
after transporting, sizing the source pharmaceutical material to reduce the particle size of the source pharmaceutical material to form a particulate pharmaceutical material. 19. The method of claim 11, further comprising the step:
after transporting, sizing the source pharmaceutical material to reduce the particle size of the source pharmaceutical material to form a particulate pharmaceutical material and shaping the particulate pharmaceutical material into a shaped particulate pharmaceutical material. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising the step:
combusting the fuel in an incinerator or cement kiln. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising the step:
combusting the particulate pharmaceutical material in an incinerator or cement kiln. 22. The method of claim 19, further comprising the step:
combusting the shaped particulate pharmaceutical material in an incinerator or cement kiln. 23. The method of claim 11, further comprising the step:
after transporting, adding augmenting material to form an augmented pharmaceutical material, where the augmented pharmaceutical material includes 100 wt % of the source pharmaceutical material and from to about 0 wt. % of binding agents, from about 50 wt. % to about 0 wt. % of conventional fuels, and from about 50 wt. % to about 0 wt. % of ash materials, where the augmenting materials are added to the source pharmaceutical material to adjust the makeup of the materials to better formulation the materials for used as a fuel or a landfill material. | 1,700 |
3,166 | 14,627,075 | 1,791 | A method for preparing a sorbate powder comprising dissolving sorbate salt in water, adding a stabilizing carrier to the sorbate solution, and spray drying the sorbate solution to form the sorbate powder. The sorbate powder is stable in beverage syrup. | 1. A method for preparing a sorbate powder comprising dissolving sorbate salt in water, adding a stabilizing carrier to the sorbate solution, and spray drying the carrier-sorbate solution to form the sorbate powder. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the sorbate salt is potassium sorbate. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the carrier is selected from oxygenated, hydrophilic salts of organic and inorganic acids, polysaccharides, steviol glycosides or combinations thereof. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the carrier is selected from sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium citrate, sodium tartrate, maltodextrin, gum arabic, pectin, carrageenan, ghatti gum, starch, alginate, cellulose, modified starch, carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC), rebaudioside A, rebaudioside D and combinations thereof 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the pH of the carrier-sorbate solution is 4 to 11. 6. The method of claim 5 further comprising adjusting the pH by addition of an acid or a base. 7. The method of claim 6 comprising adjusting the pH by the addition of phosphoric acid or sodium hydroxide. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the ratio of the stabilizing carrier to sorbate ranges from 0.1:10 to 10:0.1. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the ratio of the stabilizing carrier to sorbate ranges from 0.5:5 to 5:0.5. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the ratio of the stabilizing carrier to sorbate ranges from 1:1. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the powder comprises 20 to 80 wt % sorbate based on total weight of the powder. 12. A method of preparing beverage syrup comprising combining water, sorbate powder, and at least one ingredient selected from sweeteners and flavorants,
wherein the sorbate-carrier powder is prepared by dissolving sorbate salt in water, adding a stabilizing carrier to the sot bate solution, and spray drying the carrier-sorbate solution to form the sorbate powder. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the sorbate salt is potassium sorbate. 14. The method of claim 12 wherein the carrier is selected from oxygenated, hydrophilic salts of organic and inorganic acids, polysaccharides, steviol glycosides or combinations thereof. 15. The method of claim 12 wherein the carrier is selected from sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium citrate, sodium tartrate, maltodextrin, gum arabic, pectin, carrageenan, ghatti gum, starch, alginate, cellulose, modified starch, carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC), rebaudioside A, rebaudioside D and combinations thereof 16. The method of claim 12 wherein the ratio of the stabilizing carrier to sorbate ranges from 0.1:10 to 10:0.1. 17. The method of claim 12 wherein the ratio of the stabilizing carrier to sorbate ranges from 0.5:5 to 5:0.5. 18. The method of claim 12 wherein the powder comprises 20 to 80 wt % sorbate based on total weight of the powder. 19. A beverage syrup comprising combining water, sorbate powder, and at least one ingredient selected from sweeteners and flavorants,
wherein the sorbate-carrier powder is prepared by dissolving sorbate salt in water, adding a stabilizing carrier to the sorbate solution, and spray drying the carrier-sorbate solution to form the sorbate powder. 20. The beverage syrup of claim 19 further comprising 1000 to 2200 ppm sorbate. | A method for preparing a sorbate powder comprising dissolving sorbate salt in water, adding a stabilizing carrier to the sorbate solution, and spray drying the sorbate solution to form the sorbate powder. The sorbate powder is stable in beverage syrup.1. A method for preparing a sorbate powder comprising dissolving sorbate salt in water, adding a stabilizing carrier to the sorbate solution, and spray drying the carrier-sorbate solution to form the sorbate powder. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the sorbate salt is potassium sorbate. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the carrier is selected from oxygenated, hydrophilic salts of organic and inorganic acids, polysaccharides, steviol glycosides or combinations thereof. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the carrier is selected from sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium citrate, sodium tartrate, maltodextrin, gum arabic, pectin, carrageenan, ghatti gum, starch, alginate, cellulose, modified starch, carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC), rebaudioside A, rebaudioside D and combinations thereof 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the pH of the carrier-sorbate solution is 4 to 11. 6. The method of claim 5 further comprising adjusting the pH by addition of an acid or a base. 7. The method of claim 6 comprising adjusting the pH by the addition of phosphoric acid or sodium hydroxide. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the ratio of the stabilizing carrier to sorbate ranges from 0.1:10 to 10:0.1. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the ratio of the stabilizing carrier to sorbate ranges from 0.5:5 to 5:0.5. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the ratio of the stabilizing carrier to sorbate ranges from 1:1. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the powder comprises 20 to 80 wt % sorbate based on total weight of the powder. 12. A method of preparing beverage syrup comprising combining water, sorbate powder, and at least one ingredient selected from sweeteners and flavorants,
wherein the sorbate-carrier powder is prepared by dissolving sorbate salt in water, adding a stabilizing carrier to the sot bate solution, and spray drying the carrier-sorbate solution to form the sorbate powder. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the sorbate salt is potassium sorbate. 14. The method of claim 12 wherein the carrier is selected from oxygenated, hydrophilic salts of organic and inorganic acids, polysaccharides, steviol glycosides or combinations thereof. 15. The method of claim 12 wherein the carrier is selected from sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium citrate, sodium tartrate, maltodextrin, gum arabic, pectin, carrageenan, ghatti gum, starch, alginate, cellulose, modified starch, carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC), rebaudioside A, rebaudioside D and combinations thereof 16. The method of claim 12 wherein the ratio of the stabilizing carrier to sorbate ranges from 0.1:10 to 10:0.1. 17. The method of claim 12 wherein the ratio of the stabilizing carrier to sorbate ranges from 0.5:5 to 5:0.5. 18. The method of claim 12 wherein the powder comprises 20 to 80 wt % sorbate based on total weight of the powder. 19. A beverage syrup comprising combining water, sorbate powder, and at least one ingredient selected from sweeteners and flavorants,
wherein the sorbate-carrier powder is prepared by dissolving sorbate salt in water, adding a stabilizing carrier to the sorbate solution, and spray drying the carrier-sorbate solution to form the sorbate powder. 20. The beverage syrup of claim 19 further comprising 1000 to 2200 ppm sorbate. | 1,700 |
3,167 | 14,428,496 | 1,732 | This invention relates to a process for the preparation of a hydrocracking catalyst and its use. A zeolite Y having specifically defined properties is mixed with an alumina binder component and a first metals-containing solution that is extruded to form an extruded mixture. The extruded mixture is dried and calcined. The dried and calcined mixture is then impregnated with a second metals-containing solution. | 1. A process for the preparation of a hydrocracking catalyst, which comprises the steps of:
(a) mixing a zeolite Y having a unit cell size in the range of from 24.42 to 24.52 Å, a bulk silica to alumina molar ratio (SAR) in the range of from 10 to 15, and a surface area of from 910 to 1020 m2/g with an alumina binder component and two or more catalytically active metal components which metal components are contained in one or more solutions, wherein the zeolite Y is present in an amount of 40 wt. % or greater, based on the total weight of the zeolite Y and the alumina binder component; (b) extruding the mixture as obtained in step (a); (c) drying the extruded mixture as obtained in step (b); (d) calcining the dried and extruded mixture as obtained in step (c); and (e) mixing the calcined product as obtained in step (d) with two or more catalytically active metal components which metal components are contained in one or more solutions. 2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the impregnation in step (e) is carried out in the presence of a hydroxy carboxylic acid. 3. A process according to claim 2, wherein the hydroxy carboxylic acid comprises gluconic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid or a mixture thereof. 4. A process according to claim 3, wherein the hydroxy carboxylic acid is citric acid or malic acid. 5. A process according to claim 2, wherein the second metals-containing solution comprises the hydroxy carboxylic acid. 6. A process according to claim 1, wherein the first metals-containing solution and the second metals-containing solution comprise a catalytically active metal component chosen from the Group VIB metals and a catalytically active metal component chosen from the non-noble Group VIII metals. 7. A process according to claim 1, wherein the catalytically active metal component chosen from the Group VIB metals is present in an amount in the range of 10-24 wt. %, and the catalytically active metal component chosen from the non-noble Group VIII metals is present in an amount in the range of from 3-10 wt. %, both weights based on the total weight of the hydrocracking catalyst. 8. A process according to claim 6, wherein the first metals-containing solution comprises nickel and tungsten and the second metals-containing solution comprises nickel and tungsten and/or molybdenum. 9. A process according to claim 1, wherein step (c) is carried out at a temperature in the range of from 100° C. to 300° C. 10. A process according to claim 1, wherein the impregnated product as obtained in step (e) is calcined in a step (f). 11. A process according claim 1, wherein step (d) is carried out at a temperature in the range of from 500° C. to 850° C. 12. A process according to claim 1, wherein step (f) is carried out at a temperature in the range of from 350° C. to 850° C. 13. A process according to claim 10, wherein the calcined product as obtained in step (f) is subjected to a sulfidation step. 14. A process for hydrocracking a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock, which process comprises contacting the feedstock at elevated temperature with a hydrocracking catalyst as prepared by a process as claimed in claim 10. 15. A Process according to claim 14, which process comprises contacting the feedstock with the catalyst composition at a reaction temperature in the range of from 250 to 500° C. and a total pressure at the reactor inlet in the range of from 3×106 to 3×107 Pa. | This invention relates to a process for the preparation of a hydrocracking catalyst and its use. A zeolite Y having specifically defined properties is mixed with an alumina binder component and a first metals-containing solution that is extruded to form an extruded mixture. The extruded mixture is dried and calcined. The dried and calcined mixture is then impregnated with a second metals-containing solution.1. A process for the preparation of a hydrocracking catalyst, which comprises the steps of:
(a) mixing a zeolite Y having a unit cell size in the range of from 24.42 to 24.52 Å, a bulk silica to alumina molar ratio (SAR) in the range of from 10 to 15, and a surface area of from 910 to 1020 m2/g with an alumina binder component and two or more catalytically active metal components which metal components are contained in one or more solutions, wherein the zeolite Y is present in an amount of 40 wt. % or greater, based on the total weight of the zeolite Y and the alumina binder component; (b) extruding the mixture as obtained in step (a); (c) drying the extruded mixture as obtained in step (b); (d) calcining the dried and extruded mixture as obtained in step (c); and (e) mixing the calcined product as obtained in step (d) with two or more catalytically active metal components which metal components are contained in one or more solutions. 2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the impregnation in step (e) is carried out in the presence of a hydroxy carboxylic acid. 3. A process according to claim 2, wherein the hydroxy carboxylic acid comprises gluconic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid or a mixture thereof. 4. A process according to claim 3, wherein the hydroxy carboxylic acid is citric acid or malic acid. 5. A process according to claim 2, wherein the second metals-containing solution comprises the hydroxy carboxylic acid. 6. A process according to claim 1, wherein the first metals-containing solution and the second metals-containing solution comprise a catalytically active metal component chosen from the Group VIB metals and a catalytically active metal component chosen from the non-noble Group VIII metals. 7. A process according to claim 1, wherein the catalytically active metal component chosen from the Group VIB metals is present in an amount in the range of 10-24 wt. %, and the catalytically active metal component chosen from the non-noble Group VIII metals is present in an amount in the range of from 3-10 wt. %, both weights based on the total weight of the hydrocracking catalyst. 8. A process according to claim 6, wherein the first metals-containing solution comprises nickel and tungsten and the second metals-containing solution comprises nickel and tungsten and/or molybdenum. 9. A process according to claim 1, wherein step (c) is carried out at a temperature in the range of from 100° C. to 300° C. 10. A process according to claim 1, wherein the impregnated product as obtained in step (e) is calcined in a step (f). 11. A process according claim 1, wherein step (d) is carried out at a temperature in the range of from 500° C. to 850° C. 12. A process according to claim 1, wherein step (f) is carried out at a temperature in the range of from 350° C. to 850° C. 13. A process according to claim 10, wherein the calcined product as obtained in step (f) is subjected to a sulfidation step. 14. A process for hydrocracking a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock, which process comprises contacting the feedstock at elevated temperature with a hydrocracking catalyst as prepared by a process as claimed in claim 10. 15. A Process according to claim 14, which process comprises contacting the feedstock with the catalyst composition at a reaction temperature in the range of from 250 to 500° C. and a total pressure at the reactor inlet in the range of from 3×106 to 3×107 Pa. | 1,700 |
3,168 | 13,499,993 | 1,787 | Organosilane condensates are described as well as their use in coating compositions, processes for making them and process for applying the coating compositions. The organosilane condensates can be formed from the hydrolysis of at least one medium to long chain trialkoxy silane compound, an amino silane and optionally one or more additional reactants. Coating compositions containing the organosilane condensates can provide coatings having improved scratch and mar resistance and can have excellent recoat adhesion. | 1. A coating composition comprising A) an organosilane condensate; and B) a film-forming binder; wherein the organosilane condensate is formed by the hydrolysis of a reaction mixture comprising at least one medium to long chain trialkoxy silane, water and 0.03 percent to 1 percent by weight of an amino silane; wherein the percentage by weight is based on the total amount of medium to long chain trialkoxy silane. 2. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the amino silane is added after the hydrolysis of the medium to long chain trialkoxy silane has begun. 3. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the amino silane is 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl trialkoxysilane. 4. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the film-forming binder comprises a crosslinkable component and a crosslinking component;
wherein the crosslinkable component is a compound, oligomer and/or polymer comprising one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl groups, amine groups, epoxy groups, carboxylic acid groups, anhydride groups, aspartate groups, acetoacetate groups, orthoester groups, thiol groups and a combination thereof; and
wherein the crosslinking component is a compound, oligomer and/or polymer comprising one or more of carboxylic acid groups, anhydride groups, isocyanate groups, blocked isocyanate groups or wherein the crosslinking component is a melamine resin or wherein the crosslinking component comprises combinations thereof. 5. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the medium to long chain trialkoxy silane has a structure according to formula (1):
(RO)3—Si—R1 (1);
wherein each R is independently an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and R1 is selected from the group consisting of an unsubstituted alkyl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms and an organic group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms substituted with one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of epoxide, carbamate, urea, isocyanate, hydroxyl, vinyl, blocked isocyanate and a combination thereof. 6. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the reaction mixture further comprises an additional reactant selected from the group consisting of dialkoxy silane, monoalkoxy silane, tetraalkyl orthosilicate, silane functional polymers, colloidal silica and a combination thereof. 7. The coating composition of claim 5 wherein the medium to long chain trialkoxy silane comprises a mixture of at least two compounds according to formula (1), wherein the mixture comprises at least one medium to long chain trialkoxy silane, wherein R1 is an unsubstituted alkyl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms; and at least one medium to long chain trialkoxy silane wherein R1 is substituted with a functional group selected from the group consisting of epoxide, carbamate, urea, isocyanate, hydroxyl, vinyl, blocked isocyanate and a combination thereof. 8. The coating composition of claim 6 wherein the medium to long chain trialkoxy silane wherein R1 is propyl and wherein the functional group of the medium to long chain trialkoxy silane wherein R1 is organic group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms substituted with one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of epoxide, carbamate, urea, isocyanate, hydroxyl, vinyl, blocked isocyanate and a combination thereof. 9. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the coating composition is a clearcoat composition. 10. A process for forming an organosilane condensate wherein the process comprises the steps of;
a) forming a reaction mixture comprising at least one medium to long chain trialkoxy silane, 0.03 percent to 1 percent by weight of an amino silane; wherein the percentage by weight is based on the total amount of medium to long chain trialkoxy silane and water; and b) hydrolyzing the reaction mixture. 11. A process for forming an organosilane condensate comprising the steps of;
a) forming a reaction mixture comprising at least one medium to long chain trialkoxy silane and water; b) stirring the reaction mixture; c) adding to the reaction mixture 0.03 percent to 1 percent by weight of an amino silane; wherein the percentage by weight is based on the total amount of medium to long chain trialkoxy silane; and d) stirring the reaction mixture until the desired organosilane condensate is formed. 12. The process of claim 10 wherein the reaction mixture further comprises an additional reactant selected from the group consisting of dialkoxy silane, monoalkoxy silane, tetraalkyl orthosilicate, silane functional polymers, colloidal silica and a combination thereof. 13. The process of claim 10 wherein the medium to long chain trialkoxy silane has a structure according to formula (I):
(RO)3—Si—R1 (1);
wherein each R is independently an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and R1 is selected from the group consisting of an unsubstituted alkyl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms and an organic group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms substituted with one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of epoxide, carbamate, urea, isocyanate, hydroxyl, vinyl, blocked isocyanate and a combination thereof. 14. The process of claim 10 wherein the amino silane is 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl trialkoxysilane. 15. A substrate coated by a layer of a dried and cured coating composition wherein the coating composition comprises A) an organosilane condensate; and B) a film-forming binder. 16. The substrate of claim 15 wherein the film-forming binder comprises a crosslinkable component and a crosslinking component, wherein the crosslinkable component is a compound, oligomer and/or polymer comprising one or more of hydroxyl groups, amine groups, epoxy groups, carboxylic acid groups, anhydride groups, aspartate groups, acetoacetate groups, orthoester groups, thiol groups and wherein the crosslinking component is a compound, oligomer and/or polymer comprising one or more of carboxylic acid groups, anhydride groups, isocyanate groups, blocked isocyanate groups or wherein the crosslinking component is a melamine resin or wherein the crosslinking component comprises combinations thereof. 17. The substrate of claim 15 wherein the organosilane condensate is formed by hydrolysis of a mixture comprising medium to long chain trialkoxy silanes, water and 0.03 percent to 1 percent by weight of an amino silane; wherein the percentage by weight is based on the total amount of medium to long chain trialkoxy silane. 18. The substrate of claim 15 wherein the medium to long chain trialkoxy silanes have a structure according to formula (1):
(RO)3—Si—R1 (1);
wherein each R is independently an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and R1 is selected from the group consisting of an unsubstituted alkyl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms and an organic group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms substituted with one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of epoxide, carbamate, urea, isocyanate, hydroxyl, vinyl, blocked isocyanate and a combination thereof. 19. A method for producing a layer of a coating composition on a substrate the method comprising the steps;
i) applying to the substrate a coating composition wherein the coating composition comprises; an organosilane condensate and a film-forming binder; and ii) curing the applied coating composition. | Organosilane condensates are described as well as their use in coating compositions, processes for making them and process for applying the coating compositions. The organosilane condensates can be formed from the hydrolysis of at least one medium to long chain trialkoxy silane compound, an amino silane and optionally one or more additional reactants. Coating compositions containing the organosilane condensates can provide coatings having improved scratch and mar resistance and can have excellent recoat adhesion.1. A coating composition comprising A) an organosilane condensate; and B) a film-forming binder; wherein the organosilane condensate is formed by the hydrolysis of a reaction mixture comprising at least one medium to long chain trialkoxy silane, water and 0.03 percent to 1 percent by weight of an amino silane; wherein the percentage by weight is based on the total amount of medium to long chain trialkoxy silane. 2. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the amino silane is added after the hydrolysis of the medium to long chain trialkoxy silane has begun. 3. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the amino silane is 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl trialkoxysilane. 4. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the film-forming binder comprises a crosslinkable component and a crosslinking component;
wherein the crosslinkable component is a compound, oligomer and/or polymer comprising one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl groups, amine groups, epoxy groups, carboxylic acid groups, anhydride groups, aspartate groups, acetoacetate groups, orthoester groups, thiol groups and a combination thereof; and
wherein the crosslinking component is a compound, oligomer and/or polymer comprising one or more of carboxylic acid groups, anhydride groups, isocyanate groups, blocked isocyanate groups or wherein the crosslinking component is a melamine resin or wherein the crosslinking component comprises combinations thereof. 5. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the medium to long chain trialkoxy silane has a structure according to formula (1):
(RO)3—Si—R1 (1);
wherein each R is independently an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and R1 is selected from the group consisting of an unsubstituted alkyl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms and an organic group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms substituted with one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of epoxide, carbamate, urea, isocyanate, hydroxyl, vinyl, blocked isocyanate and a combination thereof. 6. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the reaction mixture further comprises an additional reactant selected from the group consisting of dialkoxy silane, monoalkoxy silane, tetraalkyl orthosilicate, silane functional polymers, colloidal silica and a combination thereof. 7. The coating composition of claim 5 wherein the medium to long chain trialkoxy silane comprises a mixture of at least two compounds according to formula (1), wherein the mixture comprises at least one medium to long chain trialkoxy silane, wherein R1 is an unsubstituted alkyl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms; and at least one medium to long chain trialkoxy silane wherein R1 is substituted with a functional group selected from the group consisting of epoxide, carbamate, urea, isocyanate, hydroxyl, vinyl, blocked isocyanate and a combination thereof. 8. The coating composition of claim 6 wherein the medium to long chain trialkoxy silane wherein R1 is propyl and wherein the functional group of the medium to long chain trialkoxy silane wherein R1 is organic group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms substituted with one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of epoxide, carbamate, urea, isocyanate, hydroxyl, vinyl, blocked isocyanate and a combination thereof. 9. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the coating composition is a clearcoat composition. 10. A process for forming an organosilane condensate wherein the process comprises the steps of;
a) forming a reaction mixture comprising at least one medium to long chain trialkoxy silane, 0.03 percent to 1 percent by weight of an amino silane; wherein the percentage by weight is based on the total amount of medium to long chain trialkoxy silane and water; and b) hydrolyzing the reaction mixture. 11. A process for forming an organosilane condensate comprising the steps of;
a) forming a reaction mixture comprising at least one medium to long chain trialkoxy silane and water; b) stirring the reaction mixture; c) adding to the reaction mixture 0.03 percent to 1 percent by weight of an amino silane; wherein the percentage by weight is based on the total amount of medium to long chain trialkoxy silane; and d) stirring the reaction mixture until the desired organosilane condensate is formed. 12. The process of claim 10 wherein the reaction mixture further comprises an additional reactant selected from the group consisting of dialkoxy silane, monoalkoxy silane, tetraalkyl orthosilicate, silane functional polymers, colloidal silica and a combination thereof. 13. The process of claim 10 wherein the medium to long chain trialkoxy silane has a structure according to formula (I):
(RO)3—Si—R1 (1);
wherein each R is independently an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and R1 is selected from the group consisting of an unsubstituted alkyl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms and an organic group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms substituted with one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of epoxide, carbamate, urea, isocyanate, hydroxyl, vinyl, blocked isocyanate and a combination thereof. 14. The process of claim 10 wherein the amino silane is 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl trialkoxysilane. 15. A substrate coated by a layer of a dried and cured coating composition wherein the coating composition comprises A) an organosilane condensate; and B) a film-forming binder. 16. The substrate of claim 15 wherein the film-forming binder comprises a crosslinkable component and a crosslinking component, wherein the crosslinkable component is a compound, oligomer and/or polymer comprising one or more of hydroxyl groups, amine groups, epoxy groups, carboxylic acid groups, anhydride groups, aspartate groups, acetoacetate groups, orthoester groups, thiol groups and wherein the crosslinking component is a compound, oligomer and/or polymer comprising one or more of carboxylic acid groups, anhydride groups, isocyanate groups, blocked isocyanate groups or wherein the crosslinking component is a melamine resin or wherein the crosslinking component comprises combinations thereof. 17. The substrate of claim 15 wherein the organosilane condensate is formed by hydrolysis of a mixture comprising medium to long chain trialkoxy silanes, water and 0.03 percent to 1 percent by weight of an amino silane; wherein the percentage by weight is based on the total amount of medium to long chain trialkoxy silane. 18. The substrate of claim 15 wherein the medium to long chain trialkoxy silanes have a structure according to formula (1):
(RO)3—Si—R1 (1);
wherein each R is independently an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and R1 is selected from the group consisting of an unsubstituted alkyl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms and an organic group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms substituted with one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of epoxide, carbamate, urea, isocyanate, hydroxyl, vinyl, blocked isocyanate and a combination thereof. 19. A method for producing a layer of a coating composition on a substrate the method comprising the steps;
i) applying to the substrate a coating composition wherein the coating composition comprises; an organosilane condensate and a film-forming binder; and ii) curing the applied coating composition. | 1,700 |
3,169 | 14,937,988 | 1,735 | A method of die casting a component with an integral sea according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, defining a first portion of a die cavity of a die to include an open cell structure and defining a second portion of the die cavity without the open cell structure. The first portion is located within an opening formed in a first die element of the die and the second portion is located within a void formed in a second die element of the die. The method further includes injecting molten metal into the die cavity and solidifying the molten metal within the die cavity to form the component with the integral seal. | 1. A method of die casting a component with an integral seal, comprising:
defining a first portion of a die cavity of a die to include an open cell structure, the first portion located within an opening formed in a first die element of the die; defining a second portion of the die cavity without the open cell structure, the second portion located within a void formed in a second die element of the die; injecting molten metal into the die cavity; and solidifying the molten metal within the die cavity to form the component with the integral seal. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein defining the first portion of the die cavity includes:
positioning an insert that defines the open cell structure within the first portion of the die cavity. 3. The method as recited in claim 2, wherein defining the second portion of the die cavity includes:
locally bonding the insert with the component to provide the component with the integral seal. 4. The method as recited in claim 2, wherein the insert is a honeycomb abradable seal. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein defining the first portion of the die cavity includes:
pre-defining the open cell structure in the first portion of the die cavity. 6. The method as recited in claim 5, wherein defining the first portion of the die cavity includes:
forming honeycomb design features within the first portion of the die cavity. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein injecting the molten metal includes:
melting an ingot of material to prepare the molten metal; communicating the molten metal into a shot tube; and injecting the molten metal into the die cavity with a shot tube plunger. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the component is a seal having an integral honeycomb abradable seal. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, comprising:
positioning the die within a vacuum chamber. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the first portion defines the integral seal and the second portion defines the component. | A method of die casting a component with an integral sea according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, defining a first portion of a die cavity of a die to include an open cell structure and defining a second portion of the die cavity without the open cell structure. The first portion is located within an opening formed in a first die element of the die and the second portion is located within a void formed in a second die element of the die. The method further includes injecting molten metal into the die cavity and solidifying the molten metal within the die cavity to form the component with the integral seal.1. A method of die casting a component with an integral seal, comprising:
defining a first portion of a die cavity of a die to include an open cell structure, the first portion located within an opening formed in a first die element of the die; defining a second portion of the die cavity without the open cell structure, the second portion located within a void formed in a second die element of the die; injecting molten metal into the die cavity; and solidifying the molten metal within the die cavity to form the component with the integral seal. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein defining the first portion of the die cavity includes:
positioning an insert that defines the open cell structure within the first portion of the die cavity. 3. The method as recited in claim 2, wherein defining the second portion of the die cavity includes:
locally bonding the insert with the component to provide the component with the integral seal. 4. The method as recited in claim 2, wherein the insert is a honeycomb abradable seal. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein defining the first portion of the die cavity includes:
pre-defining the open cell structure in the first portion of the die cavity. 6. The method as recited in claim 5, wherein defining the first portion of the die cavity includes:
forming honeycomb design features within the first portion of the die cavity. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein injecting the molten metal includes:
melting an ingot of material to prepare the molten metal; communicating the molten metal into a shot tube; and injecting the molten metal into the die cavity with a shot tube plunger. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the component is a seal having an integral honeycomb abradable seal. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, comprising:
positioning the die within a vacuum chamber. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the first portion defines the integral seal and the second portion defines the component. | 1,700 |
3,170 | 14,813,641 | 1,777 | A method for using a ceramic filter including dividing a plurality of through channels into a plurality of zones including an outward path and a return path by use of through channel division means disposed along a row in which water collecting cells are arranged in at least one end face of a porous body constituting the ceramic filter in a state where the through channel division means is in contact with the row, so that a mixed fluid undergoes, at least once, a passing process of passing through the outward path in which the mixed fluid flows from the first end face to the second end face of the ceramic filter, returning and then passing through the return path in which the mixed fluid flows from the second end face to the first end face, and collecting a target permeable substance after permeation of a separation membrane. | 1. A method for using a ceramic filter that is used to separate a target permeable substance from a mixed fluid and that includes a pillar-shaped porous body having a plurality of through channels extending through the porous body from a first end face to a second end face and formed in rows and having a circumferential surface, and a separation membrane disposed on each of inner wall surfaces of at least part of the plurality of through channels, wherein one or some of the plurality of through channels are water collecting cells whose open ends in the first end face and the second end face are plugged by plugging members, further wherein water collecting slits is disposed to open in the circumferential surface of the porous body so that the water collecting cells communicate with an external space, and wherein the water collecting cells are arranged to form at least one row in end faces of the porous body, the method for using the ceramic filter comprising:
disposing through channel division means along a row in which the water collecting cells are arranged in at least one of the end faces of the porous body in a state where the through channel division means is in contact with the row, and dividing the plurality of through channels into a plurality of zones including an outward path and a return path by use of the through channel division means so that the mixed fluid undergoes, at least once, a passing process of passing through the outward path in which the mixed fluid flows from the first end face to the second end face of the ceramic filter, returning and then passing through the return path in which the mixed fluid flows from the second end face to the first end face, and collecting the target permeable substance after the target permeable substance permeates the separation membrane. 2. The method for using the ceramic filter according to claim 1, comprising decompressing an inside of a casing in which the ceramic filter is received by using decompressing means. 3. The method for using the ceramic filter according to claim 1, comprising heating the mixed fluid before the mixed fluid flows into each of the outward path and the return path. 4. The method for using the ceramic filter according to claim 1, comprising disposing, as the through channel division means, seal means for preventing the mixed fluid from penetrating beyond the through channel division means at least an inflow side end face. 5. The method for using the ceramic filter according to claim 4, comprising disposing, as the through channel division means, the seal means in each of the first end face and the second end face. 6. The method for using the ceramic filter according to claim 5, wherein a width of the seal means is from 0.5 to 1.5 times as large as a width of the row in which the water collecting cells are arranged. 7. The method for using the ceramic filter according to claim 1, wherein the number of times of the returning is from 1 to 5. 8. The method for using the ceramic filter according to claim 1, wherein the separation membrane is a membrane by which alcohol is separable from an organic liquid medium containing the alcohol. 9. The method for using the ceramic filter according to claim 1, wherein the separation membrane is a hybrid silica membrane having an organic functional group. 10. A filter device comprising:
a ceramic filter that includes a pillar-shaped porous body having a plurality of through channels extending through the porous body from a first end face to a second end face and formed in rows and having a circumferential surface, and a separation membrane disposed on each of inner wall surfaces of at least part of the plurality of through channels, wherein one or some of the plurality of through channels are water collecting cells whose open ends in the first end face and the second end face are plugged by plugging members, and further wherein water collecting slits are disposed to open in the circumferential surface of the porous body so that the water collecting cells communicate with an external space; and a casing which receives the ceramic filter and forms an introduction path to introduce a mixed fluid into the ceramic filter, an intermediate path to return and reintroduce, into the ceramic filter, the mixed fluid which is being treated, and a discharge path to discharge the treated fluid from the ceramic filter, wherein the plurality of through channels have at least one set of an outward path in which the mixed fluid flows from the first end face to the second end face and a return path in which the mixed fluid returns and flows from the second end face to the first end face, the water collecting cells are arranged to form at least one row in end faces of the porous body, through channel division means is disposed along the row in which the water collecting cells are arranged in at least one of the end faces of the porous body in a state where the through channel division means is in contact with the row, and the outward path and the return path are divided by the through channel division means. 11. The filter device according to claim 10, wherein the casing has decompressing means for controlling an inner pressure of the casing to promote separation of a target permeable substance. 12. The filter device according to claim 10, comprising a plurality of heating means for heating the mixed fluid before the mixed fluid flows into each of the outward path and the return path. 13. The filter device according to claim 10,
wherein the plurality of through channels are divided into a plurality of zones including the outward path and the return path, and the plurality of zones are formed by the through channel division means disposed in the first end face and the second end face. 14. The filter device according to claim 10, wherein the through channel division means is seal means disposed in each of the first end face and the second end face. 15. The filter device according to claim 14, wherein a width of the seal means is from 0.5 to 1.5 times as large as a width of the row in which the water collecting cells are arranged. 16. The filter device according to claim 10, wherein the number of times of the returning is from 1 to 5. 17. The filter device according to claim 10, wherein the separation membrane is a membrane by which alcohol is separable from an organic liquid medium containing the alcohol. 18. The filter device according to claim 10, wherein the separation membrane is a hybrid silica membrane having an organic functional group. 19. The filter device according to claim 10, wherein a capacity of the intermediate path is from 5 to 50% of a through channel capacity. 20. The filter device according to claim 10, wherein the discharge path is positioned on a side opposite to the introduction path via the ceramic filter. | A method for using a ceramic filter including dividing a plurality of through channels into a plurality of zones including an outward path and a return path by use of through channel division means disposed along a row in which water collecting cells are arranged in at least one end face of a porous body constituting the ceramic filter in a state where the through channel division means is in contact with the row, so that a mixed fluid undergoes, at least once, a passing process of passing through the outward path in which the mixed fluid flows from the first end face to the second end face of the ceramic filter, returning and then passing through the return path in which the mixed fluid flows from the second end face to the first end face, and collecting a target permeable substance after permeation of a separation membrane.1. A method for using a ceramic filter that is used to separate a target permeable substance from a mixed fluid and that includes a pillar-shaped porous body having a plurality of through channels extending through the porous body from a first end face to a second end face and formed in rows and having a circumferential surface, and a separation membrane disposed on each of inner wall surfaces of at least part of the plurality of through channels, wherein one or some of the plurality of through channels are water collecting cells whose open ends in the first end face and the second end face are plugged by plugging members, further wherein water collecting slits is disposed to open in the circumferential surface of the porous body so that the water collecting cells communicate with an external space, and wherein the water collecting cells are arranged to form at least one row in end faces of the porous body, the method for using the ceramic filter comprising:
disposing through channel division means along a row in which the water collecting cells are arranged in at least one of the end faces of the porous body in a state where the through channel division means is in contact with the row, and dividing the plurality of through channels into a plurality of zones including an outward path and a return path by use of the through channel division means so that the mixed fluid undergoes, at least once, a passing process of passing through the outward path in which the mixed fluid flows from the first end face to the second end face of the ceramic filter, returning and then passing through the return path in which the mixed fluid flows from the second end face to the first end face, and collecting the target permeable substance after the target permeable substance permeates the separation membrane. 2. The method for using the ceramic filter according to claim 1, comprising decompressing an inside of a casing in which the ceramic filter is received by using decompressing means. 3. The method for using the ceramic filter according to claim 1, comprising heating the mixed fluid before the mixed fluid flows into each of the outward path and the return path. 4. The method for using the ceramic filter according to claim 1, comprising disposing, as the through channel division means, seal means for preventing the mixed fluid from penetrating beyond the through channel division means at least an inflow side end face. 5. The method for using the ceramic filter according to claim 4, comprising disposing, as the through channel division means, the seal means in each of the first end face and the second end face. 6. The method for using the ceramic filter according to claim 5, wherein a width of the seal means is from 0.5 to 1.5 times as large as a width of the row in which the water collecting cells are arranged. 7. The method for using the ceramic filter according to claim 1, wherein the number of times of the returning is from 1 to 5. 8. The method for using the ceramic filter according to claim 1, wherein the separation membrane is a membrane by which alcohol is separable from an organic liquid medium containing the alcohol. 9. The method for using the ceramic filter according to claim 1, wherein the separation membrane is a hybrid silica membrane having an organic functional group. 10. A filter device comprising:
a ceramic filter that includes a pillar-shaped porous body having a plurality of through channels extending through the porous body from a first end face to a second end face and formed in rows and having a circumferential surface, and a separation membrane disposed on each of inner wall surfaces of at least part of the plurality of through channels, wherein one or some of the plurality of through channels are water collecting cells whose open ends in the first end face and the second end face are plugged by plugging members, and further wherein water collecting slits are disposed to open in the circumferential surface of the porous body so that the water collecting cells communicate with an external space; and a casing which receives the ceramic filter and forms an introduction path to introduce a mixed fluid into the ceramic filter, an intermediate path to return and reintroduce, into the ceramic filter, the mixed fluid which is being treated, and a discharge path to discharge the treated fluid from the ceramic filter, wherein the plurality of through channels have at least one set of an outward path in which the mixed fluid flows from the first end face to the second end face and a return path in which the mixed fluid returns and flows from the second end face to the first end face, the water collecting cells are arranged to form at least one row in end faces of the porous body, through channel division means is disposed along the row in which the water collecting cells are arranged in at least one of the end faces of the porous body in a state where the through channel division means is in contact with the row, and the outward path and the return path are divided by the through channel division means. 11. The filter device according to claim 10, wherein the casing has decompressing means for controlling an inner pressure of the casing to promote separation of a target permeable substance. 12. The filter device according to claim 10, comprising a plurality of heating means for heating the mixed fluid before the mixed fluid flows into each of the outward path and the return path. 13. The filter device according to claim 10,
wherein the plurality of through channels are divided into a plurality of zones including the outward path and the return path, and the plurality of zones are formed by the through channel division means disposed in the first end face and the second end face. 14. The filter device according to claim 10, wherein the through channel division means is seal means disposed in each of the first end face and the second end face. 15. The filter device according to claim 14, wherein a width of the seal means is from 0.5 to 1.5 times as large as a width of the row in which the water collecting cells are arranged. 16. The filter device according to claim 10, wherein the number of times of the returning is from 1 to 5. 17. The filter device according to claim 10, wherein the separation membrane is a membrane by which alcohol is separable from an organic liquid medium containing the alcohol. 18. The filter device according to claim 10, wherein the separation membrane is a hybrid silica membrane having an organic functional group. 19. The filter device according to claim 10, wherein a capacity of the intermediate path is from 5 to 50% of a through channel capacity. 20. The filter device according to claim 10, wherein the discharge path is positioned on a side opposite to the introduction path via the ceramic filter. | 1,700 |
3,171 | 14,818,774 | 1,764 | The present invention is directed to a pneumatic tire having a tread comprising a vulcanizable rubber composition comprising, based on 100 parts by weight of elastomer (phr),
(A) from about 50 to about 90 phr of a solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber having a glass transition temperature (Tg) ranging from −65° C. to −55° C.; (B) from about 50 to about 10 phr of polybutadiene having a cis 1,4 content greater than 95 percent and a Tg ranging from −80 to −110° C.; and (C) from 30 to 80 phr of a combination of an oil and a terpene phenol resin having a Tg greater than 100° C. | 1. A pneumatic tire having a tread comprising a vulcanizable rubber composition comprising, based on 100 parts by weight of elastomer (phr),
(A) from about 50 to about 90 phr of a solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber having a glass transition temperature (Tg) ranging from −65° C. to −55° C.; (B) from about 50 to about 10 phr of polybutadiene having a cis 1,4 content greater than 95 percent and a Tg ranging from −80 to −110° C.; and (C) from 30 to 80 phr of a combination of an oil and a terpene phenol resin having a Tg greater than 100° C. 2. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber is functionalized with an alkoxysilane group and at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of primary amines and thiols. 2. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the terpene phenol resin has a Tg ranging from 100 to 130° C. 3. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the terpene phenol resin has a Tg ranging from 105 to 125° C. 4. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the terpene phenol resin has a Tg ranging from 110 to 120° C. 5. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the terpene phenol resin has a softening point temperature greater than 150° C. 6. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the terpene phenol resin has a softening point temperature ranging from 150 to 180° C. 7. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the terpene phenol resin has a softening point temperature ranging from 155 to 175° C. 8. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the terpene phenol resin has a softening point temperature ranging from 160 to 170° C. 9. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the rubber composition further comprises from 5 to 35 phr of an oil, and from 15 to 45 phr of the terpene phenol resin. 10. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the rubber composition further comprises from 5 to 20 phr of an oil, and from 45 to 70 phr of the terpene phenol resin. 11. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the rubber composition further comprises from 50 to 160 phr of silica. 12. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the oil is selected from the group consisting of aromatic, paraffinic, naphthenic, MES, TDAE, heavy naphthenic oils, and vegetable oils. 13. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the terpene phenol resin is the reaction product of a phenol and α-pinene. 14. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber functionalized with an alkoxysilane group and a primary amine group, and is represented by the formula (1) or (2)
wherein P is a (co)polymer chain of a conjugated diolefin or a conjugated diolefin and an aromatic vinyl compound, R1 is an alkylene group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, R2 and R3 are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an allyl group or an aryl group, n is an integer of 1 or 2, m is an integer of 1 or 2, and k is an integer of 1 or 2, with the proviso that n+m+k is an integer of 3 or 4,
wherein P, R1, R2 and R3 have the same definitions as give for the above-mentioned formula (1), j is an integer of 1 to 3, and his an integer of 1 to 3, with the provision that j+h is an integer of 2 to 4. 15. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber is functionalized with an alkoxysilane group and a primary amine group comprises the reaction product of a living polymer chain and a terminating agent of the formula
RN—(CH2)x—Si—(OR′)3, I
wherein R in combination with the nitrogen (N) atom is a protected amine group which upon appropriate post-treatment yields a primary amine, R′ represents a group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms selected from an alkyl, a cycloalkyl, an allyl, or an aryl; and X is an integer from 1 to 20. 16. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber is functionalized with an alkoxysilane group and a thiol, and comprises the reaction product of a living anionic polymer and a silane-sulfide modifier represented by the formula
(R4O)xR4 ySi—R5—S—SiR4 3
wherein Si is silicon; S is sulfur; O is oxygen; x is an integer selected from 1, 2 and 3; y is an integer selected from 0, 1, and 2; x+y=3; R4 is the same or different and is (C1-C16) alkyl; and R′ is aryl, and alkyl aryl, or (C1-C16) alkyl. | The present invention is directed to a pneumatic tire having a tread comprising a vulcanizable rubber composition comprising, based on 100 parts by weight of elastomer (phr),
(A) from about 50 to about 90 phr of a solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber having a glass transition temperature (Tg) ranging from −65° C. to −55° C.; (B) from about 50 to about 10 phr of polybutadiene having a cis 1,4 content greater than 95 percent and a Tg ranging from −80 to −110° C.; and (C) from 30 to 80 phr of a combination of an oil and a terpene phenol resin having a Tg greater than 100° C.1. A pneumatic tire having a tread comprising a vulcanizable rubber composition comprising, based on 100 parts by weight of elastomer (phr),
(A) from about 50 to about 90 phr of a solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber having a glass transition temperature (Tg) ranging from −65° C. to −55° C.; (B) from about 50 to about 10 phr of polybutadiene having a cis 1,4 content greater than 95 percent and a Tg ranging from −80 to −110° C.; and (C) from 30 to 80 phr of a combination of an oil and a terpene phenol resin having a Tg greater than 100° C. 2. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber is functionalized with an alkoxysilane group and at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of primary amines and thiols. 2. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the terpene phenol resin has a Tg ranging from 100 to 130° C. 3. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the terpene phenol resin has a Tg ranging from 105 to 125° C. 4. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the terpene phenol resin has a Tg ranging from 110 to 120° C. 5. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the terpene phenol resin has a softening point temperature greater than 150° C. 6. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the terpene phenol resin has a softening point temperature ranging from 150 to 180° C. 7. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the terpene phenol resin has a softening point temperature ranging from 155 to 175° C. 8. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the terpene phenol resin has a softening point temperature ranging from 160 to 170° C. 9. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the rubber composition further comprises from 5 to 35 phr of an oil, and from 15 to 45 phr of the terpene phenol resin. 10. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the rubber composition further comprises from 5 to 20 phr of an oil, and from 45 to 70 phr of the terpene phenol resin. 11. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the rubber composition further comprises from 50 to 160 phr of silica. 12. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the oil is selected from the group consisting of aromatic, paraffinic, naphthenic, MES, TDAE, heavy naphthenic oils, and vegetable oils. 13. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the terpene phenol resin is the reaction product of a phenol and α-pinene. 14. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber functionalized with an alkoxysilane group and a primary amine group, and is represented by the formula (1) or (2)
wherein P is a (co)polymer chain of a conjugated diolefin or a conjugated diolefin and an aromatic vinyl compound, R1 is an alkylene group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, R2 and R3 are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an allyl group or an aryl group, n is an integer of 1 or 2, m is an integer of 1 or 2, and k is an integer of 1 or 2, with the proviso that n+m+k is an integer of 3 or 4,
wherein P, R1, R2 and R3 have the same definitions as give for the above-mentioned formula (1), j is an integer of 1 to 3, and his an integer of 1 to 3, with the provision that j+h is an integer of 2 to 4. 15. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber is functionalized with an alkoxysilane group and a primary amine group comprises the reaction product of a living polymer chain and a terminating agent of the formula
RN—(CH2)x—Si—(OR′)3, I
wherein R in combination with the nitrogen (N) atom is a protected amine group which upon appropriate post-treatment yields a primary amine, R′ represents a group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms selected from an alkyl, a cycloalkyl, an allyl, or an aryl; and X is an integer from 1 to 20. 16. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber is functionalized with an alkoxysilane group and a thiol, and comprises the reaction product of a living anionic polymer and a silane-sulfide modifier represented by the formula
(R4O)xR4 ySi—R5—S—SiR4 3
wherein Si is silicon; S is sulfur; O is oxygen; x is an integer selected from 1, 2 and 3; y is an integer selected from 0, 1, and 2; x+y=3; R4 is the same or different and is (C1-C16) alkyl; and R′ is aryl, and alkyl aryl, or (C1-C16) alkyl. | 1,700 |
3,172 | 14,364,802 | 1,776 | A device evacuates a chamber and purifies the gas extracted from said chamber of any foreign substances. The device comprises a dry-condensing vacuum pump having an input connected to the chamber to be evacuated and is suitable for maintaining the input pressure at a constant level at the output despite variable conditions. An intermediate line which connects to the output of the dry-condensing vacuum pump and a liquid ring vacuum pump, the input of which is connected to the intermediate line, are additionally provided. A corresponding method makes it possible to purify the gas of any foreign substances reliably and effectively. | 1. A device for evacuating a chamber and for purifying a gas that is extracted from the chamber of entrained foreign substances comprising:
a. a dry-compression vacuum pump having a chamber to be evacuated, an inlet connected to the chamber to be evacuated and an outlet and which is suitable for keeping the inlet pressure constant despite variable conditions at the outlet; b. an intermediate line which connects to the outlet of the dry-compression vacuum pump; and c. a liquid ring vacuum pump, having an inlet connected to the intermediate line. 2. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the dry-compression vacuum pump is designed to generate a pressure of between 1 mbar and 40 mbar at the inlet side. 3. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the dry-compression vacuum pump is designed to generate a pressure of between 80 mbar and 300 mbar in the intermediate line. 4. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that an opening for the supply of scavenging gas is provided at the outlet of the dry-compression vacuum pump and/or in the intermediate line. 5. The device as claimed in claim 4, wherein the dry-compression pump has a housing characterized in that the opening is a gap that exists between a shaft and the housing of the dry-compression vacuum pump. 6. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the liquid ring vacuum pump has an operating liquid and is provided with an inlet and an outlet for the operating liquid, which inlet and outlet permit an inflow and outflow of the operating liquid during the operation of the liquid ring vacuum pump. 7. The device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the operating liquid has a conductivity, characterized in that a sensor is provided for determining the conductivity of the operating liquid. 8. The device as claimed in claim 6 wherein the operating liquid has an inflow and an outflow and a concentration of foreign substances, characterized in that a control device is provided which adjusts the inflow and the outflow of the operating liquid as a function of the concentration of foreign substances in the operating liquid. 9. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the operating liquid of the liquid ring vacuum pump contains a solvent which is coordinated with the foreign substances contained in the gas. 10. The device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the operating liquid has a pH value, characterized in that a pH sensor is provided for determining the pH value of the operating liquid. 11. The device as claimed in claim 10 wherein the sensor determines measurement values, characterized in that a control device is provided which is designed to adjust the pH value of the operating liquid as a function of the measurement values from the pH sensor. 12. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that a combustion device is arranged in the intermediate line. 13. A method for evacuating a chamber having a gas with entrained foreign substances and for purifying the gas that is extracted from the chamber of entrained foreign substances, having the following steps:
a. drawing the gas having a pressure out of the chamber; b. increasing the pressure to a value below atmospheric pressure, wherein a pump is used which pump has an inlet pressure and an outlet pressure and is suitable for keeping the inlet pressure constant even if the outlet pressure is variable; c. conducting the gas onward to a liquid ring vacuum pump which outputs the gas at atmospheric pressure. 14. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the dry-compression vacuum pump is designed to generate a pressure of between 2 mbar and 30 mbar at the inlet side. 15. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the dry-compression vacuum pump is designed to generate a pressure of between 5 mbar and 20 mbar at the inlet side. 16. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the dry-compression vacuum pump is designed to generate a pressure of between 100 mbar and 150 mbar in the intermediate line. 17. The device as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the dry-compression vacuum pump is designed to generate a pressure of between 100 mbar and 150 mbar in the intermediate line. 18. The device as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that an opening for the supply of scavenging gas is provided at the outlet of the dry-compression vacuum pump and/or in the intermediate line. 19. The device as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that an opening for the supply of scavenging gas is provided at the outlet of the dry-compression vacuum pump and/or in the intermediate line. 20. The device as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the liquid ring vacuum pump has an operating liquid and is provided with an inlet and an outlet for the operating liquid, which inlet and outlet permit an inflow and outflow of the operating liquid during operation of the liquid ring vacuum pump. | A device evacuates a chamber and purifies the gas extracted from said chamber of any foreign substances. The device comprises a dry-condensing vacuum pump having an input connected to the chamber to be evacuated and is suitable for maintaining the input pressure at a constant level at the output despite variable conditions. An intermediate line which connects to the output of the dry-condensing vacuum pump and a liquid ring vacuum pump, the input of which is connected to the intermediate line, are additionally provided. A corresponding method makes it possible to purify the gas of any foreign substances reliably and effectively.1. A device for evacuating a chamber and for purifying a gas that is extracted from the chamber of entrained foreign substances comprising:
a. a dry-compression vacuum pump having a chamber to be evacuated, an inlet connected to the chamber to be evacuated and an outlet and which is suitable for keeping the inlet pressure constant despite variable conditions at the outlet; b. an intermediate line which connects to the outlet of the dry-compression vacuum pump; and c. a liquid ring vacuum pump, having an inlet connected to the intermediate line. 2. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the dry-compression vacuum pump is designed to generate a pressure of between 1 mbar and 40 mbar at the inlet side. 3. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the dry-compression vacuum pump is designed to generate a pressure of between 80 mbar and 300 mbar in the intermediate line. 4. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that an opening for the supply of scavenging gas is provided at the outlet of the dry-compression vacuum pump and/or in the intermediate line. 5. The device as claimed in claim 4, wherein the dry-compression pump has a housing characterized in that the opening is a gap that exists between a shaft and the housing of the dry-compression vacuum pump. 6. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the liquid ring vacuum pump has an operating liquid and is provided with an inlet and an outlet for the operating liquid, which inlet and outlet permit an inflow and outflow of the operating liquid during the operation of the liquid ring vacuum pump. 7. The device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the operating liquid has a conductivity, characterized in that a sensor is provided for determining the conductivity of the operating liquid. 8. The device as claimed in claim 6 wherein the operating liquid has an inflow and an outflow and a concentration of foreign substances, characterized in that a control device is provided which adjusts the inflow and the outflow of the operating liquid as a function of the concentration of foreign substances in the operating liquid. 9. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the operating liquid of the liquid ring vacuum pump contains a solvent which is coordinated with the foreign substances contained in the gas. 10. The device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the operating liquid has a pH value, characterized in that a pH sensor is provided for determining the pH value of the operating liquid. 11. The device as claimed in claim 10 wherein the sensor determines measurement values, characterized in that a control device is provided which is designed to adjust the pH value of the operating liquid as a function of the measurement values from the pH sensor. 12. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that a combustion device is arranged in the intermediate line. 13. A method for evacuating a chamber having a gas with entrained foreign substances and for purifying the gas that is extracted from the chamber of entrained foreign substances, having the following steps:
a. drawing the gas having a pressure out of the chamber; b. increasing the pressure to a value below atmospheric pressure, wherein a pump is used which pump has an inlet pressure and an outlet pressure and is suitable for keeping the inlet pressure constant even if the outlet pressure is variable; c. conducting the gas onward to a liquid ring vacuum pump which outputs the gas at atmospheric pressure. 14. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the dry-compression vacuum pump is designed to generate a pressure of between 2 mbar and 30 mbar at the inlet side. 15. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the dry-compression vacuum pump is designed to generate a pressure of between 5 mbar and 20 mbar at the inlet side. 16. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the dry-compression vacuum pump is designed to generate a pressure of between 100 mbar and 150 mbar in the intermediate line. 17. The device as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the dry-compression vacuum pump is designed to generate a pressure of between 100 mbar and 150 mbar in the intermediate line. 18. The device as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that an opening for the supply of scavenging gas is provided at the outlet of the dry-compression vacuum pump and/or in the intermediate line. 19. The device as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that an opening for the supply of scavenging gas is provided at the outlet of the dry-compression vacuum pump and/or in the intermediate line. 20. The device as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the liquid ring vacuum pump has an operating liquid and is provided with an inlet and an outlet for the operating liquid, which inlet and outlet permit an inflow and outflow of the operating liquid during operation of the liquid ring vacuum pump. | 1,700 |
3,173 | 14,138,020 | 1,761 | A flow medium for assisting a resin to be transferred into a mold accommodating a layered structure of reinforced material is provided. The flow medium is configured such that when the resin is cured the flow medium becomes incorporated within a final composite component comprising the reinforced material embedded within the transferred and cured resin. A semifinished product comprising such a flow medium is provided and a method for producing a composite component by utilizing such a semifinished product is also provided. | 1. A flow medium for assisting a resin to be transferred into a mold accommodating a layered structure of reinforced material, wherein the flow medium is configured in such a manner that
when the resin is cured the flow medium becomes incorporated within a final composite component comprising the reinforced material embedded within the transferred and cured resin. 2. The flow medium as set forth in claim 1, wherein the flow medium is formed as a mesh structure. 3. The flow medium as set forth in claim 1, wherein
the flow medium is made from a polymer material. 4. The flow medium as set forth in claim 3, wherein
the polymer material is polyvinyl butyral. 5. The flow medium as set forth in the claim 3, wherein
the polymer material is poly styrene. 6. The flow medium as set forth in claim 1, wherein
the flow medium has a melting point in a range between 30° C. and 150° C. 7. A semifinished product for producing a composite component by means of a resin transfer molding method, the semifinished product comprising
at least two layers of a reinforced material, and a flow medium as set forth in claim 1, wherein the flow medium is located at least partially in between the at least two layers. 8. The semifinished product as set forth in claim 7, wherein
the flow medium comprises an adhesiveness. 9. A method for producing a composite component, the method comprising
assembling a semifinished product comprising at least two layers of a reinforced material, and a flow medium as set forth in claim 1, wherein the flow medium is located at least partially in between the at least two layers, placing the assembled semifinished product into a mold, transferring resin into the mold, and curing the resin such that the composite component comprising the layers of reinforced material and the cured resin is produced. 10. The method as set forth in claim 9, wherein
assembling the semifinished product comprises arranging a pre-fabricated layer of flow medium onto a first layer of the at least two layers of reinforced material, and arranging the second layer of the at least two layers of reinforced material onto the pre-fabricated layer. 11. The method as set forth in claim 9, wherein
assembling the semifinished product comprises depositing the material of the flow medium onto a first layer of the at least two layers of reinforced material, such that a layer of flow medium is generated onto the first layer, and arranging the second layer of the at least two layers of reinforced material onto the layer of flow medium. 12. The semifinished product as set forth in claim 7 wherein the resin transfer molding method is a vacuum assisted resin transfer molding method. 13. The semifinished product as set forth in claim 8, wherein the adhesiveness is an adhesiveness with respect to the reinforced material. | A flow medium for assisting a resin to be transferred into a mold accommodating a layered structure of reinforced material is provided. The flow medium is configured such that when the resin is cured the flow medium becomes incorporated within a final composite component comprising the reinforced material embedded within the transferred and cured resin. A semifinished product comprising such a flow medium is provided and a method for producing a composite component by utilizing such a semifinished product is also provided.1. A flow medium for assisting a resin to be transferred into a mold accommodating a layered structure of reinforced material, wherein the flow medium is configured in such a manner that
when the resin is cured the flow medium becomes incorporated within a final composite component comprising the reinforced material embedded within the transferred and cured resin. 2. The flow medium as set forth in claim 1, wherein the flow medium is formed as a mesh structure. 3. The flow medium as set forth in claim 1, wherein
the flow medium is made from a polymer material. 4. The flow medium as set forth in claim 3, wherein
the polymer material is polyvinyl butyral. 5. The flow medium as set forth in the claim 3, wherein
the polymer material is poly styrene. 6. The flow medium as set forth in claim 1, wherein
the flow medium has a melting point in a range between 30° C. and 150° C. 7. A semifinished product for producing a composite component by means of a resin transfer molding method, the semifinished product comprising
at least two layers of a reinforced material, and a flow medium as set forth in claim 1, wherein the flow medium is located at least partially in between the at least two layers. 8. The semifinished product as set forth in claim 7, wherein
the flow medium comprises an adhesiveness. 9. A method for producing a composite component, the method comprising
assembling a semifinished product comprising at least two layers of a reinforced material, and a flow medium as set forth in claim 1, wherein the flow medium is located at least partially in between the at least two layers, placing the assembled semifinished product into a mold, transferring resin into the mold, and curing the resin such that the composite component comprising the layers of reinforced material and the cured resin is produced. 10. The method as set forth in claim 9, wherein
assembling the semifinished product comprises arranging a pre-fabricated layer of flow medium onto a first layer of the at least two layers of reinforced material, and arranging the second layer of the at least two layers of reinforced material onto the pre-fabricated layer. 11. The method as set forth in claim 9, wherein
assembling the semifinished product comprises depositing the material of the flow medium onto a first layer of the at least two layers of reinforced material, such that a layer of flow medium is generated onto the first layer, and arranging the second layer of the at least two layers of reinforced material onto the layer of flow medium. 12. The semifinished product as set forth in claim 7 wherein the resin transfer molding method is a vacuum assisted resin transfer molding method. 13. The semifinished product as set forth in claim 8, wherein the adhesiveness is an adhesiveness with respect to the reinforced material. | 1,700 |
3,174 | 15,067,233 | 1,767 | Adhesives, reaction systems, and processes for the production of lignocellulosic composites. The reaction system comprises a multi-component adhesive and a lignocellulosic substrate. The lignocelluosic substrate comprises a plurality of lignocellulosic adherends and is preferably a mass of wood particles. The multi-component adhesive comprises a multi-functional isocyanate, a hydrophilic polyahl, and an organotransition metal catalyst. The multi-component adhesive is characterized by being formulated into at least two mutually reactive chemical component streams. The process comprises the separate application of the mutually reactive chemical component streams of the multi-component adhesive to the lignocellulosic substrate, followed by forming and pressing the adhesive treated substrate under conditions appropriate for curing the adhesive and forming a lignocellulosic composite article. The adhesives, reaction systems, and processes are particularly well suited for the production of oriented strand board (OSB). | 1. An adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture comprising: a plurality of lignocellulosic substrates coated with an adhesive wherein the adhesive comprises: a polyfunctional isocyanate, a transition metal organometallic catalyst, a hydrophilic organic polyahl having oxyethylene segments that make up greater than 50% of the weight of the polyahl, and a non-isocyanate reactive additive. 2. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 1 wherein the hydrophilic organic polyahl comprises a hydrophilic organic polyol and the transition metal organometallic catalyst comprises at least one metal selected from the group consisting of the metals of Groups IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, and VIIIB of the Periodic Table of the Elements. 3. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 2 wherein the hydrophilic organic polyol comprises a polyether polyol and the transition metal organometallic catalyst comprises at least one metal selected from the group consisting of the metals Group VIIIB of the Period Table of the Elements. 4. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 3 wherein the transition metal organometallic catalyst comprises at least one organic compound of iron. 5. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 4 wherein the organic compound of iron contains at least one chelating ligand. 6. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 1 wherein the polyfunctional isocyanate comprises at least one isocyanate of the MDI series. 7. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 3 wherein the polyether polyol has a number averaged molecular weight of between 300 and 10,000 and is prepared from an initiator having a number averaged functionality of from 2 to 10. 8. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 7 wherein the polyether polyol has an oxyethylene content of at least 70% by weight, a number averaged molecular weight of between 700 and 2000, and is prepared from an initiator having a number averaged functionality of from greater than 2 to 4. 9. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 1 wherein the non-isocyanate reactive additive is selected from the group consisting of fire retardants, pigments, dyes, antioxidants, light stabilizers, expanding agents, inorganic fillers, smoke suppressants, slack waxes, antistatic agents, internal mold release agents, inert liquid diluents, solvents, biocides, or combinations thereof. 10. An adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture comprising: a plurality of lignocellulosic substrates coated with an adhesive wherein the adhesive comprises: a polyfunctional isocyanate, a transition metal organometallic catalyst comprising at least one organic iron compound, a hydrophilic organic polyahl having oxyethylene segments that make up greater than 50% of the weight of the polyahl, and a non-isocyanate reactive additive. 11. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 10 wherein the hydrophilic organic polyahl comprises a hydrophilic organic polyol and the transition metal organometallic catalyst comprises at least one metal selected from the group consisting of the metals of Groups IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, and VIIIB of the Periodic Table of the Elements. 12. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 11 wherein the hydrophilic organic polyol comprises a polyether polyol and the transition metal organometallic catalyst further comprises at least one metal selected from the group consisting of the metals Group VIIIB of the Period Table of the Elements. 13. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 12 wherein the polyether polyol has a number averaged molecular weight of between 300 and 10,000 and is prepared from an initiator having a number averaged functionality of from 2 to 10. 14. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 13 wherein the polyether polyol has an oxyethylene content of at least 70% by weight, a number averaged molecular weight of between 700 and 2000, and is prepared from an initiator having a number averaged functionality of from greater than 2 to 4. 15. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 10 wherein the organic iron compound contains at least one chelating ligand. 16. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 10 wherein the polyfunctional isocyanate comprises at least one isocyanate of the MDI series. 17. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 10 wherein the non-isocyanate reactive additive is selected from the group consisting of fire retardants, pigments, dyes, antioxidants, light stabilizers, expanding agents, inorganic fillers, smoke suppressants, slack waxes, antistatic agents, internal mold release agents, inert liquid diluents, solvents, biocides, or combinations thereof. | Adhesives, reaction systems, and processes for the production of lignocellulosic composites. The reaction system comprises a multi-component adhesive and a lignocellulosic substrate. The lignocelluosic substrate comprises a plurality of lignocellulosic adherends and is preferably a mass of wood particles. The multi-component adhesive comprises a multi-functional isocyanate, a hydrophilic polyahl, and an organotransition metal catalyst. The multi-component adhesive is characterized by being formulated into at least two mutually reactive chemical component streams. The process comprises the separate application of the mutually reactive chemical component streams of the multi-component adhesive to the lignocellulosic substrate, followed by forming and pressing the adhesive treated substrate under conditions appropriate for curing the adhesive and forming a lignocellulosic composite article. The adhesives, reaction systems, and processes are particularly well suited for the production of oriented strand board (OSB).1. An adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture comprising: a plurality of lignocellulosic substrates coated with an adhesive wherein the adhesive comprises: a polyfunctional isocyanate, a transition metal organometallic catalyst, a hydrophilic organic polyahl having oxyethylene segments that make up greater than 50% of the weight of the polyahl, and a non-isocyanate reactive additive. 2. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 1 wherein the hydrophilic organic polyahl comprises a hydrophilic organic polyol and the transition metal organometallic catalyst comprises at least one metal selected from the group consisting of the metals of Groups IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, and VIIIB of the Periodic Table of the Elements. 3. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 2 wherein the hydrophilic organic polyol comprises a polyether polyol and the transition metal organometallic catalyst comprises at least one metal selected from the group consisting of the metals Group VIIIB of the Period Table of the Elements. 4. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 3 wherein the transition metal organometallic catalyst comprises at least one organic compound of iron. 5. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 4 wherein the organic compound of iron contains at least one chelating ligand. 6. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 1 wherein the polyfunctional isocyanate comprises at least one isocyanate of the MDI series. 7. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 3 wherein the polyether polyol has a number averaged molecular weight of between 300 and 10,000 and is prepared from an initiator having a number averaged functionality of from 2 to 10. 8. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 7 wherein the polyether polyol has an oxyethylene content of at least 70% by weight, a number averaged molecular weight of between 700 and 2000, and is prepared from an initiator having a number averaged functionality of from greater than 2 to 4. 9. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 1 wherein the non-isocyanate reactive additive is selected from the group consisting of fire retardants, pigments, dyes, antioxidants, light stabilizers, expanding agents, inorganic fillers, smoke suppressants, slack waxes, antistatic agents, internal mold release agents, inert liquid diluents, solvents, biocides, or combinations thereof. 10. An adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture comprising: a plurality of lignocellulosic substrates coated with an adhesive wherein the adhesive comprises: a polyfunctional isocyanate, a transition metal organometallic catalyst comprising at least one organic iron compound, a hydrophilic organic polyahl having oxyethylene segments that make up greater than 50% of the weight of the polyahl, and a non-isocyanate reactive additive. 11. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 10 wherein the hydrophilic organic polyahl comprises a hydrophilic organic polyol and the transition metal organometallic catalyst comprises at least one metal selected from the group consisting of the metals of Groups IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, and VIIIB of the Periodic Table of the Elements. 12. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 11 wherein the hydrophilic organic polyol comprises a polyether polyol and the transition metal organometallic catalyst further comprises at least one metal selected from the group consisting of the metals Group VIIIB of the Period Table of the Elements. 13. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 12 wherein the polyether polyol has a number averaged molecular weight of between 300 and 10,000 and is prepared from an initiator having a number averaged functionality of from 2 to 10. 14. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 13 wherein the polyether polyol has an oxyethylene content of at least 70% by weight, a number averaged molecular weight of between 700 and 2000, and is prepared from an initiator having a number averaged functionality of from greater than 2 to 4. 15. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 10 wherein the organic iron compound contains at least one chelating ligand. 16. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 10 wherein the polyfunctional isocyanate comprises at least one isocyanate of the MDI series. 17. The adhesive treated lignocellulosic mixture of claim 10 wherein the non-isocyanate reactive additive is selected from the group consisting of fire retardants, pigments, dyes, antioxidants, light stabilizers, expanding agents, inorganic fillers, smoke suppressants, slack waxes, antistatic agents, internal mold release agents, inert liquid diluents, solvents, biocides, or combinations thereof. | 1,700 |
3,175 | 14,830,798 | 1,778 | A method and apparatus is provided for treating water with already-slaked lime to arrive at a lime slurry that is in a solution or suspension, and delivering the thus treated water to a separating device which separates grit particles therefrom, to recover a high quality lime/water solution or suspension. An automated system controls the addition of lime and water to a lime mixing vessel.
An acid wash system is provided which comprises an automated method and apparatus for removing scale buildup, for delivering an acid wash solution to the lime mixing vessel, the lime slurry holding tank and/or the delivery system, or any of them, thereby dissolving the scale buildup. | 1. A process of treating water with lime comprising the steps of:
(a) providing calcium hydroxide and grit particles to a lime mixing vessel; (b) providing water to the lime mixing vessel to form a lime slurry therein; (c) delivering the lime slurry from the lime mixing vessel to a slurry holding tank; (d) delivering the lime slurry from the slurry holding tank to a separation device for separating grit particles from the lime slurry; and (e) including the step of then delivering the lime slurry to at least one dosing location. 2. The process of claim 1, including the step of gravity separation of grit from the lime slurry in a classifier device. 3. The process of claim 1, including the step of delivering the lime slurry to a plurality of dosing locations at different dosing rates for at least some of the locations. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the process is done seriatim, in batches. 5. The process of claim 1, including the step of removing particles of grit from the lime slurry via hydraulic separation by flowing the lime slurry over baffle plate(s). 6. The process of claim 5, including the step of adjusting the orientation of the at least one baffle plate. 7. The process claim 1, wherein the provision of calcium hydroxide and water to the lime mixing vessel includes controlling the provision steps via a programmable logic computer. 8. Apparatus for treating water with hydrated lime comprising:
(a) means for providing calcium hydroxide and grit particles to a lime mixing vessel; (b) means for providing water to the lime mixing vessel to form a lime slurry therein; (c) means for delivering the lime slurry from the lime mixing vessel to a slurry holding tank; (d) means for delivering the lime slurry from the slurry holding tank to a separation device for separating grit particles from the lime slurry; and (e) means for then delivering the lime slurry to at least one dosing location. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, including means for gravity separation of grit from the lime slurry in a classifier device. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, including a plurality of dosing stations and means for delivering the lime slurry to the plurality of dosing locations at different dosing rates for at least some of the locations. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, including baffle plate(s) and means for removing particles of grit from the lime slurry via hydraulic separation by flowing the lime slurry over the baffle plate(s). 12. The apparatus of claim 11, including means for adjusting the orientation of at least one baffle plate. 13. The apparatus claim 8, including a programmable logic computer and means controlling its provision of calcium hydroxide and water to the lime mixing vessel via the programmable logic computer. | A method and apparatus is provided for treating water with already-slaked lime to arrive at a lime slurry that is in a solution or suspension, and delivering the thus treated water to a separating device which separates grit particles therefrom, to recover a high quality lime/water solution or suspension. An automated system controls the addition of lime and water to a lime mixing vessel.
An acid wash system is provided which comprises an automated method and apparatus for removing scale buildup, for delivering an acid wash solution to the lime mixing vessel, the lime slurry holding tank and/or the delivery system, or any of them, thereby dissolving the scale buildup.1. A process of treating water with lime comprising the steps of:
(a) providing calcium hydroxide and grit particles to a lime mixing vessel; (b) providing water to the lime mixing vessel to form a lime slurry therein; (c) delivering the lime slurry from the lime mixing vessel to a slurry holding tank; (d) delivering the lime slurry from the slurry holding tank to a separation device for separating grit particles from the lime slurry; and (e) including the step of then delivering the lime slurry to at least one dosing location. 2. The process of claim 1, including the step of gravity separation of grit from the lime slurry in a classifier device. 3. The process of claim 1, including the step of delivering the lime slurry to a plurality of dosing locations at different dosing rates for at least some of the locations. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the process is done seriatim, in batches. 5. The process of claim 1, including the step of removing particles of grit from the lime slurry via hydraulic separation by flowing the lime slurry over baffle plate(s). 6. The process of claim 5, including the step of adjusting the orientation of the at least one baffle plate. 7. The process claim 1, wherein the provision of calcium hydroxide and water to the lime mixing vessel includes controlling the provision steps via a programmable logic computer. 8. Apparatus for treating water with hydrated lime comprising:
(a) means for providing calcium hydroxide and grit particles to a lime mixing vessel; (b) means for providing water to the lime mixing vessel to form a lime slurry therein; (c) means for delivering the lime slurry from the lime mixing vessel to a slurry holding tank; (d) means for delivering the lime slurry from the slurry holding tank to a separation device for separating grit particles from the lime slurry; and (e) means for then delivering the lime slurry to at least one dosing location. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, including means for gravity separation of grit from the lime slurry in a classifier device. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, including a plurality of dosing stations and means for delivering the lime slurry to the plurality of dosing locations at different dosing rates for at least some of the locations. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, including baffle plate(s) and means for removing particles of grit from the lime slurry via hydraulic separation by flowing the lime slurry over the baffle plate(s). 12. The apparatus of claim 11, including means for adjusting the orientation of at least one baffle plate. 13. The apparatus claim 8, including a programmable logic computer and means controlling its provision of calcium hydroxide and water to the lime mixing vessel via the programmable logic computer. | 1,700 |
3,176 | 15,313,879 | 1,717 | The invention relates to a powder spray coating booth ( 1 ) in which objects can be coated with powder with the aid of at least one spray device ( 6 ), wherein the powder spray coating booth ( 1 ) has an exhaust channel arrangement for exhausting air and excess powder from the booth interior of the powder spray coating booth ( 1 ), and wherein the exhaust channel arrangement has an exhaust channel ( 9 ) which is arranged in the booth substructure and which is fluidically connected to the booth interior via at least one exhaust opening ( 8 ). In order to achieve that a change of powder can also be quickly carried out, the invention provides that the exhaust channel ( 9 ) is additionally fluidically connected or can be additionally fluidically connected to at least two channel sections ( 31, 32 ) which are led out of the booth substructure, via a manifold ( 30 ) arranged in the booth substructure. | 1. A powder spray coating booth (1) in which objects can be coated with powder by means of a spraying device (6), wherein the powder spray coating booth (1) comprises a suction channel arrangement for suctioning air and excess powder out of the booth interior of the powder spray coating booth (1), and wherein the suction channel arrangement has a suction channel (9) disposed in the booth substructure which is fluidly connected to the booth interior by means of at least one exhaust vent (8), the suction channel (9) is further fluidly connected or connectable to at least two channel sections (31, 32) leading out of the booth substructure by means of a manifold (30) arranged in the booth substructure, characterized in that
the manifold (30) is configured as a T-piece or a Y-piece having one inlet and two outlets, wherein the inlet of the manifold (30) is fluidly connected or connectable to the suction channel (9) and the two outlets of the manifold (30) are each fluidly connected or connectable to a respective one of the channel sections (31, 32) leading out of the booth substructure; or the manifold (30) is of star-shaped or cross-shaped configuration and comprises one input and a plurality of outlets, wherein the inlet of the manifold (30) is fluidly connected or connectable to the suction channel (9) and the plurality of outlets of the manifold (30) are each fluidly connected or connectable to a respective one channel section (31, 32) leading out of the booth substructure. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. The powder spray coating booth (1) according to claim 1,
wherein the suction channel (9) provided in the booth substructure is preferably centrally arranged, and wherein the suction channel (9) is fluidly connected to the booth interior by means of a least one suction slot. 5. The powder spray coating booth (1) according to claim 1,
wherein a flow-switching device is provided to alternatingly form and cut off a fluid connection between the suction channel (9) disposed in the booth substructure and one of the at least two channel sections (31, 32) leading out of the booth substructure. 6. The powder spray coating booth (1) according to claim 1,
wherein each of the channel sections (31, 32) leading out of the booth substructure is allocated a powder separator (10, 20), to which the respective channel section (31, 32) can be alternatingly fluidly connected and connectable by means of a flow-switching device (33, 34) allocated to the respective channel section (31, 32). 7. The powder spray coating booth (1) according to claim 5 or 6,
wherein the flow-switching device (33, 34) comprises at least one valve flap or at least one valve gate and preferably exactly one valve flap or exactly one valve gate per channel section (31, 32) leading out of the booth substructure in order to cut off a fluid connection between the relevant channel section and the powder separator (10, 20) associated with said channel section (31, 32) when needed. 8. The powder spray coating booth (1) according to claim 6 or 7,
wherein the powder separator comprises a cyclone system (21) and/or a system (22). 9. The powder spray coating booth (1) according to claim 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8,
wherein a first channel section (31) leading out of the booth substructure is fluidly connected or connectable to a first powder separator (10), and wherein a second channel section (32) leading out of the booth substructure is fluidly connected or connectable to a second powder separator (20), and wherein a first type of powder or color of powder being or to be sprayed in the powder spray coating booth (1) is allocated to the first powder separator (10) and a second type of powder or color of powder being or to be sprayed in the powder spray coating booth (1) is allocated to the second powder separator (20). | The invention relates to a powder spray coating booth ( 1 ) in which objects can be coated with powder with the aid of at least one spray device ( 6 ), wherein the powder spray coating booth ( 1 ) has an exhaust channel arrangement for exhausting air and excess powder from the booth interior of the powder spray coating booth ( 1 ), and wherein the exhaust channel arrangement has an exhaust channel ( 9 ) which is arranged in the booth substructure and which is fluidically connected to the booth interior via at least one exhaust opening ( 8 ). In order to achieve that a change of powder can also be quickly carried out, the invention provides that the exhaust channel ( 9 ) is additionally fluidically connected or can be additionally fluidically connected to at least two channel sections ( 31, 32 ) which are led out of the booth substructure, via a manifold ( 30 ) arranged in the booth substructure.1. A powder spray coating booth (1) in which objects can be coated with powder by means of a spraying device (6), wherein the powder spray coating booth (1) comprises a suction channel arrangement for suctioning air and excess powder out of the booth interior of the powder spray coating booth (1), and wherein the suction channel arrangement has a suction channel (9) disposed in the booth substructure which is fluidly connected to the booth interior by means of at least one exhaust vent (8), the suction channel (9) is further fluidly connected or connectable to at least two channel sections (31, 32) leading out of the booth substructure by means of a manifold (30) arranged in the booth substructure, characterized in that
the manifold (30) is configured as a T-piece or a Y-piece having one inlet and two outlets, wherein the inlet of the manifold (30) is fluidly connected or connectable to the suction channel (9) and the two outlets of the manifold (30) are each fluidly connected or connectable to a respective one of the channel sections (31, 32) leading out of the booth substructure; or the manifold (30) is of star-shaped or cross-shaped configuration and comprises one input and a plurality of outlets, wherein the inlet of the manifold (30) is fluidly connected or connectable to the suction channel (9) and the plurality of outlets of the manifold (30) are each fluidly connected or connectable to a respective one channel section (31, 32) leading out of the booth substructure. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. The powder spray coating booth (1) according to claim 1,
wherein the suction channel (9) provided in the booth substructure is preferably centrally arranged, and wherein the suction channel (9) is fluidly connected to the booth interior by means of a least one suction slot. 5. The powder spray coating booth (1) according to claim 1,
wherein a flow-switching device is provided to alternatingly form and cut off a fluid connection between the suction channel (9) disposed in the booth substructure and one of the at least two channel sections (31, 32) leading out of the booth substructure. 6. The powder spray coating booth (1) according to claim 1,
wherein each of the channel sections (31, 32) leading out of the booth substructure is allocated a powder separator (10, 20), to which the respective channel section (31, 32) can be alternatingly fluidly connected and connectable by means of a flow-switching device (33, 34) allocated to the respective channel section (31, 32). 7. The powder spray coating booth (1) according to claim 5 or 6,
wherein the flow-switching device (33, 34) comprises at least one valve flap or at least one valve gate and preferably exactly one valve flap or exactly one valve gate per channel section (31, 32) leading out of the booth substructure in order to cut off a fluid connection between the relevant channel section and the powder separator (10, 20) associated with said channel section (31, 32) when needed. 8. The powder spray coating booth (1) according to claim 6 or 7,
wherein the powder separator comprises a cyclone system (21) and/or a system (22). 9. The powder spray coating booth (1) according to claim 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8,
wherein a first channel section (31) leading out of the booth substructure is fluidly connected or connectable to a first powder separator (10), and wherein a second channel section (32) leading out of the booth substructure is fluidly connected or connectable to a second powder separator (20), and wherein a first type of powder or color of powder being or to be sprayed in the powder spray coating booth (1) is allocated to the first powder separator (10) and a second type of powder or color of powder being or to be sprayed in the powder spray coating booth (1) is allocated to the second powder separator (20). | 1,700 |
3,177 | 14,758,654 | 1,745 | When producing large work-pieces, an operator often faces the problem of accessing all areas of an inclined, high surface. The present invention proposes a device and a method for climbing up inclined surface wherein a plurality of steps are attached to a flexible support, which can be provided for example by a mat. The present invention finds a particular convenient application in the field of wind turbine production, for example when layers of glass fibers have to be laid onto the walls of a mould. | 1. A method of producing a wind turbine blade, comprising:
providing a mould of the desired shape, the mould having a longitudinal direction (L); laying one or more layers of reinforcement or foam material onto the inner walls of the mould; and positioning in the desired position the one or more layers of reinforcement or foam material by using one or more devices in order to climb up the inner walls of the mould. 2. The method according to claim 1 further comprising moving at least one of the one or more devices along the longitudinal direction of the mould after placing at least one layer of the one or more layers of reinforcement or foam material. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the one or more devices is oriented in a chordwise direction of the mould. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the one or more devices is placed next to one side of one layer of the one or more layers of reinforcement or foam material. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein two devices of the one or more devices are used, the two devices being placed at opposite sides of one layer of the one or more layers of fiber or reinforcement material. 6. A device for climbing up an inclined surface comprising:
a flexible support comprising a back face and a front face, said back face of said support being adapted to abut on said surface during operation of said device, said flexible support being adapted to conform to the curvature profile of said surface to be climbed, said flexible support being suitably extended so as to distribute across said surface the weight of an operator climbing up said surface during operation of said device; fastener for fastening said device so that the position of said device with respect to said surface is substantially constant during operation of said device, said fastener being connected to said support; and climbing elements firmly fixed to said front face of said flexible support, said climbing elements being adapted to allow a user to climb up or be supported at a predetermined position on said surface. 7. The device according to claim 6, wherein said climbing elements comprise a plurality of steps, each step of said plurality of steps protruding outwards from said front face of said support. 8. The device according to claim 7, wherein at least one step of said plurality of steps comprises a rigid body so that, when the device is in operation, said at least one step is solid and cannot substantially be displaced from its original position by the weight of a user. 9. The device according to claim 7, wherein at least one of said steps comprises a pocket, said pocket being firmly fixed to said front face of said support. 10. The device according to claim 9, wherein said pocket of said at least one step comprises an aperture which can be alternatively closed and opened, said aperture for enabling introduction of a support element into said pocket and extraction of said support element from said pocket. 11. The device according to claim 7, wherein said support is formed so as to be continuous and free from cut-out portions between two consecutive steps of said plurality of steps. 12. The device according to claim 7, wherein said climbing elements comprise a plurality of handles adapted to be held by a user when climbing up said surface. 13. The device according to claim 12, wherein at least one handle of said plurality of handles is located at a position of said front face of said support between two consecutive steps of said plurality of steps. 14. The device according to claim 7, wherein at least one of said climbing elements is integrally formed with said support. 15. The device according to claim 7, wherein said climbing elements comprise a rubber or an elastomer. 16. The device according to claim 7, wherein said surface comprises an upper edge lying above a reference horizontal plane and wherein said fastener is adapted to fasten said device to said upper edge of said inclined surface. 17. The device according to claim 7, wherein said fastener comprises one or more strings, each one of said strings being adapted to be tied to a corresponding strut, the position of each said strut being constant with respect to the position of said inclined surface during operation of said device. 18. The device according to claim 6, wherein said fastener comprises one or more rings, each one of said rings being constrained to slide along a pole, the position of said pole being constant with respect to the position of said inclined surface during operation of said device. 19. The device according to claim 6, wherein said fastener comprises one or more suction pads adapted to be fixed to said inclined surface. 20. The device according to claim 6, wherein said flexible support comprises a rubber or an elastomer. 21. The device according to claim 6, wherein the width of said support is greater than the length of each one of said climbing elements. 22. The device according to claim 6, wherein said support has a width greater than 20 cm and/or less than 80 cm. 23. The device according to claim 6, wherein said flexible support comprises a mat. | When producing large work-pieces, an operator often faces the problem of accessing all areas of an inclined, high surface. The present invention proposes a device and a method for climbing up inclined surface wherein a plurality of steps are attached to a flexible support, which can be provided for example by a mat. The present invention finds a particular convenient application in the field of wind turbine production, for example when layers of glass fibers have to be laid onto the walls of a mould.1. A method of producing a wind turbine blade, comprising:
providing a mould of the desired shape, the mould having a longitudinal direction (L); laying one or more layers of reinforcement or foam material onto the inner walls of the mould; and positioning in the desired position the one or more layers of reinforcement or foam material by using one or more devices in order to climb up the inner walls of the mould. 2. The method according to claim 1 further comprising moving at least one of the one or more devices along the longitudinal direction of the mould after placing at least one layer of the one or more layers of reinforcement or foam material. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the one or more devices is oriented in a chordwise direction of the mould. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the one or more devices is placed next to one side of one layer of the one or more layers of reinforcement or foam material. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein two devices of the one or more devices are used, the two devices being placed at opposite sides of one layer of the one or more layers of fiber or reinforcement material. 6. A device for climbing up an inclined surface comprising:
a flexible support comprising a back face and a front face, said back face of said support being adapted to abut on said surface during operation of said device, said flexible support being adapted to conform to the curvature profile of said surface to be climbed, said flexible support being suitably extended so as to distribute across said surface the weight of an operator climbing up said surface during operation of said device; fastener for fastening said device so that the position of said device with respect to said surface is substantially constant during operation of said device, said fastener being connected to said support; and climbing elements firmly fixed to said front face of said flexible support, said climbing elements being adapted to allow a user to climb up or be supported at a predetermined position on said surface. 7. The device according to claim 6, wherein said climbing elements comprise a plurality of steps, each step of said plurality of steps protruding outwards from said front face of said support. 8. The device according to claim 7, wherein at least one step of said plurality of steps comprises a rigid body so that, when the device is in operation, said at least one step is solid and cannot substantially be displaced from its original position by the weight of a user. 9. The device according to claim 7, wherein at least one of said steps comprises a pocket, said pocket being firmly fixed to said front face of said support. 10. The device according to claim 9, wherein said pocket of said at least one step comprises an aperture which can be alternatively closed and opened, said aperture for enabling introduction of a support element into said pocket and extraction of said support element from said pocket. 11. The device according to claim 7, wherein said support is formed so as to be continuous and free from cut-out portions between two consecutive steps of said plurality of steps. 12. The device according to claim 7, wherein said climbing elements comprise a plurality of handles adapted to be held by a user when climbing up said surface. 13. The device according to claim 12, wherein at least one handle of said plurality of handles is located at a position of said front face of said support between two consecutive steps of said plurality of steps. 14. The device according to claim 7, wherein at least one of said climbing elements is integrally formed with said support. 15. The device according to claim 7, wherein said climbing elements comprise a rubber or an elastomer. 16. The device according to claim 7, wherein said surface comprises an upper edge lying above a reference horizontal plane and wherein said fastener is adapted to fasten said device to said upper edge of said inclined surface. 17. The device according to claim 7, wherein said fastener comprises one or more strings, each one of said strings being adapted to be tied to a corresponding strut, the position of each said strut being constant with respect to the position of said inclined surface during operation of said device. 18. The device according to claim 6, wherein said fastener comprises one or more rings, each one of said rings being constrained to slide along a pole, the position of said pole being constant with respect to the position of said inclined surface during operation of said device. 19. The device according to claim 6, wherein said fastener comprises one or more suction pads adapted to be fixed to said inclined surface. 20. The device according to claim 6, wherein said flexible support comprises a rubber or an elastomer. 21. The device according to claim 6, wherein the width of said support is greater than the length of each one of said climbing elements. 22. The device according to claim 6, wherein said support has a width greater than 20 cm and/or less than 80 cm. 23. The device according to claim 6, wherein said flexible support comprises a mat. | 1,700 |
3,178 | 14,327,673 | 1,782 | A glass roll includes a glass film formed by a downdraw method. The glass film is wound into a roll using a winding roller in a state in which front and back glass surfaces of the glass film formed in the forming operation are exposed, and during the winding operation, the glass film is superposed on a separable protective sheet. The protective sheet extends beyond both sides in a width direction of the glass film. The protective sheet can further be wound on an outer peripheral surface of the glass film by winding only the protective sheet from a trailing end of the glass film in a winding direction of the glass film. | 1. A glass roll, in which a glass film having exposed front and back surfaces and a protective sheet are wound around a roll core,
wherein the protective sheet is wound one or more turns around the roll core before said winding the glass film around the roll core. 2. The glass roll according to claim 1, wherein the protective sheet is superposed on an outer circumferential side of an outermost layer of the glass film. 3. The glass roll according to claim 1, wherein each end surface in a width direction of the glass film includes a laser splitting surface. 4. A glass roll package body comprising:
a glass roll according to claim 1; and a packaging container housing the glass roll therein, the packaging container covering the entire glass roll. 5. The glass roll package body according to claim 4, wherein the packaging container houses a desiccant therein together with the glass roll. 6. The glass roll package body according to claim 4, wherein the glass roll is supported by a support body in the packaging container, the support body comprising:
a pedestal; and bearings to support the roll core, the bearings provided to the pedestal, wherein the glass roll supported by the bearings is separated from the pedestal. 7. A glass roll, in which a glass film having exposed front and back surfaces and a protective sheet are wound around a roll core,
wherein the protective sheet is superposed on an outer circumferential side of an outermost layer of the glass film. 8. The glass roll according to claim 7, wherein each end surface in a width direction of the glass film includes a laser splitting surface. 9. A glass roll package body comprising:
a glass roll according to claim 7; and a packaging container housing the glass roll therein, the packaging container covering the entire glass roll. 10. The glass roll package body according to claim 9, wherein the packaging container houses a desiccant therein together with the glass roll. 11. The glass roll package body according to claim 9, wherein the glass roll is supported by a support body in the packaging container, the support body comprising:
a pedestal; and bearings to support the roll core, the bearings provided to the pedestal, wherein the glass roll supported by the bearings is separated from the pedestal. | A glass roll includes a glass film formed by a downdraw method. The glass film is wound into a roll using a winding roller in a state in which front and back glass surfaces of the glass film formed in the forming operation are exposed, and during the winding operation, the glass film is superposed on a separable protective sheet. The protective sheet extends beyond both sides in a width direction of the glass film. The protective sheet can further be wound on an outer peripheral surface of the glass film by winding only the protective sheet from a trailing end of the glass film in a winding direction of the glass film.1. A glass roll, in which a glass film having exposed front and back surfaces and a protective sheet are wound around a roll core,
wherein the protective sheet is wound one or more turns around the roll core before said winding the glass film around the roll core. 2. The glass roll according to claim 1, wherein the protective sheet is superposed on an outer circumferential side of an outermost layer of the glass film. 3. The glass roll according to claim 1, wherein each end surface in a width direction of the glass film includes a laser splitting surface. 4. A glass roll package body comprising:
a glass roll according to claim 1; and a packaging container housing the glass roll therein, the packaging container covering the entire glass roll. 5. The glass roll package body according to claim 4, wherein the packaging container houses a desiccant therein together with the glass roll. 6. The glass roll package body according to claim 4, wherein the glass roll is supported by a support body in the packaging container, the support body comprising:
a pedestal; and bearings to support the roll core, the bearings provided to the pedestal, wherein the glass roll supported by the bearings is separated from the pedestal. 7. A glass roll, in which a glass film having exposed front and back surfaces and a protective sheet are wound around a roll core,
wherein the protective sheet is superposed on an outer circumferential side of an outermost layer of the glass film. 8. The glass roll according to claim 7, wherein each end surface in a width direction of the glass film includes a laser splitting surface. 9. A glass roll package body comprising:
a glass roll according to claim 7; and a packaging container housing the glass roll therein, the packaging container covering the entire glass roll. 10. The glass roll package body according to claim 9, wherein the packaging container houses a desiccant therein together with the glass roll. 11. The glass roll package body according to claim 9, wherein the glass roll is supported by a support body in the packaging container, the support body comprising:
a pedestal; and bearings to support the roll core, the bearings provided to the pedestal, wherein the glass roll supported by the bearings is separated from the pedestal. | 1,700 |
3,179 | 15,392,584 | 1,718 | A baseplate for a temperature controlled substrate support assembly in a vacuum chamber includes a single cavity in an upper surface of the base plate. A cylindrical wall extends upward around an outer perimeter of the base plate to define the cavity. A cover plate arranged on the base plate above the cavity is in thermal contact with the cylindrical wall of the base plate. A plurality of thermoelectric modules is arranged within the cavity in the upper surface of the base plate in thermal contact with the cover plate and the base plate and is sealed from the vacuum chamber and maintained at atmospheric pressure. A plurality of fluid channels is arranged within the base plate below the cavity. A plurality of heat transfer pipes extends downward toward the fluid channels from an upper surface of the base plate within the cavity. | 1. A base plate for a temperature controlled substrate support assembly in a vacuum chamber, the base plate comprising:
an upper surface; a single cavity in the upper surface of the base plate; a cylindrical wall extending upward around an outer perimeter of the base plate to define the cavity; a cover plate arranged on the base plate above the cavity, wherein the cover plate is in thermal contact with the cylindrical wall of the base plate; a plurality of thermoelectric modules arranged within the cavity in the upper surface of the base plate, wherein each of the plurality of thermoelectric modules is in thermal contact with the cover plate and the base plate, and wherein the cavity and the plurality of thermoelectric modules are sealed from the vacuum chamber and maintained at atmospheric pressure; a plurality of fluid channels arranged within the base plate below the cavity; and a plurality of heat transfer pipes extending downward toward the fluid channels from an upper surface of the base plate within the cavity. 2. The base plate of claim 1, wherein the plurality of heat transfer pipes is configured to increase a thermal conductance between the plurality of thermoelectric modules and the plurality of fluid channels. 3. The base plate of claim 1, further comprising a heat transfer plate, wherein the heat transfer plate is arranged above the plurality of heat transfer pipes and below the plurality of thermoelectric modules. 4. The base plate of claim 3, wherein the heat transfer plate is arranged between and in thermal contact with a lower plate of the base plate and the cylindrical wall. 5. The base plate of claim 3, wherein the heat transfer plate comprises copper. 6. The base plate of claim 1, further comprising a heat transfer sheet arranged in the cavity between the plurality of thermoelectric modules and the upper surface of the base plate, 7. The base plate of claim 6, wherein the heat transfer sheet is in thermal contact with the plurality of heat transfer pipes. 8. The base plate of claim 6, wherein the heat transfer sheet includes a plurality of segments, and wherein each of the segments is in thermal contact with at least one of the plurality of heat transfer pipes. 9. The base plate of claim 6, wherein the heat transfer sheet comprises at least one of copper, aluminum, pyrolytic graphite, and aluminum coated pyrolytic graphite. 10. The base plate of claim 1, wherein the plurality of heat transfer pipes comprises at least one of stainless steel, copper, tin, nickel, brass, silver, chromium, and gold. 11. The base plate of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of heat transfer pipes is configured to (i) contain a liquid, (ii) evaporate the liquid at an upper end of the heat transfer pipe adjacent to the cavity, (iii) cause condensation of the evaporated liquid at a lower end of the heat transfer pipe, and (iv) return the liquid to the upper end of the heat transfer pipe. 12. The base plate of claim 11, wherein the liquid comprises at least one of ammonia and ethanol. 13. The base plate of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of heat transfer pipes extends downward between adjacent ones of the plurality of fluid channels. 14. The base plate of claim 1, wherein lower ends of each of the plurality of heat transfer pipes terminates above the plurality of fluid channels. | A baseplate for a temperature controlled substrate support assembly in a vacuum chamber includes a single cavity in an upper surface of the base plate. A cylindrical wall extends upward around an outer perimeter of the base plate to define the cavity. A cover plate arranged on the base plate above the cavity is in thermal contact with the cylindrical wall of the base plate. A plurality of thermoelectric modules is arranged within the cavity in the upper surface of the base plate in thermal contact with the cover plate and the base plate and is sealed from the vacuum chamber and maintained at atmospheric pressure. A plurality of fluid channels is arranged within the base plate below the cavity. A plurality of heat transfer pipes extends downward toward the fluid channels from an upper surface of the base plate within the cavity.1. A base plate for a temperature controlled substrate support assembly in a vacuum chamber, the base plate comprising:
an upper surface; a single cavity in the upper surface of the base plate; a cylindrical wall extending upward around an outer perimeter of the base plate to define the cavity; a cover plate arranged on the base plate above the cavity, wherein the cover plate is in thermal contact with the cylindrical wall of the base plate; a plurality of thermoelectric modules arranged within the cavity in the upper surface of the base plate, wherein each of the plurality of thermoelectric modules is in thermal contact with the cover plate and the base plate, and wherein the cavity and the plurality of thermoelectric modules are sealed from the vacuum chamber and maintained at atmospheric pressure; a plurality of fluid channels arranged within the base plate below the cavity; and a plurality of heat transfer pipes extending downward toward the fluid channels from an upper surface of the base plate within the cavity. 2. The base plate of claim 1, wherein the plurality of heat transfer pipes is configured to increase a thermal conductance between the plurality of thermoelectric modules and the plurality of fluid channels. 3. The base plate of claim 1, further comprising a heat transfer plate, wherein the heat transfer plate is arranged above the plurality of heat transfer pipes and below the plurality of thermoelectric modules. 4. The base plate of claim 3, wherein the heat transfer plate is arranged between and in thermal contact with a lower plate of the base plate and the cylindrical wall. 5. The base plate of claim 3, wherein the heat transfer plate comprises copper. 6. The base plate of claim 1, further comprising a heat transfer sheet arranged in the cavity between the plurality of thermoelectric modules and the upper surface of the base plate, 7. The base plate of claim 6, wherein the heat transfer sheet is in thermal contact with the plurality of heat transfer pipes. 8. The base plate of claim 6, wherein the heat transfer sheet includes a plurality of segments, and wherein each of the segments is in thermal contact with at least one of the plurality of heat transfer pipes. 9. The base plate of claim 6, wherein the heat transfer sheet comprises at least one of copper, aluminum, pyrolytic graphite, and aluminum coated pyrolytic graphite. 10. The base plate of claim 1, wherein the plurality of heat transfer pipes comprises at least one of stainless steel, copper, tin, nickel, brass, silver, chromium, and gold. 11. The base plate of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of heat transfer pipes is configured to (i) contain a liquid, (ii) evaporate the liquid at an upper end of the heat transfer pipe adjacent to the cavity, (iii) cause condensation of the evaporated liquid at a lower end of the heat transfer pipe, and (iv) return the liquid to the upper end of the heat transfer pipe. 12. The base plate of claim 11, wherein the liquid comprises at least one of ammonia and ethanol. 13. The base plate of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of heat transfer pipes extends downward between adjacent ones of the plurality of fluid channels. 14. The base plate of claim 1, wherein lower ends of each of the plurality of heat transfer pipes terminates above the plurality of fluid channels. | 1,700 |
3,180 | 14,621,608 | 1,741 | A mechanism for bending glass comprising a seating device and a mold configured to bend a substrate to a desired shape, the substrate adaptable to be provided on the seating device. A position of the mold in relation to the seating device can be controlled by a programmable counterweight system. | 1. A mechanism for bending glass comprising:
a seating device; and a mold configured to bend a substrate to a desired shape, the substrate adaptable to be provided on the seating device, wherein a position of the mold in relation to the seating device is controlled by a programmable counterweight system. 2. The mechanism of claim 1, wherein the programmable counterweight system comprises:
a plurality of guide devices fixedly attached to the mold on a proximate end of each device and movably connected to screws at a distal portion of each guide device; an adjustable counterweight connected to each of the plurality of guide devices; and one or more motors configured to attach to the screws, wherein rotational movement of the one or more motors is translated to linear movement of one or more of the plurality of guide devices to effect linear travel of the mold. 3. The mechanism of claim 2, wherein the guide devices are selected from the group consisting of guide rods, chains, cables lifting screws, and combinations thereof. 4. The mechanism of claim 2, further comprising one or more differential gears in communication with the one or more motors, the one or more differential gears configured to laterally or transversely tilt the mold when the one or more motors is actuated. 5. The mechanism of claim 2, wherein the one or more motors further comprises a motor paired with each screw to laterally or transversely tilt the mold when the paired motors are actuated singly or in combination. 6. The mechanism of claim 2, wherein the one or more motors are rotably attached to linkages, the linkages being rotatably attached to respective screws. 7. The mechanism of claim 1, wherein the seating device comprises one or more ring mechanisms. 8. The mechanism of claim 1, wherein the mold is deformable at temperatures greater than 500° C. 9. The mechanism of claim 1, wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of a glass sheet, a laminate structure, chemically strengthened glass, soda lime glass, tempered glass, non-chemically strengthened glass, and combinations thereof. 10. The mechanism of claim 1, wherein the substrate has a thickness of up to about 2.1 mm, up to about 1.5 mm or 1.6 mm, up to about 1.0 mm, up to about 0.7 mm, or in a range of from about 0.5 mm to about 1.6 mm, or from about 0.5 mm to about 0.7 mm or from about 0.3 mm to about 0.7 mm. 11. The mechanism of claim 2, wherein the counterweight system uses pressure profiles, force profiles, temperature profiles or combinations thereof to apply or reduce force of the mold on the seating device as a function of adjustable counterweight, motor speed, or guide rod position. 12. The mechanism of claim 11, wherein the profiles are determined as a function of a value selected from the group consisting of size of the substrate, thickness of the substrate, number of substrates, number of molds, number of seating devices, and combinations thereof. 13. A mechanism for bending thin glass comprising:
a seating device; and a mold configured to bend a substrate to a desired shape, the substrate adaptable to be provided on the seating device, wherein a position of the mold in relation to the seating device is controlled by a programmable counterweight system utilizing a pressure profile, force profile, temperature profile or combinations thereof to apply or reduce force of the mold on the seating device. 14. The mechanism of claim 13, wherein the programmable counterweight system comprises:
a plurality of guide devices fixedly attached to the mold on a proximate end of each rod and movably connected to screws at a distal portion of each guide device; an adjustable counterweight connected to each of the plurality of guide devices; and one or more motors configured to attach to the screws, wherein rotational movement of the one or more motors is translated to linear movement of one or more of the plurality of guide devices to effect linear travel of the mold. 15. The mechanism of claim 14, further comprising one or more differential gears in communication with the one or more motors, the one or more differential gears configured to laterally or transversely tilt the mold when the one or more motors is actuated. 16. The mechanism of claim 14, wherein the one or more motors further comprises a motor paired with each screw to laterally or transversely tilt the mold when the paired motors are actuated singly or in combination. 17. The mechanism of claim 13, wherein the seating device comprises one or more ring mechanisms. 18. The mechanism of claim 13, wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of a glass sheet, a laminate structure, chemically strengthened glass, soda lime glass, tempered glass, non-chemically strengthened glass, and combinations thereof. 19. The mechanism of claim 13, wherein the substrate has a thickness of up to about 2.1 mm, up to about 1.5 mm or 1.6 mm, up to about 1.0 mm, up to about 0.7 mm, or in a range of from about 0.5 mm to about 1.6 mm, or from about 0.5 mm to about 0.7 mm or from about 0.3 mm to about 0.7 mm. 20. A mechanism for bending thin glass comprising:
a seating device; and a mold configured to bend a substrate to a desired shape, the substrate provided on the seating device, wherein a position of the mold in relation to the seating device is controlled by a programmable counterweight system utilizing pressure, force, temperature profiles or combinations thereof to apply or reduce force of the mold on the seating device, and wherein the programmable counterweight system comprises:
a plurality of guide devices fixedly attached to the mold on a proximate end of each rod and movably connected to screws at a distal portion of each device;
an adjustable counterweight connected to each of the plurality of guide devices; and
one or more motors configured to attach to the screws, wherein rotational movement of the one or more motors is translated to linear movement of one or more of the plurality of guide devices to effect linear travel of the mold and to effect lateral or transverse tilt to the mold. | A mechanism for bending glass comprising a seating device and a mold configured to bend a substrate to a desired shape, the substrate adaptable to be provided on the seating device. A position of the mold in relation to the seating device can be controlled by a programmable counterweight system.1. A mechanism for bending glass comprising:
a seating device; and a mold configured to bend a substrate to a desired shape, the substrate adaptable to be provided on the seating device, wherein a position of the mold in relation to the seating device is controlled by a programmable counterweight system. 2. The mechanism of claim 1, wherein the programmable counterweight system comprises:
a plurality of guide devices fixedly attached to the mold on a proximate end of each device and movably connected to screws at a distal portion of each guide device; an adjustable counterweight connected to each of the plurality of guide devices; and one or more motors configured to attach to the screws, wherein rotational movement of the one or more motors is translated to linear movement of one or more of the plurality of guide devices to effect linear travel of the mold. 3. The mechanism of claim 2, wherein the guide devices are selected from the group consisting of guide rods, chains, cables lifting screws, and combinations thereof. 4. The mechanism of claim 2, further comprising one or more differential gears in communication with the one or more motors, the one or more differential gears configured to laterally or transversely tilt the mold when the one or more motors is actuated. 5. The mechanism of claim 2, wherein the one or more motors further comprises a motor paired with each screw to laterally or transversely tilt the mold when the paired motors are actuated singly or in combination. 6. The mechanism of claim 2, wherein the one or more motors are rotably attached to linkages, the linkages being rotatably attached to respective screws. 7. The mechanism of claim 1, wherein the seating device comprises one or more ring mechanisms. 8. The mechanism of claim 1, wherein the mold is deformable at temperatures greater than 500° C. 9. The mechanism of claim 1, wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of a glass sheet, a laminate structure, chemically strengthened glass, soda lime glass, tempered glass, non-chemically strengthened glass, and combinations thereof. 10. The mechanism of claim 1, wherein the substrate has a thickness of up to about 2.1 mm, up to about 1.5 mm or 1.6 mm, up to about 1.0 mm, up to about 0.7 mm, or in a range of from about 0.5 mm to about 1.6 mm, or from about 0.5 mm to about 0.7 mm or from about 0.3 mm to about 0.7 mm. 11. The mechanism of claim 2, wherein the counterweight system uses pressure profiles, force profiles, temperature profiles or combinations thereof to apply or reduce force of the mold on the seating device as a function of adjustable counterweight, motor speed, or guide rod position. 12. The mechanism of claim 11, wherein the profiles are determined as a function of a value selected from the group consisting of size of the substrate, thickness of the substrate, number of substrates, number of molds, number of seating devices, and combinations thereof. 13. A mechanism for bending thin glass comprising:
a seating device; and a mold configured to bend a substrate to a desired shape, the substrate adaptable to be provided on the seating device, wherein a position of the mold in relation to the seating device is controlled by a programmable counterweight system utilizing a pressure profile, force profile, temperature profile or combinations thereof to apply or reduce force of the mold on the seating device. 14. The mechanism of claim 13, wherein the programmable counterweight system comprises:
a plurality of guide devices fixedly attached to the mold on a proximate end of each rod and movably connected to screws at a distal portion of each guide device; an adjustable counterweight connected to each of the plurality of guide devices; and one or more motors configured to attach to the screws, wherein rotational movement of the one or more motors is translated to linear movement of one or more of the plurality of guide devices to effect linear travel of the mold. 15. The mechanism of claim 14, further comprising one or more differential gears in communication with the one or more motors, the one or more differential gears configured to laterally or transversely tilt the mold when the one or more motors is actuated. 16. The mechanism of claim 14, wherein the one or more motors further comprises a motor paired with each screw to laterally or transversely tilt the mold when the paired motors are actuated singly or in combination. 17. The mechanism of claim 13, wherein the seating device comprises one or more ring mechanisms. 18. The mechanism of claim 13, wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of a glass sheet, a laminate structure, chemically strengthened glass, soda lime glass, tempered glass, non-chemically strengthened glass, and combinations thereof. 19. The mechanism of claim 13, wherein the substrate has a thickness of up to about 2.1 mm, up to about 1.5 mm or 1.6 mm, up to about 1.0 mm, up to about 0.7 mm, or in a range of from about 0.5 mm to about 1.6 mm, or from about 0.5 mm to about 0.7 mm or from about 0.3 mm to about 0.7 mm. 20. A mechanism for bending thin glass comprising:
a seating device; and a mold configured to bend a substrate to a desired shape, the substrate provided on the seating device, wherein a position of the mold in relation to the seating device is controlled by a programmable counterweight system utilizing pressure, force, temperature profiles or combinations thereof to apply or reduce force of the mold on the seating device, and wherein the programmable counterweight system comprises:
a plurality of guide devices fixedly attached to the mold on a proximate end of each rod and movably connected to screws at a distal portion of each device;
an adjustable counterweight connected to each of the plurality of guide devices; and
one or more motors configured to attach to the screws, wherein rotational movement of the one or more motors is translated to linear movement of one or more of the plurality of guide devices to effect linear travel of the mold and to effect lateral or transverse tilt to the mold. | 1,700 |
3,181 | 15,714,689 | 1,789 | A chair mat has a top that is a rug or carpet so that the chair mat has the appearance of an area rug. A woven or knitted rug is attached to a mesh material that can carry the loads that are applied to the rug top to hold the rug top from stretching or bunching when casters of a wheeled chair move over the rug top. The chair mat has a rigid layer to which a woven or knitted rug is attached to provide a hard underlying surface over when the wheeled chair may more easily move. The chair mat may be hinged to permit the chair mat to be folded to a smaller configuration where it is more readily stored or transported. | 1. A chair mat providing a rolling surface for a wheeled chair comprising:
a rigid layer having an upper surface and a lower surface and including at least two rigid layer members arranged for folding one onto the other about a hinge; a strength layer attached to the rigid layer and covering the upper surface of the rigid layer to hold the rigid layer members together for folding about the hinge; a fabric floor covering fixedly attached to the strength layer; wherein the fabric floor covering is adhered to the strength layer and the strength layer is adhered to the rigid layer, the adherence of the fabric floor covering to the strength layer and adherence of the strength layer to the rigid layer rigidifying the fabric floor covering so that as casters of a wheeled chair move over an upper surface of the fabric floor covering, the combined fabric floor covering and strength layer resists wrinkling and bunching. 2. The chair mat as set forth in claim 1 wherein the upper surface of the rigid layer defines a rolling surface over which the wheeled chair may move, wherein the fabric floor covering covers the entirety of the rolling surface. 3. The chair mat as set forth in claim 1 wherein the rigid layer members have edges extending between upper and lower surfaces, the rigid layer members being arranged edge to edge along the hinge, the strength material extending across the hinge from one of the rigid layer members to the other of the rigid layer members. 4. The chair mat as set forth in claim 3 wherein the fabric floor covering extends across the hinge from one of the rigid layer members to the other of the rigid layer members. 5. The chair mat as set forth in claim 1 further comprising an anti-skid layer including a top surface fixedly attached to the lower surface of the rigid layer. 6. The chair mat as set forth in claim 5 wherein the anti-skid layer comprises a nonwoven fabric with dots of high friction material spaced over a bottom surface of the nonwoven fabric. 7. The chair mat as set forth in claim 5 wherein the fabric floor covering overlies the strength layer, the strength layer overlies the rigid layer and the rigid layer overlies the anti-skid layer. 8. The chair mat as set forth in claim 7 wherein the fabric floor covering is adhered to the strength layer and the strength layer are adhered to the rigid layer, the strength layer being everywhere interposed between the fabric floor covering and the upper surface of the rigid layer. 9. The chair mat as set forth in claim 8 wherein the fabric floor covering and strength layer are adhered to each other separate from the adherence to the rigid layer. 10. The chair mat as set forth in claim 9 wherein the anti-skid layer is adhered to the rigid layer. 11. The chair mat as set forth in claim 1 wherein the rigid layer has a greater resistance to bending than the strength layer and the fabric floor covering. 12. The chair mat as set forth in claim 11 wherein the rigid layer is formed from a material selected form the group including a polymer and wood. 13. The chair mat as set forth in claim 12 wherein the polymer comprises a material selected form the group including polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate and vinyl. 14. The chair mat as set forth in claim 13 wherein the wood comprises a material selected from a group including naturally occurring wood, medium density fiberboard, high density fiberboard and plywood. 15. The chair mat as set forth in claim 1 wherein the fabric floor covering covers the upper surface of the rigid layer and wraps around edges of the rigid layer. 16. The chair mat as set forth in claim 15 wherein the fabric floor covering includes notches on opposite edges thereof, the notches being aligned with the hinge. 17. The chair mat as set forth in claim 16 wherein the fabric floor covering has corners which are truncated, and the rigid layer has corners of a different shape than the corners of the fabric floor covering. 18. The chair mat as set forth in claim 1 wherein the fabric covering is a woven or knitted structure free of any pile or nap. 19. The chair mat as set forth in claim 18 wherein the fabric is a jacquard woven fabric that is a mix of polyester and acrylic. 20. A chair mat providing a rolling surface for a wheeled chair comprising:
a rug layer formed by one of weaving and knitting and being free of a pile or nap, the rug layer having a bottom surface; a strength layer intimately bonded to the rug layer to form a combined rug and strength layer, the strength layer having a greater resistance to plastic deformation than the rug layer; a rigid layer attached to the combined rug and strength layer, the rigid layer having an upper surface, the rigid layer being harder than the rug layer and the strength layer and having a greater resistance to bending than the rug layer and the strength layer; wherein the combined rug and strength layer is adhered to the rigid layer, the combined rug and strength layer adhered to the rigid layer rigidifying the rug layer so that as casters of a wheeled chair move over an upper surface of the rug layer the combined rug and strength layer resists wrinkling and bunching. 21. The chair mat as set forth in claim 1 wherein the fabric floor covering has adhesive everywhere interposed between the fabric floor covering and the strength layer. 22. The chair mat as set forth in claim 1 wherein, the strength layer is everywhere interposed between the fabric floor covering and the upper surface of the rigid layer. 23. The chair mat as set forth in claim 1 wherein the rigid layer and fabric floor covering layer have a fold configured to fold the chair mat to bring lower surfaces of the rigid members toward each other so that in a folded condition the lower surfaces are closer to each other than upper surfaces of the rigid layer members. 24. The chair mat as set forth in claim 1 wherein the first and second rigid layer members define an outer perimeter, the first and second rigid layer members being collectively sized and shaped to permit the wheeled chair to roll over the upper surface of the rigid layer within the outer perimeter. | A chair mat has a top that is a rug or carpet so that the chair mat has the appearance of an area rug. A woven or knitted rug is attached to a mesh material that can carry the loads that are applied to the rug top to hold the rug top from stretching or bunching when casters of a wheeled chair move over the rug top. The chair mat has a rigid layer to which a woven or knitted rug is attached to provide a hard underlying surface over when the wheeled chair may more easily move. The chair mat may be hinged to permit the chair mat to be folded to a smaller configuration where it is more readily stored or transported.1. A chair mat providing a rolling surface for a wheeled chair comprising:
a rigid layer having an upper surface and a lower surface and including at least two rigid layer members arranged for folding one onto the other about a hinge; a strength layer attached to the rigid layer and covering the upper surface of the rigid layer to hold the rigid layer members together for folding about the hinge; a fabric floor covering fixedly attached to the strength layer; wherein the fabric floor covering is adhered to the strength layer and the strength layer is adhered to the rigid layer, the adherence of the fabric floor covering to the strength layer and adherence of the strength layer to the rigid layer rigidifying the fabric floor covering so that as casters of a wheeled chair move over an upper surface of the fabric floor covering, the combined fabric floor covering and strength layer resists wrinkling and bunching. 2. The chair mat as set forth in claim 1 wherein the upper surface of the rigid layer defines a rolling surface over which the wheeled chair may move, wherein the fabric floor covering covers the entirety of the rolling surface. 3. The chair mat as set forth in claim 1 wherein the rigid layer members have edges extending between upper and lower surfaces, the rigid layer members being arranged edge to edge along the hinge, the strength material extending across the hinge from one of the rigid layer members to the other of the rigid layer members. 4. The chair mat as set forth in claim 3 wherein the fabric floor covering extends across the hinge from one of the rigid layer members to the other of the rigid layer members. 5. The chair mat as set forth in claim 1 further comprising an anti-skid layer including a top surface fixedly attached to the lower surface of the rigid layer. 6. The chair mat as set forth in claim 5 wherein the anti-skid layer comprises a nonwoven fabric with dots of high friction material spaced over a bottom surface of the nonwoven fabric. 7. The chair mat as set forth in claim 5 wherein the fabric floor covering overlies the strength layer, the strength layer overlies the rigid layer and the rigid layer overlies the anti-skid layer. 8. The chair mat as set forth in claim 7 wherein the fabric floor covering is adhered to the strength layer and the strength layer are adhered to the rigid layer, the strength layer being everywhere interposed between the fabric floor covering and the upper surface of the rigid layer. 9. The chair mat as set forth in claim 8 wherein the fabric floor covering and strength layer are adhered to each other separate from the adherence to the rigid layer. 10. The chair mat as set forth in claim 9 wherein the anti-skid layer is adhered to the rigid layer. 11. The chair mat as set forth in claim 1 wherein the rigid layer has a greater resistance to bending than the strength layer and the fabric floor covering. 12. The chair mat as set forth in claim 11 wherein the rigid layer is formed from a material selected form the group including a polymer and wood. 13. The chair mat as set forth in claim 12 wherein the polymer comprises a material selected form the group including polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate and vinyl. 14. The chair mat as set forth in claim 13 wherein the wood comprises a material selected from a group including naturally occurring wood, medium density fiberboard, high density fiberboard and plywood. 15. The chair mat as set forth in claim 1 wherein the fabric floor covering covers the upper surface of the rigid layer and wraps around edges of the rigid layer. 16. The chair mat as set forth in claim 15 wherein the fabric floor covering includes notches on opposite edges thereof, the notches being aligned with the hinge. 17. The chair mat as set forth in claim 16 wherein the fabric floor covering has corners which are truncated, and the rigid layer has corners of a different shape than the corners of the fabric floor covering. 18. The chair mat as set forth in claim 1 wherein the fabric covering is a woven or knitted structure free of any pile or nap. 19. The chair mat as set forth in claim 18 wherein the fabric is a jacquard woven fabric that is a mix of polyester and acrylic. 20. A chair mat providing a rolling surface for a wheeled chair comprising:
a rug layer formed by one of weaving and knitting and being free of a pile or nap, the rug layer having a bottom surface; a strength layer intimately bonded to the rug layer to form a combined rug and strength layer, the strength layer having a greater resistance to plastic deformation than the rug layer; a rigid layer attached to the combined rug and strength layer, the rigid layer having an upper surface, the rigid layer being harder than the rug layer and the strength layer and having a greater resistance to bending than the rug layer and the strength layer; wherein the combined rug and strength layer is adhered to the rigid layer, the combined rug and strength layer adhered to the rigid layer rigidifying the rug layer so that as casters of a wheeled chair move over an upper surface of the rug layer the combined rug and strength layer resists wrinkling and bunching. 21. The chair mat as set forth in claim 1 wherein the fabric floor covering has adhesive everywhere interposed between the fabric floor covering and the strength layer. 22. The chair mat as set forth in claim 1 wherein, the strength layer is everywhere interposed between the fabric floor covering and the upper surface of the rigid layer. 23. The chair mat as set forth in claim 1 wherein the rigid layer and fabric floor covering layer have a fold configured to fold the chair mat to bring lower surfaces of the rigid members toward each other so that in a folded condition the lower surfaces are closer to each other than upper surfaces of the rigid layer members. 24. The chair mat as set forth in claim 1 wherein the first and second rigid layer members define an outer perimeter, the first and second rigid layer members being collectively sized and shaped to permit the wheeled chair to roll over the upper surface of the rigid layer within the outer perimeter. | 1,700 |
3,182 | 13,051,097 | 1,796 | In methods and apparatus for improving the power generated, and thus efficiency of solar cells, a double or triple junction tandem solar cell that has one or two photon filters of the invention in between the solar cell layers, respectively. The photon filter is arranged to reflect photons with wavelength shorter than λ x and arranged to be transparent to photons of wavelength longer than λ x by focussing the lower energy photons out of small area apertures on the other side of the photon filter and arranging the other side of the photon filter to reflect at least some of the photons of wavelength longer than λ x . By using the photon filters of the invention in between the solar cell layers, photons can be trapped between filters to solar cell layers at an energy at which the quantum efficiency of the solar cell layer is the best. | 1. A tandem solar cell, comprising at least two layers of solar cells, the first (200) and the second (201) layer,
a first photon filter (100) is arranged in between the first solar cell layer (200) and the second solar cell layer (201), the first solar cell layer (200) is arranged with the photon filter (100) on the side opposite to the incident side of sunlight, the photon filter (100) is arranged to reflect photons of certain energy (λ2) back into the first solar cell layer (200), the photon filter (100) is arranged to be transparent to photons of other energies (λ1) not arranged to be reflected, and these photons are arranged to enter the second solar cell layer (201), characterised in that,
photon filter (100) is arranged to reflect photons with wavelengths shorter than λ2 from its first side (110, 111) and arranged to be transparent to photons of wavelengths longer than λ2 by focussing (120, 121) the said longer wavelength photons out of small area apertures (140, 141) on the other side opposite to the first side (150, 151) of the photon filter (100, 101) and the other side of the photon filter (100, 101) is arranged to reflect (150, 151) at least some of the said photons of wavelength longer than λ2. 2. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that, the said certain energies (λ2) are energies where the first solar cell layer (200) has higher quantum efficiency (QE) than the second solar cell layer (201), and/or the said other energies (λ1) are energies where the second solar cell layer (201) has higher quantum efficiency (QE) than the first solar cell layer (200). 3. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that, the second solar cell (201) is arranged with a photon reflector on the side opposite to the incident side of sunlight (111) and on the sunlight incident side (150). 4. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that, the photon filter (100, 101) is arranged to focus (120, 121) the said photons of other energies, and the said photons enter through small apertures (140, 141) from the photon filter (100, 101) side opposite to the incident side of sunlight (150, 151). 5. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that, the photon filter (100, 101, 102, 103) is a dielectric stack and/or Rugate filter and/or a combination of both filters. 6. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that, the second solar cell layer (201) is arranged with a second photon filter (101) on the side opposite to the incident side of sunlight. 7. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 6, characterised in that,
the second photon filter (101) is arranged to reflect photons back into the second solar cell (201) with energies that are energies where the second solar cell layer (201) has a high quantum efficiency, the first photon filter (100) is also arranged to reflect photons back into the second solar cell layer (201) with energies that are energies where the second solar cell layer (201) has a high quantum efficiency with a photon reflector (150) that is on the side opposite to the incident side of sunlight in the first photon filter (100), the photon filters (100, 101) are arranged to entrap photons into the second solar cell layer (201) that are at energies where the second solar cell layer (201) has a high quantum efficiency (QE). 8. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 6, characterised in that,
the second photon filter (101) is arranged to be transparent to photons that are not at energies where the second solar cell (201) has a high quantum efficiency (QE), the said transparent photons are arranged to enter a third solar cell (202). 9. A method of producing the solar cell of claim 1. 10. A tandem solar cell, comprising at least two solar cell layers, characterised in that, the said tandem solar (20, 30) cell is arranged to transport an incoming photon to a solar cell layer (200, 201, 202, 203) that has the highest quantum efficiency (QE) at the energy of the said incoming photon in comparison to the other said solar cell layers in the tandem solar cell. 11. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 6, characterised in that, the said transported photons are arranged to be trapped into the said solar cell layer (200, 201, 202, 203) with the best quantum efficiency (QE). 12. A tandem solar cell, comprising at least two layers of solar cells, the first (200) and the second (201) layer, characterised in that,
a first photon filter (110) is arranged in between the first solar cell layer (200) and the second solar cell layer (201), an antireflection layer (160, 165) is arranged between the said first photon filter (110) and the second solar cell layer (201), a second photon filter (170) is arranged between the said antireflection coating (160) and the second solar cell layer (201). 13. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 12, characterised in that, the antireflection layer (160, 165) is established by coarsening the surfaces in the interface between the first photon filter (110) and the second photon filter (170). 14. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 12, characterised in that, the antireflection layer (160) is established with a quarter wavelength antireflection layer. 15. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 12, characterised in that, photons are arranged to be trapped into the solar cell layer with the best relative quantum efficiency (QE). 16. A tandem solar cell comprising at least two layers of solar cells, the first solar cell layer (200) and the second solar cell layer (201), characterised in that, at least one unidirectional photon filter (100) is arranged between the said first (200) and the second (201) solar cell layers. 17. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 16, characterised in that, photons are arranged to be trapped into the solar cell layer (200, 201, 202, 203) with the best relative quantum efficiency (QE). 18. A tandem solar cell comprising at least two layers of solar cells, the first solar cell layer (200) with a band gap energy of Ebg and the second solar cell layer (201), characterised in that, the second solar cell (201) has a lower refractive index than the first solar cell layer (200) at photon energies equal or higher than Ebg. 19. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 18, characterised in that, the second solar cell (201) has a higher refractive index than the first solar cell layer (200) at photon energies lower than Ebg. 20. A tandem solar cell comprising at least two layers of solar cells, the first solar cell layer (200) and the second solar cell layer (201), characterised in that, at least one solar cell layer (200, 201) is arranged to have its quantum efficiency (QE) vs. wavelength function and its refractive index vs. wavelength functions to reach peak and/or high values at the same wavelengths. 21. A portable electronic device comprising at least one solar cell, characterised in that, said portable electronic device features at least one piezoelectric crystal and/or at least one mechanical means arranged to generate electricity from mechanical movement of said portable electronic device. 22. A portable electronic device comprising at least one solar cell, said portable electronic device comprising at least one piezoelectric crystal and/or at least one mechanical means arranged to generate electricity from mechanical movement of said portable electronic device, characterised in that, the said solar cell is a tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 1. | In methods and apparatus for improving the power generated, and thus efficiency of solar cells, a double or triple junction tandem solar cell that has one or two photon filters of the invention in between the solar cell layers, respectively. The photon filter is arranged to reflect photons with wavelength shorter than λ x and arranged to be transparent to photons of wavelength longer than λ x by focussing the lower energy photons out of small area apertures on the other side of the photon filter and arranging the other side of the photon filter to reflect at least some of the photons of wavelength longer than λ x . By using the photon filters of the invention in between the solar cell layers, photons can be trapped between filters to solar cell layers at an energy at which the quantum efficiency of the solar cell layer is the best.1. A tandem solar cell, comprising at least two layers of solar cells, the first (200) and the second (201) layer,
a first photon filter (100) is arranged in between the first solar cell layer (200) and the second solar cell layer (201), the first solar cell layer (200) is arranged with the photon filter (100) on the side opposite to the incident side of sunlight, the photon filter (100) is arranged to reflect photons of certain energy (λ2) back into the first solar cell layer (200), the photon filter (100) is arranged to be transparent to photons of other energies (λ1) not arranged to be reflected, and these photons are arranged to enter the second solar cell layer (201), characterised in that,
photon filter (100) is arranged to reflect photons with wavelengths shorter than λ2 from its first side (110, 111) and arranged to be transparent to photons of wavelengths longer than λ2 by focussing (120, 121) the said longer wavelength photons out of small area apertures (140, 141) on the other side opposite to the first side (150, 151) of the photon filter (100, 101) and the other side of the photon filter (100, 101) is arranged to reflect (150, 151) at least some of the said photons of wavelength longer than λ2. 2. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that, the said certain energies (λ2) are energies where the first solar cell layer (200) has higher quantum efficiency (QE) than the second solar cell layer (201), and/or the said other energies (λ1) are energies where the second solar cell layer (201) has higher quantum efficiency (QE) than the first solar cell layer (200). 3. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that, the second solar cell (201) is arranged with a photon reflector on the side opposite to the incident side of sunlight (111) and on the sunlight incident side (150). 4. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that, the photon filter (100, 101) is arranged to focus (120, 121) the said photons of other energies, and the said photons enter through small apertures (140, 141) from the photon filter (100, 101) side opposite to the incident side of sunlight (150, 151). 5. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that, the photon filter (100, 101, 102, 103) is a dielectric stack and/or Rugate filter and/or a combination of both filters. 6. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that, the second solar cell layer (201) is arranged with a second photon filter (101) on the side opposite to the incident side of sunlight. 7. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 6, characterised in that,
the second photon filter (101) is arranged to reflect photons back into the second solar cell (201) with energies that are energies where the second solar cell layer (201) has a high quantum efficiency, the first photon filter (100) is also arranged to reflect photons back into the second solar cell layer (201) with energies that are energies where the second solar cell layer (201) has a high quantum efficiency with a photon reflector (150) that is on the side opposite to the incident side of sunlight in the first photon filter (100), the photon filters (100, 101) are arranged to entrap photons into the second solar cell layer (201) that are at energies where the second solar cell layer (201) has a high quantum efficiency (QE). 8. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 6, characterised in that,
the second photon filter (101) is arranged to be transparent to photons that are not at energies where the second solar cell (201) has a high quantum efficiency (QE), the said transparent photons are arranged to enter a third solar cell (202). 9. A method of producing the solar cell of claim 1. 10. A tandem solar cell, comprising at least two solar cell layers, characterised in that, the said tandem solar (20, 30) cell is arranged to transport an incoming photon to a solar cell layer (200, 201, 202, 203) that has the highest quantum efficiency (QE) at the energy of the said incoming photon in comparison to the other said solar cell layers in the tandem solar cell. 11. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 6, characterised in that, the said transported photons are arranged to be trapped into the said solar cell layer (200, 201, 202, 203) with the best quantum efficiency (QE). 12. A tandem solar cell, comprising at least two layers of solar cells, the first (200) and the second (201) layer, characterised in that,
a first photon filter (110) is arranged in between the first solar cell layer (200) and the second solar cell layer (201), an antireflection layer (160, 165) is arranged between the said first photon filter (110) and the second solar cell layer (201), a second photon filter (170) is arranged between the said antireflection coating (160) and the second solar cell layer (201). 13. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 12, characterised in that, the antireflection layer (160, 165) is established by coarsening the surfaces in the interface between the first photon filter (110) and the second photon filter (170). 14. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 12, characterised in that, the antireflection layer (160) is established with a quarter wavelength antireflection layer. 15. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 12, characterised in that, photons are arranged to be trapped into the solar cell layer with the best relative quantum efficiency (QE). 16. A tandem solar cell comprising at least two layers of solar cells, the first solar cell layer (200) and the second solar cell layer (201), characterised in that, at least one unidirectional photon filter (100) is arranged between the said first (200) and the second (201) solar cell layers. 17. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 16, characterised in that, photons are arranged to be trapped into the solar cell layer (200, 201, 202, 203) with the best relative quantum efficiency (QE). 18. A tandem solar cell comprising at least two layers of solar cells, the first solar cell layer (200) with a band gap energy of Ebg and the second solar cell layer (201), characterised in that, the second solar cell (201) has a lower refractive index than the first solar cell layer (200) at photon energies equal or higher than Ebg. 19. A tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 18, characterised in that, the second solar cell (201) has a higher refractive index than the first solar cell layer (200) at photon energies lower than Ebg. 20. A tandem solar cell comprising at least two layers of solar cells, the first solar cell layer (200) and the second solar cell layer (201), characterised in that, at least one solar cell layer (200, 201) is arranged to have its quantum efficiency (QE) vs. wavelength function and its refractive index vs. wavelength functions to reach peak and/or high values at the same wavelengths. 21. A portable electronic device comprising at least one solar cell, characterised in that, said portable electronic device features at least one piezoelectric crystal and/or at least one mechanical means arranged to generate electricity from mechanical movement of said portable electronic device. 22. A portable electronic device comprising at least one solar cell, said portable electronic device comprising at least one piezoelectric crystal and/or at least one mechanical means arranged to generate electricity from mechanical movement of said portable electronic device, characterised in that, the said solar cell is a tandem solar cell as claimed in claim 1. | 1,700 |
3,183 | 14,571,272 | 1,713 | Formulations, coatings and methods for coating a corrosion inhibiting formulation on a substrate are provided. The corrosion inhibiting formulation includes (a) at least one resin, (b) at least one Brønsted acid and (c) at least one thio-containing corrosion inhibitor. | 1. A corrosion inhibiting formulation comprising:
(a) at least one resin; (b) at least one Brønsted acid; and (c) at least one thio-containing corrosion inhibitor. 2. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 1, wherein the at least one resin comprises a thermoplastic resin. 3. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 2, wherein the thermoplastic resin is selected from a group consisting of: polyvinyl polymer, polyurethane polymer, acrylate polymer, and styrene polymer, or a combination thereof. 4. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 2, wherein the thermoplastic resin comprises a polyvinyl polymer. 5. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 4, wherein the polyvinyl polymer is selected from a group consisting of a polyvinyl acetal polymer, a polyvinyl butyral polymer and a polyvinyl formal polymer, or a combination thereof. 6. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 4, wherein the polyvinyl polymer comprises a polyvinyl butyral polymer. 7. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 1, wherein the at least one Brønsted acid is selected from a group consisting of H3PO4; H2SO4; HX, wherein X is Cl, Br or F; and HNO3; or a combination thereof. 8. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 1, wherein the at least one Brønsted acid comprises H3PO4. 9. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 1, wherein the at least one thio-containing corrosion inhibitor comprises a thiadiazole compound. 10. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 9, wherein the thiadiazole compound is selected from a group consisting of structures (I)-(V):
or a combination thereof, wherein n of structure (V) is equal to or greater than 2. 11. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 9, wherein the thiadiazole compound is selected from a group consisting of:
or a combination thereof. 12. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 1, wherein the at least one thio-containing corrosion inhibitor comprises a metal-containing thiadiazole compound. 13. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 12, wherein the metal-containing thiadiazole compound is selected from a group consisting of:
2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, dipotassium salt; poly[Zn:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (1:1)]; [Al:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (1:3)]; [Al:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (3:1)]; poly[Zn:(bis-(2,5-dithio-1,3,4-thiadiazole) (1:1)]; poly[Fe:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole) (1:1)]; poly[Al:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (1:1)]; and poly[Cu:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (1:1)]; or a combination thereof. 14. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 12, wherein the metal-containing thiadiazole compound is poly[Zn:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (1:1)]. 15. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 1, wherein:
the at least one resin is present in an amount ranging from about 8% (wt/wt) to about 99% (wt/wt); the at least one Brønsted acid is present in an amount ranging from about 1% (wt/wt) to about 10% (wt/wt); and the at least one thio-containing corrosion inhibitor is present in an amount ranging from about 0.01% (wt/wt) to about 30% (wt/wt). 16. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 15, wherein:
the at least one resin comprises polyvinylbutaryl; and the at least one Brønsted acid comprises H3PO4. 17. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 16, wherein the at least one thio-containing corrosion inhibitor is selected from a group consisting of:
or a combination thereof, wherein n of structure (V) is equal to or greater than 2. 18. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 17, wherein the corrosion inhibiting formulation is at least one of formulations (1)-(140):
Polyvinylbutyral
Thio-containing corrosion inhibitor
H3PO4
Formulation
(% wt/wt)
(% wt/wt)
(% wt/wt)
1
74.99
10.0
2
79.99
6.0
3
89.99
4.0
4
98.99
1.0
5
74.9
10.0
6
79.9
6.0
7
89.9
4.0
8
98.9
1.0
9
74.6
10.0
10
50.0
6.0
11
8.2
3.2
12
20.6
1.0
13
70.0
10.0
14
74.4
6.0
15
85.0
4.0
16
94.0
1.0
17
65.0
10.0
18
75.0
6.0
19
80.0
4.0
20
89.0
1.0
21
55.0
10.0
22
65.0
6.0
23
70.0
4.0
24
79.0
1.0
25
50.0
10.0
26
55.0
6.0
27
60.0
4.0
28
69.0
1.0
29
74.99
10.0
30
84.99
6.0
31
89.99
4.0
32
98.99
1.0
33
74.9
10.0
34
84.9
6.0
35
89.9
4.0
36
98.9
1.0
37
74.6
10.0
38
50.0
6.0
39
8.2
3.2
40
20.6
1.0
41
70.0
10.0
42
74.4
6.0
43
85.0
4.0
44
94.0
1.0
45
65.0
10.0
46
70.0
6.0
47
80.0
4.0
48
89.0
1.0
49
55.0
10.0
50
60.0
6.0
51
70.0
4.0
52
79.0
1.0
53
50.0
10.0
54
55.0
6.0
55
60.0
4.0
56
69.0
1.0
57
74.99
10.0
58
84.99
6.0
59
89.99
4.0
60
98.99
1.0
61
74.9
10.0
62
84.9
6.0
63
89.9
4.0
64
98.9
1.0
65
74.6
10.0
66
50.0
6.0
67
8.2
3.2
68
20.6
1.0
69
70.0
10.0
70
74.4
6.0
71
85.0
4.0
72
94.0
1.0
73
65.0
10.0
74
70.0
6.0
75
80.0
4.0
76
89.0
1.0
77
55.0
10.0
78
60.0
6.0
79
70.0
4.0
80
79.0
1.0
81
50.0
10.0
82
55.0
6.0
83
60.0
4.0
84
69.0
1.0
85
74.99
10.0
86
84.99
6.0
87
89.99
4.0
88
98.99
1.0
89
74.9
10.0
90
84.9
6.0
91
89.9
4.0
92
98.9
1.0
93
74.6
10.0
94
50.0
6.0
95
8.2
3.2
96
20.6
1.0
97
70.0
10.0
98
74.4
6.0
99
85.0
4.0
100
94.0
1.0
101
65.0
10.0
102
70.0
6.0
103
80.0
4.0
104
89.0
1.0
105
55.0
10.0
106
60.0
6.0
107
70.0
4.0
108
79.0
1.0
109
50.0
10.0
110
55.0
6.0
111
60.0
4.0
112
69.0
1.0
113
74.99
10.0
114
84.99
6.0
115
89.99
4.0
116
98.99
1.0
117
74.9
10.0
118
84.9
6.0
119
89.9
4.0
120
98.9
1.0
121
74.6
10.0
122
50.0
6.0
123
8.2
3.2
124
20.6
1.0
125
70.0
10.0
126
74.4
6.0
127
85.0
4.0
128
94.0
1.0
129
65.0
10.0
130
70.0
6.0
131
80.0
4.0
132
89.0
1.0
133
55.0
10.0
134
60.0
6.0
135
70.0
4.0
136
79.0
1.0
137
50.0
10.0
138
55.0
6.0
139
60.0
4.0
140
69.0
1.0 19. A substrate coating comprising a corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 1. 20. The substrate coating of claim 19, wherein the at least one resin comprises a thermoplastic resin. 21. The substrate coating of claim 20, wherein the thermoplastic resin is selected from a group consisting of a polyvinyl polymer, a polyurethane polymer, an acrylate polymer and a styrene polymer, or a combination thereof. 22. The substrate coating of claim 20, wherein the thermoplastic resin comprises a polyvinyl polymer. 23. The substrate coating of claim 22, wherein the polyvinyl polymer is selected from a group consisting of a polyvinyl acetal polymer, a polyvinyl butyral polymer and a polyvinyl formal polymer, or a combination thereof. 24. The substrate coating of claim 22, wherein the polyvinyl polymer comprises a polyvinyl butyral polymer. 25. The substrate coating of claim 19, wherein the at least one Brønsted acid is selected from a group consisting of H3PO4; H2SO4; HX, wherein X is Cl, Br or F; and HNO3; or a combination thereof. 26. The substrate coating of claim 19, wherein the at least one Brønsted acid comprises H3PO4. 27. The substrate coating of claim 19, wherein the at least one thio-containing corrosion inhibitor comprises a thiadiazole compound. 28. The substrate coating of claim 27, wherein the thiadiazole compound is selected from a group consisting of structures (I)-(V):
or a combination thereof, wherein n of structure (V) is equal to or greater than 2. 29. The substrate coating of claim 27, wherein the thiadiazole compound is selected from a group consisting of:
or a combination thereof. 30. The substrate coating of claim 19, wherein the at least one thio-containing corrosion inhibitor comprises a metal-containing thiadiazole compound. 31. The substrate coating of claim 30, wherein the metal-containing thiadiazole compound is selected from the group consisting of:
2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, dipotassium salt; poly[Zn:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (1:1)]; [Al:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (1:3)]; [Al:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (3:1)]; poly[Zn:(bis-(2,5-dithio-1,3,4-thiadiazole) (1:1)]; poly[Fe:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole) (1:1)]; poly[Al:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (1:1)]; and poly[Cu:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (1:1)]; or a combination thereof. 32. The substrate coating of claim 30, wherein the metal-containing thiadiazole compound is poly[Zn:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (1:1)]. 33. The substrate coating of claim 19, wherein:
the at least one resin is present in an amount ranging from about 50% (wt/wt) to about 99% (wt/wt); the at least one Brønsted acid is present in an amount ranging from about 1% (wt/wt) to about 10% (wt/wt); and the at least one thio-containing corrosion inhibitor is present in an amount ranging from about 0.01% (wt/wt) to about 30% (wt/wt). 34. The substrate coating of claim 33, wherein:
the at least one resin comprises polyvinylbutaryl; and the at least one Brønsted acid comprises H3PO4. 35. The substrate coating of claim 34, wherein the at least one thio-containing corrosion inhibitor is selected from a group consisting of:
or a combination thereof, wherein n of structure (V) is equal to or greater than 2. 36. The substrate coating of claim 35, wherein the corrosion inhibiting formulation is at least one of formulations (1)-(140):
Poly-
vinyl-
Form-
butyral
H3PO4
ula-
(% wt/
Thio-containing corrosion inhibitor
(% wt/
tion
wt)
(% wt/wt)
wt)
1
74.99
10.0
2
79.99
6.0
3
89.99
4.0
4
98.99
1.0
5
74.9
10.0
6
79.9
6.0
7
89.9
4.0
8
98.9
1.0
9
74.6
10.0
10
50.0
6.0
11
8.2
3.2
12
20.6
1.0
13
70.0
10.0
14
74.4
6.0
15
85.0
4.0
16
94.0
1.0
17
65.0
10.0
18
75.0
6.0
19
8.0
4.0
20
89.0
1.0
21
55.0
10.0
22
65.0
6.0
23
70.0
4.0
24
79.0
1.0
25
50.0
10.0
26
55.0
6.0
27
60.0
4.0
28
69.0
1.0
29
74.99
10.0
30
84.99
6.0
31
89.99
4.0
32
98.99
1.0
33
74.9
10.0
34
84.9
6.0
35
89.9
4.0
36
98.9
1.0
37
74.6
10.0
38
50.0
6.0
39
8.2
3.2
40
20.6
1.0
41
70.0
10.0
42
74.4
6.0
43
85.0
4.0
44
94.0
1.0
45
65.0
10.0
46
70.0
6.0
47
80.0
4.0
48
89.0
1.0
49
55.0
10.0
50
60.0
6.0
51
70.0
4.0
52
79.0
1.0
53
50.0
10.0
54
55.0
6.0
55
60.0
4.0
56
69.0
1.0
57
74.99
10.0
58
84.99
6.0
59
89.99
4.0
60
98.99
1.0
61
74.9
10.0
62
84.9
6.0
63
89.9
4.0
64
98.9
1.0
65
74.6
10.0
66
50.0
6.0
67
8.2
3.2
68
20.6
1.0
69
70.0
10.0
70
74.4
6.0
71
85.0
4.0
72
94.0
1.0
73
65.0
10.0
74
70.0
6.0
75
80.0
4.0
76
89.0
1.0
77
55.0
10.0
78
60.0
6.0
79
70.0
4.0
80
79.0
1.0
81
50.0
10.0
82
55.0
6.0
83
60.0
4.0
84
69.0
1.0
85
74.99
10.0
86
84.99
6.0
87
89.99
4.0
88
98.99
1.0
89
74.9
10.0
90
84.9
6.0
91
89.9
4.0
92
98.9
1.0
93
74.6
10.0
94
50.0
6.0
95
8.2
3.2
96
20.6
1.0
97
70.0
10.0
98
74.4
6.0
99
85.0
4.0
100
94.0
1.0
101
65.0
10.0
102
70.0
6.0
103
80.0
4.0
104
89.0
1.0
105
55.0
10.0
106
60.0
6.0
107
70.0
4.0
108
79.0
1.0
109
50.0
10.0
110
55.0
6.0
111
60.0
4.0
112
69.0
1.0
113
74.99
10.0
114
84.99
6.0
115
89.99
4.0
116
98.99
1.0
117
74.9
10.0
118
84.9
6.0
119
89.9
4.0
120
98.9
1.0
121
74.6
10.0
122
50.0
6.0
123
8.2
3.2
124
20.6
1.0
125
70.0
10.0
126
74.4
6.0
127
85.0
4.0
128
94.0
1.0
129
65.0
10.0
130
70.0
6.0
131
80.0
4.0
132
89.0
1.0
133
55.0
10.0
134
60.0
6.0
135
70.0
4.0
136
79.0
1.0
137
50.0
10.0
138
55.0
6.0
139
60.0
4.0
140
69.0
1.0 37. A method of applying a corrosion inhibitor on a substrate, comprising:
coating the substrate, wherein the coating comprises a corrosion inhibiting formulation according to claim 1; and curing the coating. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein coating the substrate comprises at least one of dipping, brushing, flow-coating, screen-printing, slot-die coating, gravure coating, powder coating, spraying and spin-coating the coating onto the substrate. 39. The method of claim 37, wherein the curing the coating comprises subjecting the coating to a temperature ranging from about 65° F. to about 160° F. | Formulations, coatings and methods for coating a corrosion inhibiting formulation on a substrate are provided. The corrosion inhibiting formulation includes (a) at least one resin, (b) at least one Brønsted acid and (c) at least one thio-containing corrosion inhibitor.1. A corrosion inhibiting formulation comprising:
(a) at least one resin; (b) at least one Brønsted acid; and (c) at least one thio-containing corrosion inhibitor. 2. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 1, wherein the at least one resin comprises a thermoplastic resin. 3. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 2, wherein the thermoplastic resin is selected from a group consisting of: polyvinyl polymer, polyurethane polymer, acrylate polymer, and styrene polymer, or a combination thereof. 4. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 2, wherein the thermoplastic resin comprises a polyvinyl polymer. 5. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 4, wherein the polyvinyl polymer is selected from a group consisting of a polyvinyl acetal polymer, a polyvinyl butyral polymer and a polyvinyl formal polymer, or a combination thereof. 6. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 4, wherein the polyvinyl polymer comprises a polyvinyl butyral polymer. 7. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 1, wherein the at least one Brønsted acid is selected from a group consisting of H3PO4; H2SO4; HX, wherein X is Cl, Br or F; and HNO3; or a combination thereof. 8. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 1, wherein the at least one Brønsted acid comprises H3PO4. 9. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 1, wherein the at least one thio-containing corrosion inhibitor comprises a thiadiazole compound. 10. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 9, wherein the thiadiazole compound is selected from a group consisting of structures (I)-(V):
or a combination thereof, wherein n of structure (V) is equal to or greater than 2. 11. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 9, wherein the thiadiazole compound is selected from a group consisting of:
or a combination thereof. 12. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 1, wherein the at least one thio-containing corrosion inhibitor comprises a metal-containing thiadiazole compound. 13. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 12, wherein the metal-containing thiadiazole compound is selected from a group consisting of:
2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, dipotassium salt; poly[Zn:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (1:1)]; [Al:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (1:3)]; [Al:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (3:1)]; poly[Zn:(bis-(2,5-dithio-1,3,4-thiadiazole) (1:1)]; poly[Fe:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole) (1:1)]; poly[Al:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (1:1)]; and poly[Cu:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (1:1)]; or a combination thereof. 14. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 12, wherein the metal-containing thiadiazole compound is poly[Zn:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (1:1)]. 15. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 1, wherein:
the at least one resin is present in an amount ranging from about 8% (wt/wt) to about 99% (wt/wt); the at least one Brønsted acid is present in an amount ranging from about 1% (wt/wt) to about 10% (wt/wt); and the at least one thio-containing corrosion inhibitor is present in an amount ranging from about 0.01% (wt/wt) to about 30% (wt/wt). 16. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 15, wherein:
the at least one resin comprises polyvinylbutaryl; and the at least one Brønsted acid comprises H3PO4. 17. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 16, wherein the at least one thio-containing corrosion inhibitor is selected from a group consisting of:
or a combination thereof, wherein n of structure (V) is equal to or greater than 2. 18. The corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 17, wherein the corrosion inhibiting formulation is at least one of formulations (1)-(140):
Polyvinylbutyral
Thio-containing corrosion inhibitor
H3PO4
Formulation
(% wt/wt)
(% wt/wt)
(% wt/wt)
1
74.99
10.0
2
79.99
6.0
3
89.99
4.0
4
98.99
1.0
5
74.9
10.0
6
79.9
6.0
7
89.9
4.0
8
98.9
1.0
9
74.6
10.0
10
50.0
6.0
11
8.2
3.2
12
20.6
1.0
13
70.0
10.0
14
74.4
6.0
15
85.0
4.0
16
94.0
1.0
17
65.0
10.0
18
75.0
6.0
19
80.0
4.0
20
89.0
1.0
21
55.0
10.0
22
65.0
6.0
23
70.0
4.0
24
79.0
1.0
25
50.0
10.0
26
55.0
6.0
27
60.0
4.0
28
69.0
1.0
29
74.99
10.0
30
84.99
6.0
31
89.99
4.0
32
98.99
1.0
33
74.9
10.0
34
84.9
6.0
35
89.9
4.0
36
98.9
1.0
37
74.6
10.0
38
50.0
6.0
39
8.2
3.2
40
20.6
1.0
41
70.0
10.0
42
74.4
6.0
43
85.0
4.0
44
94.0
1.0
45
65.0
10.0
46
70.0
6.0
47
80.0
4.0
48
89.0
1.0
49
55.0
10.0
50
60.0
6.0
51
70.0
4.0
52
79.0
1.0
53
50.0
10.0
54
55.0
6.0
55
60.0
4.0
56
69.0
1.0
57
74.99
10.0
58
84.99
6.0
59
89.99
4.0
60
98.99
1.0
61
74.9
10.0
62
84.9
6.0
63
89.9
4.0
64
98.9
1.0
65
74.6
10.0
66
50.0
6.0
67
8.2
3.2
68
20.6
1.0
69
70.0
10.0
70
74.4
6.0
71
85.0
4.0
72
94.0
1.0
73
65.0
10.0
74
70.0
6.0
75
80.0
4.0
76
89.0
1.0
77
55.0
10.0
78
60.0
6.0
79
70.0
4.0
80
79.0
1.0
81
50.0
10.0
82
55.0
6.0
83
60.0
4.0
84
69.0
1.0
85
74.99
10.0
86
84.99
6.0
87
89.99
4.0
88
98.99
1.0
89
74.9
10.0
90
84.9
6.0
91
89.9
4.0
92
98.9
1.0
93
74.6
10.0
94
50.0
6.0
95
8.2
3.2
96
20.6
1.0
97
70.0
10.0
98
74.4
6.0
99
85.0
4.0
100
94.0
1.0
101
65.0
10.0
102
70.0
6.0
103
80.0
4.0
104
89.0
1.0
105
55.0
10.0
106
60.0
6.0
107
70.0
4.0
108
79.0
1.0
109
50.0
10.0
110
55.0
6.0
111
60.0
4.0
112
69.0
1.0
113
74.99
10.0
114
84.99
6.0
115
89.99
4.0
116
98.99
1.0
117
74.9
10.0
118
84.9
6.0
119
89.9
4.0
120
98.9
1.0
121
74.6
10.0
122
50.0
6.0
123
8.2
3.2
124
20.6
1.0
125
70.0
10.0
126
74.4
6.0
127
85.0
4.0
128
94.0
1.0
129
65.0
10.0
130
70.0
6.0
131
80.0
4.0
132
89.0
1.0
133
55.0
10.0
134
60.0
6.0
135
70.0
4.0
136
79.0
1.0
137
50.0
10.0
138
55.0
6.0
139
60.0
4.0
140
69.0
1.0 19. A substrate coating comprising a corrosion inhibiting formulation of claim 1. 20. The substrate coating of claim 19, wherein the at least one resin comprises a thermoplastic resin. 21. The substrate coating of claim 20, wherein the thermoplastic resin is selected from a group consisting of a polyvinyl polymer, a polyurethane polymer, an acrylate polymer and a styrene polymer, or a combination thereof. 22. The substrate coating of claim 20, wherein the thermoplastic resin comprises a polyvinyl polymer. 23. The substrate coating of claim 22, wherein the polyvinyl polymer is selected from a group consisting of a polyvinyl acetal polymer, a polyvinyl butyral polymer and a polyvinyl formal polymer, or a combination thereof. 24. The substrate coating of claim 22, wherein the polyvinyl polymer comprises a polyvinyl butyral polymer. 25. The substrate coating of claim 19, wherein the at least one Brønsted acid is selected from a group consisting of H3PO4; H2SO4; HX, wherein X is Cl, Br or F; and HNO3; or a combination thereof. 26. The substrate coating of claim 19, wherein the at least one Brønsted acid comprises H3PO4. 27. The substrate coating of claim 19, wherein the at least one thio-containing corrosion inhibitor comprises a thiadiazole compound. 28. The substrate coating of claim 27, wherein the thiadiazole compound is selected from a group consisting of structures (I)-(V):
or a combination thereof, wherein n of structure (V) is equal to or greater than 2. 29. The substrate coating of claim 27, wherein the thiadiazole compound is selected from a group consisting of:
or a combination thereof. 30. The substrate coating of claim 19, wherein the at least one thio-containing corrosion inhibitor comprises a metal-containing thiadiazole compound. 31. The substrate coating of claim 30, wherein the metal-containing thiadiazole compound is selected from the group consisting of:
2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, dipotassium salt; poly[Zn:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (1:1)]; [Al:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (1:3)]; [Al:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (3:1)]; poly[Zn:(bis-(2,5-dithio-1,3,4-thiadiazole) (1:1)]; poly[Fe:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole) (1:1)]; poly[Al:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (1:1)]; and poly[Cu:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (1:1)]; or a combination thereof. 32. The substrate coating of claim 30, wherein the metal-containing thiadiazole compound is poly[Zn:2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (1:1)]. 33. The substrate coating of claim 19, wherein:
the at least one resin is present in an amount ranging from about 50% (wt/wt) to about 99% (wt/wt); the at least one Brønsted acid is present in an amount ranging from about 1% (wt/wt) to about 10% (wt/wt); and the at least one thio-containing corrosion inhibitor is present in an amount ranging from about 0.01% (wt/wt) to about 30% (wt/wt). 34. The substrate coating of claim 33, wherein:
the at least one resin comprises polyvinylbutaryl; and the at least one Brønsted acid comprises H3PO4. 35. The substrate coating of claim 34, wherein the at least one thio-containing corrosion inhibitor is selected from a group consisting of:
or a combination thereof, wherein n of structure (V) is equal to or greater than 2. 36. The substrate coating of claim 35, wherein the corrosion inhibiting formulation is at least one of formulations (1)-(140):
Poly-
vinyl-
Form-
butyral
H3PO4
ula-
(% wt/
Thio-containing corrosion inhibitor
(% wt/
tion
wt)
(% wt/wt)
wt)
1
74.99
10.0
2
79.99
6.0
3
89.99
4.0
4
98.99
1.0
5
74.9
10.0
6
79.9
6.0
7
89.9
4.0
8
98.9
1.0
9
74.6
10.0
10
50.0
6.0
11
8.2
3.2
12
20.6
1.0
13
70.0
10.0
14
74.4
6.0
15
85.0
4.0
16
94.0
1.0
17
65.0
10.0
18
75.0
6.0
19
8.0
4.0
20
89.0
1.0
21
55.0
10.0
22
65.0
6.0
23
70.0
4.0
24
79.0
1.0
25
50.0
10.0
26
55.0
6.0
27
60.0
4.0
28
69.0
1.0
29
74.99
10.0
30
84.99
6.0
31
89.99
4.0
32
98.99
1.0
33
74.9
10.0
34
84.9
6.0
35
89.9
4.0
36
98.9
1.0
37
74.6
10.0
38
50.0
6.0
39
8.2
3.2
40
20.6
1.0
41
70.0
10.0
42
74.4
6.0
43
85.0
4.0
44
94.0
1.0
45
65.0
10.0
46
70.0
6.0
47
80.0
4.0
48
89.0
1.0
49
55.0
10.0
50
60.0
6.0
51
70.0
4.0
52
79.0
1.0
53
50.0
10.0
54
55.0
6.0
55
60.0
4.0
56
69.0
1.0
57
74.99
10.0
58
84.99
6.0
59
89.99
4.0
60
98.99
1.0
61
74.9
10.0
62
84.9
6.0
63
89.9
4.0
64
98.9
1.0
65
74.6
10.0
66
50.0
6.0
67
8.2
3.2
68
20.6
1.0
69
70.0
10.0
70
74.4
6.0
71
85.0
4.0
72
94.0
1.0
73
65.0
10.0
74
70.0
6.0
75
80.0
4.0
76
89.0
1.0
77
55.0
10.0
78
60.0
6.0
79
70.0
4.0
80
79.0
1.0
81
50.0
10.0
82
55.0
6.0
83
60.0
4.0
84
69.0
1.0
85
74.99
10.0
86
84.99
6.0
87
89.99
4.0
88
98.99
1.0
89
74.9
10.0
90
84.9
6.0
91
89.9
4.0
92
98.9
1.0
93
74.6
10.0
94
50.0
6.0
95
8.2
3.2
96
20.6
1.0
97
70.0
10.0
98
74.4
6.0
99
85.0
4.0
100
94.0
1.0
101
65.0
10.0
102
70.0
6.0
103
80.0
4.0
104
89.0
1.0
105
55.0
10.0
106
60.0
6.0
107
70.0
4.0
108
79.0
1.0
109
50.0
10.0
110
55.0
6.0
111
60.0
4.0
112
69.0
1.0
113
74.99
10.0
114
84.99
6.0
115
89.99
4.0
116
98.99
1.0
117
74.9
10.0
118
84.9
6.0
119
89.9
4.0
120
98.9
1.0
121
74.6
10.0
122
50.0
6.0
123
8.2
3.2
124
20.6
1.0
125
70.0
10.0
126
74.4
6.0
127
85.0
4.0
128
94.0
1.0
129
65.0
10.0
130
70.0
6.0
131
80.0
4.0
132
89.0
1.0
133
55.0
10.0
134
60.0
6.0
135
70.0
4.0
136
79.0
1.0
137
50.0
10.0
138
55.0
6.0
139
60.0
4.0
140
69.0
1.0 37. A method of applying a corrosion inhibitor on a substrate, comprising:
coating the substrate, wherein the coating comprises a corrosion inhibiting formulation according to claim 1; and curing the coating. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein coating the substrate comprises at least one of dipping, brushing, flow-coating, screen-printing, slot-die coating, gravure coating, powder coating, spraying and spin-coating the coating onto the substrate. 39. The method of claim 37, wherein the curing the coating comprises subjecting the coating to a temperature ranging from about 65° F. to about 160° F. | 1,700 |
3,184 | 15,215,073 | 1,784 | A strengthened glass article having a central tension that is below a threshold value above which the glass exhibits frangible behavior. The central tension varies non-linearly with the thickness of the glass. The glass article may be used as cover plates or windows for portable or mobile electronic devices such as cellular phones, music players, information terminal (IT) devices, including laptop computers, and the like. | 1. A strengthened glass article, the strengthened glass article having a thickness t≦0.5 mm comprising:
an alkali aluminosilicate glass having less than 50 ppm As2O3
an outer region having a depth of layer of at least 30 μm and a compressive stress of at least 600 MPa,
an inner region, wherein the inner region is under a central tension CT, and wherein CT(MPa)>15.7 (MPa/mm)t(mm)+52.5 (MPa) and
wherein the strengthened glass article is substantially non-frangible when subjected to a point impact sufficient to break the strengthened glass article 2. The strengthened glass article of claim 1 has a frangibility index of less than 3. 3. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the strengthened glass article has a thickness t<0.5 mm. 4. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the strengthened glass article has a thickness t of 0.5 mm. 5. The strengthened glass article of claim 2, wherein when the strengthened glass article is broken by the point impact, the strengthened glass article exhibits at least one of fragment size n1 (%≦1 mm) of 0%≦n1≦5%, fragment density n2 (fragments/cm2) of 0 fragments/cm2≦n2≦3 fragments/cm2, crack branching n3 of 0≦n3≦5 and ejection n4 (%≧5 cm) of 0%≦n4≦2%, or combinations thereof. 6. The strengthened glass article according to claim 1, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises: 60-70 mol % SiO2; 6-14 mol % Al2O3; 0-15 mol % B2O3; 0-15 mol % Li2O; 0-20 mol % Na2O; 0-10 mol % K2O; 0-10 mol % CaO; 0-5 mol % ZrO2; 0-1 mol % SnO2; 0-1 mol % CeO2; less than 50 ppm As2O3; and less than 50 ppm Sb2O3; wherein 12 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦20 mol % and 0 mol %≦MgO+CaO≦10 mol %. 7. The strengthened glass article of claim 6, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass further comprises up to 8 mol % MgO. 8. The strengthened glass article of claim 6, wherein 0 mol %<SnO2≦1 mol %. 9. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein t is between 0.3 mm and 0.5 and CT is between about 75.0 and about 94.8 MPa. 10. The strengthened glass article of claim 3, wherein the thickness of the strengthened glass article is 0.3≦t<0.5 mm. 11. The strengthened glass article of claim 10 has a frangibility index of less than 3. 12. The strengthened glass article of claim 11, wherein when the strengthened glass article is broken by the point impact, the strengthened glass article exhibits at least one of fragment size n1 (%≦1 mm) of 0%≦n1≦5%, fragment density n2 (fragments/cm2) of 0 fragments/cm2≦n2≦3 fragments/cm2, crack branching n3 of 0≦n3≦5 and ejection n4 (%≧5 cm) of 0%≦n4≦2%, or combinations thereof. 13. The strengthened glass article according to claim 10, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises: 60-70 mol % SiO2; 6-14 mol % Al2O3; 0-15 mol % B2O3; 0-15 mol % Li2O; 0-20 mol % Na2O; 0-10 mol % K2O; 0-10 mol % CaO; 0-5 mol % ZrO2; 0-1 mol % SnO2; 0-1 mol % CeO2; less than 50 ppm As2O3; and less than 50 ppm Sb2O3; wherein 12 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦20 mol %. 14. The strengthened glass article of claim 13, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass further comprises up to 8 mol % MgO. 15. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass is substantially free of lithium. 16. A strengthened glass article, the strengthened glass article having a thickness t≦0.5 mm comprising:
an alkali aluminosilicate glass having less than 50 ppm As2O3
an outer region having a depth of layer of at least 30 μm and a compressive stress of at least 600 MPa,
an inner region, wherein the inner region is under a central tension CT, and wherein −15.7(MPa/mm)·t(mm)+52.5(MPa)≦CT(MPa)≦−38.7 (MPa/mm)·ln(t)(mm)+48.2 (MPa).
wherein the strengthened glass article is substantially non-frangible when subjected to a point impact sufficient to break the strengthened glass article 17. The strengthened glass article of claim 16 has a frangibility index of less than 3. 18. The strengthened glass article of claim 16, wherein the strengthened glass article has a thickness t<0.5 mm. 19. The strengthened glass article of claim 16, wherein the strengthened glass article has a thickness t of 0.5 mm. 20. The strengthened glass article of claim 17, wherein when the strengthened glass article is broken by the point impact, the strengthened glass article exhibits at least one of fragment size n1 (%≦1 mm) of 0%≦n1≦5%, fragment density n2 (fragments/cm2) of 0 fragments/cm2≦n2≦3 fragments/cm2, crack branching n3 of 0≦n3≦5 and ejection n4 (%≧5 cm) of 0%≦n4≦2%, or combinations thereof. 21. The strengthened glass article according to claim 16, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises: 60-70 mol % SiO2; 6-14 mol % Al2O3; 0-15 mol % B2O3; 0-15 mol % Li2O; 0-20 mol % Na2O; 0-10 mol % K2O; 0-10 mol % CaO; 0-5 mol % ZrO2; 0-1 mol % SnO2; 0-1 mol % CeO2; less than 50 ppm As2O3; and less than 50 ppm Sb2O3; wherein 12 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦20 mol % and 0 mol %≦MgO+CaO≦10 mol %. 22. The strengthened glass article of claim 21, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass further comprises up to 8 mol % MgO. 23. The strengthened glass article of claim 21, wherein 0 mol %<SnO2≦1 mol %. 24. The strengthened glass article of claim 16, wherein t is between 0.3 mm and 0.5 and CT is between about 75.0 and about 94.8 MPa. 25. The strengthened glass article of claim 18, wherein the thickness of the strengthened glass article is 0.3≦t<0.5 mm. 26. The strengthened glass article of claim 25 has a frangibility index of less than 3. 27. The strengthened glass article of claim 26, wherein when the strengthened glass article is broken by the point impact, the strengthened glass article exhibits at least one of fragment size n1 (%≦1 mm) of 0%≦n1≦5%, fragment density n2 (fragments/cm2) of 0 fragments/cm2≦n2≦3 fragments/cm2, crack branching n3 of 0≦n3≦5 and ejection n4 (%≧5 cm) of 0%≦n4≦2%, or combinations thereof. 28. The strengthened glass article according to claim 10, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises: 60-70 mol % SiO2; 6-14 mol % Al2O3; 0-15 mol % B2O3; 0-15 mol % Li2O; 0-20 mol % Na2O; 0-10 mol % K2O; 0-10 mol % CaO; 0-5 mol % ZrO2; 0-1 mol % SnO2; 0-1 mol % CeO2; less than 50 ppm As2O3; and less than 50 ppm Sb2O3; wherein 12 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦20 mol %. 29. The strengthened glass article of claim 28, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass further comprises up to 8 mol % MgO. 30. The strengthened glass article of claim 16, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass is substantially free of lithium. | A strengthened glass article having a central tension that is below a threshold value above which the glass exhibits frangible behavior. The central tension varies non-linearly with the thickness of the glass. The glass article may be used as cover plates or windows for portable or mobile electronic devices such as cellular phones, music players, information terminal (IT) devices, including laptop computers, and the like.1. A strengthened glass article, the strengthened glass article having a thickness t≦0.5 mm comprising:
an alkali aluminosilicate glass having less than 50 ppm As2O3
an outer region having a depth of layer of at least 30 μm and a compressive stress of at least 600 MPa,
an inner region, wherein the inner region is under a central tension CT, and wherein CT(MPa)>15.7 (MPa/mm)t(mm)+52.5 (MPa) and
wherein the strengthened glass article is substantially non-frangible when subjected to a point impact sufficient to break the strengthened glass article 2. The strengthened glass article of claim 1 has a frangibility index of less than 3. 3. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the strengthened glass article has a thickness t<0.5 mm. 4. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the strengthened glass article has a thickness t of 0.5 mm. 5. The strengthened glass article of claim 2, wherein when the strengthened glass article is broken by the point impact, the strengthened glass article exhibits at least one of fragment size n1 (%≦1 mm) of 0%≦n1≦5%, fragment density n2 (fragments/cm2) of 0 fragments/cm2≦n2≦3 fragments/cm2, crack branching n3 of 0≦n3≦5 and ejection n4 (%≧5 cm) of 0%≦n4≦2%, or combinations thereof. 6. The strengthened glass article according to claim 1, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises: 60-70 mol % SiO2; 6-14 mol % Al2O3; 0-15 mol % B2O3; 0-15 mol % Li2O; 0-20 mol % Na2O; 0-10 mol % K2O; 0-10 mol % CaO; 0-5 mol % ZrO2; 0-1 mol % SnO2; 0-1 mol % CeO2; less than 50 ppm As2O3; and less than 50 ppm Sb2O3; wherein 12 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦20 mol % and 0 mol %≦MgO+CaO≦10 mol %. 7. The strengthened glass article of claim 6, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass further comprises up to 8 mol % MgO. 8. The strengthened glass article of claim 6, wherein 0 mol %<SnO2≦1 mol %. 9. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein t is between 0.3 mm and 0.5 and CT is between about 75.0 and about 94.8 MPa. 10. The strengthened glass article of claim 3, wherein the thickness of the strengthened glass article is 0.3≦t<0.5 mm. 11. The strengthened glass article of claim 10 has a frangibility index of less than 3. 12. The strengthened glass article of claim 11, wherein when the strengthened glass article is broken by the point impact, the strengthened glass article exhibits at least one of fragment size n1 (%≦1 mm) of 0%≦n1≦5%, fragment density n2 (fragments/cm2) of 0 fragments/cm2≦n2≦3 fragments/cm2, crack branching n3 of 0≦n3≦5 and ejection n4 (%≧5 cm) of 0%≦n4≦2%, or combinations thereof. 13. The strengthened glass article according to claim 10, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises: 60-70 mol % SiO2; 6-14 mol % Al2O3; 0-15 mol % B2O3; 0-15 mol % Li2O; 0-20 mol % Na2O; 0-10 mol % K2O; 0-10 mol % CaO; 0-5 mol % ZrO2; 0-1 mol % SnO2; 0-1 mol % CeO2; less than 50 ppm As2O3; and less than 50 ppm Sb2O3; wherein 12 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦20 mol %. 14. The strengthened glass article of claim 13, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass further comprises up to 8 mol % MgO. 15. The strengthened glass article of claim 1, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass is substantially free of lithium. 16. A strengthened glass article, the strengthened glass article having a thickness t≦0.5 mm comprising:
an alkali aluminosilicate glass having less than 50 ppm As2O3
an outer region having a depth of layer of at least 30 μm and a compressive stress of at least 600 MPa,
an inner region, wherein the inner region is under a central tension CT, and wherein −15.7(MPa/mm)·t(mm)+52.5(MPa)≦CT(MPa)≦−38.7 (MPa/mm)·ln(t)(mm)+48.2 (MPa).
wherein the strengthened glass article is substantially non-frangible when subjected to a point impact sufficient to break the strengthened glass article 17. The strengthened glass article of claim 16 has a frangibility index of less than 3. 18. The strengthened glass article of claim 16, wherein the strengthened glass article has a thickness t<0.5 mm. 19. The strengthened glass article of claim 16, wherein the strengthened glass article has a thickness t of 0.5 mm. 20. The strengthened glass article of claim 17, wherein when the strengthened glass article is broken by the point impact, the strengthened glass article exhibits at least one of fragment size n1 (%≦1 mm) of 0%≦n1≦5%, fragment density n2 (fragments/cm2) of 0 fragments/cm2≦n2≦3 fragments/cm2, crack branching n3 of 0≦n3≦5 and ejection n4 (%≧5 cm) of 0%≦n4≦2%, or combinations thereof. 21. The strengthened glass article according to claim 16, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises: 60-70 mol % SiO2; 6-14 mol % Al2O3; 0-15 mol % B2O3; 0-15 mol % Li2O; 0-20 mol % Na2O; 0-10 mol % K2O; 0-10 mol % CaO; 0-5 mol % ZrO2; 0-1 mol % SnO2; 0-1 mol % CeO2; less than 50 ppm As2O3; and less than 50 ppm Sb2O3; wherein 12 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦20 mol % and 0 mol %≦MgO+CaO≦10 mol %. 22. The strengthened glass article of claim 21, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass further comprises up to 8 mol % MgO. 23. The strengthened glass article of claim 21, wherein 0 mol %<SnO2≦1 mol %. 24. The strengthened glass article of claim 16, wherein t is between 0.3 mm and 0.5 and CT is between about 75.0 and about 94.8 MPa. 25. The strengthened glass article of claim 18, wherein the thickness of the strengthened glass article is 0.3≦t<0.5 mm. 26. The strengthened glass article of claim 25 has a frangibility index of less than 3. 27. The strengthened glass article of claim 26, wherein when the strengthened glass article is broken by the point impact, the strengthened glass article exhibits at least one of fragment size n1 (%≦1 mm) of 0%≦n1≦5%, fragment density n2 (fragments/cm2) of 0 fragments/cm2≦n2≦3 fragments/cm2, crack branching n3 of 0≦n3≦5 and ejection n4 (%≧5 cm) of 0%≦n4≦2%, or combinations thereof. 28. The strengthened glass article according to claim 10, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises: 60-70 mol % SiO2; 6-14 mol % Al2O3; 0-15 mol % B2O3; 0-15 mol % Li2O; 0-20 mol % Na2O; 0-10 mol % K2O; 0-10 mol % CaO; 0-5 mol % ZrO2; 0-1 mol % SnO2; 0-1 mol % CeO2; less than 50 ppm As2O3; and less than 50 ppm Sb2O3; wherein 12 mol %≦Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦20 mol %. 29. The strengthened glass article of claim 28, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass further comprises up to 8 mol % MgO. 30. The strengthened glass article of claim 16, wherein the alkali aluminosilicate glass is substantially free of lithium. | 1,700 |
3,185 | 14,768,680 | 1,798 | A biological fluid sample analysis chamber and a method for analyzing a biological fluid sample is provided. The chamber includes a first chamber panel, a second chamber panel, and a plurality of beads disposed between the first chamber panel and the second chamber panel, which beads are configured to not reflect light incident to the beads in an amount that appreciably interferes with a photometric analysis of the biologic fluid. | 1. A biological fluid sample analysis chamber, comprising:
a first chamber panel; a second chamber panel; and a plurality of beads disposed between the first chamber panel and the second chamber panel, which beads are configured to not reflect light incident to the beads in an amount that appreciably interferes with a photometric analysis of the biologic fluid. 2. The analysis chamber of claim 1, wherein the plurality of the beads are configured to absorb the incident light in an amount great enough such that any light incident to the beads that is not absorbed does not appreciably interfere with a photometric analysis of the biologic fluid. 3. The analysis chamber of claim 2, wherein the plurality of beads has a color that absorbs light. 4. The analysis chamber of claim 3, wherein the color of the plurality of beads is black. 5. The analysis chamber of claim 3, wherein the exterior of each of the plurality of beads has the color that absorbs the incident light. 6. The analysis chamber of claim 5, wherein each of the plurality of beads is uniformly colored with the color that absorbs the incident light. 7. The analysis chamber of claim 2, wherein the plurality of the beads further comprises one or more materials that are non-reflective to the incident light in an amount great enough such that any light incident to the beads that is reflected does not appreciably interfere with a photometric analysis of the biologic fluid. 8. The analysis chamber of claim 1, wherein the plurality of the beads comprises a material that is non-reflective to the incident light in an amount great enough such that any light incident to the beads that is reflected does not appreciably interfere with a photometric analysis of the biologic fluid. 9. The analysis chamber of claim 1, wherein the chamber is part of a cartridge configured for use in an automated analysis device. 10. The analysis chamber of claim 9, wherein the cartridge includes a collection port in fluid communication with one or more internal channels, and is configured such that the biologic fluid sample can transfer to the analysis chamber. 11. The analysis chamber of claim 1, wherein the beads are configured to inhibit material attaching to their exterior surface, which material emit fluorescent light when illuminated with excitation light. 12. The analysis chamber of claim 1, wherein the plurality of beads comprise a fluorescence quenching material in an amount such that light incident to the beads will not reflect off of the beads in an amount that appreciably interferes with a photometric analysis of the biologic fluid. 13. The analysis chamber of claim l, wherein the fluorescence quenching material is QSY®7. 14. The analysis chamber of claim 1, wherein the first chamber panel has an interior surface and an exterior surface, and the second chamber panel has an interior surface and an exterior surface, and the plurality of beads are disposed between the interior surfaces of the first and second chamber panels, and an anti-reflective coating is disposed on the exterior surface of the first chamber panel, or on the exterior surface of the second chamber panel, or on both. 15. A method of analyzing a biological fluid sample, comprising the steps of:
disposing the biologic fluid sample in an analysis chamber configured to hold the sample quiescently; creating one or more images of the sample using one or more wavelengths of light incident to the sample quiescently residing within the analysis chamber; wherein the analysis chamber has a first chamber panel, a second chamber panel, and a plurality of beads disposed between the first chamber panel and the second chamber panel, which beads are configured to not reflect the light incident to the beads in an amount that appreciably interferes with a photometric analysis of the biologic fluid; and analyzing the sample using at least a portion of the one or more images of the sample. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the plurality of the beads absorb the incident light in an amount great enough such that any light incident to the beads that is not absorbed does not appreciably interfere with a photometric analysis of the biologic fluid. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the plurality of beads has a color that absorbs light. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the color of the plurality of beads is black. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the exterior of each of the plurality of beads has the color that absorbs the incident light. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein each of the plurality of beads is uniformly colored with the color that absorbs the incident light. 21. The method of claim 16, wherein the plurality of the beads further comprises one or more materials that are non-reflective to the incident light in an amount great enough such that any light incident to the beads that is reflected does not appreciably interfere with a photometric analysis of the biologic fluid. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein the plurality of the beads comprises a material that is non-reflective to the incident light in an amount great enough such that any light incident to the beads that is reflected does not appreciably interfere with a photometric analysis of the biologic fluid. 23. The method of claim 15, wherein the beads are configured to inhibit material attaching to their exterior surface, which material emit fluorescent light when illuminated with excitation light. 24. The method of claim 16, wherein the plurality of beads comprise a fluorescence quenching material in an amount such that light incident to the beads will not reflect off of the beads in an amount that appreciably interferes with a photometric analysis of the biologic fluid. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the fluorescence quenching material is QSY®7. 26. The method of claim 15, wherein the first chamber panel has an interior surface and an exterior surface, and the second chamber panel has an interior surface and an exterior surface, and the plurality of beads are disposed between the interior surfaces of the first and second chamber panels, and an anti-reflective coating is disposed on the exterior surface of the first chamber panel, or on the exterior surface of the second chamber panel, or on both. | A biological fluid sample analysis chamber and a method for analyzing a biological fluid sample is provided. The chamber includes a first chamber panel, a second chamber panel, and a plurality of beads disposed between the first chamber panel and the second chamber panel, which beads are configured to not reflect light incident to the beads in an amount that appreciably interferes with a photometric analysis of the biologic fluid.1. A biological fluid sample analysis chamber, comprising:
a first chamber panel; a second chamber panel; and a plurality of beads disposed between the first chamber panel and the second chamber panel, which beads are configured to not reflect light incident to the beads in an amount that appreciably interferes with a photometric analysis of the biologic fluid. 2. The analysis chamber of claim 1, wherein the plurality of the beads are configured to absorb the incident light in an amount great enough such that any light incident to the beads that is not absorbed does not appreciably interfere with a photometric analysis of the biologic fluid. 3. The analysis chamber of claim 2, wherein the plurality of beads has a color that absorbs light. 4. The analysis chamber of claim 3, wherein the color of the plurality of beads is black. 5. The analysis chamber of claim 3, wherein the exterior of each of the plurality of beads has the color that absorbs the incident light. 6. The analysis chamber of claim 5, wherein each of the plurality of beads is uniformly colored with the color that absorbs the incident light. 7. The analysis chamber of claim 2, wherein the plurality of the beads further comprises one or more materials that are non-reflective to the incident light in an amount great enough such that any light incident to the beads that is reflected does not appreciably interfere with a photometric analysis of the biologic fluid. 8. The analysis chamber of claim 1, wherein the plurality of the beads comprises a material that is non-reflective to the incident light in an amount great enough such that any light incident to the beads that is reflected does not appreciably interfere with a photometric analysis of the biologic fluid. 9. The analysis chamber of claim 1, wherein the chamber is part of a cartridge configured for use in an automated analysis device. 10. The analysis chamber of claim 9, wherein the cartridge includes a collection port in fluid communication with one or more internal channels, and is configured such that the biologic fluid sample can transfer to the analysis chamber. 11. The analysis chamber of claim 1, wherein the beads are configured to inhibit material attaching to their exterior surface, which material emit fluorescent light when illuminated with excitation light. 12. The analysis chamber of claim 1, wherein the plurality of beads comprise a fluorescence quenching material in an amount such that light incident to the beads will not reflect off of the beads in an amount that appreciably interferes with a photometric analysis of the biologic fluid. 13. The analysis chamber of claim l, wherein the fluorescence quenching material is QSY®7. 14. The analysis chamber of claim 1, wherein the first chamber panel has an interior surface and an exterior surface, and the second chamber panel has an interior surface and an exterior surface, and the plurality of beads are disposed between the interior surfaces of the first and second chamber panels, and an anti-reflective coating is disposed on the exterior surface of the first chamber panel, or on the exterior surface of the second chamber panel, or on both. 15. A method of analyzing a biological fluid sample, comprising the steps of:
disposing the biologic fluid sample in an analysis chamber configured to hold the sample quiescently; creating one or more images of the sample using one or more wavelengths of light incident to the sample quiescently residing within the analysis chamber; wherein the analysis chamber has a first chamber panel, a second chamber panel, and a plurality of beads disposed between the first chamber panel and the second chamber panel, which beads are configured to not reflect the light incident to the beads in an amount that appreciably interferes with a photometric analysis of the biologic fluid; and analyzing the sample using at least a portion of the one or more images of the sample. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the plurality of the beads absorb the incident light in an amount great enough such that any light incident to the beads that is not absorbed does not appreciably interfere with a photometric analysis of the biologic fluid. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the plurality of beads has a color that absorbs light. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the color of the plurality of beads is black. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the exterior of each of the plurality of beads has the color that absorbs the incident light. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein each of the plurality of beads is uniformly colored with the color that absorbs the incident light. 21. The method of claim 16, wherein the plurality of the beads further comprises one or more materials that are non-reflective to the incident light in an amount great enough such that any light incident to the beads that is reflected does not appreciably interfere with a photometric analysis of the biologic fluid. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein the plurality of the beads comprises a material that is non-reflective to the incident light in an amount great enough such that any light incident to the beads that is reflected does not appreciably interfere with a photometric analysis of the biologic fluid. 23. The method of claim 15, wherein the beads are configured to inhibit material attaching to their exterior surface, which material emit fluorescent light when illuminated with excitation light. 24. The method of claim 16, wherein the plurality of beads comprise a fluorescence quenching material in an amount such that light incident to the beads will not reflect off of the beads in an amount that appreciably interferes with a photometric analysis of the biologic fluid. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the fluorescence quenching material is QSY®7. 26. The method of claim 15, wherein the first chamber panel has an interior surface and an exterior surface, and the second chamber panel has an interior surface and an exterior surface, and the plurality of beads are disposed between the interior surfaces of the first and second chamber panels, and an anti-reflective coating is disposed on the exterior surface of the first chamber panel, or on the exterior surface of the second chamber panel, or on both. | 1,700 |
3,186 | 14,889,347 | 1,774 | The fluidized bed process for preparing polysilicon by chemical vapor deposition is improved by positioning at least one Laval nozzle upstream from a gas inlet into the reactor. | 1.-10. (canceled) 11. A fluidized bed reactor for producing granular polysilicon, comprising: a vessel having an inner reactor tube for a fluidized bed of granular polysilicon, and a reactor base; a heating device for heating the fluidized bed in the inner reactor tube; at least one opening in the reactor base for feeding fluidizing gas, and at least one opening in the reactor base for feeding reaction gas; a device for removing reactor offgas; a feed apparatus for feeding silicon seed particles; and a withdrawal conduit for granular polysilicon product, wherein a Laval nozzle is situated upstream of at least one of the openings in the reactor base, suitable for supercritically expanding at least one mass stream fed to the fluidized bed reactor. 12. The fluidized bed reactor of claim 11, which has at least two openings in the reactor base, each opening having a Laval nozzle situated upstream from the opening. 13. The fluidized bed reactor of claim 11, which has one or more groups of openings in the reactor base, each group comprising at least two openings, wherein a Laval nozzle is situated upstream of each group of openings. 14. The fluidized bed reactor of claim 11, comprising one or more groups of openings in the reactor base, each group comprising at least two openings, wherein one Laval nozzle is situated upstream of each opening, and at least one further Laval nozzle upstream of said one Laval nozzle upstream of said each opening. 15. The fluidized bed reactor of claim 11, wherein the at least one opening in the reactor base upstream of which a Laval nozzle is situated comprises a gas distributor. 16. The fluidized bed reactor of claim 11, wherein the at least one opening in the reactor base upstream of which a Laval nozzle is situated comprises a hole in the base plate, a valve, or a nozzle. 17. A method for producing granular polysilicon in a fluidized bed reactor, comprising fluidizing silicon particles by means of a fluidizing gas that is fed via at least one opening in the reactor base of the fluidized bed reactor, forming a fluidized bed which is heated via a heater to a temperature of 850-1200° C., feeding a silicon-containing reaction gas via at least one opening in the reactor base of the fluidized bed reactor, and depositing silicon onto the silicon particles, wherein at least one mass stream of fluidizing gas or reaction gas fed to the fluidized bed reactor is expanded supercritically, by a Laval nozzle situated upstream of at least one of the openings in the reactor base which expands the at least one mass stream by overpressure prevailing in the Laval nozzle. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the fluidizing gas is H2 and the silicon-containing reaction gas is TCS. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein a fluidized bed reactor of claim 11 is employed as a fluidized bed reactor. | The fluidized bed process for preparing polysilicon by chemical vapor deposition is improved by positioning at least one Laval nozzle upstream from a gas inlet into the reactor.1.-10. (canceled) 11. A fluidized bed reactor for producing granular polysilicon, comprising: a vessel having an inner reactor tube for a fluidized bed of granular polysilicon, and a reactor base; a heating device for heating the fluidized bed in the inner reactor tube; at least one opening in the reactor base for feeding fluidizing gas, and at least one opening in the reactor base for feeding reaction gas; a device for removing reactor offgas; a feed apparatus for feeding silicon seed particles; and a withdrawal conduit for granular polysilicon product, wherein a Laval nozzle is situated upstream of at least one of the openings in the reactor base, suitable for supercritically expanding at least one mass stream fed to the fluidized bed reactor. 12. The fluidized bed reactor of claim 11, which has at least two openings in the reactor base, each opening having a Laval nozzle situated upstream from the opening. 13. The fluidized bed reactor of claim 11, which has one or more groups of openings in the reactor base, each group comprising at least two openings, wherein a Laval nozzle is situated upstream of each group of openings. 14. The fluidized bed reactor of claim 11, comprising one or more groups of openings in the reactor base, each group comprising at least two openings, wherein one Laval nozzle is situated upstream of each opening, and at least one further Laval nozzle upstream of said one Laval nozzle upstream of said each opening. 15. The fluidized bed reactor of claim 11, wherein the at least one opening in the reactor base upstream of which a Laval nozzle is situated comprises a gas distributor. 16. The fluidized bed reactor of claim 11, wherein the at least one opening in the reactor base upstream of which a Laval nozzle is situated comprises a hole in the base plate, a valve, or a nozzle. 17. A method for producing granular polysilicon in a fluidized bed reactor, comprising fluidizing silicon particles by means of a fluidizing gas that is fed via at least one opening in the reactor base of the fluidized bed reactor, forming a fluidized bed which is heated via a heater to a temperature of 850-1200° C., feeding a silicon-containing reaction gas via at least one opening in the reactor base of the fluidized bed reactor, and depositing silicon onto the silicon particles, wherein at least one mass stream of fluidizing gas or reaction gas fed to the fluidized bed reactor is expanded supercritically, by a Laval nozzle situated upstream of at least one of the openings in the reactor base which expands the at least one mass stream by overpressure prevailing in the Laval nozzle. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the fluidizing gas is H2 and the silicon-containing reaction gas is TCS. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein a fluidized bed reactor of claim 11 is employed as a fluidized bed reactor. | 1,700 |
3,187 | 14,190,151 | 1,771 | A low sulphated ash lubricating oil composition comprising an overbased magnesium salicylate detergent and an ashless alkylene bis(dihydrocarbyldithiocarbamate) which exhibits an extended drain interval. | 1. A lubricating oil composition having a sulphated ash content of less than or equal to 1.0 mass % as determined by ASTM D874, the composition comprising or made by admixing:
(A) an oil of lubricating viscosity in a major amount; (B) one or more oil-soluble or oil-dispersible overbased magnesium salicylate detergent(s) having a TBN of greater than or equal to 220 mg/g KOH as determined by ASTM D2896, as an additive in a minor amount; and, (C) an oil-soluble or oil-dispersible ashless alkylene bis(dihydrocarbyldithiocarbamate), as an additive in a minor amount. 2. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ashless alkylene bis(dihydrocarbyldithiocarbamate) is a compound of formula (I):
wherein:
R1, R2, R3 and R4 each independently represent, at each occurrence when used herein, a C1 to C30 hydrocarbyl group; and,
X represents a C1 to C20 alkylene group. 3. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 2, wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 each independently represent a linear or branched C1 to C16 alkyl group. 4. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 2, wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 each independently represent a C1 to C16 alkyl substituted phenyl group or an unsubstituted phenyl group. 5. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 2, wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 are identical. 6. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 2, wherein R1 and R3 each independently represent a branched or linear C1 to C16 alkyl group and R2 and R4 each independently represent a C1 to C16 alkyl substituted phenyl group or an unsubstituted phenyl group 7. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 2, wherein X represents a methylene group. 8. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ashless alkylene bis(dihydrocarbyldithiocarbamate) is methylene bis(dibutyldithiocarbamate). 9. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the one or more overbased magnesium salicylate detergent(s) provides the lubricating oil composition with greater than or equal to 0.05 mass % of magnesium (ASTM D5185), based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. 10. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the one or more overbased magnesium salicylate detergent(s) are the sole metal containing detergent(s) which are present in the lubricating oil composition. 11. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the lubricating oil composition further includes at least 0.05 mass %, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, of an aminic anti-oxidant, a phenolic anti-oxidant or a combination thereof. 12. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the lubricating oil composition further includes an oil-soluble or oil-dispersible organo-molybdenum compound which provides the lubricating oil composition with at least 10 ppm of molybdenum (ASTM D5185), based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. 13. A method of lubricating a spark-ignited or compression-ignited internal combustion engine comprising lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 1. | A low sulphated ash lubricating oil composition comprising an overbased magnesium salicylate detergent and an ashless alkylene bis(dihydrocarbyldithiocarbamate) which exhibits an extended drain interval.1. A lubricating oil composition having a sulphated ash content of less than or equal to 1.0 mass % as determined by ASTM D874, the composition comprising or made by admixing:
(A) an oil of lubricating viscosity in a major amount; (B) one or more oil-soluble or oil-dispersible overbased magnesium salicylate detergent(s) having a TBN of greater than or equal to 220 mg/g KOH as determined by ASTM D2896, as an additive in a minor amount; and, (C) an oil-soluble or oil-dispersible ashless alkylene bis(dihydrocarbyldithiocarbamate), as an additive in a minor amount. 2. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ashless alkylene bis(dihydrocarbyldithiocarbamate) is a compound of formula (I):
wherein:
R1, R2, R3 and R4 each independently represent, at each occurrence when used herein, a C1 to C30 hydrocarbyl group; and,
X represents a C1 to C20 alkylene group. 3. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 2, wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 each independently represent a linear or branched C1 to C16 alkyl group. 4. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 2, wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 each independently represent a C1 to C16 alkyl substituted phenyl group or an unsubstituted phenyl group. 5. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 2, wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 are identical. 6. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 2, wherein R1 and R3 each independently represent a branched or linear C1 to C16 alkyl group and R2 and R4 each independently represent a C1 to C16 alkyl substituted phenyl group or an unsubstituted phenyl group 7. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 2, wherein X represents a methylene group. 8. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ashless alkylene bis(dihydrocarbyldithiocarbamate) is methylene bis(dibutyldithiocarbamate). 9. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the one or more overbased magnesium salicylate detergent(s) provides the lubricating oil composition with greater than or equal to 0.05 mass % of magnesium (ASTM D5185), based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. 10. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the one or more overbased magnesium salicylate detergent(s) are the sole metal containing detergent(s) which are present in the lubricating oil composition. 11. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the lubricating oil composition further includes at least 0.05 mass %, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, of an aminic anti-oxidant, a phenolic anti-oxidant or a combination thereof. 12. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the lubricating oil composition further includes an oil-soluble or oil-dispersible organo-molybdenum compound which provides the lubricating oil composition with at least 10 ppm of molybdenum (ASTM D5185), based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. 13. A method of lubricating a spark-ignited or compression-ignited internal combustion engine comprising lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 1. | 1,700 |
3,188 | 15,006,456 | 1,723 | An electrochemical device includes an anode containing a phosphorus-carbon composite including a conductive carbon matrix and nano-sized phosphorus particles, wherein the nano-sized phosphorus particles are uniformly dispersed on the surface and/or pores of the carbon matrix. | 1. An electrochemical device comprising an anode comprising a phosphorus-carbon composite comprising a conductive carbon matrix and nano-sized phosphorus particles, wherein:
the nano-sized phosphorus particles comprise black phosphorus, red phosphorus, white phosphorus, violet phosphorus, or any combination thereof; the nano-sized phosphorus particles are uniformly dispersed on the surface and/or pores of the carbon matrix; and the carbon matrix comprises:
one or more of graphite, graphene, expanded graphite, reduced graphene oxide, acetylene black, carbon black, a metal-organic framework, porous carbon, carbon spheres, or carbon aerogel; and
one or more of single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotube arrays, polypyrrole, or polyaniline. 2. The electrochemical device of claim 1, wherein the electrochemical device is a sodium-ion battery. 3. The electrochemical device of claim 1, wherein the electrochemical device is a zinc-ion battery. 4. The electrochemical device of claim 1, wherein the electrochemical device is a calcium-ion battery. 5. The electrochemical device of claim 1, wherein the electrochemical device is a magnesium-ion battery. 6. The electrochemical device of claim 1, wherein the electrochemical device is an aluminum-ion battery. 7. The electrochemical device of claim 2, wherein the sodium-ion battery further comprises a cathode, a separator and a non-aqueous electrolyte. 8. The electrochemical device of claim 7, wherein the cathode comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of a cathode active material, a current collector, a conductive carbon material, and a binder. 9. An anode comprising a phosphorus-carbon composite comprising a conductive carbon matrix and nano-sized phosphorus particles, wherein:
the nano-sized phosphorus particles comprise black phosphorus, red phosphorus, white phosphorus, violet phosphorus, or any combination thereof; the nano-sized phosphorus particles are uniformly dispersed on the surface and/or pores of the carbon matrix and the carbon matrix comprises:
one or more of graphite, graphene, expanded graphite, reduced graphene oxide, acetylene black, carbon black, a metal-organic framework, porous carbon, carbon spheres, and carbon aerogel; and
one or more of single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotube arrays, polypyrrole, and polyaniline. 10. The anode of claim 9, further comprising a current collector, a conductive agent, a binder, or any combination thereof. 11. A phosphorus-carbon composite comprising a conductive carbon matrix and nano-sized phosphorus particles, wherein:
the nano-sized phosphorus particles comprise black phosphorus, red phosphorus, white phosphorus, violet phosphorus, or any combination thereof; the nano-sized phosphorus particles are uniformly dispersed on the surface and/or pores of the carbon matrix; and the carbon matrix comprises:
one or more of graphite, graphene, expanded graphite, reduced graphene oxide, acetylene black, carbon black, a metal-organic framework, porous carbon, carbon spheres, or carbon aerogel; and
one or more of single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotube arrays, polypyrrole, or polyaniline. 12. The phosphorus-carbon composite of claim 11, wherein the nano-sized phosphorus particles comprise red phosphorus, black phosphorus, or a combination thereof. 13. The phosphorus-carbon composite of claim 11, wherein the nano-sized phosphorus particles have a particle size of about 1 nm to about 200 nm. 14. The phosphorus-carbon composite of claim 11 having a carbon matrix content of about 1% to about 70% by weight of the composite. 15. The phosphorus-carbon composite of claim 11 having a phosphorus content of about 0.1% to about 99.9% by weight of the composite. 16. A method to prepare the phosphorus-carbon composite of claim 11, the method comprising ball milling a mixture comprising two or more precursors for the conductive carbon matrix; and phosphorus. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the phosphorus is red phosphorus, black phosphorus, or a combination thereof. | An electrochemical device includes an anode containing a phosphorus-carbon composite including a conductive carbon matrix and nano-sized phosphorus particles, wherein the nano-sized phosphorus particles are uniformly dispersed on the surface and/or pores of the carbon matrix.1. An electrochemical device comprising an anode comprising a phosphorus-carbon composite comprising a conductive carbon matrix and nano-sized phosphorus particles, wherein:
the nano-sized phosphorus particles comprise black phosphorus, red phosphorus, white phosphorus, violet phosphorus, or any combination thereof; the nano-sized phosphorus particles are uniformly dispersed on the surface and/or pores of the carbon matrix; and the carbon matrix comprises:
one or more of graphite, graphene, expanded graphite, reduced graphene oxide, acetylene black, carbon black, a metal-organic framework, porous carbon, carbon spheres, or carbon aerogel; and
one or more of single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotube arrays, polypyrrole, or polyaniline. 2. The electrochemical device of claim 1, wherein the electrochemical device is a sodium-ion battery. 3. The electrochemical device of claim 1, wherein the electrochemical device is a zinc-ion battery. 4. The electrochemical device of claim 1, wherein the electrochemical device is a calcium-ion battery. 5. The electrochemical device of claim 1, wherein the electrochemical device is a magnesium-ion battery. 6. The electrochemical device of claim 1, wherein the electrochemical device is an aluminum-ion battery. 7. The electrochemical device of claim 2, wherein the sodium-ion battery further comprises a cathode, a separator and a non-aqueous electrolyte. 8. The electrochemical device of claim 7, wherein the cathode comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of a cathode active material, a current collector, a conductive carbon material, and a binder. 9. An anode comprising a phosphorus-carbon composite comprising a conductive carbon matrix and nano-sized phosphorus particles, wherein:
the nano-sized phosphorus particles comprise black phosphorus, red phosphorus, white phosphorus, violet phosphorus, or any combination thereof; the nano-sized phosphorus particles are uniformly dispersed on the surface and/or pores of the carbon matrix and the carbon matrix comprises:
one or more of graphite, graphene, expanded graphite, reduced graphene oxide, acetylene black, carbon black, a metal-organic framework, porous carbon, carbon spheres, and carbon aerogel; and
one or more of single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotube arrays, polypyrrole, and polyaniline. 10. The anode of claim 9, further comprising a current collector, a conductive agent, a binder, or any combination thereof. 11. A phosphorus-carbon composite comprising a conductive carbon matrix and nano-sized phosphorus particles, wherein:
the nano-sized phosphorus particles comprise black phosphorus, red phosphorus, white phosphorus, violet phosphorus, or any combination thereof; the nano-sized phosphorus particles are uniformly dispersed on the surface and/or pores of the carbon matrix; and the carbon matrix comprises:
one or more of graphite, graphene, expanded graphite, reduced graphene oxide, acetylene black, carbon black, a metal-organic framework, porous carbon, carbon spheres, or carbon aerogel; and
one or more of single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotube arrays, polypyrrole, or polyaniline. 12. The phosphorus-carbon composite of claim 11, wherein the nano-sized phosphorus particles comprise red phosphorus, black phosphorus, or a combination thereof. 13. The phosphorus-carbon composite of claim 11, wherein the nano-sized phosphorus particles have a particle size of about 1 nm to about 200 nm. 14. The phosphorus-carbon composite of claim 11 having a carbon matrix content of about 1% to about 70% by weight of the composite. 15. The phosphorus-carbon composite of claim 11 having a phosphorus content of about 0.1% to about 99.9% by weight of the composite. 16. A method to prepare the phosphorus-carbon composite of claim 11, the method comprising ball milling a mixture comprising two or more precursors for the conductive carbon matrix; and phosphorus. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the phosphorus is red phosphorus, black phosphorus, or a combination thereof. | 1,700 |
3,189 | 13,994,903 | 1,716 | A microwave plasma reactor for manufacturing synthetic diamond material via chemical vapour deposition, the microwave plasma reactor comprising: a plasma chamber; a substrate holder disposed in the plasma chamber for supporting a substrate on which the synthetic diamond material is to be deposited in use; a microwave coupling configuration for feeding microwaves from a microwave generator into the plasma chamber; and a gas flow system for feeding process gases into the plasma chamber and removing them therefrom; wherein the gas flow system comprises a gas inlet nozzle array comprising a plurality of gas inlet nozzles disposed opposite the substrate holder for directing process gases towards the substrate holder, the gas inlet nozzle array comprising: at least six gas inlet nozzles disposed in a substantially parallel or divergent orientation relative to a central axis of the plasma chamber; a gas inlet nozzle number density equal to or greater than 0.1 nozzles/cm 2 , wherein the gas inlet nozzle number density is measured by projecting the nozzles onto a plane whose normal lies parallel to the central axis of the plasma chamber and measuring the gas inlet number density on said plane; and a nozzle area ratio of equal to or greater than 10, wherein the nozzle area ratio is measured by projecting the nozzles onto a plane whose normal lies parallel to the central axis of the plasma chamber, measuring the total area of the gas inlet nozzle area on said plane, dividing by the total number of nozzles to give an area associated with each nozzle, and dividing the area associated with each nozzle by an actual area of each nozzle. | 1. A microwave plasma reactor for manufacturing synthetic diamond material via chemical vapour deposition, the microwave plasma reactor comprising:
a plasma chamber;
a substrate holder disposed in the plasma chamber for supporting a substrate on which the synthetic diamond material is to be deposited in use;
a microwave coupling configuration for feeding microwaves from a microwave generator into the plasma chamber; and
a gas flow system for feeding process gases into the plasma chamber and removing them therefrom;
wherein the gas flow system comprises a gas inlet nozzle array comprising a plurality of gas inlet nozzles disposed opposite the substrate holder for directing process gases towards the substrate holder, the gas inlet nozzle array comprising:
at least six gas inlet nozzles disposed in a substantially parallel or divergent orientation relative to a central axis of the plasma chamber;
a gas inlet nozzle number density equal to or greater than 0.1 nozzles/cm2, wherein the gas inlet nozzle number density is measured by projecting the nozzles onto a plane whose normal lies parallel to the central axis of the plasma chamber and measuring the gas inlet number density on said plane; and
a nozzle area ratio of equal to or greater than 10, wherein the nozzle area ratio is measured by projecting the nozzles onto a plane whose normal lies parallel to the central axis of the plasma chamber, measuring the total area of the gas inlet nozzle area on said plane, dividing by the total number of nozzles to give an area associated with each nozzle, and dividing the area associated with each nozzle by an actual area of each nozzle,
wherein the gas inlet nozzle number density and the nozzle area ratio are calculated over at least 50% of all the gas inlet nozzles in the gas inlet nozzle array. 2. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein the gas inlet nozzle number density is equal to or greater than 10 nozzles/cm2. 3. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein the gas inlet nozzle number density is equal to or less than 100, 50, or 10 nozzles/cm2. 4. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein the nozzle area ratio is equal to or greater than 30, 100, 300, 1000, or 3000. 5. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein the nozzle area ratio is equal to or less than 100000, 30000, or 10000. 6. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein the gas inlet nozzle array comprises equal to or greater than 7, 9, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90, 120, 150, 200, 300, 500, 700, 1000, 1200, 1500 gas inlet nozzles. 7. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein each gas inlet nozzle has an outlet diameter in the range 0.1 mm to 5 mm, 0.2 mm to 3.0 mm, 2.0 mm to 3 mm, 0.2 mm to 2 mm, 0.25 mm to 2 mm, or 0.25 mm to 1.5 mm. 8. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein a ratio of total nozzle area/area of the gas inlet nozzle array is equal to or less than 0.5, 0.35, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.02, 0.01, or 0.007. 9. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein a total area of nozzles in the gas inlet nozzle array, given in mm2, is in a range 1 to 5000, 5 to 3000, 10 to 3000, 20 to 2750, 30 to 2750, or 50 to 2700. 10. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein a total area of the gas inlet nozzle array over which the gas inlet nozzles are spaced, given in mm2, is in a range 100 to 15000, 200 to 15000, 400 to 10000, 800 to 10000, or 1000 to 8000. 11-16. (canceled) 17. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein a minimum distance Dc between the gas inlet nozzle array and the substrate holder is less than or equal to 6Rs, 4Rs, or 2Rs, where Rs is a radius of the substrate holder. 18. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein a maximum radius of the gas inlet nozzle array Rm meets the criteria: Rm×Fm is greater than or equal to Rs, where Rs is a radius of the substrate holder and Fm is equal to or greater than 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, or 1 and equal to or less than 1.5, 1.3, 1.2, or 1.1. 19. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein each gas inlet nozzle has an inlet portion having a first diameter and an outlet portion having a second diameter, the first diameter being larger than the second diameter. 20. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein the microwave coupling configuration for feeding microwaves from the microwave generator into the plasma chamber is disposed at an end of the plasma chamber upstream of the substrate holder, wherein the gas inlet array is disposed in a central region of said end and the microwave coupling configuration comprises a microwave window disposed in a ring around the gas inlet array. 21-26. (canceled) 27. A method of manufacturing synthetic diamond material using the microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, the method comprising:
injecting process gases into the plasma chamber through the plurality of gas inlet nozzles; feeding microwaves from a microwave generator into the plasma chamber through the microwave coupling configuration to form a plasma above a substrate disposed over the substrate holder; and growing synthetic diamond material on a growth surface of the substrate. 28-39. (canceled) | A microwave plasma reactor for manufacturing synthetic diamond material via chemical vapour deposition, the microwave plasma reactor comprising: a plasma chamber; a substrate holder disposed in the plasma chamber for supporting a substrate on which the synthetic diamond material is to be deposited in use; a microwave coupling configuration for feeding microwaves from a microwave generator into the plasma chamber; and a gas flow system for feeding process gases into the plasma chamber and removing them therefrom; wherein the gas flow system comprises a gas inlet nozzle array comprising a plurality of gas inlet nozzles disposed opposite the substrate holder for directing process gases towards the substrate holder, the gas inlet nozzle array comprising: at least six gas inlet nozzles disposed in a substantially parallel or divergent orientation relative to a central axis of the plasma chamber; a gas inlet nozzle number density equal to or greater than 0.1 nozzles/cm 2 , wherein the gas inlet nozzle number density is measured by projecting the nozzles onto a plane whose normal lies parallel to the central axis of the plasma chamber and measuring the gas inlet number density on said plane; and a nozzle area ratio of equal to or greater than 10, wherein the nozzle area ratio is measured by projecting the nozzles onto a plane whose normal lies parallel to the central axis of the plasma chamber, measuring the total area of the gas inlet nozzle area on said plane, dividing by the total number of nozzles to give an area associated with each nozzle, and dividing the area associated with each nozzle by an actual area of each nozzle.1. A microwave plasma reactor for manufacturing synthetic diamond material via chemical vapour deposition, the microwave plasma reactor comprising:
a plasma chamber;
a substrate holder disposed in the plasma chamber for supporting a substrate on which the synthetic diamond material is to be deposited in use;
a microwave coupling configuration for feeding microwaves from a microwave generator into the plasma chamber; and
a gas flow system for feeding process gases into the plasma chamber and removing them therefrom;
wherein the gas flow system comprises a gas inlet nozzle array comprising a plurality of gas inlet nozzles disposed opposite the substrate holder for directing process gases towards the substrate holder, the gas inlet nozzle array comprising:
at least six gas inlet nozzles disposed in a substantially parallel or divergent orientation relative to a central axis of the plasma chamber;
a gas inlet nozzle number density equal to or greater than 0.1 nozzles/cm2, wherein the gas inlet nozzle number density is measured by projecting the nozzles onto a plane whose normal lies parallel to the central axis of the plasma chamber and measuring the gas inlet number density on said plane; and
a nozzle area ratio of equal to or greater than 10, wherein the nozzle area ratio is measured by projecting the nozzles onto a plane whose normal lies parallel to the central axis of the plasma chamber, measuring the total area of the gas inlet nozzle area on said plane, dividing by the total number of nozzles to give an area associated with each nozzle, and dividing the area associated with each nozzle by an actual area of each nozzle,
wherein the gas inlet nozzle number density and the nozzle area ratio are calculated over at least 50% of all the gas inlet nozzles in the gas inlet nozzle array. 2. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein the gas inlet nozzle number density is equal to or greater than 10 nozzles/cm2. 3. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein the gas inlet nozzle number density is equal to or less than 100, 50, or 10 nozzles/cm2. 4. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein the nozzle area ratio is equal to or greater than 30, 100, 300, 1000, or 3000. 5. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein the nozzle area ratio is equal to or less than 100000, 30000, or 10000. 6. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein the gas inlet nozzle array comprises equal to or greater than 7, 9, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90, 120, 150, 200, 300, 500, 700, 1000, 1200, 1500 gas inlet nozzles. 7. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein each gas inlet nozzle has an outlet diameter in the range 0.1 mm to 5 mm, 0.2 mm to 3.0 mm, 2.0 mm to 3 mm, 0.2 mm to 2 mm, 0.25 mm to 2 mm, or 0.25 mm to 1.5 mm. 8. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein a ratio of total nozzle area/area of the gas inlet nozzle array is equal to or less than 0.5, 0.35, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.02, 0.01, or 0.007. 9. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein a total area of nozzles in the gas inlet nozzle array, given in mm2, is in a range 1 to 5000, 5 to 3000, 10 to 3000, 20 to 2750, 30 to 2750, or 50 to 2700. 10. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein a total area of the gas inlet nozzle array over which the gas inlet nozzles are spaced, given in mm2, is in a range 100 to 15000, 200 to 15000, 400 to 10000, 800 to 10000, or 1000 to 8000. 11-16. (canceled) 17. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein a minimum distance Dc between the gas inlet nozzle array and the substrate holder is less than or equal to 6Rs, 4Rs, or 2Rs, where Rs is a radius of the substrate holder. 18. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein a maximum radius of the gas inlet nozzle array Rm meets the criteria: Rm×Fm is greater than or equal to Rs, where Rs is a radius of the substrate holder and Fm is equal to or greater than 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, or 1 and equal to or less than 1.5, 1.3, 1.2, or 1.1. 19. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein each gas inlet nozzle has an inlet portion having a first diameter and an outlet portion having a second diameter, the first diameter being larger than the second diameter. 20. A microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, wherein the microwave coupling configuration for feeding microwaves from the microwave generator into the plasma chamber is disposed at an end of the plasma chamber upstream of the substrate holder, wherein the gas inlet array is disposed in a central region of said end and the microwave coupling configuration comprises a microwave window disposed in a ring around the gas inlet array. 21-26. (canceled) 27. A method of manufacturing synthetic diamond material using the microwave plasma reactor according to claim 1, the method comprising:
injecting process gases into the plasma chamber through the plurality of gas inlet nozzles; feeding microwaves from a microwave generator into the plasma chamber through the microwave coupling configuration to form a plasma above a substrate disposed over the substrate holder; and growing synthetic diamond material on a growth surface of the substrate. 28-39. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,190 | 14,122,208 | 1,787 | Cultured stone materials, and products including the same, have a plastic component and particulate calcium sulfate filler, which may be a calcium sulfate filler in the form of calcium sulfate dihydrate filler that provides fire retardancy, and the filer provides other processing and product benefits. The cultured stone materials may be made by converting a mixture of a plastic component and particulate calcium sulfate filler to a rigid shaped form. | 1. A cultured stone material, comprising a plastic component and particulate calcium sulfate filler, the particulate calcium sulfate filler having a weight average particle size of no larger than 3 microns. 2. A cultured stone material according to claim 1, wherein the plastic component comprises polyester resin. 3. A cultured stone material according to claim 1, wherein the plastic component comprises acrylic resin. 4. A cultured stone material according to claim 1, wherein the plastic component comprises polyurethane resin. 5. A cultured stone material according to claim 1, wherein the plastic component comprises epoxy resin. 6. A cultured stone material according to claim 1, wherein the plastic component comprises a member selected from the group consisting of urea-formaldehyde resin, melamine formaldehyde resin and phenol formaldehyde resin. 7. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein the plastic component is thermoplastic. 8. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein the plastic component is thermosetting. 9. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-8, wherein the particulate calcium sulfate filler has a weight average particle size of no larger than 2 microns. 10. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein at least 90 weight percent of the particles of the particulate calcium sulfate filler are no larger than 6 microns. 11. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-10, wherein the calcium sulfate filler has a purity of at least 98 weight percent. 12. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-11, wherein the particulate calcium sulfate filler is calcium sulfate dihydrate filler. 13. A cultured stone material according to claim 11, wherein the calcium sulfate dihydrate filler comprises calcium sulfate dihydrate mineral product. 14. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-11, wherein the particulate calcium sulfate filler is a calcium sulfate anhydrite filler. 15. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-14, wherein calcium sulfate particles of the particulate calcium sulfate filler are surface-treated. 16. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-15, comprising at least 30 weight percent of the particulate calcium sulfate filler. 17. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-16, comprising at least 50 weight percent of the particulate calcium sulfate filler. 18. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-17, comprising at least 60 weight percent of the particulate calcium sulfate filler. 19. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-18, comprising no more than 96 weight percent of the particulate calcium sulfate filler. 20. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-19, comprising at least 5 weight percent of the plastic component. 21. A cultured stone product according to any one of claims 1-20, wherein the particulate calcium sulfate filler is a calcium sulfate dihydrate filler and the calcium sulfate dihydrate filler is a first fire retardant filler; and
the cultured stone material comprises a second fire retardant filler that is different than the first fire retardant filler. 22. A cultured stone material according to claim 21, wherein the second fire retardant filler has an initial dehydration temperature that is higher than an initial dehydration temperature of the first fire retardant filler. 23. A cultured stone material according to either one of claim 21 or claim 22, wherein the second fire retardant filler is magnesium dihydrate. 24. A cultured stone material according to either one of claim 21 or claim 22 wherein the second inorganic dihydrate filler is aluminum trihydrate. 25. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-24, comprising a particulate decorative component that is different than the particulate calcium sulfate filler. 26. A cultured stone material according to claim 25, wherein the particulate decorative material comprises rock granules. 27. A cultured stone material according to claim 1, wherein:
at least 90 weight percent of the particles of the particulate calcium sulfate filler are no larger than 10 microns; and the calcium sulfate filler has a purity of at least 98 weight percent. the cultured stone material comprises at least 60 weight percent of the particulate calcium sulfate filler; the cultured stone material comprises at least 20 weight percent of the plastic component; and the plastic component comprises a member selected from the group consisting of polyester resin, acrylic resin, polyurethane resin, epoxy resin, urea-formaldehyde resin, melamine formaldehyde resin and phenol formaldehyde resin. 28. A cultured stone material according to claim 27, wherein at least 90 weight percent of the particles of the particulate calcium sulfate filler are no larger than 6 microns 29. A cultured stone material according to claim 28, wherein particulate calcium sulfate filler has a weight average particle size of no larger than 2 microns. 30. A cultured stone material according to claim 29, wherein calcium sulfate particles of the particulate calcium sulfate filler are surface-treated. 31. A cultured stone material according to claim 30, wherein the cultured stone material comprises a particulate decorative component comprising rock granules. 32. A cultured stone material according to claim 31, wherein the particulate calcium sulfate filler is a calcium sulfate mineral product. 33. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 27-32, wherein the particulate calcium sulfate filler is a calcium sulfate dihydrate filler. 34. A cultured stone material according to claim 33, wherein the calcium sulfate dihydrate filler is a first fire retardant filler;
the cultured stone material comprises a second fire retardant filler that is different than the first fire retardant filler; and the first fire retardant filler is present in the cultured stone material at a larger weight percentage concentration than the second fire retardant filler. 35. A cultured stone material according to claim 34, wherein the second fire retardant filler is aluminum trihydrate. 36. A cultured stone material according to claim 34, wherein the second fire retardant filler is magnesium dihydrate 37. A cultured stone material according to claim 36, wherein the magnesium dihydrate is in the form of the mineral brucite. 38. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 27-32, wherein the particulate calcium sulfate filler is an anhydrite filler. 39. A cultured stone material according to claim 38, wherein the anhydrite is insoluble anhydrite. 40. A product comprising the cultured stone material of any one of claims 27-32, wherein the product is in a form selected from the group consisting of a sink, a tub, a spa and a shower unit. 41. A product comprising the cultured stone material of any one of claims 1-39. 42. A product according to claim 41, in the form of a countertop. 43. A product according to claim 41, in the form of a sink. 44. A method for making a cultured stone material, the method comprising converting a mixture to a rigid shaped form, wherein the mixture comprises a plastic component and a particulate calcium sulfate filler, with the particulate calcium sulfate filler having a weight average particle size of no larger than 3 microns. 45. A method according to claim 44, comprising, prior to the converting, forming the mixture into a shape. 46. A method according to claim 45, wherein the forming comprises introducing the mixture into a cavity of a mold. 47. A method according to any one of claims 44-46, wherein the converting comprises curing the mixture. 48. A method according to claim 47, wherein the curing comprises cross-linking polymer of the plastic component. 49. A method according to any one of claims 44-48, wherein the converting comprises cooling the plastic component from an elevated temperature. 50. A method according to any one of claims 44-49, wherein prior to the converting the mixture has a pourable viscosity. 51. A method according to any one of claims 44-50, comprising prior to the converting, preparing the mixture, the preparing comprising mixing the particulate calcium sulfate filler with the plastic component. 52. A method according to any one of claims 44-51, wherein the plastic component comprises acrylic resin. 53. A method according to any one of claims 44-51, wherein the plastic component comprises polyester resin. 54. A method according to any one of claims 44-51, wherein the plastic component comprises polyurethane resin. 55. A method according to any one of claims 44-51, wherein the plastic component comprises epoxy resin. 56. A method according to any one of claims 44-51, wherein the plastic component comprises a member selected from the group consisting of urea-formaldehyde resin, melamine formaldehyde resin and phenol formaldehyde resin. 57. A method according to any one of claims 44-56, wherein the plastic component is thermosetting. 58. A method according to any one of claims 44-56, wherein the plastic component is thermoplastic. 59. A method according to any one of claims 44-58, comprising casting the mixture. 60. A method according to any one of claims 44-58, comprising compression molding the mixture. 61. The method according to any one of claims 44-60, wherein the particulate calcium sulfate filler is as described in any of claims 1-39. 62. A method according to any one of claims 44-61, wherein the plastic component is as described in any of claims 1-39. 63. A method according to any one of claims 44-62, wherein the rigid shaped form is a product according to any of claims 40-43. 64. A method according to any one of claims 44-63, wherein the cultured stone material is according to any one of claims 1-39. 65. Use of particulate calcium sulfate filler having a weight average particle size of no larger than 3 microns as a filler in a cultured stone material. 66. A use according to claim 65, wherein the particulate calcium sulfate filler is as described in any one of claims 1-39. 67. A use according to either one of claim 65 or 66, wherein the cultured stone material is according to any of claims 1-39. 68. A use according to any one of claims 65-67, where in the use is as a fire retardant filler in a cultured stone material. | Cultured stone materials, and products including the same, have a plastic component and particulate calcium sulfate filler, which may be a calcium sulfate filler in the form of calcium sulfate dihydrate filler that provides fire retardancy, and the filer provides other processing and product benefits. The cultured stone materials may be made by converting a mixture of a plastic component and particulate calcium sulfate filler to a rigid shaped form.1. A cultured stone material, comprising a plastic component and particulate calcium sulfate filler, the particulate calcium sulfate filler having a weight average particle size of no larger than 3 microns. 2. A cultured stone material according to claim 1, wherein the plastic component comprises polyester resin. 3. A cultured stone material according to claim 1, wherein the plastic component comprises acrylic resin. 4. A cultured stone material according to claim 1, wherein the plastic component comprises polyurethane resin. 5. A cultured stone material according to claim 1, wherein the plastic component comprises epoxy resin. 6. A cultured stone material according to claim 1, wherein the plastic component comprises a member selected from the group consisting of urea-formaldehyde resin, melamine formaldehyde resin and phenol formaldehyde resin. 7. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein the plastic component is thermoplastic. 8. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein the plastic component is thermosetting. 9. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-8, wherein the particulate calcium sulfate filler has a weight average particle size of no larger than 2 microns. 10. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein at least 90 weight percent of the particles of the particulate calcium sulfate filler are no larger than 6 microns. 11. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-10, wherein the calcium sulfate filler has a purity of at least 98 weight percent. 12. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-11, wherein the particulate calcium sulfate filler is calcium sulfate dihydrate filler. 13. A cultured stone material according to claim 11, wherein the calcium sulfate dihydrate filler comprises calcium sulfate dihydrate mineral product. 14. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-11, wherein the particulate calcium sulfate filler is a calcium sulfate anhydrite filler. 15. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-14, wherein calcium sulfate particles of the particulate calcium sulfate filler are surface-treated. 16. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-15, comprising at least 30 weight percent of the particulate calcium sulfate filler. 17. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-16, comprising at least 50 weight percent of the particulate calcium sulfate filler. 18. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-17, comprising at least 60 weight percent of the particulate calcium sulfate filler. 19. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-18, comprising no more than 96 weight percent of the particulate calcium sulfate filler. 20. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-19, comprising at least 5 weight percent of the plastic component. 21. A cultured stone product according to any one of claims 1-20, wherein the particulate calcium sulfate filler is a calcium sulfate dihydrate filler and the calcium sulfate dihydrate filler is a first fire retardant filler; and
the cultured stone material comprises a second fire retardant filler that is different than the first fire retardant filler. 22. A cultured stone material according to claim 21, wherein the second fire retardant filler has an initial dehydration temperature that is higher than an initial dehydration temperature of the first fire retardant filler. 23. A cultured stone material according to either one of claim 21 or claim 22, wherein the second fire retardant filler is magnesium dihydrate. 24. A cultured stone material according to either one of claim 21 or claim 22 wherein the second inorganic dihydrate filler is aluminum trihydrate. 25. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 1-24, comprising a particulate decorative component that is different than the particulate calcium sulfate filler. 26. A cultured stone material according to claim 25, wherein the particulate decorative material comprises rock granules. 27. A cultured stone material according to claim 1, wherein:
at least 90 weight percent of the particles of the particulate calcium sulfate filler are no larger than 10 microns; and the calcium sulfate filler has a purity of at least 98 weight percent. the cultured stone material comprises at least 60 weight percent of the particulate calcium sulfate filler; the cultured stone material comprises at least 20 weight percent of the plastic component; and the plastic component comprises a member selected from the group consisting of polyester resin, acrylic resin, polyurethane resin, epoxy resin, urea-formaldehyde resin, melamine formaldehyde resin and phenol formaldehyde resin. 28. A cultured stone material according to claim 27, wherein at least 90 weight percent of the particles of the particulate calcium sulfate filler are no larger than 6 microns 29. A cultured stone material according to claim 28, wherein particulate calcium sulfate filler has a weight average particle size of no larger than 2 microns. 30. A cultured stone material according to claim 29, wherein calcium sulfate particles of the particulate calcium sulfate filler are surface-treated. 31. A cultured stone material according to claim 30, wherein the cultured stone material comprises a particulate decorative component comprising rock granules. 32. A cultured stone material according to claim 31, wherein the particulate calcium sulfate filler is a calcium sulfate mineral product. 33. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 27-32, wherein the particulate calcium sulfate filler is a calcium sulfate dihydrate filler. 34. A cultured stone material according to claim 33, wherein the calcium sulfate dihydrate filler is a first fire retardant filler;
the cultured stone material comprises a second fire retardant filler that is different than the first fire retardant filler; and the first fire retardant filler is present in the cultured stone material at a larger weight percentage concentration than the second fire retardant filler. 35. A cultured stone material according to claim 34, wherein the second fire retardant filler is aluminum trihydrate. 36. A cultured stone material according to claim 34, wherein the second fire retardant filler is magnesium dihydrate 37. A cultured stone material according to claim 36, wherein the magnesium dihydrate is in the form of the mineral brucite. 38. A cultured stone material according to any one of claims 27-32, wherein the particulate calcium sulfate filler is an anhydrite filler. 39. A cultured stone material according to claim 38, wherein the anhydrite is insoluble anhydrite. 40. A product comprising the cultured stone material of any one of claims 27-32, wherein the product is in a form selected from the group consisting of a sink, a tub, a spa and a shower unit. 41. A product comprising the cultured stone material of any one of claims 1-39. 42. A product according to claim 41, in the form of a countertop. 43. A product according to claim 41, in the form of a sink. 44. A method for making a cultured stone material, the method comprising converting a mixture to a rigid shaped form, wherein the mixture comprises a plastic component and a particulate calcium sulfate filler, with the particulate calcium sulfate filler having a weight average particle size of no larger than 3 microns. 45. A method according to claim 44, comprising, prior to the converting, forming the mixture into a shape. 46. A method according to claim 45, wherein the forming comprises introducing the mixture into a cavity of a mold. 47. A method according to any one of claims 44-46, wherein the converting comprises curing the mixture. 48. A method according to claim 47, wherein the curing comprises cross-linking polymer of the plastic component. 49. A method according to any one of claims 44-48, wherein the converting comprises cooling the plastic component from an elevated temperature. 50. A method according to any one of claims 44-49, wherein prior to the converting the mixture has a pourable viscosity. 51. A method according to any one of claims 44-50, comprising prior to the converting, preparing the mixture, the preparing comprising mixing the particulate calcium sulfate filler with the plastic component. 52. A method according to any one of claims 44-51, wherein the plastic component comprises acrylic resin. 53. A method according to any one of claims 44-51, wherein the plastic component comprises polyester resin. 54. A method according to any one of claims 44-51, wherein the plastic component comprises polyurethane resin. 55. A method according to any one of claims 44-51, wherein the plastic component comprises epoxy resin. 56. A method according to any one of claims 44-51, wherein the plastic component comprises a member selected from the group consisting of urea-formaldehyde resin, melamine formaldehyde resin and phenol formaldehyde resin. 57. A method according to any one of claims 44-56, wherein the plastic component is thermosetting. 58. A method according to any one of claims 44-56, wherein the plastic component is thermoplastic. 59. A method according to any one of claims 44-58, comprising casting the mixture. 60. A method according to any one of claims 44-58, comprising compression molding the mixture. 61. The method according to any one of claims 44-60, wherein the particulate calcium sulfate filler is as described in any of claims 1-39. 62. A method according to any one of claims 44-61, wherein the plastic component is as described in any of claims 1-39. 63. A method according to any one of claims 44-62, wherein the rigid shaped form is a product according to any of claims 40-43. 64. A method according to any one of claims 44-63, wherein the cultured stone material is according to any one of claims 1-39. 65. Use of particulate calcium sulfate filler having a weight average particle size of no larger than 3 microns as a filler in a cultured stone material. 66. A use according to claim 65, wherein the particulate calcium sulfate filler is as described in any one of claims 1-39. 67. A use according to either one of claim 65 or 66, wherein the cultured stone material is according to any of claims 1-39. 68. A use according to any one of claims 65-67, where in the use is as a fire retardant filler in a cultured stone material. | 1,700 |
3,191 | 14,890,757 | 1,795 | A liquid electrolyte, for an electrochemical gas sensor for detecting NH 3 or gas mixtures containing NH 3 , contains at least one solvent, one conductive salt and/or one organic mediator. The conductive salt is an ionic liquid, an inorganic salt, an organic salt or a mixture thereof. The electrolyte preferably is comprised of (I) water, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate or a mixture thereof as solvent; (ii) LiCl, KCl, tetrabutylammonium toluenesulphonate or 1-hexyl- 3 -methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate as conductive salt; and (iii) tert-butylhydroquinone or anthraquinone-2-sulphonate as organic mediator. | 1. A liquid electrolyte for an electrochemical gas sensor, the liquid electrolyte comprising:
at least one solvent; at least one of a conductive salt and an organic mediator, wherein the conductive salt is an ionic liquid, an inorganic salt, an organic salt or a mixture thereof. 2. An electrolyte according to claim 1, further comprising a buffer, wherein the buffer is a compound corresponding to
R1—(CR2R3)n—SO3H, Formula I
in which n=1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, wherein all R2 and R3 are selected, independently from one another, from among H, NH and OH, and wherein R1 is selected from the group containing piperazinyl, substituted piperazinyl, n-morpholino, cycloalkyl, and tris-(hydroxyalkyl)alkyl. 3. An electrolyte according to claim 2, wherein n=2 or n=3, wherein all R2 and R3 are selected, independently from one another, from among H, NH and OH, and wherein R1 is selected from among [4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1]-piperazinyl, (N-morpholino), N-cyclohexyl, tris-(hydroxymethyl)methyl, wherein the buffer is 3-(N-morpholino)-propanesulfonic acid or 3-(N-morpholino)-ethanesulfonic acid. 4. An electrolyte according to claim 1, further comprising an additional for lowering vapor pressure, wherein the additional component is an alkylene glycol or polyalkylene glycol. 5. An electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the solvent is selected from the group containing water and alkylene carbonate or mixtures thereof. 6. An electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein an anion of the conductive salt is selected from the group containing halides, carbonate, sulfonate, phosphate and/or phosphonate. 7. An electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the conductive salt contains as cations metal ions, onium ions or a mixture as metal ions and onium ions. 8. An electrolyte according to claim 7, wherein the metal ions are selected from among alkali metal ions or alkaline earth metal ions. 9. An electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the onium ions are selected from among ammonium, phosphonium and guanidium cations and heterocyclic cations, selected from among alkylammonium and heterocyclic cations, alkylammonium, imidazolium and/or substituted imidazolium ions, wherein substituted imidazolium ions have a structure corresponding to
wherein R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 may be selected, independently from one another, from among —H, straight-chain or branched alkyl containing 1 to 20 C atoms, straight-chain or branched alkenyl containing 2 to 20 C atoms and one or more double bonds, straight-chain or branched alkinyl containing 2 to 20 C toms and one or more triple bonds, saturated, partially or fully unsaturated cycloalkyl containing 3-7 C atoms, which may be substituted with alkyl groups containing 1 to 6 C atoms, saturated or fully unsaturated heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C1-C6-alkyl or aryl-C1-C6-alkyl, wherein R2, R4 and R5 are H, and R1 and R3 are each, independently from one another, a straight-chain or branched alkyl containing 1 to 20 C atoms. 10. An electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the organic mediator is a polyhydroxy compound, which forms a quinoid system or a naphthalene system during oxidation. 11. An electrolyte according to claim 10, wherein the organic mediator is selected from the group containing ortho-dihydroxybenzene, para-dihydroxybenzene, substituted ortho-dihydroxybenzenes and substituted para-dihydroxybenzenes, dihydroxynaphthalene, substituted dihydroxynaphthalene, anthrahydroquinone and substituted anthrahydroquinone, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, naphthohydroquinone, substituted 1,2- or 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, substituted hydroquinone, substituted naphthohydroquinone, substituted anthrahydroquinone, substituted hydro quinone and substituted 1,2-dihydroxybenzene. 12. An electrolyte according to claim 11, wherein the substituents of the substituted anthraquinones, substituted 1,2-dihydroxybenzene and/or substituted 1,4-hydroquinone are selected from the group containing sulfonyl, tert.-butyl, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, sulfonic acid and/or tert.-butyl. 13. An electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the solvent is comprised of a mixture of propylene carbonate and/or ethylene carbonate, and the conductive salt is comprised of LiCl, KCl, tetrabutylammonium toluene sulfonate and/or 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris-(pentafluoroethyl)-trifluorophosphate or a mixture of two or more of these components, and the organic mediator is comprised of tert.-butylhydroquinone and/or a substituted anthraquinone, anthraquinone 2-sulfonate as the organic mediator. 14. An electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the organic mediator is contained in the electrolyte at a concentration of 10−2 mol/L or less, preferably 10−3 mol/L or less. 15. An electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the organic mediator is contained in the electrolyte at a concentration of 10−6 mol/L or more. 16. A method for preparing an electrolyte, the method comprising the steps of:
charging the solvent into the reaction vessel; adding the buffer; adding the organic mediator; heating of the mixture while stirring for about 15 minutes at 150° C.; stirring for about one hour without further supply of heat until all solids are dissolved; cooling to room temperature; and adding the conductive salt. 17. An electrolyte according to claim 4, wherein the additional component is propylene glycol, ethylene glycol or a mixture of propylene glycol and ethylene glycol. 18. An electrolyte according to claim 5, wherein the solvent is selected from the group containing water, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate or mixtures thereof. 19. An electrolyte according to claim 6, wherein the anion is selected from the group containing alkyl sulfonate, alkenyl sulfonate, aryl sulfonate, alkyl phosphate, alkenyl phosphate, aryl phosphate, substituted alkyl sulfonate, substituted alkenyl sulfonate, substituted aryl sulfonate, substituted alkyl phosphate, substituted alkenyl phosphate, substituted aryl phosphate, halogenated phosphate, halogenated sulfonate, halogenated alkyl sulfonate, halogenated alkenyl sulfonate, halogenated aryl sulfonate, halogenated alkyl phosphate, halogenated alkenyl phosphate, and halogenated aryl phosphate. 20. An electrolyte according to claim 6, wherein the anion is selected from the group containing fluorophosphate, alkyl fluorophosphate and aryl sulfonate, perfluoroalkyl fluorophosphate and toluene sulfonate. | A liquid electrolyte, for an electrochemical gas sensor for detecting NH 3 or gas mixtures containing NH 3 , contains at least one solvent, one conductive salt and/or one organic mediator. The conductive salt is an ionic liquid, an inorganic salt, an organic salt or a mixture thereof. The electrolyte preferably is comprised of (I) water, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate or a mixture thereof as solvent; (ii) LiCl, KCl, tetrabutylammonium toluenesulphonate or 1-hexyl- 3 -methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate as conductive salt; and (iii) tert-butylhydroquinone or anthraquinone-2-sulphonate as organic mediator.1. A liquid electrolyte for an electrochemical gas sensor, the liquid electrolyte comprising:
at least one solvent; at least one of a conductive salt and an organic mediator, wherein the conductive salt is an ionic liquid, an inorganic salt, an organic salt or a mixture thereof. 2. An electrolyte according to claim 1, further comprising a buffer, wherein the buffer is a compound corresponding to
R1—(CR2R3)n—SO3H, Formula I
in which n=1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, wherein all R2 and R3 are selected, independently from one another, from among H, NH and OH, and wherein R1 is selected from the group containing piperazinyl, substituted piperazinyl, n-morpholino, cycloalkyl, and tris-(hydroxyalkyl)alkyl. 3. An electrolyte according to claim 2, wherein n=2 or n=3, wherein all R2 and R3 are selected, independently from one another, from among H, NH and OH, and wherein R1 is selected from among [4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1]-piperazinyl, (N-morpholino), N-cyclohexyl, tris-(hydroxymethyl)methyl, wherein the buffer is 3-(N-morpholino)-propanesulfonic acid or 3-(N-morpholino)-ethanesulfonic acid. 4. An electrolyte according to claim 1, further comprising an additional for lowering vapor pressure, wherein the additional component is an alkylene glycol or polyalkylene glycol. 5. An electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the solvent is selected from the group containing water and alkylene carbonate or mixtures thereof. 6. An electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein an anion of the conductive salt is selected from the group containing halides, carbonate, sulfonate, phosphate and/or phosphonate. 7. An electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the conductive salt contains as cations metal ions, onium ions or a mixture as metal ions and onium ions. 8. An electrolyte according to claim 7, wherein the metal ions are selected from among alkali metal ions or alkaline earth metal ions. 9. An electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the onium ions are selected from among ammonium, phosphonium and guanidium cations and heterocyclic cations, selected from among alkylammonium and heterocyclic cations, alkylammonium, imidazolium and/or substituted imidazolium ions, wherein substituted imidazolium ions have a structure corresponding to
wherein R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 may be selected, independently from one another, from among —H, straight-chain or branched alkyl containing 1 to 20 C atoms, straight-chain or branched alkenyl containing 2 to 20 C atoms and one or more double bonds, straight-chain or branched alkinyl containing 2 to 20 C toms and one or more triple bonds, saturated, partially or fully unsaturated cycloalkyl containing 3-7 C atoms, which may be substituted with alkyl groups containing 1 to 6 C atoms, saturated or fully unsaturated heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C1-C6-alkyl or aryl-C1-C6-alkyl, wherein R2, R4 and R5 are H, and R1 and R3 are each, independently from one another, a straight-chain or branched alkyl containing 1 to 20 C atoms. 10. An electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the organic mediator is a polyhydroxy compound, which forms a quinoid system or a naphthalene system during oxidation. 11. An electrolyte according to claim 10, wherein the organic mediator is selected from the group containing ortho-dihydroxybenzene, para-dihydroxybenzene, substituted ortho-dihydroxybenzenes and substituted para-dihydroxybenzenes, dihydroxynaphthalene, substituted dihydroxynaphthalene, anthrahydroquinone and substituted anthrahydroquinone, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, naphthohydroquinone, substituted 1,2- or 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, substituted hydroquinone, substituted naphthohydroquinone, substituted anthrahydroquinone, substituted hydro quinone and substituted 1,2-dihydroxybenzene. 12. An electrolyte according to claim 11, wherein the substituents of the substituted anthraquinones, substituted 1,2-dihydroxybenzene and/or substituted 1,4-hydroquinone are selected from the group containing sulfonyl, tert.-butyl, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, sulfonic acid and/or tert.-butyl. 13. An electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the solvent is comprised of a mixture of propylene carbonate and/or ethylene carbonate, and the conductive salt is comprised of LiCl, KCl, tetrabutylammonium toluene sulfonate and/or 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris-(pentafluoroethyl)-trifluorophosphate or a mixture of two or more of these components, and the organic mediator is comprised of tert.-butylhydroquinone and/or a substituted anthraquinone, anthraquinone 2-sulfonate as the organic mediator. 14. An electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the organic mediator is contained in the electrolyte at a concentration of 10−2 mol/L or less, preferably 10−3 mol/L or less. 15. An electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the organic mediator is contained in the electrolyte at a concentration of 10−6 mol/L or more. 16. A method for preparing an electrolyte, the method comprising the steps of:
charging the solvent into the reaction vessel; adding the buffer; adding the organic mediator; heating of the mixture while stirring for about 15 minutes at 150° C.; stirring for about one hour without further supply of heat until all solids are dissolved; cooling to room temperature; and adding the conductive salt. 17. An electrolyte according to claim 4, wherein the additional component is propylene glycol, ethylene glycol or a mixture of propylene glycol and ethylene glycol. 18. An electrolyte according to claim 5, wherein the solvent is selected from the group containing water, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate or mixtures thereof. 19. An electrolyte according to claim 6, wherein the anion is selected from the group containing alkyl sulfonate, alkenyl sulfonate, aryl sulfonate, alkyl phosphate, alkenyl phosphate, aryl phosphate, substituted alkyl sulfonate, substituted alkenyl sulfonate, substituted aryl sulfonate, substituted alkyl phosphate, substituted alkenyl phosphate, substituted aryl phosphate, halogenated phosphate, halogenated sulfonate, halogenated alkyl sulfonate, halogenated alkenyl sulfonate, halogenated aryl sulfonate, halogenated alkyl phosphate, halogenated alkenyl phosphate, and halogenated aryl phosphate. 20. An electrolyte according to claim 6, wherein the anion is selected from the group containing fluorophosphate, alkyl fluorophosphate and aryl sulfonate, perfluoroalkyl fluorophosphate and toluene sulfonate. | 1,700 |
3,192 | 13,576,560 | 1,793 | New process to obtain a beverage enriched with fibers and vitamins with added fruit flavors and a beverage from this process, in which is an innovative process having as result an innovative beverage that provides an improvement in the quality of life regarding the health of the intestinal tract, promoting the ingestion of soluble and non-soluble needed in the human organism preventing diseases, promoting hydration, moderating the blood glucose and the levels of lipid in the serum and contributing to appetite moderation, serving as a natural and diet food, being able to be used in normal and strict diets without side effects. Therefore being a functional beverage of a high aggregated value. | 1- PROCESS TO OBTAIN A BEVERAGE ENRICHED WITH FIBERS AND VITAMINS WITH ADDED FRUIT FLAVORS AND A BEVERAGE FROM THIS PROCESS, process to obtain a beverage characterized by having essentially 17 steps from the beginning of the mixture to its distribution to the consumer, being the stages as follows: 1—Place 50 to 70% of water in the tank; 2—Place 200 to 300 l of water in the mixture tank; 3—Add the soluble fiber by the tri-blender; 4—Send to the preparation tank; 5—Repeat the operation until the end of the fiber; 6—Place 200 to 300 l of water in the mixture tank; 7—Add the preservatives; 8—Send to the preparation tank; 9—Place 200 to 300 l of water in the mixture tank; 10—Add the fruit concentrate and send it to preparation tank; 11—Add complementary water to adjust the final volume of water; 12—Send the sample to the lab and wait for the product's approval; 13—Pasteurize; 14—send to the storage tank; 15—Bottle and send to package final beverage; 16—Palleting and Storage; 17—Distribution of the final product. 2- PROCESS TO OBTAIN A BEVERAGE ENRICHED WITH FIBERS AND VITAMINS WITH ADDED FRUIT FLAVORS AND A BEVERAGE FROM THIS PROCESS, beverage obtained according to claim 1, characterized by containing the following components and corresponding percentages, being those: Concentrated fruit juices 65 to 80° brix, from 0.25 to 0.3%; Soluble fiber from 2.2 to 3.1%; Preservatives (Potassium sorbate and Sodium benzoate) from 0.01 to 0.03%; Tropical fruits aroma and others (pineapple and mint, pomegranate, orange, lime, passion fruit, papaya, peach, cajá (hog-plum), mango, strawberry; from 0.003 to 0.06%; Citric acid from 0.1 to 0.3%; Niacin from 0.001 to 0.002%; Folic acid from 0.000010 to 0.000020%; Water from 95 to 99%; Sweetener (aspartame or sodium saccharin or similar) from 0.003 to 0.004%; Acessulfame potassium from 0.003 to 0.004%; Pantothenic acid from 0.00032 to 0.00042%; Pyridoxine from 0.000095 to 0.000100%. | New process to obtain a beverage enriched with fibers and vitamins with added fruit flavors and a beverage from this process, in which is an innovative process having as result an innovative beverage that provides an improvement in the quality of life regarding the health of the intestinal tract, promoting the ingestion of soluble and non-soluble needed in the human organism preventing diseases, promoting hydration, moderating the blood glucose and the levels of lipid in the serum and contributing to appetite moderation, serving as a natural and diet food, being able to be used in normal and strict diets without side effects. Therefore being a functional beverage of a high aggregated value.1- PROCESS TO OBTAIN A BEVERAGE ENRICHED WITH FIBERS AND VITAMINS WITH ADDED FRUIT FLAVORS AND A BEVERAGE FROM THIS PROCESS, process to obtain a beverage characterized by having essentially 17 steps from the beginning of the mixture to its distribution to the consumer, being the stages as follows: 1—Place 50 to 70% of water in the tank; 2—Place 200 to 300 l of water in the mixture tank; 3—Add the soluble fiber by the tri-blender; 4—Send to the preparation tank; 5—Repeat the operation until the end of the fiber; 6—Place 200 to 300 l of water in the mixture tank; 7—Add the preservatives; 8—Send to the preparation tank; 9—Place 200 to 300 l of water in the mixture tank; 10—Add the fruit concentrate and send it to preparation tank; 11—Add complementary water to adjust the final volume of water; 12—Send the sample to the lab and wait for the product's approval; 13—Pasteurize; 14—send to the storage tank; 15—Bottle and send to package final beverage; 16—Palleting and Storage; 17—Distribution of the final product. 2- PROCESS TO OBTAIN A BEVERAGE ENRICHED WITH FIBERS AND VITAMINS WITH ADDED FRUIT FLAVORS AND A BEVERAGE FROM THIS PROCESS, beverage obtained according to claim 1, characterized by containing the following components and corresponding percentages, being those: Concentrated fruit juices 65 to 80° brix, from 0.25 to 0.3%; Soluble fiber from 2.2 to 3.1%; Preservatives (Potassium sorbate and Sodium benzoate) from 0.01 to 0.03%; Tropical fruits aroma and others (pineapple and mint, pomegranate, orange, lime, passion fruit, papaya, peach, cajá (hog-plum), mango, strawberry; from 0.003 to 0.06%; Citric acid from 0.1 to 0.3%; Niacin from 0.001 to 0.002%; Folic acid from 0.000010 to 0.000020%; Water from 95 to 99%; Sweetener (aspartame or sodium saccharin or similar) from 0.003 to 0.004%; Acessulfame potassium from 0.003 to 0.004%; Pantothenic acid from 0.00032 to 0.00042%; Pyridoxine from 0.000095 to 0.000100%. | 1,700 |
3,193 | 14,902,609 | 1,782 | The problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a polyester resin excellent in various properties wherein the film formability is good, film fracture (hairs) and scraping (galling) are not easily generated in the drawing/ironing process when applied to a metal-sheet-coating polyester film, the film surface is not damaged when used as the inner-surface film for a metallic can, and the metallic can is hardly corroded (dent resistance), by dropping or external impact (denting), after a product is made by enclosing contents into the can.
The copolyester resin of the present invention is characterized by comprising, as the constituent units, 50 to 93 mass % of (A) ester oligomer with the number-average molecular weight of 700 or lower and consisting of a dicarboxylic acid unit (a1) containing 70 mole % or more of the terephthalic acid component and a diol unit (a2) containing 70 mole % or more of the ethylene glycol component; and 7 to 50 mass % of (B) polyester polyol with the number-average molecular weight of 1500 to 3000 and consisting of a hydrogenated dimer acid unit (b1) and a 1,4-butanediol unit (b2). | 1. Copolyester resin characterized by comprising, as the constituent units, 50 to 93 mass % of (A) ester oligomer with the number-average molecular weight of 700 or lower and consisting of a dicarboxylic acid unit (a1) containing 70 mole % or more of the terephthalic acid component and a diol unit (a2) containing 70 mole % or more of the ethylene glycol component; and 7 to 50 mass % of (B) polyester polyol with the number-average molecular weight of 1500 to 3000 and consisting of a hydrogenated dimer acid unit (b1) and a 1,4-butanediol unit (b2). 2. The copolyester resin according to claim 1, characterized in that the intrinsic viscosity of the above-described copolyester resin is 0.7 to 0.9. 3. Metal-sheet-coating polyester film characterized in that the film is formed of the copolyester resin of claim 1 alone or by mixing with other resins. 4. A metal can coated with the polyester film characterized in that the metal-sheet-coating polyester film of claim 3 is coated on the inner surface and/or outer surface of the metallic can. 5. A production method of the copolyester resin characterized by comprising a process for obtaining (A) ester oligomer with the number-average molecular weight of 700 or lower by the polycondensation reaction of a dicarboxylic acid unit (a1) containing 70 mole % or more of the terephthalic acid component and a diol unit (a2) containing 70 mole % or more of the ethylene glycol component and the subsequent depolymerization reaction, and a process for obtaining a copolyester resin comprising 50 to 93 mass % of the ester oligomer (A) and 7 to 50 mass % of the polyester polyol (B) by the polycondensation reaction of the ester oligomer (A) obtained in the above process and (B) polyester polyol with the number-average molecular weight of 1500 to 3000 and consisting of a hydrogenated dimer acid unit (b1) and a 1,4-butanediol unit (b2). 6. Laminated polyester film for coating a metal sheet characterized by having a two-layer structure obtained by laminating a resin layer containing (I) copolyester resin consisting of a dicarboxylic acid unit containing 85 to 97 mole % of the terephthalic acid component and 15 to 3 mole % of the isophthalic acid component and 90 mole % or more of a diol unit containing the ethylene glycol component, and a resin layer containing (II) copolyester resin comprising, as the constituent units, 50 to 93 mass % of (A) ester oligomer with the number-average molecular weight of 700 or lower and consisting of a dicarboxylic acid unit (a1) containing 70 mole % or more of the terephthalic acid component and a diol unit (a2) containing 70 mole % or more of the ethylene glycol component; and 7 to 50 mass % of (B) polyester polyol with the number-average molecular weight of 1500 to 3000 and consisting of a hydrogenated dimer acid unit (b1) and a 1,4-butanediol unit (b2). 7. The laminated polyester film for coating a metal sheet according to claim 6, characterized in that the thickness of the layer (I) is 4 to 20 μm and the thickness of the layer (II) is 4 to 20 μm. 8. A polyester film-coated metal sheet, characterized in that the above-described laminated polyester film for coating a metal sheet of claim 6 is coated on the surface of the metal sheet in the order of layer (II) and layer (I) from the surface of the metal sheet. 9. The metal can coated with the polyester film according to claim 8, characterized by being formed of the above-described polyester film-coated metal sheet. 10. Metal-sheet-coating polyester film characterized in that the film is formed of the copolyester resin of claim 2 alone or by mixing with other resins. 11. A metal can coated with the polyester film characterized in that the metal-sheet-coating polyester film of claim 10 is coated on the inner surface and/or outer surface of the metallic can. 12. A polyester film-coated metal sheet, characterized in that the above-described laminated polyester film for coating a metal sheet of claim 7 is coated on the surface of the metal sheet in the order of layer (II) and layer (I) from the surface of the metal sheet. 13. The metal can coated with the polyester film according to claim 12, characterized by being formed of the above-described polyester film-coated metal sheet. | The problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a polyester resin excellent in various properties wherein the film formability is good, film fracture (hairs) and scraping (galling) are not easily generated in the drawing/ironing process when applied to a metal-sheet-coating polyester film, the film surface is not damaged when used as the inner-surface film for a metallic can, and the metallic can is hardly corroded (dent resistance), by dropping or external impact (denting), after a product is made by enclosing contents into the can.
The copolyester resin of the present invention is characterized by comprising, as the constituent units, 50 to 93 mass % of (A) ester oligomer with the number-average molecular weight of 700 or lower and consisting of a dicarboxylic acid unit (a1) containing 70 mole % or more of the terephthalic acid component and a diol unit (a2) containing 70 mole % or more of the ethylene glycol component; and 7 to 50 mass % of (B) polyester polyol with the number-average molecular weight of 1500 to 3000 and consisting of a hydrogenated dimer acid unit (b1) and a 1,4-butanediol unit (b2).1. Copolyester resin characterized by comprising, as the constituent units, 50 to 93 mass % of (A) ester oligomer with the number-average molecular weight of 700 or lower and consisting of a dicarboxylic acid unit (a1) containing 70 mole % or more of the terephthalic acid component and a diol unit (a2) containing 70 mole % or more of the ethylene glycol component; and 7 to 50 mass % of (B) polyester polyol with the number-average molecular weight of 1500 to 3000 and consisting of a hydrogenated dimer acid unit (b1) and a 1,4-butanediol unit (b2). 2. The copolyester resin according to claim 1, characterized in that the intrinsic viscosity of the above-described copolyester resin is 0.7 to 0.9. 3. Metal-sheet-coating polyester film characterized in that the film is formed of the copolyester resin of claim 1 alone or by mixing with other resins. 4. A metal can coated with the polyester film characterized in that the metal-sheet-coating polyester film of claim 3 is coated on the inner surface and/or outer surface of the metallic can. 5. A production method of the copolyester resin characterized by comprising a process for obtaining (A) ester oligomer with the number-average molecular weight of 700 or lower by the polycondensation reaction of a dicarboxylic acid unit (a1) containing 70 mole % or more of the terephthalic acid component and a diol unit (a2) containing 70 mole % or more of the ethylene glycol component and the subsequent depolymerization reaction, and a process for obtaining a copolyester resin comprising 50 to 93 mass % of the ester oligomer (A) and 7 to 50 mass % of the polyester polyol (B) by the polycondensation reaction of the ester oligomer (A) obtained in the above process and (B) polyester polyol with the number-average molecular weight of 1500 to 3000 and consisting of a hydrogenated dimer acid unit (b1) and a 1,4-butanediol unit (b2). 6. Laminated polyester film for coating a metal sheet characterized by having a two-layer structure obtained by laminating a resin layer containing (I) copolyester resin consisting of a dicarboxylic acid unit containing 85 to 97 mole % of the terephthalic acid component and 15 to 3 mole % of the isophthalic acid component and 90 mole % or more of a diol unit containing the ethylene glycol component, and a resin layer containing (II) copolyester resin comprising, as the constituent units, 50 to 93 mass % of (A) ester oligomer with the number-average molecular weight of 700 or lower and consisting of a dicarboxylic acid unit (a1) containing 70 mole % or more of the terephthalic acid component and a diol unit (a2) containing 70 mole % or more of the ethylene glycol component; and 7 to 50 mass % of (B) polyester polyol with the number-average molecular weight of 1500 to 3000 and consisting of a hydrogenated dimer acid unit (b1) and a 1,4-butanediol unit (b2). 7. The laminated polyester film for coating a metal sheet according to claim 6, characterized in that the thickness of the layer (I) is 4 to 20 μm and the thickness of the layer (II) is 4 to 20 μm. 8. A polyester film-coated metal sheet, characterized in that the above-described laminated polyester film for coating a metal sheet of claim 6 is coated on the surface of the metal sheet in the order of layer (II) and layer (I) from the surface of the metal sheet. 9. The metal can coated with the polyester film according to claim 8, characterized by being formed of the above-described polyester film-coated metal sheet. 10. Metal-sheet-coating polyester film characterized in that the film is formed of the copolyester resin of claim 2 alone or by mixing with other resins. 11. A metal can coated with the polyester film characterized in that the metal-sheet-coating polyester film of claim 10 is coated on the inner surface and/or outer surface of the metallic can. 12. A polyester film-coated metal sheet, characterized in that the above-described laminated polyester film for coating a metal sheet of claim 7 is coated on the surface of the metal sheet in the order of layer (II) and layer (I) from the surface of the metal sheet. 13. The metal can coated with the polyester film according to claim 12, characterized by being formed of the above-described polyester film-coated metal sheet. | 1,700 |
3,194 | 14,893,179 | 1,785 | A soft magnetic resin composition contains soft magnetic particles shaped flat, a resin component, and polyether phosphate ester. The soft magnetic particles content is 60% by volume or more and the polyether phosphate ester content relative to 100 parts by mass of the soft magnetic particles is 0.1 to 5 parts by mass. | 1. A soft magnetic resin composition comprising:
soft magnetic particles shaped flat, a resin component, and polyether phosphate ester, wherein the soft magnetic particles content is 60% by volume or more and the polyether phosphate ester content relative to 100 parts by mass of the soft magnetic particles is 0.1 to 5 parts by mass. 2. The soft magnetic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein
the polyether phosphate ester has an acid value of 10 or more. 3. The soft magnetic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein
the resin component contains acrylic resin, epoxy resin, and phenol resin. 4. The soft magnetic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein
the soft magnetic particles are Sendust. 5. A soft magnetic adhesive film formed from a soft magnetic resin composition, wherein
the soft magnetic resin composition comprises: soft magnetic particles shaped flat, a resin component, and polyether phosphate ester, and the soft magnetic particles content is 60% by volume or more and the polyether phosphate ester content relative to 100 parts by mass of the soft magnetic particles is 0.1 to 5 parts by mass. 6. A soft magnetic film laminate circuit board obtained by laminating a soft magnetic adhesive film on a circuit board, wherein
the soft magnetic adhesive film is formed from a soft magnetic resin composition, and the soft magnetic resin composition comprises: soft magnetic particles shaped flat, a resin component, and polyether phosphate ester, and the soft magnetic particles content is 60% by volume or more and the polyether phosphate ester content relative to 100 parts by mass of the soft magnetic particles is 0.1 to 5 parts by mass. 7. A position detection device comprising a soft magnetic film laminate circuit board, wherein the soft magnetic film laminate circuit board is obtained by laminating a soft magnetic adhesive film on a circuit board, and
the soft magnetic adhesive film is formed from a soft magnetic resin composition, and the soft magnetic resin composition comprises: soft magnetic particles shaped flat, a resin component, and polyether phosphate ester, and the soft magnetic particles content is 60% by volume or more and the polyether phosphate ester content relative to 100 parts by mass of the soft magnetic particles is 0.1 to 5 parts by mass. | A soft magnetic resin composition contains soft magnetic particles shaped flat, a resin component, and polyether phosphate ester. The soft magnetic particles content is 60% by volume or more and the polyether phosphate ester content relative to 100 parts by mass of the soft magnetic particles is 0.1 to 5 parts by mass.1. A soft magnetic resin composition comprising:
soft magnetic particles shaped flat, a resin component, and polyether phosphate ester, wherein the soft magnetic particles content is 60% by volume or more and the polyether phosphate ester content relative to 100 parts by mass of the soft magnetic particles is 0.1 to 5 parts by mass. 2. The soft magnetic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein
the polyether phosphate ester has an acid value of 10 or more. 3. The soft magnetic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein
the resin component contains acrylic resin, epoxy resin, and phenol resin. 4. The soft magnetic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein
the soft magnetic particles are Sendust. 5. A soft magnetic adhesive film formed from a soft magnetic resin composition, wherein
the soft magnetic resin composition comprises: soft magnetic particles shaped flat, a resin component, and polyether phosphate ester, and the soft magnetic particles content is 60% by volume or more and the polyether phosphate ester content relative to 100 parts by mass of the soft magnetic particles is 0.1 to 5 parts by mass. 6. A soft magnetic film laminate circuit board obtained by laminating a soft magnetic adhesive film on a circuit board, wherein
the soft magnetic adhesive film is formed from a soft magnetic resin composition, and the soft magnetic resin composition comprises: soft magnetic particles shaped flat, a resin component, and polyether phosphate ester, and the soft magnetic particles content is 60% by volume or more and the polyether phosphate ester content relative to 100 parts by mass of the soft magnetic particles is 0.1 to 5 parts by mass. 7. A position detection device comprising a soft magnetic film laminate circuit board, wherein the soft magnetic film laminate circuit board is obtained by laminating a soft magnetic adhesive film on a circuit board, and
the soft magnetic adhesive film is formed from a soft magnetic resin composition, and the soft magnetic resin composition comprises: soft magnetic particles shaped flat, a resin component, and polyether phosphate ester, and the soft magnetic particles content is 60% by volume or more and the polyether phosphate ester content relative to 100 parts by mass of the soft magnetic particles is 0.1 to 5 parts by mass. | 1,700 |
3,195 | 15,993,044 | 1,783 | The disclosure relates to embodiments of an apparatus for producing polymer composite panels. The polymer composite panels include at least two layers of a polymeric matrix having discontinuous fibers embedded therein. The apparatus has a frame, a deposition bed, and a deposition head configured to move relative to the frame and over the deposition bed. The deposition head includes at least one extruder and a nozzle array. The extruder is configured to force the polymeric matrix and discontinuous fibers through the nozzle array and onto the deposition bed. The deposition head is configured to deposit an entire layer of a polymer composite panel on the deposition bed in a single pass so that the discontinuous fibers are oriented in the direction of the single pass. The disclosure also relates to embodiments of a method of forming a polymer composite panel and to embodiments of a polymer composite panel. | 1-37. (canceled) 38. A composite sheet, comprising:
a layer of discontinuous fibers enveloped by and distributed throughout a matrix, wherein the sheet is nonplanar, and wherein the discontinuous fibers are commonly aligned such that most of the discontinuous fibers of the layer are lengthwise oriented within 15-degrees of a common direction extending along curvature of the sheet; wherein the matrix comprises a polymer; and wherein most of the discontinuous fibers are no longer than 5 mm in length and have a widest cross-sectional dimension orthogonal to the length thereof that is less than 1.2 mm. 39-59. (canceled) | The disclosure relates to embodiments of an apparatus for producing polymer composite panels. The polymer composite panels include at least two layers of a polymeric matrix having discontinuous fibers embedded therein. The apparatus has a frame, a deposition bed, and a deposition head configured to move relative to the frame and over the deposition bed. The deposition head includes at least one extruder and a nozzle array. The extruder is configured to force the polymeric matrix and discontinuous fibers through the nozzle array and onto the deposition bed. The deposition head is configured to deposit an entire layer of a polymer composite panel on the deposition bed in a single pass so that the discontinuous fibers are oriented in the direction of the single pass. The disclosure also relates to embodiments of a method of forming a polymer composite panel and to embodiments of a polymer composite panel.1-37. (canceled) 38. A composite sheet, comprising:
a layer of discontinuous fibers enveloped by and distributed throughout a matrix, wherein the sheet is nonplanar, and wherein the discontinuous fibers are commonly aligned such that most of the discontinuous fibers of the layer are lengthwise oriented within 15-degrees of a common direction extending along curvature of the sheet; wherein the matrix comprises a polymer; and wherein most of the discontinuous fibers are no longer than 5 mm in length and have a widest cross-sectional dimension orthogonal to the length thereof that is less than 1.2 mm. 39-59. (canceled) | 1,700 |
3,196 | 14,860,604 | 1,773 | A particle collection device for an engine is provided. The particle collection device having: an inlet for directing air towards a first member having a first orifice located therein; and a second member having a second orifice located therein, the second orifice being aligned with the first orifice and wherein the second member and the second orifice are spaced from the first member and the first orifice by a first distance, and wherein the particle collection device is located in the engine. | 1. A particle collection device for an engine, the particle collection device comprising:
an inlet for directing air towards a first member having a first orifice located therein; and a second member having a second orifice located therein, the second orifice being aligned with the first orifice and wherein the second member and the second orifice are spaced from the first member and the first orifice by a first distance, and wherein the particle collection device is located in the engine. 2. The particle collection device of claim 1, wherein the engine is a gas turbine engine and the second orifice is fluidly coupled to a collection chamber. 3. The particle collection device of claim 1, wherein the first orifice is fluidly coupled to a cooling system of the engine. 4. The particle collection device of claim 1, wherein the second orifice is fluidly coupled to a collection chamber and the particle collecting device is configured for capturing particles having a dimension of less than 50 microns in the collection chamber. 5. The particle collection device of claim 1, wherein the second orifice is fluidly coupled to a collection chamber and the particle collecting device is configured for capturing particles having a dimension of less than 10 microns in the collection chamber. 6. The particle collection device of claim 1, wherein the second orifice is fluidly coupled to a collection chamber and the particle collecting device is configured for capturing particles having a dimension of less than 5 microns in the collection chamber. 7. The particle collection device of claim 1, wherein the first distance is in the range of 0.0625 to 0.50 inches. 8. The particle collection device of claim 1, wherein the diameter of the first orifice is in the range of 0.0625 to 0.50 inches and the diameter or the second orifice is smaller than the first orifice. 9. The particle collection device as in claim 1, wherein the inlet, the first orifice and the second orifice are configured for lensing particles into a collection chamber fluidly coupled to the second orifice. 10. The particle collection device as in claim 1, wherein the inlet, the first orifice and the second orifice are configured for lensing particles into a collection chamber fluidly coupled to the second orifice and wherein an area of the second orifice is smaller than an area of the first orifice. 11. The particle collection device as in claim 10, wherein the collection chamber is removably secured to the second orifice. 12. An engine, wherein the engine comprises a particle collection device, the particle collection device comprising:
an inlet for directing air towards a first member having a first orifice located therein; and a second member having a second orifice located therein, the second orifice being aligned with the first orifice and wherein the second member and the second orifice are spaced from the first member and the first orifice by a first distance, and wherein the particle collection device is located in the engine. 13. The engine of claim 12, wherein the engine is a gas turbine engine and the gas turbine engine further comprises a fan for directing the air into the engine. 14. The engine of claim 12, wherein the engine is a gas turbine engine and the second orifice is fluidly coupled to a collection chamber and wherein the first orifice is fluidly coupled to a cooling system of the engine. 15. The engine of claim 12, wherein the second orifice is fluidly coupled to a collection chamber and the particle collecting device is configured for capturing particles having a dimension of less than 5 microns in the collection chamber. 16. The engine of claim 12, wherein the second orifice is fluidly coupled to a collection chamber and the particle collecting device is configured for capturing particles having a dimension of less than 10 microns in the collection chamber. 17. The engine of claim 12, wherein the second orifice is fluidly coupled to a collection chamber and the particle collecting device is configured for capturing particles having a dimension of less than 50 microns in the collection chamber. 18. The engine of claim 12, wherein the engine further comprises a plurality of a particle collection devices, each of the plurality of particle collection devices comprising: an inlet for directing air towards a first member having a first orifice located therein; and a second member having a second orifice located therein, the second orifice being aligned with the first orifice and wherein the second member and the second orifice are spaced from the first member and the first orifice by a first distance, and wherein the particle collection device is located in the engine. 19. The engine of claim 18, wherein the second orifice is fluidly coupled to a collection chamber and wherein the inlet, the first orifice and the second orifice are configured for lensing particles into the collection chamber and wherein an area of the second orifice is smaller than an area of the first orifice. 20. A method for removing at least one of particles and objects from an air flow path of an engine, comprising:
directing air from an inlet towards a first orifice of a first member; directing air from the first orifice towards a second orifice of a second member; and focusing particles in the air into a collection chamber fluidly coupled to the second orifice, the second orifice being aligned with the first orifice and wherein the second member and the second orifice are spaced from the first member and the first orifice by a first distance, and wherein the particle collection device is located in the engine. | A particle collection device for an engine is provided. The particle collection device having: an inlet for directing air towards a first member having a first orifice located therein; and a second member having a second orifice located therein, the second orifice being aligned with the first orifice and wherein the second member and the second orifice are spaced from the first member and the first orifice by a first distance, and wherein the particle collection device is located in the engine.1. A particle collection device for an engine, the particle collection device comprising:
an inlet for directing air towards a first member having a first orifice located therein; and a second member having a second orifice located therein, the second orifice being aligned with the first orifice and wherein the second member and the second orifice are spaced from the first member and the first orifice by a first distance, and wherein the particle collection device is located in the engine. 2. The particle collection device of claim 1, wherein the engine is a gas turbine engine and the second orifice is fluidly coupled to a collection chamber. 3. The particle collection device of claim 1, wherein the first orifice is fluidly coupled to a cooling system of the engine. 4. The particle collection device of claim 1, wherein the second orifice is fluidly coupled to a collection chamber and the particle collecting device is configured for capturing particles having a dimension of less than 50 microns in the collection chamber. 5. The particle collection device of claim 1, wherein the second orifice is fluidly coupled to a collection chamber and the particle collecting device is configured for capturing particles having a dimension of less than 10 microns in the collection chamber. 6. The particle collection device of claim 1, wherein the second orifice is fluidly coupled to a collection chamber and the particle collecting device is configured for capturing particles having a dimension of less than 5 microns in the collection chamber. 7. The particle collection device of claim 1, wherein the first distance is in the range of 0.0625 to 0.50 inches. 8. The particle collection device of claim 1, wherein the diameter of the first orifice is in the range of 0.0625 to 0.50 inches and the diameter or the second orifice is smaller than the first orifice. 9. The particle collection device as in claim 1, wherein the inlet, the first orifice and the second orifice are configured for lensing particles into a collection chamber fluidly coupled to the second orifice. 10. The particle collection device as in claim 1, wherein the inlet, the first orifice and the second orifice are configured for lensing particles into a collection chamber fluidly coupled to the second orifice and wherein an area of the second orifice is smaller than an area of the first orifice. 11. The particle collection device as in claim 10, wherein the collection chamber is removably secured to the second orifice. 12. An engine, wherein the engine comprises a particle collection device, the particle collection device comprising:
an inlet for directing air towards a first member having a first orifice located therein; and a second member having a second orifice located therein, the second orifice being aligned with the first orifice and wherein the second member and the second orifice are spaced from the first member and the first orifice by a first distance, and wherein the particle collection device is located in the engine. 13. The engine of claim 12, wherein the engine is a gas turbine engine and the gas turbine engine further comprises a fan for directing the air into the engine. 14. The engine of claim 12, wherein the engine is a gas turbine engine and the second orifice is fluidly coupled to a collection chamber and wherein the first orifice is fluidly coupled to a cooling system of the engine. 15. The engine of claim 12, wherein the second orifice is fluidly coupled to a collection chamber and the particle collecting device is configured for capturing particles having a dimension of less than 5 microns in the collection chamber. 16. The engine of claim 12, wherein the second orifice is fluidly coupled to a collection chamber and the particle collecting device is configured for capturing particles having a dimension of less than 10 microns in the collection chamber. 17. The engine of claim 12, wherein the second orifice is fluidly coupled to a collection chamber and the particle collecting device is configured for capturing particles having a dimension of less than 50 microns in the collection chamber. 18. The engine of claim 12, wherein the engine further comprises a plurality of a particle collection devices, each of the plurality of particle collection devices comprising: an inlet for directing air towards a first member having a first orifice located therein; and a second member having a second orifice located therein, the second orifice being aligned with the first orifice and wherein the second member and the second orifice are spaced from the first member and the first orifice by a first distance, and wherein the particle collection device is located in the engine. 19. The engine of claim 18, wherein the second orifice is fluidly coupled to a collection chamber and wherein the inlet, the first orifice and the second orifice are configured for lensing particles into the collection chamber and wherein an area of the second orifice is smaller than an area of the first orifice. 20. A method for removing at least one of particles and objects from an air flow path of an engine, comprising:
directing air from an inlet towards a first orifice of a first member; directing air from the first orifice towards a second orifice of a second member; and focusing particles in the air into a collection chamber fluidly coupled to the second orifice, the second orifice being aligned with the first orifice and wherein the second member and the second orifice are spaced from the first member and the first orifice by a first distance, and wherein the particle collection device is located in the engine. | 1,700 |
3,197 | 14,405,194 | 1,734 | An optical composition is provided, comprising: —a polysilsesquioxane comprising repeating units of the formula [R—SiO 1.5 ], wherein each R independently is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 12 alkyl, aryl, alkene, arylene, alkenyl or alkoxy; —a polysiloxane, optionally substituted; and —particles dispersed in said polysiloxane. The polysilsesquioxane is able to disperse the particles in the polysiloxane, thus providing an optical composition comprising stably dispersed particles. The particles may be utilized to tune the refractive index or another optical property of the composition. Due to the low organics content, the composition has reduced risk of yellowing. The invention also relates to a bonding layer comprising an optical composition, an optical system comprising an optical composition, a method for preparing an optical composition and an optical system, respectively, and the use of a polysilsesquioxane for dispersing particles in a polysiloxane material. | 1. An optical composition comprising:
a polysilsesquioxane comprising repeating units of the formula
[RSiO1.5]
wherein each R independently is hydrogen or a C1-C12 alkyl, aryl, alkene, arylene, alkenyl or alkoxy;
a polysiloxane, optionally substituted; and
particles dispersed in said polysiloxane, wherein said particles lack organic surface modification, and
wherein the polysilsesquioxane stabilizes the particles in the optical composition. 2. (canceled) 3. An optical composition according to claim 1, wherein R is a C1-C12 alkyl or aryl. 4. An optical composition according to claim 3, wherein the polysilsesquioxane has a ratio of the number of methyl groups to the total number of R in the range of from 0.2 to 0.8, and/or a ratio of the number of phenyl groups to the total number of R in the range of from 0.2 to 0.8. 5. An optical composition according to claim 1, wherein the polysiloxane is a silicone resin. 6. An optical composition according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of polysilsesquioxane to polysiloxane is in the range of from 0.5 to 9. 7. An optical composition according to claim 1, wherein the particles have a particle size smaller than 100 nm. 8. An optical composition according to claim 1, wherein the particles have a particle size in the range of from 100 nm to 5 m. 9. An optical composition according to claim 1, wherein the particles comprise at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of: TiO2, BaTiO3, SrTiO3, ZrO2, Al2O3 and SiO2, and mixtures thereof. 10. An optical composition according to claim 1, wherein the particles comprise phosphor particles. 11. An optical bonding layer comprising the optical composition according to claim 1. 12. An optical system comprising the optical composition according to claim 1, a first optical element and a second optical element, wherein the first optical element is optically coupled to the second optical element by the optical composition. 13. An optical system according to claim 12, wherein the at least one of the first optical element and the second optical element is a solid-state light source, preferably a LED, an OLED or a laser diode. 14. A method for preparing an optical composition according to claim 1 comprising the steps of:
a) mixing a polysilsesquioxane with particles in a solvent, which particles lack organic surface modification;
b) milling the mixture from step a) to obtain a desirable average and/or maximum particle size of the mixture;
c) mixing the mixture from step b) with a polysiloxane; and
d) optionally removing excess solvent. 15. A method for producing an optical system according to claim 12 comprising the steps of:
a) providing a first optical element;
b) applying an optical composition according to claim 1 or an optical composition prepared according to claim 20 on the first optical element;
c) positioning a second optical element in contact with the optical composition; and
d) curing the optical composition or allowing the optical composition to cure. 16. Use of an optical composition according to claim 1 as an optical adhesive. 17. Use of a polysilsesquioxane comprising repeating units of the formula
[RSiO1.5]
wherein each R independently is hydrogen or a C1-C12 alkyl, aryl, alkene, arylene, alkenyl or alkoxy;
for dispersing particles in a polysiloxane material, which particles lack organic surface modification. | An optical composition is provided, comprising: —a polysilsesquioxane comprising repeating units of the formula [R—SiO 1.5 ], wherein each R independently is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 12 alkyl, aryl, alkene, arylene, alkenyl or alkoxy; —a polysiloxane, optionally substituted; and —particles dispersed in said polysiloxane. The polysilsesquioxane is able to disperse the particles in the polysiloxane, thus providing an optical composition comprising stably dispersed particles. The particles may be utilized to tune the refractive index or another optical property of the composition. Due to the low organics content, the composition has reduced risk of yellowing. The invention also relates to a bonding layer comprising an optical composition, an optical system comprising an optical composition, a method for preparing an optical composition and an optical system, respectively, and the use of a polysilsesquioxane for dispersing particles in a polysiloxane material.1. An optical composition comprising:
a polysilsesquioxane comprising repeating units of the formula
[RSiO1.5]
wherein each R independently is hydrogen or a C1-C12 alkyl, aryl, alkene, arylene, alkenyl or alkoxy;
a polysiloxane, optionally substituted; and
particles dispersed in said polysiloxane, wherein said particles lack organic surface modification, and
wherein the polysilsesquioxane stabilizes the particles in the optical composition. 2. (canceled) 3. An optical composition according to claim 1, wherein R is a C1-C12 alkyl or aryl. 4. An optical composition according to claim 3, wherein the polysilsesquioxane has a ratio of the number of methyl groups to the total number of R in the range of from 0.2 to 0.8, and/or a ratio of the number of phenyl groups to the total number of R in the range of from 0.2 to 0.8. 5. An optical composition according to claim 1, wherein the polysiloxane is a silicone resin. 6. An optical composition according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of polysilsesquioxane to polysiloxane is in the range of from 0.5 to 9. 7. An optical composition according to claim 1, wherein the particles have a particle size smaller than 100 nm. 8. An optical composition according to claim 1, wherein the particles have a particle size in the range of from 100 nm to 5 m. 9. An optical composition according to claim 1, wherein the particles comprise at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of: TiO2, BaTiO3, SrTiO3, ZrO2, Al2O3 and SiO2, and mixtures thereof. 10. An optical composition according to claim 1, wherein the particles comprise phosphor particles. 11. An optical bonding layer comprising the optical composition according to claim 1. 12. An optical system comprising the optical composition according to claim 1, a first optical element and a second optical element, wherein the first optical element is optically coupled to the second optical element by the optical composition. 13. An optical system according to claim 12, wherein the at least one of the first optical element and the second optical element is a solid-state light source, preferably a LED, an OLED or a laser diode. 14. A method for preparing an optical composition according to claim 1 comprising the steps of:
a) mixing a polysilsesquioxane with particles in a solvent, which particles lack organic surface modification;
b) milling the mixture from step a) to obtain a desirable average and/or maximum particle size of the mixture;
c) mixing the mixture from step b) with a polysiloxane; and
d) optionally removing excess solvent. 15. A method for producing an optical system according to claim 12 comprising the steps of:
a) providing a first optical element;
b) applying an optical composition according to claim 1 or an optical composition prepared according to claim 20 on the first optical element;
c) positioning a second optical element in contact with the optical composition; and
d) curing the optical composition or allowing the optical composition to cure. 16. Use of an optical composition according to claim 1 as an optical adhesive. 17. Use of a polysilsesquioxane comprising repeating units of the formula
[RSiO1.5]
wherein each R independently is hydrogen or a C1-C12 alkyl, aryl, alkene, arylene, alkenyl or alkoxy;
for dispersing particles in a polysiloxane material, which particles lack organic surface modification. | 1,700 |
3,198 | 15,240,259 | 1,761 | The present invention relates to fabric cleaning and/or treatment compositions as well as methods of making and using same. Such fabric cleaning and/or treatment compositions contain species of glyceride copolymers that have the required viscosity and lubricity. Thus, such species of glyceride copolymers provide improved softening performance and formulability. | 1. A composition comprising,
A) a material selected from the group consisting of:
(i) a first glyceride copolymer, comprising, based on total weight of first glyceride copolymer, from about 3% to about 30% C10-14 unsaturated fatty acid esters;
(ii) a second glyceride copolymer having formula (I):
wherein:
each R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 in second glyceride copolymer is independently selected from the group consisting of an oligomeric glyceride moiety, a C1-24 alkyl, a substituted C1-24 alkyl wherein the substituent is one or more —OH moieties, a C2-24 alkenyl, or a substituted C2-24 alkenyl wherein the substituent is one or more —OH moieties; and/or wherein each of the following combinations of moieties may each independently be covalently linked:
R1 and R3,
R2 and R5,
R1 and an adjacent R4,
R2 and an adjacent R4,
R3 and an adjacent R4,
R5 and an adjacent R4, or
any two adjacent R4
such that the covalently linked moieties form an alkenylene moiety;
each X1 and X2 in said second glyceride copolymer is independently selected from the group consisting of a C1-32 alkylene, a substituted C1-32 alkylene wherein the substituent is one or more —OH moieties, a C2-32 alkenylene or a substituted C2-32 alkenylene wherein the substituent is one or more —OH moieties;
two of G1, G2, and G3 are —CH2—, and one of G1, G2, and G3 is a direct bond;
for each individual repeat unit in the repeat unit having index n, two of G4, G5, and G6 are —CH2—, and one of G4, G5, and G6 is a direct bond, and the values G4, G5, and G6 for each individual repeat unit are independently selected from the values of G4, G5, and G6 in other repeating units;
two of G7, G8, and G9 are —CH2—, and one of G7, G8, and G9 is a direct bond;
n is an integer from 3 to 250;
with the proviso for each of said second glyceride copolymers at least one of R1, R2, R3, and R5, and/or at least one R4 in one individual repeat unit of said repeat unit having index n, is selected from the group consisting of: 8-nonenyl; 8-decenyl; 8-undecenyl; 8-dodecenyl; 8,11-dodecadienyl; 8,11-tridecadienyl; 8,11-tetradecadienyl; 8,11-pentadecadienyl; 8,11,14-pentadecatrienyl; 8,11,14-hexadecatrienyl; 8,11,14-octadecatrienyl; 9-methyl-8-decenyl; 9-methyl-8-undecenyl; 10-methyl-8-undecenyl; 12-methyl-8,11-tridecadienyl; 12-methyl-8,11-tetradecadienyl; 13-methyl-8,11-tetradecadienyl; 15-methyl-8,11,14-hexadecatrienyl; 15-methyl-8,11,14-heptadecatrienyl; 16-methyl-8,11,14-heptadecatrienyl; 12-tridecenyl; 12-tetradecenyl; 12-pentadecenyl; 12-hexadecenyl; 13-methyl-12-tetradecenyl; 13-methyl-12-pentadecenyl; and 14-methyl-12-pentadecenyl; and
(iii) mixtures thereof; and
B) a material selected from the group consisting of a fabric softener active, a fabric care benefit agent, an anionic surfactant scavenger, a delivery enhancing agent, a perfume, a perfume delivery system, a structurant, a soil dispersing polymer, a brightener, a hueing dye, dye transfer inhibiting agent, builder, surfactant, an enzyme, and mixtures thereof, and optionally a carrier,
said composition being a fabric care composition. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein said first and second glyceride copolymers have a weight average molecular weight of from about 4,000 g/mol to about 150,000 g/mol. 3. The composition according to claim 1, wherein for said second glyceride copolymer at least one of R1, R2, R3, R4, or R5 is a C9-13 alkenyl. 4. The composition according to claim 1, wherein for the second glyceride copolymer, R1 is a C1-24 alkyl or a C2-24 alkenyl. 5. The composition according to claim 1, wherein for the second glyceride copolymer, R2 is a C1-24 alkyl or a C2-24 alkenyl. 6. The composition according to claim 1, wherein for the second glyceride copolymer, R3 is a C1-24 alkyl or a C2-24 alkenyl. 7. The composition according to claim 1, wherein for the second glyceride copolymer, each R4 is independently selected from a C1-24 alkyl and a C2-24 alkenyl. 8. The composition according to claim 1, wherein for the second glyceride copolymer, R5 is a C1-24 alkyl or a C2-24 alkenyl. 9. A composition according to claim 1, said composition comprising, based on total composition weight, from about 0.1% to about 50% of a glyceride copolymer, selected from the group consisting of said first glyceride copolymer, second glyceride copolymer and mixtures thereof. 10. A composition according to claim 1, comprising one or more of the following:
a) from about 0.01% to about 50% of said fabric softener active; b) from about 0.001% to about 15% of said anionic surfactant scavenger; c) from about 0.01% to about 10%, of said delivery enhancing agent; d) from about 0.005% to about 30% of said perfume; e) from about 0.005% to about 30% of said perfume delivery system; f) from about 0.01% to about 20% of said soil dispersing polymer; g) from about 0.001% to about 10% of said brightener; h) from about 0.0001% to about 10% of said hueing dye; i) from about 0.0001% to about 10% of said dye transfer inhibiting agent; j) from about 0.01% to about 10% of said enzyme; k) from about 0.01% to about 20% of said structurant; l) from about 0.05% to about 20% of said fabric care benefit agent; m) from about 0.1% to about 80% of said builder; n) from about 0.1% to about 99% of a carrier; and o) mixtures thereof. 11. A composition according to claim 1 wherein:
a) said fabric softener active comprises a cationic fabric softener;
b) said anionic surfactant scavenger comprises a water soluble cationic and/or zwitterionic scavenger compound;
c) said delivery enhancing agent comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a cationic polymer having a charge density from about 0.05 milliequivalent/g to about 23 milliequivalent per gram of polymer, an amphoteric polymer having a charge density from about 0.05 milliequivalent/g to about 23 milliequivalent per gram of polymer, a protein having a charge density from about 0.05 milliequivalent/g to about 23 milliequivalent per gram of protein and mixtures thereof;
d) said perfume delivery system is selected from the group consisting of a Polymer Assisted Delivery (PAD) system, Molecule-Assisted Delivery (MAD) system, Cyclodextrin (CD) system, Starch Encapsulated Accord (SEA) system, Zeolite & Inorganic Carrier (ZIC) system, and mixtures thereof;
e) said soil dispersing polymer is selected from the group consisting of a homopolymer, copolymer, or terpolymer of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer anionic monomer, alkoxylated polyamines and mixtures thereof;
f) said brightener is selected from the group consisting of derivatives of stilbene or 4,4′-diaminostilbene, biphenyl, five-membered heterocycles, six-membered heterocycles and mixtures thereof;
g) said hueing dye comprising a moiety selected the group consisting of acridine, anthraquinone, azine, azo, benzodifurane and benzodifuranone, carotenoid, coumarin, cyanine, diazahemicyanine, diphenylmethane, formazan, hemicyanine, indigoid, methane, naphthalimide, naphthoquinone, nitro and nitroso, oxazine, phthalocyanine, pyrazole, stilbene, styryl, triarylmethane, triphenylmethane, xanthene and mixtures thereof;
h) said dye transfer inhibiting agent is selected from the group consisting polyvinylpyrrolidone polymers, polyamine N-oxide polymers, copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-vinylimidazole, polyvinyloxazolidones and polyvinylimidazoles or mixtures thereof;
i) said bleach is selected from the group consisting of catalytic metal complexes; activated peroxygen sources; bleach activators; bleach boosters; photobleaches; bleaching enzymes; free radical initiators; H2O2; hypohalite bleaches; peroxygen sources and mixtures thereof;
j) said detersive enzyme is selected from the group consisting of hemicellulases, peroxidases, proteases, cellulases, xylanases, lipases, phospholipases, esterases, cutinases, pectinases, keratanases, reductases, oxidases, phenoloxidases, lipoxygenases, ligninases, pullulanases, tannases, pentosanases, malanases, 13-glucanases, arabinosidases, hyaluronidase, chondroitinase, laccase, amylases and mixtures thereof;
k) said structurant is selected from the group consisting of hydrogenated castor oil, gellan gum, starches, derivatized starches, carrageenan, guar gum, pectin, xanthan gum, modified celluloses, microcrystalline celluloses modified proteins, hydrogenated polyalkylenes, non-hydrogenated polyalkenes, inorganic salts, clay, homo- and co-polymers comprising cationic monomers selected from the group consisting of N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methyl methacrylate, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylamide, N,N-dialkylaminoalkylmethacrylamide, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methyl methacrylate, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylamide, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkylmethacrylamide, and mixtures thereof;
l) said fabric care benefit agent is selected from the group consisting of polyglycerol esters, oily sugar derivatives, wax emulsions, silicones, polyisobutylene, polyolefins and mixtures thereof;
m) said builder is selected from the group consisting of phosphate salts, water-soluble, nonphosphorus organic builders, alkali metal, ammonium and substituted ammonium polyacetates, carboxylates, polycarboxylates, polyhydroxy sulfonates, and mixtures thereof;
n) said surfactant is selected from the group consisting of anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, ampholytic surfactants, cationic surfactants, zwitterionic surfactants, and mixtures thereof
o) said carrier is selected from the group consisting of water, 1,2-propanediol, hexylene glycol, ethanol, isopropanol, glycerol, C1-C4 alkanolamines, salts, sugars, polyalkylene oxides; polyethylene glycols; polypropylene oxide, and mixtures thereof. 12. A composition according to claim 1 wherein:
a) said fabric softener active is selected from the group consisting of bis-(2-hydroxypropyl)-dimethylammonium methylsulphate fatty acid ester, 1,2-di(acyloxy)-3-trimethylammoniopropane chloride, N,N-bis(stearoyl-oxy-ethyl)-N,N-dimethyl ammonium chloride, N,N-bis(tallowoyl-oxy-ethyl) N,N-dimethyl ammonium chloride, N,N-bis(stearoyl-oxy-ethyl)N-(2 hydroxyethyl)-N-methyl ammonium methylsulfate, N,N-bis-(stearoyl-2-hydroxypropyl)-N,N-dimethylammonium methylsulphate, N,N-bis-(tallowoyl-2-hydroxypropyl)-N,N-dimethylammonium methylsulphate, N,N-bis-(palmitoyl-2-hydroxypropyl)-N,N-dimethylammonium methylsulphate, N,N-bis-(stearoyl-2-hydroxypropyl)-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride, 1,2 di (stearoyl-oxy) 3 trimethyl ammoniumpropane chloride, dicanoladimethylammonium chloride, di(hard)tallowdimethylammonium chloride dicanoladimethylammonium methylsulfate, Dipalmethyl Hydroxyethylammoinum Methosulfate and mixtures thereof;
b) said anionic surfactant scavenger is selected from the group consisting of monoalkyl quaternary ammonium compounds, amine precursors of monoalkyl quaternary ammonium compounds, dialkyl quaternary ammonium compounds, and amine precursors of dialkyl quaternary ammonium compounds, polyquaternary ammonium compounds, amine precursors of polyquaternary ammonium compounds, and mixtures thereof;
c) said delivery enhancing agent is selected from the group consisting of cationic polysaccaharides, polyethyleneimine and its derivatives, polyamidoamines and homopolymers, copolymers and terpolymers made from one or more cationic monomers selected from the group consisting of N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methyl methacrylate, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylamide, N,N-dialkylaminoalkylmethacrylamide, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methyl methacrylate, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylamide, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkylmethacrylamide, vinylamine and its derivatives, allylamine and its derivatives, vinyl imidazole, quaternized vinyl imidazole and diallyl dialkyl ammonium chloride and combinations thereof, and optionally a second monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylamide, N,N-dialkyl acrylamide, methacrylamide, N,N-dialkylmethacrylamide, C1-C12 alkyl acrylate, C1-C12 hydroxyalkyl acrylate, polyalkylene glyol acrylate, C1-C12 alkyl methacrylate, C1-C12 hydroxyalkyl methacrylate, polyalkylene glycol methacrylate, vinyl acetate, vinyl alcohol, vinyl formamide, vinyl acetamide, vinyl alkyl ether, vinyl pyridine, vinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl imidazole and derivatives, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, vinyl sulfonic acid, styrene sulfonic acid, acrylamidopropylmethane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and their salts, and combinations thereof;
d) said soil dispersing polymer is selected from the group consisting of alkoxylated polyethyleneimines, homopolymer or copolymer of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, itaconic acid, fumaric acid, 3-allyloxy-2-hydroxy-1-propane-sulfonic acid (HAPS) and their salts, allyl sulfonic acid and their salts, maleic acid, vinyl sulfonic acid, acrylamidopropylmethane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and their salts, derivatives and combinations thereof;
e) said brightener is selected from the group consisting of derivatives of stilbene or 4,4′-diaminostilbene, biphenyl, five-membered heterocycles and mixtures thereof;
f) said hueing dye is selected from the group consisting of Direct Violet dyes, Direct Blue dyes, Acid Red dyes, Acid Violet dyes, Acid Blue dyes, Acid Black dyes, Basic Violet dyes, Basic Blue dyes, Disperse or Solvent dyes and mixtures thereof;
g) said bleach is selected from the group consisting of catalytic metal complexes; activated peroxygen sources; bleach activators; bleach boosters; photobleaches, peroxygen source, hydrogen peroxide, perborate and percarbonate or mixtures thereof;
h) said enzyme, is selected from the group consisting of hemicellulases, peroxidases, proteases, cellulases, xylanases, lipases, phospholipases, esterases, cutinases, pectinases, pentosanases, malanases, β-glucanases, laccase, amylases and mixtures thereof;
i) said surfactant is selected from the group consisting of alkyl sulfate, alkyl ethoxysulfate, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, alpha olefin sulfonate, ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated alkyl phenols, fatty acids, soaps, and mixtures thereof.
j) said fabric care benefit agent is selected from the group consisting of polydimethylsiloxane, silicone polyethers, cationic silicone, aminosilicone, and mixtures thereof. 13. A composition according to claim 1 comprising:
a) a fabric softener active selected from the group consisting of bis-(2-hydroxypropyl)-dimethylammonium methylsulphate fatty acid ester, 1,2-di(acyloxy)-3-trimethylammoniopropane chloride, N,N-bis(stearoyl-oxy-ethyl)-N,N-dimethyl ammonium chloride, N,N-bis(tallowoyl-oxy-ethyl) N,N-dimethyl ammonium chloride, N,N-bis(stearoyl-oxy-ethyl)N-(2 hydroxyethyl)-N-methyl ammonium methylsulfate, N,N-bis-(stearoyl-2-hydroxypropyl)-N,N-dimethylammonium methylsulphate, N,N-bis-(tallowoyl-2-hydroxypropyl)-N,N-dimethylammonium methylsulphate, N,N-bis-(palmitoyl-2-hydroxypropyl)-N,N-dimethylammonium methylsulphate, N,N-bis-(stearoyl-2-hydroxypropyl)-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride, 1,2 di (stearoyl-oxy) 3 trimethyl ammoniumpropane chloride, dicanoladimethylammonium chloride, di(hard)tallowdimethylammonium chloride, dicanoladimethylammonium methylsulfate, 1-methyl-1-stearoylamidoethyl-2-stearoylimidazolinium methylsulfate, 1-tallowylamidoethyl-2-tallowylimidazoline, Dipalmethyl Hydroxyethylammoinum Methosulfate and mixtures thereof;
b) a carrier,
c) optionally, an anionic surfactant scavenger selected from the group consisting of a monoalkyl quaternary ammonium compounds and amine precursors thereof, dialkyl quaternary ammonium compounds and amine precursors thereof, polyquaternary ammonium compounds and amine precursors thereof, polymeric amines, and mixtures thereof;
d) optionally, a delivery enhancing agent selected from the group consisting of a cationic polymer having a charge density from about 0.05 milliequivalent/g to about 23 milliequivalent per gram of polymer, an amphoteric polymer having a charge density from about 0.05 milliequivalent/g to about 23 milliequivalent per gram of polymer, a protein having a charge density from about 0.05 milliequivalent/g to about 23 milliequivalent per gram of protein and mixtures thereof;
e) optionally, a dye transfer inhibiting agent selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidone polymers, polyamine N-oxide polymers, copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-vinylimidazole, polyvinyloxazolidones and polyvinylimidazoles or mixtures thereof;
f) optionally, a structurant selected from the group consisting of hydrogenated castor oil, gellan gum, starches, derivatized starches, carrageenan, guar gum, pectin, xanthan gum, modified celluloses, microcyrstalline celluloses, modified proteins, hydrogenated polyalkylenes, non-hydrogenated polyalkenes, inorganic salts selected from the group consisting of magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, calcium formate, magnesium formate, aluminum chloride, potassium permanganate and mixtures thereof, clay, homo- and co-polymers comprising cationic monomers selected from the group consisting of N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methyl methacrylate, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylamide, N,N-dialkylaminoalkylmethacrylamide, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methyl methacrylate, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylamide, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkylmethacrylamide, and mixtures thereof; and
g) optionally, a fabric care benefit agent selected from the group consisting of polyglycerol esters, oily sugar derivatives, wax emulsions, silicones, polyisobutylene, polyolefins and mixtures thereof; and
h) optionally a perfume; and
i) optionally a perfume delivery system;
said composition having a pH of from about 2 to about 7. 14. A composition according to claim 1 comprising:
a) a surfactant selected from the group consisting of anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, ampholytic surfactants, cationic surfactants, zwitterionic surfactants, and mixtures thereof;
b) a carrier;
c) optionally, a builder selected from the group consisting of phosphate salts, water-soluble, nonphosphorus organic builders, alkali metal, ammonium and substituted ammonium polyacetates, carboxylates, polycarboxylates, polyhydroxy sulfonates, and mixtures thereof;
d) optionally, a soil dispersing polymer selected from the group consisting of a homopolymer copolymer or terpolymer of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer anionic monomer, alkoxylated polyamines and mixtures thereof;
e) optionally, a delivery enhancing agent selected from the group consisting of a cationic polymer having a charge density from about 0.05 milliequivalent/g to about 23 milliequivalent per gram of polymer, an amphoteric polymer having a charge density from about 0.05 milliequivalent/g to about 23 milliequivalent per gram of polymer, a protein having a charge density from about 0.05 milliequivalent/g to about 23 milliequivalent per gram of protein and mixtures thereof;
f) optionally, a brightener selected from the group consisting of derivatives of stilbene or 4,4′-diaminostilbene, biphenyl, five-membered heterocycles, pyrazolines, oxazoles, imidiazoles, six-membered heterocycles, and mixtures thereof;
g) optionally, a hueing dye comprising a moiety selected the group consisting of acridine, anthraquinone azine, azo, benzodifurane and benzodifuranone, carotenoid, coumarin, cyanine, diazahemicyanine, diphenylmethane, formazan, hemicyanine, indigoid, methane, naphthalimide, naphthoquinone, nitro and nitroso, oxazine, phthalocyanine, pyrazole, stilbene, styryl, triarylmethane, triphenylmethane, xanthene and mixtures thereof;
h) optionally, a dye transfer inhibiting agent selected from the group consisting polyvinylpyrrolidone polymers, polyamine N-oxide polymers, copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-vinylimidazole, polyvinyloxazolidones and polyvinylimidazoles or mixtures thereof;
i) optionally, a bleach selected from the group consisting of catalytic metal complexes; activated peroxygen sources; bleach activators; bleach boosters; photobleaches; bleaching enzymes; free radical initiators; H2O2; hypohalite bleaches; peroxygen sources and mixtures thereof;
j) optionally, a detersive enzyme selected from the group consisting of hemicellulases, peroxidases, proteases, cellulases, xylanases, lipases, phospholipases, esterases, cutinases, pectinases, keratanases, reductases, oxidases, phenoloxidases, lipoxygenases, ligninases, pullulanases, tannases, pentosanases, malanases, β-glucanases, arabinosidases, hyaluronidase, chondroitinase, laccase, amylases and mixtures thereof;
k) optionally, a structurant selected from the group consisting of hydrogenated castor oil, gellan gum, starches, derivatized starches, carrageenan, guar gum, pectin, xanthan gum, modified celluloses, microcyrstalline celluloses, modified proteins, hydrogenated polyalkylenes, non-hydrogenated polyalkenes, inorganic salts, clay, homo- and co-polymers comprising cationic monomers selected from the group consisting of N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methyl methacrylate N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylamide, N,N-dialkylaminoalkylmethacrylamide, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methyl methacrylate, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylamide, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkylmethacrylamide, and mixtures thereof;
l) optionally, a fabric care benefit agent selected from the group consisting of polyglycerol esters, oily sugar derivatives, wax emulsions, silicones, polyisobutylene, polyolefins and mixtures thereof; and
m) optionally a perfume;
n) optionally a perfume delivery system;
said composition having a pH of from about 4 to about 12. 15. A composition according to claim 1 comprising
a) about 49 to about 99% of carrier selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol, salt, polysaccharide and sugar;
b) optionally, a fabric care benefit agent;
c) optionally a perfume;
d) optionally a perfume delivery system;
e) optionally a delivery enhancing agent. 16. A composition according to claim 1 comprising:
a) a fabric softening agent, a perfume, and a delivery enhancing agent; or
b) a fabric softening agent, a perfume and a perfume delivery system; or
c) a hueing dye and a surfactant; or
d) less than 10% total water, said total water being the sum of the free and bound water; or
e) a fabric softening agent, a fabric care benefit agent and a delivery enhancing agent; or
g) a fabric care benefit agent, anionic surfactant scavenger and a delivery enhancing agent; or
h) a perfume delivery system. 17. A composition according to any of claim 1 said composition comprising an emulsion, a gel network or lamellar phase. 18. A composition according to claim 1 said composition being in the form of a crystal, a bead or a pastille. 19. An article comprising a composition according to claim 1 and a water soluble film. 20. An article comprising a composition according to any of the claims 1 through 12, said article being in the form of a dryer sheet. 21. A fabric treated with a composition according to claims 1 through 18 and/or an article according to claims 19 through 20. 22. A method of treating and/or cleaning a fabric, said method comprising
a) optionally washing and/or rinsing said fabric; b) contacting said fabric with a composition according to claims 1 through 18 and/or an article according to claims 19-20; c) optionally washing and/or rinsing said fabric; and d) optionally passively or actively drying said fabric. 23. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said first, and second, glyceride copolymers have a free hydrocarbon content, based on the weight of glyceride copolymer of from about 0% to about 5%. | The present invention relates to fabric cleaning and/or treatment compositions as well as methods of making and using same. Such fabric cleaning and/or treatment compositions contain species of glyceride copolymers that have the required viscosity and lubricity. Thus, such species of glyceride copolymers provide improved softening performance and formulability.1. A composition comprising,
A) a material selected from the group consisting of:
(i) a first glyceride copolymer, comprising, based on total weight of first glyceride copolymer, from about 3% to about 30% C10-14 unsaturated fatty acid esters;
(ii) a second glyceride copolymer having formula (I):
wherein:
each R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 in second glyceride copolymer is independently selected from the group consisting of an oligomeric glyceride moiety, a C1-24 alkyl, a substituted C1-24 alkyl wherein the substituent is one or more —OH moieties, a C2-24 alkenyl, or a substituted C2-24 alkenyl wherein the substituent is one or more —OH moieties; and/or wherein each of the following combinations of moieties may each independently be covalently linked:
R1 and R3,
R2 and R5,
R1 and an adjacent R4,
R2 and an adjacent R4,
R3 and an adjacent R4,
R5 and an adjacent R4, or
any two adjacent R4
such that the covalently linked moieties form an alkenylene moiety;
each X1 and X2 in said second glyceride copolymer is independently selected from the group consisting of a C1-32 alkylene, a substituted C1-32 alkylene wherein the substituent is one or more —OH moieties, a C2-32 alkenylene or a substituted C2-32 alkenylene wherein the substituent is one or more —OH moieties;
two of G1, G2, and G3 are —CH2—, and one of G1, G2, and G3 is a direct bond;
for each individual repeat unit in the repeat unit having index n, two of G4, G5, and G6 are —CH2—, and one of G4, G5, and G6 is a direct bond, and the values G4, G5, and G6 for each individual repeat unit are independently selected from the values of G4, G5, and G6 in other repeating units;
two of G7, G8, and G9 are —CH2—, and one of G7, G8, and G9 is a direct bond;
n is an integer from 3 to 250;
with the proviso for each of said second glyceride copolymers at least one of R1, R2, R3, and R5, and/or at least one R4 in one individual repeat unit of said repeat unit having index n, is selected from the group consisting of: 8-nonenyl; 8-decenyl; 8-undecenyl; 8-dodecenyl; 8,11-dodecadienyl; 8,11-tridecadienyl; 8,11-tetradecadienyl; 8,11-pentadecadienyl; 8,11,14-pentadecatrienyl; 8,11,14-hexadecatrienyl; 8,11,14-octadecatrienyl; 9-methyl-8-decenyl; 9-methyl-8-undecenyl; 10-methyl-8-undecenyl; 12-methyl-8,11-tridecadienyl; 12-methyl-8,11-tetradecadienyl; 13-methyl-8,11-tetradecadienyl; 15-methyl-8,11,14-hexadecatrienyl; 15-methyl-8,11,14-heptadecatrienyl; 16-methyl-8,11,14-heptadecatrienyl; 12-tridecenyl; 12-tetradecenyl; 12-pentadecenyl; 12-hexadecenyl; 13-methyl-12-tetradecenyl; 13-methyl-12-pentadecenyl; and 14-methyl-12-pentadecenyl; and
(iii) mixtures thereof; and
B) a material selected from the group consisting of a fabric softener active, a fabric care benefit agent, an anionic surfactant scavenger, a delivery enhancing agent, a perfume, a perfume delivery system, a structurant, a soil dispersing polymer, a brightener, a hueing dye, dye transfer inhibiting agent, builder, surfactant, an enzyme, and mixtures thereof, and optionally a carrier,
said composition being a fabric care composition. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein said first and second glyceride copolymers have a weight average molecular weight of from about 4,000 g/mol to about 150,000 g/mol. 3. The composition according to claim 1, wherein for said second glyceride copolymer at least one of R1, R2, R3, R4, or R5 is a C9-13 alkenyl. 4. The composition according to claim 1, wherein for the second glyceride copolymer, R1 is a C1-24 alkyl or a C2-24 alkenyl. 5. The composition according to claim 1, wherein for the second glyceride copolymer, R2 is a C1-24 alkyl or a C2-24 alkenyl. 6. The composition according to claim 1, wherein for the second glyceride copolymer, R3 is a C1-24 alkyl or a C2-24 alkenyl. 7. The composition according to claim 1, wherein for the second glyceride copolymer, each R4 is independently selected from a C1-24 alkyl and a C2-24 alkenyl. 8. The composition according to claim 1, wherein for the second glyceride copolymer, R5 is a C1-24 alkyl or a C2-24 alkenyl. 9. A composition according to claim 1, said composition comprising, based on total composition weight, from about 0.1% to about 50% of a glyceride copolymer, selected from the group consisting of said first glyceride copolymer, second glyceride copolymer and mixtures thereof. 10. A composition according to claim 1, comprising one or more of the following:
a) from about 0.01% to about 50% of said fabric softener active; b) from about 0.001% to about 15% of said anionic surfactant scavenger; c) from about 0.01% to about 10%, of said delivery enhancing agent; d) from about 0.005% to about 30% of said perfume; e) from about 0.005% to about 30% of said perfume delivery system; f) from about 0.01% to about 20% of said soil dispersing polymer; g) from about 0.001% to about 10% of said brightener; h) from about 0.0001% to about 10% of said hueing dye; i) from about 0.0001% to about 10% of said dye transfer inhibiting agent; j) from about 0.01% to about 10% of said enzyme; k) from about 0.01% to about 20% of said structurant; l) from about 0.05% to about 20% of said fabric care benefit agent; m) from about 0.1% to about 80% of said builder; n) from about 0.1% to about 99% of a carrier; and o) mixtures thereof. 11. A composition according to claim 1 wherein:
a) said fabric softener active comprises a cationic fabric softener;
b) said anionic surfactant scavenger comprises a water soluble cationic and/or zwitterionic scavenger compound;
c) said delivery enhancing agent comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a cationic polymer having a charge density from about 0.05 milliequivalent/g to about 23 milliequivalent per gram of polymer, an amphoteric polymer having a charge density from about 0.05 milliequivalent/g to about 23 milliequivalent per gram of polymer, a protein having a charge density from about 0.05 milliequivalent/g to about 23 milliequivalent per gram of protein and mixtures thereof;
d) said perfume delivery system is selected from the group consisting of a Polymer Assisted Delivery (PAD) system, Molecule-Assisted Delivery (MAD) system, Cyclodextrin (CD) system, Starch Encapsulated Accord (SEA) system, Zeolite & Inorganic Carrier (ZIC) system, and mixtures thereof;
e) said soil dispersing polymer is selected from the group consisting of a homopolymer, copolymer, or terpolymer of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer anionic monomer, alkoxylated polyamines and mixtures thereof;
f) said brightener is selected from the group consisting of derivatives of stilbene or 4,4′-diaminostilbene, biphenyl, five-membered heterocycles, six-membered heterocycles and mixtures thereof;
g) said hueing dye comprising a moiety selected the group consisting of acridine, anthraquinone, azine, azo, benzodifurane and benzodifuranone, carotenoid, coumarin, cyanine, diazahemicyanine, diphenylmethane, formazan, hemicyanine, indigoid, methane, naphthalimide, naphthoquinone, nitro and nitroso, oxazine, phthalocyanine, pyrazole, stilbene, styryl, triarylmethane, triphenylmethane, xanthene and mixtures thereof;
h) said dye transfer inhibiting agent is selected from the group consisting polyvinylpyrrolidone polymers, polyamine N-oxide polymers, copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-vinylimidazole, polyvinyloxazolidones and polyvinylimidazoles or mixtures thereof;
i) said bleach is selected from the group consisting of catalytic metal complexes; activated peroxygen sources; bleach activators; bleach boosters; photobleaches; bleaching enzymes; free radical initiators; H2O2; hypohalite bleaches; peroxygen sources and mixtures thereof;
j) said detersive enzyme is selected from the group consisting of hemicellulases, peroxidases, proteases, cellulases, xylanases, lipases, phospholipases, esterases, cutinases, pectinases, keratanases, reductases, oxidases, phenoloxidases, lipoxygenases, ligninases, pullulanases, tannases, pentosanases, malanases, 13-glucanases, arabinosidases, hyaluronidase, chondroitinase, laccase, amylases and mixtures thereof;
k) said structurant is selected from the group consisting of hydrogenated castor oil, gellan gum, starches, derivatized starches, carrageenan, guar gum, pectin, xanthan gum, modified celluloses, microcrystalline celluloses modified proteins, hydrogenated polyalkylenes, non-hydrogenated polyalkenes, inorganic salts, clay, homo- and co-polymers comprising cationic monomers selected from the group consisting of N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methyl methacrylate, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylamide, N,N-dialkylaminoalkylmethacrylamide, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methyl methacrylate, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylamide, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkylmethacrylamide, and mixtures thereof;
l) said fabric care benefit agent is selected from the group consisting of polyglycerol esters, oily sugar derivatives, wax emulsions, silicones, polyisobutylene, polyolefins and mixtures thereof;
m) said builder is selected from the group consisting of phosphate salts, water-soluble, nonphosphorus organic builders, alkali metal, ammonium and substituted ammonium polyacetates, carboxylates, polycarboxylates, polyhydroxy sulfonates, and mixtures thereof;
n) said surfactant is selected from the group consisting of anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, ampholytic surfactants, cationic surfactants, zwitterionic surfactants, and mixtures thereof
o) said carrier is selected from the group consisting of water, 1,2-propanediol, hexylene glycol, ethanol, isopropanol, glycerol, C1-C4 alkanolamines, salts, sugars, polyalkylene oxides; polyethylene glycols; polypropylene oxide, and mixtures thereof. 12. A composition according to claim 1 wherein:
a) said fabric softener active is selected from the group consisting of bis-(2-hydroxypropyl)-dimethylammonium methylsulphate fatty acid ester, 1,2-di(acyloxy)-3-trimethylammoniopropane chloride, N,N-bis(stearoyl-oxy-ethyl)-N,N-dimethyl ammonium chloride, N,N-bis(tallowoyl-oxy-ethyl) N,N-dimethyl ammonium chloride, N,N-bis(stearoyl-oxy-ethyl)N-(2 hydroxyethyl)-N-methyl ammonium methylsulfate, N,N-bis-(stearoyl-2-hydroxypropyl)-N,N-dimethylammonium methylsulphate, N,N-bis-(tallowoyl-2-hydroxypropyl)-N,N-dimethylammonium methylsulphate, N,N-bis-(palmitoyl-2-hydroxypropyl)-N,N-dimethylammonium methylsulphate, N,N-bis-(stearoyl-2-hydroxypropyl)-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride, 1,2 di (stearoyl-oxy) 3 trimethyl ammoniumpropane chloride, dicanoladimethylammonium chloride, di(hard)tallowdimethylammonium chloride dicanoladimethylammonium methylsulfate, Dipalmethyl Hydroxyethylammoinum Methosulfate and mixtures thereof;
b) said anionic surfactant scavenger is selected from the group consisting of monoalkyl quaternary ammonium compounds, amine precursors of monoalkyl quaternary ammonium compounds, dialkyl quaternary ammonium compounds, and amine precursors of dialkyl quaternary ammonium compounds, polyquaternary ammonium compounds, amine precursors of polyquaternary ammonium compounds, and mixtures thereof;
c) said delivery enhancing agent is selected from the group consisting of cationic polysaccaharides, polyethyleneimine and its derivatives, polyamidoamines and homopolymers, copolymers and terpolymers made from one or more cationic monomers selected from the group consisting of N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methyl methacrylate, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylamide, N,N-dialkylaminoalkylmethacrylamide, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methyl methacrylate, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylamide, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkylmethacrylamide, vinylamine and its derivatives, allylamine and its derivatives, vinyl imidazole, quaternized vinyl imidazole and diallyl dialkyl ammonium chloride and combinations thereof, and optionally a second monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylamide, N,N-dialkyl acrylamide, methacrylamide, N,N-dialkylmethacrylamide, C1-C12 alkyl acrylate, C1-C12 hydroxyalkyl acrylate, polyalkylene glyol acrylate, C1-C12 alkyl methacrylate, C1-C12 hydroxyalkyl methacrylate, polyalkylene glycol methacrylate, vinyl acetate, vinyl alcohol, vinyl formamide, vinyl acetamide, vinyl alkyl ether, vinyl pyridine, vinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl imidazole and derivatives, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, vinyl sulfonic acid, styrene sulfonic acid, acrylamidopropylmethane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and their salts, and combinations thereof;
d) said soil dispersing polymer is selected from the group consisting of alkoxylated polyethyleneimines, homopolymer or copolymer of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, itaconic acid, fumaric acid, 3-allyloxy-2-hydroxy-1-propane-sulfonic acid (HAPS) and their salts, allyl sulfonic acid and their salts, maleic acid, vinyl sulfonic acid, acrylamidopropylmethane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and their salts, derivatives and combinations thereof;
e) said brightener is selected from the group consisting of derivatives of stilbene or 4,4′-diaminostilbene, biphenyl, five-membered heterocycles and mixtures thereof;
f) said hueing dye is selected from the group consisting of Direct Violet dyes, Direct Blue dyes, Acid Red dyes, Acid Violet dyes, Acid Blue dyes, Acid Black dyes, Basic Violet dyes, Basic Blue dyes, Disperse or Solvent dyes and mixtures thereof;
g) said bleach is selected from the group consisting of catalytic metal complexes; activated peroxygen sources; bleach activators; bleach boosters; photobleaches, peroxygen source, hydrogen peroxide, perborate and percarbonate or mixtures thereof;
h) said enzyme, is selected from the group consisting of hemicellulases, peroxidases, proteases, cellulases, xylanases, lipases, phospholipases, esterases, cutinases, pectinases, pentosanases, malanases, β-glucanases, laccase, amylases and mixtures thereof;
i) said surfactant is selected from the group consisting of alkyl sulfate, alkyl ethoxysulfate, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, alpha olefin sulfonate, ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated alkyl phenols, fatty acids, soaps, and mixtures thereof.
j) said fabric care benefit agent is selected from the group consisting of polydimethylsiloxane, silicone polyethers, cationic silicone, aminosilicone, and mixtures thereof. 13. A composition according to claim 1 comprising:
a) a fabric softener active selected from the group consisting of bis-(2-hydroxypropyl)-dimethylammonium methylsulphate fatty acid ester, 1,2-di(acyloxy)-3-trimethylammoniopropane chloride, N,N-bis(stearoyl-oxy-ethyl)-N,N-dimethyl ammonium chloride, N,N-bis(tallowoyl-oxy-ethyl) N,N-dimethyl ammonium chloride, N,N-bis(stearoyl-oxy-ethyl)N-(2 hydroxyethyl)-N-methyl ammonium methylsulfate, N,N-bis-(stearoyl-2-hydroxypropyl)-N,N-dimethylammonium methylsulphate, N,N-bis-(tallowoyl-2-hydroxypropyl)-N,N-dimethylammonium methylsulphate, N,N-bis-(palmitoyl-2-hydroxypropyl)-N,N-dimethylammonium methylsulphate, N,N-bis-(stearoyl-2-hydroxypropyl)-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride, 1,2 di (stearoyl-oxy) 3 trimethyl ammoniumpropane chloride, dicanoladimethylammonium chloride, di(hard)tallowdimethylammonium chloride, dicanoladimethylammonium methylsulfate, 1-methyl-1-stearoylamidoethyl-2-stearoylimidazolinium methylsulfate, 1-tallowylamidoethyl-2-tallowylimidazoline, Dipalmethyl Hydroxyethylammoinum Methosulfate and mixtures thereof;
b) a carrier,
c) optionally, an anionic surfactant scavenger selected from the group consisting of a monoalkyl quaternary ammonium compounds and amine precursors thereof, dialkyl quaternary ammonium compounds and amine precursors thereof, polyquaternary ammonium compounds and amine precursors thereof, polymeric amines, and mixtures thereof;
d) optionally, a delivery enhancing agent selected from the group consisting of a cationic polymer having a charge density from about 0.05 milliequivalent/g to about 23 milliequivalent per gram of polymer, an amphoteric polymer having a charge density from about 0.05 milliequivalent/g to about 23 milliequivalent per gram of polymer, a protein having a charge density from about 0.05 milliequivalent/g to about 23 milliequivalent per gram of protein and mixtures thereof;
e) optionally, a dye transfer inhibiting agent selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidone polymers, polyamine N-oxide polymers, copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-vinylimidazole, polyvinyloxazolidones and polyvinylimidazoles or mixtures thereof;
f) optionally, a structurant selected from the group consisting of hydrogenated castor oil, gellan gum, starches, derivatized starches, carrageenan, guar gum, pectin, xanthan gum, modified celluloses, microcyrstalline celluloses, modified proteins, hydrogenated polyalkylenes, non-hydrogenated polyalkenes, inorganic salts selected from the group consisting of magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, calcium formate, magnesium formate, aluminum chloride, potassium permanganate and mixtures thereof, clay, homo- and co-polymers comprising cationic monomers selected from the group consisting of N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methyl methacrylate, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylamide, N,N-dialkylaminoalkylmethacrylamide, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methyl methacrylate, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylamide, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkylmethacrylamide, and mixtures thereof; and
g) optionally, a fabric care benefit agent selected from the group consisting of polyglycerol esters, oily sugar derivatives, wax emulsions, silicones, polyisobutylene, polyolefins and mixtures thereof; and
h) optionally a perfume; and
i) optionally a perfume delivery system;
said composition having a pH of from about 2 to about 7. 14. A composition according to claim 1 comprising:
a) a surfactant selected from the group consisting of anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, ampholytic surfactants, cationic surfactants, zwitterionic surfactants, and mixtures thereof;
b) a carrier;
c) optionally, a builder selected from the group consisting of phosphate salts, water-soluble, nonphosphorus organic builders, alkali metal, ammonium and substituted ammonium polyacetates, carboxylates, polycarboxylates, polyhydroxy sulfonates, and mixtures thereof;
d) optionally, a soil dispersing polymer selected from the group consisting of a homopolymer copolymer or terpolymer of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer anionic monomer, alkoxylated polyamines and mixtures thereof;
e) optionally, a delivery enhancing agent selected from the group consisting of a cationic polymer having a charge density from about 0.05 milliequivalent/g to about 23 milliequivalent per gram of polymer, an amphoteric polymer having a charge density from about 0.05 milliequivalent/g to about 23 milliequivalent per gram of polymer, a protein having a charge density from about 0.05 milliequivalent/g to about 23 milliequivalent per gram of protein and mixtures thereof;
f) optionally, a brightener selected from the group consisting of derivatives of stilbene or 4,4′-diaminostilbene, biphenyl, five-membered heterocycles, pyrazolines, oxazoles, imidiazoles, six-membered heterocycles, and mixtures thereof;
g) optionally, a hueing dye comprising a moiety selected the group consisting of acridine, anthraquinone azine, azo, benzodifurane and benzodifuranone, carotenoid, coumarin, cyanine, diazahemicyanine, diphenylmethane, formazan, hemicyanine, indigoid, methane, naphthalimide, naphthoquinone, nitro and nitroso, oxazine, phthalocyanine, pyrazole, stilbene, styryl, triarylmethane, triphenylmethane, xanthene and mixtures thereof;
h) optionally, a dye transfer inhibiting agent selected from the group consisting polyvinylpyrrolidone polymers, polyamine N-oxide polymers, copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-vinylimidazole, polyvinyloxazolidones and polyvinylimidazoles or mixtures thereof;
i) optionally, a bleach selected from the group consisting of catalytic metal complexes; activated peroxygen sources; bleach activators; bleach boosters; photobleaches; bleaching enzymes; free radical initiators; H2O2; hypohalite bleaches; peroxygen sources and mixtures thereof;
j) optionally, a detersive enzyme selected from the group consisting of hemicellulases, peroxidases, proteases, cellulases, xylanases, lipases, phospholipases, esterases, cutinases, pectinases, keratanases, reductases, oxidases, phenoloxidases, lipoxygenases, ligninases, pullulanases, tannases, pentosanases, malanases, β-glucanases, arabinosidases, hyaluronidase, chondroitinase, laccase, amylases and mixtures thereof;
k) optionally, a structurant selected from the group consisting of hydrogenated castor oil, gellan gum, starches, derivatized starches, carrageenan, guar gum, pectin, xanthan gum, modified celluloses, microcyrstalline celluloses, modified proteins, hydrogenated polyalkylenes, non-hydrogenated polyalkenes, inorganic salts, clay, homo- and co-polymers comprising cationic monomers selected from the group consisting of N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methyl methacrylate N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylamide, N,N-dialkylaminoalkylmethacrylamide, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methyl methacrylate, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylamide, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkylmethacrylamide, and mixtures thereof;
l) optionally, a fabric care benefit agent selected from the group consisting of polyglycerol esters, oily sugar derivatives, wax emulsions, silicones, polyisobutylene, polyolefins and mixtures thereof; and
m) optionally a perfume;
n) optionally a perfume delivery system;
said composition having a pH of from about 4 to about 12. 15. A composition according to claim 1 comprising
a) about 49 to about 99% of carrier selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol, salt, polysaccharide and sugar;
b) optionally, a fabric care benefit agent;
c) optionally a perfume;
d) optionally a perfume delivery system;
e) optionally a delivery enhancing agent. 16. A composition according to claim 1 comprising:
a) a fabric softening agent, a perfume, and a delivery enhancing agent; or
b) a fabric softening agent, a perfume and a perfume delivery system; or
c) a hueing dye and a surfactant; or
d) less than 10% total water, said total water being the sum of the free and bound water; or
e) a fabric softening agent, a fabric care benefit agent and a delivery enhancing agent; or
g) a fabric care benefit agent, anionic surfactant scavenger and a delivery enhancing agent; or
h) a perfume delivery system. 17. A composition according to any of claim 1 said composition comprising an emulsion, a gel network or lamellar phase. 18. A composition according to claim 1 said composition being in the form of a crystal, a bead or a pastille. 19. An article comprising a composition according to claim 1 and a water soluble film. 20. An article comprising a composition according to any of the claims 1 through 12, said article being in the form of a dryer sheet. 21. A fabric treated with a composition according to claims 1 through 18 and/or an article according to claims 19 through 20. 22. A method of treating and/or cleaning a fabric, said method comprising
a) optionally washing and/or rinsing said fabric; b) contacting said fabric with a composition according to claims 1 through 18 and/or an article according to claims 19-20; c) optionally washing and/or rinsing said fabric; and d) optionally passively or actively drying said fabric. 23. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said first, and second, glyceride copolymers have a free hydrocarbon content, based on the weight of glyceride copolymer of from about 0% to about 5%. | 1,700 |
3,199 | 14,198,432 | 1,793 | The disclosure features a human milk cream composition as well as methods of making a human milk cream composition and using a human milk cream composition. In particular, the disclosure features a method of using a human milk cream composition to raise the caloric content of human milk. | 1. A human milk cream composition comprising pasteurized cream derived from human milk, wherein the composition comprises about 2.5 kcal/ml. 2. The human cream composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises about 25% fat. 3. The human cream composition of claim 1, further comprising human skim milk permeate. 4. The human cream composition of claim 1, further comprising deionized water. 5. The human cream composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is used for enteral nutrition. 6. The human cream composition of claim 5, wherein the enteral nutrition is for a low birth weight infant. 7. A method of making a human milk cream composition comprising the steps of:
(a) obtaining a pool of human milk, (b) separating the pool of human milk into a cream portion and a skim milk portion, (c) formulating the cream portion to obtain a cream composition comprising about 2.5 kcal/ml, and (d) pasteurizing the cream composition. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the separating step is via ultracentrifugation. 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising ultra filtering water from the skim milk portion, thereby obtaining a human skim milk permeate. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein step (c) comprises adding a volume of the human skim milk permeate to the cream portion. 11. The method of claim 5, wherein step (c) comprises adding a volume of deionized water to the cream portion. 12. The method of claim 7, further comprising a step of testing the pool of human milk for adulterants, contaminants, drugs and/or pathogens. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the testing step comprises testing using a microorganism panel. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the testing step comprises PCR analysis for HIV, HBV and HCV. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the testing step detects bovine protein. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the testing step comprises testing for one or more drugs. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the one or more drugs are selected from amphetamines, benzodiazepine, cocaine, methamphetamines, opiates, THC, and principle metabolites thereof. 18. The method of claim 7, wherein the pool of human milk is from one or more donors. 19. A method of increasing the caloric content of human milk to a desired caloric content level, the method comprising
(a) obtaining a sample of human milk, (b) measuring the caloric content of the human milk, (c) determining a volume of a human milk cream composition needed to raise the caloric content of the human milk to the desired caloric content level, and (d) adding the volume of the human milk cream composition to the container of human milk. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the desired caloric content is 20 kcal/oz. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the human milk cream composition comprises about 2.5 kcal/ml. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the human milk cream composition comprises about 25% fat. 23. The method of claim 19, wherein the human milk is for enteral nutrition. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the enteral nutrition is for a low birth weight infant. | The disclosure features a human milk cream composition as well as methods of making a human milk cream composition and using a human milk cream composition. In particular, the disclosure features a method of using a human milk cream composition to raise the caloric content of human milk.1. A human milk cream composition comprising pasteurized cream derived from human milk, wherein the composition comprises about 2.5 kcal/ml. 2. The human cream composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises about 25% fat. 3. The human cream composition of claim 1, further comprising human skim milk permeate. 4. The human cream composition of claim 1, further comprising deionized water. 5. The human cream composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is used for enteral nutrition. 6. The human cream composition of claim 5, wherein the enteral nutrition is for a low birth weight infant. 7. A method of making a human milk cream composition comprising the steps of:
(a) obtaining a pool of human milk, (b) separating the pool of human milk into a cream portion and a skim milk portion, (c) formulating the cream portion to obtain a cream composition comprising about 2.5 kcal/ml, and (d) pasteurizing the cream composition. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the separating step is via ultracentrifugation. 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising ultra filtering water from the skim milk portion, thereby obtaining a human skim milk permeate. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein step (c) comprises adding a volume of the human skim milk permeate to the cream portion. 11. The method of claim 5, wherein step (c) comprises adding a volume of deionized water to the cream portion. 12. The method of claim 7, further comprising a step of testing the pool of human milk for adulterants, contaminants, drugs and/or pathogens. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the testing step comprises testing using a microorganism panel. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the testing step comprises PCR analysis for HIV, HBV and HCV. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the testing step detects bovine protein. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the testing step comprises testing for one or more drugs. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the one or more drugs are selected from amphetamines, benzodiazepine, cocaine, methamphetamines, opiates, THC, and principle metabolites thereof. 18. The method of claim 7, wherein the pool of human milk is from one or more donors. 19. A method of increasing the caloric content of human milk to a desired caloric content level, the method comprising
(a) obtaining a sample of human milk, (b) measuring the caloric content of the human milk, (c) determining a volume of a human milk cream composition needed to raise the caloric content of the human milk to the desired caloric content level, and (d) adding the volume of the human milk cream composition to the container of human milk. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the desired caloric content is 20 kcal/oz. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the human milk cream composition comprises about 2.5 kcal/ml. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the human milk cream composition comprises about 25% fat. 23. The method of claim 19, wherein the human milk is for enteral nutrition. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the enteral nutrition is for a low birth weight infant. | 1,700 |
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