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2,000 | 13,355,651 | 1,767 | The present invention provides a process for designing and producing a cooling fluid for use in a cooling system. The process uses molecular dynamics to calculate the thermal properties of one or more fluid-nanoparticle solutions, and thereby aids in the study, selection and/or production of desired cooling fluids based on first principle simulations. | 1. A process for designing and producing a cooling fluid for use in a cooling system, the process comprising:
selecting a plurality of liquid-nanoparticle combinations to be simulated, each of the liquid-nanoparticle combinations including a liquid and a plurality of nanoparticles; calculating an agglomerate shape distribution for the plurality of nanoparticles within the liquid for each of the liquid-nanoparticle combinations; calculating a thermal conductivity for each of the liquid-nanoparticle combinations as a function of the liquid, the plurality of nanoparticles and the agglomerate shape distribution for each of the liquid-nanoparticle combinations; selecting a liquid-nanoparticle combination as a function of the calculated thermal conductivities for the liquid-nanoparticle combinations; providing a liquid and a plurality of nanoparticles corresponding to the selected liquid-nanoparticle combination; and mixing the provided liquid and plurality of nanoparticles to produce a cooling fluid for use in a cooling system. 2. The process of claim 1, further including calculating a clustering behavior of the plurality of nanoparticles within the liquid for each of the liquid-nanoparticle combinations. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles is a plurality of nanotubes and the plurality of liquid-nanoparticle combinations is a plurality of liquid-nanotube combinations. 4. The process of claim 3, wherein the calculated agglomerate shape distribution is a function of at least one liquid-nanotube combination property selected from a group consisting of a temperature of the liquid, an aspect ratio of the nanotubes, a length of the nanotubes, a chirality of the nanotubes, a homo-molecular versus hetero-molecular nanotube system and combinations thereof. 5. The process of claim 4, wherein the agglomerate shape distribution is calculated using molecular dynamics. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the thermal conductivity is calculated using a large-scale molecular dynamics simulator. 7. The process of claim 6, wherein the calculated thermal conductivity is a function of at least one liquid-nanotube combination property selected from a group consisting of a temperature of the liquid, an aspect ratio of the nanotubes, a length of the nanotubes, a chirality of the nanotubes, a homo-molecular versus hetero-molecular nanotube system, a concentration of the nanotubes within the liquid, an agglomerate structure of the nanotubes within the liquid and combinations thereof. | The present invention provides a process for designing and producing a cooling fluid for use in a cooling system. The process uses molecular dynamics to calculate the thermal properties of one or more fluid-nanoparticle solutions, and thereby aids in the study, selection and/or production of desired cooling fluids based on first principle simulations.1. A process for designing and producing a cooling fluid for use in a cooling system, the process comprising:
selecting a plurality of liquid-nanoparticle combinations to be simulated, each of the liquid-nanoparticle combinations including a liquid and a plurality of nanoparticles; calculating an agglomerate shape distribution for the plurality of nanoparticles within the liquid for each of the liquid-nanoparticle combinations; calculating a thermal conductivity for each of the liquid-nanoparticle combinations as a function of the liquid, the plurality of nanoparticles and the agglomerate shape distribution for each of the liquid-nanoparticle combinations; selecting a liquid-nanoparticle combination as a function of the calculated thermal conductivities for the liquid-nanoparticle combinations; providing a liquid and a plurality of nanoparticles corresponding to the selected liquid-nanoparticle combination; and mixing the provided liquid and plurality of nanoparticles to produce a cooling fluid for use in a cooling system. 2. The process of claim 1, further including calculating a clustering behavior of the plurality of nanoparticles within the liquid for each of the liquid-nanoparticle combinations. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles is a plurality of nanotubes and the plurality of liquid-nanoparticle combinations is a plurality of liquid-nanotube combinations. 4. The process of claim 3, wherein the calculated agglomerate shape distribution is a function of at least one liquid-nanotube combination property selected from a group consisting of a temperature of the liquid, an aspect ratio of the nanotubes, a length of the nanotubes, a chirality of the nanotubes, a homo-molecular versus hetero-molecular nanotube system and combinations thereof. 5. The process of claim 4, wherein the agglomerate shape distribution is calculated using molecular dynamics. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the thermal conductivity is calculated using a large-scale molecular dynamics simulator. 7. The process of claim 6, wherein the calculated thermal conductivity is a function of at least one liquid-nanotube combination property selected from a group consisting of a temperature of the liquid, an aspect ratio of the nanotubes, a length of the nanotubes, a chirality of the nanotubes, a homo-molecular versus hetero-molecular nanotube system, a concentration of the nanotubes within the liquid, an agglomerate structure of the nanotubes within the liquid and combinations thereof. | 1,700 |
2,001 | 13,952,441 | 1,746 | A wrappable protective sleeve for providing protection to at least one elongate member contained therein and methods of construction and use thereof are provided. The sleeve includes a flexible textile wall having opposite inner and outer faces bounded by opposite edges and opposite ends. The opposite edges extend generally parallel to one another between the opposite ends. A pair of adhesive layers is bonded to the inner face, with each of the adhesive layers being spaced from one another. The adhesive layers extend between the opposite ends adjacent the opposite edges. Further, a release paper is releasably adhered to the pair of adhesive layers for subsequent removal and use of the sleeve. | 1. A wrappable protective sleeve for providing protection to at least one elongate member contained therein, comprising:
a flexible textile wall having opposite inner and outer faces bounded by opposite edges and opposite ends, said opposite edges extending generally parallel to one another between said opposite ends; a pair of adhesive layers bonded to said inner face in spaced relation from one another, said adhesive layers extending between said opposite ends adjacent said opposite edges; and a release paper releasably adhered to said pair of adhesive layers. 2. The wrappable protective sleeve of claim 1 wherein said opposite edges are spaced from one another along a width of said wall and said release paper has a width less than said width of said wall. 3. The wrappable protective sleeve of claim 2 wherein each of said adhesive layers has a width and said width of said release paper is substantially equal to the combined widths of said adhesive layers. 4. The wrappable protective sleeve of claim 1 wherein said wall has a tubular configuration with said release paper adhered to said pair of adhesive layers. 5. The wrappable protective sleeve of claim 1 wherein one of said adhesive layers of said pair of adhesive layers is adapted to be adhered to an outer surface of the at least one elongate member and the other of said adhesive layers of said pair of adhesive layers is adapted to be adhered to said outer face of said wall. 6. The wrappable protective sleeve of claim 1 wherein each of said pair of adhesive layers is adapted to be adhered to a common one of the at least one elongate member and each of said pair of adhesive layers is adapted to be adhered to itself. 7. The wrappable protective sleeve of claim 6 wherein the wrappable protective sleeve is adapted to be wrapped about a T-shaped union of the at least one elongate member. 8. The wrappable protective sleeve of claim 1 wherein said wall is formed of interlaced yarn. 9. The wrappable protective sleeve of claim 1 wherein said wall is formed of a nonwoven material. 10. A method of protecting at least a portion of at least one elongate member, comprising:
providing a flexible textile wall having opposite inner and outer faces bounded by opposite edges and opposite ends with a pair of adhesive layers bonded to the inner face in spaced relation from one another with a single release paper being releasably adhered to the pair of adhesive layers; removing the single release paper from the pair of adhesive layers; adhering at least one of the adhesive layers to at least one elongate member to be protected; wrapping the wall about the portion of the at least one elongate member to be protected; and adhering at least one of the adhesive layers to at least one of the outer face of the wall or to itself to fix the wall in its wrapped configuration about the portion of the at least one elongate member to be protected. 11. The method of claim 10 further including adhering one of the adhesive layers to a single elongate member to be protected and then wrapping the wall about the elongate member and bringing the opposite edges into overlapping relation with one another and adhering the other of the adhesive layers to the outer face of the wall. 12. The method of claim 10 further including providing the at least one elongate member as a plurality of elongate members having a generally T-shaped union and adhering a portion of the adhesive layers to a common one of the plurality of elongate members and then wrapping the wall about the T-shaped union and adhering a portion of each adhesive layer to itself. 13. The method of claim 10 further including providing the wall being formed from interlaced yarn. 14. The method of claim 10 further including providing the wall being formed from a nonwoven material. 15. A method of constructing a wrappable protective sleeve, comprising:
forming a flexible textile wall having opposite inner and outer faces bounded by opposite edges and opposite ends; bonding a pair of adhesive layers to the inner face in spaced relation from one another adjacent the opposite edges; and bonding a single release paper to the wall via the pair of adhesive layers. 16. The method of claim 15 further including bonding the pair of adhesive layers to the single release paper prior to bonding the bonding the pair of adhesive layers to the inner face of the wall. 17. The method of claim 15 further including wrapping the wall into a tubular configuration and then bonding the single release paper to the wall to releasably maintain the wall in its tubular configuration. 18. The method of claim 17 further including wrapping the wall into the tubular configuration with the inner face facing radially outwardly. 19. The method of claim 15 further including forming the wall from interlaced yarn. 20. The method of claim 15 further including forming the wall from a nonwoven material. | A wrappable protective sleeve for providing protection to at least one elongate member contained therein and methods of construction and use thereof are provided. The sleeve includes a flexible textile wall having opposite inner and outer faces bounded by opposite edges and opposite ends. The opposite edges extend generally parallel to one another between the opposite ends. A pair of adhesive layers is bonded to the inner face, with each of the adhesive layers being spaced from one another. The adhesive layers extend between the opposite ends adjacent the opposite edges. Further, a release paper is releasably adhered to the pair of adhesive layers for subsequent removal and use of the sleeve.1. A wrappable protective sleeve for providing protection to at least one elongate member contained therein, comprising:
a flexible textile wall having opposite inner and outer faces bounded by opposite edges and opposite ends, said opposite edges extending generally parallel to one another between said opposite ends; a pair of adhesive layers bonded to said inner face in spaced relation from one another, said adhesive layers extending between said opposite ends adjacent said opposite edges; and a release paper releasably adhered to said pair of adhesive layers. 2. The wrappable protective sleeve of claim 1 wherein said opposite edges are spaced from one another along a width of said wall and said release paper has a width less than said width of said wall. 3. The wrappable protective sleeve of claim 2 wherein each of said adhesive layers has a width and said width of said release paper is substantially equal to the combined widths of said adhesive layers. 4. The wrappable protective sleeve of claim 1 wherein said wall has a tubular configuration with said release paper adhered to said pair of adhesive layers. 5. The wrappable protective sleeve of claim 1 wherein one of said adhesive layers of said pair of adhesive layers is adapted to be adhered to an outer surface of the at least one elongate member and the other of said adhesive layers of said pair of adhesive layers is adapted to be adhered to said outer face of said wall. 6. The wrappable protective sleeve of claim 1 wherein each of said pair of adhesive layers is adapted to be adhered to a common one of the at least one elongate member and each of said pair of adhesive layers is adapted to be adhered to itself. 7. The wrappable protective sleeve of claim 6 wherein the wrappable protective sleeve is adapted to be wrapped about a T-shaped union of the at least one elongate member. 8. The wrappable protective sleeve of claim 1 wherein said wall is formed of interlaced yarn. 9. The wrappable protective sleeve of claim 1 wherein said wall is formed of a nonwoven material. 10. A method of protecting at least a portion of at least one elongate member, comprising:
providing a flexible textile wall having opposite inner and outer faces bounded by opposite edges and opposite ends with a pair of adhesive layers bonded to the inner face in spaced relation from one another with a single release paper being releasably adhered to the pair of adhesive layers; removing the single release paper from the pair of adhesive layers; adhering at least one of the adhesive layers to at least one elongate member to be protected; wrapping the wall about the portion of the at least one elongate member to be protected; and adhering at least one of the adhesive layers to at least one of the outer face of the wall or to itself to fix the wall in its wrapped configuration about the portion of the at least one elongate member to be protected. 11. The method of claim 10 further including adhering one of the adhesive layers to a single elongate member to be protected and then wrapping the wall about the elongate member and bringing the opposite edges into overlapping relation with one another and adhering the other of the adhesive layers to the outer face of the wall. 12. The method of claim 10 further including providing the at least one elongate member as a plurality of elongate members having a generally T-shaped union and adhering a portion of the adhesive layers to a common one of the plurality of elongate members and then wrapping the wall about the T-shaped union and adhering a portion of each adhesive layer to itself. 13. The method of claim 10 further including providing the wall being formed from interlaced yarn. 14. The method of claim 10 further including providing the wall being formed from a nonwoven material. 15. A method of constructing a wrappable protective sleeve, comprising:
forming a flexible textile wall having opposite inner and outer faces bounded by opposite edges and opposite ends; bonding a pair of adhesive layers to the inner face in spaced relation from one another adjacent the opposite edges; and bonding a single release paper to the wall via the pair of adhesive layers. 16. The method of claim 15 further including bonding the pair of adhesive layers to the single release paper prior to bonding the bonding the pair of adhesive layers to the inner face of the wall. 17. The method of claim 15 further including wrapping the wall into a tubular configuration and then bonding the single release paper to the wall to releasably maintain the wall in its tubular configuration. 18. The method of claim 17 further including wrapping the wall into the tubular configuration with the inner face facing radially outwardly. 19. The method of claim 15 further including forming the wall from interlaced yarn. 20. The method of claim 15 further including forming the wall from a nonwoven material. | 1,700 |
2,002 | 14,796,575 | 1,731 | A glass for chemical tempering is provided. The glass contains as represented by mole percentage based on the following oxides, from 61 to 77% of SiO 2 , from 11 to 18% of Al 2 O 3 , from 3 to 15% of MgO, from 0 to 0.5% of CaO, from 0 to 4% of ZrO 2 , from 8 to 18% of Na 2 O and from 0 to 1.9% of K 2 O; wherein an R value calculated by the following formula by using contents of the respective components, is at least 0.66:
R=0.029×SiO 2 +0.021×Al 2 O 3 +0.016×MgO−0.004×CaO+0.016×ZrO 2 +0.029×Na 2 O+0×K 2 O−2.002 | 1. (canceled) 2. A glass for chemical tempering, which comprises, as represented by mole percentage based on the following oxides,
from 61 to 77% of SiO2, from 11 to 18% of Al2O3, from 3 to 15% of MgO, from 0 to 0.5% of CaO, from 0 to 4% of ZrO2, from 8 to 18% of Na2O and from 0 to 1.9% of K2O; wherein a value of R calculated by the following formula by using contents of the respective components, is at least 0.66:
R=0.029×SiO2+0.021×Al2O3+0.016×MgO−0.004×CaO+0.016×ZrO2+0.029×Na2O+0×K2O−2.002. 3. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein the content of SiO2 is at least 63%. 4. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein the content of Al2O3 is at least 11.5%. 5. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein the content of Al2O3 is at least 11.5%. 6. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein the content of ZrO2 is at most 1%. 7. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, which further comprises from greater than 0 to 1% of B2O3. 8. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein the total content of SiO2 and Al2O3 is at most 83%. 9. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein the glass has a glass transition point Tg of at least 570° C. | A glass for chemical tempering is provided. The glass contains as represented by mole percentage based on the following oxides, from 61 to 77% of SiO 2 , from 11 to 18% of Al 2 O 3 , from 3 to 15% of MgO, from 0 to 0.5% of CaO, from 0 to 4% of ZrO 2 , from 8 to 18% of Na 2 O and from 0 to 1.9% of K 2 O; wherein an R value calculated by the following formula by using contents of the respective components, is at least 0.66:
R=0.029×SiO 2 +0.021×Al 2 O 3 +0.016×MgO−0.004×CaO+0.016×ZrO 2 +0.029×Na 2 O+0×K 2 O−2.0021. (canceled) 2. A glass for chemical tempering, which comprises, as represented by mole percentage based on the following oxides,
from 61 to 77% of SiO2, from 11 to 18% of Al2O3, from 3 to 15% of MgO, from 0 to 0.5% of CaO, from 0 to 4% of ZrO2, from 8 to 18% of Na2O and from 0 to 1.9% of K2O; wherein a value of R calculated by the following formula by using contents of the respective components, is at least 0.66:
R=0.029×SiO2+0.021×Al2O3+0.016×MgO−0.004×CaO+0.016×ZrO2+0.029×Na2O+0×K2O−2.002. 3. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein the content of SiO2 is at least 63%. 4. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein the content of Al2O3 is at least 11.5%. 5. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein the content of Al2O3 is at least 11.5%. 6. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein the content of ZrO2 is at most 1%. 7. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, which further comprises from greater than 0 to 1% of B2O3. 8. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein the total content of SiO2 and Al2O3 is at most 83%. 9. The glass for chemical tempering according to claim 2, wherein the glass has a glass transition point Tg of at least 570° C. | 1,700 |
2,003 | 13,871,405 | 1,733 | A nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy resistant to 70% sulfuric acid at 93° C. and 50% sodium hydroxide at 121° C. for acid and alkali neutralization in the field of waste management; the alloy contains, in weight percent, 27 to 33 chromium, 4.9 to 7.8 molybdenum, greater than 3.1 but no more than 6.0 copper, up to 3.0 iron, 0.3 to 1.0 manganese, 0.1 to 0.5 aluminum, 0.1 to 0.8 silicon, 0.01 to 0.11 carbon, up to 0.13 nitrogen, up to 0.05 magnesium, up to 0.05 rare earth elements, with a balance of nickel and impurities. Titanium or another MC carbide former can be added to enhance thermal stability of the alloy. | 1. A nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy resistant to 70% sulfuric acid at 93° C. and 50% sodium hydroxide at 121° C., consisting essentially of:
27 to 33 wt. % chromium
4.9 to 7.8 wt. % molybdenum
greater than 3.1 wt. % but no more than 6.0 wt. % copper
up to 3.0 wt. % iron
0.3 to 1.0 wt. % manganese
0.1 to 0.5 wt. % aluminum
0.1 to 0.8 wt. % silicon
0.01 to 0.11 wt. % carbon
up to 0.13 wt. % nitrogen
up to 0.05 wt. % magnesium
up to 0.05 wt. % rare earth elements
up to 0.56 wt. % titanium
up to 1.12 wt. % niobium
up to 2.24 wt. % tantalum
up to 2.24 wt. % hafnium
with a balance of nickel and impurities. 2. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 1, wherein the impurities comprise levels of at least one of cobalt, tungsten, sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, and calcium. 3. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloys are in wrought forms selected from the group consisting of sheets, plates, bars, wires, tubes, pipes, and forgings. 4. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy is in cast form. 5. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy is in powder metallurgy form. 6. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 1, consisting essentially of:
30 to 33 wt. % chromium 5.0 to 6.2 wt. % molybdenum 3.5 to 4.0 wt. % copper up to 1.5 wt. % iron 0.3 to 0.7 wt. % manganese 0.1 to 0.4 wt. % aluminum 0.1 to 0.6 wt. % silicon 0.02 to 0.10 wt. % carbon 7. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 1, consisting essentially of:
31 wt. % chromium 5.6 wt. % molybdenum 3.8 wt. % copper 1.0 wt. % iron 0.5 wt. % manganese 0.4 wt. % silicon 0.3 wt. % aluminum 0.03 to 0.07 wt. % carbon with a balance of nickel, nitrogen, impurities, and trace amounts of magnesium. 8. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 1, consisting essentially of:
31 wt. % chromium 5.6 wt. % molybdenum 3.8 wt. % copper 1.0 wt. % iron 0.5 wt. % manganese 0.4 wt. % silicon 0.3 wt. % aluminum 0.03 to 0.07 wt. % carbon with a balance of nickel, nitrogen, impurities, trace amounts of magnesium and trace amounts of the rare earth elements. 9. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy contains at least one MC carbide former. 10. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 9, wherein the MC carbide former is selected from the group consisting of titanium, niobium, tantalum and hafnium. 11. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy contains 0.20 to 0.56 wt. % titanium. 12. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy contains 0.30 to 1.12 wt. % niobium. 13. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy contains 0.60 to 2.24 wt. % tantalum. 14. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy contains 0.60 to 2.24 wt. % hafnium. | A nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy resistant to 70% sulfuric acid at 93° C. and 50% sodium hydroxide at 121° C. for acid and alkali neutralization in the field of waste management; the alloy contains, in weight percent, 27 to 33 chromium, 4.9 to 7.8 molybdenum, greater than 3.1 but no more than 6.0 copper, up to 3.0 iron, 0.3 to 1.0 manganese, 0.1 to 0.5 aluminum, 0.1 to 0.8 silicon, 0.01 to 0.11 carbon, up to 0.13 nitrogen, up to 0.05 magnesium, up to 0.05 rare earth elements, with a balance of nickel and impurities. Titanium or another MC carbide former can be added to enhance thermal stability of the alloy.1. A nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy resistant to 70% sulfuric acid at 93° C. and 50% sodium hydroxide at 121° C., consisting essentially of:
27 to 33 wt. % chromium
4.9 to 7.8 wt. % molybdenum
greater than 3.1 wt. % but no more than 6.0 wt. % copper
up to 3.0 wt. % iron
0.3 to 1.0 wt. % manganese
0.1 to 0.5 wt. % aluminum
0.1 to 0.8 wt. % silicon
0.01 to 0.11 wt. % carbon
up to 0.13 wt. % nitrogen
up to 0.05 wt. % magnesium
up to 0.05 wt. % rare earth elements
up to 0.56 wt. % titanium
up to 1.12 wt. % niobium
up to 2.24 wt. % tantalum
up to 2.24 wt. % hafnium
with a balance of nickel and impurities. 2. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 1, wherein the impurities comprise levels of at least one of cobalt, tungsten, sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, and calcium. 3. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloys are in wrought forms selected from the group consisting of sheets, plates, bars, wires, tubes, pipes, and forgings. 4. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy is in cast form. 5. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy is in powder metallurgy form. 6. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 1, consisting essentially of:
30 to 33 wt. % chromium 5.0 to 6.2 wt. % molybdenum 3.5 to 4.0 wt. % copper up to 1.5 wt. % iron 0.3 to 0.7 wt. % manganese 0.1 to 0.4 wt. % aluminum 0.1 to 0.6 wt. % silicon 0.02 to 0.10 wt. % carbon 7. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 1, consisting essentially of:
31 wt. % chromium 5.6 wt. % molybdenum 3.8 wt. % copper 1.0 wt. % iron 0.5 wt. % manganese 0.4 wt. % silicon 0.3 wt. % aluminum 0.03 to 0.07 wt. % carbon with a balance of nickel, nitrogen, impurities, and trace amounts of magnesium. 8. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 1, consisting essentially of:
31 wt. % chromium 5.6 wt. % molybdenum 3.8 wt. % copper 1.0 wt. % iron 0.5 wt. % manganese 0.4 wt. % silicon 0.3 wt. % aluminum 0.03 to 0.07 wt. % carbon with a balance of nickel, nitrogen, impurities, trace amounts of magnesium and trace amounts of the rare earth elements. 9. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy contains at least one MC carbide former. 10. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 9, wherein the MC carbide former is selected from the group consisting of titanium, niobium, tantalum and hafnium. 11. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy contains 0.20 to 0.56 wt. % titanium. 12. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy contains 0.30 to 1.12 wt. % niobium. 13. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy contains 0.60 to 2.24 wt. % tantalum. 14. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy contains 0.60 to 2.24 wt. % hafnium. | 1,700 |
2,004 | 14,034,168 | 1,783 | A molded article integrates molded features that simulate an appearance of brush strokes. A die plate for forming the molded features simulating the brush strokes and a method of molding an article utilizing the die plate are also provided. | 1. A molded article comprising an exterior surface integrating molded features that simulate a textural appearance of brush strokes. 2. The molded article of claim 1, wherein the molded features comprise molded ridges generally aligned with one another to simulate the textural appearance of brush strokes. 3. The molded article of claim 2, wherein the molded features further comprise molded grooves between the molded ridges. 4. The molded article of claim 2, wherein the exterior surface further integrates additional molded wood ticks that simulate a textural appearance of wood grain. 5. The molded article of claim 2, wherein the molded ridges comprise linear portions. 6. The molded article of claim 2, wherein the molded ridges comprise curvilinear portions. 7. The molded article of claim 2, wherein the molded ridges taper. 8. The molded article of claim 1, wherein the molded features simulate a textural appearance of overlapping brush strokes. 9. The molded article of claim 2, wherein the molded article comprises a door skin, a door lite, a side lite, a cabinet door, a furniture door, millwork, wainscot, paneling, a construction component, a decorative molding, a trim product, or a flooring product. 10. The molded article of claim 2, wherein the molded article comprises a thermoplastic material or a wood composite. 11. The molded article of claim 2, wherein the molded article comprises a sheet molding compound, medium density fiberboard, hardboard, or fiberboard. 12. The molded article of claim 2, wherein the ridges have a thickness in a range of about 0.08 mm to about 0.15 mm. 13. The molded article of claim 12, wherein the ridges have a height in a range of about 0.04 mm to about 0.075 mm. 14. A door skin comprising an exterior surface integrating molded features that simulate a textural appearance of brush strokes on a door. 15. The door skin of claim 14, wherein the molded features comprise molded ridges generally aligned with one another to simulate the textural appearance of brush strokes. 16. The door skin of claim 15, wherein the molded features further comprise molded grooves between the molded ridges. 17. The door skin of claim 15, wherein the molded ridges comprise curvilinear sections. 18. The door skin of claim 15, wherein the molded ridges vary in length. 19. The door skin of claim 14, wherein the molded features simulate an appearance of overlapping brush strokes. 20. The door skin of claim 14, wherein the molded features simulate a textural appearance of horizontal brush strokes. 21. The door skin of claim 15, wherein the ridges have a thickness in a range of about of about 0.08 mm to about 0.15 mm. 22. The door skin of claim 21, wherein the ridges have a height in a range of about 0.04 mm to about 0.15 mm. 23. A door comprising:
a frame; and the door skin of claim 14, the door skin having an interior surface secured to the frame. 24. A mold plate for forming a surface pattern in a material, the mold plate comprising:
an etched surface configured to be pressed against a moldable material to transfer mold features to the moldable material, the mold features comprising a textural appearance of brush strokes. 25. A method of molding an article comprising:
compressing a molding compound in a mold cavity against a plate under pressure to form a molded article integrating molded features that simulate a textural appearance of brush strokes, wherein the plate comprises the mold plate of claim 24. | A molded article integrates molded features that simulate an appearance of brush strokes. A die plate for forming the molded features simulating the brush strokes and a method of molding an article utilizing the die plate are also provided.1. A molded article comprising an exterior surface integrating molded features that simulate a textural appearance of brush strokes. 2. The molded article of claim 1, wherein the molded features comprise molded ridges generally aligned with one another to simulate the textural appearance of brush strokes. 3. The molded article of claim 2, wherein the molded features further comprise molded grooves between the molded ridges. 4. The molded article of claim 2, wherein the exterior surface further integrates additional molded wood ticks that simulate a textural appearance of wood grain. 5. The molded article of claim 2, wherein the molded ridges comprise linear portions. 6. The molded article of claim 2, wherein the molded ridges comprise curvilinear portions. 7. The molded article of claim 2, wherein the molded ridges taper. 8. The molded article of claim 1, wherein the molded features simulate a textural appearance of overlapping brush strokes. 9. The molded article of claim 2, wherein the molded article comprises a door skin, a door lite, a side lite, a cabinet door, a furniture door, millwork, wainscot, paneling, a construction component, a decorative molding, a trim product, or a flooring product. 10. The molded article of claim 2, wherein the molded article comprises a thermoplastic material or a wood composite. 11. The molded article of claim 2, wherein the molded article comprises a sheet molding compound, medium density fiberboard, hardboard, or fiberboard. 12. The molded article of claim 2, wherein the ridges have a thickness in a range of about 0.08 mm to about 0.15 mm. 13. The molded article of claim 12, wherein the ridges have a height in a range of about 0.04 mm to about 0.075 mm. 14. A door skin comprising an exterior surface integrating molded features that simulate a textural appearance of brush strokes on a door. 15. The door skin of claim 14, wherein the molded features comprise molded ridges generally aligned with one another to simulate the textural appearance of brush strokes. 16. The door skin of claim 15, wherein the molded features further comprise molded grooves between the molded ridges. 17. The door skin of claim 15, wherein the molded ridges comprise curvilinear sections. 18. The door skin of claim 15, wherein the molded ridges vary in length. 19. The door skin of claim 14, wherein the molded features simulate an appearance of overlapping brush strokes. 20. The door skin of claim 14, wherein the molded features simulate a textural appearance of horizontal brush strokes. 21. The door skin of claim 15, wherein the ridges have a thickness in a range of about of about 0.08 mm to about 0.15 mm. 22. The door skin of claim 21, wherein the ridges have a height in a range of about 0.04 mm to about 0.15 mm. 23. A door comprising:
a frame; and the door skin of claim 14, the door skin having an interior surface secured to the frame. 24. A mold plate for forming a surface pattern in a material, the mold plate comprising:
an etched surface configured to be pressed against a moldable material to transfer mold features to the moldable material, the mold features comprising a textural appearance of brush strokes. 25. A method of molding an article comprising:
compressing a molding compound in a mold cavity against a plate under pressure to form a molded article integrating molded features that simulate a textural appearance of brush strokes, wherein the plate comprises the mold plate of claim 24. | 1,700 |
2,005 | 14,760,576 | 1,762 | Provided is a plastic thin film material, on which a process material can be applied or deposited at low cost and with high efficiency, and in which an inorganic substance powder capable of achieving a functional processing for enabling the strong adhesion of a laminated layer on the thin film material is filled at a high density. A thin film material for processing use, which contains a thermoplastic resin and an inorganic substance powder at a weight ratio of 18:82 to 50:50, and has a specific gravity of 0.60 to 1.40 inclusive and a degree of absorption of water of 0.0 to 11.0 g/m 2 ·120 sec inclusive as measured by a Cobb method in accordance with JIS P 8140. | 1. A thin film material for processing use, comprising a thermoplastic resin and an inorganic substance powder at a weight ratio of 18:82 to 50:50, wherein the thin film material for processing use has a specific gravity of 0.60 or more and 1.40 or less and a water absorptiveness as measured by a Cobb method in accordance with JIS P 8140 of 0.0 g/m2·120 sec. or more and 11.0 g/m2·120 sec. or less. 2. The thin film material for processing use according to claim 1, wherein the water absorptiveness as measured by the Cobb method is 0.0 g/m2·120 sec. or more and 5.0 g/m2·120 sec. or less. 3. The thin film material for processing use according to claim 1, wherein an air permeance as measured by the Gurley tester method is 800 seconds or more. 4. The thin film material for processing use according to claim 1, wherein the contact angle of water on the surface of the thin film material is 40 degrees or more and 90 degrees or less. 5. A laminate film having a layer comprising a process material on at least one surface of the thin film material for processing use according to claim 1. 6. A method for manufacturing a laminate film by laminating a process material on at least one surface of the thin film material according to claim 1. | Provided is a plastic thin film material, on which a process material can be applied or deposited at low cost and with high efficiency, and in which an inorganic substance powder capable of achieving a functional processing for enabling the strong adhesion of a laminated layer on the thin film material is filled at a high density. A thin film material for processing use, which contains a thermoplastic resin and an inorganic substance powder at a weight ratio of 18:82 to 50:50, and has a specific gravity of 0.60 to 1.40 inclusive and a degree of absorption of water of 0.0 to 11.0 g/m 2 ·120 sec inclusive as measured by a Cobb method in accordance with JIS P 8140.1. A thin film material for processing use, comprising a thermoplastic resin and an inorganic substance powder at a weight ratio of 18:82 to 50:50, wherein the thin film material for processing use has a specific gravity of 0.60 or more and 1.40 or less and a water absorptiveness as measured by a Cobb method in accordance with JIS P 8140 of 0.0 g/m2·120 sec. or more and 11.0 g/m2·120 sec. or less. 2. The thin film material for processing use according to claim 1, wherein the water absorptiveness as measured by the Cobb method is 0.0 g/m2·120 sec. or more and 5.0 g/m2·120 sec. or less. 3. The thin film material for processing use according to claim 1, wherein an air permeance as measured by the Gurley tester method is 800 seconds or more. 4. The thin film material for processing use according to claim 1, wherein the contact angle of water on the surface of the thin film material is 40 degrees or more and 90 degrees or less. 5. A laminate film having a layer comprising a process material on at least one surface of the thin film material for processing use according to claim 1. 6. A method for manufacturing a laminate film by laminating a process material on at least one surface of the thin film material according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,006 | 12,510,504 | 1,791 | A process for thickening liquid food and/or medications of people with swallowing problems which involves dilution of a concentrate thickener paste which has been thickened to several times its normally useful and cost-effective levels. The approach is beneficial in formulations intended for radiological evaluations of people with swallowing problems including those persons suffering from dysphagia. | 1. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition suitable for shipment to a home or institution of a patient having the condition of dysphagia and suitable for addition from its packaging to a liquid food for the patient at the home or institution in order to thicken the food and to facilitate consumption of the food by the patient, the packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition consisting essentially of a fully hydrated thickener and water. 2. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein said aqueous concentrate thickener composition comprises about 1% to about 10% by weight of thickener. 3. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein said thickener is xanthan gum. 4. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein the concentrate thickener composition consists of xanthan gum, water, and at least one preservative. 5. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein the aqueous concentrate thickener composition is packaged in a container having a top and a bottom, and wherein the same volume of thickener concentrate will thicken a liquid food to the same level of thickness whether the thickener concentrate is from the top or the bottom of the container. 6. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein the aqueous concentrate thickener composition is packaged in a tote, a bin, a pouch, a bucket, a bag, or a syringe. 7. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein the composition includes a non-substantial amount as relates to thickening of at least one component selected from the group consisting of acids, bases, acidulates, chelating agents, flavors, colors, vitamins, minerals, sweeteners, insoluble foods and preservatives. 8. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein said concentrate thickener comprises a non-substantial amount as relates to thickening of a preservative. 9. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition suitable for shipment to a home or institution of a patient having the condition of dysphagia and suitable for addition from its packaging to a liquid food for the patient at the home or institution in order to thicken the food and to facilitate consumption of the food by the patient, the packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition consisting essentially of about 2 to about 5 percent by weight of a fully hydrated xanthan gum in water. 10. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 9 wherein the composition includes a non-substantial amount as relates to thickening of at least one component selected from the group consisting of acids, bases, acidulates, chelating agents, flavors, colors, vitamins, minerals, sweeteners, insoluble foods and preservatives. 11. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 9 wherein said concentrate thickener comprises a non-substantial amount as relates to thickening of at least one preservative. 12. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition suitable for shipment to a home or institution of a patient having the condition of dysphagia and suitable for addition from its packaging to a liquid food for the patient at the home or institution in order to thicken the food and to facilitate consumption of the food by the patient, the packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition consisting essentially of about 3.5% to about 4.5% by weight of a fully hydrated xanthan gum in water. 13. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 12 wherein the xanthan gum comprises about 3.6% to about 4.3% by weight of the composition. 14. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein the concentrate thickener composition consists of xanthan gum, water, and at least one preservative. 15. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 12 wherein the aqueous concentrate thickener composition is packaged in a container having a top and a bottom, and wherein the same volume of thickener concentrate will thicken a liquid food to the same level of thickness whether the thickener concentrate is from the top or the bottom of the container. 16. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 12 wherein the aqueous concentrate thickener composition is packaged in a tote, a bin, a pouch, a bucket, a bag, or a syringe. 17. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 12 wherein the composition includes a non-substantial amount as relates to thickening of at least one component selected from the group consisting of acids, bases, acidulates, chelating agents, flavors, colors, vitamins, minerals, sweeteners, insoluble foods and preservatives. 18. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 12 wherein the aqueous concentrate thickener composition is packaged in a pouch. | A process for thickening liquid food and/or medications of people with swallowing problems which involves dilution of a concentrate thickener paste which has been thickened to several times its normally useful and cost-effective levels. The approach is beneficial in formulations intended for radiological evaluations of people with swallowing problems including those persons suffering from dysphagia.1. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition suitable for shipment to a home or institution of a patient having the condition of dysphagia and suitable for addition from its packaging to a liquid food for the patient at the home or institution in order to thicken the food and to facilitate consumption of the food by the patient, the packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition consisting essentially of a fully hydrated thickener and water. 2. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein said aqueous concentrate thickener composition comprises about 1% to about 10% by weight of thickener. 3. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein said thickener is xanthan gum. 4. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein the concentrate thickener composition consists of xanthan gum, water, and at least one preservative. 5. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein the aqueous concentrate thickener composition is packaged in a container having a top and a bottom, and wherein the same volume of thickener concentrate will thicken a liquid food to the same level of thickness whether the thickener concentrate is from the top or the bottom of the container. 6. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein the aqueous concentrate thickener composition is packaged in a tote, a bin, a pouch, a bucket, a bag, or a syringe. 7. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein the composition includes a non-substantial amount as relates to thickening of at least one component selected from the group consisting of acids, bases, acidulates, chelating agents, flavors, colors, vitamins, minerals, sweeteners, insoluble foods and preservatives. 8. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein said concentrate thickener comprises a non-substantial amount as relates to thickening of a preservative. 9. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition suitable for shipment to a home or institution of a patient having the condition of dysphagia and suitable for addition from its packaging to a liquid food for the patient at the home or institution in order to thicken the food and to facilitate consumption of the food by the patient, the packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition consisting essentially of about 2 to about 5 percent by weight of a fully hydrated xanthan gum in water. 10. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 9 wherein the composition includes a non-substantial amount as relates to thickening of at least one component selected from the group consisting of acids, bases, acidulates, chelating agents, flavors, colors, vitamins, minerals, sweeteners, insoluble foods and preservatives. 11. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 9 wherein said concentrate thickener comprises a non-substantial amount as relates to thickening of at least one preservative. 12. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition suitable for shipment to a home or institution of a patient having the condition of dysphagia and suitable for addition from its packaging to a liquid food for the patient at the home or institution in order to thicken the food and to facilitate consumption of the food by the patient, the packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition consisting essentially of about 3.5% to about 4.5% by weight of a fully hydrated xanthan gum in water. 13. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 12 wherein the xanthan gum comprises about 3.6% to about 4.3% by weight of the composition. 14. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein the concentrate thickener composition consists of xanthan gum, water, and at least one preservative. 15. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 12 wherein the aqueous concentrate thickener composition is packaged in a container having a top and a bottom, and wherein the same volume of thickener concentrate will thicken a liquid food to the same level of thickness whether the thickener concentrate is from the top or the bottom of the container. 16. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 12 wherein the aqueous concentrate thickener composition is packaged in a tote, a bin, a pouch, a bucket, a bag, or a syringe. 17. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 12 wherein the composition includes a non-substantial amount as relates to thickening of at least one component selected from the group consisting of acids, bases, acidulates, chelating agents, flavors, colors, vitamins, minerals, sweeteners, insoluble foods and preservatives. 18. A packaged aqueous concentrate thickener composition in accordance with claim 12 wherein the aqueous concentrate thickener composition is packaged in a pouch. | 1,700 |
2,007 | 14,289,306 | 1,793 | A method for smoking meat comprises applying a dry smoke powder to an exterior surface of a meat to create a treated meat, inserting the treated meat into a cooking bag, sealing the cooking bag to create a bagged meat, and cooking the bagged meat with steam to a desired internal temperature of the meat. | 1. A method for smoking meat, comprising:
applying a dry smoke powder to an exterior surface of a meat to create a treated meat; inserting the treated meat into a cooking bag; sealing the cooking bag to create a bagged meat; and cooking the bagged meat with steam to a desired internal temperature of the meat. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the dry smoke powder is part of a mixture further comprising at least one of salt, pepper, paprika, turmeric, annatto, cumin, herbs, and rosemary extract. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising injecting the meat with a solution prior to applying seasoning. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the meat is injected with approximately 5.0 to 20.0 wt % of the solution based upon the weight of the meat prior to injection. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein approximately 0.01 to 0.10 wt % of dry smoke powder based upon the weight of the meat prior to injection is applied to the exterior surface of the meat. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising piercing the cooking bag prior to cooking the bagged meat with steam. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the bagged meat is cooked for 0.50 to 6.25 hours at 140 to 195° F. dry bulb and 130 to 185° F. wet bulb. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the meat is a whole turkey. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising cooling the cooked, bagged meat using a shower in the steam oven. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising cooling and packaging the cooked, bagged meat. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising removing the meat from the packaging and the cooking bag and heating the meat in an oven to a desired temperature. 12. A method for smoking a whole turkey, comprising:
injecting a whole turkey with approximately 5.0 to 20.0 wt % of a solution based upon a weight of the whole turkey prior to injection; applying approximately 0.01 to 0.10 wt % of dry smoke powder based upon the weight of the whole turkey prior to injection to a top exterior surface of the whole turkey to create a treated whole turkey; inserting the treated whole turkey into a cooking bag; sealing the cooking bag to create a bagged whole turkey; and cooking the bagged whole turkey with steam to a desired internal temperature of a breast meat portion of the whole turkey of at least 165° F. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the dry smoke powder is part of a mixture further comprising at least one of salt, pepper, paprika, turmeric, annatto, cumin, herbs, and rosemary extract. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising piercing the cooking bag prior to cooking the bagged whole turkey with steam. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the bagged whole turkey is cooked for 0.50 to 6.25 hours at 140 to 195° F. dry bulb and 130 to 185° F. wet bulb. 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising cooling and packaging the cooked, bagged whole turkey. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising removing the whole turkey from the packaging and the cooking bag and heating the whole turkey in an oven to a desired temperature. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising preheating the oven to 300° F., placing the whole turkey in the preheated oven for approximately 2 to 2.5 hours. | A method for smoking meat comprises applying a dry smoke powder to an exterior surface of a meat to create a treated meat, inserting the treated meat into a cooking bag, sealing the cooking bag to create a bagged meat, and cooking the bagged meat with steam to a desired internal temperature of the meat.1. A method for smoking meat, comprising:
applying a dry smoke powder to an exterior surface of a meat to create a treated meat; inserting the treated meat into a cooking bag; sealing the cooking bag to create a bagged meat; and cooking the bagged meat with steam to a desired internal temperature of the meat. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the dry smoke powder is part of a mixture further comprising at least one of salt, pepper, paprika, turmeric, annatto, cumin, herbs, and rosemary extract. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising injecting the meat with a solution prior to applying seasoning. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the meat is injected with approximately 5.0 to 20.0 wt % of the solution based upon the weight of the meat prior to injection. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein approximately 0.01 to 0.10 wt % of dry smoke powder based upon the weight of the meat prior to injection is applied to the exterior surface of the meat. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising piercing the cooking bag prior to cooking the bagged meat with steam. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the bagged meat is cooked for 0.50 to 6.25 hours at 140 to 195° F. dry bulb and 130 to 185° F. wet bulb. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the meat is a whole turkey. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising cooling the cooked, bagged meat using a shower in the steam oven. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising cooling and packaging the cooked, bagged meat. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising removing the meat from the packaging and the cooking bag and heating the meat in an oven to a desired temperature. 12. A method for smoking a whole turkey, comprising:
injecting a whole turkey with approximately 5.0 to 20.0 wt % of a solution based upon a weight of the whole turkey prior to injection; applying approximately 0.01 to 0.10 wt % of dry smoke powder based upon the weight of the whole turkey prior to injection to a top exterior surface of the whole turkey to create a treated whole turkey; inserting the treated whole turkey into a cooking bag; sealing the cooking bag to create a bagged whole turkey; and cooking the bagged whole turkey with steam to a desired internal temperature of a breast meat portion of the whole turkey of at least 165° F. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the dry smoke powder is part of a mixture further comprising at least one of salt, pepper, paprika, turmeric, annatto, cumin, herbs, and rosemary extract. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising piercing the cooking bag prior to cooking the bagged whole turkey with steam. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the bagged whole turkey is cooked for 0.50 to 6.25 hours at 140 to 195° F. dry bulb and 130 to 185° F. wet bulb. 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising cooling and packaging the cooked, bagged whole turkey. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising removing the whole turkey from the packaging and the cooking bag and heating the whole turkey in an oven to a desired temperature. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising preheating the oven to 300° F., placing the whole turkey in the preheated oven for approximately 2 to 2.5 hours. | 1,700 |
2,008 | 12,920,834 | 1,792 | A batch of animal feed from a plurality of ingredients is prepared in a mixer/feeder wagon ( 1 ) where the ingredients require respective predefined mixing periods during a mixing cycle in the mixer/feeder wagon ( 1 ). The mixer/feeder wagon ( 1 ) comprises a mixing compartment ( 14 ) in which a mixing rotor provided by a paddle mixer ( 17 ) is rotatably mounted. Stationary chopping blades ( 42 ) mounted in a base ( 43 ) of the mixing compartment ( 14 ) cooperate with the paddle mixer ( 17 ) for chopping fibrous material during the mixing cycle. The appropriate predefined mixing periods required for the respective ingredients are determined in order to avoid over-mixing and under-mixing of the ingredients, and the predefined mixing period is defined as the number of revolutions of the paddle mixer ( 17 ) to which that ingredient is to be subjected. The duration of the mixing cycle is defined as the number of revolutions of the paddle mixer ( 17 ) to which the ingredient which requires the largest number of revolutions of the paddle mixer ( 17 ) is to be subjected. The ingredient which requires the largest number of revolutions of the paddle mixer ( 17 ) is loaded into the mixing compartment ( 17 ) at the commencement of a mixing cycle. The counts of revolutions of the paddle mixer ( 17 ) from the commencement of the mixing cycle at which the respective remaining ingredients are to be loaded into the mixing compartment ( 14 ) are determined so that the number of revolutions of the paddle mixer ( 17 ) remaining in the mixing cycle from the count at which each ingredient is to be loaded into the mixing compartment ( 14 ) is equal to the predefined number of counts of revolutions of the paddle mixer ( 17 ) to which that ingredient is to be subjected by the paddle mixer ( 17 ). | 1-51. (canceled) 52. A method for preparing a batch of animal feed from a plurality of ingredients requiring respective predefined mixing periods during a mixing cycle in a mixer/feeder apparatus of the type comprising a mixing compartment within which a mixing rotor is rotatably mounted for mixing the ingredients therein, the method comprising:
selecting the ingredient requiring the largest predefined mixing period, and determining the duration of the mixing cycle as the predefined mixing period required by the selected ingredient requiring the largest predefined mixing period, determining a plurality of instants at which the respective remaining ingredients are to be loaded into the mixing compartment of the mixer/feeder apparatus during the mixing cycle, each instant of the respective determined instants being determined so that the remaining duration of the mixing cycle at that instant is substantially equal to the predefined mixing period of the corresponding ingredient, loading the selected ingredient with the largest predefined mixing period into the mixing compartment at the commencement of the mixing cycle, and sequentially loading the remaining ingredients into the mixing compartment at respective corresponding determined instants during the mixing cycle. 53. A method as claimed in claim 52 in which the commencement of the mixing cycle is determined as being the commencement of loading of the ingredient requiring the largest predefined number of revolutions of the mixing rotor into the mixing compartment. 54. A method as claimed in claim 52 in which each determined instant is determined as a function of a duration from the commencement of the mixing cycle. 55. A method as claimed in claim 52 in which the duration of the mixing cycle is determined as a function of the operation of the mixing rotor, and each determined instant at which one of the ingredients is to be loaded into the mixing compartment is determined as a function of the operation of the mixing rotor. 56. A method as claimed in claim 55 in which the duration of the mixing cycle is determined as a function of a number of revolutions of the mixing rotor, and each determined instant at which the corresponding one of the ingredients is to be loaded into the mixing compartment is determined as a function of a number of revolutions of the mixing rotor from the commencement of the mixing cycle, and the count of the revolutions of the mixing rotor of the mixing cycle commences at the commencement of loading of the ingredient requiring the largest predefined number of revolutions of the mixing rotor into the mixing compartment. 57. A method as claimed in claim 52 in which the ingredient which is to be subjected to the largest predefined mixing period is a fibrous ingredient. 58. A method as claimed in claim 57 in which the fibrous ingredient of the batch of animal feed is subjected to chopping in the mixing compartment during mixing thereof in order to reduce the length of the fibres of the fibrous ingredient to lie in the range of 25 mm to 100 mm. 59. A method as claimed in claim 58 in which the predefined mixing period for the fibrous ingredient is determined in order that the fibre length of the fibrous ingredient at the end of the mixing cycle lies in the range of 50 mm to 80 mm. 60. A method as claimed in claim 57 in which the predefined mixing period for the fibrous ingredient is determined in order to avoid over-chopping of the fibrous ingredient. 61. A method as claimed in claim 57 in which the predefined mixing period for the fibrous ingredient is determined in order to avoid under-chopping of the fibrous ingredient. 62. A method as claimed in claim 57 in which the predefined mixing period to which the fibrous ingredient is to be subjected lies in the range of 30 revolutions to 300 revolutions of the mixing rotor. 63. A method as claimed in claim 57 in which the predefined mixing period to which the fibrous ingredient is to be subjected lies in the range of 100 revolutions to 200 revolutions of the mixing rotor. 64. A method as claimed in claim 52 in which the ingredients of the batch of animal feed comprises one or more of the following ingredients:
long cut grass silage,
short cut grass silage,
maize silage,
hay,
straw,
soda grain,
a nutritional additive,
a nutritional concentrate,
an energy additive, and
an energy concentrate. 65. A method as claimed in claim 52 in which the instants at which the respective ingredients are to be loaded into the mixing compartment are determined to allow for a loading period during which each ingredient is being loaded into the mixing compartment. 66. A method as claimed in claim 52 in which one of a visually perceptible and an aurally perceptible signal is produced to indicate one or more of the following:
the instants at which the respective ingredients are to be loaded into the mixing compartment during the mixing cycle,
the end of the mixing cycle,
the imminent approach of the end of the mixing cycle,
when the weight of each ingredient loaded into the mixing compartment is equal to a required weight of that ingredient to prepare the batch of animal feed,
the imminent completion of loading of each ingredient into the mixing compartment. 67. A method as claimed in claim 52 in which the weight of the respective ingredients in the mixing compartment is monitored during loading of the ingredients therein, and the number of revolutions of the mixing rotor are monitored during the mixing cycle. 68. A method as claimed in claim 67 in which a device is provided for determining the instants at which the respective ingredients are to be loaded into the mixing compartment in response to monitoring of the mixing rotor. 69. A method as claimed in claim 52 in which the ingredients of the batch of animal feed are mixed in the mixing compartment by a mixing rotor comprising a paddle mixer. 70. A method as claimed in claim 69 in which the paddle mixer co-operates with a chopping means for chopping a fibrous ingredient during mixing thereof 71. A method as claimed in claim 70 in which the chopping means comprises a plurality of stationary chopping blades axially spaced apart relative to the rotational axis of the mixing rotor. | A batch of animal feed from a plurality of ingredients is prepared in a mixer/feeder wagon ( 1 ) where the ingredients require respective predefined mixing periods during a mixing cycle in the mixer/feeder wagon ( 1 ). The mixer/feeder wagon ( 1 ) comprises a mixing compartment ( 14 ) in which a mixing rotor provided by a paddle mixer ( 17 ) is rotatably mounted. Stationary chopping blades ( 42 ) mounted in a base ( 43 ) of the mixing compartment ( 14 ) cooperate with the paddle mixer ( 17 ) for chopping fibrous material during the mixing cycle. The appropriate predefined mixing periods required for the respective ingredients are determined in order to avoid over-mixing and under-mixing of the ingredients, and the predefined mixing period is defined as the number of revolutions of the paddle mixer ( 17 ) to which that ingredient is to be subjected. The duration of the mixing cycle is defined as the number of revolutions of the paddle mixer ( 17 ) to which the ingredient which requires the largest number of revolutions of the paddle mixer ( 17 ) is to be subjected. The ingredient which requires the largest number of revolutions of the paddle mixer ( 17 ) is loaded into the mixing compartment ( 17 ) at the commencement of a mixing cycle. The counts of revolutions of the paddle mixer ( 17 ) from the commencement of the mixing cycle at which the respective remaining ingredients are to be loaded into the mixing compartment ( 14 ) are determined so that the number of revolutions of the paddle mixer ( 17 ) remaining in the mixing cycle from the count at which each ingredient is to be loaded into the mixing compartment ( 14 ) is equal to the predefined number of counts of revolutions of the paddle mixer ( 17 ) to which that ingredient is to be subjected by the paddle mixer ( 17 ).1-51. (canceled) 52. A method for preparing a batch of animal feed from a plurality of ingredients requiring respective predefined mixing periods during a mixing cycle in a mixer/feeder apparatus of the type comprising a mixing compartment within which a mixing rotor is rotatably mounted for mixing the ingredients therein, the method comprising:
selecting the ingredient requiring the largest predefined mixing period, and determining the duration of the mixing cycle as the predefined mixing period required by the selected ingredient requiring the largest predefined mixing period, determining a plurality of instants at which the respective remaining ingredients are to be loaded into the mixing compartment of the mixer/feeder apparatus during the mixing cycle, each instant of the respective determined instants being determined so that the remaining duration of the mixing cycle at that instant is substantially equal to the predefined mixing period of the corresponding ingredient, loading the selected ingredient with the largest predefined mixing period into the mixing compartment at the commencement of the mixing cycle, and sequentially loading the remaining ingredients into the mixing compartment at respective corresponding determined instants during the mixing cycle. 53. A method as claimed in claim 52 in which the commencement of the mixing cycle is determined as being the commencement of loading of the ingredient requiring the largest predefined number of revolutions of the mixing rotor into the mixing compartment. 54. A method as claimed in claim 52 in which each determined instant is determined as a function of a duration from the commencement of the mixing cycle. 55. A method as claimed in claim 52 in which the duration of the mixing cycle is determined as a function of the operation of the mixing rotor, and each determined instant at which one of the ingredients is to be loaded into the mixing compartment is determined as a function of the operation of the mixing rotor. 56. A method as claimed in claim 55 in which the duration of the mixing cycle is determined as a function of a number of revolutions of the mixing rotor, and each determined instant at which the corresponding one of the ingredients is to be loaded into the mixing compartment is determined as a function of a number of revolutions of the mixing rotor from the commencement of the mixing cycle, and the count of the revolutions of the mixing rotor of the mixing cycle commences at the commencement of loading of the ingredient requiring the largest predefined number of revolutions of the mixing rotor into the mixing compartment. 57. A method as claimed in claim 52 in which the ingredient which is to be subjected to the largest predefined mixing period is a fibrous ingredient. 58. A method as claimed in claim 57 in which the fibrous ingredient of the batch of animal feed is subjected to chopping in the mixing compartment during mixing thereof in order to reduce the length of the fibres of the fibrous ingredient to lie in the range of 25 mm to 100 mm. 59. A method as claimed in claim 58 in which the predefined mixing period for the fibrous ingredient is determined in order that the fibre length of the fibrous ingredient at the end of the mixing cycle lies in the range of 50 mm to 80 mm. 60. A method as claimed in claim 57 in which the predefined mixing period for the fibrous ingredient is determined in order to avoid over-chopping of the fibrous ingredient. 61. A method as claimed in claim 57 in which the predefined mixing period for the fibrous ingredient is determined in order to avoid under-chopping of the fibrous ingredient. 62. A method as claimed in claim 57 in which the predefined mixing period to which the fibrous ingredient is to be subjected lies in the range of 30 revolutions to 300 revolutions of the mixing rotor. 63. A method as claimed in claim 57 in which the predefined mixing period to which the fibrous ingredient is to be subjected lies in the range of 100 revolutions to 200 revolutions of the mixing rotor. 64. A method as claimed in claim 52 in which the ingredients of the batch of animal feed comprises one or more of the following ingredients:
long cut grass silage,
short cut grass silage,
maize silage,
hay,
straw,
soda grain,
a nutritional additive,
a nutritional concentrate,
an energy additive, and
an energy concentrate. 65. A method as claimed in claim 52 in which the instants at which the respective ingredients are to be loaded into the mixing compartment are determined to allow for a loading period during which each ingredient is being loaded into the mixing compartment. 66. A method as claimed in claim 52 in which one of a visually perceptible and an aurally perceptible signal is produced to indicate one or more of the following:
the instants at which the respective ingredients are to be loaded into the mixing compartment during the mixing cycle,
the end of the mixing cycle,
the imminent approach of the end of the mixing cycle,
when the weight of each ingredient loaded into the mixing compartment is equal to a required weight of that ingredient to prepare the batch of animal feed,
the imminent completion of loading of each ingredient into the mixing compartment. 67. A method as claimed in claim 52 in which the weight of the respective ingredients in the mixing compartment is monitored during loading of the ingredients therein, and the number of revolutions of the mixing rotor are monitored during the mixing cycle. 68. A method as claimed in claim 67 in which a device is provided for determining the instants at which the respective ingredients are to be loaded into the mixing compartment in response to monitoring of the mixing rotor. 69. A method as claimed in claim 52 in which the ingredients of the batch of animal feed are mixed in the mixing compartment by a mixing rotor comprising a paddle mixer. 70. A method as claimed in claim 69 in which the paddle mixer co-operates with a chopping means for chopping a fibrous ingredient during mixing thereof 71. A method as claimed in claim 70 in which the chopping means comprises a plurality of stationary chopping blades axially spaced apart relative to the rotational axis of the mixing rotor. | 1,700 |
2,009 | 12,089,467 | 1,787 | A tubular threaded element including a dry protective coating. The coating includes a solid matrix adhering to the substrate in which are dispersed particles of solid lubricants from at least two classes that are selected to exert a synergistic effect between themselves and with the constituents of the matrix, i.e. coating provides protection against corrosion and against galling of the threadings of threaded elements used in hydrocarbon wells. | 1. A threaded element for a threaded tubular connection which is resistant to galling, comprising
a threading coated with a solid thin coating which is not sticky to the touch and adheres to the substrate, which comprises a solid matrix in which particles of solid lubricants are dispersed, wherein the solid matrix is lubricating and exhibits plastic or viscoplastic type rheological behaviour, and wherein said particles of solid lubricants comprise particles of lubricants from at least two of classes 1, 2, 3 and 4. 2. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which said matrix has a melting point in the range 80° C. to 320° C. 3. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which said matrix comprises at least one thermoplastic polymer. 4. A threaded element according to claim 3, in which said thermoplastic polymer is polyethylene. 5. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which said matrix comprises at least one metal soap. 6. A threaded element according to claim 5, in which the soap contributes to capture coating debris produced by friction. 7. A threaded element according to claim 5, in which the soap is zinc stearate. 8. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which said matrix comprises at least a wax of vegetable, animal, mineral or synthetic origin. 9. A threaded element according to claim 8, in which the wax contributes to capture debris from the coating produced by friction. 10. A threaded element according to claim 8, in which the wax is carnauba wax. 11. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which said matrix comprises at least one corrosion inhibitor. 12. A threaded element according to claim 11, in which the corrosion inhibitor is a calcium sulphonate derivative. 13. A threaded element according to claim 11, in which the soap is selected to improve the time to appearance of corrosion under the ISO 9227 salt spray corrosion test. 14. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which said matrix comprises at least one liquid polymer with a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of at least 850 mm2/s. 15. A threaded element according to claim 14, in which said liquid polymer is insoluble in water. 16. A threaded element according to claim 14, in which said liquid polymer is selected from an alkyl polymethacrylate, a polybutene, a polyisobutene and a polydialkylsiloxane. 17. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the matrix comprises at least one surface-active agent. 18. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which said matrix comprises at least one colorant. 19. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which said matrix comprises at least one antioxidant. 20. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the solid lubricant particles comprise particles of at least one solid lubricant from class 2 and at least one solid lubricant from class 4. 21. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the solid lubricant particles comprise particles of at least one solid lubricant from class 1, at least one solid lubricant from class 2 and at least one solid lubricant from class 4. 22. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the solid lubricant particles do not comprise graphite particles. 23. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the solid lubricant particles comprise at least boron nitride particles as the solid lubricant from class 1. 24. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the solid lubricant particles do not comprise molybdenum disulphide particles. 25. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the solid lubricant particles comprise particles of at least one solid lubricant from class 2 selected from graphite fluoride, sulphides of tin and sulphides of bismuth. 26. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the solid lubricant particles comprise at least polytetrafluoroethylene particles as the solid lubricant from class 4. 27. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which said coating comprises molecules of at least one fullerene with a spherical geometry. 28. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the composition by weight of the matrix is as follows:
polyethylene homopolymer
15% to 90%
carnauba wax
5% to 30%
zinc stearate
5% to 30%
calcium sulphonate derivative
0 to 50%
alkyl polymethacrylate
0 to 15%
colorant
0 to 1%
antioxidant
0 to 1% 29. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the composition by weight of the matrix is as follows:
polyethylene homopolymer
15% to 90%
carnauba wax
5% to 30%
zinc stearate
5% to 30%
calcium sulphonate derivative
0 to 50%
alkyl polymethacrylate
0 to 15%
polydimethylsiloxane
0 to 2%
colorant
0 to 1%
antioxidant
0 to 1% 30. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the composition by weight of the solid lubricants is as follows:
graphite fluoride
20% to 99%
boron nitride
0% to 30%
polytetrafluoroethylene
1% to 80% 31. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the solution by weight of the solid lubricants is as follows:
sulphides of tin
20% to 99%
boron nitride
0 to 30%
polytetrafluoroethylene
1% to 80% 32. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the composition by weight of the solid lubricants is as follows:
sulphides of bismuth
20% to 99%
boron nitride
0 to 30%
polytetrafluoroethylene
1% to 80% 33. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the composition by weight of the coating is as follows:
matrix
70% to 95%
solid lubricants
5% to 30% 34. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the thickness of the coating is in the range 10 μm to 50 μm. 35. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the coating is also applied to a sealing surface which is fitted to come into sealing contact with a corresponding surface of a second threaded element after assembling the two threaded elements by makeup. 36. A threaded tubular connection comprising a male threaded element and a female threaded element, wherein at least one of said threaded elements is in accordance with claim 1. 37. A method for finishing a threaded tubular element, in which a thin layer of a solid anti-galling coating is applied to at least the surface of the threading to obtain a solid coating, wherein the surface to be coated undergoes a surface treatment for improving adhesion of the coating and in that the constituents of said coating are as defined in claim 1. 38. A method according to claim 37, in which the constituents of the coating are heated to a temperature which is higher than the melting point of the matrix and the coating is then applied by spraying said constituents comprising the molten matrix. 39. A method according to claim 37, in which the coating is applied by projection through a flame of a powder formed by the constituents of the coating. 40. A method according to claim 37, in which the coating is applied by spraying an aqueous emulsion in which the constituents of the coating are dispersed. 41. A method according to claim 37, in which the threaded element is heated to a temperature of 80° C. or more. 42. A method according to claim 37 in which the threaded element is held at ambient temperature. 43. A method according to claim 37, in which said surface treatment is selected from mechanical treatments, chemical treatments and non reactive deposits. 44. A method according to claim 37, in which the surface to be coated is a metallic surface and said surface treatment is a treatment for chemical conversion of said surface. 45. A method according to claim 44, in which said chemical conversion treatment is a phosphatation. 46. A method according to claim 37, in which said surface treatment is followed by a treatment for impregnating the roughness or pores of the surface to be coated by nanomaterials with an anticorrosive action. 47. A method according to claim 46, in which said nanomaterials are particles of zinc oxide. 48. A method according to claim 46, in which said nanomaterials have a mean particle size of the order of 200 nm. 49. A method according to claim 46, in which said nanomaterials are applied in the form of an aqueous dispersion. | A tubular threaded element including a dry protective coating. The coating includes a solid matrix adhering to the substrate in which are dispersed particles of solid lubricants from at least two classes that are selected to exert a synergistic effect between themselves and with the constituents of the matrix, i.e. coating provides protection against corrosion and against galling of the threadings of threaded elements used in hydrocarbon wells.1. A threaded element for a threaded tubular connection which is resistant to galling, comprising
a threading coated with a solid thin coating which is not sticky to the touch and adheres to the substrate, which comprises a solid matrix in which particles of solid lubricants are dispersed, wherein the solid matrix is lubricating and exhibits plastic or viscoplastic type rheological behaviour, and wherein said particles of solid lubricants comprise particles of lubricants from at least two of classes 1, 2, 3 and 4. 2. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which said matrix has a melting point in the range 80° C. to 320° C. 3. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which said matrix comprises at least one thermoplastic polymer. 4. A threaded element according to claim 3, in which said thermoplastic polymer is polyethylene. 5. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which said matrix comprises at least one metal soap. 6. A threaded element according to claim 5, in which the soap contributes to capture coating debris produced by friction. 7. A threaded element according to claim 5, in which the soap is zinc stearate. 8. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which said matrix comprises at least a wax of vegetable, animal, mineral or synthetic origin. 9. A threaded element according to claim 8, in which the wax contributes to capture debris from the coating produced by friction. 10. A threaded element according to claim 8, in which the wax is carnauba wax. 11. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which said matrix comprises at least one corrosion inhibitor. 12. A threaded element according to claim 11, in which the corrosion inhibitor is a calcium sulphonate derivative. 13. A threaded element according to claim 11, in which the soap is selected to improve the time to appearance of corrosion under the ISO 9227 salt spray corrosion test. 14. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which said matrix comprises at least one liquid polymer with a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of at least 850 mm2/s. 15. A threaded element according to claim 14, in which said liquid polymer is insoluble in water. 16. A threaded element according to claim 14, in which said liquid polymer is selected from an alkyl polymethacrylate, a polybutene, a polyisobutene and a polydialkylsiloxane. 17. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the matrix comprises at least one surface-active agent. 18. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which said matrix comprises at least one colorant. 19. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which said matrix comprises at least one antioxidant. 20. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the solid lubricant particles comprise particles of at least one solid lubricant from class 2 and at least one solid lubricant from class 4. 21. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the solid lubricant particles comprise particles of at least one solid lubricant from class 1, at least one solid lubricant from class 2 and at least one solid lubricant from class 4. 22. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the solid lubricant particles do not comprise graphite particles. 23. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the solid lubricant particles comprise at least boron nitride particles as the solid lubricant from class 1. 24. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the solid lubricant particles do not comprise molybdenum disulphide particles. 25. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the solid lubricant particles comprise particles of at least one solid lubricant from class 2 selected from graphite fluoride, sulphides of tin and sulphides of bismuth. 26. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the solid lubricant particles comprise at least polytetrafluoroethylene particles as the solid lubricant from class 4. 27. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which said coating comprises molecules of at least one fullerene with a spherical geometry. 28. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the composition by weight of the matrix is as follows:
polyethylene homopolymer
15% to 90%
carnauba wax
5% to 30%
zinc stearate
5% to 30%
calcium sulphonate derivative
0 to 50%
alkyl polymethacrylate
0 to 15%
colorant
0 to 1%
antioxidant
0 to 1% 29. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the composition by weight of the matrix is as follows:
polyethylene homopolymer
15% to 90%
carnauba wax
5% to 30%
zinc stearate
5% to 30%
calcium sulphonate derivative
0 to 50%
alkyl polymethacrylate
0 to 15%
polydimethylsiloxane
0 to 2%
colorant
0 to 1%
antioxidant
0 to 1% 30. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the composition by weight of the solid lubricants is as follows:
graphite fluoride
20% to 99%
boron nitride
0% to 30%
polytetrafluoroethylene
1% to 80% 31. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the solution by weight of the solid lubricants is as follows:
sulphides of tin
20% to 99%
boron nitride
0 to 30%
polytetrafluoroethylene
1% to 80% 32. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the composition by weight of the solid lubricants is as follows:
sulphides of bismuth
20% to 99%
boron nitride
0 to 30%
polytetrafluoroethylene
1% to 80% 33. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the composition by weight of the coating is as follows:
matrix
70% to 95%
solid lubricants
5% to 30% 34. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the thickness of the coating is in the range 10 μm to 50 μm. 35. A threaded element according to claim 1, in which the coating is also applied to a sealing surface which is fitted to come into sealing contact with a corresponding surface of a second threaded element after assembling the two threaded elements by makeup. 36. A threaded tubular connection comprising a male threaded element and a female threaded element, wherein at least one of said threaded elements is in accordance with claim 1. 37. A method for finishing a threaded tubular element, in which a thin layer of a solid anti-galling coating is applied to at least the surface of the threading to obtain a solid coating, wherein the surface to be coated undergoes a surface treatment for improving adhesion of the coating and in that the constituents of said coating are as defined in claim 1. 38. A method according to claim 37, in which the constituents of the coating are heated to a temperature which is higher than the melting point of the matrix and the coating is then applied by spraying said constituents comprising the molten matrix. 39. A method according to claim 37, in which the coating is applied by projection through a flame of a powder formed by the constituents of the coating. 40. A method according to claim 37, in which the coating is applied by spraying an aqueous emulsion in which the constituents of the coating are dispersed. 41. A method according to claim 37, in which the threaded element is heated to a temperature of 80° C. or more. 42. A method according to claim 37 in which the threaded element is held at ambient temperature. 43. A method according to claim 37, in which said surface treatment is selected from mechanical treatments, chemical treatments and non reactive deposits. 44. A method according to claim 37, in which the surface to be coated is a metallic surface and said surface treatment is a treatment for chemical conversion of said surface. 45. A method according to claim 44, in which said chemical conversion treatment is a phosphatation. 46. A method according to claim 37, in which said surface treatment is followed by a treatment for impregnating the roughness or pores of the surface to be coated by nanomaterials with an anticorrosive action. 47. A method according to claim 46, in which said nanomaterials are particles of zinc oxide. 48. A method according to claim 46, in which said nanomaterials have a mean particle size of the order of 200 nm. 49. A method according to claim 46, in which said nanomaterials are applied in the form of an aqueous dispersion. | 1,700 |
2,010 | 14,647,720 | 1,789 | The carpet is a tufted carpet for automobiles formed by implanting pile yarns into a base fabric, including: a high basis weight part having the pile yarns implanted at a high basis weight, a low basis weight part having the pile yarns implanted at a low basis weight lower than the high basis weight, and a middle basis weight part provided between the high basis weight part and the low basis weight part and having the pile yarns implanted at a basis weight between those of the high basis weight part and the low basis weight part. The basis weight of the middle basis weight part becomes smaller stepwise from the side adjacent to the high basis weight part toward the side adjacent to the low basis weight part. | 1. A tufted carpet for automobile formed by implanting pile yarns into a base fabric, comprising:
a high basis weight part having the pile yarns implanted at a high basis weight; a low basis weight part having the pile yarns implanted at a low basis weight lower than the high basis weight; and a middle basis weight part provided between the high basis weight part and the low basis weight part and having the pile yarns implanted at a basis weight between those of the high basis weight part and the low basis weight part, wherein the basis weight of the middle basis weight part becomes smaller stepwise from the side adjacent to the high basis weight part toward the side adjacent to the low basis weight part. 2. The tufted carpet for automobiles according to claim 1, wherein the middle basis weight part has: a first middle basis weight part provided adjacent to the high basis weight part and having the pile yarns implanted in a predetermined first stitch number; and a second middle basis weight part provided adjacent to the low basis weight part and having the pile yarns implanted in a predetermined second stitch number smaller than the predetermined first stitch number. 3. The tufted carpet for automobiles according to claim 1, wherein the stitch number of each stitch in the middle basis weight part becomes smaller stepwise from the side adjacent to the high basis weight part toward the side adjacent to the low basis weight part. 4. The tufted carpet for automobiles according to claim 1, wherein the middle basis weight part has 4 or more and 40 or less stitches. | The carpet is a tufted carpet for automobiles formed by implanting pile yarns into a base fabric, including: a high basis weight part having the pile yarns implanted at a high basis weight, a low basis weight part having the pile yarns implanted at a low basis weight lower than the high basis weight, and a middle basis weight part provided between the high basis weight part and the low basis weight part and having the pile yarns implanted at a basis weight between those of the high basis weight part and the low basis weight part. The basis weight of the middle basis weight part becomes smaller stepwise from the side adjacent to the high basis weight part toward the side adjacent to the low basis weight part.1. A tufted carpet for automobile formed by implanting pile yarns into a base fabric, comprising:
a high basis weight part having the pile yarns implanted at a high basis weight; a low basis weight part having the pile yarns implanted at a low basis weight lower than the high basis weight; and a middle basis weight part provided between the high basis weight part and the low basis weight part and having the pile yarns implanted at a basis weight between those of the high basis weight part and the low basis weight part, wherein the basis weight of the middle basis weight part becomes smaller stepwise from the side adjacent to the high basis weight part toward the side adjacent to the low basis weight part. 2. The tufted carpet for automobiles according to claim 1, wherein the middle basis weight part has: a first middle basis weight part provided adjacent to the high basis weight part and having the pile yarns implanted in a predetermined first stitch number; and a second middle basis weight part provided adjacent to the low basis weight part and having the pile yarns implanted in a predetermined second stitch number smaller than the predetermined first stitch number. 3. The tufted carpet for automobiles according to claim 1, wherein the stitch number of each stitch in the middle basis weight part becomes smaller stepwise from the side adjacent to the high basis weight part toward the side adjacent to the low basis weight part. 4. The tufted carpet for automobiles according to claim 1, wherein the middle basis weight part has 4 or more and 40 or less stitches. | 1,700 |
2,011 | 14,443,181 | 1,785 | Disclosed is a silane-based composition for forming an imprinting ink for imprint lithography applications in which the crosslinking of the silanes in the composition is suppressed by the inclusion of a compound of Formula 3: wherein R 9 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 6 linear or branched alkyl groups and a phenyl group, and wherein n is a positive integer having a value of at least 2. An ink may be formed by adding a PAG, photoinitiator or TAG to the composition such upon their activation, the crosslinking reaction is completed. An imprinting method using 10 such an ink is also disclosed. | 1. A composition for forming an imprinting ink, the composition comprising:
a dissolved condensation product of:
at least one of a first silane compound of Formula 1 and a second silane compound of Formula 2; and
a compound of Formula 3:
wherein R1-R9 are individually selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl groups and a phenyl group, and wherein n is a positive integer having a value of at least 2;
the composition further comprising:
a protic acid such that the composition has a pH in the range of 3-5; and
an organic solvent system comprising a primary or a secondary alcohol and water. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the dissolved condensation product comprises the first and second silane compounds in a molar ratio of 1:5-5:1. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein n is 2, 3, 4 or 5. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein:
the dissolved condensation product is formed from a silane content in the composition of 1-20 wt % based on the weight of the silanes when fully condensated and a content of Formula 3 in the composition of 1-10 wt % based on the total weight of the composition prior to the formation of said condensation product; and the organic solvent system has a content in the composition of 25-98 wt % based on said total weight of the composition. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first compound is methyltrimethoxysilane and the second compound is tetramethoxysilane. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the organic solvent system comprises at least one of 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol and 1-methoxy-2-propanol. 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the organic solvent system further comprises 1-ethoxy-2-(2-ethoxyethoxyl)ethane. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula 3 is selected from diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monoethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monomethyl ether and tetraethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a water content of 5-20 mole per mole of silicon in said composition. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the pH of the composition is in the range of 3.5-4.5 and more preferably is 4. 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the protic acid is selected from acetic acid, formic acid and hydrochloric acid (HCl). 12. The composition of claim 1, further comprising nanoparticles such as silicon nanoparticles. 13. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a luminescent compound such as a phosphor or a luminescent dye. 14. An imprinting ink comprising a composition that includes:
a dissolved condensation product of:
at least one of a first silane compound of Formula 1 and a second silane compound of Formula 2; and
a compound of Formula 3:
wherein R1-R9 are individually selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl groups and a phenyl group, and wherein n is a positive integer having a value of at least 2;
the composition further comprising:
a protic acid such that the composition has a pH in the range of 3-5; and
an organic solvent system comprising a primary or a secondary alcohol and water,
and wherein the imprinting ink further comprises one of a photo-acid generator, a photoinitiator and a thermal acid generator. 15. The imprinting ink of claim 14, wherein the photo-acid generator is Irgacure PAG 103. 16. The imprinting ink of claim 14, further comprising a sensitizing agent for sensitizing the photo-acid generator. 17. The imprinting ink of claim 14, wherein the photo-acid generator or thermal acid generator has a content in the ink of 1-10 wt % based on the weight of the silane compounds when fully condensated. 18. A method of forming a patterned layer on a substrate, comprising:
depositing an imprinting ink on the substrate; imprinting the deposited imprinting ink with a stamp carrying a pattern; solidifying the imprinting ink by activating one of a photo-acid generator, a photoinitiator and a thermal acid generator in said composition; and removing the stamp following the solidification. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said activating of the photo-acid generator or the photoinitiator comprises irradiating the imprinting ink with UV radiation having a wavelength of at least 350 nm. 20. Use of an imprinting ink for an imprinting process, the imprinting ink comprising a composition that includes:
a dissolved condensation product of:
at least one of a first silane compound of Formula 1 and a second silane compound of Formula 2; and
a compound of Formula 3:
wherein R1-R9 are individually selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl groups and a phenyl group, and wherein n is a positive integer having a value of at least 2;
the composition further comprising:
a protic acid such that the composition has a pH in the range of 3-5; and
an organic solvent system comprising a primary or a secondary alcohol and water. 21. The method of claim 18, comprising using a stamp carrying a pattern, wherein a pattern carrying part of the stamp comprises a rubber material. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the rubber material is a poly dimethylsiloxane. 23. The method claim 22, wherein the imprinting ink is irradiated with UV irradiation having a wavelength higher than 250 nm, and wherein irradiation takes place through the stamp. 24. A substrate comprising a patterned layer that is obtainable by performing a method comprising:
depositing an imprinting ink on the substrate; imprinting the deposited imprinting ink with a stamp carrying a pattern; solidifying the imprinting ink by activating one of a photo-acid generator, a photoinitiator and a thermal acid generator in said composition; and removing the stamp following the solidification. | Disclosed is a silane-based composition for forming an imprinting ink for imprint lithography applications in which the crosslinking of the silanes in the composition is suppressed by the inclusion of a compound of Formula 3: wherein R 9 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 6 linear or branched alkyl groups and a phenyl group, and wherein n is a positive integer having a value of at least 2. An ink may be formed by adding a PAG, photoinitiator or TAG to the composition such upon their activation, the crosslinking reaction is completed. An imprinting method using 10 such an ink is also disclosed.1. A composition for forming an imprinting ink, the composition comprising:
a dissolved condensation product of:
at least one of a first silane compound of Formula 1 and a second silane compound of Formula 2; and
a compound of Formula 3:
wherein R1-R9 are individually selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl groups and a phenyl group, and wherein n is a positive integer having a value of at least 2;
the composition further comprising:
a protic acid such that the composition has a pH in the range of 3-5; and
an organic solvent system comprising a primary or a secondary alcohol and water. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the dissolved condensation product comprises the first and second silane compounds in a molar ratio of 1:5-5:1. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein n is 2, 3, 4 or 5. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein:
the dissolved condensation product is formed from a silane content in the composition of 1-20 wt % based on the weight of the silanes when fully condensated and a content of Formula 3 in the composition of 1-10 wt % based on the total weight of the composition prior to the formation of said condensation product; and the organic solvent system has a content in the composition of 25-98 wt % based on said total weight of the composition. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first compound is methyltrimethoxysilane and the second compound is tetramethoxysilane. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the organic solvent system comprises at least one of 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol and 1-methoxy-2-propanol. 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the organic solvent system further comprises 1-ethoxy-2-(2-ethoxyethoxyl)ethane. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula 3 is selected from diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monoethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monomethyl ether and tetraethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a water content of 5-20 mole per mole of silicon in said composition. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the pH of the composition is in the range of 3.5-4.5 and more preferably is 4. 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the protic acid is selected from acetic acid, formic acid and hydrochloric acid (HCl). 12. The composition of claim 1, further comprising nanoparticles such as silicon nanoparticles. 13. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a luminescent compound such as a phosphor or a luminescent dye. 14. An imprinting ink comprising a composition that includes:
a dissolved condensation product of:
at least one of a first silane compound of Formula 1 and a second silane compound of Formula 2; and
a compound of Formula 3:
wherein R1-R9 are individually selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl groups and a phenyl group, and wherein n is a positive integer having a value of at least 2;
the composition further comprising:
a protic acid such that the composition has a pH in the range of 3-5; and
an organic solvent system comprising a primary or a secondary alcohol and water,
and wherein the imprinting ink further comprises one of a photo-acid generator, a photoinitiator and a thermal acid generator. 15. The imprinting ink of claim 14, wherein the photo-acid generator is Irgacure PAG 103. 16. The imprinting ink of claim 14, further comprising a sensitizing agent for sensitizing the photo-acid generator. 17. The imprinting ink of claim 14, wherein the photo-acid generator or thermal acid generator has a content in the ink of 1-10 wt % based on the weight of the silane compounds when fully condensated. 18. A method of forming a patterned layer on a substrate, comprising:
depositing an imprinting ink on the substrate; imprinting the deposited imprinting ink with a stamp carrying a pattern; solidifying the imprinting ink by activating one of a photo-acid generator, a photoinitiator and a thermal acid generator in said composition; and removing the stamp following the solidification. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said activating of the photo-acid generator or the photoinitiator comprises irradiating the imprinting ink with UV radiation having a wavelength of at least 350 nm. 20. Use of an imprinting ink for an imprinting process, the imprinting ink comprising a composition that includes:
a dissolved condensation product of:
at least one of a first silane compound of Formula 1 and a second silane compound of Formula 2; and
a compound of Formula 3:
wherein R1-R9 are individually selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl groups and a phenyl group, and wherein n is a positive integer having a value of at least 2;
the composition further comprising:
a protic acid such that the composition has a pH in the range of 3-5; and
an organic solvent system comprising a primary or a secondary alcohol and water. 21. The method of claim 18, comprising using a stamp carrying a pattern, wherein a pattern carrying part of the stamp comprises a rubber material. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the rubber material is a poly dimethylsiloxane. 23. The method claim 22, wherein the imprinting ink is irradiated with UV irradiation having a wavelength higher than 250 nm, and wherein irradiation takes place through the stamp. 24. A substrate comprising a patterned layer that is obtainable by performing a method comprising:
depositing an imprinting ink on the substrate; imprinting the deposited imprinting ink with a stamp carrying a pattern; solidifying the imprinting ink by activating one of a photo-acid generator, a photoinitiator and a thermal acid generator in said composition; and removing the stamp following the solidification. | 1,700 |
2,012 | 14,436,242 | 1,732 | To provide a cellulose ester composition having good thermoplasticity. The cellulose ester composition including: (A) a cellulose ester and (B) a plasticizer, wherein the plasticizer of the component (B) includes at least one kind selected from adipic acid esters respectively represented by the following formulae (I), (II) and (III). | 1. A cellulose ester composition comprising: (A) a cellulose ester and (B) a plasticizer,
wherein the plasticizer of the component (B) includes at least one kind selected from adipic acid esters respectively represented by the following formulae (I), (II) and (III). 2. The cellulose ester composition according to claim 1, wherein the plasticizer of the component (B) includes the adipic acid ester represented by the formula (I). 3. The cellulose ester composition according to claim 1, wherein the plasticizer of the component (B) is a mixture of adipic acid esters represented by the formulae (I), (II) and (III). 4. A cellulose ester composition comprising: (A) a cellulose ester and (B) a plasticizer,
wherein the plasticizer of the component (B) includes at least one kind selected from adipic acid esters respectively represented by the following formulae (IV), (V) and (VI).
In the general formulae (IV), (V) and (VI), n is an integer of 0-5 representing a degree of condensation, which includes the cases where n=0 and n=1-5. 5. The cellulose ester composition according to claim 4, wherein the plasticizer of the component (B) contains 10% by mass or more of adipic acid esters of n=0 relative to the total amount of the adipic acid esters represented by the general formulae (IV), (V) and (VI). 6. The cellulose ester composition according to claim 1, which contains 1-50 parts by mass of the plasticizer of the component (B) relative to 100 parts by mass of the cellulose ester of the component (A). 7. The cellulose ester composition according to claim 1, wherein the cellulose ester of the component (A) is selected from cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate propionate and cellulose acetate butylate. 8. The cellulose ester composition according to claim 1, wherein the cellulose ester of the component (A) is a cellulose acetate having a substitution degree of 2.7 or less. 9. The cellulose ester composition according to claim 4, which contains 1-50 parts by mass of the plasticizer of the component (B) relative to 100 parts by mass of the cellulose ester of the component (A). 10. The cellulose ester composition according to claim 4, wherein the cellulose ester of the component (A) is selected from cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate propionate and cellulose acetate butylate. 11. The cellulose ester composition according to claim 4, wherein the cellulose ester of the component (A) is a cellulose acetate having a substitution degree of 2.7 or less. 12. The cellulose ester composition according to claim 3, which contains 1-50 parts by mass of the plasticizer of the component (B) relative to 100 parts by mass of the cellulose ester of the component (A). 13. The cellulose ester composition according to claim 3, wherein the cellulose ester of the component (A) is selected from cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate propionate and cellulose acetate butylate. 14. The cellulose ester composition according to claim 3, wherein the cellulose ester of the component (A) is a cellulose acetate having a substitution degree of 2.7 or less. | To provide a cellulose ester composition having good thermoplasticity. The cellulose ester composition including: (A) a cellulose ester and (B) a plasticizer, wherein the plasticizer of the component (B) includes at least one kind selected from adipic acid esters respectively represented by the following formulae (I), (II) and (III).1. A cellulose ester composition comprising: (A) a cellulose ester and (B) a plasticizer,
wherein the plasticizer of the component (B) includes at least one kind selected from adipic acid esters respectively represented by the following formulae (I), (II) and (III). 2. The cellulose ester composition according to claim 1, wherein the plasticizer of the component (B) includes the adipic acid ester represented by the formula (I). 3. The cellulose ester composition according to claim 1, wherein the plasticizer of the component (B) is a mixture of adipic acid esters represented by the formulae (I), (II) and (III). 4. A cellulose ester composition comprising: (A) a cellulose ester and (B) a plasticizer,
wherein the plasticizer of the component (B) includes at least one kind selected from adipic acid esters respectively represented by the following formulae (IV), (V) and (VI).
In the general formulae (IV), (V) and (VI), n is an integer of 0-5 representing a degree of condensation, which includes the cases where n=0 and n=1-5. 5. The cellulose ester composition according to claim 4, wherein the plasticizer of the component (B) contains 10% by mass or more of adipic acid esters of n=0 relative to the total amount of the adipic acid esters represented by the general formulae (IV), (V) and (VI). 6. The cellulose ester composition according to claim 1, which contains 1-50 parts by mass of the plasticizer of the component (B) relative to 100 parts by mass of the cellulose ester of the component (A). 7. The cellulose ester composition according to claim 1, wherein the cellulose ester of the component (A) is selected from cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate propionate and cellulose acetate butylate. 8. The cellulose ester composition according to claim 1, wherein the cellulose ester of the component (A) is a cellulose acetate having a substitution degree of 2.7 or less. 9. The cellulose ester composition according to claim 4, which contains 1-50 parts by mass of the plasticizer of the component (B) relative to 100 parts by mass of the cellulose ester of the component (A). 10. The cellulose ester composition according to claim 4, wherein the cellulose ester of the component (A) is selected from cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate propionate and cellulose acetate butylate. 11. The cellulose ester composition according to claim 4, wherein the cellulose ester of the component (A) is a cellulose acetate having a substitution degree of 2.7 or less. 12. The cellulose ester composition according to claim 3, which contains 1-50 parts by mass of the plasticizer of the component (B) relative to 100 parts by mass of the cellulose ester of the component (A). 13. The cellulose ester composition according to claim 3, wherein the cellulose ester of the component (A) is selected from cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate propionate and cellulose acetate butylate. 14. The cellulose ester composition according to claim 3, wherein the cellulose ester of the component (A) is a cellulose acetate having a substitution degree of 2.7 or less. | 1,700 |
2,013 | 14,420,771 | 1,711 | An enclosure ( 10, 35 ) for use with a steam generator ( 2 ) having a hand operated steam nozzle ( 5 ) for manually treating a fabric article with steam emitted from nozzle is disclosed. The enclosure has a space to receive fabric articles to be steamed and also has a steam nozzle receptacle ( 12 ) hat releasably receives a hand operated steam nozzle so that steam is directed into the enclosure from the steam nozzle for hands-free steaming of fabric articles within the enclosure. | 1. An enclosure for use with a steam generator having a hand operated steam nozzle for manually treating a fabric article with steam emitted from said nozzle, the enclosure comprising a space to receive fabric articles to be treated, characterised in that the enclosure further comprises a steam nozzle receptacle configured to releasably receive said hand operated steam nozzle such that steam is directed into the enclosure from said steam nozzle for hands-free steaming of fabric articles in said enclosure. 2. The enclosure of claim 1, further comprising at least one hose support member configured to support a flexible hose of said steam generator such that condensed water cannot be trapped within said hose during use of the enclosure. 3. The enclosure of claim 2, wherein the at least one hose support member comprises at least one arm extending in a direction away from the enclosure, and attachment means to which said flexible hose can be removably attached during use of the enclosure. 4. The enclosure of claim 1, wherein the nozzle receptacle comprises a recess and an opening into the enclosure, said recess being shaped to releasably receive a hand operated steam nozzle such that when said hand operated steam nozzle is inserted into the recess said steam nozzle is retained in said recess and a steam emitting end of that steam nozzle is aligned with the opening. 5. The enclosure of claim 4, wherein the recess includes an enlarged portion that allows a user access to grasp a hand operated steam nozzle received in the recess. 6. The enclosure of claim 5, wherein the enlarged portion of the recess is positioned to be aligned with a handle of a hand operated steam nozzle when said steam nozzle is received in the recess. 7. The enclosure of claim 4, wherein the recess further comprises a portion to receive a handle of a hand operated steam nozzle when said steam nozzle is received in the nozzle receptacle. 8. The enclosure of claim 4, wherein the recess is configured such that when a hand operated steam nozzle is received in the nozzle receptacle said steam nozzle is disposed flush against the enclosure. 9. The enclosure of claim 4, wherein the recess comprises a flared portion that is adapted to receive a flared steam emitting head of a hand operated steam nozzle such that said steam nozzle can be inserted into the flared portion and then moved into alignment with the recess to align the steam emitting head of said steam nozzle with the opening of the steam nozzle receptacle. 10. The enclosure of claim 1, wherein the nozzle receptacle also comprises means for releasably securing a hand operated steam nozzle to the nozzle receptacle. 11. The enclosure of claim 1 further comprising a water collecting means configured to collect condensed water that has accumulated at a lower portion of the enclosure. 12. The enclosure of claim 11, further comprising a base plate, extending across the bottom of the enclosure and configured to direct collected water into the water collecting means. 13. Apparatus for treating a fabric article with steam, comprising a steam generator and an enclosure according to claim 1, said steam generator having a steam hose and steam nozzle suitable for hand operated manual steaming of fabric articles, said steam nozzle being optionally connectable to the nozzle receptacle of the enclosure for supplying steam to the enclosure for hands-free steaming of fabric articles received in said enclosure. 14. Apparatus for treating a fabric article with steam, comprising an enclosure to receive fabric articles to be steamed and a base unit having a steam generator and a steam outlet, said steam outlet being disposed within the enclosure for hands-free steaming of fabric articles received in the enclosure characterised in that the steam outlet comprises connecting means configured to enable a user to connected a steam nozzle to the steam outlet for hand operated manual steaming of fabric articles. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, further comprising an upper assembly, to which the enclosure is removably attached, and an extendable supporting arm attachable to the base unit and to the upper assembly to support the upper assembly and the enclosure. | An enclosure ( 10, 35 ) for use with a steam generator ( 2 ) having a hand operated steam nozzle ( 5 ) for manually treating a fabric article with steam emitted from nozzle is disclosed. The enclosure has a space to receive fabric articles to be steamed and also has a steam nozzle receptacle ( 12 ) hat releasably receives a hand operated steam nozzle so that steam is directed into the enclosure from the steam nozzle for hands-free steaming of fabric articles within the enclosure.1. An enclosure for use with a steam generator having a hand operated steam nozzle for manually treating a fabric article with steam emitted from said nozzle, the enclosure comprising a space to receive fabric articles to be treated, characterised in that the enclosure further comprises a steam nozzle receptacle configured to releasably receive said hand operated steam nozzle such that steam is directed into the enclosure from said steam nozzle for hands-free steaming of fabric articles in said enclosure. 2. The enclosure of claim 1, further comprising at least one hose support member configured to support a flexible hose of said steam generator such that condensed water cannot be trapped within said hose during use of the enclosure. 3. The enclosure of claim 2, wherein the at least one hose support member comprises at least one arm extending in a direction away from the enclosure, and attachment means to which said flexible hose can be removably attached during use of the enclosure. 4. The enclosure of claim 1, wherein the nozzle receptacle comprises a recess and an opening into the enclosure, said recess being shaped to releasably receive a hand operated steam nozzle such that when said hand operated steam nozzle is inserted into the recess said steam nozzle is retained in said recess and a steam emitting end of that steam nozzle is aligned with the opening. 5. The enclosure of claim 4, wherein the recess includes an enlarged portion that allows a user access to grasp a hand operated steam nozzle received in the recess. 6. The enclosure of claim 5, wherein the enlarged portion of the recess is positioned to be aligned with a handle of a hand operated steam nozzle when said steam nozzle is received in the recess. 7. The enclosure of claim 4, wherein the recess further comprises a portion to receive a handle of a hand operated steam nozzle when said steam nozzle is received in the nozzle receptacle. 8. The enclosure of claim 4, wherein the recess is configured such that when a hand operated steam nozzle is received in the nozzle receptacle said steam nozzle is disposed flush against the enclosure. 9. The enclosure of claim 4, wherein the recess comprises a flared portion that is adapted to receive a flared steam emitting head of a hand operated steam nozzle such that said steam nozzle can be inserted into the flared portion and then moved into alignment with the recess to align the steam emitting head of said steam nozzle with the opening of the steam nozzle receptacle. 10. The enclosure of claim 1, wherein the nozzle receptacle also comprises means for releasably securing a hand operated steam nozzle to the nozzle receptacle. 11. The enclosure of claim 1 further comprising a water collecting means configured to collect condensed water that has accumulated at a lower portion of the enclosure. 12. The enclosure of claim 11, further comprising a base plate, extending across the bottom of the enclosure and configured to direct collected water into the water collecting means. 13. Apparatus for treating a fabric article with steam, comprising a steam generator and an enclosure according to claim 1, said steam generator having a steam hose and steam nozzle suitable for hand operated manual steaming of fabric articles, said steam nozzle being optionally connectable to the nozzle receptacle of the enclosure for supplying steam to the enclosure for hands-free steaming of fabric articles received in said enclosure. 14. Apparatus for treating a fabric article with steam, comprising an enclosure to receive fabric articles to be steamed and a base unit having a steam generator and a steam outlet, said steam outlet being disposed within the enclosure for hands-free steaming of fabric articles received in the enclosure characterised in that the steam outlet comprises connecting means configured to enable a user to connected a steam nozzle to the steam outlet for hand operated manual steaming of fabric articles. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, further comprising an upper assembly, to which the enclosure is removably attached, and an extendable supporting arm attachable to the base unit and to the upper assembly to support the upper assembly and the enclosure. | 1,700 |
2,014 | 12,703,423 | 1,778 | A gas diffusion layer (GDL) for fuel cell applications that can prevented channels of a bipolar plate from being intruded. The gas diffusion layer is manufactured by cutting a GDL material at a certain angle such that a machine direction of the inherent high stiffness of the GDL material is not in parallel with a major flow field direction of a bipolar plate to prevent the GDL intrusion into the channels of the bipolar plate without modifying an existing method for manufacturing the gas diffusion layer. With the gas diffusion layer, the electrochemical performance of the fuel cell can be improved and manufacturing process can be improved even in the case where the width of the rolled GDL material is small. | 1. A gas diffusion layer (GDL) for fuel cell applications, the gas diffusion layer having a dual layer structure including a microporous layer and a macroporous substrate, in which the stiffness in a width direction perpendicular to a major flow field direction of a bipolar plate is increased by cutting a rolled gas diffusion layer (GDL) material at a certain angle such that a machine direction of the inherent high stiffness of the GDL material is not in parallel with the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate to prevent the gas diffusion layer from intruding into flow field channels of the bipolar plate. 2. The gas diffusion layer for fuel cell applications of claim 1, wherein the gas diffusion layer is manufactured by cutting the GDL material at an angle in a range of 0° to 90°, formed by the machine direction of the inherent high stiffness of the GDL material and the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate. 3. The gas diffusion layer for fuel cell applications of claim 1, wherein the gas diffusion layer is manufactured by cutting the GDL material at an angle in a range of 25° to 90°, formed by the machine direction of the inherent high stiffness of the GDL material and the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate. 4. The gas diffusion layer for fuel cell applications of claim 1, wherein the rolled GDL material in the machine direction has a Taber bending stiffness in a range of 20 to 150 gf·cm. 5. The gas diffusion layer for fuel cell applications of claim 1, wherein the rolled GDL material in the machine direction has a Taber bending stiffness in a range of 50 to 100 gf·cm. 6. The gas diffusion layer for fuel cell applications of claim 1, wherein the macroporous substrate which constitutes the gas diffusion layer is formed of carbon fiber felt, carbon fiber paper, or a combination thereof. 7. The gas diffusion layer for fuel cell applications of claim 1, wherein the gas diffusion layer has a gas permeability of more than 0.5 cm3/(cm2·s). 8. The gas diffusion layer for fuel cell applications of claim 1, wherein the gas diffusion layer has a gas permeability of more than 2.5 cm3/(cm2·s). | A gas diffusion layer (GDL) for fuel cell applications that can prevented channels of a bipolar plate from being intruded. The gas diffusion layer is manufactured by cutting a GDL material at a certain angle such that a machine direction of the inherent high stiffness of the GDL material is not in parallel with a major flow field direction of a bipolar plate to prevent the GDL intrusion into the channels of the bipolar plate without modifying an existing method for manufacturing the gas diffusion layer. With the gas diffusion layer, the electrochemical performance of the fuel cell can be improved and manufacturing process can be improved even in the case where the width of the rolled GDL material is small.1. A gas diffusion layer (GDL) for fuel cell applications, the gas diffusion layer having a dual layer structure including a microporous layer and a macroporous substrate, in which the stiffness in a width direction perpendicular to a major flow field direction of a bipolar plate is increased by cutting a rolled gas diffusion layer (GDL) material at a certain angle such that a machine direction of the inherent high stiffness of the GDL material is not in parallel with the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate to prevent the gas diffusion layer from intruding into flow field channels of the bipolar plate. 2. The gas diffusion layer for fuel cell applications of claim 1, wherein the gas diffusion layer is manufactured by cutting the GDL material at an angle in a range of 0° to 90°, formed by the machine direction of the inherent high stiffness of the GDL material and the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate. 3. The gas diffusion layer for fuel cell applications of claim 1, wherein the gas diffusion layer is manufactured by cutting the GDL material at an angle in a range of 25° to 90°, formed by the machine direction of the inherent high stiffness of the GDL material and the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate. 4. The gas diffusion layer for fuel cell applications of claim 1, wherein the rolled GDL material in the machine direction has a Taber bending stiffness in a range of 20 to 150 gf·cm. 5. The gas diffusion layer for fuel cell applications of claim 1, wherein the rolled GDL material in the machine direction has a Taber bending stiffness in a range of 50 to 100 gf·cm. 6. The gas diffusion layer for fuel cell applications of claim 1, wherein the macroporous substrate which constitutes the gas diffusion layer is formed of carbon fiber felt, carbon fiber paper, or a combination thereof. 7. The gas diffusion layer for fuel cell applications of claim 1, wherein the gas diffusion layer has a gas permeability of more than 0.5 cm3/(cm2·s). 8. The gas diffusion layer for fuel cell applications of claim 1, wherein the gas diffusion layer has a gas permeability of more than 2.5 cm3/(cm2·s). | 1,700 |
2,015 | 14,351,866 | 1,744 | The invention relates to an apparatus for the pretreatment and subsequent conveying or plastification of plastics, with a container with a mixing and/or comminution implement that is rotatable around an axis of rotation, wherein, in a side wall, an aperture is formed, through which the plastics material can be removed, a conveyor being provided, with a screw rotating in a housing, wherein the imaginary continuation of the longitudinal axis of the conveyor in a direction opposite to the direction of conveying passes the axis of rotation, where, on the outflow side, there is an offset distance between the longitudinal axis and the radius that is parallel to the longitudinal axis, and in that screw rotates clockwise, when seen from the starting point of the screw in the direction towards the end or towards the discharge aperture of the conveyor. | 1. An apparatus for the pretreatment of plastics, in particular of thermoplastics waste for recycling purposes, with a container (1) for the material to be processed, where the arrangement has, in the container (1), at least one mixing and/or comminution implement (3) which rotates around an axis (10) of rotation and which is intended for the mixing, heating and optionally comminution of the plastics material,
where an aperture (8) through which the pretreated plastics material can be removed from the interior of the container (1) is formed in a side wall (9) of the container (1) in the region of the level of the, or of the lowest, mixing and/or comminution implement (3) that is closest to the base, where at least one conveyor (5), in particular one extruder (5), is provided to receive the pretreated material, and has at least one screw (6) which rotates in a housing (16) and which in particular has plastifying or agglomerating action, where the housing (16) has, located at its end (7) or in its jacket wall, an intake aperture (80) for the material to be received by the screw (6), and there is a connection between the intake aperture (80) and the aperture (8), wherein the imaginary continuation of the central longitudinal axis (15) of the conveyor (5) or of the screw (6) closest to the intake aperture (80), in a direction opposite to the direction (17) of conveying of the conveyor (5), passes, and does not intersect, the axis (10) of rotation, where, on the outflow side or in the direction (12) of rotation or of movement of the mixing and/or comminution implement (3), there is an offset distance (18) between the longitudinal axis (15) of the conveyor (5) or of the screw (6) closest to the intake aperture (80), and the radius (11) of the container (1) and that is parallel to the longitudinal axis (15) and that proceeds outwards from the axis (10) of rotation of the mixing and/or comminution implement (3) in the direction (17) of conveying of the conveyor (5), and wherein the screw (6), or the screw (6) closest to the intake aperture (80), rotates clockwise when viewed from the starting point, generally close to the container and to the intake, of the screw (6), or from the intake aperture (80), in the direction towards the end or to the discharge aperture of the conveyor (5). 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein in the upper region, and optionally also in the lower region, of the intake aperture (80) a wedge-shaped intake geometry is formed. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein in the lower region of the intake aperture (80) there is a conveying device, for example in the form of a displaceable intake element or of a displaceable barrier, having a stripping action in the direction (17) of conveying of the screw (6). 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, for a conveyor (5) in contact with the container (1), the scalar product of the direction vector that is associated with the direction (19) of rotation and that is tangential to the circle described by the radially outermost point of the mixing and/or comminution implement (3) or that is tangential to the plastics material transported past the aperture (8) and that is normal to a radius (11) of the container (1), and that points in the direction (12) of rotation or of movement of the mixing and/or comminution implement (3) and of the direction vector (17) that is associated with the direction of conveying of the conveyor (5) at each individual point or in the entire region of the aperture (8) or immediately radially in front of the aperture (8) is zero or negative. 5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the angle (α) included between the direction vector that is associated with the direction (19) of rotation of the radially outermost point of the mixing and/or comminution implement (3) and the direction vector (17) that is associated with the direction of conveying of the conveyor (5) is greater than or equal to 90° and smaller than or equal to 180°, measured at the point of intersection of the two direction vectors (17, 19) at the inflow-side edge that is associated with the aperture (8) and that is situated upstream in relation to the direction (12) of rotation or of movement of the mixing and/or comminution implement (3), in particular at the point (20) that is on the said edge or on the aperture (8) and is situated furthest upstream. 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the angle (β) included between the direction vector (19) that is associated with the direction (12) of rotation or of movement and the direction vector (17) that is associated with the direction of conveying of the conveyor (5) is from 170° to 180°, measured at the point of intersection of the two direction vectors (17, 19) in the middle of the aperture (8). 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the distance (18) is greater than or equal to half of the internal diameter of the housing (16) of the conveyor (5) or of the screw (6), and/or greater than or equal to 7%, preferably greater than or equal to 20%, of the radius of the container (1), or wherein the distance (18) is greater than or equal to the radius of the container (1). 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the imaginary continuation of the longitudinal axis (15) of the conveyor (5) in a direction opposite to the direction of conveying is arranged in the manner of a secant in relation to the cross section of the container (1), and, at least in sections, passes through the space within the container (1). 9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the conveyor (5) is attached tangentially to the container (1) or runs tangentially in relation to the cross section of the container (1), or wherein the longitudinal axis (15) of the conveyor (5) or of the screw (6) or the longitudinal axis of the screw (6) closest to the intake aperture (80) runs tangentially with respect to the inner side of the side wall (9) of the container (1), or the inner wall of the housing (16) does so, or the envelope of the screw (6) does so, where preferably there is a drive connected to the end (7) of the screw (6), and that the screw provides conveying, at its opposite end, to a discharge aperture which is in particular an extruder head and which is arranged at the end of the housing (16). 10. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein there is immediate and direct connection between the aperture (8) and the intake aperture (80), without substantial separation, in particular without a transfer section or conveying screw. 11. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the mixing and/or comminution implement (3) comprises implements and/or blades (14) which, in the direction (12) of rotation or of movement, have a comminuting, cutting and heating effect on the plastics material, where the implements and/or blades (14) are preferably arranged or formed on or at a rotatable implement carrier (13) which is in particular a carrier disc (13) and which is in particular arranged parallel to the basal surface (12). 12. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the manner of formation, set-up, curvature and/or arrangement of the frontal regions or frontal edges (22) that are associated with the mixing and/or comminution implements (3) or with the blades (14), act on the plastics material and point in the direction (12) of rotation or of movement, differs when comparison is made with the regions that, in the direction (12) of rotation or of movement, are at the rear or behind. 13. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the container (1) is in essence cylindrical with circular cross section and with a level basal surface (2) and with, orientated vertically in relation thereto, a side wall (9) which has the shape of the jacket of a cylinder, and/or the axis (10) of rotation of the mixing and/or comminution implements (3) coincides with the central axis of the container (1), and/or the axis (12) of rotation or the central axis are orientated vertically and/or normally in relation to the basal surface (2). 14. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the lowest implement carrier (13) or the lowest of the mixing and/or comminution implements (3) and/or the aperture (8) are arranged close to the base at a small distance from the basal surface (2), in particular in the region of the lowest quarter of the height of the container (1), preferably at a distance of from 10 mm to 400 mm from the basal surface (2). 15. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the conveyor (5) is a single-screw extruder (6) with a single compression screw (6), or is a twin- or multiscrew extruder, where the diameters d of the individual screws (6) are all identical. | The invention relates to an apparatus for the pretreatment and subsequent conveying or plastification of plastics, with a container with a mixing and/or comminution implement that is rotatable around an axis of rotation, wherein, in a side wall, an aperture is formed, through which the plastics material can be removed, a conveyor being provided, with a screw rotating in a housing, wherein the imaginary continuation of the longitudinal axis of the conveyor in a direction opposite to the direction of conveying passes the axis of rotation, where, on the outflow side, there is an offset distance between the longitudinal axis and the radius that is parallel to the longitudinal axis, and in that screw rotates clockwise, when seen from the starting point of the screw in the direction towards the end or towards the discharge aperture of the conveyor.1. An apparatus for the pretreatment of plastics, in particular of thermoplastics waste for recycling purposes, with a container (1) for the material to be processed, where the arrangement has, in the container (1), at least one mixing and/or comminution implement (3) which rotates around an axis (10) of rotation and which is intended for the mixing, heating and optionally comminution of the plastics material,
where an aperture (8) through which the pretreated plastics material can be removed from the interior of the container (1) is formed in a side wall (9) of the container (1) in the region of the level of the, or of the lowest, mixing and/or comminution implement (3) that is closest to the base, where at least one conveyor (5), in particular one extruder (5), is provided to receive the pretreated material, and has at least one screw (6) which rotates in a housing (16) and which in particular has plastifying or agglomerating action, where the housing (16) has, located at its end (7) or in its jacket wall, an intake aperture (80) for the material to be received by the screw (6), and there is a connection between the intake aperture (80) and the aperture (8), wherein the imaginary continuation of the central longitudinal axis (15) of the conveyor (5) or of the screw (6) closest to the intake aperture (80), in a direction opposite to the direction (17) of conveying of the conveyor (5), passes, and does not intersect, the axis (10) of rotation, where, on the outflow side or in the direction (12) of rotation or of movement of the mixing and/or comminution implement (3), there is an offset distance (18) between the longitudinal axis (15) of the conveyor (5) or of the screw (6) closest to the intake aperture (80), and the radius (11) of the container (1) and that is parallel to the longitudinal axis (15) and that proceeds outwards from the axis (10) of rotation of the mixing and/or comminution implement (3) in the direction (17) of conveying of the conveyor (5), and wherein the screw (6), or the screw (6) closest to the intake aperture (80), rotates clockwise when viewed from the starting point, generally close to the container and to the intake, of the screw (6), or from the intake aperture (80), in the direction towards the end or to the discharge aperture of the conveyor (5). 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein in the upper region, and optionally also in the lower region, of the intake aperture (80) a wedge-shaped intake geometry is formed. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein in the lower region of the intake aperture (80) there is a conveying device, for example in the form of a displaceable intake element or of a displaceable barrier, having a stripping action in the direction (17) of conveying of the screw (6). 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, for a conveyor (5) in contact with the container (1), the scalar product of the direction vector that is associated with the direction (19) of rotation and that is tangential to the circle described by the radially outermost point of the mixing and/or comminution implement (3) or that is tangential to the plastics material transported past the aperture (8) and that is normal to a radius (11) of the container (1), and that points in the direction (12) of rotation or of movement of the mixing and/or comminution implement (3) and of the direction vector (17) that is associated with the direction of conveying of the conveyor (5) at each individual point or in the entire region of the aperture (8) or immediately radially in front of the aperture (8) is zero or negative. 5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the angle (α) included between the direction vector that is associated with the direction (19) of rotation of the radially outermost point of the mixing and/or comminution implement (3) and the direction vector (17) that is associated with the direction of conveying of the conveyor (5) is greater than or equal to 90° and smaller than or equal to 180°, measured at the point of intersection of the two direction vectors (17, 19) at the inflow-side edge that is associated with the aperture (8) and that is situated upstream in relation to the direction (12) of rotation or of movement of the mixing and/or comminution implement (3), in particular at the point (20) that is on the said edge or on the aperture (8) and is situated furthest upstream. 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the angle (β) included between the direction vector (19) that is associated with the direction (12) of rotation or of movement and the direction vector (17) that is associated with the direction of conveying of the conveyor (5) is from 170° to 180°, measured at the point of intersection of the two direction vectors (17, 19) in the middle of the aperture (8). 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the distance (18) is greater than or equal to half of the internal diameter of the housing (16) of the conveyor (5) or of the screw (6), and/or greater than or equal to 7%, preferably greater than or equal to 20%, of the radius of the container (1), or wherein the distance (18) is greater than or equal to the radius of the container (1). 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the imaginary continuation of the longitudinal axis (15) of the conveyor (5) in a direction opposite to the direction of conveying is arranged in the manner of a secant in relation to the cross section of the container (1), and, at least in sections, passes through the space within the container (1). 9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the conveyor (5) is attached tangentially to the container (1) or runs tangentially in relation to the cross section of the container (1), or wherein the longitudinal axis (15) of the conveyor (5) or of the screw (6) or the longitudinal axis of the screw (6) closest to the intake aperture (80) runs tangentially with respect to the inner side of the side wall (9) of the container (1), or the inner wall of the housing (16) does so, or the envelope of the screw (6) does so, where preferably there is a drive connected to the end (7) of the screw (6), and that the screw provides conveying, at its opposite end, to a discharge aperture which is in particular an extruder head and which is arranged at the end of the housing (16). 10. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein there is immediate and direct connection between the aperture (8) and the intake aperture (80), without substantial separation, in particular without a transfer section or conveying screw. 11. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the mixing and/or comminution implement (3) comprises implements and/or blades (14) which, in the direction (12) of rotation or of movement, have a comminuting, cutting and heating effect on the plastics material, where the implements and/or blades (14) are preferably arranged or formed on or at a rotatable implement carrier (13) which is in particular a carrier disc (13) and which is in particular arranged parallel to the basal surface (12). 12. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the manner of formation, set-up, curvature and/or arrangement of the frontal regions or frontal edges (22) that are associated with the mixing and/or comminution implements (3) or with the blades (14), act on the plastics material and point in the direction (12) of rotation or of movement, differs when comparison is made with the regions that, in the direction (12) of rotation or of movement, are at the rear or behind. 13. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the container (1) is in essence cylindrical with circular cross section and with a level basal surface (2) and with, orientated vertically in relation thereto, a side wall (9) which has the shape of the jacket of a cylinder, and/or the axis (10) of rotation of the mixing and/or comminution implements (3) coincides with the central axis of the container (1), and/or the axis (12) of rotation or the central axis are orientated vertically and/or normally in relation to the basal surface (2). 14. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the lowest implement carrier (13) or the lowest of the mixing and/or comminution implements (3) and/or the aperture (8) are arranged close to the base at a small distance from the basal surface (2), in particular in the region of the lowest quarter of the height of the container (1), preferably at a distance of from 10 mm to 400 mm from the basal surface (2). 15. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the conveyor (5) is a single-screw extruder (6) with a single compression screw (6), or is a twin- or multiscrew extruder, where the diameters d of the individual screws (6) are all identical. | 1,700 |
2,016 | 14,351,869 | 1,744 | Disclosed is an apparatus for the processing of plastics, with a container with a rotatable mixing, where, in a side wall, an aperture is formed, where a conveyor is provided, with a screw rotating in a housing, wherein the imaginary continuation of the longitudinal axis of the conveyor in a direction opposite to the direction of conveying passes the axis of rotation, and wherein the ratio (V) of the active container volume (SV) to the feed volume (BV) of the container or of the cutter compactor ( 1 ), where V=SV/BV, is one where 4≦V≦30, where the active container volume (SV) is defined by the formula
SV
=
D
3
π
4
and D is the internal diameter of the container, and where the feed volume (BV) is defined by the formula
BV
=
D
2
π
4
·
H
,
where H is the height of the intake aperture. | 1. An apparatus for the pretreatment and subsequent conveying, plastification or agglomeration of plastics, in particular of thermoplastics waste for recycling purposes, with a container (1) for the material to be processed, where the arrangement has, in the container (1), at least one mixing and/or comminution implement (3) which rotates around an axis (10) of rotation and which is intended for the mixing, heating and optionally comminution of the plastics material,
where an aperture (8) through which the pretreated plastics material can be removed from the interior of the container (1) is formed in a side wall (9) of the container (1) in the region of the level of the, or of the lowest, mixing and/or comminution implement (3) that is closest to the base, where at least one conveyor (5), in particular one extruder (5), is provided to receive the pretreated material, and has at least one screw (6) which rotates in a housing (16) and which in particular has plastifying or agglomerating action, where the housing (16) has, located at its end (7) or in its jacket wall, an intake aperture (80) for the material to be received by the screw (6), and there is connection between the intake aperture (80) and the aperture (8), wherein the imaginary continuation of the central longitudinal axis (15) of the conveyor (5) or of the screw (6) closest to the intake aperture (80), in a direction opposite to the direction (17) of conveying of the conveyor (5), passes, and does not intersect, the axis (10) of rotation, where, on the outflow side or in the direction (12) of rotation or of movement of the mixing and/or comminution implement (3), there is an offset distance (18) between the longitudinal axis (15) of the conveyor (5) or of the screw (6) closest to the intake aperture (80), and the radius (11) that is associated with the container (1) and that is parallel to the longitudinal axis (15) and that proceeds outwards from the axis (10) of rotation of the mixing and/or comminution implement (3) in the direction (17) of conveying of the conveyor (5), and wherein the ratio (V) of the active container volume (SV) to the feed volume (BV) of the container or of the cutter compactor (1), where V=SV/BV, is one where 4≦V≦30, preferably 5≦V≦25, where the active container volume (SV) is defined by the formula
SV
=
D
3
π
4
and D is the internal diameter of the container (1), and where the feed volume (BV) is defined by the formula
BV
=
D
2
π
4
·
H
,
where H is the height of the intake aperture (80). 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the height H of the intake aperture (80) complies with the formula H=k1d, where d is the diameter of the screw (6) and k1 is a constant, where 0.3≦k1≦1.5, preferably 0.5≦k1≦1.15. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the ratio (VS) of the feed volume (BV) of the container (1) to the screw volume (SE) in the region of the intake aperture (80), where VS=BV/SE, is one where 20≦VS≦700, preferably 50≦VS≦450, where the screw volume (SE) is defined by the formula
SE
=
L
π
4
(
2
dT
-
T
2
)
and L is the effective length of the intake aperture (80) extending in the direction (17) of conveying and T is the flight depth of the screw (6). 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein L is defined by the formula L=k2d and k2 is a constant, with 1≦k2≦3.5, preferable 1≦k2≦2.8. 5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein T is defined by the formula T=k3d, where k3 is a constant, with 0.05≦k3≦0.25, preferably 0.1≦k3≦0.25, in particular 0.1≦k3≦0.2. 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the effective length (L) has been provided with a factor (F), and
SE
=
F
·
L
π
4
(
2
dT
-
T
2
)
,
where 0.85≦F≦0.95, preferably F=0.9. 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, for a conveyor (5) in contact with the container (1), the scalar product of the direction vector that is associated with the direction (19) of rotation and that is tangential to the circle described by the radially outermost point of the mixing and/or comminution implement (3) or that is tangential to the plastics material transported past the aperture (8) and that is normal to a radius (11) of the container (1), and that points in the direction (12) of rotation or of movement of the mixing and/or comminution implement (3) and of the direction vector (17) that is associated with the direction of conveying of the conveyor (5) at each individual point or in the entire region of the aperture (8) or immediately radially prior to the aperture (8) is zero or negative. 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the angle (α) included between the direction vector that is associated with the direction (19) of rotation of the radially outermost point of the mixing and/or comminution implement (3) and the direction vector (17) that is associated with the direction of conveying of the conveyor (5) is greater than or equal to 90° and smaller than or equal to 180°, measured at the point of intersection of the two direction vectors (17, 19) at the inflow-side edge that is associated with the aperture (8) and that is situated upstream in relation to the direction (12) of rotation or of movement of the mixing and/or comminution implement (3), in particular at the point (20) that is on the said edge or on the aperture (8) and is situated furthest upstream. 9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the angle (β) included between the direction vector (19) that is associated with the direction (12) of rotation or of movement and the direction vector (17) that is associated with the direction of conveying of the conveyor (5) is from 170° to 180°, measured at the point of intersection of the two direction vectors (17, 19) in the middle of the aperture (8). 10. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the distance (18) is greater than or equal to half of the internal diameter of the housing (16) of the conveyor (5) or of the screw (6), and/or greater than or equal to 7%, preferably greater than or equal to 20%, of the radius of the container (1), or wherein the distance (18) is greater than or equal to the radius of the container (1). 11. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the imaginary continuation of the longitudinal axis (15) of the conveyor (5) in a direction opposite to the direction of conveying is arranged in the manner of a secant in relation to the cross section of the container (1), and, at least in sections, passes through the space within the container (1). 12. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the conveyor (5) is attached tangentially to the container (1) or runs tangentially in relation to the cross section of the container (1), or wherein the longitudinal axis (15) of the conveyor (5) or of the screw (6) or the longitudinal axis of the screw (6) closest to the intake aperture (80) runs tangentially with respect to the inner side of the side wall (9) of the container (1), or the inner wall of the housing (16) does so, or the enveloping end of the screw (6) does so, where it is preferable that there is a drive connected to the end (7) of the screw (6), and that the screw provides conveying, at its opposite end, to a discharge aperture which is in particular an extruder head and which is arranged at the end of the housing (16). 13. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein there is immediate and direct connection between the aperture (8) and the intake aperture (80), without substantial separation, in particular without transfer section or conveying screw. 14. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized wherein the mixing and/or comminution implement (3) comprises implements and/or blades (14) which, in the direction (12) of rotation or of movement, have a comminuting, cutting and heating effect on the plastics material, where the implements and/or blades (14) are preferably arranged or formed on or at a rotatable implement carrier (13) which is in particular a carrier disc (13) and which is in particular arranged parallel to the basal surface (12). 15. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the manner of formation, set-up, curvature and/or arrangement of the frontal regions or frontal edges (22) that are associated with the mixing and/or comminution implements (3) or with the blades (14), act on the plastics material and point in the direction (12) of rotation or of movement, differs when comparison is made with the regions that, in the direction (12) of rotation or of movement, are at the rear or behind. 16. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the container (1) is in essence cylindrical with circular cross section and with a level basal surface (2) and with, orientated vertically in relation thereto, a side wall (9) which has the shape of the jacket of a cylinder, and/or the axis (10) of rotation of the mixing and/or comminution implements (3) coincides with the central axis of the container (1), and/or the axis (12) of rotation or the central axis are orientated vertically and/or normally in relation to the basal surface (2). 17. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the lowest implement carrier (13) or the lowest of the mixing and/or comminution implements (3) and/or the aperture (8) are arranged close to the base at a small distance from the basal surface (2), in particular in the region of the lowest quarter of the height of the container (1), preferably at a distance of from 10 mm to 400 mm from the basal surface (2). 18. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the conveyor (5) is a single-screw extruder (6) with a single compression screw (6), or is a twin- or multiscrew extruder, where the diameters d of the individual screws (6) are all identical. | Disclosed is an apparatus for the processing of plastics, with a container with a rotatable mixing, where, in a side wall, an aperture is formed, where a conveyor is provided, with a screw rotating in a housing, wherein the imaginary continuation of the longitudinal axis of the conveyor in a direction opposite to the direction of conveying passes the axis of rotation, and wherein the ratio (V) of the active container volume (SV) to the feed volume (BV) of the container or of the cutter compactor ( 1 ), where V=SV/BV, is one where 4≦V≦30, where the active container volume (SV) is defined by the formula
SV
=
D
3
π
4
and D is the internal diameter of the container, and where the feed volume (BV) is defined by the formula
BV
=
D
2
π
4
·
H
,
where H is the height of the intake aperture.1. An apparatus for the pretreatment and subsequent conveying, plastification or agglomeration of plastics, in particular of thermoplastics waste for recycling purposes, with a container (1) for the material to be processed, where the arrangement has, in the container (1), at least one mixing and/or comminution implement (3) which rotates around an axis (10) of rotation and which is intended for the mixing, heating and optionally comminution of the plastics material,
where an aperture (8) through which the pretreated plastics material can be removed from the interior of the container (1) is formed in a side wall (9) of the container (1) in the region of the level of the, or of the lowest, mixing and/or comminution implement (3) that is closest to the base, where at least one conveyor (5), in particular one extruder (5), is provided to receive the pretreated material, and has at least one screw (6) which rotates in a housing (16) and which in particular has plastifying or agglomerating action, where the housing (16) has, located at its end (7) or in its jacket wall, an intake aperture (80) for the material to be received by the screw (6), and there is connection between the intake aperture (80) and the aperture (8), wherein the imaginary continuation of the central longitudinal axis (15) of the conveyor (5) or of the screw (6) closest to the intake aperture (80), in a direction opposite to the direction (17) of conveying of the conveyor (5), passes, and does not intersect, the axis (10) of rotation, where, on the outflow side or in the direction (12) of rotation or of movement of the mixing and/or comminution implement (3), there is an offset distance (18) between the longitudinal axis (15) of the conveyor (5) or of the screw (6) closest to the intake aperture (80), and the radius (11) that is associated with the container (1) and that is parallel to the longitudinal axis (15) and that proceeds outwards from the axis (10) of rotation of the mixing and/or comminution implement (3) in the direction (17) of conveying of the conveyor (5), and wherein the ratio (V) of the active container volume (SV) to the feed volume (BV) of the container or of the cutter compactor (1), where V=SV/BV, is one where 4≦V≦30, preferably 5≦V≦25, where the active container volume (SV) is defined by the formula
SV
=
D
3
π
4
and D is the internal diameter of the container (1), and where the feed volume (BV) is defined by the formula
BV
=
D
2
π
4
·
H
,
where H is the height of the intake aperture (80). 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the height H of the intake aperture (80) complies with the formula H=k1d, where d is the diameter of the screw (6) and k1 is a constant, where 0.3≦k1≦1.5, preferably 0.5≦k1≦1.15. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the ratio (VS) of the feed volume (BV) of the container (1) to the screw volume (SE) in the region of the intake aperture (80), where VS=BV/SE, is one where 20≦VS≦700, preferably 50≦VS≦450, where the screw volume (SE) is defined by the formula
SE
=
L
π
4
(
2
dT
-
T
2
)
and L is the effective length of the intake aperture (80) extending in the direction (17) of conveying and T is the flight depth of the screw (6). 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein L is defined by the formula L=k2d and k2 is a constant, with 1≦k2≦3.5, preferable 1≦k2≦2.8. 5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein T is defined by the formula T=k3d, where k3 is a constant, with 0.05≦k3≦0.25, preferably 0.1≦k3≦0.25, in particular 0.1≦k3≦0.2. 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the effective length (L) has been provided with a factor (F), and
SE
=
F
·
L
π
4
(
2
dT
-
T
2
)
,
where 0.85≦F≦0.95, preferably F=0.9. 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, for a conveyor (5) in contact with the container (1), the scalar product of the direction vector that is associated with the direction (19) of rotation and that is tangential to the circle described by the radially outermost point of the mixing and/or comminution implement (3) or that is tangential to the plastics material transported past the aperture (8) and that is normal to a radius (11) of the container (1), and that points in the direction (12) of rotation or of movement of the mixing and/or comminution implement (3) and of the direction vector (17) that is associated with the direction of conveying of the conveyor (5) at each individual point or in the entire region of the aperture (8) or immediately radially prior to the aperture (8) is zero or negative. 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the angle (α) included between the direction vector that is associated with the direction (19) of rotation of the radially outermost point of the mixing and/or comminution implement (3) and the direction vector (17) that is associated with the direction of conveying of the conveyor (5) is greater than or equal to 90° and smaller than or equal to 180°, measured at the point of intersection of the two direction vectors (17, 19) at the inflow-side edge that is associated with the aperture (8) and that is situated upstream in relation to the direction (12) of rotation or of movement of the mixing and/or comminution implement (3), in particular at the point (20) that is on the said edge or on the aperture (8) and is situated furthest upstream. 9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the angle (β) included between the direction vector (19) that is associated with the direction (12) of rotation or of movement and the direction vector (17) that is associated with the direction of conveying of the conveyor (5) is from 170° to 180°, measured at the point of intersection of the two direction vectors (17, 19) in the middle of the aperture (8). 10. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the distance (18) is greater than or equal to half of the internal diameter of the housing (16) of the conveyor (5) or of the screw (6), and/or greater than or equal to 7%, preferably greater than or equal to 20%, of the radius of the container (1), or wherein the distance (18) is greater than or equal to the radius of the container (1). 11. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the imaginary continuation of the longitudinal axis (15) of the conveyor (5) in a direction opposite to the direction of conveying is arranged in the manner of a secant in relation to the cross section of the container (1), and, at least in sections, passes through the space within the container (1). 12. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the conveyor (5) is attached tangentially to the container (1) or runs tangentially in relation to the cross section of the container (1), or wherein the longitudinal axis (15) of the conveyor (5) or of the screw (6) or the longitudinal axis of the screw (6) closest to the intake aperture (80) runs tangentially with respect to the inner side of the side wall (9) of the container (1), or the inner wall of the housing (16) does so, or the enveloping end of the screw (6) does so, where it is preferable that there is a drive connected to the end (7) of the screw (6), and that the screw provides conveying, at its opposite end, to a discharge aperture which is in particular an extruder head and which is arranged at the end of the housing (16). 13. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein there is immediate and direct connection between the aperture (8) and the intake aperture (80), without substantial separation, in particular without transfer section or conveying screw. 14. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized wherein the mixing and/or comminution implement (3) comprises implements and/or blades (14) which, in the direction (12) of rotation or of movement, have a comminuting, cutting and heating effect on the plastics material, where the implements and/or blades (14) are preferably arranged or formed on or at a rotatable implement carrier (13) which is in particular a carrier disc (13) and which is in particular arranged parallel to the basal surface (12). 15. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the manner of formation, set-up, curvature and/or arrangement of the frontal regions or frontal edges (22) that are associated with the mixing and/or comminution implements (3) or with the blades (14), act on the plastics material and point in the direction (12) of rotation or of movement, differs when comparison is made with the regions that, in the direction (12) of rotation or of movement, are at the rear or behind. 16. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the container (1) is in essence cylindrical with circular cross section and with a level basal surface (2) and with, orientated vertically in relation thereto, a side wall (9) which has the shape of the jacket of a cylinder, and/or the axis (10) of rotation of the mixing and/or comminution implements (3) coincides with the central axis of the container (1), and/or the axis (12) of rotation or the central axis are orientated vertically and/or normally in relation to the basal surface (2). 17. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the lowest implement carrier (13) or the lowest of the mixing and/or comminution implements (3) and/or the aperture (8) are arranged close to the base at a small distance from the basal surface (2), in particular in the region of the lowest quarter of the height of the container (1), preferably at a distance of from 10 mm to 400 mm from the basal surface (2). 18. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the conveyor (5) is a single-screw extruder (6) with a single compression screw (6), or is a twin- or multiscrew extruder, where the diameters d of the individual screws (6) are all identical. | 1,700 |
2,017 | 14,271,550 | 1,797 | A new laboratory automated system comprising a plurality of work cells coupled to a conveyor and a method for processing sample tubes are disclosed, both of which enable a system to maintain the maximum overall throughput regardless of the number and throughput of the individual work cells and regardless of the frequency at which sample tubes are loaded into the system. This is achieved by a sample buffer module coupled to the conveyor, the sample buffer module being in common to the plurality of work cells, and by a sample workflow manager configured to dispatch sample tubes from the sample buffer module to the work cells via the conveyor with a frequency for each work cell, which is equal to the sample processing throughput of each respective work cell. | 1. An automated laboratory system for processing sample tubes, the system comprising:
a conveyor and a plurality of work cells coupled as modules to the conveyor so that sample tubes can be transported by the conveyor to the work cells, wherein each work cell has a respective sample processing throughput and wherein at least one work cell is an archiving module; a sample buffer module coupled to the conveyor, the sample buffer module being in common to the plurality of work cells; a loading module coupled to the conveyor for loading sample tubes into the system; an unloading module coupled to the conveyor for unloading sample tubes from the system; and a sample workflow manager configured to dispatch sample tubes from the sample buffer module to the work cells via the conveyor with a frequency for each work cell that is equal to its respective sample processing throughput, wherein the sample workflow manager is further configured to dispatch already processed sample tubes from the work cells to the common sample buffer module for at least a first predetermined time, during which time additional processing by a same or different work cell can be requested and to dispatch the already processed sample tubes from the sample buffer module to the archiving module or to the unloading module after said first predetermined time. 2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the sample workflow manager is further configured to dispatch sample tubes from the loading module directly to an assigned work cell if the frequency at which said assigned work cell is served, at the time new sample tubes are loaded, is lower than its sample processing throughput and is configured to dispatch sample tubes from the loading module to the sample buffer module and from the sample buffer module to said work cell if the frequency at which said assigned work cell is served, at the time new sample tubes are loaded, is equal to or greater than its sample processing throughput. 3. The system according to claim 1, wherein the sample workflow manager is further configured to dispatch the sample tubes to the archiving module for a second predetermined time that is longer than the first predetermined time, during which time additional processing of the sample tubes can be requested, and to dispatch the sample tubes to the unloading unit or to waste after said second predetermined time. 4. The system according to claim 3, wherein the sample workflow manger is further configured such that if additional processing of sample tubes by a particular work cell is requested, the sample workflow manager dispatches the sample tubes from the archiving module directly to said particular work cell if the frequency at which said particular work cell is served is lower than its sample processing throughput and dispatches sample tubes from the archiving module to the sample buffer module and from the sample buffer module to said particular work cell if the frequency at which said work cell is served is equal to or greater than its sample processing throughput. 5. The system according to claim 1, wherein at least two work cells of the plurality of work cells are analytical modules with different sample processing throughputs. 6. The system claim 1, wherein the conveyor is a transportation device adapted to transport sample racks carrying a plurality of sample tubes and/or pucks carrying single sample tubes. 7. The system according to claim 1, wherein the sample buffer module comprises a sample tube handling device with random access to any of the sample tubes in the sample buffer module and the workflow manager is further configured to control the sample tube handling device so that sample tubes are dispatched from the sample buffer module in a sequence that takes into account the throughput of each particular work cell in the plurality of work cells and/or a sample processing status of each work cell, so that each work cell keeps working at a maximum respective throughput as long as sample tubes assigned to a particular work cell are available in the sample buffer module. 8. A method for processing sample tubes, the method comprising:
assigning sample tubes loaded into a system, the system comprising, a conveyor, a plurality of work cells for processing the sample tubes and a sample buffer module modularly coupled to the conveyor, to at least one of the plurality of the work cells, the work cells having respective sample processing throughputs; and dispatching sample tubes loaded into the system to the sample buffer module and from the sample buffer module to the work cells via the conveyor with a frequency for each work cell that is equal to the sample processing throughput of each respective work cell. 9. The method according to claim 8, further comprising,
dispatching sample tubes loaded into the system directly to at least one of the plurality of work cells, bypassing the sample buffer module if the frequency at which said work cell is served is lower than its sample processing throughput, and dispatching sample tubes to the sample buffer module and from the sample buffer module to said work cell if the frequency at which said work cell is served is equal to or greater than its sample processing throughput. 10. The method according to claim 8, further comprising,
dispatching the sample tubes processed by the work cells from the work cells to the sample buffer module for at least a predetermined time. | A new laboratory automated system comprising a plurality of work cells coupled to a conveyor and a method for processing sample tubes are disclosed, both of which enable a system to maintain the maximum overall throughput regardless of the number and throughput of the individual work cells and regardless of the frequency at which sample tubes are loaded into the system. This is achieved by a sample buffer module coupled to the conveyor, the sample buffer module being in common to the plurality of work cells, and by a sample workflow manager configured to dispatch sample tubes from the sample buffer module to the work cells via the conveyor with a frequency for each work cell, which is equal to the sample processing throughput of each respective work cell.1. An automated laboratory system for processing sample tubes, the system comprising:
a conveyor and a plurality of work cells coupled as modules to the conveyor so that sample tubes can be transported by the conveyor to the work cells, wherein each work cell has a respective sample processing throughput and wherein at least one work cell is an archiving module; a sample buffer module coupled to the conveyor, the sample buffer module being in common to the plurality of work cells; a loading module coupled to the conveyor for loading sample tubes into the system; an unloading module coupled to the conveyor for unloading sample tubes from the system; and a sample workflow manager configured to dispatch sample tubes from the sample buffer module to the work cells via the conveyor with a frequency for each work cell that is equal to its respective sample processing throughput, wherein the sample workflow manager is further configured to dispatch already processed sample tubes from the work cells to the common sample buffer module for at least a first predetermined time, during which time additional processing by a same or different work cell can be requested and to dispatch the already processed sample tubes from the sample buffer module to the archiving module or to the unloading module after said first predetermined time. 2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the sample workflow manager is further configured to dispatch sample tubes from the loading module directly to an assigned work cell if the frequency at which said assigned work cell is served, at the time new sample tubes are loaded, is lower than its sample processing throughput and is configured to dispatch sample tubes from the loading module to the sample buffer module and from the sample buffer module to said work cell if the frequency at which said assigned work cell is served, at the time new sample tubes are loaded, is equal to or greater than its sample processing throughput. 3. The system according to claim 1, wherein the sample workflow manager is further configured to dispatch the sample tubes to the archiving module for a second predetermined time that is longer than the first predetermined time, during which time additional processing of the sample tubes can be requested, and to dispatch the sample tubes to the unloading unit or to waste after said second predetermined time. 4. The system according to claim 3, wherein the sample workflow manger is further configured such that if additional processing of sample tubes by a particular work cell is requested, the sample workflow manager dispatches the sample tubes from the archiving module directly to said particular work cell if the frequency at which said particular work cell is served is lower than its sample processing throughput and dispatches sample tubes from the archiving module to the sample buffer module and from the sample buffer module to said particular work cell if the frequency at which said work cell is served is equal to or greater than its sample processing throughput. 5. The system according to claim 1, wherein at least two work cells of the plurality of work cells are analytical modules with different sample processing throughputs. 6. The system claim 1, wherein the conveyor is a transportation device adapted to transport sample racks carrying a plurality of sample tubes and/or pucks carrying single sample tubes. 7. The system according to claim 1, wherein the sample buffer module comprises a sample tube handling device with random access to any of the sample tubes in the sample buffer module and the workflow manager is further configured to control the sample tube handling device so that sample tubes are dispatched from the sample buffer module in a sequence that takes into account the throughput of each particular work cell in the plurality of work cells and/or a sample processing status of each work cell, so that each work cell keeps working at a maximum respective throughput as long as sample tubes assigned to a particular work cell are available in the sample buffer module. 8. A method for processing sample tubes, the method comprising:
assigning sample tubes loaded into a system, the system comprising, a conveyor, a plurality of work cells for processing the sample tubes and a sample buffer module modularly coupled to the conveyor, to at least one of the plurality of the work cells, the work cells having respective sample processing throughputs; and dispatching sample tubes loaded into the system to the sample buffer module and from the sample buffer module to the work cells via the conveyor with a frequency for each work cell that is equal to the sample processing throughput of each respective work cell. 9. The method according to claim 8, further comprising,
dispatching sample tubes loaded into the system directly to at least one of the plurality of work cells, bypassing the sample buffer module if the frequency at which said work cell is served is lower than its sample processing throughput, and dispatching sample tubes to the sample buffer module and from the sample buffer module to said work cell if the frequency at which said work cell is served is equal to or greater than its sample processing throughput. 10. The method according to claim 8, further comprising,
dispatching the sample tubes processed by the work cells from the work cells to the sample buffer module for at least a predetermined time. | 1,700 |
2,018 | 14,575,686 | 1,793 | A snack bar is produced in accordance with a method employing an extrusion apparatus to include a base or crust, a primary filling provided on the base and a second filling or topping embedded in, yet externally exposed from, the primary filling. The primary and secondary fillings are co-extruded, with an extrusion nozzle for the secondary filling being located directly adjacent an extrusion port for the primary filling. The primary filling is non-flowable, while the secondary filling is preferably flowable. The extrusion nozzle can be repositioned either between or during extrusion operations to alter a repeating pattern for the secondary filling. | 1. A method of making snack bars comprising:
extruding a primary filling, constituted by a non-flowable material, onto a base; co-extruding a secondary filling with the primary filling, wherein the secondary filling is embedded in, yet externally exposed from, the primary filling; and cutting the primary filling, secondary filling and base into individual snack bars. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: extruding the primary filling from an extrusion port and co-extruding the secondary filling from an extrusion nozzle located upstream of, but directly adjacent, the extrusion port. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: extruding the primary filling to have a smooth top surface, and co-extruding said secondary filling to be substantially flush with and visible from the top surface. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the primary filling is extruded to a depth and the secondary filling is co-extruded so as to push into the primary filling to approximately half of the depth. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the secondary filling is co-extruded within the primary filling in a repeating pattern. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: oscillating the extrusion nozzle during extruding of the primary and secondary fillings to produce the repeating pattern. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the repeating pattern is non-linear. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the repeating pattern is sinusoidal. 9. An apparatus for producing snack products comprising:
a conveyor for supporting a base for the snack products; an extruder including an extrusion port for extruding a primary filling and an extrusion nozzle for co-extruding a secondary filling upon the base on the conveyor, wherein the extrusion nozzle is located upstream of, but directly adjacent, the extrusion port such that the secondary filling will be embedded in, yet externally exposed from, the primary filling. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the extrusion port is arranged at an acute angle to a direction of extrusion of the primary filling. 11. The apparatus of claim 9, further comprising: a mechanism for oscillating the extrusion nozzle relative to the extrusion port. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising: a regulator for controlling a flow of the secondary filling, said regulator being oscillated by the mechanism in unison with the extrusion nozzle. 13. A snack bar comprising:
a base establishing a crust; and a filling provided on the crust, said filling including a primary filling constituted by a non-flowable material and a secondary filling, wherein the secondary filling is embedded in, yet externally exposed from, the primary filling. 14. The snack bar of claim 13, wherein the primary filling has a smooth top surface, said secondary filling being substantially flush with and visible from the top surface. 15. The snack bar of claim 14, wherein the primary filling has a depth and the secondary filling extends approximately half of the depth. 16. The snack bar of claim 13, wherein the secondary filling extends within the primary filling in a repeating pattern. 17. The snack bar of claim 16, wherein the repeating pattern is non-linear. 18. The snack bar of claim 17, wherein the repeating pattern is sinusoidal. 19. The snack bar of claim 13, wherein the crust defines a graham cracker or chocolate base for the snack bar. 20. The snack bar of claim 13, wherein the secondary filling constitutes a flowable material. 21. The snack bar of claim 13, wherein the primary filling is cheesecake. 22. The snack bar of claim 21, wherein the secondary filling is a fruit filling. 23. The snack bar of claim 13, wherein the snack bar has an overall length and an overall width, each being in the order of 2-3 inches (approximately 5-7.5 cm). | A snack bar is produced in accordance with a method employing an extrusion apparatus to include a base or crust, a primary filling provided on the base and a second filling or topping embedded in, yet externally exposed from, the primary filling. The primary and secondary fillings are co-extruded, with an extrusion nozzle for the secondary filling being located directly adjacent an extrusion port for the primary filling. The primary filling is non-flowable, while the secondary filling is preferably flowable. The extrusion nozzle can be repositioned either between or during extrusion operations to alter a repeating pattern for the secondary filling.1. A method of making snack bars comprising:
extruding a primary filling, constituted by a non-flowable material, onto a base; co-extruding a secondary filling with the primary filling, wherein the secondary filling is embedded in, yet externally exposed from, the primary filling; and cutting the primary filling, secondary filling and base into individual snack bars. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: extruding the primary filling from an extrusion port and co-extruding the secondary filling from an extrusion nozzle located upstream of, but directly adjacent, the extrusion port. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: extruding the primary filling to have a smooth top surface, and co-extruding said secondary filling to be substantially flush with and visible from the top surface. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the primary filling is extruded to a depth and the secondary filling is co-extruded so as to push into the primary filling to approximately half of the depth. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the secondary filling is co-extruded within the primary filling in a repeating pattern. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: oscillating the extrusion nozzle during extruding of the primary and secondary fillings to produce the repeating pattern. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the repeating pattern is non-linear. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the repeating pattern is sinusoidal. 9. An apparatus for producing snack products comprising:
a conveyor for supporting a base for the snack products; an extruder including an extrusion port for extruding a primary filling and an extrusion nozzle for co-extruding a secondary filling upon the base on the conveyor, wherein the extrusion nozzle is located upstream of, but directly adjacent, the extrusion port such that the secondary filling will be embedded in, yet externally exposed from, the primary filling. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the extrusion port is arranged at an acute angle to a direction of extrusion of the primary filling. 11. The apparatus of claim 9, further comprising: a mechanism for oscillating the extrusion nozzle relative to the extrusion port. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising: a regulator for controlling a flow of the secondary filling, said regulator being oscillated by the mechanism in unison with the extrusion nozzle. 13. A snack bar comprising:
a base establishing a crust; and a filling provided on the crust, said filling including a primary filling constituted by a non-flowable material and a secondary filling, wherein the secondary filling is embedded in, yet externally exposed from, the primary filling. 14. The snack bar of claim 13, wherein the primary filling has a smooth top surface, said secondary filling being substantially flush with and visible from the top surface. 15. The snack bar of claim 14, wherein the primary filling has a depth and the secondary filling extends approximately half of the depth. 16. The snack bar of claim 13, wherein the secondary filling extends within the primary filling in a repeating pattern. 17. The snack bar of claim 16, wherein the repeating pattern is non-linear. 18. The snack bar of claim 17, wherein the repeating pattern is sinusoidal. 19. The snack bar of claim 13, wherein the crust defines a graham cracker or chocolate base for the snack bar. 20. The snack bar of claim 13, wherein the secondary filling constitutes a flowable material. 21. The snack bar of claim 13, wherein the primary filling is cheesecake. 22. The snack bar of claim 21, wherein the secondary filling is a fruit filling. 23. The snack bar of claim 13, wherein the snack bar has an overall length and an overall width, each being in the order of 2-3 inches (approximately 5-7.5 cm). | 1,700 |
2,019 | 14,126,500 | 1,765 | The present invention describes copolymers containing indenocarbazole derivatives having electron- and hole-transporting properties, in particular for use in the interlayer, emission and/or charge-transport layer of electroluminescent devices, and the monomers which are necessary for the preparation of the copolymers. The invention furthermore relates to a process for the preparation of the copolymers according to the invention, and to electronic devices comprising same. | 1-19. (canceled) 20. A copolymer containing, as structural unit, a compound of the general formula (1)
where the following applies to the symbols and indices:
J is on each occurrence, identically or differently, a single covalent bond or a divalent bridge selected from the group consisting of N(R1), B(R1), C(R1)2, O, Si(R1)2, C═C(R1)2, S, S═O, SO2, P(R1) and P(═O)R1;
R1 is, identically or differently on each occurrence, —H, —F, —Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NO2, —CF3, B(OR2)2, Si(R2)3, a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy group having 1 to 40 C atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy group having 3 to 40 C atoms, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more radicals R2, where one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups is optionally replaced by R2C═CR2, C≡C, Si(R2)2, Ge(R2)2, Sn(R2)2, C═O, C═S, C═Se, C═NR2, O, S, —COO— or CONR2 and where one or more H atoms is optionally replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN or NO2, or arylamines, or substituted or unsubstituted carbazoles, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more radicals R2, or an aryl or heteroaryl group having 5 to 40 ring atoms, which by one or more aromatic;
R2 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H, D or an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 20 C atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 40 ring atoms;
k is either 0 or 1, where, for k=0, the bonding to an adjacent monomer unit in the polymer takes place via Ar2;
m is either 0 or 1;
X is selected, independently of one another, from
with the proviso that at least one X is not equal to J, where, in the case where k=1 and X is equal to J and J1, the bonding to an adjacent monomer unit in the polymer takes place via Ar3;
Ar1-Ar5 are selected, identically or differently on each occurrence, from an unsubstituted or R1-substituted aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system;
J1 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, a divalent bridge selected from the group consisting of N(R1), B(R1), C(R1)2, O, Si(R1)2, C═C(R1)2, S, S═O, SO2, P(R1) and P(═O)R1;
and where the dashed line represents a bond to an adjacent monomer unit in the polymer. 21. The copolymer according to claim 20 containing, as structural unit, a compound of the general formula (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8) or (9).
where for the symbols and indices have the meaning indicated in claim 20. 22. The copolymer according to claim 20, wherein Ar1 to Ar3 are selected, identically or differently on each occurrence, from an unsubstituted or R1-substituted aromatic ring. 23. The copolymer according to claim 20, wherein the compounds of the formula (1) is selected from the following compounds of the formulae (10) to (28),
where the symbols and indices have the meaning indicated in claim 20. 24. The copolymer according to claim 20, wherein the compounds of the formula (1) is selected from the compounds of the formulae (29) to (48),
where the symbols and indices have the meaning indicated in claim 20. 25. The copolymer according to claim 20, wherein J is on each occurrence, independently of one another, a single covalent bond or is equal to C(R1)2 and J1 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, C(R1)2 and otherwise the symbols and indices have the meaning indicated in claim 20. 26. The copolymer according to claim 20, wherein the copolymer contains at least one structural unit which is different from the formula (1), where the at least one further structural unit is an emitter unit or a hole-transport unit. 27. A compound of the general formula (343)
and the following applies to the other symbols and indices:
J is on each occurrence, identically or differently, a single covalent bond or a divalent bridge selected from the group consisting of N(R1), B(R1), C(R1)2, O, Si(R1)2, C═C(R1)2, S, S═O, SO2, P(R1) and P(═O)R1;
R1 is, identically or differently on each occurrence, —H, —F, —Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NO2, —CF3, B(OR2)2, Si(R2)3, a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy group having 1 to 40 C atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy group having 3 to 40 C atoms, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more radicals R2, where one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups is optionally replaced by R2C═CR2, C≡C, Si(R2)2, Ge(R2)2, Sn(R2)2, C═O, C═S, C═Se, C═NR2, O, S, —COO— or CONR2 and where one or more H atoms is optionally replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN or NO2, or arylamines, or substituted or unsubstituted carbazoles, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more radicals R2, or an aryl or heteroaryl group having 5 to 40 ring atoms, which by one or more aromatic;
R2 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H, D or an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 20 C atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 40 ring atoms;
X is selected, independently of one another, from
with the proviso that at least one X is not equal to J, where, in the case where k=1 and X is equal to J and J1, the bonding to an adjacent monomer unit in the polymer takes place via Ar3;
Ar1-Ar5 are selected, identically or differently on each occurrence, from an unsubstituted or R1-substituted aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system;
J1 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, a divalent bridge selected from the group consisting of N(R1), B(R1), C(R1)2, O, Si(R1)2, C═C(R1)2, S, S═O, SO2, P(R1) and P(═O)R1;
and where the dashed line represents a bond to an adjacent monomer unit in the polymer.
P is in each case, independently of one another, a reactive leaving group;
k is either 0 or 1, where, for k=0, a further reactive leaving group P is bonded to Ar2;
m is either 0 or 1;
X is defined above. 28. The compound according to claim 27 selected from the compounds of the formulae (345) to (352),
where the symbols and indices have the meaning indicated in claim 27. 29. The compound according to claim 28, wherein P is selected on each occurrence, identically or differently, from Cl, Br, I, O-tosylate, O-triflate, O-mesylate, O-nonaflate, NH,
SiMe3-nFn (n=1 or 2), O—SO2R1, B(OR1)2, —CR1═C(R1)2, —CΞCH and Sn(R1)3, where R1 has the same meaning as described above and where two or more radicals R1 may also form a ring system with one another 30. A process for the preparation of the copolymer according to claim 20, wherein the polymer is prepared by SUZUKI, YAMAMOTO, STILLE or HARTWIG-BUCHWALD polymerisation. 31. A mixture of the copolymer according to claim 20 with further polymeric, oligomeric, dendritic and/or low-molecular-weight substances. 32. The mixture according to claim 31, wherein the low-molecular-weight substance is a phosphorescence emitter. 33. A formulation comprising at least one copolymer according to claim 20 and at least one solvent. 34. The formulation as claimed in claim 33, wherein the formulation is a solution, dispersion or miniemulsion. 35. An electronic device comprises the copolymer according to claim 20. 36. An organic electronic device which comprises at least one active layer which comprises at least one copolymer according to claim 20. 37. The device according to claim 36, wherein the device is selected from the group consisting of an organic integrated circuit, an organic field-effect transistor, an organic thin-film transistor, an organic solar cell, an organic dye-sensitised solar cell, an organic optical detector, an organic photoreceptor, an organic field-quench device, an organic laser diode, an organic plasmon emitting device or an organic solar concentrators. 38. The device according to claim 36, wherein the device is an organic electroluminescent, an organic light-emitting electrochemical cell, an organic light-emitting electrochemical transistor or an organic light-emitting transistor. 39. The device according to claim 36, wherein the at least one copolymer are used as matrix material for fluorescent or phosphorescent emitters and/or in an electron-blocking layer and/or in a hole-transport layer or exciton-blocking layer and/or in an electron-transport layer. | The present invention describes copolymers containing indenocarbazole derivatives having electron- and hole-transporting properties, in particular for use in the interlayer, emission and/or charge-transport layer of electroluminescent devices, and the monomers which are necessary for the preparation of the copolymers. The invention furthermore relates to a process for the preparation of the copolymers according to the invention, and to electronic devices comprising same.1-19. (canceled) 20. A copolymer containing, as structural unit, a compound of the general formula (1)
where the following applies to the symbols and indices:
J is on each occurrence, identically or differently, a single covalent bond or a divalent bridge selected from the group consisting of N(R1), B(R1), C(R1)2, O, Si(R1)2, C═C(R1)2, S, S═O, SO2, P(R1) and P(═O)R1;
R1 is, identically or differently on each occurrence, —H, —F, —Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NO2, —CF3, B(OR2)2, Si(R2)3, a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy group having 1 to 40 C atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy group having 3 to 40 C atoms, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more radicals R2, where one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups is optionally replaced by R2C═CR2, C≡C, Si(R2)2, Ge(R2)2, Sn(R2)2, C═O, C═S, C═Se, C═NR2, O, S, —COO— or CONR2 and where one or more H atoms is optionally replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN or NO2, or arylamines, or substituted or unsubstituted carbazoles, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more radicals R2, or an aryl or heteroaryl group having 5 to 40 ring atoms, which by one or more aromatic;
R2 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H, D or an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 20 C atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 40 ring atoms;
k is either 0 or 1, where, for k=0, the bonding to an adjacent monomer unit in the polymer takes place via Ar2;
m is either 0 or 1;
X is selected, independently of one another, from
with the proviso that at least one X is not equal to J, where, in the case where k=1 and X is equal to J and J1, the bonding to an adjacent monomer unit in the polymer takes place via Ar3;
Ar1-Ar5 are selected, identically or differently on each occurrence, from an unsubstituted or R1-substituted aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system;
J1 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, a divalent bridge selected from the group consisting of N(R1), B(R1), C(R1)2, O, Si(R1)2, C═C(R1)2, S, S═O, SO2, P(R1) and P(═O)R1;
and where the dashed line represents a bond to an adjacent monomer unit in the polymer. 21. The copolymer according to claim 20 containing, as structural unit, a compound of the general formula (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8) or (9).
where for the symbols and indices have the meaning indicated in claim 20. 22. The copolymer according to claim 20, wherein Ar1 to Ar3 are selected, identically or differently on each occurrence, from an unsubstituted or R1-substituted aromatic ring. 23. The copolymer according to claim 20, wherein the compounds of the formula (1) is selected from the following compounds of the formulae (10) to (28),
where the symbols and indices have the meaning indicated in claim 20. 24. The copolymer according to claim 20, wherein the compounds of the formula (1) is selected from the compounds of the formulae (29) to (48),
where the symbols and indices have the meaning indicated in claim 20. 25. The copolymer according to claim 20, wherein J is on each occurrence, independently of one another, a single covalent bond or is equal to C(R1)2 and J1 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, C(R1)2 and otherwise the symbols and indices have the meaning indicated in claim 20. 26. The copolymer according to claim 20, wherein the copolymer contains at least one structural unit which is different from the formula (1), where the at least one further structural unit is an emitter unit or a hole-transport unit. 27. A compound of the general formula (343)
and the following applies to the other symbols and indices:
J is on each occurrence, identically or differently, a single covalent bond or a divalent bridge selected from the group consisting of N(R1), B(R1), C(R1)2, O, Si(R1)2, C═C(R1)2, S, S═O, SO2, P(R1) and P(═O)R1;
R1 is, identically or differently on each occurrence, —H, —F, —Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NO2, —CF3, B(OR2)2, Si(R2)3, a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy group having 1 to 40 C atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy group having 3 to 40 C atoms, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more radicals R2, where one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups is optionally replaced by R2C═CR2, C≡C, Si(R2)2, Ge(R2)2, Sn(R2)2, C═O, C═S, C═Se, C═NR2, O, S, —COO— or CONR2 and where one or more H atoms is optionally replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN or NO2, or arylamines, or substituted or unsubstituted carbazoles, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more radicals R2, or an aryl or heteroaryl group having 5 to 40 ring atoms, which by one or more aromatic;
R2 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H, D or an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 20 C atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 40 ring atoms;
X is selected, independently of one another, from
with the proviso that at least one X is not equal to J, where, in the case where k=1 and X is equal to J and J1, the bonding to an adjacent monomer unit in the polymer takes place via Ar3;
Ar1-Ar5 are selected, identically or differently on each occurrence, from an unsubstituted or R1-substituted aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system;
J1 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, a divalent bridge selected from the group consisting of N(R1), B(R1), C(R1)2, O, Si(R1)2, C═C(R1)2, S, S═O, SO2, P(R1) and P(═O)R1;
and where the dashed line represents a bond to an adjacent monomer unit in the polymer.
P is in each case, independently of one another, a reactive leaving group;
k is either 0 or 1, where, for k=0, a further reactive leaving group P is bonded to Ar2;
m is either 0 or 1;
X is defined above. 28. The compound according to claim 27 selected from the compounds of the formulae (345) to (352),
where the symbols and indices have the meaning indicated in claim 27. 29. The compound according to claim 28, wherein P is selected on each occurrence, identically or differently, from Cl, Br, I, O-tosylate, O-triflate, O-mesylate, O-nonaflate, NH,
SiMe3-nFn (n=1 or 2), O—SO2R1, B(OR1)2, —CR1═C(R1)2, —CΞCH and Sn(R1)3, where R1 has the same meaning as described above and where two or more radicals R1 may also form a ring system with one another 30. A process for the preparation of the copolymer according to claim 20, wherein the polymer is prepared by SUZUKI, YAMAMOTO, STILLE or HARTWIG-BUCHWALD polymerisation. 31. A mixture of the copolymer according to claim 20 with further polymeric, oligomeric, dendritic and/or low-molecular-weight substances. 32. The mixture according to claim 31, wherein the low-molecular-weight substance is a phosphorescence emitter. 33. A formulation comprising at least one copolymer according to claim 20 and at least one solvent. 34. The formulation as claimed in claim 33, wherein the formulation is a solution, dispersion or miniemulsion. 35. An electronic device comprises the copolymer according to claim 20. 36. An organic electronic device which comprises at least one active layer which comprises at least one copolymer according to claim 20. 37. The device according to claim 36, wherein the device is selected from the group consisting of an organic integrated circuit, an organic field-effect transistor, an organic thin-film transistor, an organic solar cell, an organic dye-sensitised solar cell, an organic optical detector, an organic photoreceptor, an organic field-quench device, an organic laser diode, an organic plasmon emitting device or an organic solar concentrators. 38. The device according to claim 36, wherein the device is an organic electroluminescent, an organic light-emitting electrochemical cell, an organic light-emitting electrochemical transistor or an organic light-emitting transistor. 39. The device according to claim 36, wherein the at least one copolymer are used as matrix material for fluorescent or phosphorescent emitters and/or in an electron-blocking layer and/or in a hole-transport layer or exciton-blocking layer and/or in an electron-transport layer. | 1,700 |
2,020 | 14,870,121 | 1,721 | Embodiments relate to thickening a contact grid of a solar cell for increased efficiency. A mold containing soldering material is heated. The mold is aligned with the contact grid such that the soldering material is in physical contact with the contact grid. The mold is re-heated, transferring the solder material from the mold to the contact grid to create a thickened contact grid. | 1. A solar cell comprising:
a diode comprised of an active layer in communication with a substrate; a contact grid embedded in the substrate and comprised of a conducting material in communication with the active layer, the contact grid having a first thickness; and the contact grid thickness to increase from the first thickness to a second thickness, the second thickness greater than the first thickness, the contact grid comprising solder pre-formed in a first mold, the solder to transfer from the first mold to the contact grid, including alignment of the first mold with the contact grid wherein the solder is in physical contact with the contact grid and heated until the solder is melted, detached from the first mold, and soldered to the contact grid to form the second thickness. 2. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the mold is glass. 3. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the solder is lead free. 4. The solar cell of claim 1, the contact grid further comprising a landing area, the solder placed in contact with the landing area when the mold is aligned with the contact grid. 5. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the contact grid is embedded in the substrate via screen printing. | Embodiments relate to thickening a contact grid of a solar cell for increased efficiency. A mold containing soldering material is heated. The mold is aligned with the contact grid such that the soldering material is in physical contact with the contact grid. The mold is re-heated, transferring the solder material from the mold to the contact grid to create a thickened contact grid.1. A solar cell comprising:
a diode comprised of an active layer in communication with a substrate; a contact grid embedded in the substrate and comprised of a conducting material in communication with the active layer, the contact grid having a first thickness; and the contact grid thickness to increase from the first thickness to a second thickness, the second thickness greater than the first thickness, the contact grid comprising solder pre-formed in a first mold, the solder to transfer from the first mold to the contact grid, including alignment of the first mold with the contact grid wherein the solder is in physical contact with the contact grid and heated until the solder is melted, detached from the first mold, and soldered to the contact grid to form the second thickness. 2. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the mold is glass. 3. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the solder is lead free. 4. The solar cell of claim 1, the contact grid further comprising a landing area, the solder placed in contact with the landing area when the mold is aligned with the contact grid. 5. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the contact grid is embedded in the substrate via screen printing. | 1,700 |
2,021 | 12,896,976 | 1,724 | An electrode material is provided to include a Li-containing oxide of the formula of Li(Ni x Co y M z )O 2 , wherein M is an element different from Li, Ni, Co, or O, wherein x, y, and z are each independently between 0 and 1 and the sum of x, y, z is 1; and an oxygen scavenger material contacting at least a portion of the Li-containing oxide. In another embodiment, the electrode material further includes a second Li-containing oxide having the formula of Li (Ni x2 Co y2 M z2 )O 2 , wherein M is an element different from Li, Ni, Co, or O, wherein x2, y2, and z2 are each independently between 0 and 1 and the sum of x2, y2, z2 is 1, wherein the oxide composite is configured as a first material layer, wherein the second Li-containing oxide is configured as a second material layer disposed next to the first material layer. | 1. An electrode material comprising:
a Li-containing oxide of the formula of Li(NixCoyMz)O2, wherein M is an element different from Li, Ni, Co, or O, wherein x, y, and z are each independently between 0 and 1 and the sum of x, y, z is 1; and an oxygen scavenger material contacting at least a portion of the Li-containing oxide. 2. The electrode material of claim 1, wherein the oxygen scavenger material is selected from the group consisting of ZrO2, Y2O3, CeO2, TiO2, Al2O3, and combinations thereof. 3. The electrode material of claim 1, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Al, Mn, Cr, Fe, and combinations thereof. 4. The electrode material of claim 1, wherein y is between 0 and ⅓. 5. The electrode material of claim 1, wherein at least one of x and z is no less than ⅓. 6. The electrode material of claim 1, wherein the Li-containing oxide is selected from the group consisting of Li(NixCoyAlz)O2, Li(NixCoyMnz)O2, Li(NixCoyAlzaMnzb)O2, and combinations thereof, wherein za and zb are each a non-zero value and the sum of za and zb equals z. 7. The electrode material of claim 1, wherein the Li-containing oxide further includes a dopant. 8. The electrode material of claim 7, wherein the dopant is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Zr, Sr, Y, La, Mg, Ce, Pr, V, and combinations thereof. 9. The electrode material of claim 7, wherein the dopant is selected from the group consisting of Ce, Zr, and combinations thereof. 10. The electrode material of claim 7, wherein the Li-containing oxide is selected from the group consisting of Li (NixCoyAlz)O2 including Sr as a dopant, Li (NixCoyAlz)O2 including Mg as a dopant, Li (NixCoyAlz)O2 including Ce as a dopant, Li (NixCoyMnz)O2 including Ce as a dopant, and combinations thereof. 11. The electrode material of claim 1, wherein a molar ratio between the dopant relative to the Li-containing oxide is from 0.001 to 0.1. 12. The electrode material of claim 1, further comprising a second Li-containing oxide configured as a second material layer disposed next to the existing oxide composite as a first material layer. 13. The electrode material of claim 12, wherein the second Li-containing oxide has the formula of Li (Nix2Coy2Mz2)O2, wherein M is an element different from Li, Ni, Co, or O, wherein x2, y2, and z2 are each independently between 0 and 1 and the sum of x2, y2, z2 is 1. 14. An electrochemical cell system comprising:
a cathode material including a first material layer and a second material layer disposed next to the first material layer, the first and the second material layers each independently including a Li-containing oxide of the formula of Li(NixCoyMz)O2, wherein M is an element different from Li, Ni, Co, or O, wherein x, y, and z are each independently between 0 and 1 and the sum of x, y, z is 1, and wherein the first and second material layers differ from each other in at least one of the values for x, y, and z and the composition for M; and a current collector in electronic communication with the cathode material. 15. The electrochemical cell system of claim 14, wherein the first material layer further includes a dopant, and is disposed between the second material layer and the current collector. 16. The electrochemical cell system of claim 15, wherein the dopant is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Zr, Xr, Y, La, Mg, Ce, Pr, V, and combinations thereof. 17. The electrochemical cell system of claim 15, a molar ratio between the dopant relative to the Li-containing oxide of the first material layer is from 0.001 to 0.1. 18. The electrochemical cell system of claim 14, further comprising an oxygen scavenger material contacting at least one of the first and the second material layers. 19. An electrode material comprising:
a Li-containing oxide of the formula of Li(NixCoyMz)O2, wherein M is an element different from Li, Ni, Co, or O, wherein x, y, and z are each independently between 0 and 1 and the sum of x, y, z is 1; a dopant selected from the group consisting of Cr, Zr, Sr, Y, La, Mg, Ce, Pr, V, and combinations thereof; and an oxygen scavenger material contacting at least a portion of the Li-containing oxide, the oxygen scavenger material being selected from the group consisting of ZrO2, Y2O3, CeO2, TiO2, Al2O3, and combinations thereof. 20. The electrode material of claim 20, further comprising a second Li-containing oxide having the formula of Li (Nix2Coy2Mz2)O2, wherein M is an element different from Li, Ni, Co, or O, wherein x2, y2, and z2 are each independently between 0 and 1 and the sum of x2, y2, z2 is 1, wherein the second Li-containing oxide and the existing Li-containing oxide are each configured as a layer disposed next to each other. | An electrode material is provided to include a Li-containing oxide of the formula of Li(Ni x Co y M z )O 2 , wherein M is an element different from Li, Ni, Co, or O, wherein x, y, and z are each independently between 0 and 1 and the sum of x, y, z is 1; and an oxygen scavenger material contacting at least a portion of the Li-containing oxide. In another embodiment, the electrode material further includes a second Li-containing oxide having the formula of Li (Ni x2 Co y2 M z2 )O 2 , wherein M is an element different from Li, Ni, Co, or O, wherein x2, y2, and z2 are each independently between 0 and 1 and the sum of x2, y2, z2 is 1, wherein the oxide composite is configured as a first material layer, wherein the second Li-containing oxide is configured as a second material layer disposed next to the first material layer.1. An electrode material comprising:
a Li-containing oxide of the formula of Li(NixCoyMz)O2, wherein M is an element different from Li, Ni, Co, or O, wherein x, y, and z are each independently between 0 and 1 and the sum of x, y, z is 1; and an oxygen scavenger material contacting at least a portion of the Li-containing oxide. 2. The electrode material of claim 1, wherein the oxygen scavenger material is selected from the group consisting of ZrO2, Y2O3, CeO2, TiO2, Al2O3, and combinations thereof. 3. The electrode material of claim 1, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Al, Mn, Cr, Fe, and combinations thereof. 4. The electrode material of claim 1, wherein y is between 0 and ⅓. 5. The electrode material of claim 1, wherein at least one of x and z is no less than ⅓. 6. The electrode material of claim 1, wherein the Li-containing oxide is selected from the group consisting of Li(NixCoyAlz)O2, Li(NixCoyMnz)O2, Li(NixCoyAlzaMnzb)O2, and combinations thereof, wherein za and zb are each a non-zero value and the sum of za and zb equals z. 7. The electrode material of claim 1, wherein the Li-containing oxide further includes a dopant. 8. The electrode material of claim 7, wherein the dopant is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Zr, Sr, Y, La, Mg, Ce, Pr, V, and combinations thereof. 9. The electrode material of claim 7, wherein the dopant is selected from the group consisting of Ce, Zr, and combinations thereof. 10. The electrode material of claim 7, wherein the Li-containing oxide is selected from the group consisting of Li (NixCoyAlz)O2 including Sr as a dopant, Li (NixCoyAlz)O2 including Mg as a dopant, Li (NixCoyAlz)O2 including Ce as a dopant, Li (NixCoyMnz)O2 including Ce as a dopant, and combinations thereof. 11. The electrode material of claim 1, wherein a molar ratio between the dopant relative to the Li-containing oxide is from 0.001 to 0.1. 12. The electrode material of claim 1, further comprising a second Li-containing oxide configured as a second material layer disposed next to the existing oxide composite as a first material layer. 13. The electrode material of claim 12, wherein the second Li-containing oxide has the formula of Li (Nix2Coy2Mz2)O2, wherein M is an element different from Li, Ni, Co, or O, wherein x2, y2, and z2 are each independently between 0 and 1 and the sum of x2, y2, z2 is 1. 14. An electrochemical cell system comprising:
a cathode material including a first material layer and a second material layer disposed next to the first material layer, the first and the second material layers each independently including a Li-containing oxide of the formula of Li(NixCoyMz)O2, wherein M is an element different from Li, Ni, Co, or O, wherein x, y, and z are each independently between 0 and 1 and the sum of x, y, z is 1, and wherein the first and second material layers differ from each other in at least one of the values for x, y, and z and the composition for M; and a current collector in electronic communication with the cathode material. 15. The electrochemical cell system of claim 14, wherein the first material layer further includes a dopant, and is disposed between the second material layer and the current collector. 16. The electrochemical cell system of claim 15, wherein the dopant is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Zr, Xr, Y, La, Mg, Ce, Pr, V, and combinations thereof. 17. The electrochemical cell system of claim 15, a molar ratio between the dopant relative to the Li-containing oxide of the first material layer is from 0.001 to 0.1. 18. The electrochemical cell system of claim 14, further comprising an oxygen scavenger material contacting at least one of the first and the second material layers. 19. An electrode material comprising:
a Li-containing oxide of the formula of Li(NixCoyMz)O2, wherein M is an element different from Li, Ni, Co, or O, wherein x, y, and z are each independently between 0 and 1 and the sum of x, y, z is 1; a dopant selected from the group consisting of Cr, Zr, Sr, Y, La, Mg, Ce, Pr, V, and combinations thereof; and an oxygen scavenger material contacting at least a portion of the Li-containing oxide, the oxygen scavenger material being selected from the group consisting of ZrO2, Y2O3, CeO2, TiO2, Al2O3, and combinations thereof. 20. The electrode material of claim 20, further comprising a second Li-containing oxide having the formula of Li (Nix2Coy2Mz2)O2, wherein M is an element different from Li, Ni, Co, or O, wherein x2, y2, and z2 are each independently between 0 and 1 and the sum of x2, y2, z2 is 1, wherein the second Li-containing oxide and the existing Li-containing oxide are each configured as a layer disposed next to each other. | 1,700 |
2,022 | 14,886,818 | 1,735 | A method for soldering a circuit carrier to a carrier plate includes providing a carrier plate having an upper side and a first adjusting device, providing a circuit carrier having an underside and a second adjusting device, providing a solder and placing the circuit carrier onto the carrier plate in such a way that: the underside of the circuit carrier faces the upper side of the carrier plate; the solder is arranged between the carrier plate and the circuit carrier; and the first adjusting device forms a stop for the second adjusting device that limits a displacement of the circuit carrier placed on the carrier plate along the upper side of the carrier plate. After placing the circuit carrier onto the carrier plate, the solder is melted and subsequently cooled down until it solidifies and connects the circuit carrier to the carrier plate in a material-bonding manner at a lower metallization layer. | 1. A method for soldering a circuit carrier to a carrier plate, the method comprising:
providing a carrier plate having an upper side and a first adjusting device; providing a circuit carrier having an underside and a second adjusting device; providing a solder; placing the circuit carrier onto the carrier plate in such a way that:
the underside of the circuit carrier faces the upper side of the carrier plate;
the solder is arranged between the carrier plate and the circuit carrier; and
the first adjusting device forms a stop for the second adjusting device that limits a displacement of the circuit carrier placed on the carrier plate along the upper side of the carrier plate; and
after placing the circuit carrier onto the carrier plate, melting the solder and subsequently cooling down the melted solder until it solidifies and connects the circuit carrier to the carrier plate in a material-bonding manner at a lower metallization layer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the circuit carrier rests indirectly on the carrier plate after placement. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein after placement of the circuit carrier on the carrier plate, the solder contacts the circuit carrier and the circuit carrier does not contact the carrier plate. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first adjusting device forms a stop for the second adjusting device that limits a displacement of the circuit carrier placed on the carrier plate in a direction along the upper side of the carrier plate and/or limits a rotation of the circuit carrier placed on the carrier plate. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first adjusting device forms a stop for the second adjusting device that allows a linear displacement of the circuit carrier placed on the carrier plate in any direction parallel to the underside of the circuit carrier with a play of at least 0.1 mm and/or a play limited to a maximum of 0.4 mm. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first adjusting device forms a stop for the second adjusting device that limits a rotation of the circuit carrier placed on the carrier plate about an axis of rotation perpendicular to the underside of the circuit carrier such that for each location of the circuit carrier, the distance between two farthest apart positions that this location can assume within the confines of the limitation on the carrier plate is a maximum of 0.4 mm. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein one of the adjusting devices has one or more projections and the other adjusting device has one or more cutouts, each projection engaging in one of the cutouts when the circuit carrier is placed on the carrier plate. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the circuit carrier has a dielectric insulation carrier and a first metallization layer and a second metallization layer applied to opposing sides of the insulation carrier and connected to the insulation carrier in a material-bonding manner. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the dielectric insulation carrier is a ceramic platelet. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein each projection is formed as a projection of the carrier plate. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein each cutout is formed as a cutout in the lower metallization layer. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the insulation carrier covers each cutout. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the second metallization layer has a thickness in the range from 0.05 mm to 2.5 mm. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the circuit carrier has an upper side populated with a semiconductor chip. | A method for soldering a circuit carrier to a carrier plate includes providing a carrier plate having an upper side and a first adjusting device, providing a circuit carrier having an underside and a second adjusting device, providing a solder and placing the circuit carrier onto the carrier plate in such a way that: the underside of the circuit carrier faces the upper side of the carrier plate; the solder is arranged between the carrier plate and the circuit carrier; and the first adjusting device forms a stop for the second adjusting device that limits a displacement of the circuit carrier placed on the carrier plate along the upper side of the carrier plate. After placing the circuit carrier onto the carrier plate, the solder is melted and subsequently cooled down until it solidifies and connects the circuit carrier to the carrier plate in a material-bonding manner at a lower metallization layer.1. A method for soldering a circuit carrier to a carrier plate, the method comprising:
providing a carrier plate having an upper side and a first adjusting device; providing a circuit carrier having an underside and a second adjusting device; providing a solder; placing the circuit carrier onto the carrier plate in such a way that:
the underside of the circuit carrier faces the upper side of the carrier plate;
the solder is arranged between the carrier plate and the circuit carrier; and
the first adjusting device forms a stop for the second adjusting device that limits a displacement of the circuit carrier placed on the carrier plate along the upper side of the carrier plate; and
after placing the circuit carrier onto the carrier plate, melting the solder and subsequently cooling down the melted solder until it solidifies and connects the circuit carrier to the carrier plate in a material-bonding manner at a lower metallization layer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the circuit carrier rests indirectly on the carrier plate after placement. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein after placement of the circuit carrier on the carrier plate, the solder contacts the circuit carrier and the circuit carrier does not contact the carrier plate. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first adjusting device forms a stop for the second adjusting device that limits a displacement of the circuit carrier placed on the carrier plate in a direction along the upper side of the carrier plate and/or limits a rotation of the circuit carrier placed on the carrier plate. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first adjusting device forms a stop for the second adjusting device that allows a linear displacement of the circuit carrier placed on the carrier plate in any direction parallel to the underside of the circuit carrier with a play of at least 0.1 mm and/or a play limited to a maximum of 0.4 mm. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first adjusting device forms a stop for the second adjusting device that limits a rotation of the circuit carrier placed on the carrier plate about an axis of rotation perpendicular to the underside of the circuit carrier such that for each location of the circuit carrier, the distance between two farthest apart positions that this location can assume within the confines of the limitation on the carrier plate is a maximum of 0.4 mm. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein one of the adjusting devices has one or more projections and the other adjusting device has one or more cutouts, each projection engaging in one of the cutouts when the circuit carrier is placed on the carrier plate. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the circuit carrier has a dielectric insulation carrier and a first metallization layer and a second metallization layer applied to opposing sides of the insulation carrier and connected to the insulation carrier in a material-bonding manner. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the dielectric insulation carrier is a ceramic platelet. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein each projection is formed as a projection of the carrier plate. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein each cutout is formed as a cutout in the lower metallization layer. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the insulation carrier covers each cutout. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the second metallization layer has a thickness in the range from 0.05 mm to 2.5 mm. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the circuit carrier has an upper side populated with a semiconductor chip. | 1,700 |
2,023 | 13,666,447 | 1,741 | A method of coding containers including applying particles to the containers so that the particles bonds with the containers to form unique optically readable patterns. | 1. A method of manufacturing glass containers which includes the steps of:
(a) producing a glass melt; (b) forming glass containers from the glass melt; (c) coding the glass containers by applying particles to the glass containers so that the particles bond with the containers to form unique optically readable patterns; and (d) annealing the glass containers. 2. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein the particles include at least one of multiple different colors, sizes, or shapes. 3. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein the forming step (b) includes the sub-steps of (b1) forming blanks and then (b2) forming the glass containers from the blanks, and wherein the particles are applied to the blanks between the forming steps (b1) and (b2). 4. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein the particles are applied after the forming step but before the annealing step (d). 5. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein the particles are applied during the annealing step (d). 6. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein the particles are applied to base walls of the glass containers. 7. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein the forming step (b) includes forming code reference features on the glass containers, and the particles are applied with respect to the code reference features. 8. The method set forth in claim 7 wherein the code reference features include a geometric outline and the particles are applied within the geometric outline. 9. The method set forth in claim 8 wherein the geometric outline includes embossments or debossments in the container. 10. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein the particles are applied to the containers by at least one of blowing, blasting, spraying, dropping, sprinkling, or rolling the particles onto the containers, or by dipping, rolling, or setting the containers into or on the particles. 11. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein the particles penetrate one or more corresponding surfaces of the container such that the particles are non-removable. 12. A glass container produced by the method of claim 1. 13. A method of marking a container for tracking or other purposes, which includes the step of introducing particles onto a wall surface of the container while the container wall is hot so that the particles bonds with the container wall to form a readable random pattern. 14. The method set forth in claim 13 wherein the readable colored pattern is a random pattern. 15. The method set forth in claim 14 wherein said wall surface is an inside wall surface of the container. 16. The method set forth in claim 15 including the additional step of providing at least one reference feature on the container as a reference for reading the pattern. 17. The method set forth in claim 16 wherein said at least one reference feature comprises a geometric shape on the inside or outside surface of the container. 18. The method set forth in claim 13 wherein the particles penetrate one or more corresponding surfaces of the container such that the particles are non-removable. 19. A container produced by the method of claim 13. 20. A particle-coded container that includes:
a base; a body extending from the base; a shoulder extending from the body; and particles of various shapes and sizes in a random pattern carried by at least one of the base, body, shoulder, or neck. 21. The container set forth in claim 20 wherein the particles are multi-colored. 22. The container set forth in claim 20 and including a particle pattern reference feature carried by at least one of the base, body, shoulder, or neck. 23. The container set forth in claim 22 wherein at least some of the particles are positioned within an outline of the reference feature. | A method of coding containers including applying particles to the containers so that the particles bonds with the containers to form unique optically readable patterns.1. A method of manufacturing glass containers which includes the steps of:
(a) producing a glass melt; (b) forming glass containers from the glass melt; (c) coding the glass containers by applying particles to the glass containers so that the particles bond with the containers to form unique optically readable patterns; and (d) annealing the glass containers. 2. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein the particles include at least one of multiple different colors, sizes, or shapes. 3. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein the forming step (b) includes the sub-steps of (b1) forming blanks and then (b2) forming the glass containers from the blanks, and wherein the particles are applied to the blanks between the forming steps (b1) and (b2). 4. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein the particles are applied after the forming step but before the annealing step (d). 5. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein the particles are applied during the annealing step (d). 6. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein the particles are applied to base walls of the glass containers. 7. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein the forming step (b) includes forming code reference features on the glass containers, and the particles are applied with respect to the code reference features. 8. The method set forth in claim 7 wherein the code reference features include a geometric outline and the particles are applied within the geometric outline. 9. The method set forth in claim 8 wherein the geometric outline includes embossments or debossments in the container. 10. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein the particles are applied to the containers by at least one of blowing, blasting, spraying, dropping, sprinkling, or rolling the particles onto the containers, or by dipping, rolling, or setting the containers into or on the particles. 11. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein the particles penetrate one or more corresponding surfaces of the container such that the particles are non-removable. 12. A glass container produced by the method of claim 1. 13. A method of marking a container for tracking or other purposes, which includes the step of introducing particles onto a wall surface of the container while the container wall is hot so that the particles bonds with the container wall to form a readable random pattern. 14. The method set forth in claim 13 wherein the readable colored pattern is a random pattern. 15. The method set forth in claim 14 wherein said wall surface is an inside wall surface of the container. 16. The method set forth in claim 15 including the additional step of providing at least one reference feature on the container as a reference for reading the pattern. 17. The method set forth in claim 16 wherein said at least one reference feature comprises a geometric shape on the inside or outside surface of the container. 18. The method set forth in claim 13 wherein the particles penetrate one or more corresponding surfaces of the container such that the particles are non-removable. 19. A container produced by the method of claim 13. 20. A particle-coded container that includes:
a base; a body extending from the base; a shoulder extending from the body; and particles of various shapes and sizes in a random pattern carried by at least one of the base, body, shoulder, or neck. 21. The container set forth in claim 20 wherein the particles are multi-colored. 22. The container set forth in claim 20 and including a particle pattern reference feature carried by at least one of the base, body, shoulder, or neck. 23. The container set forth in claim 22 wherein at least some of the particles are positioned within an outline of the reference feature. | 1,700 |
2,024 | 14,236,785 | 1,784 | Known protective layers having a high Cr content and additionally a silicon form brittle phases which additionally become brittle under the influence of carbon during use. The protective layer hereof has a composition 22% to 24% cobalt (Co), 10.5% to 11.5% aluminum (AI), 0.2% to 0.4% yttrium (Y) and/or at least one equivalent metal from the group comprising scandium and the rare earth elements, 14% to 16% chrome (Cr), optionally 0.3% to 0.9% tantalum, the remainder nickel (Ni). | 1. An alloy,
which contains at least the following elements (data in wt %): 22%-24% cobalt (Co), in particular 23% cobalt (Co), 14%-16% chromium (Cr), 10.5%-11.5% aluminum (Al), 0.2%-0.4% of at least one metal from the group comprising scandium (Sc) and/or rare earth elements, including in particular yttrium (Y), and optionally from 0.3% to 0.9% tantalum (Ta). 2. The alloy as claimed in claim 1, containing 0.3 wt % yttrium (Y). 3. The alloy as claimed in claim 1, not containing rhenium (Re). 4. The alloy as claimed in claim 1, not containing silicon (Si). 5. The alloy as claimed in claim 1, which contains at least 0.4 wt % tantalum (Ta). 6. The alloy as claimed in claim 1, not containing zirconium (Zr) and/or not containing titanium (Ti) and/or not containing gallium (Ga) and/or not containing germanium (Ge) and/or not containing platinum (Pt) and/or not containing hafnium (Hf) and/or not containing cerium (Ce) and/or not containing iron (Fe) and/or not containing palladium (Pd) and/or not containing boron (B) and/or not containing carbon (C). 7. The alloy as claimed in claim 1, consisting of cobalt, chromium, aluminum, yttrium, nickel and the optional constituent tantalum. 8. The alloy as claimed in claim 7, consisting of cobalt, chromium, aluminum, yttrium, nickel and tantalum. 9. The alloy as claimed in claim 1, in which nickel (Ni) forms a matrix of the alloy. 10. A protective layer for protecting a component against corrosion and/or oxidation, particularly at high temperatures, comprised of the composition of the alloy as claimed in claim 1. 11. The protective layer as claimed in claim 10, wherein the layer has been applied by plasma spraying. 12. A component, of a gas turbine, including
a substrate of the component which is nickel-based or cobalt-based; a protective layer as claimed in claim 10 over the substrate in order to protect against corrosion and oxidation at high temperatures; and a ceramic thermal barrier layer applied onto the protective layer. 13. The protective layer of claim 11, wherein the plasma spraying comprises APS or high velocity spraying (HVOF). | Known protective layers having a high Cr content and additionally a silicon form brittle phases which additionally become brittle under the influence of carbon during use. The protective layer hereof has a composition 22% to 24% cobalt (Co), 10.5% to 11.5% aluminum (AI), 0.2% to 0.4% yttrium (Y) and/or at least one equivalent metal from the group comprising scandium and the rare earth elements, 14% to 16% chrome (Cr), optionally 0.3% to 0.9% tantalum, the remainder nickel (Ni).1. An alloy,
which contains at least the following elements (data in wt %): 22%-24% cobalt (Co), in particular 23% cobalt (Co), 14%-16% chromium (Cr), 10.5%-11.5% aluminum (Al), 0.2%-0.4% of at least one metal from the group comprising scandium (Sc) and/or rare earth elements, including in particular yttrium (Y), and optionally from 0.3% to 0.9% tantalum (Ta). 2. The alloy as claimed in claim 1, containing 0.3 wt % yttrium (Y). 3. The alloy as claimed in claim 1, not containing rhenium (Re). 4. The alloy as claimed in claim 1, not containing silicon (Si). 5. The alloy as claimed in claim 1, which contains at least 0.4 wt % tantalum (Ta). 6. The alloy as claimed in claim 1, not containing zirconium (Zr) and/or not containing titanium (Ti) and/or not containing gallium (Ga) and/or not containing germanium (Ge) and/or not containing platinum (Pt) and/or not containing hafnium (Hf) and/or not containing cerium (Ce) and/or not containing iron (Fe) and/or not containing palladium (Pd) and/or not containing boron (B) and/or not containing carbon (C). 7. The alloy as claimed in claim 1, consisting of cobalt, chromium, aluminum, yttrium, nickel and the optional constituent tantalum. 8. The alloy as claimed in claim 7, consisting of cobalt, chromium, aluminum, yttrium, nickel and tantalum. 9. The alloy as claimed in claim 1, in which nickel (Ni) forms a matrix of the alloy. 10. A protective layer for protecting a component against corrosion and/or oxidation, particularly at high temperatures, comprised of the composition of the alloy as claimed in claim 1. 11. The protective layer as claimed in claim 10, wherein the layer has been applied by plasma spraying. 12. A component, of a gas turbine, including
a substrate of the component which is nickel-based or cobalt-based; a protective layer as claimed in claim 10 over the substrate in order to protect against corrosion and oxidation at high temperatures; and a ceramic thermal barrier layer applied onto the protective layer. 13. The protective layer of claim 11, wherein the plasma spraying comprises APS or high velocity spraying (HVOF). | 1,700 |
2,025 | 14,669,572 | 1,785 | Water soluble pouch having ink on the inside of the pouch. | 1. A water soluble pouch comprising:
a water soluble first sheet; a water soluble second sheet joined to said water soluble first sheet to at least partially define a chamber containing a substrate treatment agent; and an ink; wherein each of said first sheet and said second sheet have an interior surface and an opposing exterior surface; wherein said chamber is at least partially defined by said interior surface of said first sheet and said interior surface of said second sheet; and wherein said ink comprises a pigment selected from the group consisting of: diketopyrrolo-pyrrole of the general formula
wherein each R can be the same or different and each R represents a cyano group, methyl or an alkyl group, a hydrogen group, a phenyl group, or a halogen group;
quinacridone of the general formula
anthraquinone of the general formula
phthalocyanine pigment particles, comprising a phthalocyanine chromogen structure as a main component, and a substituted soluble metal-phthalocyanine dye as a minor component that non-covalently bonds with the phthalocyanine chromogen structure, molecules of the substituted soluble metal-phthalocyanine dye being intercalated between layers of the phthalocyanine chromogen structure, wherein the substituted soluble metal-phthalocyanine dye is of the general formula
where: M is a metal or group of metals and atoms capable of bonding to a central cavity of the phthalocyanine molecule; and each R independently represents H or a sterically bulky substituent, provided that at least one R is other than hydrogen, and the sterically bulky substituent is a wax-like aliphatic group or an alkylaryl or arylalkyl group, where: the alkylaryl or arylalkyl group comprises a C═N or C═S double bond, or
the alkylaryl or arylalkyl group is fully saturated consisting of a hydrocarbon group;
coumarin of the general formula
naphthalimide of the general formula
and mixtures thereof;
wherein said ink is between said substrate treatment agent and at least one of said interior surface of said first sheet and said interior surface of said second sheet. 2. The water soluble pouch according to claim 1, wherein said pigment is a diketopyrrolo-pyrrole pigment. 3. The water soluble pouch according to claim 2, wherein said substrate treatment agent comprises a bleaching agent. 4. The water soluble pouch according to claim 2, wherein said diketopyrrolo-pyrrole pigment is selected from the group consisting of pigment red 254, pigment red 255, pigment red 264, pigment red 272, pigment orange 73, and mixtures thereof. 5. The water soluble pouch according to claim 4, wherein said ink forms usage instructions or storage instructions for said water soluble pouch. 6. The water soluble pouch according to claim 4, wherein said first sheet and said second sheet comprise polyvinyl alcohol. 7. The water soluble pouch according to claim 4, wherein at least one of said first sheet and said second sheet is thermoformed. 8. The water soluble pouch according to claim 4, wherein said diketopyrrolo-pyrrole pigment is pigment red 254. 9. The water soluble pouch according to claim 1, wherein said pigment is a quinacridone pigment. 10. The water soluble pouch according to claim 9, wherein said substrate treatment agent comprises a bleaching agent. 11. The water soluble pouch according to claim 10, wherein said quinacridone pigment is selected from the group consisting of pigment violet 19, pigment red 202, pigment red 122, and mixtures thereof. 12. The water soluble pouch according to claim 11, wherein said ink forms usage instructions or storage instructions for said water soluble pouch. 13. The water soluble pouch according to claim 11, wherein said first sheet and said second sheet comprise polyvinyl alcohol. 14. The water soluble pouch according to claim 11, wherein at least one of said first sheet and said second sheet is thermoformed. 15. The water soluble pouch according to claim 1, wherein said pigment is an anthraquinone pigment. 16. The water soluble pouch according to claim 15, wherein said substrate treatment agent comprises a bleaching agent. 17. The water soluble pouch according to claim 16, wherein said anthraquinone pigment is selected from the group consisting of pigment red 177, pigment red 168, and mixtures thereof. 18. The water soluble pouch according to claim 17, wherein said first sheet and said second sheet comprise polyvinyl alcohol. 19. The water soluble pouch according to claim 18, wherein at least one of said first sheet and said second sheet is thermoformed. 20. A water soluble pouch comprising:
a water soluble first sheet; a water soluble second sheet joined to said water soluble first sheet to at least partially define a chamber containing a substrate treatment agent; and an ink; wherein each of said first sheet and said second sheet have an interior surface and an opposing exterior surface; wherein said chamber is at least partially defined by said interior surface of said first sheet and said interior surface of said second sheet; and wherein said ink contains an organic pigment that is substantially free from R—N═N—R′ functional group, where R and R′ are aryl or alkyl; wherein said ink is between said substrate treatment agent and at least one of said interior surface of said first sheet and said interior surface of said second sheet. | Water soluble pouch having ink on the inside of the pouch.1. A water soluble pouch comprising:
a water soluble first sheet; a water soluble second sheet joined to said water soluble first sheet to at least partially define a chamber containing a substrate treatment agent; and an ink; wherein each of said first sheet and said second sheet have an interior surface and an opposing exterior surface; wherein said chamber is at least partially defined by said interior surface of said first sheet and said interior surface of said second sheet; and wherein said ink comprises a pigment selected from the group consisting of: diketopyrrolo-pyrrole of the general formula
wherein each R can be the same or different and each R represents a cyano group, methyl or an alkyl group, a hydrogen group, a phenyl group, or a halogen group;
quinacridone of the general formula
anthraquinone of the general formula
phthalocyanine pigment particles, comprising a phthalocyanine chromogen structure as a main component, and a substituted soluble metal-phthalocyanine dye as a minor component that non-covalently bonds with the phthalocyanine chromogen structure, molecules of the substituted soluble metal-phthalocyanine dye being intercalated between layers of the phthalocyanine chromogen structure, wherein the substituted soluble metal-phthalocyanine dye is of the general formula
where: M is a metal or group of metals and atoms capable of bonding to a central cavity of the phthalocyanine molecule; and each R independently represents H or a sterically bulky substituent, provided that at least one R is other than hydrogen, and the sterically bulky substituent is a wax-like aliphatic group or an alkylaryl or arylalkyl group, where: the alkylaryl or arylalkyl group comprises a C═N or C═S double bond, or
the alkylaryl or arylalkyl group is fully saturated consisting of a hydrocarbon group;
coumarin of the general formula
naphthalimide of the general formula
and mixtures thereof;
wherein said ink is between said substrate treatment agent and at least one of said interior surface of said first sheet and said interior surface of said second sheet. 2. The water soluble pouch according to claim 1, wherein said pigment is a diketopyrrolo-pyrrole pigment. 3. The water soluble pouch according to claim 2, wherein said substrate treatment agent comprises a bleaching agent. 4. The water soluble pouch according to claim 2, wherein said diketopyrrolo-pyrrole pigment is selected from the group consisting of pigment red 254, pigment red 255, pigment red 264, pigment red 272, pigment orange 73, and mixtures thereof. 5. The water soluble pouch according to claim 4, wherein said ink forms usage instructions or storage instructions for said water soluble pouch. 6. The water soluble pouch according to claim 4, wherein said first sheet and said second sheet comprise polyvinyl alcohol. 7. The water soluble pouch according to claim 4, wherein at least one of said first sheet and said second sheet is thermoformed. 8. The water soluble pouch according to claim 4, wherein said diketopyrrolo-pyrrole pigment is pigment red 254. 9. The water soluble pouch according to claim 1, wherein said pigment is a quinacridone pigment. 10. The water soluble pouch according to claim 9, wherein said substrate treatment agent comprises a bleaching agent. 11. The water soluble pouch according to claim 10, wherein said quinacridone pigment is selected from the group consisting of pigment violet 19, pigment red 202, pigment red 122, and mixtures thereof. 12. The water soluble pouch according to claim 11, wherein said ink forms usage instructions or storage instructions for said water soluble pouch. 13. The water soluble pouch according to claim 11, wherein said first sheet and said second sheet comprise polyvinyl alcohol. 14. The water soluble pouch according to claim 11, wherein at least one of said first sheet and said second sheet is thermoformed. 15. The water soluble pouch according to claim 1, wherein said pigment is an anthraquinone pigment. 16. The water soluble pouch according to claim 15, wherein said substrate treatment agent comprises a bleaching agent. 17. The water soluble pouch according to claim 16, wherein said anthraquinone pigment is selected from the group consisting of pigment red 177, pigment red 168, and mixtures thereof. 18. The water soluble pouch according to claim 17, wherein said first sheet and said second sheet comprise polyvinyl alcohol. 19. The water soluble pouch according to claim 18, wherein at least one of said first sheet and said second sheet is thermoformed. 20. A water soluble pouch comprising:
a water soluble first sheet; a water soluble second sheet joined to said water soluble first sheet to at least partially define a chamber containing a substrate treatment agent; and an ink; wherein each of said first sheet and said second sheet have an interior surface and an opposing exterior surface; wherein said chamber is at least partially defined by said interior surface of said first sheet and said interior surface of said second sheet; and wherein said ink contains an organic pigment that is substantially free from R—N═N—R′ functional group, where R and R′ are aryl or alkyl; wherein said ink is between said substrate treatment agent and at least one of said interior surface of said first sheet and said interior surface of said second sheet. | 1,700 |
2,026 | 13,136,758 | 1,714 | In a method for cleaning profile molds for producing tire profiles on treads of vehicle tires, the profile molds are cleaned in rinsing suds by using ultrasound. The profile molds are moved successively through a pre-cleaning and a primary cleaning chamber between which they are rinsed in a rinsing bath. After cleaning in the primary cleaning chamber, the profile molds are checked with respect to remaining contaminants and valves disposed in air vent openings in the profile molds are inspected and loosened by ultrasound application to ensure their mobility. Subsequently, the profile molds are cleaned again. The invention also relates to an arrangement for carrying out the method. | 1. A cleaning method for cleaning profile molds for producing tire profiles on treads of vehicle tires, the profile molds having recesses with openings for discharging air and gases when pressing the tire profiles, and the openings including movable valves which are to be opened and closed, the method comprising the steps of: cleaning the profile molds in rinsing suds in a primary cleaning chamber by applying ultrasound, checking the valves after the first cleaning step for remaining contaminants and inspecting the valves and, if stuck loosening the valves to ensure the mobility of the same by using ultrasound, and subsequently again cleaning the profile molds in a secondary cleaning chamber. 2. The cleaning method according to claim 1, wherein prior to the cleaning in the primary cleaning chamber, the profile molds are passed through a pre-cleaning chamber. 3. The cleaning method according to claim 2, wherein in each case after passage through the pre-cleaning as well as the primary cleaning and the secondary cleaning chambers, the profile molds are rinsed in a rinsing bath. 4. The cleaning method according to claim 1, wherein the rinsing suds are heated. 5. A cleaning arrangement for cleaning profile molds for producing tire profiles on treads of vehicle tires, the molds having openings for discharging air and gases when pressing the tire profiles, with movable valves disposed in the openings for opening and closing the openings, the cleaning arrangement comprising a primary cleaning chamber (8) which, for cleaning the profile molds in rinsing suds (13), includes ultrasound transducers (15 a, 15 b) which generate ultrasound and are used in the rinsing suds, for the profile molds to be cleaned in the primary cleaning chamber (8), an inspection unit (11) arranged downstream of the primary cleaning chamber (8) for checking for remaining contaminants in the profile molds, an inspection unit (11) for checking the mobility of the valves and which, for loosening the same, includes an ultrasound device (17), and a secondary cleaning chamber (9) arranged downstream of the inspection unit (11) for a secondary cleaning of the profile molds. 6. The cleaning arrangement according to claim 5, wherein a pre-cleaning chamber (7) is arranged upstream of the primary cleaning chamber (8). 7. The cleaning arrangement according to claim 5, wherein, downstream of each cleaning chamber (7, 8, 9), a rinsing bath (10 a, 10 b, 10 c) is arranged for rinsing profile molds cleaned earlier in said cleaning chamber 8. The cleaning arrangement according to claim 5, wherein the cleaning chambers (7, 8, 9) are filled with heatable rinsing suds (13) in which the profile molds are placed for cleaning and ultrasound transducers (14, 15 a, 15 b, 16 a, 16 b) are installed in the cleaning chambers (7, 8, 9) at least at one of the bottom and the side walls of the cleaning chambers (7, 8, 9). | In a method for cleaning profile molds for producing tire profiles on treads of vehicle tires, the profile molds are cleaned in rinsing suds by using ultrasound. The profile molds are moved successively through a pre-cleaning and a primary cleaning chamber between which they are rinsed in a rinsing bath. After cleaning in the primary cleaning chamber, the profile molds are checked with respect to remaining contaminants and valves disposed in air vent openings in the profile molds are inspected and loosened by ultrasound application to ensure their mobility. Subsequently, the profile molds are cleaned again. The invention also relates to an arrangement for carrying out the method.1. A cleaning method for cleaning profile molds for producing tire profiles on treads of vehicle tires, the profile molds having recesses with openings for discharging air and gases when pressing the tire profiles, and the openings including movable valves which are to be opened and closed, the method comprising the steps of: cleaning the profile molds in rinsing suds in a primary cleaning chamber by applying ultrasound, checking the valves after the first cleaning step for remaining contaminants and inspecting the valves and, if stuck loosening the valves to ensure the mobility of the same by using ultrasound, and subsequently again cleaning the profile molds in a secondary cleaning chamber. 2. The cleaning method according to claim 1, wherein prior to the cleaning in the primary cleaning chamber, the profile molds are passed through a pre-cleaning chamber. 3. The cleaning method according to claim 2, wherein in each case after passage through the pre-cleaning as well as the primary cleaning and the secondary cleaning chambers, the profile molds are rinsed in a rinsing bath. 4. The cleaning method according to claim 1, wherein the rinsing suds are heated. 5. A cleaning arrangement for cleaning profile molds for producing tire profiles on treads of vehicle tires, the molds having openings for discharging air and gases when pressing the tire profiles, with movable valves disposed in the openings for opening and closing the openings, the cleaning arrangement comprising a primary cleaning chamber (8) which, for cleaning the profile molds in rinsing suds (13), includes ultrasound transducers (15 a, 15 b) which generate ultrasound and are used in the rinsing suds, for the profile molds to be cleaned in the primary cleaning chamber (8), an inspection unit (11) arranged downstream of the primary cleaning chamber (8) for checking for remaining contaminants in the profile molds, an inspection unit (11) for checking the mobility of the valves and which, for loosening the same, includes an ultrasound device (17), and a secondary cleaning chamber (9) arranged downstream of the inspection unit (11) for a secondary cleaning of the profile molds. 6. The cleaning arrangement according to claim 5, wherein a pre-cleaning chamber (7) is arranged upstream of the primary cleaning chamber (8). 7. The cleaning arrangement according to claim 5, wherein, downstream of each cleaning chamber (7, 8, 9), a rinsing bath (10 a, 10 b, 10 c) is arranged for rinsing profile molds cleaned earlier in said cleaning chamber 8. The cleaning arrangement according to claim 5, wherein the cleaning chambers (7, 8, 9) are filled with heatable rinsing suds (13) in which the profile molds are placed for cleaning and ultrasound transducers (14, 15 a, 15 b, 16 a, 16 b) are installed in the cleaning chambers (7, 8, 9) at least at one of the bottom and the side walls of the cleaning chambers (7, 8, 9). | 1,700 |
2,027 | 14,202,715 | 1,723 | In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a sulfur-hydroxylated graphene nanocomposite including at least one graphene sheet with a surface and a plurality of amorphous sulfur nanoparticles homogeneously distributed on the surface. The nanocomposite substantially lacks sulfur microparticles. In other embodiments, the disclosure provides a cathode and a battery containing the nanocomposite. In still another embodiment, the disclosure provides a method of making a sulfur-hydroxylated graphene nanocomposite by exposing a hydroxylated graphene to a sulfur-containing solution for a time sufficient to allow formation of homogeneously distributed sulfur nanoparticles on a surface of the hydroxylated graphene. | 1. A sulfur-hydroxylated graphene nanocomposite comprising:
at least one hydroxylated graphene sheet with a surface; and a plurality of amorphous sulfur nanoparticles homogeneously distributed on the surface, wherein the nanocomposite substantially lacks sulfur microparticles. 2. The nanocomposite of claim 1, wherein the nanocomposite comprises at least 30 wt % sulfur. 3. The nanocomposite of claim 1, wherein the sulfur nanoparticles are bound to the graphene via hydroxyl groups. 4. A cathode comprising a sulfur-hydroxylated graphene nanocomposite comprising:
at least one hydroxylated graphene sheet with a surface; and a plurality of amorphous sulfur nanoparticles homogeneously distributed on the surface, wherein the nanocomposite substantially lacks sulfur microparticles. 5. The cathode of claim 4, wherein the nanocomposite comprises at least 30 wt % sulfur. 6. The cathode of claim 4, wherein the sulfur nanoparticles are bound to the graphene via hydroxyl groups. 7. A rechargeable lithium-sulfur battery comprising:
a cathode comprising a sulfur-hydroxylated graphene nanocomposite comprising:
at least one hydroxylated graphene sheet with a surface; and
a plurality of amorphous sulfur nanoparticles homogeneously distributed on the surface,
wherein the nanocomposite substantially lacks sulfur microparticles;
an anode; and an electrolyte. 8. The battery of claim 7, wherein the nanocomposite comprises at least 30 wt % sulfur. 9. The battery of claim 7, wherein the sulfur nanoparticles are bound to the graphene via hydroxyl groups. 10. The battery of claim 7, wherein the anode comprises lithium metal, lithiated silicon, lithiated tin, Li4Ti5O12, lithium-containing oxides or sulfides, or lithium-containing organics, such as Li2C6O6, Li2C8H4O4, Li2C6H4O4, 11. The battery of claim 7, wherein the electrolyte comprises lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, lithium nitrate, other lithium salts, or combinations thereof dissolved in 1,3-dioxalane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, tetra(ethylene glycol)dimethyl ether, other solvents, or any combinations thereof. 12. The battery of claim 7, wherein the battery exhibits a reversible discharge capacity of at least 1,022 mAh/g based on mass of S after 100 cycles at C/2, at least 955 mAh/g based on mass of S after 100 cycles at C1, or at least 647 mAh/g based on mass of S after 100 cycles at 2C. 13. The battery of claim 7, wherein the battery retains at least 80% capacity over 100 cycles. 14. The battery of claim 7, wherein the battery has a Coulombic efficiency of at least 95%. 15. A method of making a sulfur-hydroxylated graphene nanocomposite comprising exposing a hydroxylated graphene to a sulfur-containing solution for a time sufficient to allow formation of homogeneously distributed sulfur nanoparticles on a surface of the hydroxylated graphene. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising hydroxylating the graphene by ultrasonication. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising hydroxylating the graphene by grafting hydroxyl groups onto un-hydroxylated graphene. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the sulfur-containing solution comprises an aqueous solution of sodium thiosulfate. 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising adding hydrochloric acid during the exposing step. 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising ultrasonicating the hydroxylated graphene and sulfur-containing solution during the exposing step. 21. The method of claim 15, wherein exposing is carried out at room temperature. 22. The method of claim 15, wherein the time sufficient is one hour or less. | In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a sulfur-hydroxylated graphene nanocomposite including at least one graphene sheet with a surface and a plurality of amorphous sulfur nanoparticles homogeneously distributed on the surface. The nanocomposite substantially lacks sulfur microparticles. In other embodiments, the disclosure provides a cathode and a battery containing the nanocomposite. In still another embodiment, the disclosure provides a method of making a sulfur-hydroxylated graphene nanocomposite by exposing a hydroxylated graphene to a sulfur-containing solution for a time sufficient to allow formation of homogeneously distributed sulfur nanoparticles on a surface of the hydroxylated graphene.1. A sulfur-hydroxylated graphene nanocomposite comprising:
at least one hydroxylated graphene sheet with a surface; and a plurality of amorphous sulfur nanoparticles homogeneously distributed on the surface, wherein the nanocomposite substantially lacks sulfur microparticles. 2. The nanocomposite of claim 1, wherein the nanocomposite comprises at least 30 wt % sulfur. 3. The nanocomposite of claim 1, wherein the sulfur nanoparticles are bound to the graphene via hydroxyl groups. 4. A cathode comprising a sulfur-hydroxylated graphene nanocomposite comprising:
at least one hydroxylated graphene sheet with a surface; and a plurality of amorphous sulfur nanoparticles homogeneously distributed on the surface, wherein the nanocomposite substantially lacks sulfur microparticles. 5. The cathode of claim 4, wherein the nanocomposite comprises at least 30 wt % sulfur. 6. The cathode of claim 4, wherein the sulfur nanoparticles are bound to the graphene via hydroxyl groups. 7. A rechargeable lithium-sulfur battery comprising:
a cathode comprising a sulfur-hydroxylated graphene nanocomposite comprising:
at least one hydroxylated graphene sheet with a surface; and
a plurality of amorphous sulfur nanoparticles homogeneously distributed on the surface,
wherein the nanocomposite substantially lacks sulfur microparticles;
an anode; and an electrolyte. 8. The battery of claim 7, wherein the nanocomposite comprises at least 30 wt % sulfur. 9. The battery of claim 7, wherein the sulfur nanoparticles are bound to the graphene via hydroxyl groups. 10. The battery of claim 7, wherein the anode comprises lithium metal, lithiated silicon, lithiated tin, Li4Ti5O12, lithium-containing oxides or sulfides, or lithium-containing organics, such as Li2C6O6, Li2C8H4O4, Li2C6H4O4, 11. The battery of claim 7, wherein the electrolyte comprises lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, lithium nitrate, other lithium salts, or combinations thereof dissolved in 1,3-dioxalane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, tetra(ethylene glycol)dimethyl ether, other solvents, or any combinations thereof. 12. The battery of claim 7, wherein the battery exhibits a reversible discharge capacity of at least 1,022 mAh/g based on mass of S after 100 cycles at C/2, at least 955 mAh/g based on mass of S after 100 cycles at C1, or at least 647 mAh/g based on mass of S after 100 cycles at 2C. 13. The battery of claim 7, wherein the battery retains at least 80% capacity over 100 cycles. 14. The battery of claim 7, wherein the battery has a Coulombic efficiency of at least 95%. 15. A method of making a sulfur-hydroxylated graphene nanocomposite comprising exposing a hydroxylated graphene to a sulfur-containing solution for a time sufficient to allow formation of homogeneously distributed sulfur nanoparticles on a surface of the hydroxylated graphene. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising hydroxylating the graphene by ultrasonication. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising hydroxylating the graphene by grafting hydroxyl groups onto un-hydroxylated graphene. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the sulfur-containing solution comprises an aqueous solution of sodium thiosulfate. 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising adding hydrochloric acid during the exposing step. 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising ultrasonicating the hydroxylated graphene and sulfur-containing solution during the exposing step. 21. The method of claim 15, wherein exposing is carried out at room temperature. 22. The method of claim 15, wherein the time sufficient is one hour or less. | 1,700 |
2,028 | 12,681,679 | 1,726 | A substrate ( 1 ) having a glass function that contains alkali metals comprising a first main face intended to be combined with a layer based on an absorbent material, in particular of chalcopyrite type, and a second main face is characterized in that it has, on at least one surface portion of the second main face, at least one alkali-metal barrier layer ( 9 ). | 1-18. (canceled) 19. A substrate comprising:
an alkali metal, a first main face comprising at least one surface portion, said first main face comprising a layer of absorbent chalcopyrite material, and a second main face comprising at least one surface portion, wherein said at least one surface portion of said second main face comprises at least one alkali-metal barrier layer comprising silicon nitride. 20. The substrate as claimed in claim 19, further comprising on said at least one surface portion of the first main face, at least one alkali-metal barrier layer. 21. The substrate as claimed in claim 19, wherein the barrier layer comprises a dielectric. 22. The substrate as claimed in claim 21, wherein the dielectric comprises silicon nitride, silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride, or aluminum nitride, aluminum oxide or aluminum oxynitride, or mixtures thereof. 23. The substrate as claimed in claim 19, wherein the barrier layer comprising silicon nitride is substoichiometric. 24. The substrate as claimed in claim 19, wherein the barrier layer comprising silicon nitride is superstoichiometric. 25. The substrate as claimed in claim 19, wherein the thickness of the barrier layer is between 3 and 200 nm. 26. The substrate as claimed in claim 19, wherein at least one surface portion of the first main face of the substrate comprises a molybdenum-based conductive layer. 27. A stack of substrates comprising at least one substrate as claimed in claim 26, wherein the molybdenum-based conductive layer of the first substrate is in contact with at least one alkali-metal barrier layer comprising silicon nitride on the second main face of a second substrate. 28. An element capable of collecting light comprising at least one substrate as claimed in claim 19. 29. The element capable of collecting light as claimed in claim 28, comprising a first substrate having a glass function and a second substrate having a glass function, said first substrate and said second substrate sandwiched between two electrode-forming conductive layers, wherein at least one of said conductive layers comprises an absorbent agent material, of chalcopyrite type, for converting light energy into electrical energy, wherein at least one of said substrates comprises an alkali metal and has a first main face combined with a layer based on an absorbent agent and a second main face comprising at least one alkali-metal barrier layer. 30. The element as claimed in claim 29, wherein at least one surface portion of the main face of the substrate that is not coated with the barrier layer comprises a molybdenum-based conductive layer. 31. The element as claimed in claim 29, wherein an alkali-metal barrier layer is interposed between the conductive layer and the main face of the substrate. 32. The element as claimed in claim 29, wherein the alkali-metal barrier layer comprises a dielectric. 33. The element as claimed in claim 32, wherein the dielectric comprises silicon nitride, silicon oxide, or silicon oxynitride, or aluminum nitride, aluminum oxide or aluminum oxynitride, or mixtures thereof. 34. The element as claimed in one of claims 29, wherein the thickness of the barrier layer is between 3 and 200 nm. 35. The element as claimed in claim 33, wherein the barrier layer comprises silicon nitride. 36. The element as claimed in claim 35, wherein the layer comprising silicon nitride is substoichiometric. 37. The element as claimed in claim 35, wherein the layer comprising silicon nitride is superstoichiometric. 38. A process for manufacturing a substrate of an element as claimed in claim 29, wherein the barrier layer and the electrically conductive layer or a second barrier layer are deposited using a “sputter up” and “sputter down” magnetron sputtering process. | A substrate ( 1 ) having a glass function that contains alkali metals comprising a first main face intended to be combined with a layer based on an absorbent material, in particular of chalcopyrite type, and a second main face is characterized in that it has, on at least one surface portion of the second main face, at least one alkali-metal barrier layer ( 9 ).1-18. (canceled) 19. A substrate comprising:
an alkali metal, a first main face comprising at least one surface portion, said first main face comprising a layer of absorbent chalcopyrite material, and a second main face comprising at least one surface portion, wherein said at least one surface portion of said second main face comprises at least one alkali-metal barrier layer comprising silicon nitride. 20. The substrate as claimed in claim 19, further comprising on said at least one surface portion of the first main face, at least one alkali-metal barrier layer. 21. The substrate as claimed in claim 19, wherein the barrier layer comprises a dielectric. 22. The substrate as claimed in claim 21, wherein the dielectric comprises silicon nitride, silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride, or aluminum nitride, aluminum oxide or aluminum oxynitride, or mixtures thereof. 23. The substrate as claimed in claim 19, wherein the barrier layer comprising silicon nitride is substoichiometric. 24. The substrate as claimed in claim 19, wherein the barrier layer comprising silicon nitride is superstoichiometric. 25. The substrate as claimed in claim 19, wherein the thickness of the barrier layer is between 3 and 200 nm. 26. The substrate as claimed in claim 19, wherein at least one surface portion of the first main face of the substrate comprises a molybdenum-based conductive layer. 27. A stack of substrates comprising at least one substrate as claimed in claim 26, wherein the molybdenum-based conductive layer of the first substrate is in contact with at least one alkali-metal barrier layer comprising silicon nitride on the second main face of a second substrate. 28. An element capable of collecting light comprising at least one substrate as claimed in claim 19. 29. The element capable of collecting light as claimed in claim 28, comprising a first substrate having a glass function and a second substrate having a glass function, said first substrate and said second substrate sandwiched between two electrode-forming conductive layers, wherein at least one of said conductive layers comprises an absorbent agent material, of chalcopyrite type, for converting light energy into electrical energy, wherein at least one of said substrates comprises an alkali metal and has a first main face combined with a layer based on an absorbent agent and a second main face comprising at least one alkali-metal barrier layer. 30. The element as claimed in claim 29, wherein at least one surface portion of the main face of the substrate that is not coated with the barrier layer comprises a molybdenum-based conductive layer. 31. The element as claimed in claim 29, wherein an alkali-metal barrier layer is interposed between the conductive layer and the main face of the substrate. 32. The element as claimed in claim 29, wherein the alkali-metal barrier layer comprises a dielectric. 33. The element as claimed in claim 32, wherein the dielectric comprises silicon nitride, silicon oxide, or silicon oxynitride, or aluminum nitride, aluminum oxide or aluminum oxynitride, or mixtures thereof. 34. The element as claimed in one of claims 29, wherein the thickness of the barrier layer is between 3 and 200 nm. 35. The element as claimed in claim 33, wherein the barrier layer comprises silicon nitride. 36. The element as claimed in claim 35, wherein the layer comprising silicon nitride is substoichiometric. 37. The element as claimed in claim 35, wherein the layer comprising silicon nitride is superstoichiometric. 38. A process for manufacturing a substrate of an element as claimed in claim 29, wherein the barrier layer and the electrically conductive layer or a second barrier layer are deposited using a “sputter up” and “sputter down” magnetron sputtering process. | 1,700 |
2,029 | 14,405,647 | 1,783 | A thin glass laminate is provided including at least one or two thin glass sheets with at least one polymer interlayer laminated therebetween. The laminate has a high level of adhesion between the two glass sheets and the interlayer, such that the laminate has a pummel value of at least 7, at least 8, or at least 9. The laminate also has a high penetration resistance of at least 20 feet mean break height. The polymer interlayers have a thickness ranging from about 0.5 mm to about 2.5 mm and are formed of an ionomer, poly vinyl butyral, or polycarbonate. At least one or both of the two glass sheets are chemically strengthened. | 1. A glass laminate structure comprising:
a first glass sheet having a thickness of less than 2 mm; a second glass sheet having a thickness of less than 2 mm; and a first polymer interlayer between the first and second glass sheets, the first polymer interlayer adhering to the first and second glass sheets, wherein the glass laminate structure has a pummel value of at least 7. 2. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the glass laminate structure has a pummel value of at least 8 or of at least 9. 3. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the glass laminate structure has a penetration resistance of at least 20 feet mean break height. 4. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein one or both of the first and second glass sheets is chemically strengthened. 5. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the second glass sheet is annealled. 6. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein one or both of the first and second glass sheets has a thickness not exceeding 1.5 mm or not exceeding 1 mm. 7. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the interlayer is formed of a material selected from the group consisting of an ionomer, a polycarbonate, polyvinyl butyral, acoustic polyvinyl butyral, ethylene vinyl acetate, and thermoplastic polyurethane. 8. The glass laminate structure of claim 1 further comprising a second polymer interlayer between the first and second glass sheets. 9. The glass laminate structure of claim 7, wherein the second polymer interlayer is formed from a different material than the first polymer interlayer. 10. The glass laminate structure of claim 7 wherein the second polymer interlayer has a different thickness than the first polymer interlayer. 11. The glass laminate structure of claim 1 wherein the first glass sheet has a different thickness than the second glass sheet. 12. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the interlayer has a thickness in a range from about 0.38 mm to about 2.5 mm or from about 0.76 mm to about 0.81 mm. 13. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the glass composition of the first or second glass layer comprises SiO2, B2O3 and Na2O, where (SiO2+B2O3)≧66 mol.%, and Na2O≧9 mol.%. 14. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the first or second glass layer is a chemically-strengthened glass sheet having a surface compressive stress of at least 300 MPa, a depth of at least 20 μm, and a central tension greater than 40 MPa and less than 100 MPa. 15. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the first or second glass layer is a chemically-strengthened glass sheet having a modulus of elasticity ranging from about 60 GPa to 85 GPa. 16. A method of forming a glass laminate structure comprising the steps of:
providing a first glass sheet, a second glass sheet, and a polymer interlayer; stacking the interlayer on the first glass sheet; stacking the second glass sheet on the interlayer to form an assembled stack; and heating the assembled stack to a temperature at or above the softening temperature of the interlayer to laminate the interlayer to the first glass sheet and the second glass sheet, wherein adhesion promoters are not employed between any of the interlayer, the first glass sheet, and the second glass sheet. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the glass laminate structure has a pummel value of at least 7. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the glass laminate structure has a penetration resistance of at least 20 feet mean break height. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein one or both of the first and second glass sheets is chemically strengthened. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the interlayer is formed of a material selected from the group consisting of an ionomer, a polycarbonate, polyvinyl butyral, acoustic polyvinyl butyral, ethylene vinyl acetate, and thermoplastic polyurethane. 21. A process of forming a glass laminate structure comprising the steps of:
providing a first chemically-strengthened glass sheet, a second glass sheet and a polymer interlayer; stacking the interlayer on the first glass sheet; stacking the second glass sheet on the interlayer to form an assembled stack; and heating the assembled stack to a temperature at or above the softening temperature of the interlayer to laminate the interlayer to the first glass sheet and the second glass sheet, wherein adhesion promoters are not employed between any of the interlayer, the first glass sheet, and the second glass sheet such that the laminate structure has a pummel value of at least 7 and a penetration resistance of at least 20 feet mean break height. | A thin glass laminate is provided including at least one or two thin glass sheets with at least one polymer interlayer laminated therebetween. The laminate has a high level of adhesion between the two glass sheets and the interlayer, such that the laminate has a pummel value of at least 7, at least 8, or at least 9. The laminate also has a high penetration resistance of at least 20 feet mean break height. The polymer interlayers have a thickness ranging from about 0.5 mm to about 2.5 mm and are formed of an ionomer, poly vinyl butyral, or polycarbonate. At least one or both of the two glass sheets are chemically strengthened.1. A glass laminate structure comprising:
a first glass sheet having a thickness of less than 2 mm; a second glass sheet having a thickness of less than 2 mm; and a first polymer interlayer between the first and second glass sheets, the first polymer interlayer adhering to the first and second glass sheets, wherein the glass laminate structure has a pummel value of at least 7. 2. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the glass laminate structure has a pummel value of at least 8 or of at least 9. 3. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the glass laminate structure has a penetration resistance of at least 20 feet mean break height. 4. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein one or both of the first and second glass sheets is chemically strengthened. 5. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the second glass sheet is annealled. 6. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein one or both of the first and second glass sheets has a thickness not exceeding 1.5 mm or not exceeding 1 mm. 7. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the interlayer is formed of a material selected from the group consisting of an ionomer, a polycarbonate, polyvinyl butyral, acoustic polyvinyl butyral, ethylene vinyl acetate, and thermoplastic polyurethane. 8. The glass laminate structure of claim 1 further comprising a second polymer interlayer between the first and second glass sheets. 9. The glass laminate structure of claim 7, wherein the second polymer interlayer is formed from a different material than the first polymer interlayer. 10. The glass laminate structure of claim 7 wherein the second polymer interlayer has a different thickness than the first polymer interlayer. 11. The glass laminate structure of claim 1 wherein the first glass sheet has a different thickness than the second glass sheet. 12. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the interlayer has a thickness in a range from about 0.38 mm to about 2.5 mm or from about 0.76 mm to about 0.81 mm. 13. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the glass composition of the first or second glass layer comprises SiO2, B2O3 and Na2O, where (SiO2+B2O3)≧66 mol.%, and Na2O≧9 mol.%. 14. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the first or second glass layer is a chemically-strengthened glass sheet having a surface compressive stress of at least 300 MPa, a depth of at least 20 μm, and a central tension greater than 40 MPa and less than 100 MPa. 15. The glass laminate structure of claim 1, wherein the first or second glass layer is a chemically-strengthened glass sheet having a modulus of elasticity ranging from about 60 GPa to 85 GPa. 16. A method of forming a glass laminate structure comprising the steps of:
providing a first glass sheet, a second glass sheet, and a polymer interlayer; stacking the interlayer on the first glass sheet; stacking the second glass sheet on the interlayer to form an assembled stack; and heating the assembled stack to a temperature at or above the softening temperature of the interlayer to laminate the interlayer to the first glass sheet and the second glass sheet, wherein adhesion promoters are not employed between any of the interlayer, the first glass sheet, and the second glass sheet. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the glass laminate structure has a pummel value of at least 7. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the glass laminate structure has a penetration resistance of at least 20 feet mean break height. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein one or both of the first and second glass sheets is chemically strengthened. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the interlayer is formed of a material selected from the group consisting of an ionomer, a polycarbonate, polyvinyl butyral, acoustic polyvinyl butyral, ethylene vinyl acetate, and thermoplastic polyurethane. 21. A process of forming a glass laminate structure comprising the steps of:
providing a first chemically-strengthened glass sheet, a second glass sheet and a polymer interlayer; stacking the interlayer on the first glass sheet; stacking the second glass sheet on the interlayer to form an assembled stack; and heating the assembled stack to a temperature at or above the softening temperature of the interlayer to laminate the interlayer to the first glass sheet and the second glass sheet, wherein adhesion promoters are not employed between any of the interlayer, the first glass sheet, and the second glass sheet such that the laminate structure has a pummel value of at least 7 and a penetration resistance of at least 20 feet mean break height. | 1,700 |
2,030 | 13,991,293 | 1,781 | Disclosed are compositions that can be used in forming products with increased near infrared (IR) reflective capability. A composition can include IR reflective and/or IR transmissive non-white pigments and can be formed with suitable viscosity so as to successfully coat substrates, e.g., yarns, suitable for use in forming coverings for architectural openings, e.g., window coverings. Also disclosed are textile substrates coated with the compositions, including textile substrates coated with compositions that include abrasive, inorganic IR reflective dark pigments. | 1. A covering for an architectural opening comprising:
a cured polymeric composition comprising a polymeric resin and a non-white pigment, the pigment being an infrared reflective pigment or an infrared transparent pigment, the cured polymeric composition having a CIELAB L* value of less than about 90 measured at an observation angle of 25°, the covering reflecting more than about 15% of impinging solar radiation between about 700 and about 2500 nm. 2. The covering of claim 1, wherein the cured polymeric composition is a first coating layer on a substrate selected from a fibrous construct, a wood, metal or polymer substrate or a textile. 3. The covering of claim 1, wherein the cured polymeric composition is a second coating on a substrate, the covering further comprising a first coating between the substrate and the second coating. 4. The covering of claim 3, wherein the first coating comprises one or more white or non-white IR reflective pigments. 5. The covering of claim 3, wherein the first coating is more IR reflective than the second coating. 6. The covering of claim 4, wherein the non-white pigment of the second coating is an inorganic infrared reflective pigment. 7. The covering of claim 2, wherein the fibrous construct includes a mono filament or multi filament yarn or staple yarn and/or includes one or more fibers comprising a glass fiber, a polyester fiber, a polyolefin fiber, a natural fiber, or a combination thereof, wherein the one or more fibers are mono- or multi-filament fibers or a combination thereof. 8. The covering of claim 1, wherein the covering is a window covering. 9. The covering of claim 1, wherein the covering reflects more than about 50% of impinging solar radiation between about 700 and about 2500 nm and/or reflects more than about 25% of all impinging solar radiation. 10. The covering of claim 1, wherein the non-white pigment is a black pigment and/or comprises aluminum. 11. A method for forming the covering of claim 1, the method comprising:
mixing the polymer resin with the non-white pigment to form a composition, the pigment being an infrared reflective pigment or an infrared transparent pigment; adjusting the viscosity of the composition such that the composition has a viscosity of less than about 5000 cP as measured with a Brookfield RTV at 20 rpm; coating a substrate with the composition; and curing the composition. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the composition includes the non-white pigment in a concentration equal to or less than about 50 parts per hundred parts of the polymeric resin. 13. The method according to claim 11, further comprising including a viscosity reducing agent in the composition. 14. The method according to claim 11, wherein the polymer resin comprises reactive monomeric or oligomeric components, the monomeric or oligomeric components polymerizing during the step of curing the composition. 15. A composition for coating a component of an architectural opening, the composition comprising:
a polymeric resin; and a non-white pigment, the pigment being an infrared reflective pigment or an infrared transparent pigment; wherein the composition has a viscosity of less than about 5000 cP as measured with a Brookfield RTV at 20 rpm, and the cured composition has a CIELAB L* value of less than about 90 measured at an observation angle of 25°. 16. The composition according to claim 15, further comprising one or more of a plasticizer, a viscosity reducing agent, or a flame retardant. 17. The composition according to claim 15, wherein the resin is in the form of an emulsion in an aqueous medium. 18. The composition according to claim 15, claims wherein the polymeric resin is a polyvinyl chloride resin, a polyolefin resin, a polyester resin, a polyurethane resin, a polylactide resin, an acrylic resin, or a mixture thereof. 19. The composition according to claim 15, further comprising additional pigments. 20. The composition according to claim 15, wherein the non-white pigment is black and/or comprises aluminum. 21. The composition according to claim 15, wherein the polymeric resin is in the form of a plurality of reactive monomers, oligomers, or mixtures thereof, the reactive monomers, oligomers, or mixtures thereof reacting with one another to form a polymer. 22. The covering of claim 2, wherein the substrate comprises aluminum or poly(vinyl chloride). 23. The method according to claim 11, wherein the viscosity of the composition is adjusted such that the composition has a viscosity of less than about 2500 cP. 24. The composition according to claim 15, wherein the composition has a viscosity of less than about 2500 cP. 25. The composition according to claim 15, wherein the composition has a CIELAB L* value of less than about 70. 26. The composition according to claim 19, wherein the additional pigments include an interference pigment or carbon black. | Disclosed are compositions that can be used in forming products with increased near infrared (IR) reflective capability. A composition can include IR reflective and/or IR transmissive non-white pigments and can be formed with suitable viscosity so as to successfully coat substrates, e.g., yarns, suitable for use in forming coverings for architectural openings, e.g., window coverings. Also disclosed are textile substrates coated with the compositions, including textile substrates coated with compositions that include abrasive, inorganic IR reflective dark pigments.1. A covering for an architectural opening comprising:
a cured polymeric composition comprising a polymeric resin and a non-white pigment, the pigment being an infrared reflective pigment or an infrared transparent pigment, the cured polymeric composition having a CIELAB L* value of less than about 90 measured at an observation angle of 25°, the covering reflecting more than about 15% of impinging solar radiation between about 700 and about 2500 nm. 2. The covering of claim 1, wherein the cured polymeric composition is a first coating layer on a substrate selected from a fibrous construct, a wood, metal or polymer substrate or a textile. 3. The covering of claim 1, wherein the cured polymeric composition is a second coating on a substrate, the covering further comprising a first coating between the substrate and the second coating. 4. The covering of claim 3, wherein the first coating comprises one or more white or non-white IR reflective pigments. 5. The covering of claim 3, wherein the first coating is more IR reflective than the second coating. 6. The covering of claim 4, wherein the non-white pigment of the second coating is an inorganic infrared reflective pigment. 7. The covering of claim 2, wherein the fibrous construct includes a mono filament or multi filament yarn or staple yarn and/or includes one or more fibers comprising a glass fiber, a polyester fiber, a polyolefin fiber, a natural fiber, or a combination thereof, wherein the one or more fibers are mono- or multi-filament fibers or a combination thereof. 8. The covering of claim 1, wherein the covering is a window covering. 9. The covering of claim 1, wherein the covering reflects more than about 50% of impinging solar radiation between about 700 and about 2500 nm and/or reflects more than about 25% of all impinging solar radiation. 10. The covering of claim 1, wherein the non-white pigment is a black pigment and/or comprises aluminum. 11. A method for forming the covering of claim 1, the method comprising:
mixing the polymer resin with the non-white pigment to form a composition, the pigment being an infrared reflective pigment or an infrared transparent pigment; adjusting the viscosity of the composition such that the composition has a viscosity of less than about 5000 cP as measured with a Brookfield RTV at 20 rpm; coating a substrate with the composition; and curing the composition. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the composition includes the non-white pigment in a concentration equal to or less than about 50 parts per hundred parts of the polymeric resin. 13. The method according to claim 11, further comprising including a viscosity reducing agent in the composition. 14. The method according to claim 11, wherein the polymer resin comprises reactive monomeric or oligomeric components, the monomeric or oligomeric components polymerizing during the step of curing the composition. 15. A composition for coating a component of an architectural opening, the composition comprising:
a polymeric resin; and a non-white pigment, the pigment being an infrared reflective pigment or an infrared transparent pigment; wherein the composition has a viscosity of less than about 5000 cP as measured with a Brookfield RTV at 20 rpm, and the cured composition has a CIELAB L* value of less than about 90 measured at an observation angle of 25°. 16. The composition according to claim 15, further comprising one or more of a plasticizer, a viscosity reducing agent, or a flame retardant. 17. The composition according to claim 15, wherein the resin is in the form of an emulsion in an aqueous medium. 18. The composition according to claim 15, claims wherein the polymeric resin is a polyvinyl chloride resin, a polyolefin resin, a polyester resin, a polyurethane resin, a polylactide resin, an acrylic resin, or a mixture thereof. 19. The composition according to claim 15, further comprising additional pigments. 20. The composition according to claim 15, wherein the non-white pigment is black and/or comprises aluminum. 21. The composition according to claim 15, wherein the polymeric resin is in the form of a plurality of reactive monomers, oligomers, or mixtures thereof, the reactive monomers, oligomers, or mixtures thereof reacting with one another to form a polymer. 22. The covering of claim 2, wherein the substrate comprises aluminum or poly(vinyl chloride). 23. The method according to claim 11, wherein the viscosity of the composition is adjusted such that the composition has a viscosity of less than about 2500 cP. 24. The composition according to claim 15, wherein the composition has a viscosity of less than about 2500 cP. 25. The composition according to claim 15, wherein the composition has a CIELAB L* value of less than about 70. 26. The composition according to claim 19, wherein the additional pigments include an interference pigment or carbon black. | 1,700 |
2,031 | 13,550,190 | 1,718 | In one example, a method comprises densifiying a carbonized preform via at least one of resin transfer molding (RTM), vacuum pitch infiltration (VPI) and chemical vapor infiltration/chemical vapor deposition (CVI/CVD), heat treating the densified preform to open internal pores of the densified preform, and infiltrating the internal pores of the densified preform with low viscosity resin to increase the density of the preform. | 1. A method comprising:
densifiying a carbonized preform via at least one of resin transfer molding (RTM), vacuum pitch infiltration (VPI) and chemical vapor infiltration/chemical vapor deposition (CVI/CVD); heat treating the densified preform to open internal pores of the densified preform; and infiltrating the internal pores of the densified preform with low viscosity resin to increase the density of the preform. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the low viscosity resin exhibits a viscosity less than approximately 1500 centipoise at room temperature. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the low viscosity resin exhibits a viscosity between approximately 250 centipoise and approximately 1000 centipoise at room temperature. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the low viscosity resin comprises at least one of a synthetic pitch resin, a petroleum pitch resin, furfuryl alcohol, resol resin, and epoxy. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein heat treating the densified preform comprises heat treating the densified preform at a temperature between approximately 1100 degrees centigrade and 2750 degrees centigrade for at least two days. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the densified preform exhibits a density of approximately 1.8 grams per cubic centimeter following densification via at least one of resin transfer molding (RTM), vacuum pitch infiltration and chemical vapor infiltration/chemical vapor deposition (CVI/CVD) but prior to the heat treatment of the densified preform. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the densified preform exhibits a density greater than approximately 1.8 grams per cubic centimeter after infiltration of the open pores with the low viscosity resin. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the densified preform exhibits a density greater than approximately 1.85 grams per cubic centimeter after infiltration of the open pores with the low viscosity resin. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising, following the infiltration of the internal pores of the densified preform with the low viscosity resin, machining the densified preform to define a shape of a brake disc. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein heat treating the densified preform to open internal pores of the densified preform comprises heat treating the densified preform to open the internal pores to define a porosity of less than approximately 10 microns. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein heat treating the densified preform to open internal pores of the densified preform comprises heat treating the densified preform to open the internal pores to define a porosity of 1 micron and about 15 microns. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein infiltrating the internal pores of the densified preform with low viscosity resin comprises infiltrating the internal pores of the densified preform with low viscosity resin via at least one of RTM and VPI. 13. A carbon-carbon composite material comprising internal pores filled with a low viscosity resin, wherein the internal pores define a porosity of less than approximately 10 microns, and wherein the low viscosity resin exhibits a viscosity less than approximately 1500 centipoise at room temperature. 14. The carbon-carbon composite material of claim 13, wherein the internal pores define a porosity of less than approximately 1 micron. 15. The carbon-carbon composite material of claim 13, wherein the low viscosity resin comprises at least one of a synthetic pitch resin, a petroleum pitch resin, furfuryl alcohol, resol resin, and epoxy. 16. The carbon-carbon composite material of claim 13, wherein the densified preform exhibits a density greater than approximately 1.85 grams per cubic centimeter after infiltration of the open pores with the low viscosity resin. 17. The carbon-carbon composite material of claim 13, wherein the material defines a shape of an airplane brake pad or brake rotor. 18. The carbon-carbon composite material of claim 13, wherein the low viscosity resin exhibits a viscosity between approximately 250 centipoise and approximately 1000 centipoise at room temperature. | In one example, a method comprises densifiying a carbonized preform via at least one of resin transfer molding (RTM), vacuum pitch infiltration (VPI) and chemical vapor infiltration/chemical vapor deposition (CVI/CVD), heat treating the densified preform to open internal pores of the densified preform, and infiltrating the internal pores of the densified preform with low viscosity resin to increase the density of the preform.1. A method comprising:
densifiying a carbonized preform via at least one of resin transfer molding (RTM), vacuum pitch infiltration (VPI) and chemical vapor infiltration/chemical vapor deposition (CVI/CVD); heat treating the densified preform to open internal pores of the densified preform; and infiltrating the internal pores of the densified preform with low viscosity resin to increase the density of the preform. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the low viscosity resin exhibits a viscosity less than approximately 1500 centipoise at room temperature. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the low viscosity resin exhibits a viscosity between approximately 250 centipoise and approximately 1000 centipoise at room temperature. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the low viscosity resin comprises at least one of a synthetic pitch resin, a petroleum pitch resin, furfuryl alcohol, resol resin, and epoxy. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein heat treating the densified preform comprises heat treating the densified preform at a temperature between approximately 1100 degrees centigrade and 2750 degrees centigrade for at least two days. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the densified preform exhibits a density of approximately 1.8 grams per cubic centimeter following densification via at least one of resin transfer molding (RTM), vacuum pitch infiltration and chemical vapor infiltration/chemical vapor deposition (CVI/CVD) but prior to the heat treatment of the densified preform. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the densified preform exhibits a density greater than approximately 1.8 grams per cubic centimeter after infiltration of the open pores with the low viscosity resin. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the densified preform exhibits a density greater than approximately 1.85 grams per cubic centimeter after infiltration of the open pores with the low viscosity resin. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising, following the infiltration of the internal pores of the densified preform with the low viscosity resin, machining the densified preform to define a shape of a brake disc. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein heat treating the densified preform to open internal pores of the densified preform comprises heat treating the densified preform to open the internal pores to define a porosity of less than approximately 10 microns. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein heat treating the densified preform to open internal pores of the densified preform comprises heat treating the densified preform to open the internal pores to define a porosity of 1 micron and about 15 microns. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein infiltrating the internal pores of the densified preform with low viscosity resin comprises infiltrating the internal pores of the densified preform with low viscosity resin via at least one of RTM and VPI. 13. A carbon-carbon composite material comprising internal pores filled with a low viscosity resin, wherein the internal pores define a porosity of less than approximately 10 microns, and wherein the low viscosity resin exhibits a viscosity less than approximately 1500 centipoise at room temperature. 14. The carbon-carbon composite material of claim 13, wherein the internal pores define a porosity of less than approximately 1 micron. 15. The carbon-carbon composite material of claim 13, wherein the low viscosity resin comprises at least one of a synthetic pitch resin, a petroleum pitch resin, furfuryl alcohol, resol resin, and epoxy. 16. The carbon-carbon composite material of claim 13, wherein the densified preform exhibits a density greater than approximately 1.85 grams per cubic centimeter after infiltration of the open pores with the low viscosity resin. 17. The carbon-carbon composite material of claim 13, wherein the material defines a shape of an airplane brake pad or brake rotor. 18. The carbon-carbon composite material of claim 13, wherein the low viscosity resin exhibits a viscosity between approximately 250 centipoise and approximately 1000 centipoise at room temperature. | 1,700 |
2,032 | 12,663,516 | 1,741 | Certain embodiments of the invention relate to a method of manufacturing a dental bridge. In certain embodiments of the method, a pre-sintered blank made from a green body of ceramic material is subjected to a machining operation that transforms the blank into an intermediate product with a bridge structure and a support body linked to the bridge structure by one or several retaining sections that extend from the support body to the bridge structure. In certain embodiments, a sintering operation is then performed on the intermediate product while the retaining section(s) still link(s) the support body to the bridge structure. | 1. A method of manufacturing a dental bridge, the method comprising: providing a blank made from a green body of ceramic material; performing a machining operation on the blank that transforms it into an intermediate product comprising a bridge structure and a support body linked to the bridge structure by at least one retaining section that extends from the support body to the bridge structure; and performing a sintering operation on the intermediate product while the at least one retaining section still links the support body to the bridge structure. 2. A method according to claim 1, in which, during the sintering operation performed on the intermediate product, the intermediate product is provided with the at least one retaining section extending at least partially in a vertical direction. 3. A method according to claim 1, in which the at least one retaining section is removed from the bridge structure after the sintering operation. 4. A method according to claim 1, in which the bridge structure is supported only by the at least one retaining section during the sintering operation. 5. A method according to claim 1, in which the bridge structure forms an arch and the intermediate product comprises a plurality of retaining sections that connect the support body to the bridge structure. 6. A method according to claim 1, in which a plurality of retaining sections are shaped as spokes that extend from the bridge structure towards a common hub in the support body. 7. A method according to claim 1, in which a part of the support body of the intermediate product has an exterior surface that forms a circular arc. 8. A method according to claim 7, in which, during the sintering operation, the support body is resting on a V-block in such a way that an exterior surface of the support body abuts the V-block at two places along the circular arc. 9. A method according to claim 1, in which, during the sintering operation, the intermediate product is resting against a surface that is slanted relative to the horizontal plane. 10. A method according to claim 1, in which the intermediate product has several retaining sections and wherein, during the sintering operation, the intermediate product is placed such that at least one retaining section extends in an essentially vertical direction. 11. A method according to claim 1, in which, during the sintering operation, the intermediate product is resting on elements shaped as solids of revolution. 12. A method according to claim 1, in which the method includes machining the blank to such a shape that, in the intermediate product, the bridge structure will have at least one part shaped to define a dental interface. 13. A method according to claim 12, in which the at least one retaining section extends from the support body to the bridge structure such that the at least one retaining section is associated with the at least one part that is shaped to define a dental interface. 14. A method according to claim 12, in which the bridge structure comprises a plurality of parts shaped to define dental interfaces and each part shaped to define a dental interface has at least one associated retaining section. 15. A method according to claim 1, in which there are a plurality of retaining sections and at least one of the retaining sections has a reduced cross section where it meets at least one of the support body and the bridge structure. 16. A method according to claim 1, in which the blank comprises Zirconia. 17. A method according to claim 1, in which the blank comprises Aluminium Oxide. 18. A method according to claim 1, in which the machining operation is performed on a pre-sintered blank. 19. A sintered product suitable for making a dental bridge, and which has been created by machining a pre-sintered blank to a desired shape and subsequently sintering the machined blank, the sintered product having a density in the range of about 6.0-6.1 g/cm3, the sintered product comprising a bridge structure and a support body linked to the bridge structure by at least one retaining section that extends from the support body to the bridge structure. 20. An arrangement for manufacturing a dental bridge, the arrangement comprising at least one heating furnace in which a ceramic material may undergo a sintering operation, the arrangement further comprising a sintering support on which a previously formed intermediate product may rest during the sintering operation. 21. (canceled) 22. An arrangement according to claim 20, wherein the sintering support which, when placed in the at least one heating furnace, may present at least one surface that is inclined relative to the horizontal plane. 23. An arrangement according to claim 22, wherein the sintering support is a V-block. 24. An arrangement according to claim 20, wherein the sintering support comprises a plurality of elements shaped as bodies of revolution. 25. A method according to claim 12, in which the dental interface is for a dental implant, an implant supported abutment, or a dental preparation. | Certain embodiments of the invention relate to a method of manufacturing a dental bridge. In certain embodiments of the method, a pre-sintered blank made from a green body of ceramic material is subjected to a machining operation that transforms the blank into an intermediate product with a bridge structure and a support body linked to the bridge structure by one or several retaining sections that extend from the support body to the bridge structure. In certain embodiments, a sintering operation is then performed on the intermediate product while the retaining section(s) still link(s) the support body to the bridge structure.1. A method of manufacturing a dental bridge, the method comprising: providing a blank made from a green body of ceramic material; performing a machining operation on the blank that transforms it into an intermediate product comprising a bridge structure and a support body linked to the bridge structure by at least one retaining section that extends from the support body to the bridge structure; and performing a sintering operation on the intermediate product while the at least one retaining section still links the support body to the bridge structure. 2. A method according to claim 1, in which, during the sintering operation performed on the intermediate product, the intermediate product is provided with the at least one retaining section extending at least partially in a vertical direction. 3. A method according to claim 1, in which the at least one retaining section is removed from the bridge structure after the sintering operation. 4. A method according to claim 1, in which the bridge structure is supported only by the at least one retaining section during the sintering operation. 5. A method according to claim 1, in which the bridge structure forms an arch and the intermediate product comprises a plurality of retaining sections that connect the support body to the bridge structure. 6. A method according to claim 1, in which a plurality of retaining sections are shaped as spokes that extend from the bridge structure towards a common hub in the support body. 7. A method according to claim 1, in which a part of the support body of the intermediate product has an exterior surface that forms a circular arc. 8. A method according to claim 7, in which, during the sintering operation, the support body is resting on a V-block in such a way that an exterior surface of the support body abuts the V-block at two places along the circular arc. 9. A method according to claim 1, in which, during the sintering operation, the intermediate product is resting against a surface that is slanted relative to the horizontal plane. 10. A method according to claim 1, in which the intermediate product has several retaining sections and wherein, during the sintering operation, the intermediate product is placed such that at least one retaining section extends in an essentially vertical direction. 11. A method according to claim 1, in which, during the sintering operation, the intermediate product is resting on elements shaped as solids of revolution. 12. A method according to claim 1, in which the method includes machining the blank to such a shape that, in the intermediate product, the bridge structure will have at least one part shaped to define a dental interface. 13. A method according to claim 12, in which the at least one retaining section extends from the support body to the bridge structure such that the at least one retaining section is associated with the at least one part that is shaped to define a dental interface. 14. A method according to claim 12, in which the bridge structure comprises a plurality of parts shaped to define dental interfaces and each part shaped to define a dental interface has at least one associated retaining section. 15. A method according to claim 1, in which there are a plurality of retaining sections and at least one of the retaining sections has a reduced cross section where it meets at least one of the support body and the bridge structure. 16. A method according to claim 1, in which the blank comprises Zirconia. 17. A method according to claim 1, in which the blank comprises Aluminium Oxide. 18. A method according to claim 1, in which the machining operation is performed on a pre-sintered blank. 19. A sintered product suitable for making a dental bridge, and which has been created by machining a pre-sintered blank to a desired shape and subsequently sintering the machined blank, the sintered product having a density in the range of about 6.0-6.1 g/cm3, the sintered product comprising a bridge structure and a support body linked to the bridge structure by at least one retaining section that extends from the support body to the bridge structure. 20. An arrangement for manufacturing a dental bridge, the arrangement comprising at least one heating furnace in which a ceramic material may undergo a sintering operation, the arrangement further comprising a sintering support on which a previously formed intermediate product may rest during the sintering operation. 21. (canceled) 22. An arrangement according to claim 20, wherein the sintering support which, when placed in the at least one heating furnace, may present at least one surface that is inclined relative to the horizontal plane. 23. An arrangement according to claim 22, wherein the sintering support is a V-block. 24. An arrangement according to claim 20, wherein the sintering support comprises a plurality of elements shaped as bodies of revolution. 25. A method according to claim 12, in which the dental interface is for a dental implant, an implant supported abutment, or a dental preparation. | 1,700 |
2,033 | 14,899,143 | 1,734 | Yield of products of increased purity from a fluidized bed reactor where silicon is produced or consumed is enhanced by purging with inert gas, purging with hydrogen gas, and purging with a chlorosilane-containing gas. The purging with hydrogen is conducted at an elevated temperature. | 1-8. (canceled) 9. A process for operating a fluidized bed reactor in an operation for preparing trichlorosilane from silicon and HCl or from silicon and H2/tetrachlorosilane or in an operation for preparing silicon from trichlorosilane, comprising purging the reactor and the input gas lines at room temperature with an inert gas at a gas rate of 10 to 500 m3 (STP)/h for 0.5 to 10 hours in a purge (a); then purging the reactor and input gas lines with H2 in a purge (b), wherein the purging with H2 is concurrent with heating to a temperature of 100-1000° C., and the purging is conducted for 2 to 100 hours with a gas flow rate of 200 to 1000 m3 (STP)/h; and purging the reactor and the input gas lines with trichlorosilane or with a mixture comprising trichlorosilane in a purge (c) for 2 to 50 hours with an amount of purge gas such that a concentration of a trichlorosilane or trichlorosilane mixture based on a total gas rate conveyed through a fluidized bed is 10 mol % to 50 mol % and a concentration of the trichlorosilane or trichlorosilane mixture based on a total gas rate conveyed through a reaction gas nozzle is 20 mol % to 50 mol %. 10. The process of claim 9, wherein purge operations in the sequence (a)-(b)-(c) are followed by deposition of polycrystalline silicon on seed particles from a reaction gas comprising trichlorosilane. 11. The process of claim 10, wherein the reaction gas comprises hydrogen and trichlorosilane. 12. The process of claim 9, comprising a deposition of polycrystalline silicon on seed particles in which a reaction gas comprises trichlorosilane, followed by termination of a supply of reaction gas comprising trichlorosilane, purging the reactor and the input gas lines with H2 in a purge (b), wherein the purging with H2 is concurrent with heating to a temperature of 100-1000° C., wherein the purging is conducted for 1 to 20 hours with a gas rate of 50 to 800 m3 (STP)/h; and then purging the reactor and the input gas lines at room temperature with an inert gas at a gas rate of 10 to 500 m3 (STP)/h for 1 to 20 hours, and then opening and disassembling the reactor. 13. The process of claim 12, wherein the reactor is subsequently reassembled and seed particles are added. 14. The process of claim 13, comprising effecting a further purge of the reactor and the input gas lines with an inert gas between disassembly and reassembly of the reactor. 15. The process of claim 9, wherein one or more of the purges (a),(b) and (c) is/are enhanced by pressure swing purging. 16. The process of claim 9, wherein the inert gas is nitrogen or a noble gas or mixture thereof. | Yield of products of increased purity from a fluidized bed reactor where silicon is produced or consumed is enhanced by purging with inert gas, purging with hydrogen gas, and purging with a chlorosilane-containing gas. The purging with hydrogen is conducted at an elevated temperature.1-8. (canceled) 9. A process for operating a fluidized bed reactor in an operation for preparing trichlorosilane from silicon and HCl or from silicon and H2/tetrachlorosilane or in an operation for preparing silicon from trichlorosilane, comprising purging the reactor and the input gas lines at room temperature with an inert gas at a gas rate of 10 to 500 m3 (STP)/h for 0.5 to 10 hours in a purge (a); then purging the reactor and input gas lines with H2 in a purge (b), wherein the purging with H2 is concurrent with heating to a temperature of 100-1000° C., and the purging is conducted for 2 to 100 hours with a gas flow rate of 200 to 1000 m3 (STP)/h; and purging the reactor and the input gas lines with trichlorosilane or with a mixture comprising trichlorosilane in a purge (c) for 2 to 50 hours with an amount of purge gas such that a concentration of a trichlorosilane or trichlorosilane mixture based on a total gas rate conveyed through a fluidized bed is 10 mol % to 50 mol % and a concentration of the trichlorosilane or trichlorosilane mixture based on a total gas rate conveyed through a reaction gas nozzle is 20 mol % to 50 mol %. 10. The process of claim 9, wherein purge operations in the sequence (a)-(b)-(c) are followed by deposition of polycrystalline silicon on seed particles from a reaction gas comprising trichlorosilane. 11. The process of claim 10, wherein the reaction gas comprises hydrogen and trichlorosilane. 12. The process of claim 9, comprising a deposition of polycrystalline silicon on seed particles in which a reaction gas comprises trichlorosilane, followed by termination of a supply of reaction gas comprising trichlorosilane, purging the reactor and the input gas lines with H2 in a purge (b), wherein the purging with H2 is concurrent with heating to a temperature of 100-1000° C., wherein the purging is conducted for 1 to 20 hours with a gas rate of 50 to 800 m3 (STP)/h; and then purging the reactor and the input gas lines at room temperature with an inert gas at a gas rate of 10 to 500 m3 (STP)/h for 1 to 20 hours, and then opening and disassembling the reactor. 13. The process of claim 12, wherein the reactor is subsequently reassembled and seed particles are added. 14. The process of claim 13, comprising effecting a further purge of the reactor and the input gas lines with an inert gas between disassembly and reassembly of the reactor. 15. The process of claim 9, wherein one or more of the purges (a),(b) and (c) is/are enhanced by pressure swing purging. 16. The process of claim 9, wherein the inert gas is nitrogen or a noble gas or mixture thereof. | 1,700 |
2,034 | 13,049,222 | 1,787 | Members including components of windows and doors are formed by a method that includes obtaining a biopolymer and a filler, feeding them into an extruder, controlling at least the temperature of the biopolymer and the filler within the extruder to promote the initiation of nucleation of the biopolymer, extruding the composite through a die of the extruder to form an extruded member and controlling at least the cooling rate of the extruded member after it leaves the die to promote crystallization of the biopolymer. Methods are disclosed for compounding and pelletizing as well as direct extrusion of the composite. In a preferred embodiment, the biopolymer is polylactic acid (PLA) and the filler is wood fiber. In addition, neat PLA formulations are also disclosed. Further, the heat distortion temperature and the hydrolysis resistance of these members are greatly increased through specific processing conditions and the addition of strategic quantities of additives. | 1. A method of forming a member comprising the steps of:
(a) obtaining a biopolymer and a filler; (b) feeding the biopolymer and the filler to an extruder; (c) controlling at least the temperature of the biopolymer and the filler within the extruder to promote the initiation of nucleation of the biopolymer; (d) forcing the biopolymer and the filler through a die of the extruder to form an extruded member; and (e) controlling at least the cooling rate of the extruded member after it leaves the die to promote crystallization of the biopolymer. 2. A method of forming a member as claimed in claim 1 and wherein the step (b) includes the mixing together of the biopolymer and the filler within the extruder to form the composite. 3. A method of forming a member as claimed in claim 1 and further comprising the step following step (a) of compounding the biopolymer and the filler to form a composite having a predetermined weight percent biopolymer and a predetermined weight percent filler and wherein step (b) comprises feeding the compounded composite to the extruder. 4. A method of forming a member as claimed in claim 3 and further comprising the step of pelletizing the compounded composite before step (b) and wherein step (b) comprises feeding the pelletized composite to the extruder. | Members including components of windows and doors are formed by a method that includes obtaining a biopolymer and a filler, feeding them into an extruder, controlling at least the temperature of the biopolymer and the filler within the extruder to promote the initiation of nucleation of the biopolymer, extruding the composite through a die of the extruder to form an extruded member and controlling at least the cooling rate of the extruded member after it leaves the die to promote crystallization of the biopolymer. Methods are disclosed for compounding and pelletizing as well as direct extrusion of the composite. In a preferred embodiment, the biopolymer is polylactic acid (PLA) and the filler is wood fiber. In addition, neat PLA formulations are also disclosed. Further, the heat distortion temperature and the hydrolysis resistance of these members are greatly increased through specific processing conditions and the addition of strategic quantities of additives.1. A method of forming a member comprising the steps of:
(a) obtaining a biopolymer and a filler; (b) feeding the biopolymer and the filler to an extruder; (c) controlling at least the temperature of the biopolymer and the filler within the extruder to promote the initiation of nucleation of the biopolymer; (d) forcing the biopolymer and the filler through a die of the extruder to form an extruded member; and (e) controlling at least the cooling rate of the extruded member after it leaves the die to promote crystallization of the biopolymer. 2. A method of forming a member as claimed in claim 1 and wherein the step (b) includes the mixing together of the biopolymer and the filler within the extruder to form the composite. 3. A method of forming a member as claimed in claim 1 and further comprising the step following step (a) of compounding the biopolymer and the filler to form a composite having a predetermined weight percent biopolymer and a predetermined weight percent filler and wherein step (b) comprises feeding the compounded composite to the extruder. 4. A method of forming a member as claimed in claim 3 and further comprising the step of pelletizing the compounded composite before step (b) and wherein step (b) comprises feeding the pelletized composite to the extruder. | 1,700 |
2,035 | 15,035,259 | 1,799 | A fragrance dispenser comprises a ceramic outer shell containing a gel composition. The ceramic can be greenware, and can be impregnated with a fragrance, such as in the form of a volatile oil. The gel composition can contain fragrance or deodourisers that can diffuse out of the gel and infuse the surrounding ceramic, from which it can be released into the air. The ceramic cartridge can have indentations to allow it to be retained in a desired location; these can permit the attachment of a plastic mounting clip having a plurality of flexible arms that slot into the indentations to grip and hold the cartridge in place. This mounting clip could then be used to attach the cartridge to suitable surfaces such as a bathroom wall or the interior of a dispenser housing. Furthermore, the cartridge can have a locating recess on one or more of its sides, to receive a mounting post and thereby position the dispenser accurately and inhibit dislodgement. | 1. A fragrance dispenser comprising:
a ceramic shell impregnated with an evaporable liquid fragrance, and having an internal recess containing a fragranced gel, the gel fragrance being different to the liquid fragrance, the whole contained within a closed disposable container. 2. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 1 in which the ceramic shell is of greenware. 3. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 1 in which the ceramic shell is generally cylindrical. 4. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 3 in which the ceramic shell has a closed end. 5. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 4 in which the closed end is located at its lower end. 6. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 3 in which the ceramic shell has an open end. 7. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 6 in which the open end is located at the top. 8. A fragrance dispenser according claim 1 in which the evaporable liquid fragrance is in the form of a volatile oil. 9. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 1 in which the evaporable liquid fragrance and the gel fragrance release over a different time period and/or at different rates. 10. A fragrance dispenser according to any one of the preceding claims claim 1 in which the ceramic shell has indentations on an exterior surface thereof. 11. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 10 further comprising a mounting clip shaped to engage with the indentations. 12. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 11 in which the mounting clip is of a plastics material. 13. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 11 in which the mounting clip comprises a plurality of flexible arms that are engageable with the indentations. 14. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 1 further comprising a dispenser housing, within which the ceramic outer shell is locatable. 15. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 14 in which one of the ceramic shell and the dispenser housing has a locating recess, and the other has a mounting post engageable within the locating recess thereby to position the ceramic shell within the dispenser housing. 16. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 1 further comprising an impermeable layer between the ceramic shell and the fragranced gel. 17. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 16 in which the impermeable layer is a plastics sleeve. 18. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 16 in which the impermeable layer is a latex layer. 19. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 1 in which the disposable container comprises a receptacle and a lid, the two being engageable thereby to close the container. 20. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 19 in which the receptacle and the lid are engageable via a screw-threaded interconnection. 21. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 1 in which the disposable container comprises a frangible membrane. 22. A fragrance dispenser comprising:
a ceramic shell impregnated with an evaporable liquid fragrance, and having an internal recess containing a fragranced gel, the gel fragrance being different to the liquid fragrance, further comprising an impermeable layer between the ceramic shell and the fragranced gel. 23. (canceled) | A fragrance dispenser comprises a ceramic outer shell containing a gel composition. The ceramic can be greenware, and can be impregnated with a fragrance, such as in the form of a volatile oil. The gel composition can contain fragrance or deodourisers that can diffuse out of the gel and infuse the surrounding ceramic, from which it can be released into the air. The ceramic cartridge can have indentations to allow it to be retained in a desired location; these can permit the attachment of a plastic mounting clip having a plurality of flexible arms that slot into the indentations to grip and hold the cartridge in place. This mounting clip could then be used to attach the cartridge to suitable surfaces such as a bathroom wall or the interior of a dispenser housing. Furthermore, the cartridge can have a locating recess on one or more of its sides, to receive a mounting post and thereby position the dispenser accurately and inhibit dislodgement.1. A fragrance dispenser comprising:
a ceramic shell impregnated with an evaporable liquid fragrance, and having an internal recess containing a fragranced gel, the gel fragrance being different to the liquid fragrance, the whole contained within a closed disposable container. 2. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 1 in which the ceramic shell is of greenware. 3. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 1 in which the ceramic shell is generally cylindrical. 4. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 3 in which the ceramic shell has a closed end. 5. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 4 in which the closed end is located at its lower end. 6. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 3 in which the ceramic shell has an open end. 7. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 6 in which the open end is located at the top. 8. A fragrance dispenser according claim 1 in which the evaporable liquid fragrance is in the form of a volatile oil. 9. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 1 in which the evaporable liquid fragrance and the gel fragrance release over a different time period and/or at different rates. 10. A fragrance dispenser according to any one of the preceding claims claim 1 in which the ceramic shell has indentations on an exterior surface thereof. 11. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 10 further comprising a mounting clip shaped to engage with the indentations. 12. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 11 in which the mounting clip is of a plastics material. 13. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 11 in which the mounting clip comprises a plurality of flexible arms that are engageable with the indentations. 14. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 1 further comprising a dispenser housing, within which the ceramic outer shell is locatable. 15. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 14 in which one of the ceramic shell and the dispenser housing has a locating recess, and the other has a mounting post engageable within the locating recess thereby to position the ceramic shell within the dispenser housing. 16. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 1 further comprising an impermeable layer between the ceramic shell and the fragranced gel. 17. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 16 in which the impermeable layer is a plastics sleeve. 18. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 16 in which the impermeable layer is a latex layer. 19. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 1 in which the disposable container comprises a receptacle and a lid, the two being engageable thereby to close the container. 20. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 19 in which the receptacle and the lid are engageable via a screw-threaded interconnection. 21. A fragrance dispenser according to claim 1 in which the disposable container comprises a frangible membrane. 22. A fragrance dispenser comprising:
a ceramic shell impregnated with an evaporable liquid fragrance, and having an internal recess containing a fragranced gel, the gel fragrance being different to the liquid fragrance, further comprising an impermeable layer between the ceramic shell and the fragranced gel. 23. (canceled) | 1,700 |
2,036 | 13,769,395 | 1,779 | Aspects of embodiments relate to a method for treating water received at a treatment system. The method may include reducing the hardness of the water by subjecting the water to electrolysis by an electrolytic hardness reducer; and substantially removing disinfectant from the water by irradiating the water with ultraviolet light by a UV disinfectant reducer. The method may further include sanitizing the electrolytic hardness reducer and/or sanitizing the UV disinfectant reducing apparatus by running hot water through either one or both of them. | 1. A method for treating water received at a treatment system, the method comprising:
reducing the hardness of the water by subjecting the water to electrolysis by an electrolytic hardness reducer; and substantially removing disinfectant from the water by irradiating the water with ultraviolet light by a UV disinfectant reducer. 2. The method for treating water according to claim 1, comprising:
sanitizing the electrolytic hardness reducer by running hot water through it. 3. The method for treating water according to claim 1, comprising:
sanitizing the UV disinfectant reducing apparatus by running hot water through it. 4. The method for treating water according to claim 1, comprising:
sanitizing a piping and a storage tank of the treatment system by running hot water through them. 5. The method for treating water according to claim 1, wherein the received water is first run through the electrolytic hardness reducer to reduce the water hardness and then through the ultraviolet disinfectant reducer for disinfectant removal. 6. The method for treating water according to claim 1, wherein the received water is first run through the ultraviolet disinfectant reducer for disinfectant removal and then through the electrolytic hardness reducer for reducing the water hardness. 7. The method for treating water according to claim 1, wherein the hardness of the water received by the electrolytic hardness reducer is reduced to an extent to yield hardness-reduced water so that the conditions required for scale to build up remain substantially unmet at least up the water leaves the treatment system. 8. The method for treating water according to claim 1, wherein the conductivity of the hardness-reduced water compared to the conductivity of the received water remains substantially unchanged. 9. The method for treating water according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of polyvalent cation metals in the hardness-reduced water is relatively high. 10. The method for treating water according to claim 9, wherein the polyvalent cation metal concentration is about equal or greater than about 100 ppm as CaCO3 equivalent. 11. The method for treating water according to claim 9, wherein the polyvalent cation metal concentration is about equal or greater than about 400 ppm as CaCO3 equivalent. 12. The method for treating water according to claim 1, wherein the water hardness is reduced so that precipitation time downstream of UV disinfectant reducer is at least multiplied by a factor of one and a half for a given polyvalent cation concentration, water pressure, and water temperature. 13. The method for treating water according to claim 12, wherein the polyvalent cation concentration in the water is about 100 ppm, as CaCO3 equivalent, or higher, water pressure equals about 2 bar or more; and the water temperature equals about 10° C. or higher. 14. The method for treating water according to claim 12, wherein the polyvalent cation concentration in the water is about 180 ppm or higher, as CaCO3 equivalent, water pressure is about 12 bar or more, and the water temperature is about 10° C. or higher. 15. The method for treating water according to claim 12, wherein the polyvalent cation concentration in the water is about 180 ppm or higher, as CaCO3 equivalent, water pressure equals about 15 bar or more, and the water temperature is about 10° C. or higher. 16. The method for treating water according to claim 12, wherein the polyvalent cation concentration in the water is about 180 ppm or higher, as CaCO3 equivalent, water pressure equals about 15 bar or more, and the water temperature is about 25° C. or higher. 17. The method for treating water according to claim 1, wherein the electrolysis hardness reducer reduces water hardness in a manner that is free of the employment of chemical reagents. 18. The method for treating water according to claim 1, comprising subjecting the water to reverse osmosis and/or deionization. 19. The method for treating water according to claim 1, comprising evaporation of the water to obtain at least one of the products selected from a group of high-quality water products consisting of: water for injection, and pure steam. 20. A water treatment system, comprising:
an electrolytic hardness reducer; and an ultraviolet disinfectant reducer that is in fluid communication with the electrolysis hardness reducer. 21. The water treatment system according to claim 20, wherein the electrolytic hardness reducer is operative to reduce the hardness of water provided by a tap water supply to obtain hardness-reduced water and to provide the ultraviolet disinfectant reducer with the hardness-reduced water to substantially remove disinfectants from the hardness-reduced water. 22. The water treatment system according to claim 20, comprising a reverse osmosis apparatus and a deionization apparatus that are in fluid communication with the electrolysis hardness reducer and the ultraviolet disinfectant reducer. 23. The water treatment system according to claim 11, which is free of a sodium bisulfite supply and free of an active carbon filter. | Aspects of embodiments relate to a method for treating water received at a treatment system. The method may include reducing the hardness of the water by subjecting the water to electrolysis by an electrolytic hardness reducer; and substantially removing disinfectant from the water by irradiating the water with ultraviolet light by a UV disinfectant reducer. The method may further include sanitizing the electrolytic hardness reducer and/or sanitizing the UV disinfectant reducing apparatus by running hot water through either one or both of them.1. A method for treating water received at a treatment system, the method comprising:
reducing the hardness of the water by subjecting the water to electrolysis by an electrolytic hardness reducer; and substantially removing disinfectant from the water by irradiating the water with ultraviolet light by a UV disinfectant reducer. 2. The method for treating water according to claim 1, comprising:
sanitizing the electrolytic hardness reducer by running hot water through it. 3. The method for treating water according to claim 1, comprising:
sanitizing the UV disinfectant reducing apparatus by running hot water through it. 4. The method for treating water according to claim 1, comprising:
sanitizing a piping and a storage tank of the treatment system by running hot water through them. 5. The method for treating water according to claim 1, wherein the received water is first run through the electrolytic hardness reducer to reduce the water hardness and then through the ultraviolet disinfectant reducer for disinfectant removal. 6. The method for treating water according to claim 1, wherein the received water is first run through the ultraviolet disinfectant reducer for disinfectant removal and then through the electrolytic hardness reducer for reducing the water hardness. 7. The method for treating water according to claim 1, wherein the hardness of the water received by the electrolytic hardness reducer is reduced to an extent to yield hardness-reduced water so that the conditions required for scale to build up remain substantially unmet at least up the water leaves the treatment system. 8. The method for treating water according to claim 1, wherein the conductivity of the hardness-reduced water compared to the conductivity of the received water remains substantially unchanged. 9. The method for treating water according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of polyvalent cation metals in the hardness-reduced water is relatively high. 10. The method for treating water according to claim 9, wherein the polyvalent cation metal concentration is about equal or greater than about 100 ppm as CaCO3 equivalent. 11. The method for treating water according to claim 9, wherein the polyvalent cation metal concentration is about equal or greater than about 400 ppm as CaCO3 equivalent. 12. The method for treating water according to claim 1, wherein the water hardness is reduced so that precipitation time downstream of UV disinfectant reducer is at least multiplied by a factor of one and a half for a given polyvalent cation concentration, water pressure, and water temperature. 13. The method for treating water according to claim 12, wherein the polyvalent cation concentration in the water is about 100 ppm, as CaCO3 equivalent, or higher, water pressure equals about 2 bar or more; and the water temperature equals about 10° C. or higher. 14. The method for treating water according to claim 12, wherein the polyvalent cation concentration in the water is about 180 ppm or higher, as CaCO3 equivalent, water pressure is about 12 bar or more, and the water temperature is about 10° C. or higher. 15. The method for treating water according to claim 12, wherein the polyvalent cation concentration in the water is about 180 ppm or higher, as CaCO3 equivalent, water pressure equals about 15 bar or more, and the water temperature is about 10° C. or higher. 16. The method for treating water according to claim 12, wherein the polyvalent cation concentration in the water is about 180 ppm or higher, as CaCO3 equivalent, water pressure equals about 15 bar or more, and the water temperature is about 25° C. or higher. 17. The method for treating water according to claim 1, wherein the electrolysis hardness reducer reduces water hardness in a manner that is free of the employment of chemical reagents. 18. The method for treating water according to claim 1, comprising subjecting the water to reverse osmosis and/or deionization. 19. The method for treating water according to claim 1, comprising evaporation of the water to obtain at least one of the products selected from a group of high-quality water products consisting of: water for injection, and pure steam. 20. A water treatment system, comprising:
an electrolytic hardness reducer; and an ultraviolet disinfectant reducer that is in fluid communication with the electrolysis hardness reducer. 21. The water treatment system according to claim 20, wherein the electrolytic hardness reducer is operative to reduce the hardness of water provided by a tap water supply to obtain hardness-reduced water and to provide the ultraviolet disinfectant reducer with the hardness-reduced water to substantially remove disinfectants from the hardness-reduced water. 22. The water treatment system according to claim 20, comprising a reverse osmosis apparatus and a deionization apparatus that are in fluid communication with the electrolysis hardness reducer and the ultraviolet disinfectant reducer. 23. The water treatment system according to claim 11, which is free of a sodium bisulfite supply and free of an active carbon filter. | 1,700 |
2,037 | 14,114,657 | 1,734 | A NdFeB system sintered magnet produced by the grain boundary diffusion method that has a high coercive force and squareness ratio with only a small decrease in the maximum energy product. The NdFeB system sintered magnet has a base material produced by orienting powder of a NdFeB system alloy and sintering the powder, with Dy and/or Tb (the “Dy and/or Tb” is hereinafter called R H ) attached to and diffused from a surface of the base material through the grain boundary inside the base material by a grain boundary diffusion treatment, wherein the difference C s -C d3 between the R H content C s (wt %) in the grain boundary reaching the surface to which R H is attached and the R H content C d3 (wt %) in the grain boundary at a depth of 3 mm from the aforementioned attachment surface is equal to or smaller than 20 wt %. | 1. A NdFeB system sintered magnet having a base material produced by orienting powder of a NdFeB system alloy and sintering the powder, with Dy and/or Tb (RH) attached to and diffused from a surface of the base material through a grain boundary inside the base material by a grain boundary diffusion treatment,
wherein a difference Cs-Cd3 between an RH content Cs (wt %) in the grain boundary reaching the surface to which RH is attached and an RH content Cd3 (wt %) in the grain boundary at a depth of 3 mm from the aforementioned attachment surface is equal to or smaller than 20 wt %. 2. The NdFeB system sintered magnet according to claim 1, wherein a difference Cs-Cd1 between the RH content Cs (wt %) in the grain boundary reaching the attachment surface and an RH content Cd1 (wt %) in the grain boundary at a depth of 1 mm from the attachment surface is equal to or smaller than 15 wt %. 3. The NdFeB system sintered magnet according to claim 1, wherein a percentage of a total volume of a carbon rich phase in a rare-earth rich phase at the grain-boundary triple points in the base material to a total volume of the rare-earth rich phase is equal to or lower than 50%. 4. The NdFeB system sintered magnet according to claim 1, wherein a carbon content of the entire base material is equal to or lower than 1000 ppm. 5. The NdFeB system sintered magnet according to claim 1, wherein an average grain size of main-phase grains which are grains constituting the base material is equal to or smaller than 4.5 μm. | A NdFeB system sintered magnet produced by the grain boundary diffusion method that has a high coercive force and squareness ratio with only a small decrease in the maximum energy product. The NdFeB system sintered magnet has a base material produced by orienting powder of a NdFeB system alloy and sintering the powder, with Dy and/or Tb (the “Dy and/or Tb” is hereinafter called R H ) attached to and diffused from a surface of the base material through the grain boundary inside the base material by a grain boundary diffusion treatment, wherein the difference C s -C d3 between the R H content C s (wt %) in the grain boundary reaching the surface to which R H is attached and the R H content C d3 (wt %) in the grain boundary at a depth of 3 mm from the aforementioned attachment surface is equal to or smaller than 20 wt %.1. A NdFeB system sintered magnet having a base material produced by orienting powder of a NdFeB system alloy and sintering the powder, with Dy and/or Tb (RH) attached to and diffused from a surface of the base material through a grain boundary inside the base material by a grain boundary diffusion treatment,
wherein a difference Cs-Cd3 between an RH content Cs (wt %) in the grain boundary reaching the surface to which RH is attached and an RH content Cd3 (wt %) in the grain boundary at a depth of 3 mm from the aforementioned attachment surface is equal to or smaller than 20 wt %. 2. The NdFeB system sintered magnet according to claim 1, wherein a difference Cs-Cd1 between the RH content Cs (wt %) in the grain boundary reaching the attachment surface and an RH content Cd1 (wt %) in the grain boundary at a depth of 1 mm from the attachment surface is equal to or smaller than 15 wt %. 3. The NdFeB system sintered magnet according to claim 1, wherein a percentage of a total volume of a carbon rich phase in a rare-earth rich phase at the grain-boundary triple points in the base material to a total volume of the rare-earth rich phase is equal to or lower than 50%. 4. The NdFeB system sintered magnet according to claim 1, wherein a carbon content of the entire base material is equal to or lower than 1000 ppm. 5. The NdFeB system sintered magnet according to claim 1, wherein an average grain size of main-phase grains which are grains constituting the base material is equal to or smaller than 4.5 μm. | 1,700 |
2,038 | 14,966,354 | 1,793 | The disclosed method describes a process for creating brined peanuts that have improved crunch and flavor characteristics compared with conventional peanuts. The nuts are soaked in a brine solution comprising at least 10% salt by weight and water for 6-16 hours. In some embodiments, the brine solution includes other heat tolerant flavors, such as cayenne pepper, hot sauce and capsicum extract. The nuts are drained for at least one hour to a moisture level of 21-24% water by weight. The nuts are then oil roasted at 305° F. for 11 minutes via a technique that fully enrobes the nuts in hot oil, such as a full submersion fry. | 1. A method for preparing crunchy nuts comprising:
preparing a brine solution; soaking nuts in the brine solution; draining the brine solution from the nuts; and oil roasting the nuts. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the nuts are peanuts. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the nuts are Virginia peanuts. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the brine solution comprises 9.5-10% salt by weight and water. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the brine solution comprises 90% water by weight. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein said soaking has a duration of 5-6 hours. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the brine solution comprises 9.5% salt by weight and additionally comprises one or more of cayenne pepper, hot sauce, and a capsicum extract. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said soaking has a duration of 6-7 hours. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said soaking has a duration of 5-16 hours. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said soaking is continued until the nuts have 24-35% moisture content. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said soaking is continued until the nuts have 24-26% moisture content. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein said draining continues for at least 1 hour. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein said draining continues for 1-2 hours. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein said draining continues until the nuts have 21-24% moisture content. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the nuts are fully enrobed in oil during said oil roasting. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein said oil roasting is performed at above 300° F. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said oil roasting is performed at approximately 305° F. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein said oil roasting is performed for at least 8 minutes. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said oil roasting is performed for approximately 11 minutes. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein said oil roasting is performed until the nuts have less than 2% moisture content. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein said soaking is performed in a square bin. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein said soaking is performed in a partial vacuum. | The disclosed method describes a process for creating brined peanuts that have improved crunch and flavor characteristics compared with conventional peanuts. The nuts are soaked in a brine solution comprising at least 10% salt by weight and water for 6-16 hours. In some embodiments, the brine solution includes other heat tolerant flavors, such as cayenne pepper, hot sauce and capsicum extract. The nuts are drained for at least one hour to a moisture level of 21-24% water by weight. The nuts are then oil roasted at 305° F. for 11 minutes via a technique that fully enrobes the nuts in hot oil, such as a full submersion fry.1. A method for preparing crunchy nuts comprising:
preparing a brine solution; soaking nuts in the brine solution; draining the brine solution from the nuts; and oil roasting the nuts. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the nuts are peanuts. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the nuts are Virginia peanuts. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the brine solution comprises 9.5-10% salt by weight and water. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the brine solution comprises 90% water by weight. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein said soaking has a duration of 5-6 hours. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the brine solution comprises 9.5% salt by weight and additionally comprises one or more of cayenne pepper, hot sauce, and a capsicum extract. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said soaking has a duration of 6-7 hours. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said soaking has a duration of 5-16 hours. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said soaking is continued until the nuts have 24-35% moisture content. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said soaking is continued until the nuts have 24-26% moisture content. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein said draining continues for at least 1 hour. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein said draining continues for 1-2 hours. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein said draining continues until the nuts have 21-24% moisture content. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the nuts are fully enrobed in oil during said oil roasting. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein said oil roasting is performed at above 300° F. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said oil roasting is performed at approximately 305° F. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein said oil roasting is performed for at least 8 minutes. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said oil roasting is performed for approximately 11 minutes. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein said oil roasting is performed until the nuts have less than 2% moisture content. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein said soaking is performed in a square bin. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein said soaking is performed in a partial vacuum. | 1,700 |
2,039 | 14,774,310 | 1,714 | A crystal pulling apparatus for producing an ingot is provided. The apparatus includes a furnace and a gas doping system. The furnace includes a crucible for holding a melt. The gas doping system includes a feeding tube, an evaporation receptacle, and a fluid flow restrictor. The feeding tube is positioned within the furnace, and includes at least one feeding tube sidewall, a first end through which a solid dopant is introduced into the feeding tube, and an opening opposite the first end through which a gaseous dopant is introduced into the furnace. The evaporation receptacle is configured to vaporize the dopant therein, and is disposed near the opening of the feeding tube. The fluid flow restrictor is configured to permit the passage of solid dopant therethrough and restrict the flow of gaseous dopant therethrough, and is disposed within the feeding tube between the first end and the evaporation receptacle. | 1. A crystal pulling apparatus for producing a semiconductor or solar-grade ingot, the apparatus comprising:
a furnace including a crucible for holding a melt of semiconductor or solar-grade material; and a gas doping system for introducing a dopant into the furnace, the gas doping system including
a feeding tube positioned within the furnace, the feeding tube including at least one feeding tube sidewall, a first end through which a solid dopant is introduced into the feeding tube, and an opening opposite the first end through which a gaseous dopant is introduced into the furnace;
an evaporation receptacle configured to vaporize the dopant therein, the receptacle disposed near the opening of the feeding tube; and
a fluid flow restrictor configured to permit the passage of solid dopant therethrough and restrict the flow of gaseous dopant therethrough, the fluid flow restrictor disposed within the feeding tube between the first end and the evaporation receptacle. 2. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein the fluid flow restrictor includes a bottom having a second opening therethrough, and a second sidewall extending inwardly from a feeding tube sidewall towards the bottom. 3. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 2 wherein the fluid flow restrictor is configured to permit the passage of solid dopant through the second opening, and to restrict the flow of gaseous dopant through the second opening. 4. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 2 wherein the second sidewall includes a conically-shaped portion. 5. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein the evaporation receptacle includes a base extending inwardly from a feeding tube sidewall and a receptacle sidewall adjoining the base and extending upwardly from the base. 6. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 5 wherein the gas doping system further includes a fluid flow channel at least partially defined by the receptacle sidewall and a feeding tube sidewall. 7. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein the feeding tube is communicatively coupled to a dopant feeding device configured to feed solid dopant into the feeding tube. 8. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein the feeding tube is communicatively coupled to an automated dopant feeding device configured to automatically feed solid dopants into the feeding tube. 9. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein the gas doping system further includes a fluid-distribution plate coupled to the feeding tube at a second end distal from the first end. 10. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein the feeding tube is slidingly coupled to a positioning system configured to raise and lower the feeding tube. 11. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein the opening of the feeding tube is angled at an angle of between about 45 degrees and about 75 degrees with respect to a longitudinal axis of the feeding tube. 12. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein the feeding tube is angled at an angle of between about 45 degrees and about 75 degrees with respect to a surface of the melt. 13. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein the evaporation receptacle is positioned sufficiently near the melt such that radiant heat from the melt is sufficient to vaporize the dopant within the evaporation receptacle. 14. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein the evaporation receptacle is positioned between about 1 centimeter and about 15 centimeters above a surface of the melt. 15. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein the feeding tube is communicatively coupled to an inert gas supply. 16. A method of using the crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 15, the method comprising the steps of
introducing a dopant through the first end of the feeding tube; vaporizing the dopant within the evaporation receptacle; and flowing an inert gas through the feeding tube at a flow rate of less than about 10 normal-liters per minute. 17. A crystal pulling apparatus for producing a semiconductor or solar-grade ingot, the apparatus comprising:
a furnace including a crucible for holding a melt of semiconductor or solar-grade material; a gas doping system for introducing a dopant into the furnace, the gas doping system including:
a feeding tube positioned within the furnace, the feeding tube including at least one feeding tube sidewall, a first end through which a solid dopant is introduced into the feeding tube, and an opening opposite the first end through which a gaseous dopant is introduced into the furnace;
an evaporation receptacle configured to vaporize the dopant therein, the receptacle disposed near the opening of the feeding tube, and including:
a base extending inwardly from a feeding tube sidewall; and
a receptacle sidewall adjoining the base and extending upwardly from the base; and
a fluid flow channel at least partially defined by the receptacle sidewall and a feeding tube sidewall. 18. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 17 wherein the gas doping system further includes a fluid flow restrictor configured to permit the passage of solid dopant therethrough and restrict the flow of gaseous dopant therethrough, the fluid flow restrictor disposed within the feeding tube between the first end and the evaporation receptacle. 19. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 18 wherein the fluid flow restrictor includes a bottom having a second opening therethrough, and a second sidewall extending inwardly from a feeding tube sidewall towards the bottom. 20. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 19 wherein the fluid flow restrictor is configured to permit the passage of solid dopant through the second opening, and restrict the flow of gaseous dopant through the second opening. 21. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 19 wherein the second sidewall includes a conically-shaped portion. 22. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 17 wherein the feeding tube is communicatively coupled to a dopant feeding device configured to feed solid dopant into the feeding tube. 23. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 17 wherein the feeding tube is communicatively coupled to an automated dopant feeding device configured to automatically feed solid dopants into the feeding tube. 24. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 17 wherein the gas doping system further includes a fluid-distribution plate coupled to the feeding tube at a second end distal from the first end. 25. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 17 wherein the feeding tube is slidingly coupled to a positioning system configured to raise and lower the feeding tube. 26. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 17 wherein the opening of the feeding tube is angled at an angle of between about 45 degrees and about 75 degrees with respect to a longitudinal axis of the feeding tube. 27. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 17 wherein the feeding tube is angled at an angle of between about 45 degrees and about 75 degrees with respect to a surface of the melt. 28. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 17 wherein the evaporation receptacle is positioned sufficiently near the melt such that radiant heat from the melt is sufficient to vaporize the dopant within the evaporation receptacle. 29. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 17 wherein the evaporation receptacle is positioned between about 1 centimeter and about 15 centimeters above a surface of the melt. | A crystal pulling apparatus for producing an ingot is provided. The apparatus includes a furnace and a gas doping system. The furnace includes a crucible for holding a melt. The gas doping system includes a feeding tube, an evaporation receptacle, and a fluid flow restrictor. The feeding tube is positioned within the furnace, and includes at least one feeding tube sidewall, a first end through which a solid dopant is introduced into the feeding tube, and an opening opposite the first end through which a gaseous dopant is introduced into the furnace. The evaporation receptacle is configured to vaporize the dopant therein, and is disposed near the opening of the feeding tube. The fluid flow restrictor is configured to permit the passage of solid dopant therethrough and restrict the flow of gaseous dopant therethrough, and is disposed within the feeding tube between the first end and the evaporation receptacle.1. A crystal pulling apparatus for producing a semiconductor or solar-grade ingot, the apparatus comprising:
a furnace including a crucible for holding a melt of semiconductor or solar-grade material; and a gas doping system for introducing a dopant into the furnace, the gas doping system including
a feeding tube positioned within the furnace, the feeding tube including at least one feeding tube sidewall, a first end through which a solid dopant is introduced into the feeding tube, and an opening opposite the first end through which a gaseous dopant is introduced into the furnace;
an evaporation receptacle configured to vaporize the dopant therein, the receptacle disposed near the opening of the feeding tube; and
a fluid flow restrictor configured to permit the passage of solid dopant therethrough and restrict the flow of gaseous dopant therethrough, the fluid flow restrictor disposed within the feeding tube between the first end and the evaporation receptacle. 2. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein the fluid flow restrictor includes a bottom having a second opening therethrough, and a second sidewall extending inwardly from a feeding tube sidewall towards the bottom. 3. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 2 wherein the fluid flow restrictor is configured to permit the passage of solid dopant through the second opening, and to restrict the flow of gaseous dopant through the second opening. 4. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 2 wherein the second sidewall includes a conically-shaped portion. 5. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein the evaporation receptacle includes a base extending inwardly from a feeding tube sidewall and a receptacle sidewall adjoining the base and extending upwardly from the base. 6. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 5 wherein the gas doping system further includes a fluid flow channel at least partially defined by the receptacle sidewall and a feeding tube sidewall. 7. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein the feeding tube is communicatively coupled to a dopant feeding device configured to feed solid dopant into the feeding tube. 8. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein the feeding tube is communicatively coupled to an automated dopant feeding device configured to automatically feed solid dopants into the feeding tube. 9. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein the gas doping system further includes a fluid-distribution plate coupled to the feeding tube at a second end distal from the first end. 10. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein the feeding tube is slidingly coupled to a positioning system configured to raise and lower the feeding tube. 11. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein the opening of the feeding tube is angled at an angle of between about 45 degrees and about 75 degrees with respect to a longitudinal axis of the feeding tube. 12. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein the feeding tube is angled at an angle of between about 45 degrees and about 75 degrees with respect to a surface of the melt. 13. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein the evaporation receptacle is positioned sufficiently near the melt such that radiant heat from the melt is sufficient to vaporize the dopant within the evaporation receptacle. 14. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein the evaporation receptacle is positioned between about 1 centimeter and about 15 centimeters above a surface of the melt. 15. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein the feeding tube is communicatively coupled to an inert gas supply. 16. A method of using the crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 15, the method comprising the steps of
introducing a dopant through the first end of the feeding tube; vaporizing the dopant within the evaporation receptacle; and flowing an inert gas through the feeding tube at a flow rate of less than about 10 normal-liters per minute. 17. A crystal pulling apparatus for producing a semiconductor or solar-grade ingot, the apparatus comprising:
a furnace including a crucible for holding a melt of semiconductor or solar-grade material; a gas doping system for introducing a dopant into the furnace, the gas doping system including:
a feeding tube positioned within the furnace, the feeding tube including at least one feeding tube sidewall, a first end through which a solid dopant is introduced into the feeding tube, and an opening opposite the first end through which a gaseous dopant is introduced into the furnace;
an evaporation receptacle configured to vaporize the dopant therein, the receptacle disposed near the opening of the feeding tube, and including:
a base extending inwardly from a feeding tube sidewall; and
a receptacle sidewall adjoining the base and extending upwardly from the base; and
a fluid flow channel at least partially defined by the receptacle sidewall and a feeding tube sidewall. 18. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 17 wherein the gas doping system further includes a fluid flow restrictor configured to permit the passage of solid dopant therethrough and restrict the flow of gaseous dopant therethrough, the fluid flow restrictor disposed within the feeding tube between the first end and the evaporation receptacle. 19. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 18 wherein the fluid flow restrictor includes a bottom having a second opening therethrough, and a second sidewall extending inwardly from a feeding tube sidewall towards the bottom. 20. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 19 wherein the fluid flow restrictor is configured to permit the passage of solid dopant through the second opening, and restrict the flow of gaseous dopant through the second opening. 21. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 19 wherein the second sidewall includes a conically-shaped portion. 22. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 17 wherein the feeding tube is communicatively coupled to a dopant feeding device configured to feed solid dopant into the feeding tube. 23. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 17 wherein the feeding tube is communicatively coupled to an automated dopant feeding device configured to automatically feed solid dopants into the feeding tube. 24. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 17 wherein the gas doping system further includes a fluid-distribution plate coupled to the feeding tube at a second end distal from the first end. 25. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 17 wherein the feeding tube is slidingly coupled to a positioning system configured to raise and lower the feeding tube. 26. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 17 wherein the opening of the feeding tube is angled at an angle of between about 45 degrees and about 75 degrees with respect to a longitudinal axis of the feeding tube. 27. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 17 wherein the feeding tube is angled at an angle of between about 45 degrees and about 75 degrees with respect to a surface of the melt. 28. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 17 wherein the evaporation receptacle is positioned sufficiently near the melt such that radiant heat from the melt is sufficient to vaporize the dopant within the evaporation receptacle. 29. The crystal pulling apparatus as set forth in claim 17 wherein the evaporation receptacle is positioned between about 1 centimeter and about 15 centimeters above a surface of the melt. | 1,700 |
2,040 | 15,109,455 | 1,731 | To provide a photocatalyst material having alkaline resistance and showing less deterioration in photocatalyst performance due to a poisoning effect and to provide a method for producing the photocatalyst material, a photocatalyst material ( 1 A) according to one embodiment of the present invention includes: core particles ( 2 ) containing tungsten oxide; a promoter ( 4 ) formed on the surface of the core particles ( 2 ); and a shell layer ( 3 ) made of titanium oxide and covering the entire surface of both the core particles ( 2 ) and the promoter ( 4 ). | 1. A photocatalyst material comprising:
core particles containing tungsten oxide; a promoter formed on the surface of the core particles; and a shell layer made of titanium oxide and covering the entire surface of both the core particles and the promoter. 2. The photocatalyst material according to claim 1, wherein the promoter formed on the surface of the core particles comprises a plurality of types of promoters. 3. The photocatalyst material according to claim 1, wherein the core particles are composed of a mixture of the tungsten oxide and copper oxide. 4. The photocatalyst material according to claim 1, wherein each of the core particles covered with the shell layer comprises a plurality of core particles. 5. The photocatalyst material according to claim 1, wherein the promoter is one of a metal and a metal compound that include at least one of copper, platinum, palladium, iron, silver, gold, nickel, ruthenium, iridium, niobium, and molybdenum. 6. The photocatalyst material according to claim 1, wherein the shell layer is made of crystalline titanium oxide. 7. A method for producing a photocatalyst material, the method comprising:
a formation step of forming a promoter on the surface of core particles containing tungsten oxide; and a covering step of, after the formation step, covering the entire surface of both the core particles and the promoter with a shell layer made of titanium oxide. | To provide a photocatalyst material having alkaline resistance and showing less deterioration in photocatalyst performance due to a poisoning effect and to provide a method for producing the photocatalyst material, a photocatalyst material ( 1 A) according to one embodiment of the present invention includes: core particles ( 2 ) containing tungsten oxide; a promoter ( 4 ) formed on the surface of the core particles ( 2 ); and a shell layer ( 3 ) made of titanium oxide and covering the entire surface of both the core particles ( 2 ) and the promoter ( 4 ).1. A photocatalyst material comprising:
core particles containing tungsten oxide; a promoter formed on the surface of the core particles; and a shell layer made of titanium oxide and covering the entire surface of both the core particles and the promoter. 2. The photocatalyst material according to claim 1, wherein the promoter formed on the surface of the core particles comprises a plurality of types of promoters. 3. The photocatalyst material according to claim 1, wherein the core particles are composed of a mixture of the tungsten oxide and copper oxide. 4. The photocatalyst material according to claim 1, wherein each of the core particles covered with the shell layer comprises a plurality of core particles. 5. The photocatalyst material according to claim 1, wherein the promoter is one of a metal and a metal compound that include at least one of copper, platinum, palladium, iron, silver, gold, nickel, ruthenium, iridium, niobium, and molybdenum. 6. The photocatalyst material according to claim 1, wherein the shell layer is made of crystalline titanium oxide. 7. A method for producing a photocatalyst material, the method comprising:
a formation step of forming a promoter on the surface of core particles containing tungsten oxide; and a covering step of, after the formation step, covering the entire surface of both the core particles and the promoter with a shell layer made of titanium oxide. | 1,700 |
2,041 | 14,438,955 | 1,777 | Water systems, medical equipment, and apparatus for thermal disinfection comprise a control unit which starts the disinfection of a fluid path by controlling a heating unit to heat water and controlling an actuator to enable heated water to flow into the fluid path. The control unit reads the temperature as measured by a temperature sensor during the disinfection and calculates an achieved disinfection dose. The achieved disinfection dose is compared with a set disinfection dose and the disinfection is discontinued if the achieved disinfection dose corresponds to the set disinfection dose. | 1. A water system for providing water to at least one connected device through a fluid path and being able to disinfect the fluid path by means of thermal disinfection, the water system comprising:
an inlet for receiving water to the water system; a heating unit configured to heat water within the water system; a filter unit configured to filter water within the water system in order to provide filtered water to an outlet; an actuator configured to control the flow of the water from the heating unit to the outlet; a fluid path connected to the outlet, the fluid path comprising at least one connector configured to connect to at least one device to which water is provided by the water system; a temperature sensor located at the fluid path and configured to measure the temperature of the fluid in the fluid path; a control unit connected to the heating unit, the actuator and the temperature sensor, the control unit configured to (i) start the disinfection of the fluid path by controlling the heating unit to heat water and controlling the actuator to enable heated water to flow to the outlet and further into the fluid path; (ii) read the temperature as measured by the temperature sensor during the disinfection, (iii) calculate an achieved disinfection dose based on the read temperature, (iv) compare the achieved disinfection dose with information representing a set disinfection dose, and (v) discontinue the disinfection if the achieved disinfection dose equals or exceeds the set disinfection dose. 2. A water system according to claim 1 wherein the control unit further comprises a memory, and wherein the control unit is further configured to store information representing the time required to achieve at least one disinfection dose in the memory during and/or after disinfection has been completed. 3. A water system according to claim 2 wherein the control unit is further configured to receive and/or retrieve information representing a set completion time for the next disinfection, and to calculate the time when the next disinfection should be started in order to achieve the disinfection by the set completion time based on information retrieved from the memory representing time required to achieve at least one disinfection dose as stored during or after the completion of an earlier disinfection, and to start the disinfection at the calculated time. 4. A water system according to claim 1, wherein the achieved disinfection dose, A0_achieved, is calculated directly or indirectly from the formula:
A 0 —achieved =Σ10[(T-80)/z] ×Δt
where z is 10° C., t is the time interval (in seconds) between measurements by the temperature sensor as controlled by the control unit, and T is at least one measurement by the temperature sensor (in degrees Celsius) within the time interval. 5. Medical equipment comprising a fluid path, at least a portion of said fluid path having a need for regular thermal disinfection, the medical equipment further comprising:
an inlet adapted to receive fluid; an actuator configured to control the flow of the fluid from the inlet to a connector, the connector being configured to connect to the portion of the fluid path having a need for regular disinfection; a temperature sensor configured to measure the temperature of the fluid in the fluid path; a control unit connected to the actuator and the temperature sensor, the control unit configured to (i) receive and/or retrieve information representing a set disinfection dose (ii) start the disinfection of the fluid path to be disinfected by controlling the actuator to enable fluid from the inlet to flow to the connector and further into the portion of the fluid path having a need for regular disinfection (iii) read the temperature as measured by the temperature sensor during disinfection, (iv) calculate an achieved disinfection dose based on the read temperature, (v) compare the achieved disinfection dose with the set disinfection dose, and (vi) discontinue an ongoing disinfection if the achieved disinfection dose equals or exceeds the set disinfection dose. 6. Medical equipment according to claim 5 further comprising a heating unit configured to heat the fluid received from the inlet and to provide the heated fluid to the inlet of the actuator, and wherein the control unit is further configured to control the heating of the heating unit to heat the fluid at least for periods when disinfection is ongoing. 7. Medical equipment according to claim 5 wherein the control unit further comprises a memory, and wherein the control unit is further configured to store information representing the time required to achieve at least one disinfection dose in the memory during and/or after disinfection has been completed. 8. Medical equipment according to claim 7 wherein the control unit is further configured to receive and/or retrieve information representing a set completion time for the next disinfection, and to calculate the time when the next disinfection should be started in order to achieve the disinfection by the set completion time based on information retrieved from the memory representing time required to achieve at least one disinfection dose as stored during or after the completion of an earlier disinfection, and to start the disinfection at the calculated time. 9. Medical equipment according to claim 5, wherein the achieved disinfection dose, AO_achieved, is calculated directly or indirectly from the formula:
A 0 —achieved =Σ10[(T-80)/z] ×Δt
where z is 10° C., t is the time interval (in seconds) between measurements by the temperature sensor as controlled by the control unit, and T is the measurements by the temperature sensor (in degrees Celsius) within the time interval. 10. A method for performing thermal disinfection of a fluid path, the method comprising the steps of:
i) receiving at an inlet a fluid to be used during disinfection of the fluid path to be disinfected; ii) heating the fluid received from the inlet; iii) setting a disinfection dose; iv) starting the thermal disinfection by controlling an actuator to thereby enable heated fluid from the heating unit to flow into the fluid path to be disinfected; v) measuring the temperature of the fluid in the fluid path; vi) calculating an achieved disinfection dose based on the measured temperature; vii) comparing the achieved disinfection dose with the set disinfection dose; and viii) discontinuing the disinfection if the achieved disinfection dose equals or exceeds the set disinfection dose. 11. A method according to claim 10 wherein steps v) to vii) are repeated until the achieved disinfection dose equals or exceeds the set disinfection dose. 12. A method according to claim 10 further comprising the steps of:
ai) setting a completion time;
aii) storing information in a memory representing the time required to achieve at least one disinfection dose;
aiii) calculating the time when the disinfection should be started in order to achieve the disinfection by the set completion time by deducting a stored required time for the set disinfection dose from the set completion time; and
aiv) starting the disinfection at the time calculated in step aiii). 13. A method according to claim 10 wherein the achieved disinfection dose, A0_achieved, is calculated directly or indirectly from the formula:
A 0 —achieved =Σ10[(T-80)/z] ×Δt
where z is 10° C., t is the time interval between measurements by the temperature sensor as controlled by the control unit, and T is the measurements by the temperature sensor within the time interval. 14. An apparatus for thermal disinfection of a fluid path, the apparatus comprising:
an inlet for receiving a fluid to be used during disinfection of the fluid path; a heating unit connected to the inlet and configured to heat the fluid received from the inlet; an actuator connected to the heating unit and configured to control the flow of the fluid from the heating unit to an outlet, the outlet being configured to connect to the fluid path to be disinfected; a temperature sensor configured to measure the temperature of the fluid in the fluid path; a control unit connected to the actuator and the temperature sensor, the control unit configured to (i) receive information representing a set disinfection dose (ii) start the disinfection of the fluid path to be disinfected by controlling the actuator to enable fluid from the heating unit to flow to the outlet and further into the fluid path to be disinfected (iii) read the temperature as measured by the temperature sensor during the disinfection, (iv) calculate the achieved disinfection dose based on the read temperature, (v) compare the achieved disinfection dose with the set disinfection dose, and (vi) discontinue the disinfection if the achieved disinfection dose equals or exceeds the set disinfection dose. 15. An apparatus according to claim 14 wherein the control unit further comprises a memory and the control unit is further configured to store information representing the time required to achieve at least one disinfection dose in the memory during and/or after disinfection has been completed. 16. An apparatus according to claim 14 wherein the control unit is further configured to receive and/or retrieve information representing a set completion time for the next disinfection, and to calculate the time when the next disinfection should be started in order to achieve the disinfection by the set completion time based on information retrieved from the memory representing time required to achieve at least one disinfection dose as stored during or after the completion of an earlier disinfection, and to start the disinfection at the calculated time. 17. An apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the achieved disinfection dose, A0_achieved, is calculated directly or indirectly from the formula:
A 0 —achieved =Σ10[(T-80)/z] ×Δt
where z is 10° C., t is the time interval between measurements by the temperature sensor as controlled by the control unit, and T is the measurements by the temperature sensor within the time interval. 18. An apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the control unit is further configured to calculate the achieved disinfection dose based only on periods when the measured temperature exceeds a set threshold temperature. 19. An apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the actuator comprises at least one of the group of a valve and a pump. 20. An apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the control unit is further configured to discontinue disinfection by controlling the heating unit to turn off or reduce heating, and/or controlling a valve to close and/or controlling a pump to stop or slow down. | Water systems, medical equipment, and apparatus for thermal disinfection comprise a control unit which starts the disinfection of a fluid path by controlling a heating unit to heat water and controlling an actuator to enable heated water to flow into the fluid path. The control unit reads the temperature as measured by a temperature sensor during the disinfection and calculates an achieved disinfection dose. The achieved disinfection dose is compared with a set disinfection dose and the disinfection is discontinued if the achieved disinfection dose corresponds to the set disinfection dose.1. A water system for providing water to at least one connected device through a fluid path and being able to disinfect the fluid path by means of thermal disinfection, the water system comprising:
an inlet for receiving water to the water system; a heating unit configured to heat water within the water system; a filter unit configured to filter water within the water system in order to provide filtered water to an outlet; an actuator configured to control the flow of the water from the heating unit to the outlet; a fluid path connected to the outlet, the fluid path comprising at least one connector configured to connect to at least one device to which water is provided by the water system; a temperature sensor located at the fluid path and configured to measure the temperature of the fluid in the fluid path; a control unit connected to the heating unit, the actuator and the temperature sensor, the control unit configured to (i) start the disinfection of the fluid path by controlling the heating unit to heat water and controlling the actuator to enable heated water to flow to the outlet and further into the fluid path; (ii) read the temperature as measured by the temperature sensor during the disinfection, (iii) calculate an achieved disinfection dose based on the read temperature, (iv) compare the achieved disinfection dose with information representing a set disinfection dose, and (v) discontinue the disinfection if the achieved disinfection dose equals or exceeds the set disinfection dose. 2. A water system according to claim 1 wherein the control unit further comprises a memory, and wherein the control unit is further configured to store information representing the time required to achieve at least one disinfection dose in the memory during and/or after disinfection has been completed. 3. A water system according to claim 2 wherein the control unit is further configured to receive and/or retrieve information representing a set completion time for the next disinfection, and to calculate the time when the next disinfection should be started in order to achieve the disinfection by the set completion time based on information retrieved from the memory representing time required to achieve at least one disinfection dose as stored during or after the completion of an earlier disinfection, and to start the disinfection at the calculated time. 4. A water system according to claim 1, wherein the achieved disinfection dose, A0_achieved, is calculated directly or indirectly from the formula:
A 0 —achieved =Σ10[(T-80)/z] ×Δt
where z is 10° C., t is the time interval (in seconds) between measurements by the temperature sensor as controlled by the control unit, and T is at least one measurement by the temperature sensor (in degrees Celsius) within the time interval. 5. Medical equipment comprising a fluid path, at least a portion of said fluid path having a need for regular thermal disinfection, the medical equipment further comprising:
an inlet adapted to receive fluid; an actuator configured to control the flow of the fluid from the inlet to a connector, the connector being configured to connect to the portion of the fluid path having a need for regular disinfection; a temperature sensor configured to measure the temperature of the fluid in the fluid path; a control unit connected to the actuator and the temperature sensor, the control unit configured to (i) receive and/or retrieve information representing a set disinfection dose (ii) start the disinfection of the fluid path to be disinfected by controlling the actuator to enable fluid from the inlet to flow to the connector and further into the portion of the fluid path having a need for regular disinfection (iii) read the temperature as measured by the temperature sensor during disinfection, (iv) calculate an achieved disinfection dose based on the read temperature, (v) compare the achieved disinfection dose with the set disinfection dose, and (vi) discontinue an ongoing disinfection if the achieved disinfection dose equals or exceeds the set disinfection dose. 6. Medical equipment according to claim 5 further comprising a heating unit configured to heat the fluid received from the inlet and to provide the heated fluid to the inlet of the actuator, and wherein the control unit is further configured to control the heating of the heating unit to heat the fluid at least for periods when disinfection is ongoing. 7. Medical equipment according to claim 5 wherein the control unit further comprises a memory, and wherein the control unit is further configured to store information representing the time required to achieve at least one disinfection dose in the memory during and/or after disinfection has been completed. 8. Medical equipment according to claim 7 wherein the control unit is further configured to receive and/or retrieve information representing a set completion time for the next disinfection, and to calculate the time when the next disinfection should be started in order to achieve the disinfection by the set completion time based on information retrieved from the memory representing time required to achieve at least one disinfection dose as stored during or after the completion of an earlier disinfection, and to start the disinfection at the calculated time. 9. Medical equipment according to claim 5, wherein the achieved disinfection dose, AO_achieved, is calculated directly or indirectly from the formula:
A 0 —achieved =Σ10[(T-80)/z] ×Δt
where z is 10° C., t is the time interval (in seconds) between measurements by the temperature sensor as controlled by the control unit, and T is the measurements by the temperature sensor (in degrees Celsius) within the time interval. 10. A method for performing thermal disinfection of a fluid path, the method comprising the steps of:
i) receiving at an inlet a fluid to be used during disinfection of the fluid path to be disinfected; ii) heating the fluid received from the inlet; iii) setting a disinfection dose; iv) starting the thermal disinfection by controlling an actuator to thereby enable heated fluid from the heating unit to flow into the fluid path to be disinfected; v) measuring the temperature of the fluid in the fluid path; vi) calculating an achieved disinfection dose based on the measured temperature; vii) comparing the achieved disinfection dose with the set disinfection dose; and viii) discontinuing the disinfection if the achieved disinfection dose equals or exceeds the set disinfection dose. 11. A method according to claim 10 wherein steps v) to vii) are repeated until the achieved disinfection dose equals or exceeds the set disinfection dose. 12. A method according to claim 10 further comprising the steps of:
ai) setting a completion time;
aii) storing information in a memory representing the time required to achieve at least one disinfection dose;
aiii) calculating the time when the disinfection should be started in order to achieve the disinfection by the set completion time by deducting a stored required time for the set disinfection dose from the set completion time; and
aiv) starting the disinfection at the time calculated in step aiii). 13. A method according to claim 10 wherein the achieved disinfection dose, A0_achieved, is calculated directly or indirectly from the formula:
A 0 —achieved =Σ10[(T-80)/z] ×Δt
where z is 10° C., t is the time interval between measurements by the temperature sensor as controlled by the control unit, and T is the measurements by the temperature sensor within the time interval. 14. An apparatus for thermal disinfection of a fluid path, the apparatus comprising:
an inlet for receiving a fluid to be used during disinfection of the fluid path; a heating unit connected to the inlet and configured to heat the fluid received from the inlet; an actuator connected to the heating unit and configured to control the flow of the fluid from the heating unit to an outlet, the outlet being configured to connect to the fluid path to be disinfected; a temperature sensor configured to measure the temperature of the fluid in the fluid path; a control unit connected to the actuator and the temperature sensor, the control unit configured to (i) receive information representing a set disinfection dose (ii) start the disinfection of the fluid path to be disinfected by controlling the actuator to enable fluid from the heating unit to flow to the outlet and further into the fluid path to be disinfected (iii) read the temperature as measured by the temperature sensor during the disinfection, (iv) calculate the achieved disinfection dose based on the read temperature, (v) compare the achieved disinfection dose with the set disinfection dose, and (vi) discontinue the disinfection if the achieved disinfection dose equals or exceeds the set disinfection dose. 15. An apparatus according to claim 14 wherein the control unit further comprises a memory and the control unit is further configured to store information representing the time required to achieve at least one disinfection dose in the memory during and/or after disinfection has been completed. 16. An apparatus according to claim 14 wherein the control unit is further configured to receive and/or retrieve information representing a set completion time for the next disinfection, and to calculate the time when the next disinfection should be started in order to achieve the disinfection by the set completion time based on information retrieved from the memory representing time required to achieve at least one disinfection dose as stored during or after the completion of an earlier disinfection, and to start the disinfection at the calculated time. 17. An apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the achieved disinfection dose, A0_achieved, is calculated directly or indirectly from the formula:
A 0 —achieved =Σ10[(T-80)/z] ×Δt
where z is 10° C., t is the time interval between measurements by the temperature sensor as controlled by the control unit, and T is the measurements by the temperature sensor within the time interval. 18. An apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the control unit is further configured to calculate the achieved disinfection dose based only on periods when the measured temperature exceeds a set threshold temperature. 19. An apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the actuator comprises at least one of the group of a valve and a pump. 20. An apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the control unit is further configured to discontinue disinfection by controlling the heating unit to turn off or reduce heating, and/or controlling a valve to close and/or controlling a pump to stop or slow down. | 1,700 |
2,042 | 14,317,936 | 1,784 | A “faux stainless steel” may be produced by processing galvanized carbon steel through a temper mill using textured rolls to develop a “polished” type surface. The galvanized coating is not removed by abrasion but is compressed thereby providing a more uniform substrate than conventional polishing or brushing. The resulting strip may then be coated with an organic film to provide additional appearance and corrosion benefits including anti-fingerprint resistance. | 1. A process for making a textured carbon steel comprising the steps of:
applying a galvanized coating to carbon steel; compressing the galvanized coating, wherein the compression creates a texture on the galvanized coating. 2. The process of claim 1, additionally comprising the step of coating an organic coating over the galvanized coating. 3. The process of claim 1, additionally comprising the step of coating the textured carbon steel with an organic coating of a thickness between 0.1 mil to about 1.0 mil. 4. The process of claim 1, additionally comprising the steps of: selecting an organic coating material selected from polyester, epoxy, acrylic, and polyurethane, and applying the organic coating material to the surface of the textured carbon steel. 5. The process of claim 4, wherein the organic coating material is selected such that the textured carbon steel with the organic coating has a pencil hardness range of F-5H. 6. The process of claim 4, wherein the organic coating material is selected such that the textured carbon steel with the organic coating has a pencil hardness range of H-3H. 7. The process of claim 1, where compression is provided by a temper mill with a force of 500,000-1100,000 pounds. 8. The process of claim 1, where compression is provided by a temper mill with a force of 600,000-900,000 pounds. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the galvanized coating is comprised of zinc, zinc-nickel, zinc-iron, aluminum, or zinc-aluminum. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the galvanized coating is electrogalvanized. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the galvanized coating has a weight of 20 to 90 g/m2. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the galvanized coating has a weight of 30 to 60 g/m2. | A “faux stainless steel” may be produced by processing galvanized carbon steel through a temper mill using textured rolls to develop a “polished” type surface. The galvanized coating is not removed by abrasion but is compressed thereby providing a more uniform substrate than conventional polishing or brushing. The resulting strip may then be coated with an organic film to provide additional appearance and corrosion benefits including anti-fingerprint resistance.1. A process for making a textured carbon steel comprising the steps of:
applying a galvanized coating to carbon steel; compressing the galvanized coating, wherein the compression creates a texture on the galvanized coating. 2. The process of claim 1, additionally comprising the step of coating an organic coating over the galvanized coating. 3. The process of claim 1, additionally comprising the step of coating the textured carbon steel with an organic coating of a thickness between 0.1 mil to about 1.0 mil. 4. The process of claim 1, additionally comprising the steps of: selecting an organic coating material selected from polyester, epoxy, acrylic, and polyurethane, and applying the organic coating material to the surface of the textured carbon steel. 5. The process of claim 4, wherein the organic coating material is selected such that the textured carbon steel with the organic coating has a pencil hardness range of F-5H. 6. The process of claim 4, wherein the organic coating material is selected such that the textured carbon steel with the organic coating has a pencil hardness range of H-3H. 7. The process of claim 1, where compression is provided by a temper mill with a force of 500,000-1100,000 pounds. 8. The process of claim 1, where compression is provided by a temper mill with a force of 600,000-900,000 pounds. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the galvanized coating is comprised of zinc, zinc-nickel, zinc-iron, aluminum, or zinc-aluminum. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the galvanized coating is electrogalvanized. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the galvanized coating has a weight of 20 to 90 g/m2. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the galvanized coating has a weight of 30 to 60 g/m2. | 1,700 |
2,043 | 13,502,925 | 1,718 | Methods are disclosed herein for depositing a passivation layer comprising fluorine over a dielectric material that is sensitive to chlorine, bromine, and iodine. The passivation layer can protect the sensitive dielectric layer thereby enabling deposition using precursors comprising chlorine, bromine, and iodine over the passivation layer. | 1. A process for passivating a high-k layer on a substrate in a reaction chamber comprising:
providing a substrate with a high-k layer in a reaction chamber, wherein the high-k layer comprises a material that is sensitive to reaction with compounds comprising chlorine, bromine or iodine; and providing a fluorine containing chemical into the reaction chamber in a vapor phase, such that the fluorine containing chemical reacts with the high-k layer to form a passivation layer comprising fluorine and a metal from the high-k material. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the fluorine containing chemical comprises a metal. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the metal comprises Ti, Ta, Nb, W, Mo, V, Ru, or Ir. 4. The process of claim 3, wherein the fluorine containing chemical is selected from the group consisting of: TiF4, TaF5, NbF5, WFx, MoFx, VFx, RuFx, and IrFx. 5. The process of claim 1, further comprising depositing an electrode on the passivation layer. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the electrode is formed using ALD or CVD. 7. The process of claim 5, wherein the electrode is formed using a precursor comprising Cl, I, or Br. 8. The process of claim 5, wherein the electrode comprises titanium. 9. The process of claim 8, wherein the electrode is deposited using TiCl4. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the high-k layer comprises Sr or Ba. 11. The process of claim 10, wherein the high-k layer comprises SrTixOy, BaTixOy, SrxBa(1-x)TiyOz, or SrBixTayOz. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the fluorine containing chemical comprises NF3, F2, CxHyFz, HF, CF4, SF6, plasma excited fluorine compounds, or atomic fluorine. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein providing a fluorine containing compound comprises annealing the high-k layer in an atmosphere comprising fluorine. 14. The process of claim 1, further comprising depositing a layer comprising metal oxide on the passivation layer. 15. The process of claim 14, wherein the layer comprising metal oxide is deposited using a precursor comprising bromine, chorine, or iodine. 16. The process of claim 10, wherein the passivation layer comprises Sr and fluorine. 17. The process of claim 5, wherein the electrode comprises TiN and is deposited using a compound comprising fluorine. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein the TiN electrode comprises greater than 2 atomic % fluorine. 19. The process of claim 17, wherein the TiN electrode layer has a thickness of less than about 10 nm and has a resistivity of less than 500 μΩcm. 20. A process for forming a passivation layer film for a high-k layer on a substrate in a reaction chamber comprising:
providing a substrate with a high-k material, wherein the high-k layer comprises Sr or Ba; contacting the high-k material with a vapor phase pulse of a fluorine containing chemical to form a passivation layer; and contacting the substrate with a pulse of a vapor phase reactant comprising nitrogen such that the vapor phase reactant comprising nitrogen reacts with the fluorine containing chemical on the substrate to form a layer comprising nitrogen. 21. The process of claim 20, wherein the contacting steps are repeated less than about 10 times. 22. The process of claim 20, wherein the vapor phase reactant comprising nitrogen comprises NH3. 23. The process of claim 20, wherein the fluorine containing chemical comprises a metal. 24. The process of claim 23, wherein the metal comprises Ti, Ta, Nb, W, Mo, V, Ru, or Ir. 25. The process of claim 23, wherein the fluorine containing chemical is selected from the group consisting of: TiF4, TaF5, NbF5, WFx, MoFx, VFx, RuFx, and IrFx. 26. The process of claim 20, wherein the high-k layer comprises SrTixOy, BaTixOy, SrxBa(1-x)TiyOx, or SrBixTayOz. 27. The process of claim 20, further comprising depositing a material on the passivation layer using a compound comprising chlorine, bromine, or iodine. 28. An atomic layer deposition (ALD) process for forming a titanium nitride containing thin film on a substrate in a reaction chamber comprising a plurality of titanium nitride deposition cycles, each cycle comprising:
providing a pulse of titanium fluoride into the reaction chamber in a vapor phase to form no more than about a single molecular layer of the titanium fluoride on the substrate; removing excess titanium fluoride from the reaction chamber; providing a pulse of a nitrogen containing vapor phase reactant to the reaction chamber such that the nitrogen containing vapor phase reactant reacts with the titanium fluoride on the substrate to form a titanium nitride containing thin film; and removing excess nitrogen containing vapor phase reactant and reaction byproducts, if any, from the reaction chamber. 29. The process of claim 28, wherein the titanium nitride film is formed on top of a dielectric film comprising Sr or Ba. 30. The process of claim 28, wherein less than 10 titanium nitride deposition cycles are performed. 31. The process of claim 28, wherein the titanium nitride thin film is deposited to a thickness of less than about 15 Å. 32. A chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process for forming a titanium nitride containing thin film on a substrate in a reaction chamber comprising:
providing a substrate with a high-k layer in a reaction chamber, wherein the high-k layer comprises a material that is sensitive to reaction with compounds comprising chlorine; providing vapor phase titanium fluoride to the reaction chamber; providing a vapor phase reactant comprising nitrogen to the reaction chamber such that the nitrogen containing vapor phase reactant reacts with the titanium fluoride to form a thin film comprising titanium nitride. 33. (canceled) 34. (canceled) 35. (canceled) 36. (canceled) 37. (canceled) 38. (canceled) 39. (canceled) 40. (canceled) 41. (canceled) 42. A process for forming a titanium nitride containing thin film on a substrate in a reaction chamber comprising:
providing titanium fluoride into the reaction chamber in a vapor phase; providing nitrogen containing vapor phase reactant to the reaction chamber such that the nitrogen containing vapor phase reactant reacts with the titanium fluoride to form a titanium nitride containing thin film; wherein the nitrogen containing vapor phase reactant comprises NH3 or N-containing plasma and wherein the formed titanium nitride thin film has a work function of above about 4.9 eV. 43. The process of claim 42, wherein the process for forming a titanium nitride containing thin film is an ALD process. 44. The process of claim 42, wherein the process for forming a titanium nitride containing thin film is a CVD or a pulsed CVD process. 45. The process of claim 42, wherein the formed titanium nitride thin film has a work function above about 5.0 eV. 46. The process of claim 42, wherein the formed titanium nitride thin film has a work function above about 5.2 eV. 47. The process of claim 42, wherein the substrate is susceptible to chloride, bromide, or iodide attack. 48. The process of claim 42, wherein the titanium fluoride is provided to a substrate comprising a high-k surface. 49. The process of claim 48, further comprising depositing a TiN layer over the high-k surface using a titanium precursor comprising a chlorine, bromine, or iodine prior to providing a titanium fluoride. 50. The process of claim 48, wherein the high-k surface comprises hafnium or zirconium. | Methods are disclosed herein for depositing a passivation layer comprising fluorine over a dielectric material that is sensitive to chlorine, bromine, and iodine. The passivation layer can protect the sensitive dielectric layer thereby enabling deposition using precursors comprising chlorine, bromine, and iodine over the passivation layer.1. A process for passivating a high-k layer on a substrate in a reaction chamber comprising:
providing a substrate with a high-k layer in a reaction chamber, wherein the high-k layer comprises a material that is sensitive to reaction with compounds comprising chlorine, bromine or iodine; and providing a fluorine containing chemical into the reaction chamber in a vapor phase, such that the fluorine containing chemical reacts with the high-k layer to form a passivation layer comprising fluorine and a metal from the high-k material. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the fluorine containing chemical comprises a metal. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the metal comprises Ti, Ta, Nb, W, Mo, V, Ru, or Ir. 4. The process of claim 3, wherein the fluorine containing chemical is selected from the group consisting of: TiF4, TaF5, NbF5, WFx, MoFx, VFx, RuFx, and IrFx. 5. The process of claim 1, further comprising depositing an electrode on the passivation layer. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the electrode is formed using ALD or CVD. 7. The process of claim 5, wherein the electrode is formed using a precursor comprising Cl, I, or Br. 8. The process of claim 5, wherein the electrode comprises titanium. 9. The process of claim 8, wherein the electrode is deposited using TiCl4. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the high-k layer comprises Sr or Ba. 11. The process of claim 10, wherein the high-k layer comprises SrTixOy, BaTixOy, SrxBa(1-x)TiyOz, or SrBixTayOz. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the fluorine containing chemical comprises NF3, F2, CxHyFz, HF, CF4, SF6, plasma excited fluorine compounds, or atomic fluorine. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein providing a fluorine containing compound comprises annealing the high-k layer in an atmosphere comprising fluorine. 14. The process of claim 1, further comprising depositing a layer comprising metal oxide on the passivation layer. 15. The process of claim 14, wherein the layer comprising metal oxide is deposited using a precursor comprising bromine, chorine, or iodine. 16. The process of claim 10, wherein the passivation layer comprises Sr and fluorine. 17. The process of claim 5, wherein the electrode comprises TiN and is deposited using a compound comprising fluorine. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein the TiN electrode comprises greater than 2 atomic % fluorine. 19. The process of claim 17, wherein the TiN electrode layer has a thickness of less than about 10 nm and has a resistivity of less than 500 μΩcm. 20. A process for forming a passivation layer film for a high-k layer on a substrate in a reaction chamber comprising:
providing a substrate with a high-k material, wherein the high-k layer comprises Sr or Ba; contacting the high-k material with a vapor phase pulse of a fluorine containing chemical to form a passivation layer; and contacting the substrate with a pulse of a vapor phase reactant comprising nitrogen such that the vapor phase reactant comprising nitrogen reacts with the fluorine containing chemical on the substrate to form a layer comprising nitrogen. 21. The process of claim 20, wherein the contacting steps are repeated less than about 10 times. 22. The process of claim 20, wherein the vapor phase reactant comprising nitrogen comprises NH3. 23. The process of claim 20, wherein the fluorine containing chemical comprises a metal. 24. The process of claim 23, wherein the metal comprises Ti, Ta, Nb, W, Mo, V, Ru, or Ir. 25. The process of claim 23, wherein the fluorine containing chemical is selected from the group consisting of: TiF4, TaF5, NbF5, WFx, MoFx, VFx, RuFx, and IrFx. 26. The process of claim 20, wherein the high-k layer comprises SrTixOy, BaTixOy, SrxBa(1-x)TiyOx, or SrBixTayOz. 27. The process of claim 20, further comprising depositing a material on the passivation layer using a compound comprising chlorine, bromine, or iodine. 28. An atomic layer deposition (ALD) process for forming a titanium nitride containing thin film on a substrate in a reaction chamber comprising a plurality of titanium nitride deposition cycles, each cycle comprising:
providing a pulse of titanium fluoride into the reaction chamber in a vapor phase to form no more than about a single molecular layer of the titanium fluoride on the substrate; removing excess titanium fluoride from the reaction chamber; providing a pulse of a nitrogen containing vapor phase reactant to the reaction chamber such that the nitrogen containing vapor phase reactant reacts with the titanium fluoride on the substrate to form a titanium nitride containing thin film; and removing excess nitrogen containing vapor phase reactant and reaction byproducts, if any, from the reaction chamber. 29. The process of claim 28, wherein the titanium nitride film is formed on top of a dielectric film comprising Sr or Ba. 30. The process of claim 28, wherein less than 10 titanium nitride deposition cycles are performed. 31. The process of claim 28, wherein the titanium nitride thin film is deposited to a thickness of less than about 15 Å. 32. A chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process for forming a titanium nitride containing thin film on a substrate in a reaction chamber comprising:
providing a substrate with a high-k layer in a reaction chamber, wherein the high-k layer comprises a material that is sensitive to reaction with compounds comprising chlorine; providing vapor phase titanium fluoride to the reaction chamber; providing a vapor phase reactant comprising nitrogen to the reaction chamber such that the nitrogen containing vapor phase reactant reacts with the titanium fluoride to form a thin film comprising titanium nitride. 33. (canceled) 34. (canceled) 35. (canceled) 36. (canceled) 37. (canceled) 38. (canceled) 39. (canceled) 40. (canceled) 41. (canceled) 42. A process for forming a titanium nitride containing thin film on a substrate in a reaction chamber comprising:
providing titanium fluoride into the reaction chamber in a vapor phase; providing nitrogen containing vapor phase reactant to the reaction chamber such that the nitrogen containing vapor phase reactant reacts with the titanium fluoride to form a titanium nitride containing thin film; wherein the nitrogen containing vapor phase reactant comprises NH3 or N-containing plasma and wherein the formed titanium nitride thin film has a work function of above about 4.9 eV. 43. The process of claim 42, wherein the process for forming a titanium nitride containing thin film is an ALD process. 44. The process of claim 42, wherein the process for forming a titanium nitride containing thin film is a CVD or a pulsed CVD process. 45. The process of claim 42, wherein the formed titanium nitride thin film has a work function above about 5.0 eV. 46. The process of claim 42, wherein the formed titanium nitride thin film has a work function above about 5.2 eV. 47. The process of claim 42, wherein the substrate is susceptible to chloride, bromide, or iodide attack. 48. The process of claim 42, wherein the titanium fluoride is provided to a substrate comprising a high-k surface. 49. The process of claim 48, further comprising depositing a TiN layer over the high-k surface using a titanium precursor comprising a chlorine, bromine, or iodine prior to providing a titanium fluoride. 50. The process of claim 48, wherein the high-k surface comprises hafnium or zirconium. | 1,700 |
2,044 | 14,494,893 | 1,713 | The invention relates to a method for separating a metal part from a ceramic part, which are joined at a connecting face within a modular hybrid component, especially of a gas turbine. The method includes said component being subjected to a reducing atmosphere in a gaseous process at elevated temperatures to dissolve the connection between said metal part and said ceramic part, especially by dissolving the ceramic part itself. | 1. A method for separating a metal part from a ceramic part, which are joined at a connecting face within a modular hybrid component, especially of a gas turbine; the method comprising; said modular hybrid component is subjected to an inert/reducing atmosphere in a gaseous process at elevated temperatures to dissolve the connection between said metal part and said ceramic part. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said reducing atmosphere contains halogens as reactive species. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein said halogens have a higher electronegativity than oxygen, on either Pauling Scale, Mulliken Scale or Allred-Rochow Scale. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein said halogens comprise F. 5. The method according to claim 3, wherein said halogens comprise Cl. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said ceramic part itself is dissolved or disintegrated as a whole. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein said ceramic part is a partially or fully stabilized ceramic, whereby, during the process, the stabilizing phase is removed by phase change from the ceramic, such that the entire ceramic destabilizes and is readily removed or spalls of, as soon as the content of the stabilizing phase decreases below a stability limit. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein said ceramic part is a partially or fully stabilized oxide ceramic. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein said partially or fully stabilized oxide ceramic is zirconia stabilized with a rare earth or an alkaline earth element or combinations thereof. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein said rare earth or alkaline earth element is one of Sc, Y, Sm, Mg, Ca, Ce, Ta or Sr. 11. The method according to claim 6, wherein said ceramic part contains an alkali silicate, alkali borosilicate, earth alkali silicate, earth alkali borosilicate or any of those compounds with the addition of a semimetal or metalloid, and that, during the process, the halogen attacks the Si containing phase, which results in dissolution and removal of the entire ceramic. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein a joint layer is disposed between said metal part and said ceramic part, and that said halogen attacks said joint layer, such that said metal part and said ceramic part are separated from each other. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein said joint layer comprises a braze alloy and/or a mineral glue or cement. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein said hybrid component is put in a reactor, which is heated to more than 850° C., preferably to more than 1000° C. but not more than 1150° C. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein said process is conducted as a batch process to allow economic ceramic-metal separation for entire sets in very short time. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the metal part and/or ceramic composite part is simultaneously cleaned in said process, such that it can be brazed without further cleaning or oxide removal and, in case no rework of the metal part is required, is immediately ready for joining with a new ceramic part, and/or the ceramic composite part can be re-used. | The invention relates to a method for separating a metal part from a ceramic part, which are joined at a connecting face within a modular hybrid component, especially of a gas turbine. The method includes said component being subjected to a reducing atmosphere in a gaseous process at elevated temperatures to dissolve the connection between said metal part and said ceramic part, especially by dissolving the ceramic part itself.1. A method for separating a metal part from a ceramic part, which are joined at a connecting face within a modular hybrid component, especially of a gas turbine; the method comprising; said modular hybrid component is subjected to an inert/reducing atmosphere in a gaseous process at elevated temperatures to dissolve the connection between said metal part and said ceramic part. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said reducing atmosphere contains halogens as reactive species. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein said halogens have a higher electronegativity than oxygen, on either Pauling Scale, Mulliken Scale or Allred-Rochow Scale. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein said halogens comprise F. 5. The method according to claim 3, wherein said halogens comprise Cl. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said ceramic part itself is dissolved or disintegrated as a whole. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein said ceramic part is a partially or fully stabilized ceramic, whereby, during the process, the stabilizing phase is removed by phase change from the ceramic, such that the entire ceramic destabilizes and is readily removed or spalls of, as soon as the content of the stabilizing phase decreases below a stability limit. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein said ceramic part is a partially or fully stabilized oxide ceramic. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein said partially or fully stabilized oxide ceramic is zirconia stabilized with a rare earth or an alkaline earth element or combinations thereof. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein said rare earth or alkaline earth element is one of Sc, Y, Sm, Mg, Ca, Ce, Ta or Sr. 11. The method according to claim 6, wherein said ceramic part contains an alkali silicate, alkali borosilicate, earth alkali silicate, earth alkali borosilicate or any of those compounds with the addition of a semimetal or metalloid, and that, during the process, the halogen attacks the Si containing phase, which results in dissolution and removal of the entire ceramic. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein a joint layer is disposed between said metal part and said ceramic part, and that said halogen attacks said joint layer, such that said metal part and said ceramic part are separated from each other. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein said joint layer comprises a braze alloy and/or a mineral glue or cement. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein said hybrid component is put in a reactor, which is heated to more than 850° C., preferably to more than 1000° C. but not more than 1150° C. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein said process is conducted as a batch process to allow economic ceramic-metal separation for entire sets in very short time. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the metal part and/or ceramic composite part is simultaneously cleaned in said process, such that it can be brazed without further cleaning or oxide removal and, in case no rework of the metal part is required, is immediately ready for joining with a new ceramic part, and/or the ceramic composite part can be re-used. | 1,700 |
2,045 | 14,095,885 | 1,774 | Mixing devices and systems are disclosed for storing separate components and for mixing and dispensing those Components on demand. A mixing device includes a syringe having a generally tubular housing formed with a mixing chamber. A plunger is fitted to the tubular housing to form a first syringe. A dispensing syringe is releasably connected to the mixing chamber. At this point each syringe holds a desired amount of a mixture component. The contents of one syringe are passed through the mixing chamber to the other syringe, forming a usually incomplete mixture. The mixture is then passed through the mixing chamber to the other syringe. Multiple passes through the mixing chamber are continued until the desired mixing result is achieved, and the mixture material is contained in the second syringe that is used to thereafter dispense desired amounts of the mixture. | 1.-8. (canceled) 9. A mixing device comprising:
an integrally constructed body having a housing and a mixing chamber integrally connected to a distal end of the housing, the mixing chamber having a distal open end; a plunger having a plunger body fitted at least partially within the housing, the plunger axially moveable relative to the housing; and an interior structure disposed within the mixing chamber, wherein the interior structure cooperates with internal walls of the mixing chamber to define multiple flow passageways. 10. The mixing device of claim 9, wherein the interior structure is positioned adjacent the hollow housing and spaced from the open end. 11. A system for mixing and dispensing, comprising:
the mixing device of claim 9, further comprising a first engagement member disposed in the mixing chamber of the mixing device; and a dispensing syringe comprising:
a tubular housing having a hollow bore;
a discharge nozzle extending from the tubular housing;
a dispensing syringe plunger disposed at least partially within the tubular housing; and
a second engagement member provided on the discharge nozzle and adapted for direct mating with the first engagement member. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the first and second engagement members comprise a bayonet interlock, a threaded engagement, or other interlocking arrangement. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the first and second engagement members provide releasable engagement between the mixing device and the dispensing syringe, and wherein the engagement is sufficient to withstand pressures generated during a mixing event without requiring manual pressure to hold the mixing device and the dispensing syringe together. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the dispensing syringe plunger comprises a plunger tip configured to provide wiping engagement with interior walls of the tubular housing. 15. The system of claim 11, further comprising a unit dose dial. 16. The system of claim 11, further comprising a stop collar, wherein the dispensing syringe plunger is provided with a series of engagement features each adapted to retain the stop collar at a selected position along the dispensing syringe plunger. 17. The system of claim 11, further comprising:
a cap fitted over at least a portion of the discharge nozzle to occlude the orifice; and a support base having an interior opening adapted to receive the cap. 18. A method of mixing two flowable components, comprising:
introducing a nozzle of a dispensing syringe into a distal opening of a mixing device,
wherein the dispensing syringe comprises a tubular housing having a hollow bore, a nozzle extending from the tubular housing, and a dispensing syringe plunger disposed at least partially within the tubular housing,
wherein the mixing device comprises a housing, a mixing chamber integrally connected to a distal end of the housing, the mixing chamber having a distal opening, a mixing device plunger fitted at least partially within the housing and axially moveable relative to the housing, and an interior structure disposed within the mixing chamber and cooperating with internal walls of the mixing chamber to define multiple flow passageways, and
wherein a first liquid component is stored in the housing of the mixing device and a second component having a higher viscosity is stored in the tubular housing of the dispensing syringe;
interlocking a first engagement member disposed within the mixing chamber with a second engagement member disposed on the nozzle of the dispensing syringe such that the mixing device and the dispensing syringe releasably engage in a free standing manner that does not require manual pressure to maintain; depressing the mixing device plunger so as to move the first liquid component through the mixing chamber into the dispensing syringe to contact the second component; and depressing the dispensing syringe plunger so as to move the first liquid component and the second component through the mixing chamber into the housing of the mixing device. 19. A syringe comprising: a generally tubular housing having opposing proximal and distal end portions, the distal end portion terminating in a nozzle defining a mixing chamber, wherein the tubular housing and mixing chamber are a unitary molded body; and a plunger configured for axial movement with the tubular housing wherein the mixing chamber includes at least one emulsifying passageway formed by an internal structure disposed within the mixing chamber and wherein the interior structure has opposed ends that are flared in an inwardly extending or concave frustoconical shape, wherein the plunger comprises a plunger tip configured to provide wiping engagement with interior walls of the tubular housing. 20. The syringe of claim 19, further comprising a stop collar, wherein the plunger is provided with a series of engagement features each adapted to retain the stop collar at a selected position along the dispensing syringe plunger. | Mixing devices and systems are disclosed for storing separate components and for mixing and dispensing those Components on demand. A mixing device includes a syringe having a generally tubular housing formed with a mixing chamber. A plunger is fitted to the tubular housing to form a first syringe. A dispensing syringe is releasably connected to the mixing chamber. At this point each syringe holds a desired amount of a mixture component. The contents of one syringe are passed through the mixing chamber to the other syringe, forming a usually incomplete mixture. The mixture is then passed through the mixing chamber to the other syringe. Multiple passes through the mixing chamber are continued until the desired mixing result is achieved, and the mixture material is contained in the second syringe that is used to thereafter dispense desired amounts of the mixture.1.-8. (canceled) 9. A mixing device comprising:
an integrally constructed body having a housing and a mixing chamber integrally connected to a distal end of the housing, the mixing chamber having a distal open end; a plunger having a plunger body fitted at least partially within the housing, the plunger axially moveable relative to the housing; and an interior structure disposed within the mixing chamber, wherein the interior structure cooperates with internal walls of the mixing chamber to define multiple flow passageways. 10. The mixing device of claim 9, wherein the interior structure is positioned adjacent the hollow housing and spaced from the open end. 11. A system for mixing and dispensing, comprising:
the mixing device of claim 9, further comprising a first engagement member disposed in the mixing chamber of the mixing device; and a dispensing syringe comprising:
a tubular housing having a hollow bore;
a discharge nozzle extending from the tubular housing;
a dispensing syringe plunger disposed at least partially within the tubular housing; and
a second engagement member provided on the discharge nozzle and adapted for direct mating with the first engagement member. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the first and second engagement members comprise a bayonet interlock, a threaded engagement, or other interlocking arrangement. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the first and second engagement members provide releasable engagement between the mixing device and the dispensing syringe, and wherein the engagement is sufficient to withstand pressures generated during a mixing event without requiring manual pressure to hold the mixing device and the dispensing syringe together. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the dispensing syringe plunger comprises a plunger tip configured to provide wiping engagement with interior walls of the tubular housing. 15. The system of claim 11, further comprising a unit dose dial. 16. The system of claim 11, further comprising a stop collar, wherein the dispensing syringe plunger is provided with a series of engagement features each adapted to retain the stop collar at a selected position along the dispensing syringe plunger. 17. The system of claim 11, further comprising:
a cap fitted over at least a portion of the discharge nozzle to occlude the orifice; and a support base having an interior opening adapted to receive the cap. 18. A method of mixing two flowable components, comprising:
introducing a nozzle of a dispensing syringe into a distal opening of a mixing device,
wherein the dispensing syringe comprises a tubular housing having a hollow bore, a nozzle extending from the tubular housing, and a dispensing syringe plunger disposed at least partially within the tubular housing,
wherein the mixing device comprises a housing, a mixing chamber integrally connected to a distal end of the housing, the mixing chamber having a distal opening, a mixing device plunger fitted at least partially within the housing and axially moveable relative to the housing, and an interior structure disposed within the mixing chamber and cooperating with internal walls of the mixing chamber to define multiple flow passageways, and
wherein a first liquid component is stored in the housing of the mixing device and a second component having a higher viscosity is stored in the tubular housing of the dispensing syringe;
interlocking a first engagement member disposed within the mixing chamber with a second engagement member disposed on the nozzle of the dispensing syringe such that the mixing device and the dispensing syringe releasably engage in a free standing manner that does not require manual pressure to maintain; depressing the mixing device plunger so as to move the first liquid component through the mixing chamber into the dispensing syringe to contact the second component; and depressing the dispensing syringe plunger so as to move the first liquid component and the second component through the mixing chamber into the housing of the mixing device. 19. A syringe comprising: a generally tubular housing having opposing proximal and distal end portions, the distal end portion terminating in a nozzle defining a mixing chamber, wherein the tubular housing and mixing chamber are a unitary molded body; and a plunger configured for axial movement with the tubular housing wherein the mixing chamber includes at least one emulsifying passageway formed by an internal structure disposed within the mixing chamber and wherein the interior structure has opposed ends that are flared in an inwardly extending or concave frustoconical shape, wherein the plunger comprises a plunger tip configured to provide wiping engagement with interior walls of the tubular housing. 20. The syringe of claim 19, further comprising a stop collar, wherein the plunger is provided with a series of engagement features each adapted to retain the stop collar at a selected position along the dispensing syringe plunger. | 1,700 |
2,046 | 14,084,717 | 1,783 | Nonwoven sanitary tissue products having a woven surface pattern that provides the nonwoven sanitary tissue product with a woven appearance and a method for making such sanitary tissue products are provided. | 1. A sanitary tissue product comprising a surface pattern having a repeating design element, wherein the repeating design element comprises a first design element component having two adjacent open termini and two adjacent closed termini and a second design element component, which is generated by rotating the first design element component 180°, and wherein the first design element component of a first repeating design element is connected to the second design element component of a second repeating design element through respective opposing open termini. 2. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 1 wherein the second design element component of the first repeating design element and the first design element component of the second repeating design element are oriented such that their respective opposing closed termini sandwich the connected respective opposing open termini. 3. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 1 wherein the connected respective opposing open termini form a channel. 4. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 3 wherein the channel is oriented at an angle with respect to the machine direction of the sanitary tissue product of from about 10° to about 80°. 5. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 1 wherein the surface pattern further comprises a background pattern. 6. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 5 wherein the background pattern comprises line elements. 7. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 5 wherein the background pattern comprises dot elements. 8. The sanitary issue product according to claim 1 wherein the repeating design element comprises line elements. 9. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 8 wherein the repeating design element further comprises dot elements. 10. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 1 wherein the surface pattern is embossed. 11. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 1 wherein the sanitary tissue product comprises filaments. 12. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 11 wherein the filaments comprise a hydroxyl polymer. 13. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 1 wherein the sanitary tissue product comprises fibers. 14. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 13 wherein the fibers comprise pulp fibers. 15. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 14 wherein the pulp fibers comprise wood pulp fibers. 16. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 14 wherein the pulp fibers comprise trichomes. 17. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 1 wherein the sanitary tissue product is a through-air-dried sanitary tissue product. 18. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 1 wherein the sanitary tissue product is a wet-pressed sanitary tissue product. 19. A method for making a sanitary tissue product according to claim 1, the method comprising the steps of:
a. providing at least one ply of a fibrous structure; and b. imparting a surface pattern to the fibrous structure to produce the sanitary tissue product, wherein the surface pattern has a repeating design element, wherein the repeating design element comprises a first design element component having two adjacent open termini and two adjacent closed termini and a second design element component, which is generated by rotating the first design element component 180°, and wherein the first design element component of a first repeating design element is connected to the second design element component of a second repeating design element through respective opposing open termini. 20. A method for making a sanitary tissue product according to claim 1, the method comprising the steps of:
a. depositing fibrous elements onto a patterned belt to form a fibrous structure comprising a surface pattern having a repeating design element, wherein the repeating design element comprises a first design element component having two adjacent open termini and two adjacent closed termini and a second design element component, which is generated by rotating the first design element component 180°, and wherein the first design element component of a first repeating design element is connected to the second design element component of a second repeating design element through respective opposing open termini; and b. removing the fibrous structure from the patterned belt to produce the sanitary tissue product. | Nonwoven sanitary tissue products having a woven surface pattern that provides the nonwoven sanitary tissue product with a woven appearance and a method for making such sanitary tissue products are provided.1. A sanitary tissue product comprising a surface pattern having a repeating design element, wherein the repeating design element comprises a first design element component having two adjacent open termini and two adjacent closed termini and a second design element component, which is generated by rotating the first design element component 180°, and wherein the first design element component of a first repeating design element is connected to the second design element component of a second repeating design element through respective opposing open termini. 2. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 1 wherein the second design element component of the first repeating design element and the first design element component of the second repeating design element are oriented such that their respective opposing closed termini sandwich the connected respective opposing open termini. 3. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 1 wherein the connected respective opposing open termini form a channel. 4. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 3 wherein the channel is oriented at an angle with respect to the machine direction of the sanitary tissue product of from about 10° to about 80°. 5. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 1 wherein the surface pattern further comprises a background pattern. 6. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 5 wherein the background pattern comprises line elements. 7. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 5 wherein the background pattern comprises dot elements. 8. The sanitary issue product according to claim 1 wherein the repeating design element comprises line elements. 9. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 8 wherein the repeating design element further comprises dot elements. 10. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 1 wherein the surface pattern is embossed. 11. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 1 wherein the sanitary tissue product comprises filaments. 12. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 11 wherein the filaments comprise a hydroxyl polymer. 13. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 1 wherein the sanitary tissue product comprises fibers. 14. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 13 wherein the fibers comprise pulp fibers. 15. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 14 wherein the pulp fibers comprise wood pulp fibers. 16. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 14 wherein the pulp fibers comprise trichomes. 17. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 1 wherein the sanitary tissue product is a through-air-dried sanitary tissue product. 18. The sanitary tissue product according to claim 1 wherein the sanitary tissue product is a wet-pressed sanitary tissue product. 19. A method for making a sanitary tissue product according to claim 1, the method comprising the steps of:
a. providing at least one ply of a fibrous structure; and b. imparting a surface pattern to the fibrous structure to produce the sanitary tissue product, wherein the surface pattern has a repeating design element, wherein the repeating design element comprises a first design element component having two adjacent open termini and two adjacent closed termini and a second design element component, which is generated by rotating the first design element component 180°, and wherein the first design element component of a first repeating design element is connected to the second design element component of a second repeating design element through respective opposing open termini. 20. A method for making a sanitary tissue product according to claim 1, the method comprising the steps of:
a. depositing fibrous elements onto a patterned belt to form a fibrous structure comprising a surface pattern having a repeating design element, wherein the repeating design element comprises a first design element component having two adjacent open termini and two adjacent closed termini and a second design element component, which is generated by rotating the first design element component 180°, and wherein the first design element component of a first repeating design element is connected to the second design element component of a second repeating design element through respective opposing open termini; and b. removing the fibrous structure from the patterned belt to produce the sanitary tissue product. | 1,700 |
2,047 | 13,582,058 | 1,783 | A translucent surface protection film suitable for protecting relatively rough surfaces such as, for example, the painted surfaces often found on architectural structures like doors, walls, etc. The translucent surface protection film comprises a polymeric layer backed by an adhesive layer comprising a pressure sensitive adhesive. The adhesive layer defines a major surface of the film, with another major surface of the film having a surface texture that exhibits a 60 degree Gloss Level of less than or equal to 15. The rheological properties of the adhesive allow the adhesive layer to achieve a wet out of at least 70%, when the adhesive layer is applied onto a surface having a surface roughness with a peak count (PC) of at least 250 peaks/meter. | 1. A translucent surface protection film having opposite major surfaces and comprising a polymeric layer backed by an adhesive layer comprising an adhesive material defining one of said major surfaces, with the other of said major surfaces having a surface texture that exhibits a 60 degree Gloss Level of less than or equal to about 15, said adhesive comprising a pressure sensitive adhesive, and said adhesive having rheological properties that allow said adhesive to achieve a wet out of at least about 70%, when said adhesive layer is applied onto a rough surface having a surface roughness with a peak count of at least 250 peaks/meter,
wherein the rheological properties exhibited by said adhesive include a Loss Tangent Delta value of (a) greater than or equal to about 0.65, when measured by a dynamic shear modulus at 1 radian/sec and 23 degrees C., (b) greater than or equal to about 0.40, when measured by a dynamic shear modulus at 0.1 radian/sec and 23 degrees C., or a combination of both (a) and (b). 2. The surface protection film according to claim 1, wherein said adhesive has rheological properties that allow said adhesive to achieve a wet out of at least about 85%, when said adhesive is applied onto a rough surface having a surface roughness with a peak count of at least 250 peaks/meter. 3. The surface protection film according to claim 1, wherein said adhesive has rheological properties that allow said adhesive to achieve the wet out, when said adhesive layer is applied onto a rough surface having a surface roughness with a peak count of up to about 950 peaks/meter. 4. The surface protection film according to claim 1, wherein said adhesive has rheological properties that allow said adhesive to achieve the wet out, when said adhesive layer is applied onto a rough surface having an average surface roughness (Ra) of less than about 13 μm. 5. The surface protection film according to claim 1, wherein said adhesive has rheological properties that allow said adhesive to achieve the wet out, when said adhesive layer is applied onto a rough surface having a maximum peak to valley height (Rt) of less than about 200 μm. 6. The surface protection film according to claim 1, wherein the rheological properties exhibited by said adhesive include a Loss Tangent Delta value, as measured by dynamic shear modulus at 1 radian/sec and 23 degrees C., of greater than or equal to about 0.70. 7. The surface protection film according to claim 1, wherein the rheological properties exhibited by said adhesive include a Loss Tangent Delta value, as measured by dynamic shear modulus at 0.1 radian/sec and 23 degrees C., of greater than or equal to about 0.50. 8. The surface protection film according to claim 1, wherein the rheological properties exhibited by said adhesive include a stress relaxation ratio, according to the equation: G′(t2)/G′(t1), of (a) less than or equal to about 0.1, when t2 is 500 seconds and t1 is 0.1 seconds, (b) less than or equal to 0.25, when t2 is 500 seconds and t1 is 1.0 seconds, or (c) a combination of both (a) and (b). 9. The surface protection film according to claim 1, wherein said surface protection film further comprises a clearcoat layer that is at least partially crosslinked and defines the other of said major surfaces having the surface texture. 10. The surface protection film according to claim 1, wherein said adhesive layer has a thickness that is at least about 76 μm (3.0 mils). 11. A combination comprising:
a substrate comprising a rough surface having a surface roughness with a peak count of at least 250 peaks/meter; and said surface protection film according to claim 1, wherein said adhesive layer is adhesively bonded to said substrate such that said surface protection film covers at least a portion of said rough surface. 12. The combination according to claim 11, wherein the substrate is selected from an architectural door, wall, railings, floor trim, wall trim, and vertical portion of a step. 13. The combination according to claim 11, wherein said rough surface has a surface roughness with a peak count (PC) of at least 400 peaks/meter. 14. The combination according to claim 11, wherein said rough surface has an average surface roughness (Ra) of less than about 12 μm. 15. The combination according to claim 11, wherein said rough surface has a maximum peak to valley height (Rt) of less than about 170 μm. 16. The combination according to claim 11, wherein said adhesive has rheological properties that allow said adhesive to achieve a wet out of at least about 85%. 17. The combination according to claim 11, wherein said rough surface has at least one of (a) a surface roughness with a peak count of up to about 950 peaks/meter, (b) an average surface roughness (Ra) of less than about 13 μm, and (c) a maximum peak to valley height (Rt) of less than about 200 μm; and said adhesive has rheological properties that allow said adhesive to achieve the wet out, when said adhesive layer is applied onto said rough surface. 18. The combination according to claim 17, wherein the rheological properties exhibited by said adhesive include at least one of (1) a Loss Tangent Delta value, as measured by dynamic shear modulus at 1 radian/sec and 23 degrees C., of greater than or equal to about 0.70, (2) a Loss Tangent Delta value, as measured by dynamic shear modulus at 0.1 radian/sec and 23 degrees C., of greater than or equal to about 0.50, and (3) a stress relaxation ratio, according to the equation: G′(t2)/G′(t1), of (a) less than or equal to about 0.1, when t2 is 500 seconds and t1 is 0.1 seconds, (b) less than or equal to 0.25, when t2 is 500 seconds and t1 is 1.0 seconds, or (c) a combination of both (a) and (b). 19. The combination according to claim 11, wherein said surface protection film further comprises a clearcoat layer that is at least partially crosslinked and defines the other of said major surfaces having the surface texture. 20. The combination according to claim 11, wherein said adhesive layer has a thickness that is at least about 76 μm (3.0 mils). | A translucent surface protection film suitable for protecting relatively rough surfaces such as, for example, the painted surfaces often found on architectural structures like doors, walls, etc. The translucent surface protection film comprises a polymeric layer backed by an adhesive layer comprising a pressure sensitive adhesive. The adhesive layer defines a major surface of the film, with another major surface of the film having a surface texture that exhibits a 60 degree Gloss Level of less than or equal to 15. The rheological properties of the adhesive allow the adhesive layer to achieve a wet out of at least 70%, when the adhesive layer is applied onto a surface having a surface roughness with a peak count (PC) of at least 250 peaks/meter.1. A translucent surface protection film having opposite major surfaces and comprising a polymeric layer backed by an adhesive layer comprising an adhesive material defining one of said major surfaces, with the other of said major surfaces having a surface texture that exhibits a 60 degree Gloss Level of less than or equal to about 15, said adhesive comprising a pressure sensitive adhesive, and said adhesive having rheological properties that allow said adhesive to achieve a wet out of at least about 70%, when said adhesive layer is applied onto a rough surface having a surface roughness with a peak count of at least 250 peaks/meter,
wherein the rheological properties exhibited by said adhesive include a Loss Tangent Delta value of (a) greater than or equal to about 0.65, when measured by a dynamic shear modulus at 1 radian/sec and 23 degrees C., (b) greater than or equal to about 0.40, when measured by a dynamic shear modulus at 0.1 radian/sec and 23 degrees C., or a combination of both (a) and (b). 2. The surface protection film according to claim 1, wherein said adhesive has rheological properties that allow said adhesive to achieve a wet out of at least about 85%, when said adhesive is applied onto a rough surface having a surface roughness with a peak count of at least 250 peaks/meter. 3. The surface protection film according to claim 1, wherein said adhesive has rheological properties that allow said adhesive to achieve the wet out, when said adhesive layer is applied onto a rough surface having a surface roughness with a peak count of up to about 950 peaks/meter. 4. The surface protection film according to claim 1, wherein said adhesive has rheological properties that allow said adhesive to achieve the wet out, when said adhesive layer is applied onto a rough surface having an average surface roughness (Ra) of less than about 13 μm. 5. The surface protection film according to claim 1, wherein said adhesive has rheological properties that allow said adhesive to achieve the wet out, when said adhesive layer is applied onto a rough surface having a maximum peak to valley height (Rt) of less than about 200 μm. 6. The surface protection film according to claim 1, wherein the rheological properties exhibited by said adhesive include a Loss Tangent Delta value, as measured by dynamic shear modulus at 1 radian/sec and 23 degrees C., of greater than or equal to about 0.70. 7. The surface protection film according to claim 1, wherein the rheological properties exhibited by said adhesive include a Loss Tangent Delta value, as measured by dynamic shear modulus at 0.1 radian/sec and 23 degrees C., of greater than or equal to about 0.50. 8. The surface protection film according to claim 1, wherein the rheological properties exhibited by said adhesive include a stress relaxation ratio, according to the equation: G′(t2)/G′(t1), of (a) less than or equal to about 0.1, when t2 is 500 seconds and t1 is 0.1 seconds, (b) less than or equal to 0.25, when t2 is 500 seconds and t1 is 1.0 seconds, or (c) a combination of both (a) and (b). 9. The surface protection film according to claim 1, wherein said surface protection film further comprises a clearcoat layer that is at least partially crosslinked and defines the other of said major surfaces having the surface texture. 10. The surface protection film according to claim 1, wherein said adhesive layer has a thickness that is at least about 76 μm (3.0 mils). 11. A combination comprising:
a substrate comprising a rough surface having a surface roughness with a peak count of at least 250 peaks/meter; and said surface protection film according to claim 1, wherein said adhesive layer is adhesively bonded to said substrate such that said surface protection film covers at least a portion of said rough surface. 12. The combination according to claim 11, wherein the substrate is selected from an architectural door, wall, railings, floor trim, wall trim, and vertical portion of a step. 13. The combination according to claim 11, wherein said rough surface has a surface roughness with a peak count (PC) of at least 400 peaks/meter. 14. The combination according to claim 11, wherein said rough surface has an average surface roughness (Ra) of less than about 12 μm. 15. The combination according to claim 11, wherein said rough surface has a maximum peak to valley height (Rt) of less than about 170 μm. 16. The combination according to claim 11, wherein said adhesive has rheological properties that allow said adhesive to achieve a wet out of at least about 85%. 17. The combination according to claim 11, wherein said rough surface has at least one of (a) a surface roughness with a peak count of up to about 950 peaks/meter, (b) an average surface roughness (Ra) of less than about 13 μm, and (c) a maximum peak to valley height (Rt) of less than about 200 μm; and said adhesive has rheological properties that allow said adhesive to achieve the wet out, when said adhesive layer is applied onto said rough surface. 18. The combination according to claim 17, wherein the rheological properties exhibited by said adhesive include at least one of (1) a Loss Tangent Delta value, as measured by dynamic shear modulus at 1 radian/sec and 23 degrees C., of greater than or equal to about 0.70, (2) a Loss Tangent Delta value, as measured by dynamic shear modulus at 0.1 radian/sec and 23 degrees C., of greater than or equal to about 0.50, and (3) a stress relaxation ratio, according to the equation: G′(t2)/G′(t1), of (a) less than or equal to about 0.1, when t2 is 500 seconds and t1 is 0.1 seconds, (b) less than or equal to 0.25, when t2 is 500 seconds and t1 is 1.0 seconds, or (c) a combination of both (a) and (b). 19. The combination according to claim 11, wherein said surface protection film further comprises a clearcoat layer that is at least partially crosslinked and defines the other of said major surfaces having the surface texture. 20. The combination according to claim 11, wherein said adhesive layer has a thickness that is at least about 76 μm (3.0 mils). | 1,700 |
2,048 | 14,207,810 | 1,787 | The present invention is a composition comprising an aqueous dispersion of polymeric binder particles containing a substantial absence of phosphate and phosphonate groups; rutile TiO 2 having a purity of at least 98% and a substantial absence of inorganic silica; and a dispersant which is a class of low molecular weight polyphosphates. The composition of the present invention is useful as a coating for paper or paperboard. | 1. A composition comprising an aqueous dispersion of a) from 3 to 25 weight percent polymeric binder particles containing a substantial absence of phosphate and phosphonate groups; b) from 5 to 35 weight percent rutile TiO2 having a purity of at least 98% and a substantial absence of inorganic silica; c) from 0.1 to 2 weight percent of a dispersant which is tetrasodium pyrophosphate, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate, or sodium hexametaphosphate; wherein the polymeric binder particles comprise vinyl acetate, vinyl-acrylic, styrene-acrylic, or styrene-butadiene polymer particles; and wherein the weight percentages are all based on the weight of total solids of the composition. 2. The composition of claim 1 which further includes clay particles or calcium carbonate or both; and a rheology modifier. 3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the binder particles contain less than 0.01 weight percent phosphate and phosphonate groups; and wherein the TiO2 has an optical density of 1.05 to 1.15, and a refractive index of from 2.70 to 2.75. 4. The composition of claim 3 wherein the TiO2 has a particle size distribution with a geometric standard deviation of 1.45 to 1.50. 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the dispersant is tetrasodium pyrophosphate, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate, or sodium hexametaphosphate, at a concentration in the range of about 0.2 to 0.6 weight percent, based on the weight of total solids of the composition. 6. The composition of claim 2 wherein 80 to 100 weight percent of the clay particles or calcium carbonate or both have a particle size finer than 2 μm. 7. A laminate comprising coated or uncoated paper or paperboard; and a 5- to 35-μm thick layer of a film adhered to the coated or uncoated paper or paperboard; wherein the film comprises a) from 3 to 25 weight percent polymeric binder particles containing a substantial absence of phosphate and phosphonate groups; b) from 5 to 35 weight percent rutile TiO2 having a purity of at least 98% and a substantial absence of inorganic silica; c) from 0.1 to 2 weight percent of a dispersant which is tetrasodium pyrophosphate, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, or potassium hexametaphosphate; wherein the polymeric binder particles comprise vinyl acetate, vinyl-acrylic, styrene-acrylic, or styrene-butadiene polymer particles; and wherein the weight percentages are all based on the weight of total solids in the film. 8. The laminate of claim 7 wherein the thickness of the film is from 10 to 20 μm. | The present invention is a composition comprising an aqueous dispersion of polymeric binder particles containing a substantial absence of phosphate and phosphonate groups; rutile TiO 2 having a purity of at least 98% and a substantial absence of inorganic silica; and a dispersant which is a class of low molecular weight polyphosphates. The composition of the present invention is useful as a coating for paper or paperboard.1. A composition comprising an aqueous dispersion of a) from 3 to 25 weight percent polymeric binder particles containing a substantial absence of phosphate and phosphonate groups; b) from 5 to 35 weight percent rutile TiO2 having a purity of at least 98% and a substantial absence of inorganic silica; c) from 0.1 to 2 weight percent of a dispersant which is tetrasodium pyrophosphate, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate, or sodium hexametaphosphate; wherein the polymeric binder particles comprise vinyl acetate, vinyl-acrylic, styrene-acrylic, or styrene-butadiene polymer particles; and wherein the weight percentages are all based on the weight of total solids of the composition. 2. The composition of claim 1 which further includes clay particles or calcium carbonate or both; and a rheology modifier. 3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the binder particles contain less than 0.01 weight percent phosphate and phosphonate groups; and wherein the TiO2 has an optical density of 1.05 to 1.15, and a refractive index of from 2.70 to 2.75. 4. The composition of claim 3 wherein the TiO2 has a particle size distribution with a geometric standard deviation of 1.45 to 1.50. 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the dispersant is tetrasodium pyrophosphate, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate, or sodium hexametaphosphate, at a concentration in the range of about 0.2 to 0.6 weight percent, based on the weight of total solids of the composition. 6. The composition of claim 2 wherein 80 to 100 weight percent of the clay particles or calcium carbonate or both have a particle size finer than 2 μm. 7. A laminate comprising coated or uncoated paper or paperboard; and a 5- to 35-μm thick layer of a film adhered to the coated or uncoated paper or paperboard; wherein the film comprises a) from 3 to 25 weight percent polymeric binder particles containing a substantial absence of phosphate and phosphonate groups; b) from 5 to 35 weight percent rutile TiO2 having a purity of at least 98% and a substantial absence of inorganic silica; c) from 0.1 to 2 weight percent of a dispersant which is tetrasodium pyrophosphate, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, or potassium hexametaphosphate; wherein the polymeric binder particles comprise vinyl acetate, vinyl-acrylic, styrene-acrylic, or styrene-butadiene polymer particles; and wherein the weight percentages are all based on the weight of total solids in the film. 8. The laminate of claim 7 wherein the thickness of the film is from 10 to 20 μm. | 1,700 |
2,049 | 14,160,352 | 1,729 | A catalyst for a fuel cell includes an active metal catalyst and a composite supporter supporting the active metal catalyst. The composite supporter includes a spherical-shaped supporter and a fibrous supporter, wherein the fibrous supporter is included in an amount of about 5 wt % to about 40 wt % based on the total amount of the composite supporter. In addition, an electrode for a fuel cell using the same, a membrane-electrode assembly for a fuel cell including the electrode, and a fuel cell system including the membrane-electrode assembly are also disclosed. | 1. A catalyst for a fuel cell, comprising
an active metal catalyst; and a composite supporter supporting the active metal catalyst and comprising a spherical-shaped supporter and a fibrous supporter, wherein the fibrous supporter is included in an amount of about 5 wt % to about 40 wt % based on the total amount of the composite supporter. 2. The catalyst for a fuel cell of claim 1, wherein the fibrous supporter is included in an amount of about 5 wt % to about 30 wt % based on the total amount of the composite supporter. 3. The catalyst for a fuel cell of claim 1, wherein the fibrous supporter relative to the spherical-shaped supporter has a diameter ratio in a range from about 2 to about 10. 4. The catalyst for a fuel cell of claim 1, wherein the spherical-shaped supporter comprises at least one selected from graphite and carbon black. 5. The catalyst for a fuel cell of claim 4, wherein the carbon black is selected from the group consisting of denka black, ketjen black, acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, thermal black, and a combination thereof. 6. The catalyst for a fuel cell of claim 1, wherein the fibrous supporter comprises at least one selected from a carbon nanofiber, a graphitized carbon nanofiber, carbon nanotube, carbon nano-horn, and carbon nanowire. 7. The catalyst for a fuel cell of claim 1, wherein the composite supporter is included in an amount of about 20 wt % to about 80 wt % based on the total amount of the catalyst. 8. An electrode for a fuel cell, comprising
an electrode substrate; and a catalyst layer comprising the catalyst according to claim 1 disposed on the electrode substrate. 9. The electrode for a fuel cell of claim 8, wherein the catalyst layer further comprises an ionomer. 10. The electrode for a fuel cell of claim 9, wherein the ionomer is included in an amount of about 15 wt % to about 50 wt % based on the total amount of the catalyst layer. 11. A membrane-electrode assembly for a fuel cell, comprising
a cathode; an anode facing the cathode; and a polymer electrolyte membrane interposed between the cathode and the anode, wherein the cathode and the anode comprise: an electrode substrate; and a catalyst layer comprising the catalyst according to claim 1 disposed on the electrode substrate. 12. A fuel cell system, comprising
a fuel supplier for supplying a mixed fuel comprising fuel and water; a reforming part for reforming the mixed fuel and generating a reformed gas comprising hydrogen gas; a stack comprising the membrane-electrode assembly according to claim 11 and a separator disposed on either side of the membrane-electrode assembly, the stack being for generating electrical energy through electrochemical reaction of the reformed gas supplied from the reforming part, and an oxidant; and an oxidant supplier for supplying the oxidant to the reforming part and the stack. | A catalyst for a fuel cell includes an active metal catalyst and a composite supporter supporting the active metal catalyst. The composite supporter includes a spherical-shaped supporter and a fibrous supporter, wherein the fibrous supporter is included in an amount of about 5 wt % to about 40 wt % based on the total amount of the composite supporter. In addition, an electrode for a fuel cell using the same, a membrane-electrode assembly for a fuel cell including the electrode, and a fuel cell system including the membrane-electrode assembly are also disclosed.1. A catalyst for a fuel cell, comprising
an active metal catalyst; and a composite supporter supporting the active metal catalyst and comprising a spherical-shaped supporter and a fibrous supporter, wherein the fibrous supporter is included in an amount of about 5 wt % to about 40 wt % based on the total amount of the composite supporter. 2. The catalyst for a fuel cell of claim 1, wherein the fibrous supporter is included in an amount of about 5 wt % to about 30 wt % based on the total amount of the composite supporter. 3. The catalyst for a fuel cell of claim 1, wherein the fibrous supporter relative to the spherical-shaped supporter has a diameter ratio in a range from about 2 to about 10. 4. The catalyst for a fuel cell of claim 1, wherein the spherical-shaped supporter comprises at least one selected from graphite and carbon black. 5. The catalyst for a fuel cell of claim 4, wherein the carbon black is selected from the group consisting of denka black, ketjen black, acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, thermal black, and a combination thereof. 6. The catalyst for a fuel cell of claim 1, wherein the fibrous supporter comprises at least one selected from a carbon nanofiber, a graphitized carbon nanofiber, carbon nanotube, carbon nano-horn, and carbon nanowire. 7. The catalyst for a fuel cell of claim 1, wherein the composite supporter is included in an amount of about 20 wt % to about 80 wt % based on the total amount of the catalyst. 8. An electrode for a fuel cell, comprising
an electrode substrate; and a catalyst layer comprising the catalyst according to claim 1 disposed on the electrode substrate. 9. The electrode for a fuel cell of claim 8, wherein the catalyst layer further comprises an ionomer. 10. The electrode for a fuel cell of claim 9, wherein the ionomer is included in an amount of about 15 wt % to about 50 wt % based on the total amount of the catalyst layer. 11. A membrane-electrode assembly for a fuel cell, comprising
a cathode; an anode facing the cathode; and a polymer electrolyte membrane interposed between the cathode and the anode, wherein the cathode and the anode comprise: an electrode substrate; and a catalyst layer comprising the catalyst according to claim 1 disposed on the electrode substrate. 12. A fuel cell system, comprising
a fuel supplier for supplying a mixed fuel comprising fuel and water; a reforming part for reforming the mixed fuel and generating a reformed gas comprising hydrogen gas; a stack comprising the membrane-electrode assembly according to claim 11 and a separator disposed on either side of the membrane-electrode assembly, the stack being for generating electrical energy through electrochemical reaction of the reformed gas supplied from the reforming part, and an oxidant; and an oxidant supplier for supplying the oxidant to the reforming part and the stack. | 1,700 |
2,050 | 14,592,681 | 1,777 | An adapter housing is described that can be used for high performance liquid chromatography, which can be releasably connected to a socket unit. The adapter housing includes a bore which passes through the adapter housing and a pre-column which can be arranged in the bore to protect the separation column from contaminants and/or to concentrate the fluid to be analyzed. A sealing element seals the adapter housing in relation to the socket unit at the end-face wall of a pilot bore. | 1. An adapter housing for receiving a component and configured to be releasably connected to a socket unit, wherein the socket unit comprises: a receiving opening; a pilot bore axially connected to the receiving opening, the pilot bore having a radial wall and an end-face wall, and a socket capillary tube axially connected to the end-face wall, the socket capillary tube configured to direct a fluid to be analyzed, the adapter housing configured to be introduced into the receiving opening, the adapter housing comprises:
a connecting portion configured to be releasably fastened to a connector housing to supply the fluid directed through the connector housing; a pre-column arranged in a bore of the adapter housing, where the bore passes through the adapter housing, the pre-column including a packing material, a sealing element is connected to the adapter housing and seals the adapter housing in relation to the socket unit on the radial wall and on the end-face wall when the adapter housing is introduced into the receiving opening of the socket unit, the sealing element surrounds a lateral surface of the pre-column and along an entire length of the pre-column so that the fluid does not come into contact with a material of the adapter housing whilst the fluid flows through the pre-column. 2. The adapter housing of claim 1, in that the sealing element comprises a first sealing portion and a second sealing portion, wherein the sealing element is further configured to be inserted with the second sealing portion into the bore of the adapter housing such that the lateral surface of the pre-column is surrounded by the second sealing portion, and wherein the first sealing portion seals the adapter housing in relation to the socket unit. 3. The adapter housing of claim 2, in that the sealing element further comprises a third sealing portion, the third sealing portion connects to the second sealing portion, the third sealing portion has a radially widened region in relation to the second sealing portion, the third sealing portion is pressed directly or indirectly by a closure against a stop region of the adapter housing for the rearward sealing of the pre-column and for fixing the sealing element. 4. The adapter housing of claim 1, in that the sealing element comprises a through-bore extending coaxially with respect to the socket capillary tube, the through-bore having a smaller diameter than an inner diameter of the second sealing portion to create an end face. 5. The adapter housing of claim 3, in that the pre-column comprises a filter for filtering the fluid to be analyzed and for restraining the pre-column packing material, in that the filter abuts against the end face of the sealing element in a mounted state. 6. The adapter housing of claim 1 further comprising a sleeve arranged between the sealing element and the pre-column. 7. The adapter housing of claim 3 further comprising a closure introduced into the bore for closing the pre-column, wherein the closure comprises a central through-channel for directing the fluid to be analyzed to the pre-column. 8. The adapter housing of claim 5, in that the pre-column further comprises a further filter for filtering the fluid to be analyzed and for restraining the pre-column packing, in that the further filter abuts against the closure in the mounted state. 9. The adapter housing of claim 1, in that the sealing element is bio-inert along an entire length of the pre-column. 10. The adapter housing of claim 1, in that the sealing element is polyetheretherketone. 11. The adapter housing of claim 8, in that the further filter is incorporated in the closure. 12. A connecting device for connecting capillary tubes, said connecting device comprising:
a) a socket unit including:
(i) a receiving opening;
(ii) a pilot bore axially connected to the receiving opening, the pilot bore having a radial wall and an end-face wall; and
(iii) a socket capillary tube axially connected to the end-face wall, the socket capillary tube configured to direct a fluid to be analyzed; and
b) an adapter housing configured to be introduced into the receiving opening and releasably connected to the socket unit, the adapter housing including:
(i) a connecting portion configured to be releasably fastened to a connector housing to supply the fluid directed through the connector housing;
(ii) a pre-column arranged in a bore of the adapter housing, where the bore passes through the adapter housing, the pre-column including a packing material,
(iii) a sealing element is connected to the adapter housing and seals the adapter housing in relation to the socket unit on the radial wall and on the end-face wall when the adapter housing is introduced into the receiving opening of the socket unit, the sealing element surrounds a lateral surface of the pre-column along an entire length of the pre-column. 13. The connecting device of claim 12, in that the sealing element comprises: a first sealing portion, and a second sealing portion, wherein the sealing element is further configured to be inserted with the second sealing portion into the bore of the adapter housing such that the lateral surface of the pre-column is surrounded by the second sealing portion, and wherein the first sealing portion seals the adapter housing in relation to the socket unit. 14. The connecting device of claim 13, in that the sealing element touches the end-face wall of the pilot bore by way of the first sealing portion. 15. The connecting device of claim 13, in that the sealing element further comprises a third sealing portion, the third sealing portion connects to the second sealing portion, the third sealing portion has a radially widened region in relation to the second sealing portion, the third sealing portion is pressed directly or indirectly by a closure against a stop region of the adapter housing for a rearward sealing of the pre-column and for fixing the sealing element. 16. The connecting device of claim 12, in that the sealing element comprises a through-bore extending coaxially with respect to the socket capillary tube, the through-bore having a smaller diameter than an inner diameter of the second sealing portion to create an end face. 17. The connecting device of claim 15, in that the pre-column comprises a filter for filtering the fluid to be analyzed and for restraining the pre-column packing material, in that the filter abuts against the end face of the sealing element in a mounted state. 18. The connecting device of claim 12 further comprising a sleeve arranged between the sealing element and the pre-column. 19. The connecting device of claim 12 further comprising a closure introduced into the bore for closing the pre-column, wherein the closure comprises a central through-channel for directing the fluid to be analyzed to the pre-column. 20. The connecting device of claim 17, in that the pre-column further comprises a further filter for filtering the fluid to be analyzed and for restraining the pre-column packing material, in that the further filter abuts against the closure in the mounted state. 21. The connecting device of claim 12, in that the sealing element is bio-inert along an entire length of the pre-column. 22. The connecting device of claim 12, in that the sealing element is deformed elastically or plastically when the adapter housing is mounted in the socket unit. 23. The adapter housing of claim 12, in that the sealing element is polyetheretherketone. | An adapter housing is described that can be used for high performance liquid chromatography, which can be releasably connected to a socket unit. The adapter housing includes a bore which passes through the adapter housing and a pre-column which can be arranged in the bore to protect the separation column from contaminants and/or to concentrate the fluid to be analyzed. A sealing element seals the adapter housing in relation to the socket unit at the end-face wall of a pilot bore.1. An adapter housing for receiving a component and configured to be releasably connected to a socket unit, wherein the socket unit comprises: a receiving opening; a pilot bore axially connected to the receiving opening, the pilot bore having a radial wall and an end-face wall, and a socket capillary tube axially connected to the end-face wall, the socket capillary tube configured to direct a fluid to be analyzed, the adapter housing configured to be introduced into the receiving opening, the adapter housing comprises:
a connecting portion configured to be releasably fastened to a connector housing to supply the fluid directed through the connector housing; a pre-column arranged in a bore of the adapter housing, where the bore passes through the adapter housing, the pre-column including a packing material, a sealing element is connected to the adapter housing and seals the adapter housing in relation to the socket unit on the radial wall and on the end-face wall when the adapter housing is introduced into the receiving opening of the socket unit, the sealing element surrounds a lateral surface of the pre-column and along an entire length of the pre-column so that the fluid does not come into contact with a material of the adapter housing whilst the fluid flows through the pre-column. 2. The adapter housing of claim 1, in that the sealing element comprises a first sealing portion and a second sealing portion, wherein the sealing element is further configured to be inserted with the second sealing portion into the bore of the adapter housing such that the lateral surface of the pre-column is surrounded by the second sealing portion, and wherein the first sealing portion seals the adapter housing in relation to the socket unit. 3. The adapter housing of claim 2, in that the sealing element further comprises a third sealing portion, the third sealing portion connects to the second sealing portion, the third sealing portion has a radially widened region in relation to the second sealing portion, the third sealing portion is pressed directly or indirectly by a closure against a stop region of the adapter housing for the rearward sealing of the pre-column and for fixing the sealing element. 4. The adapter housing of claim 1, in that the sealing element comprises a through-bore extending coaxially with respect to the socket capillary tube, the through-bore having a smaller diameter than an inner diameter of the second sealing portion to create an end face. 5. The adapter housing of claim 3, in that the pre-column comprises a filter for filtering the fluid to be analyzed and for restraining the pre-column packing material, in that the filter abuts against the end face of the sealing element in a mounted state. 6. The adapter housing of claim 1 further comprising a sleeve arranged between the sealing element and the pre-column. 7. The adapter housing of claim 3 further comprising a closure introduced into the bore for closing the pre-column, wherein the closure comprises a central through-channel for directing the fluid to be analyzed to the pre-column. 8. The adapter housing of claim 5, in that the pre-column further comprises a further filter for filtering the fluid to be analyzed and for restraining the pre-column packing, in that the further filter abuts against the closure in the mounted state. 9. The adapter housing of claim 1, in that the sealing element is bio-inert along an entire length of the pre-column. 10. The adapter housing of claim 1, in that the sealing element is polyetheretherketone. 11. The adapter housing of claim 8, in that the further filter is incorporated in the closure. 12. A connecting device for connecting capillary tubes, said connecting device comprising:
a) a socket unit including:
(i) a receiving opening;
(ii) a pilot bore axially connected to the receiving opening, the pilot bore having a radial wall and an end-face wall; and
(iii) a socket capillary tube axially connected to the end-face wall, the socket capillary tube configured to direct a fluid to be analyzed; and
b) an adapter housing configured to be introduced into the receiving opening and releasably connected to the socket unit, the adapter housing including:
(i) a connecting portion configured to be releasably fastened to a connector housing to supply the fluid directed through the connector housing;
(ii) a pre-column arranged in a bore of the adapter housing, where the bore passes through the adapter housing, the pre-column including a packing material,
(iii) a sealing element is connected to the adapter housing and seals the adapter housing in relation to the socket unit on the radial wall and on the end-face wall when the adapter housing is introduced into the receiving opening of the socket unit, the sealing element surrounds a lateral surface of the pre-column along an entire length of the pre-column. 13. The connecting device of claim 12, in that the sealing element comprises: a first sealing portion, and a second sealing portion, wherein the sealing element is further configured to be inserted with the second sealing portion into the bore of the adapter housing such that the lateral surface of the pre-column is surrounded by the second sealing portion, and wherein the first sealing portion seals the adapter housing in relation to the socket unit. 14. The connecting device of claim 13, in that the sealing element touches the end-face wall of the pilot bore by way of the first sealing portion. 15. The connecting device of claim 13, in that the sealing element further comprises a third sealing portion, the third sealing portion connects to the second sealing portion, the third sealing portion has a radially widened region in relation to the second sealing portion, the third sealing portion is pressed directly or indirectly by a closure against a stop region of the adapter housing for a rearward sealing of the pre-column and for fixing the sealing element. 16. The connecting device of claim 12, in that the sealing element comprises a through-bore extending coaxially with respect to the socket capillary tube, the through-bore having a smaller diameter than an inner diameter of the second sealing portion to create an end face. 17. The connecting device of claim 15, in that the pre-column comprises a filter for filtering the fluid to be analyzed and for restraining the pre-column packing material, in that the filter abuts against the end face of the sealing element in a mounted state. 18. The connecting device of claim 12 further comprising a sleeve arranged between the sealing element and the pre-column. 19. The connecting device of claim 12 further comprising a closure introduced into the bore for closing the pre-column, wherein the closure comprises a central through-channel for directing the fluid to be analyzed to the pre-column. 20. The connecting device of claim 17, in that the pre-column further comprises a further filter for filtering the fluid to be analyzed and for restraining the pre-column packing material, in that the further filter abuts against the closure in the mounted state. 21. The connecting device of claim 12, in that the sealing element is bio-inert along an entire length of the pre-column. 22. The connecting device of claim 12, in that the sealing element is deformed elastically or plastically when the adapter housing is mounted in the socket unit. 23. The adapter housing of claim 12, in that the sealing element is polyetheretherketone. | 1,700 |
2,051 | 14,432,349 | 1,766 | The present invention relates to fibers comprising a polyesteramide (PEA) having a chemical formula described by structural formula (IV), wherein m+p varies from 0.9-0.1 and q varies from 0.1 to 0.9, m+p+q=1 whereby m or p could be 0, n is about 5 to about 300; (pref. 50-200), —R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of (C 2 -C 20 ) alkylene or (C 2 -C 20 ) alkenylene and combinations thereof; —R 3 and R 4 in a single backbone unit m or p, respectively, are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, —(CH 2 )SH, —(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 3 ), —CH 2 OH, —CH(OH)CH 3 , —(CH 2 ) 4 NH 3 +, —(CH 2 ) 3 NHC(═NH 2 +)NH 2 , —CH 2 COOH, —(CH 2 )COOH, —CH 2 —CO—NH 2 , —CH 2 CH 2 —CO—NH 2 , —NH—CH 2 CH 2 COOH, CH 3 —CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )—, (CH 3 ) 2 —CH—CH 2 —, H 2 N—(CH 2 ) 4 —, Ph-CH 2 —, CH═C—CH 2 —, HO-p-Ph-CH 2 —, (CH 3 ) 2 —CH—, Ph-NH—, NH—(CH 2 ) 3 —C—, NH—CH═N—CH═C—CH 2 —. —R 5 is selected from the group consisting of (C 2 -C 20 )alkylene, (C 2 -C 20 )alkenylene, alkyloxy or oligoethyleneglycol, —R 6 is selected from bicyclic-fragments of 1,4:3,6-dianhydrohexitols of structural formula (III); —R 7 is selected from the group consisting of (C 6 -C 10 )aryl (C 1 C 6 )alkyl, —R 8 is —(CH 2 )4-; whereby a is at least 0.05 and b is at least 0.05 and a+b=1. | 1. Fibers comprising a biodegradable poly(esteramide) random copolymer (PEA) according to structural formula (IV),
wherein
m+p varies from 0.9-0.1 and q varies from 0.1 to 0.9
m+p+q=1 whereby m or p could be 0
n varies from 5 to 300;
—R1 is independently selected from the group consisting of (C2-C20) alkylene or (C2-C20) alkenylene and combinations thereof;
—R3 and R4 in a single backbone unit m or p, respectively, are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, (C6-C10)aryl, (C1-C6)alkyl, —(CH2)SH, —(CH2)2S(CH3), —CH2OH, —CH(OH)CH3, —(CH2)4NH3+, —(CH2)3NHC(═NH2+)NH2, —CH2COOH, —(CH2)COOH, —CH2—CO—NH2, —CH2CH2—CO—NH2, — —CH2CH2COOH, CH3—CH2—CH(CH3)—, (CH3)2—CH—CH2—, H2N—(CH2)4—, Ph-CH2—, CH═C—CH2—, HO-p-Ph-CH2—, (CH3)2—CH—, Ph-NH—, NH—(CH2)3—C—, NH—CH═N—CH═C—CH2—.
—R5 is selected from the group consisting of (C2-C20)alkylene, (C2-C20)alkenylene, alkyloxy or oligoethyleneglycol
—R6 is selected from bicyclic-fragments of 1,4:3,6-dianhydrohexitols of structural formula (III), cycloalkyl fragments, aromatic fragments or heterocyclic fragments.
—R7 is selected from the group consisting of (C6-C10) aryl (C1-C6)alkyl
—R8 is —(CH2)4 whereby a is at least 0.05, b is at least 0.05 and a+b=1. 2. Fibers comprising a polyesteramide copolymer according to claim 1 in which a is at least 0.5. 3. Fibers comprising a polyesteramide copolymer according to claim 1 in which a is at least 0.75. 4. Fibers comprising a polyesteramide copolymer according to claim 1 wherein
p=0 and m+q=1, m=0.75, a is 0.5 and a+b=1.
R1 is (CH2)8, R3 is (CH3)2—CH—CH2—, R5 is hexyl, R7 is benzyl, R8 is —(CH2)4—. 5. Fibers comprising a polyesteramide copolymer according to claim 1 wherein m+p+q=1, q=0.25, p=0.45 and m=0.3, a is 0.5 and a+b=1;
R1 —(CH2)8; R3 and R4 respectively, are (CH3)2—CH—CH2—, R5 is selected from the group consisting of (C2-C20)alkylene, R7 is benzyl, R8 is —(CH2)4;
R6 is selected from bicyclic-fragments of 1,4:3,6-dianhydrohexitols of structural formula (III). 6. Fibers comprising a polyesteramide copolymer according to claim 1 wherein:
m+p+q=1, q=0.25, p=0.45 and m=0.3
a=0.75, a+b=1
R1 is —(CH2)8; R4 is (CH3)2—CH—CH2—, R7 is benzyl, R8 is —(CH2)4;
R6 is selected from bicyclic-fragments of 1,4:3,6-dianhydrohexitols of structural formula (III). 7. Fibers comprising a polyesteramide copolymer according to claim 1 wherein:
m+p+q=1, q=0.1, p=0.30 and m=0.6
a is 0.5 and a+b=1
R1 —(CH2)4; R3 and R4 respectively, are (CH3)2—CH—CH2—; R7 benzyl, R8 is —(CH2)4—; R5 is selected from the group consisting of (C2-C20)alkylene,
R6 is selected from bicyclic-fragments of 1,4:3,6-dianhydrohexitols of structural formula (III), cycloalkyl fragments, aromatic fragments or heterocyclic fragments. 8. Fibers according to claim 1 with an average diameter in the range of 50-1000 μm. 9. Fibers according to claim 1 comprising a bioactive agent. 10. Fibers according to claim 1 for use as a medicament. 11. Use of the fibers according to claim 1 in drug delivery applications. 12. Use of the fibers according to claim 1 in ophthalmic applications. 13. Method for the preparation of the fibers according to claim 1 via melt extrusion. 14. Method for the preparation of the fibers according to claim 1 via injection moulding. | The present invention relates to fibers comprising a polyesteramide (PEA) having a chemical formula described by structural formula (IV), wherein m+p varies from 0.9-0.1 and q varies from 0.1 to 0.9, m+p+q=1 whereby m or p could be 0, n is about 5 to about 300; (pref. 50-200), —R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of (C 2 -C 20 ) alkylene or (C 2 -C 20 ) alkenylene and combinations thereof; —R 3 and R 4 in a single backbone unit m or p, respectively, are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl, —(CH 2 )SH, —(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 3 ), —CH 2 OH, —CH(OH)CH 3 , —(CH 2 ) 4 NH 3 +, —(CH 2 ) 3 NHC(═NH 2 +)NH 2 , —CH 2 COOH, —(CH 2 )COOH, —CH 2 —CO—NH 2 , —CH 2 CH 2 —CO—NH 2 , —NH—CH 2 CH 2 COOH, CH 3 —CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )—, (CH 3 ) 2 —CH—CH 2 —, H 2 N—(CH 2 ) 4 —, Ph-CH 2 —, CH═C—CH 2 —, HO-p-Ph-CH 2 —, (CH 3 ) 2 —CH—, Ph-NH—, NH—(CH 2 ) 3 —C—, NH—CH═N—CH═C—CH 2 —. —R 5 is selected from the group consisting of (C 2 -C 20 )alkylene, (C 2 -C 20 )alkenylene, alkyloxy or oligoethyleneglycol, —R 6 is selected from bicyclic-fragments of 1,4:3,6-dianhydrohexitols of structural formula (III); —R 7 is selected from the group consisting of (C 6 -C 10 )aryl (C 1 C 6 )alkyl, —R 8 is —(CH 2 )4-; whereby a is at least 0.05 and b is at least 0.05 and a+b=1.1. Fibers comprising a biodegradable poly(esteramide) random copolymer (PEA) according to structural formula (IV),
wherein
m+p varies from 0.9-0.1 and q varies from 0.1 to 0.9
m+p+q=1 whereby m or p could be 0
n varies from 5 to 300;
—R1 is independently selected from the group consisting of (C2-C20) alkylene or (C2-C20) alkenylene and combinations thereof;
—R3 and R4 in a single backbone unit m or p, respectively, are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C2-C6)alkynyl, (C6-C10)aryl, (C1-C6)alkyl, —(CH2)SH, —(CH2)2S(CH3), —CH2OH, —CH(OH)CH3, —(CH2)4NH3+, —(CH2)3NHC(═NH2+)NH2, —CH2COOH, —(CH2)COOH, —CH2—CO—NH2, —CH2CH2—CO—NH2, — —CH2CH2COOH, CH3—CH2—CH(CH3)—, (CH3)2—CH—CH2—, H2N—(CH2)4—, Ph-CH2—, CH═C—CH2—, HO-p-Ph-CH2—, (CH3)2—CH—, Ph-NH—, NH—(CH2)3—C—, NH—CH═N—CH═C—CH2—.
—R5 is selected from the group consisting of (C2-C20)alkylene, (C2-C20)alkenylene, alkyloxy or oligoethyleneglycol
—R6 is selected from bicyclic-fragments of 1,4:3,6-dianhydrohexitols of structural formula (III), cycloalkyl fragments, aromatic fragments or heterocyclic fragments.
—R7 is selected from the group consisting of (C6-C10) aryl (C1-C6)alkyl
—R8 is —(CH2)4 whereby a is at least 0.05, b is at least 0.05 and a+b=1. 2. Fibers comprising a polyesteramide copolymer according to claim 1 in which a is at least 0.5. 3. Fibers comprising a polyesteramide copolymer according to claim 1 in which a is at least 0.75. 4. Fibers comprising a polyesteramide copolymer according to claim 1 wherein
p=0 and m+q=1, m=0.75, a is 0.5 and a+b=1.
R1 is (CH2)8, R3 is (CH3)2—CH—CH2—, R5 is hexyl, R7 is benzyl, R8 is —(CH2)4—. 5. Fibers comprising a polyesteramide copolymer according to claim 1 wherein m+p+q=1, q=0.25, p=0.45 and m=0.3, a is 0.5 and a+b=1;
R1 —(CH2)8; R3 and R4 respectively, are (CH3)2—CH—CH2—, R5 is selected from the group consisting of (C2-C20)alkylene, R7 is benzyl, R8 is —(CH2)4;
R6 is selected from bicyclic-fragments of 1,4:3,6-dianhydrohexitols of structural formula (III). 6. Fibers comprising a polyesteramide copolymer according to claim 1 wherein:
m+p+q=1, q=0.25, p=0.45 and m=0.3
a=0.75, a+b=1
R1 is —(CH2)8; R4 is (CH3)2—CH—CH2—, R7 is benzyl, R8 is —(CH2)4;
R6 is selected from bicyclic-fragments of 1,4:3,6-dianhydrohexitols of structural formula (III). 7. Fibers comprising a polyesteramide copolymer according to claim 1 wherein:
m+p+q=1, q=0.1, p=0.30 and m=0.6
a is 0.5 and a+b=1
R1 —(CH2)4; R3 and R4 respectively, are (CH3)2—CH—CH2—; R7 benzyl, R8 is —(CH2)4—; R5 is selected from the group consisting of (C2-C20)alkylene,
R6 is selected from bicyclic-fragments of 1,4:3,6-dianhydrohexitols of structural formula (III), cycloalkyl fragments, aromatic fragments or heterocyclic fragments. 8. Fibers according to claim 1 with an average diameter in the range of 50-1000 μm. 9. Fibers according to claim 1 comprising a bioactive agent. 10. Fibers according to claim 1 for use as a medicament. 11. Use of the fibers according to claim 1 in drug delivery applications. 12. Use of the fibers according to claim 1 in ophthalmic applications. 13. Method for the preparation of the fibers according to claim 1 via melt extrusion. 14. Method for the preparation of the fibers according to claim 1 via injection moulding. | 1,700 |
2,052 | 14,072,163 | 1,791 | An oil and fat composition is provided which can reduce cooked odors without using an additive such as emulsifier. The oil and fat composition includes an oil and fat produced by oxidizing a fresh oil and fat so that a difference in anisidine value before and after the oxidation is 0.5 to 350, and an edible oil and fat. An added anisidine value of the oil and fat composition is 0.07 to 350 and is further calculated by the following formula: added anisidine value=(anisidine value after oxidation−anisidine value before oxidation)×[additive amount (wt. %)]. | 1. An oil and fat composition comprising:
an oil and fat produced by oxidizing a fresh oil and fat so that a difference in anisidine value before and after the oxidation is 0.5 to 350; and an edible oil and fat; wherein an added anisidine value of the oil and fat composition is 0.07 to 350, the added anisidine value being calculated by the following formula:
added anisidine value=(anisidine value after oxidation−anisidine value before oxidation)×[additive amount (wt. %)]. 2. The oil and fat composition according to claim 1, wherein a peroxide value of the oxidized oil and fat is 1 to 400. 3. The oil and fat composition according to claim 1, wherein the added anisidine value is 0.2 to 180. 4. The oil and fat composition according to claim 1, wherein the added anisidine value is 0.55 to 150. 5. A method of producing an oil and fat composition, comprising:
blending an edible oil and fat with an oil and fat which is produced by oxidizing a fresh oil and fat so that a difference in anisidine value before and after the oxidation is 0.5 to 350, such that an added anisidine value is 0.07 to 350, wherein the added anisidine value is calculated by the following formula:
added anisidine value=(anisidine value after oxidation−anisidine value before oxidation)×[additive amount (wt. %)]. 6. A method of inhibiting cooked odors of an edible oil and fat, comprising:
blending an edible oil and fat with an oil and fat which is produced by oxidizing a fresh oil and fat so that a difference in anisidine value before and after the oxidation is 0.5 to 350, such that an added anisidine value is 0.07 to 350, wherein the added anisidine value is calculated by the following formula:
added anisidine value=(anisidine value after oxidation−anisidine value before oxidation)×[additive amount (wt. %)]. | An oil and fat composition is provided which can reduce cooked odors without using an additive such as emulsifier. The oil and fat composition includes an oil and fat produced by oxidizing a fresh oil and fat so that a difference in anisidine value before and after the oxidation is 0.5 to 350, and an edible oil and fat. An added anisidine value of the oil and fat composition is 0.07 to 350 and is further calculated by the following formula: added anisidine value=(anisidine value after oxidation−anisidine value before oxidation)×[additive amount (wt. %)].1. An oil and fat composition comprising:
an oil and fat produced by oxidizing a fresh oil and fat so that a difference in anisidine value before and after the oxidation is 0.5 to 350; and an edible oil and fat; wherein an added anisidine value of the oil and fat composition is 0.07 to 350, the added anisidine value being calculated by the following formula:
added anisidine value=(anisidine value after oxidation−anisidine value before oxidation)×[additive amount (wt. %)]. 2. The oil and fat composition according to claim 1, wherein a peroxide value of the oxidized oil and fat is 1 to 400. 3. The oil and fat composition according to claim 1, wherein the added anisidine value is 0.2 to 180. 4. The oil and fat composition according to claim 1, wherein the added anisidine value is 0.55 to 150. 5. A method of producing an oil and fat composition, comprising:
blending an edible oil and fat with an oil and fat which is produced by oxidizing a fresh oil and fat so that a difference in anisidine value before and after the oxidation is 0.5 to 350, such that an added anisidine value is 0.07 to 350, wherein the added anisidine value is calculated by the following formula:
added anisidine value=(anisidine value after oxidation−anisidine value before oxidation)×[additive amount (wt. %)]. 6. A method of inhibiting cooked odors of an edible oil and fat, comprising:
blending an edible oil and fat with an oil and fat which is produced by oxidizing a fresh oil and fat so that a difference in anisidine value before and after the oxidation is 0.5 to 350, such that an added anisidine value is 0.07 to 350, wherein the added anisidine value is calculated by the following formula:
added anisidine value=(anisidine value after oxidation−anisidine value before oxidation)×[additive amount (wt. %)]. | 1,700 |
2,053 | 13,706,027 | 1,787 | Described is a fuser member having a substrate and a release layer disposed on the substrate. The release layer includes a non-woven matrix of a plurality of polymer fibers. Each of the plurality of polymer fibers has a diameter of from about 5 nm to about 50 microns. A siloxyfluorocarbon networked polymer dispersed throughout the plurality of polymer fibers. The plurality of polymer fibers are from about 5 weight percent to about 50 weight percent of the release layer. In embodiments the polymer fibers are encased in a fluoropolymer sheath. | 1. A fuser member comprising:
a substrate; and a release layer disposed on the substrate, the release layer having a non-woven matrix comprising a plurality of polymer fibers, the plurality of polymer fibers having a diameter of from about 5 nm to about 50 microns and a siloxyfluorocarbon networked polymer dispersed throughout the plurality of polymer fibers wherein the polymer fibers comprise from about 5 weight percent to about 50 weight percent of the release layer. 2. The fuser member of claim 1, wherein the plurality polymer fibers comprise a material selected from the group consisting of a polyamide, a polyester, a polyimide, a polycarbonate, a polyurethane, a polyether, a polyoxadazole, a polybenzimidazole, a polyacrylonitrile, a polycaprolactone, a polyethylene, a polypropylene, a acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), a polybutadiene, a polystyrene, a polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA), a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), a poly(vinyl alcohol), a poly(ethylene oxide), a polylactide, a poly(caprolactone), a poly(ether imide), a poly(ether urethane), a poly(arylene ether), a poly(arylene ether ketone), a poly(ester urethane), a poly(p-phenylene terephthalate), a cellulose acetate, a poly(vinyl acetate), a poly(acrylic acid), a polyacrylamide, a polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylcellulose, a poly(vinyl butyral), a poly(alkly acrylate), a poly(alkyl methacrylate), polyhydroxybutyrate, fluoropolymer, a poly(vinylidene fluoride), a poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), a fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer, a poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoropropyl vinyl ether), a poly((perfluoroalkyl)ethyl methacrylate), a cellulose, a chitosan, a gelatin, a protein, and mixtures thereof. 3. The fuser member of claim 1, wherein the plurality polymer fibers comprise a fluoropolymer selected from the group consisting of: copolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene; terpolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene; tetrapolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene, and a cure site monomer; polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); perfluoroalkoxy polymer resin (PFA); copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP); copolymers of hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and vinylidene fluoride (VDF or VF2); terpolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), vinylidene fluoride (VDF), and hexafluoropropylene (HFP); and tetrapolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), vinylidene fluoride (VF2), and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and a cure site monomer. 4. The fuser member of claim 1 wherein the siloxyfluorocarbon networked polymer is formed from siloxyfluorocarbon monomers represented by the structure:
wherein Cf is a linear aliphatic or aromatic fluorocarbon chain having from 2 to 40 carbon atoms; L is a CnHn group, where n is a number between 0 and about 10; and X1, X2, and X3 are reactive hydroxide functionalities, reactive alkoxide functionalities, unreactive aliphatic functionalities of about 1 carbon atom to about 10 carbon atoms, unreactive aromatic functionalities of about 1 carbon atom to 10 carbon atoms wherein all siloxyfluorocarbon monomers are bonded together via silicon oxide (Si—O—Si) linkages in a single system and wherein the siloxyfluorocarbon networked polymer is insoluble in solvents selected from the group consisting of ketones, chlorinated solvents and ethers. 5. The fuser member of claim 4 wherein the siloxyfluorocarbon monomers further comprise monomers represented by the structure:
wherein Cf is a linear or branched aliphatic or aromatic fluorocarbon chain having from 2 to 40 carbon atoms; L is a CnH2n group, where n is a number between 0 and about 10; and X1, X2, and X3 are reactive hydroxide functionalities, reactive alkoxide functionalities, unreactive aliphatic functionalities of about 1 carbon atom to about 10 carbon atoms, unreactive aromatic functionalities of about 1 carbon atom to 10 carbon atoms. 6. The fuser member of claim 1 wherein the plurality polymer fibers comprise a fluorinated polyimide having a chemical structure as follows:
wherein Ar1 and Ar2 independently represent an aromatic group of from about 4 carbon atoms to about 100 carbon atoms; and wherein at least one of Ar1 and Ar2 further contains a fluoro-pendant group wherein n is from about 30 to about 500. 7. The fuser member of claim 1, wherein the release layer further comprises conductive particles selected from the group consisting of: carbon black, graphene, graphite, alumina, tin oxide, antimony dioxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, titanium dioxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide and indium-doped tin trioxide, polyaniline and polythiophene dispersed in the release layer. 8. The fuser member of claim 1, further comprising a surface layer disposed on the release layer wherein the surface layer comprises the siloxyfluorocarbon networked polymer. 9. A fuser member comprising:
a substrate; a release layer disposed on the substrate comprising a first section of a non-woven matrix comprising a plurality of polymer fibers encased in a fluoropolymer sheath wherein the fluoropolymer sheath comprises a thickness of from about 10 nm to about 200 microns, the plurality of polymer fibers having a diameter of from about 5 nm to about 50 microns and a siloxyfluorocarbon networked polymer dispersed throughout the plurality of polymer fibers wherein the polymer fibers comprise from about 5 weight percent to about 50 weight percent of the release layer. 10. The fuser member of claim 9, wherein the plurality polymer fibers comprise a material selected from the group consisting of a polyamide, a polyester, a polyimide, a fluorinated polyimide, a polycarbonate, a polyurethane, a polyether, a polyoxadazole, a polybenzimidazole, a polyacrylonitrile, a polycaprolactone, a polyethylene, a polypropylene, a acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), a polybutadiene, a polystyrene, a polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA), a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), a poly(vinyl alcohol), a poly(ethylene oxide), a polylactide, a poly(caprolactone), a poly(ether imide), a poly(ether urethane), a poly(arylene ether), a poly(arylene ether ketone), a poly(ester urethane), a poly(p-phenylene terephthalate), a cellulose acetate, a poly(vinyl acetate), a poly(acrylic acid), a polyacrylamide, a polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylcellulose, a poly(vinyl butyral), a poly(alkly acrylate), a poly(alkyl methacrylate), polyhydroxybutyrate, fluoropolymer, a poly(vinylidene fluoride), a poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), a fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer, a poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoropropyl vinyl ether), a poly((perfluoroalkyl)ethyl methacrylate), a cellulose, a chitosan, a gelatin, a protein, and mixtures thereof. 11. The fuser member of claim 9, wherein said fluoropolymer sheath comprises a fluoroelastomer selected from the group consisting of copolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene, terpolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene, tetrapolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene, and a cure site monomer. 12. The fuser member of claim 9, wherein said fluoropolymer sheath comprises a fluoroplastic selected from the group consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); perfluoroalkoxy polymer resin (PFA); copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP); copolymers of hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and vinylidene fluoride (VDF or VF2); terpolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), vinylidene fluoride (VDF), and hexafluoropropylene (HFP); and tetrapolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), vinylidene fluoride (VF2), and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and a cure site monomer; and mixtures thereof. 13. The fuser member of claim 9 wherein the siloxyfluorocarbon networked polymer is formed from siloxyfluorocarbon monomers represented by the structure:
wherein Cf is a linear aliphatic or aromatic fluorocarbon chain having from 2 to 40 carbon atoms; L is a CnH2n group, where n is a number between 0 and about 10; and X1, X2, and X3 are reactive hydroxide functionalities, reactive alkoxide functionalities, unreactive aliphatic functionalities of about 1 carbon atom to about 10 carbon atoms, unreactive aromatic functionalities of about 1 carbon atom to 10 carbon atoms. 14. The fuser member of claim 13 wherein the siloxyfluorocarbon monomers further comprise monomers represented by the structure:
wherein Cf is a linear or branched aliphatic or aromatic fluorocarbon chain having from 2 to 40 carbon atoms; L is a CnH2n group, where n is a number between 0 and about 10; and X1, X2, and X3 are reactive hydroxide functionalities, reactive alkoxide functionalities, unreactive aliphatic functionalities of about 1 carbon atom to about 10 carbon atoms, unreactive aromatic functionalities of about 1 carbon atom to 10 carbon atoms. 15. The fuser member of claim 9, wherein the release layer further comprises conductive particles selected from the group consisting of: carbon black, graphene, graphite, alumina, tin oxide, antimony dioxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, titanium dioxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide and indium-doped tin trioxide, polyaniline and polythiophene dispersed in the release layer. 16. A fuser member comprising:
a substrate; a release layer disposed on the substrate comprising a first section of a non-woven matrix comprising a plurality of polymer fibers encased in a fluoropolymer sheath wherein the fluoropolymer sheath comprises a thickness of from 10 nm to about 200 microns, the plurality of polymer fibers having a diameter of from about 5 nm to about 50 microns and a siloxyfluorocarbon networked polymer dispersed throughout the plurality of polymer fibers wherein the polymer fibers comprise from about 5 weight percent to about 50 weight percent of the release layer; and a surface layer comprising the siloxyfluorocarbon networked polymer. 17. The fuser member of claim 16 wherein the siloxyfluorocarbon networked polymer is formed from siloxyfluorocarbon monomers represented by the structure:
wherein Cf is a linear aliphatic or aromatic fluorocarbon chain having from 2 to 40 carbon atoms; L is a CnH2n group, where n is a number between 0 and about 10; and X1, X2, and X3 are reactive hydroxide functionalities, reactive alkoxide functionalities, unreactive aliphatic functionalities of about 1 carbon atom to about 10 carbon atoms, unreactive aromatic functionalities of about 1 carbon atom to 10 carbon atoms wherein all siloxyfluorocarbon monomers are bonded together via silicon oxide (Si—O—Si) linkages in a single system and wherein the siloxyfluorocarbon networked polymer is insoluble in solvents selected from the group consisting of ketones, chlorinated solvents and ethers. 18. The fuser member of claim 16 wherein the siloxyfluorocarbon monomers further comprise monomers represented by the structure:
wherein Cf is a linear or branched aliphatic or aromatic fluorocarbon chain having from 2 to 40 carbon atoms; L is a CnH2n group, where n is a number between 0 and about 10; and X1, X2, and X3 are reactive hydroxide functionalities, reactive alkoxide functionalities, unreactive aliphatic functionalities of about 1 carbon atom to about 10 carbon atoms, unreactive aromatic functionalities of about 1 carbon atom to 10 carbon atoms. 19. The fuser member of claim 16, wherein said fluoropolymer sheath comprises a material selected from the group consisting of: copolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene; terpolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene; tetrapolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene, and a cure site monomer; polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); perfluoroalkoxy polymer resin (PFA); copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP); copolymers of hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and vinylidene fluoride (VDF or VF2); terpolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), vinylidene fluoride (VDF), and hexafluoropropylene (HFP); and tetrapolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), vinylidene fluoride (VF2), and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and a cure site monomer. 20. The fuser member of claim 16, wherein the surface layer comprises a surface energy of from about 10 mN/m2 to about 25 mN/m2. | Described is a fuser member having a substrate and a release layer disposed on the substrate. The release layer includes a non-woven matrix of a plurality of polymer fibers. Each of the plurality of polymer fibers has a diameter of from about 5 nm to about 50 microns. A siloxyfluorocarbon networked polymer dispersed throughout the plurality of polymer fibers. The plurality of polymer fibers are from about 5 weight percent to about 50 weight percent of the release layer. In embodiments the polymer fibers are encased in a fluoropolymer sheath.1. A fuser member comprising:
a substrate; and a release layer disposed on the substrate, the release layer having a non-woven matrix comprising a plurality of polymer fibers, the plurality of polymer fibers having a diameter of from about 5 nm to about 50 microns and a siloxyfluorocarbon networked polymer dispersed throughout the plurality of polymer fibers wherein the polymer fibers comprise from about 5 weight percent to about 50 weight percent of the release layer. 2. The fuser member of claim 1, wherein the plurality polymer fibers comprise a material selected from the group consisting of a polyamide, a polyester, a polyimide, a polycarbonate, a polyurethane, a polyether, a polyoxadazole, a polybenzimidazole, a polyacrylonitrile, a polycaprolactone, a polyethylene, a polypropylene, a acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), a polybutadiene, a polystyrene, a polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA), a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), a poly(vinyl alcohol), a poly(ethylene oxide), a polylactide, a poly(caprolactone), a poly(ether imide), a poly(ether urethane), a poly(arylene ether), a poly(arylene ether ketone), a poly(ester urethane), a poly(p-phenylene terephthalate), a cellulose acetate, a poly(vinyl acetate), a poly(acrylic acid), a polyacrylamide, a polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylcellulose, a poly(vinyl butyral), a poly(alkly acrylate), a poly(alkyl methacrylate), polyhydroxybutyrate, fluoropolymer, a poly(vinylidene fluoride), a poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), a fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer, a poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoropropyl vinyl ether), a poly((perfluoroalkyl)ethyl methacrylate), a cellulose, a chitosan, a gelatin, a protein, and mixtures thereof. 3. The fuser member of claim 1, wherein the plurality polymer fibers comprise a fluoropolymer selected from the group consisting of: copolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene; terpolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene; tetrapolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene, and a cure site monomer; polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); perfluoroalkoxy polymer resin (PFA); copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP); copolymers of hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and vinylidene fluoride (VDF or VF2); terpolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), vinylidene fluoride (VDF), and hexafluoropropylene (HFP); and tetrapolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), vinylidene fluoride (VF2), and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and a cure site monomer. 4. The fuser member of claim 1 wherein the siloxyfluorocarbon networked polymer is formed from siloxyfluorocarbon monomers represented by the structure:
wherein Cf is a linear aliphatic or aromatic fluorocarbon chain having from 2 to 40 carbon atoms; L is a CnHn group, where n is a number between 0 and about 10; and X1, X2, and X3 are reactive hydroxide functionalities, reactive alkoxide functionalities, unreactive aliphatic functionalities of about 1 carbon atom to about 10 carbon atoms, unreactive aromatic functionalities of about 1 carbon atom to 10 carbon atoms wherein all siloxyfluorocarbon monomers are bonded together via silicon oxide (Si—O—Si) linkages in a single system and wherein the siloxyfluorocarbon networked polymer is insoluble in solvents selected from the group consisting of ketones, chlorinated solvents and ethers. 5. The fuser member of claim 4 wherein the siloxyfluorocarbon monomers further comprise monomers represented by the structure:
wherein Cf is a linear or branched aliphatic or aromatic fluorocarbon chain having from 2 to 40 carbon atoms; L is a CnH2n group, where n is a number between 0 and about 10; and X1, X2, and X3 are reactive hydroxide functionalities, reactive alkoxide functionalities, unreactive aliphatic functionalities of about 1 carbon atom to about 10 carbon atoms, unreactive aromatic functionalities of about 1 carbon atom to 10 carbon atoms. 6. The fuser member of claim 1 wherein the plurality polymer fibers comprise a fluorinated polyimide having a chemical structure as follows:
wherein Ar1 and Ar2 independently represent an aromatic group of from about 4 carbon atoms to about 100 carbon atoms; and wherein at least one of Ar1 and Ar2 further contains a fluoro-pendant group wherein n is from about 30 to about 500. 7. The fuser member of claim 1, wherein the release layer further comprises conductive particles selected from the group consisting of: carbon black, graphene, graphite, alumina, tin oxide, antimony dioxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, titanium dioxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide and indium-doped tin trioxide, polyaniline and polythiophene dispersed in the release layer. 8. The fuser member of claim 1, further comprising a surface layer disposed on the release layer wherein the surface layer comprises the siloxyfluorocarbon networked polymer. 9. A fuser member comprising:
a substrate; a release layer disposed on the substrate comprising a first section of a non-woven matrix comprising a plurality of polymer fibers encased in a fluoropolymer sheath wherein the fluoropolymer sheath comprises a thickness of from about 10 nm to about 200 microns, the plurality of polymer fibers having a diameter of from about 5 nm to about 50 microns and a siloxyfluorocarbon networked polymer dispersed throughout the plurality of polymer fibers wherein the polymer fibers comprise from about 5 weight percent to about 50 weight percent of the release layer. 10. The fuser member of claim 9, wherein the plurality polymer fibers comprise a material selected from the group consisting of a polyamide, a polyester, a polyimide, a fluorinated polyimide, a polycarbonate, a polyurethane, a polyether, a polyoxadazole, a polybenzimidazole, a polyacrylonitrile, a polycaprolactone, a polyethylene, a polypropylene, a acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), a polybutadiene, a polystyrene, a polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA), a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), a poly(vinyl alcohol), a poly(ethylene oxide), a polylactide, a poly(caprolactone), a poly(ether imide), a poly(ether urethane), a poly(arylene ether), a poly(arylene ether ketone), a poly(ester urethane), a poly(p-phenylene terephthalate), a cellulose acetate, a poly(vinyl acetate), a poly(acrylic acid), a polyacrylamide, a polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylcellulose, a poly(vinyl butyral), a poly(alkly acrylate), a poly(alkyl methacrylate), polyhydroxybutyrate, fluoropolymer, a poly(vinylidene fluoride), a poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), a fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer, a poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoropropyl vinyl ether), a poly((perfluoroalkyl)ethyl methacrylate), a cellulose, a chitosan, a gelatin, a protein, and mixtures thereof. 11. The fuser member of claim 9, wherein said fluoropolymer sheath comprises a fluoroelastomer selected from the group consisting of copolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene, terpolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene, tetrapolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene, and a cure site monomer. 12. The fuser member of claim 9, wherein said fluoropolymer sheath comprises a fluoroplastic selected from the group consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); perfluoroalkoxy polymer resin (PFA); copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP); copolymers of hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and vinylidene fluoride (VDF or VF2); terpolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), vinylidene fluoride (VDF), and hexafluoropropylene (HFP); and tetrapolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), vinylidene fluoride (VF2), and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and a cure site monomer; and mixtures thereof. 13. The fuser member of claim 9 wherein the siloxyfluorocarbon networked polymer is formed from siloxyfluorocarbon monomers represented by the structure:
wherein Cf is a linear aliphatic or aromatic fluorocarbon chain having from 2 to 40 carbon atoms; L is a CnH2n group, where n is a number between 0 and about 10; and X1, X2, and X3 are reactive hydroxide functionalities, reactive alkoxide functionalities, unreactive aliphatic functionalities of about 1 carbon atom to about 10 carbon atoms, unreactive aromatic functionalities of about 1 carbon atom to 10 carbon atoms. 14. The fuser member of claim 13 wherein the siloxyfluorocarbon monomers further comprise monomers represented by the structure:
wherein Cf is a linear or branched aliphatic or aromatic fluorocarbon chain having from 2 to 40 carbon atoms; L is a CnH2n group, where n is a number between 0 and about 10; and X1, X2, and X3 are reactive hydroxide functionalities, reactive alkoxide functionalities, unreactive aliphatic functionalities of about 1 carbon atom to about 10 carbon atoms, unreactive aromatic functionalities of about 1 carbon atom to 10 carbon atoms. 15. The fuser member of claim 9, wherein the release layer further comprises conductive particles selected from the group consisting of: carbon black, graphene, graphite, alumina, tin oxide, antimony dioxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, titanium dioxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide and indium-doped tin trioxide, polyaniline and polythiophene dispersed in the release layer. 16. A fuser member comprising:
a substrate; a release layer disposed on the substrate comprising a first section of a non-woven matrix comprising a plurality of polymer fibers encased in a fluoropolymer sheath wherein the fluoropolymer sheath comprises a thickness of from 10 nm to about 200 microns, the plurality of polymer fibers having a diameter of from about 5 nm to about 50 microns and a siloxyfluorocarbon networked polymer dispersed throughout the plurality of polymer fibers wherein the polymer fibers comprise from about 5 weight percent to about 50 weight percent of the release layer; and a surface layer comprising the siloxyfluorocarbon networked polymer. 17. The fuser member of claim 16 wherein the siloxyfluorocarbon networked polymer is formed from siloxyfluorocarbon monomers represented by the structure:
wherein Cf is a linear aliphatic or aromatic fluorocarbon chain having from 2 to 40 carbon atoms; L is a CnH2n group, where n is a number between 0 and about 10; and X1, X2, and X3 are reactive hydroxide functionalities, reactive alkoxide functionalities, unreactive aliphatic functionalities of about 1 carbon atom to about 10 carbon atoms, unreactive aromatic functionalities of about 1 carbon atom to 10 carbon atoms wherein all siloxyfluorocarbon monomers are bonded together via silicon oxide (Si—O—Si) linkages in a single system and wherein the siloxyfluorocarbon networked polymer is insoluble in solvents selected from the group consisting of ketones, chlorinated solvents and ethers. 18. The fuser member of claim 16 wherein the siloxyfluorocarbon monomers further comprise monomers represented by the structure:
wherein Cf is a linear or branched aliphatic or aromatic fluorocarbon chain having from 2 to 40 carbon atoms; L is a CnH2n group, where n is a number between 0 and about 10; and X1, X2, and X3 are reactive hydroxide functionalities, reactive alkoxide functionalities, unreactive aliphatic functionalities of about 1 carbon atom to about 10 carbon atoms, unreactive aromatic functionalities of about 1 carbon atom to 10 carbon atoms. 19. The fuser member of claim 16, wherein said fluoropolymer sheath comprises a material selected from the group consisting of: copolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene; terpolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene; tetrapolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene, and a cure site monomer; polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); perfluoroalkoxy polymer resin (PFA); copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP); copolymers of hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and vinylidene fluoride (VDF or VF2); terpolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), vinylidene fluoride (VDF), and hexafluoropropylene (HFP); and tetrapolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), vinylidene fluoride (VF2), and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and a cure site monomer. 20. The fuser member of claim 16, wherein the surface layer comprises a surface energy of from about 10 mN/m2 to about 25 mN/m2. | 1,700 |
2,054 | 14,241,579 | 1,794 | Provided is a processing unit including a condenser, which is capable of condensing, during a plate-making process to be performed by the processing unit in a fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system, a processing solution vaporized into the form of mist so as to reuse the resultant as the processing solution, and to provide a fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system using the processing unit including a condenser. The processing unit includes a condenser, which is to be used for a fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system for manufacturing a plate-making roll by performing a series of processes on an unprocessed plate-making roll. The processing unit includes: a processing bath; chuck means for holding a gravure cylinder inside the processing bath; an intake port for taking in air, which is provided in a part of the processing bath; an exhaust port for exhausting gas, which is provided in another part of the processing bath; a condenser provided between the processing bath and the exhaust port; and a processing solution return pipe for returning, to the processing bath, a processing solution obtained by the condenser that liquefies a part of the gas to be exhausted. | 1. A processing unit including a condenser, which is to be used for a fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system for manufacturing a plate-making roll by performing a series of processes on an unprocessed plate-making roll, the processing unit comprising:
a processing bath; a chuck means for holding a gravure cylinder inside the processing bath; an intake port for taking in air, which is provided in a part of the processing bath; an exhaust port for exhausting gas, which is provided in another part of the processing bath; a condenser provided between the processing bath and the exhaust port; and a processing solution return pipe for returning, to the processing bath, a processing solution obtained by the condenser that liquefies a part of the gas to be exhausted. 2. A processing unit including a condenser according to claim 1, wherein the condenser comprises an air-cooled condenser. 3. A processing unit including a condenser according to claim 1, wherein the processing unit including a condenser comprises at least one processing apparatus, said at least one processing apparatus comprising one of a copper plating apparatus, a chromium plating apparatus and an etching apparatus. 4. A fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system, comprising:
processing unit including a condenser, said processing unit comprising:
a processing bath;
a chuck means for holding a gravure cylinder inside the processing bath;
an intake port for taking in air, which is provided in a part of the processing bath;
an exhaust port for exhausting gas, which is provided in another part of the processing bath;
a condenser provided between the processing bath and the exhaust port; and
a processing solution return pipe for returning, to the processing bath, a processing solution obtained by the condenser that liquefies a part of the gas to be exhausted. 5. A system according to claim 4, wherein the condenser comprises an air-cooled condenser. 6. A system according to claim 4, wherein the processing unit comprises at least one processing apparatus, said at least one processing apparatus comprising one of a copper plating apparatus, a chromium plating apparatus and an etching apparatus. 7. A system according to claim 5, wherein the processing unit comprises at least one processing apparatus, said at least one processing apparatus comprising one of a copper plating apparatus, a chromium plating apparatus and an etching apparatus. 8. A processing unit including a condenser according to claim 2, wherein the processing unit including a condenser comprises at least one processing apparatus, said at least one processing apparatus comprising at least one of a copper plating apparatus, a chromium plating apparatus and an etching apparatus. | Provided is a processing unit including a condenser, which is capable of condensing, during a plate-making process to be performed by the processing unit in a fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system, a processing solution vaporized into the form of mist so as to reuse the resultant as the processing solution, and to provide a fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system using the processing unit including a condenser. The processing unit includes a condenser, which is to be used for a fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system for manufacturing a plate-making roll by performing a series of processes on an unprocessed plate-making roll. The processing unit includes: a processing bath; chuck means for holding a gravure cylinder inside the processing bath; an intake port for taking in air, which is provided in a part of the processing bath; an exhaust port for exhausting gas, which is provided in another part of the processing bath; a condenser provided between the processing bath and the exhaust port; and a processing solution return pipe for returning, to the processing bath, a processing solution obtained by the condenser that liquefies a part of the gas to be exhausted.1. A processing unit including a condenser, which is to be used for a fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system for manufacturing a plate-making roll by performing a series of processes on an unprocessed plate-making roll, the processing unit comprising:
a processing bath; a chuck means for holding a gravure cylinder inside the processing bath; an intake port for taking in air, which is provided in a part of the processing bath; an exhaust port for exhausting gas, which is provided in another part of the processing bath; a condenser provided between the processing bath and the exhaust port; and a processing solution return pipe for returning, to the processing bath, a processing solution obtained by the condenser that liquefies a part of the gas to be exhausted. 2. A processing unit including a condenser according to claim 1, wherein the condenser comprises an air-cooled condenser. 3. A processing unit including a condenser according to claim 1, wherein the processing unit including a condenser comprises at least one processing apparatus, said at least one processing apparatus comprising one of a copper plating apparatus, a chromium plating apparatus and an etching apparatus. 4. A fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system, comprising:
processing unit including a condenser, said processing unit comprising:
a processing bath;
a chuck means for holding a gravure cylinder inside the processing bath;
an intake port for taking in air, which is provided in a part of the processing bath;
an exhaust port for exhausting gas, which is provided in another part of the processing bath;
a condenser provided between the processing bath and the exhaust port; and
a processing solution return pipe for returning, to the processing bath, a processing solution obtained by the condenser that liquefies a part of the gas to be exhausted. 5. A system according to claim 4, wherein the condenser comprises an air-cooled condenser. 6. A system according to claim 4, wherein the processing unit comprises at least one processing apparatus, said at least one processing apparatus comprising one of a copper plating apparatus, a chromium plating apparatus and an etching apparatus. 7. A system according to claim 5, wherein the processing unit comprises at least one processing apparatus, said at least one processing apparatus comprising one of a copper plating apparatus, a chromium plating apparatus and an etching apparatus. 8. A processing unit including a condenser according to claim 2, wherein the processing unit including a condenser comprises at least one processing apparatus, said at least one processing apparatus comprising at least one of a copper plating apparatus, a chromium plating apparatus and an etching apparatus. | 1,700 |
2,055 | 15,499,489 | 1,712 | One exemplary aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of forming a friction material. The method includes depositing a plurality of particles on a substrate such that the particles provide a plurality of projections and channels between adjacent projections. This disclosure also relates to the friction material itself, and a system including a mechanical component and the friction material. | 1. A method of forming a friction material, comprising:
depositing a plurality of particles on a substantially flat substrate such that the particles provide a plurality of projections and channels between adjacent projections, wherein the projections and channels are formed by the particles as the particles are deposited on the substrate, and wherein, as the particles are deposited, the projections have a greater height than the channels and the channels are substantially parallel to one another. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising:
applying resin to the deposited particles. 3. The method as recited in claim 2, further comprising:
machining the projections such that the projections exhibit a flat contour. 4. The method as recited in claim 3, further comprising:
compressing the plurality of particles. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the projections and channels are formed entirely by the particles as the particles are deposited on the substrate. | One exemplary aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of forming a friction material. The method includes depositing a plurality of particles on a substrate such that the particles provide a plurality of projections and channels between adjacent projections. This disclosure also relates to the friction material itself, and a system including a mechanical component and the friction material.1. A method of forming a friction material, comprising:
depositing a plurality of particles on a substantially flat substrate such that the particles provide a plurality of projections and channels between adjacent projections, wherein the projections and channels are formed by the particles as the particles are deposited on the substrate, and wherein, as the particles are deposited, the projections have a greater height than the channels and the channels are substantially parallel to one another. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising:
applying resin to the deposited particles. 3. The method as recited in claim 2, further comprising:
machining the projections such that the projections exhibit a flat contour. 4. The method as recited in claim 3, further comprising:
compressing the plurality of particles. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the projections and channels are formed entirely by the particles as the particles are deposited on the substrate. | 1,700 |
2,056 | 14,406,290 | 1,761 | A method is described for manufacturing a polyacrylonitrile-sulfur composite material, including the following method steps: a) providing a matrix material; b) optionally adding sulfur to the matrix material; c) adding polyacrylonitrile to the matrix material to produce a mixture made of sulfur and polyacrylonitrile; and d) reacting sulfur and polyacrylonitrile. A composite material manufactured in this way may be used in particular as an active material of a cathode of a lithium-ion battery and offers a particularly high rate capacity. In addition, methods are provided for manufacturing an active material for an electrode. | 1.-15. (canceled) 16. A method for manufacturing a polyacrylonitrile-sulfur composite material, comprising:
a) providing a matrix material; b) optionally adding sulfur to the matrix material; c) adding polyacrylonitrile to the matrix material to produce a mixture made of sulfur and polyacrylonitrile; and d) reacting sulfur and polyacrylonitrile. 17. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein, in method step c), a mixture of sulfur and polyacrylonitrile in a range of greater than or equal to 7.5:1 is produced. 18. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein, in method step d), polyacrylonitrile is reacted with sulfur at a temperature in a range of greater than or equal to 250° C. 19. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein, in method step d), polyacrylonitrile is reacted with sulfur at a temperature in a range of greater than or equal to 450° C. 20. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein the matrix material is selected from the group including at least one of sulfur, silicon compounds, silicon dioxide, and carbon modifications. 21. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein the composite material is manufactured in particles of a size in a range from greater than or equal to 100 nm to less than or equal to 50 μm. 22. The method as recited in claim 16, further comprising:
e) purifying the produced composite material. 23. The method as recited in claim 22, wherein the purification according to method step e) is carried out by a Soxhlet extraction. 24. The method as recited in claim 23, wherein the Soxhlet extraction is carried out with use of an organic solvent. 25. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein at least method step d) is carried out under an inert gas atmosphere. 26. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein, in method step c), a cyclized polyacrylonitrile is added to the matrix material, the cyclized polyacrylonitrile being obtained by reacting polyacrylonitrile to form cyclized polyacrylonitrile. 27. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein, in method step d), polyacrylonitrile is reacted with sulfur in the presence of a catalyst. 28. A method for manufacturing an active material for an electrode including a method for manufacturing a polyacrylonitrile-sulfur composite material, comprising:
a) providing a matrix material; b) optionally adding sulfur to the matrix material; c) adding polyacrylonitrile to the matrix material to produce a mixture made of sulfur and polyacrylonitrile; and d) reacting sulfur and polyacrylonitrile. 29. The method as recited in claim 28, wherein the electrode is a cathode of a lithium-sulfur battery. 30. The method as recited in claim 28, further comprising:
f) admixing at least one electrically conductive additive to the polyacrylonitrile-sulfur composite material. 31. The method as recited in claim 30, wherein the electrically conductive additive is selected from the group including carbon black, graphite, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, and mixtures thereof 32. The method as recited in claim 30, further comprising:
g) admixing at least one binder to the polyacrylonitrile-sulfur composite material. 33. The method as recited in claim 32, wherein the binder includes at least one of polyvinylidene fluoride and polytetrafluoroethylene. 34. The method as recited in claim 32, wherein:
in method step f) and/or in method step g), greater than or equal to 60 wt.-% to less than or equal to 90 wt.-%, in particular greater than or equal to 65 wt.-% to less than or equal to 75 wt.-%, for example, 70 wt.-% polyacrylonitrile-sulfur composite material may be used, and/or in method step f), greater than or equal to 0.1 wt.-% to less than or equal to 30 wt.-%, for example, greater than or equal to 5 wt.-% to less than or equal to 20 wt.-% electrically conductive additives may be admixed, and/or in method step g), greater than or equal to 0.1 wt.-% to less than or equal to 30 wt.-%, for example, greater than or equal to 5 wt.-% to less than or equal to 20 wt.-% binders may be admixed. 35. A method of using a polyacrylonitrile-sulfur composite material, comprising:
using the polyacrylonitrile-sulfur composite material as an active material in an electrode, the polyacrylonitrile-sulfur composite material being manufactured according to a method for manufacturing a polyacrylonitrile-sulfur composite material, comprising: a) providing a matrix material; b) optionally adding sulfur to the matrix material; c) adding polyacrylonitrile to the matrix material to produce a mixture made of sulfur and polyacrylonitrile; and d) reacting sulfur and polyacrylonitrile. 36. The method as recited in claim 35, wherein the electrode is a cathode of a lithium-ion battery. | A method is described for manufacturing a polyacrylonitrile-sulfur composite material, including the following method steps: a) providing a matrix material; b) optionally adding sulfur to the matrix material; c) adding polyacrylonitrile to the matrix material to produce a mixture made of sulfur and polyacrylonitrile; and d) reacting sulfur and polyacrylonitrile. A composite material manufactured in this way may be used in particular as an active material of a cathode of a lithium-ion battery and offers a particularly high rate capacity. In addition, methods are provided for manufacturing an active material for an electrode.1.-15. (canceled) 16. A method for manufacturing a polyacrylonitrile-sulfur composite material, comprising:
a) providing a matrix material; b) optionally adding sulfur to the matrix material; c) adding polyacrylonitrile to the matrix material to produce a mixture made of sulfur and polyacrylonitrile; and d) reacting sulfur and polyacrylonitrile. 17. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein, in method step c), a mixture of sulfur and polyacrylonitrile in a range of greater than or equal to 7.5:1 is produced. 18. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein, in method step d), polyacrylonitrile is reacted with sulfur at a temperature in a range of greater than or equal to 250° C. 19. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein, in method step d), polyacrylonitrile is reacted with sulfur at a temperature in a range of greater than or equal to 450° C. 20. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein the matrix material is selected from the group including at least one of sulfur, silicon compounds, silicon dioxide, and carbon modifications. 21. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein the composite material is manufactured in particles of a size in a range from greater than or equal to 100 nm to less than or equal to 50 μm. 22. The method as recited in claim 16, further comprising:
e) purifying the produced composite material. 23. The method as recited in claim 22, wherein the purification according to method step e) is carried out by a Soxhlet extraction. 24. The method as recited in claim 23, wherein the Soxhlet extraction is carried out with use of an organic solvent. 25. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein at least method step d) is carried out under an inert gas atmosphere. 26. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein, in method step c), a cyclized polyacrylonitrile is added to the matrix material, the cyclized polyacrylonitrile being obtained by reacting polyacrylonitrile to form cyclized polyacrylonitrile. 27. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein, in method step d), polyacrylonitrile is reacted with sulfur in the presence of a catalyst. 28. A method for manufacturing an active material for an electrode including a method for manufacturing a polyacrylonitrile-sulfur composite material, comprising:
a) providing a matrix material; b) optionally adding sulfur to the matrix material; c) adding polyacrylonitrile to the matrix material to produce a mixture made of sulfur and polyacrylonitrile; and d) reacting sulfur and polyacrylonitrile. 29. The method as recited in claim 28, wherein the electrode is a cathode of a lithium-sulfur battery. 30. The method as recited in claim 28, further comprising:
f) admixing at least one electrically conductive additive to the polyacrylonitrile-sulfur composite material. 31. The method as recited in claim 30, wherein the electrically conductive additive is selected from the group including carbon black, graphite, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, and mixtures thereof 32. The method as recited in claim 30, further comprising:
g) admixing at least one binder to the polyacrylonitrile-sulfur composite material. 33. The method as recited in claim 32, wherein the binder includes at least one of polyvinylidene fluoride and polytetrafluoroethylene. 34. The method as recited in claim 32, wherein:
in method step f) and/or in method step g), greater than or equal to 60 wt.-% to less than or equal to 90 wt.-%, in particular greater than or equal to 65 wt.-% to less than or equal to 75 wt.-%, for example, 70 wt.-% polyacrylonitrile-sulfur composite material may be used, and/or in method step f), greater than or equal to 0.1 wt.-% to less than or equal to 30 wt.-%, for example, greater than or equal to 5 wt.-% to less than or equal to 20 wt.-% electrically conductive additives may be admixed, and/or in method step g), greater than or equal to 0.1 wt.-% to less than or equal to 30 wt.-%, for example, greater than or equal to 5 wt.-% to less than or equal to 20 wt.-% binders may be admixed. 35. A method of using a polyacrylonitrile-sulfur composite material, comprising:
using the polyacrylonitrile-sulfur composite material as an active material in an electrode, the polyacrylonitrile-sulfur composite material being manufactured according to a method for manufacturing a polyacrylonitrile-sulfur composite material, comprising: a) providing a matrix material; b) optionally adding sulfur to the matrix material; c) adding polyacrylonitrile to the matrix material to produce a mixture made of sulfur and polyacrylonitrile; and d) reacting sulfur and polyacrylonitrile. 36. The method as recited in claim 35, wherein the electrode is a cathode of a lithium-ion battery. | 1,700 |
2,057 | 14,188,667 | 1,725 | A rechargeable battery comprises a chassis including a lower fixation plate, and a plurality of battery cells on the lower fixation plate. The lower fixation plate includes at least one flow channel positioned to collect condensate from the battery cells and move the collected condensate away from the battery cells. | 1. A rechargeable battery comprising:
a chassis including a lower fixation plate; and a plurality of battery cells on the lower fixation plate; wherein the lower fixation plate includes at least one flow channel positioned to collect condensate from the battery cells and move the collected condensate away from the battery cells. 2. The battery of claim 1, wherein the at least one flow channel is configured to drain the collected condensate off the chassis. 3. The battery of claim 1, wherein the lower fixation plate further includes a substrate; and wherein the at least one flow channel includes drainage holes in the substrate, each drainage hole located beneath portions of at least two battery cells. 4. The battery of claim 3, wherein the lower fixation plate includes additional drainage holes at a periphery of the substrate. 5. The battery of claim 3, wherein the at least one flow channel further includes grooves in the substrate, the grooves extending between the drainage holes. 6. The battery of claim 5, wherein the grooves are sloped to cause the collected condensate to flow to the drainage holes. 7. The battery of claim 3, wherein the battery cells are prismatic and are arranged in a grid; and wherein each drainage hole is located beneath corners of four adjacent battery cells. 8. The battery of claim 7, wherein the lower fixation plate further includes a lattice of cell dividers on the substrate, the battery cells located between the cell dividers; and wherein the at least one flow channel further includes grooves in the substrate, the grooves extending between the drainage holes, along the cell dividers. 9. The battery of claim 1, wherein each battery cell is wrapped with a polyimide film. 10. The battery of claim 1, wherein a side of each battery cell includes a rupture plate; wherein the chassis further includes a frame having cutouts; and wherein the battery cells are oriented such that their rupture plates are coincident with the frame cutouts. 11. The battery of claim 1, further comprising dielectric separators between opposing faces of the battery cells, the dielectric separators made of a fiber composite. 12. The battery of claim 1, wherein the battery cells are lithium-ion battery cells; and wherein the battery is configured for passenger vehicles. 13. A battery system comprising a metal battery enclosure having walls that define a cavity; and the battery of claim 1 mounted within the cavity and spaced apart from the walls such that condensate drained from the chassis is captured in a portion of the cavity below the battery. 14. The battery system of claim 13, wherein the enclosure includes slide rails, made of electrically non-conductive material, for mounting the battery to opposing walls of the cavity. 15. A battery comprising:
an array of prismatic rechargeable battery cells having rupture plates; and a chassis including a frame with vent holes, and a lower fixation plate on the frame, the battery cells located on the lower fixation plate and oriented with the rupture plates coincident with the vent holes, the lower fixation plate having a plurality of drainage holes, each drainage hole underneath corners of at least two of the battery cells. 16. The battery of claim 15, wherein the lower fixation plate further includes a lattice of cell dividers on the substrate, the battery cells located between the cell dividers; and wherein the lower fixation plate further includes grooves extending between drainage holes, along the cell dividers. 17. The battery of claim 15, wherein each battery cell is wrapped with a polyimide film. 18. A battery system comprising:
a battery enclosure having walls that define a cavity; and a battery mounted within the cavity and spaced apart from the walls, the battery including a plurality of rechargeable battery cells, and a chassis for the battery cells, the chassis including a lower fixation plate for supporting the battery cells, the lower fixation plate having drain holes for draining condensate into a portion of the cavity below the battery. 19. The battery system of claim 18, wherein the lower fixation plate includes a substrate and a lattice of cell dividers on the substrate, the battery cells located between the cell dividers; and wherein the lower fixation plate further includes grooves extending between drainage holes, along the dividers. 20. The battery system of claim 18, wherein a side of each battery cell includes a rupture plate; wherein the chassis further includes a frame having cutouts; and wherein the battery cells are oriented such that their rupture plates are coincident with the frame cutouts such that material expelled from any battery cell will enter space between the battery and the walls. | A rechargeable battery comprises a chassis including a lower fixation plate, and a plurality of battery cells on the lower fixation plate. The lower fixation plate includes at least one flow channel positioned to collect condensate from the battery cells and move the collected condensate away from the battery cells.1. A rechargeable battery comprising:
a chassis including a lower fixation plate; and a plurality of battery cells on the lower fixation plate; wherein the lower fixation plate includes at least one flow channel positioned to collect condensate from the battery cells and move the collected condensate away from the battery cells. 2. The battery of claim 1, wherein the at least one flow channel is configured to drain the collected condensate off the chassis. 3. The battery of claim 1, wherein the lower fixation plate further includes a substrate; and wherein the at least one flow channel includes drainage holes in the substrate, each drainage hole located beneath portions of at least two battery cells. 4. The battery of claim 3, wherein the lower fixation plate includes additional drainage holes at a periphery of the substrate. 5. The battery of claim 3, wherein the at least one flow channel further includes grooves in the substrate, the grooves extending between the drainage holes. 6. The battery of claim 5, wherein the grooves are sloped to cause the collected condensate to flow to the drainage holes. 7. The battery of claim 3, wherein the battery cells are prismatic and are arranged in a grid; and wherein each drainage hole is located beneath corners of four adjacent battery cells. 8. The battery of claim 7, wherein the lower fixation plate further includes a lattice of cell dividers on the substrate, the battery cells located between the cell dividers; and wherein the at least one flow channel further includes grooves in the substrate, the grooves extending between the drainage holes, along the cell dividers. 9. The battery of claim 1, wherein each battery cell is wrapped with a polyimide film. 10. The battery of claim 1, wherein a side of each battery cell includes a rupture plate; wherein the chassis further includes a frame having cutouts; and wherein the battery cells are oriented such that their rupture plates are coincident with the frame cutouts. 11. The battery of claim 1, further comprising dielectric separators between opposing faces of the battery cells, the dielectric separators made of a fiber composite. 12. The battery of claim 1, wherein the battery cells are lithium-ion battery cells; and wherein the battery is configured for passenger vehicles. 13. A battery system comprising a metal battery enclosure having walls that define a cavity; and the battery of claim 1 mounted within the cavity and spaced apart from the walls such that condensate drained from the chassis is captured in a portion of the cavity below the battery. 14. The battery system of claim 13, wherein the enclosure includes slide rails, made of electrically non-conductive material, for mounting the battery to opposing walls of the cavity. 15. A battery comprising:
an array of prismatic rechargeable battery cells having rupture plates; and a chassis including a frame with vent holes, and a lower fixation plate on the frame, the battery cells located on the lower fixation plate and oriented with the rupture plates coincident with the vent holes, the lower fixation plate having a plurality of drainage holes, each drainage hole underneath corners of at least two of the battery cells. 16. The battery of claim 15, wherein the lower fixation plate further includes a lattice of cell dividers on the substrate, the battery cells located between the cell dividers; and wherein the lower fixation plate further includes grooves extending between drainage holes, along the cell dividers. 17. The battery of claim 15, wherein each battery cell is wrapped with a polyimide film. 18. A battery system comprising:
a battery enclosure having walls that define a cavity; and a battery mounted within the cavity and spaced apart from the walls, the battery including a plurality of rechargeable battery cells, and a chassis for the battery cells, the chassis including a lower fixation plate for supporting the battery cells, the lower fixation plate having drain holes for draining condensate into a portion of the cavity below the battery. 19. The battery system of claim 18, wherein the lower fixation plate includes a substrate and a lattice of cell dividers on the substrate, the battery cells located between the cell dividers; and wherein the lower fixation plate further includes grooves extending between drainage holes, along the dividers. 20. The battery system of claim 18, wherein a side of each battery cell includes a rupture plate; wherein the chassis further includes a frame having cutouts; and wherein the battery cells are oriented such that their rupture plates are coincident with the frame cutouts such that material expelled from any battery cell will enter space between the battery and the walls. | 1,700 |
2,058 | 13,405,774 | 1,761 | Polymer compositions having improved EMI retention after annealing at high temperatures are disclosed. | 1. A polymer composition comprising:
a. from about 20 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of a thermoplastic polymer; b. from about 5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of a stainless steel fiber; c. from about 0 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of a conductive filler; d. from about 0 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of glass fiber; e. from about 0 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of a second polymer; and f. from about 0 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of one or more additives. 2. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is semi-crystalline. 3. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises a polybutylene terephthalate, polyphthalamide, nylon, or a combination thereof. 4. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises polybutylene terephthalate. 5. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer has a viscosity ranging from about 0.5 to about 1.5. 6. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises two or more individual thermoplastic materials, wherein at least two of the thermoplastic materials have a different intrinsic viscosity. 7. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the conductive filler is present and comprises a carbon black. 8. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein a conductive filler is present and comprises ENSACO® 250 carbon black powder. 9. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the second polymer is present and is at least partially crystalline. 10. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the second polymer is present and comprises a polyester. 11. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the second polymer comprises polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polytrimethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, poly 1,4-cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate, or a combination thereof. 12. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the stainless steel fiber comprises Huitong HT-CH75-T20. 13. The polymer composition of claim 1, capable of retaining at least about 80% of EMI after annealing at about 150° C. for at least about 120 hours. 14. The polymer composition of claim 1, capable of retaining at least about 85% of EMI after annealing at about 150° C. for at least about 120 hours. 15. The polymer composition of claim 1, capable of retaining at least about 90% of EMI after annealing at about 150° C. for at least about 120 hours. 16. The polymer composition of claim 1, capable of retaining at least about 95% of EMI after annealing at about 150° C. for at least about 120 hours. | Polymer compositions having improved EMI retention after annealing at high temperatures are disclosed.1. A polymer composition comprising:
a. from about 20 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of a thermoplastic polymer; b. from about 5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of a stainless steel fiber; c. from about 0 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of a conductive filler; d. from about 0 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of glass fiber; e. from about 0 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of a second polymer; and f. from about 0 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of one or more additives. 2. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is semi-crystalline. 3. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises a polybutylene terephthalate, polyphthalamide, nylon, or a combination thereof. 4. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises polybutylene terephthalate. 5. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer has a viscosity ranging from about 0.5 to about 1.5. 6. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises two or more individual thermoplastic materials, wherein at least two of the thermoplastic materials have a different intrinsic viscosity. 7. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the conductive filler is present and comprises a carbon black. 8. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein a conductive filler is present and comprises ENSACO® 250 carbon black powder. 9. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the second polymer is present and is at least partially crystalline. 10. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the second polymer is present and comprises a polyester. 11. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the second polymer comprises polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polytrimethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, poly 1,4-cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate, or a combination thereof. 12. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the stainless steel fiber comprises Huitong HT-CH75-T20. 13. The polymer composition of claim 1, capable of retaining at least about 80% of EMI after annealing at about 150° C. for at least about 120 hours. 14. The polymer composition of claim 1, capable of retaining at least about 85% of EMI after annealing at about 150° C. for at least about 120 hours. 15. The polymer composition of claim 1, capable of retaining at least about 90% of EMI after annealing at about 150° C. for at least about 120 hours. 16. The polymer composition of claim 1, capable of retaining at least about 95% of EMI after annealing at about 150° C. for at least about 120 hours. | 1,700 |
2,059 | 13,850,265 | 1,776 | A vehicle misting device and method that is operable is dry and humid environments are provided. The device may also include a payment system and fan. | 1. A device that provides cooling to an occupant of a vehicle in which the cooling device is mounted, the device comprising:
a liquid reservoir that is capable of containing a liquid; a pump that pressurizes liquid from the liquid reservoir when the liquid reservoir is filled with liquid; one or more misters connected to the pump that are capable of delivering a mist, using the pressurized liquid, directed towards an occupant of the vehicle; and one or more fans located adjacent to one or more misters that are capable of blowing the mist from the one or more misters towards the occupant of the vehicle to provide mist and air flow that cools the occupant of the vehicle. 2. A vehicle having a device that provides cooling to an occupant of the vehicle, the vehicle comprising:
a seating area for at least one occupant of the vehicle; a liquid reservoir that is capable of containing a liquid; a pump that pressurizes liquid from the liquid reservoir when the liquid reservoir is filled with liquid; one or more misters connected to the pump that are capable of delivering a mist, using the pressurized liquid, directed towards an occupant of the vehicle; and one or more fans located adjacent to one or more misters that are capable of blowing the mist from the one or more misters towards the occupant of the vehicle to provide mist and air flow that cools the occupant of the vehicle. 3. The vehicle of claim 2, wherein the vehicle is an open air vehicle. 4. The vehicle of claim 3, wherein the open air vehicle is a golf cart. 5. A vehicle having a device that provides cooling to an occupant of the vehicle, the vehicle comprising:
a seating area for at least one occupant of the vehicle; a liquid reservoir that is capable of containing a liquid; a pump that pressurizes liquid from the liquid reservoir when the liquid reservoir is filled with liquid; one or more misters connected to the pump that are capable of delivering a mist, using the pressurized liquid, directed towards an occupant of the vehicle; and a payment system, connected to the pump, that controls the operation of the pump once a payment by the occupant of the vehicle is authorized. 6. The vehicle of claim 5, wherein the vehicle is an open air vehicle. 7. The vehicle of claim 6, wherein the open air vehicle is a golf cart. 8. The vehicle of claim 5, wherein the payment system further comprises a trigger that activates the pump when the payment by the occupant of the vehicle is validated. 9. The vehicle of claim 8, wherein the payment system further comprises a timer unit that activates the trigger for a predetermined amount of time when the payment by the occupant of the vehicle is validated. 10. The vehicle of claim 9, wherein the payment by the occupant of the vehicle is authorized at the time of validation. 11. The vehicle of claim 9, wherein the payment by the occupant of the vehicle is authorized at a time after the validation. | A vehicle misting device and method that is operable is dry and humid environments are provided. The device may also include a payment system and fan.1. A device that provides cooling to an occupant of a vehicle in which the cooling device is mounted, the device comprising:
a liquid reservoir that is capable of containing a liquid; a pump that pressurizes liquid from the liquid reservoir when the liquid reservoir is filled with liquid; one or more misters connected to the pump that are capable of delivering a mist, using the pressurized liquid, directed towards an occupant of the vehicle; and one or more fans located adjacent to one or more misters that are capable of blowing the mist from the one or more misters towards the occupant of the vehicle to provide mist and air flow that cools the occupant of the vehicle. 2. A vehicle having a device that provides cooling to an occupant of the vehicle, the vehicle comprising:
a seating area for at least one occupant of the vehicle; a liquid reservoir that is capable of containing a liquid; a pump that pressurizes liquid from the liquid reservoir when the liquid reservoir is filled with liquid; one or more misters connected to the pump that are capable of delivering a mist, using the pressurized liquid, directed towards an occupant of the vehicle; and one or more fans located adjacent to one or more misters that are capable of blowing the mist from the one or more misters towards the occupant of the vehicle to provide mist and air flow that cools the occupant of the vehicle. 3. The vehicle of claim 2, wherein the vehicle is an open air vehicle. 4. The vehicle of claim 3, wherein the open air vehicle is a golf cart. 5. A vehicle having a device that provides cooling to an occupant of the vehicle, the vehicle comprising:
a seating area for at least one occupant of the vehicle; a liquid reservoir that is capable of containing a liquid; a pump that pressurizes liquid from the liquid reservoir when the liquid reservoir is filled with liquid; one or more misters connected to the pump that are capable of delivering a mist, using the pressurized liquid, directed towards an occupant of the vehicle; and a payment system, connected to the pump, that controls the operation of the pump once a payment by the occupant of the vehicle is authorized. 6. The vehicle of claim 5, wherein the vehicle is an open air vehicle. 7. The vehicle of claim 6, wherein the open air vehicle is a golf cart. 8. The vehicle of claim 5, wherein the payment system further comprises a trigger that activates the pump when the payment by the occupant of the vehicle is validated. 9. The vehicle of claim 8, wherein the payment system further comprises a timer unit that activates the trigger for a predetermined amount of time when the payment by the occupant of the vehicle is validated. 10. The vehicle of claim 9, wherein the payment by the occupant of the vehicle is authorized at the time of validation. 11. The vehicle of claim 9, wherein the payment by the occupant of the vehicle is authorized at a time after the validation. | 1,700 |
2,060 | 14,828,641 | 1,797 | An optical sensor for detecting hydrogen in a fluid in physical contact with the sensor is provided. The sensor includes an optical fiber, wherein an end portion of the optical fiber is coated with a multilayer including: a sensing layer, including a film of an alloy, the alloy including Mg, Ni, and M, wherein M is at least one of Zr, Ta, and Hf, and wherein the alloy has the composition Mg x Ni y M z , and wherein x is from 40 to 60, y is from 10 to 40, and z is from 10 to 40, and a catalyst layer including Pd. Further, a detection system for hydrogen, including such an optical sensor, and an electrical device having such a detection system are provided. | 1. An optical sensor for detecting hydrogen in a fluid in physical contact with the optical sensor, comprising an optical fiber, wherein an end portion of the optical fiber is coated with a multilayer comprising:
a sensing layer, comprising a film of an alloy, the alloy comprising Mg, Ni, and M, wherein M is at least one of Zr, Ta, and Hf, and wherein the alloy has the composition MgxNiyMz, and wherein x is from 40 to 60, y is from 10 to 40, and z is from 10 to 40, a catalyst layer comprising Pd. 2. The optical sensor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises at least one of Mg52Ni20Zr28, Mg52Ni24Zr24, and Mg55Ni27Ta18. 3. The optical sensor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the multilayer comprises the sensing layer, the catalyst layer and a coating layer. 4. The optical sensor as claimed in claim 3, wherein the coating layer comprises PMMA and/or PTFE and/or SiO2 and/or Aluminum Oxide, or has a multilayer structure comprising at least two of PMMA, PTFE, SiO2 and Aluminum Oxide. 5. The optical sensor as claimed in claim 1, being adapted to exhibit a continuous decrease of the optical reflectivity in the visible optical range in dependency of a growing hydrogen partial pressure in a fluid in contact with the optical sensor. 6. The optical sensor as claimed in claim 5, wherein the continuous decrease occurs in a temperature region between 5° C. and 150° C. and for a hydrogen partial pressure between 0.5 ppm and 5,000 ppm. 7. The optical sensor as claimed in claim 1, further comprising at least one auxiliary layer abutting the sensing layer, the auxiliary layer preferably comprising Ti. 8. The optical sensor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the multilayer is provided on an end surface of the optical fiber perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the optical fiber, and optionally overlaps over the edge to cover a portion of the circumferential side face of the core of the optical fiber. 9. A detection system for hydrogen in fluids, comprising the optical sensor as claimed in claim 1, a temperature sensor, a light source, a light detection device, and a control unit, wherein light from the light source is coupled into the optical sensor, light reflected by the multilayer of the optical sensor is detected by the light detection device, and wherein the control unit processes an output signal S1 of the light detection device, determines a hydrogen concentration, and delivers a respective output signal S2. 10. The detection system as claimed in claim 9, wherein the control unit is adapted to provide an output signal S2 depending on the hydrogen concentration determined from the reflectivity of the optical sensor and the temperature, and wherein the output signal S2 is a continuous function of the hydrogen concentration in the fluid. 11. The detection system as claimed in claim 10, being adapted to deliver a continuous change of the output signal S2 in a temperature region between 5° C. and 150° C. and for a hydrogen partial pressure in the fluid between 0.5 ppm and 5,000 ppm. 12. The detection system as claimed in claim 9, wherein the control unit is adapted to determine the hydrogen concentration by looking up stored data about the reflectivity of the optical sensor at various hydrogen partial pressures and temperatures, and/or to determine the hydrogen concentration from a stored function set, taking into account at least the parameters reflectivity of the optical sensor and temperature. 13. A device for electric power generation, transmission, or distribution, comprising an oil volume, and a detection system as claimed in claim 9. 14. The device as claimed in claim 13, wherein the end portion of the optical fiber is immersed in the oil volume, and wherein the temperature sensor is provided to measure the temperature of the oil adjacent to the multilayer of the optical sensor. 15. A hydrogen sensor including an alloy comprising Mg, Ni, and M, wherein M is at least one of Zr, Ta, and Hf, and wherein the alloy has the composition MgxNiyMz, and wherein x is from 40 to 60, y is from 10 to 40, and z is from 10 to 40. | An optical sensor for detecting hydrogen in a fluid in physical contact with the sensor is provided. The sensor includes an optical fiber, wherein an end portion of the optical fiber is coated with a multilayer including: a sensing layer, including a film of an alloy, the alloy including Mg, Ni, and M, wherein M is at least one of Zr, Ta, and Hf, and wherein the alloy has the composition Mg x Ni y M z , and wherein x is from 40 to 60, y is from 10 to 40, and z is from 10 to 40, and a catalyst layer including Pd. Further, a detection system for hydrogen, including such an optical sensor, and an electrical device having such a detection system are provided.1. An optical sensor for detecting hydrogen in a fluid in physical contact with the optical sensor, comprising an optical fiber, wherein an end portion of the optical fiber is coated with a multilayer comprising:
a sensing layer, comprising a film of an alloy, the alloy comprising Mg, Ni, and M, wherein M is at least one of Zr, Ta, and Hf, and wherein the alloy has the composition MgxNiyMz, and wherein x is from 40 to 60, y is from 10 to 40, and z is from 10 to 40, a catalyst layer comprising Pd. 2. The optical sensor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises at least one of Mg52Ni20Zr28, Mg52Ni24Zr24, and Mg55Ni27Ta18. 3. The optical sensor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the multilayer comprises the sensing layer, the catalyst layer and a coating layer. 4. The optical sensor as claimed in claim 3, wherein the coating layer comprises PMMA and/or PTFE and/or SiO2 and/or Aluminum Oxide, or has a multilayer structure comprising at least two of PMMA, PTFE, SiO2 and Aluminum Oxide. 5. The optical sensor as claimed in claim 1, being adapted to exhibit a continuous decrease of the optical reflectivity in the visible optical range in dependency of a growing hydrogen partial pressure in a fluid in contact with the optical sensor. 6. The optical sensor as claimed in claim 5, wherein the continuous decrease occurs in a temperature region between 5° C. and 150° C. and for a hydrogen partial pressure between 0.5 ppm and 5,000 ppm. 7. The optical sensor as claimed in claim 1, further comprising at least one auxiliary layer abutting the sensing layer, the auxiliary layer preferably comprising Ti. 8. The optical sensor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the multilayer is provided on an end surface of the optical fiber perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the optical fiber, and optionally overlaps over the edge to cover a portion of the circumferential side face of the core of the optical fiber. 9. A detection system for hydrogen in fluids, comprising the optical sensor as claimed in claim 1, a temperature sensor, a light source, a light detection device, and a control unit, wherein light from the light source is coupled into the optical sensor, light reflected by the multilayer of the optical sensor is detected by the light detection device, and wherein the control unit processes an output signal S1 of the light detection device, determines a hydrogen concentration, and delivers a respective output signal S2. 10. The detection system as claimed in claim 9, wherein the control unit is adapted to provide an output signal S2 depending on the hydrogen concentration determined from the reflectivity of the optical sensor and the temperature, and wherein the output signal S2 is a continuous function of the hydrogen concentration in the fluid. 11. The detection system as claimed in claim 10, being adapted to deliver a continuous change of the output signal S2 in a temperature region between 5° C. and 150° C. and for a hydrogen partial pressure in the fluid between 0.5 ppm and 5,000 ppm. 12. The detection system as claimed in claim 9, wherein the control unit is adapted to determine the hydrogen concentration by looking up stored data about the reflectivity of the optical sensor at various hydrogen partial pressures and temperatures, and/or to determine the hydrogen concentration from a stored function set, taking into account at least the parameters reflectivity of the optical sensor and temperature. 13. A device for electric power generation, transmission, or distribution, comprising an oil volume, and a detection system as claimed in claim 9. 14. The device as claimed in claim 13, wherein the end portion of the optical fiber is immersed in the oil volume, and wherein the temperature sensor is provided to measure the temperature of the oil adjacent to the multilayer of the optical sensor. 15. A hydrogen sensor including an alloy comprising Mg, Ni, and M, wherein M is at least one of Zr, Ta, and Hf, and wherein the alloy has the composition MgxNiyMz, and wherein x is from 40 to 60, y is from 10 to 40, and z is from 10 to 40. | 1,700 |
2,061 | 15,389,638 | 1,791 | An object of the present invention is to provide an unfermented beer-taste beverage which has an appearance with foam like beer, but does not have the characteristic odor common to beers and non-alcohol beer-taste beverages associated with fermentation; an unfermented beer-taste beverage containing a soybean dietary fiber does not have the characteristic odor common to general beers and non-alcohol beer-taste beverages associated with fermentation; when the beer-taste beverage is poured into a glass or the like, a beer-like foam with a good appearance can be formed; the foam arising from the glass is a fine and minute foam like champagne, and the foam arises linearly; in addition, the beer-like foam makes the mouthfeel smooth, and further provides a texture. | 1. A method for producing an unfermented, non-alcohol, beer-taste beverage, comprising:
(a) preparing a liquid sugar solution; (b) adding to the liquid sugar solution a soybean dietary fiber having a NIBEM in a 0.1% by mass aqueous solution with a pH of 3.5 of at least 160 to form a mixture; and, (c) preparing an unfermented, non-alcohol, beer-taste beverage from the liquid sugar solution-dietary fiber mixture without fermentation, wherein the resulting beer-taste beverage has a pH of 3 to 4.0, and wherein an amount of the added soybean dietary fiber is 0.03% by mass or more but 0.3% by mass or less of the resulting beer-taste beverage. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the soybean dietary fiber has an average molecular weight measured by gel filtration HPLC of 1,000,000 or less. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising adding at least one of hops or a bitter flavoring agent to the liquid sugar solution. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein no malt is used. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein step (c) comprises adding carbon dioxide gas to the liquid sugar solution-dietary fiber mixture. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein step (c) comprises packing the liquid sugar solution-dietary fiber mixture into a container. | An object of the present invention is to provide an unfermented beer-taste beverage which has an appearance with foam like beer, but does not have the characteristic odor common to beers and non-alcohol beer-taste beverages associated with fermentation; an unfermented beer-taste beverage containing a soybean dietary fiber does not have the characteristic odor common to general beers and non-alcohol beer-taste beverages associated with fermentation; when the beer-taste beverage is poured into a glass or the like, a beer-like foam with a good appearance can be formed; the foam arising from the glass is a fine and minute foam like champagne, and the foam arises linearly; in addition, the beer-like foam makes the mouthfeel smooth, and further provides a texture.1. A method for producing an unfermented, non-alcohol, beer-taste beverage, comprising:
(a) preparing a liquid sugar solution; (b) adding to the liquid sugar solution a soybean dietary fiber having a NIBEM in a 0.1% by mass aqueous solution with a pH of 3.5 of at least 160 to form a mixture; and, (c) preparing an unfermented, non-alcohol, beer-taste beverage from the liquid sugar solution-dietary fiber mixture without fermentation, wherein the resulting beer-taste beverage has a pH of 3 to 4.0, and wherein an amount of the added soybean dietary fiber is 0.03% by mass or more but 0.3% by mass or less of the resulting beer-taste beverage. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the soybean dietary fiber has an average molecular weight measured by gel filtration HPLC of 1,000,000 or less. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising adding at least one of hops or a bitter flavoring agent to the liquid sugar solution. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein no malt is used. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein step (c) comprises adding carbon dioxide gas to the liquid sugar solution-dietary fiber mixture. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein step (c) comprises packing the liquid sugar solution-dietary fiber mixture into a container. | 1,700 |
2,062 | 14,323,157 | 1,745 | A method of adorning an article including the steps of: providing a first layer; cutting the first layer along a first border edge that surrounds a discrete piece of the first layer; separating the discrete piece of the first layer from a remaining portion of the first layer to thereby produce a void within the first border edge; providing a pre-formed insert piece configured to fit within the void and having a second border edge having a shape that conforms to a shape of at least a portion of the first border edge; directing the insert piece into the void with the void and insert piece pre-aligned so that the second border edge is placed against or immediately adjacent to the first border edge where the first and second border edge shapes conform; with the insert piece directed into the void, fixing the insert piece and remaining portion of the first layer together to define an adornment assembly; and integrating the adornment assembly into an article to adorn the article. | 1. A method of adorning an article, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a first layer having a thickness between oppositely facing first and second surfaces; cutting the first layer fully between the first and second surfaces along a first border edge that surrounds a discrete piece of the first layer; separating the discrete piece of the first layer from a remaining portion of the first layer to thereby produce a void within the first border edge; providing a pre-formed insert piece configured to fit within the void and having a thickness between third and fourth surfaces and a second border edge having a shape that conforms to a shape of at least a portion of the first border edge; directing the insert piece into the void with the void and insert piece pre-aligned so that the second border edge is placed against or immediately adjacent to the first border edge along portions of the first and second border edges where the first and second border edge shapes conform, with the insert piece directed into the void, fixing the insert piece and remaining portion of the first layer together to define an adornment assembly; and integrating the adornment assembly into an article to adorn the article. 2. The method of adorning an article according to claim 1 wherein the insert piece and remaining portion of the first layer are fixed together as an incident of integrating the adornment assembly into the article. 3. The method of adorning an article according to claim 1 wherein with the insert piece and remaining portion of the first layer fixed together, the first and third surfaces are viewable together on the adornment assembly and the first and third surfaces contrast visually at the first and second border edges where the second border edge is placed against or immediately adjacent to the first border edge. 4. The method of adorning an article according to claim 1 wherein the first and second border edges each has an extent and the first and second border edges conform closely in shape over substantially an entire extent of each of the first and second border edges. 5. The method of adorning an article according to claim 1 wherein the first layer is a felt layer. 6. The method of adorning an article according to claim 5 wherein the insert piece is formed from a felt layer. 7. The method of adorning an article according to claim 1 wherein the insert piece and remaining portion of the first layer are fixed together by fixing a first backing layer against the second and fourth surfaces. 8. The method of adorning an article according to claim 7 wherein the first backing layer is a double-sided fusible material. 9. The method of adorning an article according to claim 8 further comprising the step of fixing a second backing layer against the first backing layer, wherein the steps of fixing the first and second backing layers comprise fixing the first and second backing layers by fusion with an hydraulic fusing machine. 10. The method of adorning an article according to claim 1 wherein the thicknesses of the first layer and pre-formed insert piece are approximately the same. 11. The method of adorning an article according to claim 1 wherein the article is a headwear piece with an exposed surface against which the adornment assembly is placed. 12. The method of adorning an article according to claim 1 wherein the first and third surfaces are substantially flush with the insert piece directed into the void. 13. The method of adorning an article according to claim 1 wherein the step of integrating the adornment assembly into an article comprises securing the adornment assembly onto the article using a line of stitching. 14. The method of adorning an article according to claim 1 wherein the insert piece comprises a felt layer with a pattern formed on the third surface of the felt layer. 15. The method of adorning an article according to claim 9 further comprising the step of cutting the first layer around the insert to define a desired perimeter shape for the adornment assembly. 16. The method of adorning an article according to claim 1 further comprising the step of repeating the steps of claim 1 at first and second discrete locations on the first layer. 17. An adornment assembly made according to the method of claim 1. 18. The adornment assembly according to claim 17 in combination with an article into which the adornment assembly is integrated. 19. The adornment assembly according to claim 18 wherein the article is an apparel article. 20. The adornment assembly according to claim 19 wherein the article is a headwear piece. | A method of adorning an article including the steps of: providing a first layer; cutting the first layer along a first border edge that surrounds a discrete piece of the first layer; separating the discrete piece of the first layer from a remaining portion of the first layer to thereby produce a void within the first border edge; providing a pre-formed insert piece configured to fit within the void and having a second border edge having a shape that conforms to a shape of at least a portion of the first border edge; directing the insert piece into the void with the void and insert piece pre-aligned so that the second border edge is placed against or immediately adjacent to the first border edge where the first and second border edge shapes conform; with the insert piece directed into the void, fixing the insert piece and remaining portion of the first layer together to define an adornment assembly; and integrating the adornment assembly into an article to adorn the article.1. A method of adorning an article, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a first layer having a thickness between oppositely facing first and second surfaces; cutting the first layer fully between the first and second surfaces along a first border edge that surrounds a discrete piece of the first layer; separating the discrete piece of the first layer from a remaining portion of the first layer to thereby produce a void within the first border edge; providing a pre-formed insert piece configured to fit within the void and having a thickness between third and fourth surfaces and a second border edge having a shape that conforms to a shape of at least a portion of the first border edge; directing the insert piece into the void with the void and insert piece pre-aligned so that the second border edge is placed against or immediately adjacent to the first border edge along portions of the first and second border edges where the first and second border edge shapes conform, with the insert piece directed into the void, fixing the insert piece and remaining portion of the first layer together to define an adornment assembly; and integrating the adornment assembly into an article to adorn the article. 2. The method of adorning an article according to claim 1 wherein the insert piece and remaining portion of the first layer are fixed together as an incident of integrating the adornment assembly into the article. 3. The method of adorning an article according to claim 1 wherein with the insert piece and remaining portion of the first layer fixed together, the first and third surfaces are viewable together on the adornment assembly and the first and third surfaces contrast visually at the first and second border edges where the second border edge is placed against or immediately adjacent to the first border edge. 4. The method of adorning an article according to claim 1 wherein the first and second border edges each has an extent and the first and second border edges conform closely in shape over substantially an entire extent of each of the first and second border edges. 5. The method of adorning an article according to claim 1 wherein the first layer is a felt layer. 6. The method of adorning an article according to claim 5 wherein the insert piece is formed from a felt layer. 7. The method of adorning an article according to claim 1 wherein the insert piece and remaining portion of the first layer are fixed together by fixing a first backing layer against the second and fourth surfaces. 8. The method of adorning an article according to claim 7 wherein the first backing layer is a double-sided fusible material. 9. The method of adorning an article according to claim 8 further comprising the step of fixing a second backing layer against the first backing layer, wherein the steps of fixing the first and second backing layers comprise fixing the first and second backing layers by fusion with an hydraulic fusing machine. 10. The method of adorning an article according to claim 1 wherein the thicknesses of the first layer and pre-formed insert piece are approximately the same. 11. The method of adorning an article according to claim 1 wherein the article is a headwear piece with an exposed surface against which the adornment assembly is placed. 12. The method of adorning an article according to claim 1 wherein the first and third surfaces are substantially flush with the insert piece directed into the void. 13. The method of adorning an article according to claim 1 wherein the step of integrating the adornment assembly into an article comprises securing the adornment assembly onto the article using a line of stitching. 14. The method of adorning an article according to claim 1 wherein the insert piece comprises a felt layer with a pattern formed on the third surface of the felt layer. 15. The method of adorning an article according to claim 9 further comprising the step of cutting the first layer around the insert to define a desired perimeter shape for the adornment assembly. 16. The method of adorning an article according to claim 1 further comprising the step of repeating the steps of claim 1 at first and second discrete locations on the first layer. 17. An adornment assembly made according to the method of claim 1. 18. The adornment assembly according to claim 17 in combination with an article into which the adornment assembly is integrated. 19. The adornment assembly according to claim 18 wherein the article is an apparel article. 20. The adornment assembly according to claim 19 wherein the article is a headwear piece. | 1,700 |
2,063 | 12,399,179 | 1,792 | A method for making potato chips involving a marination step in a brine and acacia gum solution prior to frying. Potato pieces or slices are immersed for a short period of time in a brine solution that comprises soluble acacia gum. This immersion marinates the potato pieces prior to a frying step. The resultant potato chips, after frying, have a reduced fat content but exhibit otherwise very similar characteristics to a potato chip made by prior art frying methods. | 1.-9. (canceled) 10. A reduced fat potato chip produced by the steps of:
a) slicing raw potato stock to produce potato pieces; b) marinating said potato pieces in a brine solution comprising at least about 3% by weight acacia gum; and c) frying said potato pieces to a moisture content of less than about 2% after the marination step b). 11. The reduced fat potato chip of claim 10 wherein said brine solution comprises up to 10% by weight acacia gum. 12. The reduced fat potato chip of claim 10 wherein said brine solution comprises about 3% to about 6% by weight acacia gum. 13. The reduced fat potato chip of claim 10 wherein said brine solution comprises about 4% to about 5% by weight acacia gum. 14. The reduced fat potato chip of claim 10 wherein said marination step comprises immersing said potato pieces in said brine solution for between about 5 and about 20 seconds. 15. The reduced fat potato chip of claim 10 wherein said marination step comprises immersing said potato pieces in said brine solution for between about 9 and about 14 seconds. 16. The reduced fat potato chip of claim 10 wherein the acacia gum is added to the brine solution in a powdered form. 17. The reduced fat potato chip of claim 10 wherein said brine solution further comprises about 3.5% to about 4% by weight sodium chloride. 18. The reduced fat potato chip of claim 10 wherein the marinating of step b) further comprises removing excess brine solution adsorbed to the surfaces of said potato pieces. 19. The reduced fat potato chip of claim 10 wherein after frying said reduced fat potato chip comprises a fat content of about 24.5% by weight. | A method for making potato chips involving a marination step in a brine and acacia gum solution prior to frying. Potato pieces or slices are immersed for a short period of time in a brine solution that comprises soluble acacia gum. This immersion marinates the potato pieces prior to a frying step. The resultant potato chips, after frying, have a reduced fat content but exhibit otherwise very similar characteristics to a potato chip made by prior art frying methods.1.-9. (canceled) 10. A reduced fat potato chip produced by the steps of:
a) slicing raw potato stock to produce potato pieces; b) marinating said potato pieces in a brine solution comprising at least about 3% by weight acacia gum; and c) frying said potato pieces to a moisture content of less than about 2% after the marination step b). 11. The reduced fat potato chip of claim 10 wherein said brine solution comprises up to 10% by weight acacia gum. 12. The reduced fat potato chip of claim 10 wherein said brine solution comprises about 3% to about 6% by weight acacia gum. 13. The reduced fat potato chip of claim 10 wherein said brine solution comprises about 4% to about 5% by weight acacia gum. 14. The reduced fat potato chip of claim 10 wherein said marination step comprises immersing said potato pieces in said brine solution for between about 5 and about 20 seconds. 15. The reduced fat potato chip of claim 10 wherein said marination step comprises immersing said potato pieces in said brine solution for between about 9 and about 14 seconds. 16. The reduced fat potato chip of claim 10 wherein the acacia gum is added to the brine solution in a powdered form. 17. The reduced fat potato chip of claim 10 wherein said brine solution further comprises about 3.5% to about 4% by weight sodium chloride. 18. The reduced fat potato chip of claim 10 wherein the marinating of step b) further comprises removing excess brine solution adsorbed to the surfaces of said potato pieces. 19. The reduced fat potato chip of claim 10 wherein after frying said reduced fat potato chip comprises a fat content of about 24.5% by weight. | 1,700 |
2,064 | 14,399,705 | 1,783 | A synthetic resin laminate is excellent in shape stability in high-temperature high-humidity environments and in surface hardness and usable for a transparent substrate material or protection material. A synthetic resin laminate includes a substrate layer containing a polycarbonate (B); and a resin layer laminated on one or both surfaces of the substrate layer, the resin layer containing a resin (A) that contains a (meth)acrylate copolymer (a1) and a polycarbonate (a2); wherein (a1) is a (meth)acrylate copolymer composed of 5 to 80% by mass of an aromatic (meth)acrylate unit (a11) and 20 to 95% by mass of a methyl methacrylate unit (a12); (a2) is a polycarbonate containing a constituent unit represented by formula [1]; and the ratio of (a1) with respect to the resin (A) is 5 to 55% by mass, and the ratio of (a2) with respect to the resin (A) is 95 to 45% by mass. | 1. A synthetic resin laminate, which is obtained by laminating
a resin layer containing a resin (A) that contains a (meth)acrylate copolymer (a1) and a polycarbonate (a2) on one surface or both surfaces of a substrate layer containing a polycarbonate (B), wherein the (meth)acrylate copolymer (a1) is a (meth)acrylate copolymer composed of 5 to 80% by mass of an aromatic (meth)acrylate unit (a11) and 20 to 95% by mass of a methyl methacrylate unit (a12), the polycarbonate (a2) is a polycarbonate containing a constituent unit represented by the following formula [1]:
(in formula [1], R represents a single bond, an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an arylene group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, or a cyclic alkylene group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms), and
the ratio of the (meth)acrylate copolymer (a1) with respect to the resin (A) is 5 to 55% by mass, and the ratio of the polycarbonate (a2) with respect to the resin (A) is 95 to 45% by mass. 2. The synthetic resin laminate according to claim 1, wherein the polycarbonate (a2) is a polycarbonate homopolymer or copolymer composed of 20 to 100% by mass of a constituent unit represented by the following formula [2]:
and 80 to 0% by mass of a constituent unit represented by the following formula [3]: 3. The synthetic resin laminate according to claim 1, wherein the resin (A) is composed of 5 to 55% by mass of the (meth)acrylate copolymer (a1) having a weight-average molecular weight of 5,000 to 30,000 and 95 to 45% by mass of the polycarbonate (a2) having a weight-average molecular weight of 21,000 to 40,000. 4. The synthetic resin laminate according to claim 1, wherein the resin layer containing the resin (A) has a thickness of 10 to 250 μm, the synthetic resin laminate has a total thickness of 0.1 to 2.0 mm, and the thickness ratio of the resin layer/synthetic resin laminate is 0.01 to 0.5. 5. The synthetic resin laminate according to claim 1, wherein the polycarbonate (B) has a weight-average molecular weight of 18,000 to 40,000. 6. The synthetic resin laminate according to claim 1, wherein the resin layer and/or the substrate layer contains an ultraviolet absorber. 7. The synthetic resin laminate according to claim 1, wherein the resin layer containing the resin (A) is hard-coated. 8. The synthetic resin laminate according to claim 1, wherein the resin layer containing the resin (A) is provided on only one surface of the substrate layer containing the polycarbonate (B), and the resin layer containing the resin (A) and the substrate layer containing the polycarbonate (B) are hard-coated. 9. The synthetic resin laminate according to claim 1, wherein one surface or both surfaces of the synthetic resin laminate is obtained as a result of at least one of a reflection preventive treatment, an antifouling treatment, an anti-fingerprint treatment, an antistatic treatment, a climate-proof treatment, and an anti-glare treatment. 10. A transparent substrate material, comprising the synthetic resin laminate according to claim 1. 11. A transparent protection material, comprising the synthetic resin laminate according to claim 1. | A synthetic resin laminate is excellent in shape stability in high-temperature high-humidity environments and in surface hardness and usable for a transparent substrate material or protection material. A synthetic resin laminate includes a substrate layer containing a polycarbonate (B); and a resin layer laminated on one or both surfaces of the substrate layer, the resin layer containing a resin (A) that contains a (meth)acrylate copolymer (a1) and a polycarbonate (a2); wherein (a1) is a (meth)acrylate copolymer composed of 5 to 80% by mass of an aromatic (meth)acrylate unit (a11) and 20 to 95% by mass of a methyl methacrylate unit (a12); (a2) is a polycarbonate containing a constituent unit represented by formula [1]; and the ratio of (a1) with respect to the resin (A) is 5 to 55% by mass, and the ratio of (a2) with respect to the resin (A) is 95 to 45% by mass.1. A synthetic resin laminate, which is obtained by laminating
a resin layer containing a resin (A) that contains a (meth)acrylate copolymer (a1) and a polycarbonate (a2) on one surface or both surfaces of a substrate layer containing a polycarbonate (B), wherein the (meth)acrylate copolymer (a1) is a (meth)acrylate copolymer composed of 5 to 80% by mass of an aromatic (meth)acrylate unit (a11) and 20 to 95% by mass of a methyl methacrylate unit (a12), the polycarbonate (a2) is a polycarbonate containing a constituent unit represented by the following formula [1]:
(in formula [1], R represents a single bond, an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an arylene group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, or a cyclic alkylene group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms), and
the ratio of the (meth)acrylate copolymer (a1) with respect to the resin (A) is 5 to 55% by mass, and the ratio of the polycarbonate (a2) with respect to the resin (A) is 95 to 45% by mass. 2. The synthetic resin laminate according to claim 1, wherein the polycarbonate (a2) is a polycarbonate homopolymer or copolymer composed of 20 to 100% by mass of a constituent unit represented by the following formula [2]:
and 80 to 0% by mass of a constituent unit represented by the following formula [3]: 3. The synthetic resin laminate according to claim 1, wherein the resin (A) is composed of 5 to 55% by mass of the (meth)acrylate copolymer (a1) having a weight-average molecular weight of 5,000 to 30,000 and 95 to 45% by mass of the polycarbonate (a2) having a weight-average molecular weight of 21,000 to 40,000. 4. The synthetic resin laminate according to claim 1, wherein the resin layer containing the resin (A) has a thickness of 10 to 250 μm, the synthetic resin laminate has a total thickness of 0.1 to 2.0 mm, and the thickness ratio of the resin layer/synthetic resin laminate is 0.01 to 0.5. 5. The synthetic resin laminate according to claim 1, wherein the polycarbonate (B) has a weight-average molecular weight of 18,000 to 40,000. 6. The synthetic resin laminate according to claim 1, wherein the resin layer and/or the substrate layer contains an ultraviolet absorber. 7. The synthetic resin laminate according to claim 1, wherein the resin layer containing the resin (A) is hard-coated. 8. The synthetic resin laminate according to claim 1, wherein the resin layer containing the resin (A) is provided on only one surface of the substrate layer containing the polycarbonate (B), and the resin layer containing the resin (A) and the substrate layer containing the polycarbonate (B) are hard-coated. 9. The synthetic resin laminate according to claim 1, wherein one surface or both surfaces of the synthetic resin laminate is obtained as a result of at least one of a reflection preventive treatment, an antifouling treatment, an anti-fingerprint treatment, an antistatic treatment, a climate-proof treatment, and an anti-glare treatment. 10. A transparent substrate material, comprising the synthetic resin laminate according to claim 1. 11. A transparent protection material, comprising the synthetic resin laminate according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,065 | 12,637,879 | 1,787 | Fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminates are provided comprising: at least one layer of fiber reinforced resin matrix comprising a cured resin matrix; and a surfacing construction bound to the cured resin matrix and forming a surface of the laminate, comprising: at least one barrier layer; and at least one cured adhesive layer derived from high temperature cure adhesive. In some embodiments, barrier layer(s) may be substantially impermeable to organic solvents, water, and/or gasses. In another aspect, fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminates are provided comprising: a) at least one layer of fiber reinforced resin matrix comprising a cured resin matrix; and b) a surfacing construction bound to the cured resin matrix and forming a surface of the laminate, comprising: at least one barrier layer; and at least one electrically conductive layer. In another aspect, a surfacing construction is provided comprising a barrier layer and a curable adhesive layer. | 1. A fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate comprising:
a) at least one layer of fiber reinforced resin matrix comprising a cured resin matrix; and b) a surfacing construction bound to the cured resin matrix and forming a surface of the laminate, comprising:
i) at least one barrier layer; and
ii) at least one cured adhesive layer derived from high temperature cure adhesive;
wherein at least one cured adhesive layer is bound to the cured resin matrix; and
wherein the barrier layer(s) have a composition different from that of the cured adhesive layer(s), the barrier layer(s) have a composition different from that of the cured resin matrix, and the cured adhesive layer(s) have a composition different from that of the resin matrix. 2. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 wherein at least one barrier layer is substantially impermeable to organic solvents. 3. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 wherein at least one barrier layer is substantially impermeable to water, organic solvents and gasses. 4. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 wherein the surfacing construction additionally comprises:
iii) at least one electrically conductive layer. 5. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 wherein the surfacing construction additionally comprises:
iv) at least one EMI shield layer. 6. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 wherein the surfacing construction additionally comprises:
v) at least one UV protection layer. 7. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 wherein the surfacing construction additionally comprises:
vi) at least one viscoelastic layer having a peak damping ratio (Tan δ) of at least 1.0 as measured in shear mode by DMTA at 10 Hz. 8. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 comprising a barrier layer comprising a fluoropolymer. 9. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 comprising a barrier layer comprising a non-perfluorinated fluoropolymer. 10. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 comprising a cured adhesive layer comprising dicyandiamide-cured epoxy adhesive. 11. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 comprising a cured adhesive layer comprising dicyandiamide-cured epoxy adhesive bound to a barrier layer comprising a non-perfluorinated fluoropolymer. 12. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 comprising a cured adhesive layer comprising dicyandiamide-cured epoxy adhesive bound to a) a barrier layer comprising a non-perfluorinated fluoropolymer and b) the cured resin matrix. 13. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 comprising a cured adhesive layer comprising no amine-cured epoxy adhesive. 14. A method of making a fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate comprising the steps of:
a) providing a curable fiber reinforced resin matrix comprising a curable resin matrix; b) providing a surfacing construction comprising:
i) at least one barrier layer; and
ii) at least one curable adhesive layer;
c) providing a tool having a shape which is the inverse of the desired shape of the laminate; e) laying up the surfacing construction and the curable fiber reinforced resin matrix in the tool, with the surfacing construction in contact with the tool and with at least one curable adhesive layer in contact with the curable fiber reinforced resin matrix; and f) curing the curable resin matrix and curable adhesive layer to make a fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate;
wherein the barrier layer(s) have a composition different from that of the curable adhesive layer(s) and the barrier layer(s) have a composition different from that of the cured resin matrix. 15. The method according to claim 14 wherein at least one curable adhesive layer has a composition different from that of the curable resin matrix. 16. The method according to claim 14 wherein at least one barrier layer is substantially impermeable to organic solvents. 17. The method according to claim 14 wherein at least one barrier layer is substantially impermeable to water, organic solvents and gasses. 18. The method according to claim 14 wherein the surfacing construction additionally comprises:
iii) at least one electrically conductive layer. 19. The method according to claim 14 wherein the surfacing construction additionally comprises:
iv) at least one EMI shield layer. 20. The method according to claim 14 wherein the surfacing construction additionally comprises:
v) at least one UV protection layer. 21. The method according to claim 14 wherein the surfacing construction additionally comprises:
vi) at least one viscoelastic layer having a peak damping ratio (Tan δ) of at least 1.0 as measured in shear mode by DMTA at 10 Hz. 22. The method according to claim 14 wherein the surfacing construction comprises a barrier layer comprising a fluoropolymer. 23. The method according to claim 14 wherein the surfacing construction comprises a barrier layer comprising a non-perfluorinated fluoropolymer. 24. The method according to claim 14 wherein the surfacing construction comprises a curable adhesive layer comprising an epoxy adhesive and a dicyandiamide curative. 25. The method according to claim 14 wherein the surfacing construction comprises a curable adhesive layer comprising an epoxy adhesive and a dicyandiamide curative and a barrier layer comprising a non-perfluorinated fluoropolymer. 26. The method according to claim 14 wherein the surfacing construction comprises a curable adhesive layer comprising an epoxy adhesive and curative which contains no amine-containing curative. 27. The method according to claim 14 wherein at least one curable adhesive layer has a composition different from that of the curable resin matrix. 28. The method according to claim 14 wherein at least one curable adhesive layer has a composition which is the same as that of the curable resin matrix. 29. The method according to claim 14 wherein at least one curable adhesive layer is the curable resin matrix. 30. The method according to claim 14 wherein at least one curable adhesive layer is not the curable resin matrix. 31. A fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate comprising:
a) at least one layer of fiber reinforced resin matrix comprising a cured resin matrix; and b) a surfacing construction bound to the cured resin matrix and forming a surface of the laminate, comprising:
i) at least one barrier layer; and
iii) at least one electrically conductive layer;
wherein the barrier layer(s) have a composition different from that of the cured resin matrix. 32. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 31 wherein at least one barrier layer is substantially impermeable to organic solvents. 33. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 31 wherein at least one barrier layer is substantially impermeable to water, organic solvents and gasses. 34. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 31 wherein the surfacing construction additionally comprises:
ii) at least one cured adhesive layer. 35. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 31 wherein the surfacing construction additionally comprises:
vi) at least one viscoelastic layer having a peak damping ratio (Tan δ) of at least 1.0 as measured in shear mode by DMTA at 10 Hz. 36. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 31 comprising a barrier layer comprising a fluoropolymer. 37. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 31 comprising a barrier layer comprising a non-perfluorinated fluoropolymer. 38. A surfacing construction comprising at least one barrier layer and at least one curable adhesive layer. 39. The surfacing construction according to claim 38 wherein at least one barrier layer is substantially impermeable to organic solvents. 40. The surfacing construction according to claim 38 wherein at least one barrier layer is substantially impermeable to water, organic solvents and gasses. 41. The surfacing construction according to claim 38 additionally comprising:
iii) at least one electrically conductive layer. 42. The surfacing construction according to claim 38 additionally comprising:
iv) at least one EMI shield layer. 43. The surfacing construction according to claim 38 additionally comprising:
v) at least one UV protection layer. 44. The surfacing construction according to claim 38 additionally comprising:
vi) at least one viscoelastic layer having a peak damping ratio (Tan δ) of at least 1.0 as measured in shear mode by DMTA at 10 Hz. 45. The surfacing construction according to claim 38 wherein at least one barrier layer comprises a fluoropolymer. 46. The surfacing construction according to claim 38 wherein at least one barrier layer comprises a non-perfluorinated fluoropolymer. 47. The surfacing construction according to claim 38 wherein at least one curable adhesive layer comprises an epoxy adhesive and a dicyandiamide curative. 48. The surfacing construction according to claim 38 wherein at least one curable adhesive layer comprises an epoxy adhesive and a dicyandiamide curative and at least one barrier layer comprises a non-perfluorinated fluoropolymer. 49. The surfacing construction according to claim 38 wherein no curable adhesive layer comprises an amine-containing curative. 50. The surfacing construction according to claim 48 wherein the non-perfluorinated fluoropolymer comprises units derived from vinylidene difluoride. 51. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 wherein the surfacing construction additionally bears at least one layer of paint. 52. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 31 wherein the surfacing construction additionally bears at least one layer of paint. | Fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminates are provided comprising: at least one layer of fiber reinforced resin matrix comprising a cured resin matrix; and a surfacing construction bound to the cured resin matrix and forming a surface of the laminate, comprising: at least one barrier layer; and at least one cured adhesive layer derived from high temperature cure adhesive. In some embodiments, barrier layer(s) may be substantially impermeable to organic solvents, water, and/or gasses. In another aspect, fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminates are provided comprising: a) at least one layer of fiber reinforced resin matrix comprising a cured resin matrix; and b) a surfacing construction bound to the cured resin matrix and forming a surface of the laminate, comprising: at least one barrier layer; and at least one electrically conductive layer. In another aspect, a surfacing construction is provided comprising a barrier layer and a curable adhesive layer.1. A fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate comprising:
a) at least one layer of fiber reinforced resin matrix comprising a cured resin matrix; and b) a surfacing construction bound to the cured resin matrix and forming a surface of the laminate, comprising:
i) at least one barrier layer; and
ii) at least one cured adhesive layer derived from high temperature cure adhesive;
wherein at least one cured adhesive layer is bound to the cured resin matrix; and
wherein the barrier layer(s) have a composition different from that of the cured adhesive layer(s), the barrier layer(s) have a composition different from that of the cured resin matrix, and the cured adhesive layer(s) have a composition different from that of the resin matrix. 2. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 wherein at least one barrier layer is substantially impermeable to organic solvents. 3. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 wherein at least one barrier layer is substantially impermeable to water, organic solvents and gasses. 4. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 wherein the surfacing construction additionally comprises:
iii) at least one electrically conductive layer. 5. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 wherein the surfacing construction additionally comprises:
iv) at least one EMI shield layer. 6. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 wherein the surfacing construction additionally comprises:
v) at least one UV protection layer. 7. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 wherein the surfacing construction additionally comprises:
vi) at least one viscoelastic layer having a peak damping ratio (Tan δ) of at least 1.0 as measured in shear mode by DMTA at 10 Hz. 8. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 comprising a barrier layer comprising a fluoropolymer. 9. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 comprising a barrier layer comprising a non-perfluorinated fluoropolymer. 10. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 comprising a cured adhesive layer comprising dicyandiamide-cured epoxy adhesive. 11. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 comprising a cured adhesive layer comprising dicyandiamide-cured epoxy adhesive bound to a barrier layer comprising a non-perfluorinated fluoropolymer. 12. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 comprising a cured adhesive layer comprising dicyandiamide-cured epoxy adhesive bound to a) a barrier layer comprising a non-perfluorinated fluoropolymer and b) the cured resin matrix. 13. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 comprising a cured adhesive layer comprising no amine-cured epoxy adhesive. 14. A method of making a fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate comprising the steps of:
a) providing a curable fiber reinforced resin matrix comprising a curable resin matrix; b) providing a surfacing construction comprising:
i) at least one barrier layer; and
ii) at least one curable adhesive layer;
c) providing a tool having a shape which is the inverse of the desired shape of the laminate; e) laying up the surfacing construction and the curable fiber reinforced resin matrix in the tool, with the surfacing construction in contact with the tool and with at least one curable adhesive layer in contact with the curable fiber reinforced resin matrix; and f) curing the curable resin matrix and curable adhesive layer to make a fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate;
wherein the barrier layer(s) have a composition different from that of the curable adhesive layer(s) and the barrier layer(s) have a composition different from that of the cured resin matrix. 15. The method according to claim 14 wherein at least one curable adhesive layer has a composition different from that of the curable resin matrix. 16. The method according to claim 14 wherein at least one barrier layer is substantially impermeable to organic solvents. 17. The method according to claim 14 wherein at least one barrier layer is substantially impermeable to water, organic solvents and gasses. 18. The method according to claim 14 wherein the surfacing construction additionally comprises:
iii) at least one electrically conductive layer. 19. The method according to claim 14 wherein the surfacing construction additionally comprises:
iv) at least one EMI shield layer. 20. The method according to claim 14 wherein the surfacing construction additionally comprises:
v) at least one UV protection layer. 21. The method according to claim 14 wherein the surfacing construction additionally comprises:
vi) at least one viscoelastic layer having a peak damping ratio (Tan δ) of at least 1.0 as measured in shear mode by DMTA at 10 Hz. 22. The method according to claim 14 wherein the surfacing construction comprises a barrier layer comprising a fluoropolymer. 23. The method according to claim 14 wherein the surfacing construction comprises a barrier layer comprising a non-perfluorinated fluoropolymer. 24. The method according to claim 14 wherein the surfacing construction comprises a curable adhesive layer comprising an epoxy adhesive and a dicyandiamide curative. 25. The method according to claim 14 wherein the surfacing construction comprises a curable adhesive layer comprising an epoxy adhesive and a dicyandiamide curative and a barrier layer comprising a non-perfluorinated fluoropolymer. 26. The method according to claim 14 wherein the surfacing construction comprises a curable adhesive layer comprising an epoxy adhesive and curative which contains no amine-containing curative. 27. The method according to claim 14 wherein at least one curable adhesive layer has a composition different from that of the curable resin matrix. 28. The method according to claim 14 wherein at least one curable adhesive layer has a composition which is the same as that of the curable resin matrix. 29. The method according to claim 14 wherein at least one curable adhesive layer is the curable resin matrix. 30. The method according to claim 14 wherein at least one curable adhesive layer is not the curable resin matrix. 31. A fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate comprising:
a) at least one layer of fiber reinforced resin matrix comprising a cured resin matrix; and b) a surfacing construction bound to the cured resin matrix and forming a surface of the laminate, comprising:
i) at least one barrier layer; and
iii) at least one electrically conductive layer;
wherein the barrier layer(s) have a composition different from that of the cured resin matrix. 32. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 31 wherein at least one barrier layer is substantially impermeable to organic solvents. 33. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 31 wherein at least one barrier layer is substantially impermeable to water, organic solvents and gasses. 34. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 31 wherein the surfacing construction additionally comprises:
ii) at least one cured adhesive layer. 35. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 31 wherein the surfacing construction additionally comprises:
vi) at least one viscoelastic layer having a peak damping ratio (Tan δ) of at least 1.0 as measured in shear mode by DMTA at 10 Hz. 36. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 31 comprising a barrier layer comprising a fluoropolymer. 37. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 31 comprising a barrier layer comprising a non-perfluorinated fluoropolymer. 38. A surfacing construction comprising at least one barrier layer and at least one curable adhesive layer. 39. The surfacing construction according to claim 38 wherein at least one barrier layer is substantially impermeable to organic solvents. 40. The surfacing construction according to claim 38 wherein at least one barrier layer is substantially impermeable to water, organic solvents and gasses. 41. The surfacing construction according to claim 38 additionally comprising:
iii) at least one electrically conductive layer. 42. The surfacing construction according to claim 38 additionally comprising:
iv) at least one EMI shield layer. 43. The surfacing construction according to claim 38 additionally comprising:
v) at least one UV protection layer. 44. The surfacing construction according to claim 38 additionally comprising:
vi) at least one viscoelastic layer having a peak damping ratio (Tan δ) of at least 1.0 as measured in shear mode by DMTA at 10 Hz. 45. The surfacing construction according to claim 38 wherein at least one barrier layer comprises a fluoropolymer. 46. The surfacing construction according to claim 38 wherein at least one barrier layer comprises a non-perfluorinated fluoropolymer. 47. The surfacing construction according to claim 38 wherein at least one curable adhesive layer comprises an epoxy adhesive and a dicyandiamide curative. 48. The surfacing construction according to claim 38 wherein at least one curable adhesive layer comprises an epoxy adhesive and a dicyandiamide curative and at least one barrier layer comprises a non-perfluorinated fluoropolymer. 49. The surfacing construction according to claim 38 wherein no curable adhesive layer comprises an amine-containing curative. 50. The surfacing construction according to claim 48 wherein the non-perfluorinated fluoropolymer comprises units derived from vinylidene difluoride. 51. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 1 wherein the surfacing construction additionally bears at least one layer of paint. 52. The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminate according to claim 31 wherein the surfacing construction additionally bears at least one layer of paint. | 1,700 |
2,066 | 14,806,132 | 1,783 | Provided for example is a combination glove comprising: (a) an top elastomer layer with an inner surface, the top elastomer layer being translucent or transparent; (b) an bottom elastomer layer with an outer surface, the bottom elastomer layer being darker than the top elastomer layer; and (c) a space or seam between the layers, wherein to either the inner-top or the outer-bottom surface has been adhered a hydrophilicity promoting composition of (i) a polyvinyl alcohol or (ii) an alkyl-aryl compound or a siloxane compound having a pendent one to two oxy-polymers, or (iii) a quaternary amine including an alkyl of C8 to C24, wherein the oxy-polymer is (1) a poly-oxyalkylene polymer that is predominantly oxyethylene or (2) a polyvinyl alcohol, wherein the hydrophilicity promoting composition enhances the spreading in the space or seam of any of the hydrophilic or aqueous fluid that breaches the top or bottom elastomer layer. | 1. A combination glove for detecting breaches of hydrophilic or aqueous fluid comprising:
an top elastomer layer with an inner surface, namely the inner-top surface, the top elastomer layer being translucent or transparent; an bottom elastomer layer with an outer surface, namely the outer-bottom surface, the bottom elastomer layer being darker than the top elastomer layer; and a space or seam between the layers in which the hydrophilic or aqueous fluid can flow, wherein to either the inner-top or the outer-bottom surface has been applied a hydrophilicity promoting composition of (i) a polyvinyl alcohol or (ii) an alkyl-aryl compound or a siloxane compound having a pendent one to two oxy-polymers, (iii) a quaternary amine including an alkyl of C8 to C24, or (iv) a mixture of the foregoing, wherein the oxy-polymer is (1) a poly-oxyalkylene polymer that is predominantly oxyethylene or (2) a polyvinyl alcohol, wherein the hydrophilicity promoting composition enhances the spreading in the space or seam of any of the hydrophilic or aqueous fluid that breaches the top elastomer or bottom layer. 2. The combination glove of claim 1, wherein the hydrophilicity promoting composition comprises (i) the polyvinyl alcohol. 3. The combination glove of claim 1, wherein the hydrophilicity promoting composition comprises (ii.1) the alkyl-aryl compound having a pendent one to two oxy-polymers. 4. The combination glove of claim 1, wherein the hydrophilicity promoting composition comprises (ii.2) the siloxane compound having a pendent one to two oxy-polymers. 5. The combination glove of claim 1, wherein the hydrophilicity promoting composition comprises (iii) the quaternary amine. 6. The combination glove of one of claim 1, wherein the top glove has an outer surface that has hydrophobic particles and hydrophobic fluorocarbon adhered thereto in amounts that limit the adherence of human blood. 7. The combination glove of claim 6, wherein the top glove outer surface has a further silicone composition. 8. The combination glove of claim 1, wherein the hydrophilicity promoting composition further comprises a hydrophilic compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen wherein the carbon number is 2 to 8. 9. The combination glove of claims 1, wherein one of the inner-top or the outer-bottom surface has said hydrophilicity promoting composition, and the other is treated to render it hydrophobic. 10. The combination glove of claim 9, wherein the hydrophobic surface comprises a sublayer of film-forming polymer and wax. 11. The combination glove of claim 1, wherein the two layers are spot joined at spaced-apart locations such that the combination glove can be donned as one glove, while retaining the space or seam needed for breach detection. 12. The combination glove of claim 1, wherein the immediate water contact angle on the surface with hydrophilicity promoting composition is 45° or less. 13. The combination glove of claim 1, wherein the 5 second water contact angle on the surface with hydrophilicity promoting composition is 30° or less. 14. The combination glove of claim 1, wherein the oxy-polymer is (a) a poly-oxyalkylene polymer that is predominantly oxyethylene. 15. The combination glove of claim 1, wherein the oxy-polymer is (b) a polyvinyl alcohol. 16. The combination glove of claim 1, wherein the outer-bottom surface has the hydrophilicity promoting composition. 17. The combination glove of claim 16, wherein hydrophilicity promoting composition further comprises a hydrophilic compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen wherein the carbon number is 2 to 8. 18. The combination glove of claim 16, wherein the inner-top surface is treated to render it hydrophobic. 19. The combination glove of claim 18, wherein the hydrophobic surface comprises a sublayer of film-forming polymer and wax. 20. A method of conducting surgery comprising:
a surgical worker donning a combination glove of claim 1; and conducting a medical procedure in which the combination glove is exposed to biological fluids from a patient. | Provided for example is a combination glove comprising: (a) an top elastomer layer with an inner surface, the top elastomer layer being translucent or transparent; (b) an bottom elastomer layer with an outer surface, the bottom elastomer layer being darker than the top elastomer layer; and (c) a space or seam between the layers, wherein to either the inner-top or the outer-bottom surface has been adhered a hydrophilicity promoting composition of (i) a polyvinyl alcohol or (ii) an alkyl-aryl compound or a siloxane compound having a pendent one to two oxy-polymers, or (iii) a quaternary amine including an alkyl of C8 to C24, wherein the oxy-polymer is (1) a poly-oxyalkylene polymer that is predominantly oxyethylene or (2) a polyvinyl alcohol, wherein the hydrophilicity promoting composition enhances the spreading in the space or seam of any of the hydrophilic or aqueous fluid that breaches the top or bottom elastomer layer.1. A combination glove for detecting breaches of hydrophilic or aqueous fluid comprising:
an top elastomer layer with an inner surface, namely the inner-top surface, the top elastomer layer being translucent or transparent; an bottom elastomer layer with an outer surface, namely the outer-bottom surface, the bottom elastomer layer being darker than the top elastomer layer; and a space or seam between the layers in which the hydrophilic or aqueous fluid can flow, wherein to either the inner-top or the outer-bottom surface has been applied a hydrophilicity promoting composition of (i) a polyvinyl alcohol or (ii) an alkyl-aryl compound or a siloxane compound having a pendent one to two oxy-polymers, (iii) a quaternary amine including an alkyl of C8 to C24, or (iv) a mixture of the foregoing, wherein the oxy-polymer is (1) a poly-oxyalkylene polymer that is predominantly oxyethylene or (2) a polyvinyl alcohol, wherein the hydrophilicity promoting composition enhances the spreading in the space or seam of any of the hydrophilic or aqueous fluid that breaches the top elastomer or bottom layer. 2. The combination glove of claim 1, wherein the hydrophilicity promoting composition comprises (i) the polyvinyl alcohol. 3. The combination glove of claim 1, wherein the hydrophilicity promoting composition comprises (ii.1) the alkyl-aryl compound having a pendent one to two oxy-polymers. 4. The combination glove of claim 1, wherein the hydrophilicity promoting composition comprises (ii.2) the siloxane compound having a pendent one to two oxy-polymers. 5. The combination glove of claim 1, wherein the hydrophilicity promoting composition comprises (iii) the quaternary amine. 6. The combination glove of one of claim 1, wherein the top glove has an outer surface that has hydrophobic particles and hydrophobic fluorocarbon adhered thereto in amounts that limit the adherence of human blood. 7. The combination glove of claim 6, wherein the top glove outer surface has a further silicone composition. 8. The combination glove of claim 1, wherein the hydrophilicity promoting composition further comprises a hydrophilic compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen wherein the carbon number is 2 to 8. 9. The combination glove of claims 1, wherein one of the inner-top or the outer-bottom surface has said hydrophilicity promoting composition, and the other is treated to render it hydrophobic. 10. The combination glove of claim 9, wherein the hydrophobic surface comprises a sublayer of film-forming polymer and wax. 11. The combination glove of claim 1, wherein the two layers are spot joined at spaced-apart locations such that the combination glove can be donned as one glove, while retaining the space or seam needed for breach detection. 12. The combination glove of claim 1, wherein the immediate water contact angle on the surface with hydrophilicity promoting composition is 45° or less. 13. The combination glove of claim 1, wherein the 5 second water contact angle on the surface with hydrophilicity promoting composition is 30° or less. 14. The combination glove of claim 1, wherein the oxy-polymer is (a) a poly-oxyalkylene polymer that is predominantly oxyethylene. 15. The combination glove of claim 1, wherein the oxy-polymer is (b) a polyvinyl alcohol. 16. The combination glove of claim 1, wherein the outer-bottom surface has the hydrophilicity promoting composition. 17. The combination glove of claim 16, wherein hydrophilicity promoting composition further comprises a hydrophilic compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen wherein the carbon number is 2 to 8. 18. The combination glove of claim 16, wherein the inner-top surface is treated to render it hydrophobic. 19. The combination glove of claim 18, wherein the hydrophobic surface comprises a sublayer of film-forming polymer and wax. 20. A method of conducting surgery comprising:
a surgical worker donning a combination glove of claim 1; and conducting a medical procedure in which the combination glove is exposed to biological fluids from a patient. | 1,700 |
2,067 | 13,870,497 | 1,787 | New carbon nanotube (CNT) compositions and methods of using those compositions are provided. Raw carbon nanotubes are mechanically dispersed via milling into multifunctional alcohols and mixtures of multifunctional alcohols and solvents to form pastes or dispersions that are viscous enough to be printed using standard means such as screen printing. These pastes or dispersions are stable in both dilute and concentrated solution. The invention allows films to be formed on substrates (e.g., plastics, glass, metals, ceramics). | 1. A dispersion comprising carbon nanotubes mixed with a multifunctional alcohol, said dispersion comprising less than about 0.5% by weight surfactants, based upon the total weight of the dispersion taken as 100% by weight. 2. The dispersion of claim 1, wherein said multifunctional alcohol is a C2-C6 multifunctional alcohol. 3. The dispersion of claim 1, wherein said multifunctional alcohol is selected from the group consisting of diols and triols. 4. The dispersion of claim 1, wherein said multifunctional alcohol is selected from the group consisting of 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, glycerol, and ethylene glycol. 5. The dispersion of claim 1, having a carbon nanotube concentration of from about 0.01% to about 5% by weight, based upon the total weight of the dispersion taken as 100% by weight. 6. The dispersion of claim 1, having a multifunctional alcohol concentration of from about 90% to about 99.999% by weight, based upon the total weight of the dispersion taken as 100% by weight. 7. The dispersion of claim 1, further comprising a solvent other than a multifunctional alcohol in said dispersion. 8. The dispersion of claim 1, said dispersion being formable into a film having a sheet resistance of less than about 7,000 Ω/sq. 9. The dispersion of claim 1, said carbon nanotubes being noncovalently bonded to compounds comprising respective polyaromatic moieties. 10. The dispersion of claim 9, at least some of said polyaromatic moieties being reacted with an acid. 11. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein said carbon nanotubes are selected from the group consisting of single-walled, double-walled, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. 12. The dispersion of claim 9, wherein said compound comprising a polyaromatic moiety is selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted compounds selected from the group consisting of naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthracene, pyrene, tetracene, tetraphene, chrysene, triphenylene, pentacene, pentaphene, perylene, benzo[a]pyrene, coronene, antanthrene, corannulene, ovalene, graphene, fullerene, cycloparaphenylene, polyparaphenylene, cyclophene, and compounds containing moieties of the foregoing. 13. The dispersion of claim 1, wherein said dispersion is in the form of a film on a substrate. 14. The dispersion of claim 1, wherein said substrate is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, FR-4, breadboard, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyacrylate, epoxy, polyurethane, paper, polyester, and polyethylene, silicon, SiGe, SiO2, Si3N4, aluminum, tungsten, tungsten silicide, gallium arsenide, germanium, tantalum, tantalum nitride, coral, black diamond, sapphire, phosphorous or boron doped glass, ion implant layers, titanium nitride, hafnium oxide, silicon oxynitride, and mixtures of the foregoing. 15. A method of preparing a carbon nanotube film, said method comprising:
providing a dispersion comprising carbon nanotubes mixed with a multifunctional alcohol said dispersion comprising less than about 0.5% by weight surfactants, based upon the total weight of the dispersion taken as 100% by weight; and forming said dispersion into a film. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said film is formed on a substrate. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said substrate is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, FR-4, breadboard, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyacrylate, epoxy, polyurethane, paper, polyester, and polyethylene, silicon, SiGe, SiO2, Si3N4, aluminum, tungsten, tungsten silicide, gallium arsenide, germanium, tantalum, tantalum nitride, coral, black diamond, sapphire, phosphorous or boron doped glass, ion implant layers, titanium nitride, hafnium oxide, silicon oxynitride, and mixtures of the foregoing. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein said dispersion is formed by mixing carbon nanotubes with the multifunctional alcohol in a roll mill. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein said film is formed by screen printing said dispersion onto a substrate. 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising heating said film. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein said heating is carried out at a temperature of from about 50° C. to about 450° C. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein said heating causes substantially all of said multifunctional alcohol to evaporate from said film. 23. The method of claim 15, wherein said multifunctional alcohol is a C2-C6 multifunctional alcohol. 24. The method of claim 20, said film having a sheet resistance of less than about 7,000 Ω/sq. 25. The method of claim 15, said carbon nanotubes being noncovalently bonded to compounds comprising respective polyaromatic moieties. 26. The method of claim 15, wherein said carbon nanotubes are selected from the group consisting of single-walled, double-walled, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. 27. The method of claim 15, further comprising a solvent other than a multifunctional alcohol in said dispersion. | New carbon nanotube (CNT) compositions and methods of using those compositions are provided. Raw carbon nanotubes are mechanically dispersed via milling into multifunctional alcohols and mixtures of multifunctional alcohols and solvents to form pastes or dispersions that are viscous enough to be printed using standard means such as screen printing. These pastes or dispersions are stable in both dilute and concentrated solution. The invention allows films to be formed on substrates (e.g., plastics, glass, metals, ceramics).1. A dispersion comprising carbon nanotubes mixed with a multifunctional alcohol, said dispersion comprising less than about 0.5% by weight surfactants, based upon the total weight of the dispersion taken as 100% by weight. 2. The dispersion of claim 1, wherein said multifunctional alcohol is a C2-C6 multifunctional alcohol. 3. The dispersion of claim 1, wherein said multifunctional alcohol is selected from the group consisting of diols and triols. 4. The dispersion of claim 1, wherein said multifunctional alcohol is selected from the group consisting of 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, glycerol, and ethylene glycol. 5. The dispersion of claim 1, having a carbon nanotube concentration of from about 0.01% to about 5% by weight, based upon the total weight of the dispersion taken as 100% by weight. 6. The dispersion of claim 1, having a multifunctional alcohol concentration of from about 90% to about 99.999% by weight, based upon the total weight of the dispersion taken as 100% by weight. 7. The dispersion of claim 1, further comprising a solvent other than a multifunctional alcohol in said dispersion. 8. The dispersion of claim 1, said dispersion being formable into a film having a sheet resistance of less than about 7,000 Ω/sq. 9. The dispersion of claim 1, said carbon nanotubes being noncovalently bonded to compounds comprising respective polyaromatic moieties. 10. The dispersion of claim 9, at least some of said polyaromatic moieties being reacted with an acid. 11. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein said carbon nanotubes are selected from the group consisting of single-walled, double-walled, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. 12. The dispersion of claim 9, wherein said compound comprising a polyaromatic moiety is selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted compounds selected from the group consisting of naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthracene, pyrene, tetracene, tetraphene, chrysene, triphenylene, pentacene, pentaphene, perylene, benzo[a]pyrene, coronene, antanthrene, corannulene, ovalene, graphene, fullerene, cycloparaphenylene, polyparaphenylene, cyclophene, and compounds containing moieties of the foregoing. 13. The dispersion of claim 1, wherein said dispersion is in the form of a film on a substrate. 14. The dispersion of claim 1, wherein said substrate is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, FR-4, breadboard, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyacrylate, epoxy, polyurethane, paper, polyester, and polyethylene, silicon, SiGe, SiO2, Si3N4, aluminum, tungsten, tungsten silicide, gallium arsenide, germanium, tantalum, tantalum nitride, coral, black diamond, sapphire, phosphorous or boron doped glass, ion implant layers, titanium nitride, hafnium oxide, silicon oxynitride, and mixtures of the foregoing. 15. A method of preparing a carbon nanotube film, said method comprising:
providing a dispersion comprising carbon nanotubes mixed with a multifunctional alcohol said dispersion comprising less than about 0.5% by weight surfactants, based upon the total weight of the dispersion taken as 100% by weight; and forming said dispersion into a film. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said film is formed on a substrate. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said substrate is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, FR-4, breadboard, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyacrylate, epoxy, polyurethane, paper, polyester, and polyethylene, silicon, SiGe, SiO2, Si3N4, aluminum, tungsten, tungsten silicide, gallium arsenide, germanium, tantalum, tantalum nitride, coral, black diamond, sapphire, phosphorous or boron doped glass, ion implant layers, titanium nitride, hafnium oxide, silicon oxynitride, and mixtures of the foregoing. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein said dispersion is formed by mixing carbon nanotubes with the multifunctional alcohol in a roll mill. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein said film is formed by screen printing said dispersion onto a substrate. 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising heating said film. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein said heating is carried out at a temperature of from about 50° C. to about 450° C. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein said heating causes substantially all of said multifunctional alcohol to evaporate from said film. 23. The method of claim 15, wherein said multifunctional alcohol is a C2-C6 multifunctional alcohol. 24. The method of claim 20, said film having a sheet resistance of less than about 7,000 Ω/sq. 25. The method of claim 15, said carbon nanotubes being noncovalently bonded to compounds comprising respective polyaromatic moieties. 26. The method of claim 15, wherein said carbon nanotubes are selected from the group consisting of single-walled, double-walled, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. 27. The method of claim 15, further comprising a solvent other than a multifunctional alcohol in said dispersion. | 1,700 |
2,068 | 14,048,680 | 1,776 | The invention relates to methods for separating CO 2 from mixed gases. A stream of mixed gases passes one side of a facilitated transport membrane, while a sweep fluid, such as steam, passes the other side of the membrane, removing the CO 2 . The method is especially useful in the removal of CO 2 from gases produced by internal combustion engines on mobile devices. | 1. A method for selectively removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from a mixed gas, comprising;
(i) contacting said mixed gas to a first side of a facilitated transport (FT) membrane which has affinity for CO2; (ii) directing a sweep fluid to remove permeating gases from a second side of said FT membrane, or (iii) permeating gases from second side of said FT membrane under pressure difference between the feed and the permeate sides, to selectively remove said CO2. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said mixed gas is an exhaust gas produced by an internal combustion engine on a mobile device. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said mobile device is an automobile, a truck, a bus, a motorcycle, a train, an airplane, or a ship. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said FT membrane has higher selectivity for CO2 as compared to N2. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said membrane has dense homogeneous morphology. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said membrane has thin film composite morphology. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising storing said CO2. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising knockdown of water from the sweep and/or permeate gas stream mixture. 9. A carbon dioxide separation system comprising:
(i) an internal combustion engine; (ii) a membrane module comprising a facilitated transfer membrane selectively permeable to CO2; (iii) a cooling means which contains a coolant and adapted to cool said internal combustion engine, wherein (i), (ii) and (iii) are positioned to provide; (iv) a first flow path for directing exhaust gas produced by said internal combustion engine along a first side of said membrane module; (v) a second flow path for directing steam, produced by action of cooling exhaust gas and/or said internal combustion engine coolant, along a second side of said membrane module opposite said first side, (vi) a housing means for containing (i) through (v). 10. The carbon dioxide separation system of claim 9, further comprising a storage means for said separated CO2. | The invention relates to methods for separating CO 2 from mixed gases. A stream of mixed gases passes one side of a facilitated transport membrane, while a sweep fluid, such as steam, passes the other side of the membrane, removing the CO 2 . The method is especially useful in the removal of CO 2 from gases produced by internal combustion engines on mobile devices.1. A method for selectively removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from a mixed gas, comprising;
(i) contacting said mixed gas to a first side of a facilitated transport (FT) membrane which has affinity for CO2; (ii) directing a sweep fluid to remove permeating gases from a second side of said FT membrane, or (iii) permeating gases from second side of said FT membrane under pressure difference between the feed and the permeate sides, to selectively remove said CO2. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said mixed gas is an exhaust gas produced by an internal combustion engine on a mobile device. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said mobile device is an automobile, a truck, a bus, a motorcycle, a train, an airplane, or a ship. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said FT membrane has higher selectivity for CO2 as compared to N2. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said membrane has dense homogeneous morphology. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said membrane has thin film composite morphology. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising storing said CO2. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising knockdown of water from the sweep and/or permeate gas stream mixture. 9. A carbon dioxide separation system comprising:
(i) an internal combustion engine; (ii) a membrane module comprising a facilitated transfer membrane selectively permeable to CO2; (iii) a cooling means which contains a coolant and adapted to cool said internal combustion engine, wherein (i), (ii) and (iii) are positioned to provide; (iv) a first flow path for directing exhaust gas produced by said internal combustion engine along a first side of said membrane module; (v) a second flow path for directing steam, produced by action of cooling exhaust gas and/or said internal combustion engine coolant, along a second side of said membrane module opposite said first side, (vi) a housing means for containing (i) through (v). 10. The carbon dioxide separation system of claim 9, further comprising a storage means for said separated CO2. | 1,700 |
2,069 | 13,979,709 | 1,773 | The filtration system of the present invention comprises first and second filtration tanks. The first filtration tank has a first floating filter media layer, a first upper screen with a first aperture ratio, a first inlet, a first backwash water supply source, and a first backwash water outlet means. The second filtration tank has a second floating filter media layer, a second upper screen with a second aperture ratio, a second inlet, an inflow blocking mechanism capable of blocking inflow of water to be treated through the second inlet, a second backwash water supply source, and a second backwash water outlet means. The first aperture ratio is smaller than the second aperture ratio. | 1. A filtration system having a plurality of filtration tanks for filtering water to be treated, comprising:
a first filtration tank having a first floating filter media layer formed of floating filter media, a first upper screen with a first aperture ratio, the first upper screen being disposed over the first floating filter media layer and supporting the floating filter media, a first inlet for water to be treated disposed below the first floating filter media layer, a first backwash water supply source located over the first upper screen, and a first backwash water outlet means disposed below the first floating filter media layer and discharging backwash water supplied from the first backwash water supply source during backwashing of the first floating filter media layer; and a second filtration tank having a second floating filter media layer formed of floating filter media, a second upper screen with a second aperture ratio, the second upper screen being disposed over the second floating filter media layer and supporting the floating filter media, a second inlet for water to be treated disposed below the second floating filter media layer, an inflow blocking mechanism capable of blocking inflow of water to be treated through the second inlet for water to be treated, a second backwash water supply source located over the second upper screen, and a second backwash water outlet means disposed below the second floating filter media layer and discharging backwash water supplied from the second backwash water supply source during backwashing of the second floating filter media layer, wherein the first aperture ratio is smaller than the second aperture ratio. 2. The filtration system according to claim 1, wherein the first aperture ratio is 0.5 to 5% and the second aperture ratio is 2 to 30%. 3. The filtration system according to claim 1, wherein an area of the first filtration tank is 0.5 times to twice as much as an area of the second filtration tank. 4. The filtration system according to claim 1, wherein the filtration system further comprises an inflow blocking mechanism capable of blocking inflow of water to be treated through the first inlet for water to be treated. | The filtration system of the present invention comprises first and second filtration tanks. The first filtration tank has a first floating filter media layer, a first upper screen with a first aperture ratio, a first inlet, a first backwash water supply source, and a first backwash water outlet means. The second filtration tank has a second floating filter media layer, a second upper screen with a second aperture ratio, a second inlet, an inflow blocking mechanism capable of blocking inflow of water to be treated through the second inlet, a second backwash water supply source, and a second backwash water outlet means. The first aperture ratio is smaller than the second aperture ratio.1. A filtration system having a plurality of filtration tanks for filtering water to be treated, comprising:
a first filtration tank having a first floating filter media layer formed of floating filter media, a first upper screen with a first aperture ratio, the first upper screen being disposed over the first floating filter media layer and supporting the floating filter media, a first inlet for water to be treated disposed below the first floating filter media layer, a first backwash water supply source located over the first upper screen, and a first backwash water outlet means disposed below the first floating filter media layer and discharging backwash water supplied from the first backwash water supply source during backwashing of the first floating filter media layer; and a second filtration tank having a second floating filter media layer formed of floating filter media, a second upper screen with a second aperture ratio, the second upper screen being disposed over the second floating filter media layer and supporting the floating filter media, a second inlet for water to be treated disposed below the second floating filter media layer, an inflow blocking mechanism capable of blocking inflow of water to be treated through the second inlet for water to be treated, a second backwash water supply source located over the second upper screen, and a second backwash water outlet means disposed below the second floating filter media layer and discharging backwash water supplied from the second backwash water supply source during backwashing of the second floating filter media layer, wherein the first aperture ratio is smaller than the second aperture ratio. 2. The filtration system according to claim 1, wherein the first aperture ratio is 0.5 to 5% and the second aperture ratio is 2 to 30%. 3. The filtration system according to claim 1, wherein an area of the first filtration tank is 0.5 times to twice as much as an area of the second filtration tank. 4. The filtration system according to claim 1, wherein the filtration system further comprises an inflow blocking mechanism capable of blocking inflow of water to be treated through the first inlet for water to be treated. | 1,700 |
2,070 | 15,534,129 | 1,764 | A reaction system for forming a viscoelastic polyurethane foam includes an isocyanate component that has at least one isocyanate and an isocyanate-reactive component that is a mixture formed by adding at least a polyol component, an additive component, and a preformed aqueous polymer dispersion. The mixture includes, based on the total weight of the mixture, from 50.0 wt % to 99.8 wt % of a polyol component including at least one polyether polyol, from 0.1 wt % to 50.0 wt % of an additive component including at least one catalyst, and from 0.1 wt % to 6.0 wt % of a preformed aqueous polymer dispersion. The preformed aqueous polymer dispersion has a solids content from 10 wt % to 80 wt %, based on the total weight of the preformed aqueous polymer dispersion, and is one of an aqueous acid polymer dispersion or an aqueous acid modified polyolefin polymer dispersion in which the polyolefin is derived from at least one C 2 to C 20 alpha-olefin. | 1. A reaction system for forming a viscoelastic polyurethane foam that has a resiliency of less than or equal to 20% as measured according to ASTM D 3574, the reaction system comprising:
an isocyanate component that includes at least one isocyanate, an isocyanate index of the reaction system being from 50 to 110; and an isocyanate-reactive component that is a mixture formed by adding at least a polyol component, an additive component, and a preformed aqueous polymer dispersion, the mixture including:
from 50.0 wt % to 99.8 wt % of a polyol component, based on the total weight of the mixture, the polyol component including at least one polyether polyol,
from 0.1 wt % to 50.0 wt % of an additive component, based on the total weight of the mixture, that includes at least one catalyst, and
from 0.1 wt % to 6.0 wt % of a preformed aqueous polymer dispersion, based on the total weight of the mixture, the preformed aqueous polymer dispersion having a solids content from 10 wt % to 80 wt %, based on the total weight of the preformed aqueous polymer dispersion, and being one of an aqueous acid polymer dispersion or an aqueous acid-modified polyolefin polymer dispersion in which the polyolefin is derived from at least one C2 to C20 alpha-olefin. 2. The reaction system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the preformed aqueous polymer dispersion is a continuous liquid phase component at ambient conditions of room temperature and atmospheric pressure and is derived from a liquid phase and a solid phase, the liquid phase being water and the solid phase being an acid or an acid-modified polyolefin in which the polyolefin is derived from at least one C2 to C20 alpha-olefin. 3. The reaction system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the preformed aqueous polymer dispersion is a continuous liquid phase component at ambient conditions of room temperature and atmospheric pressure and is derived from a liquid phase and a solid phase, the liquid phase being water and the solid phase including an ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer. 4. The reaction system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the preformed aqueous polymer dispersion is separately provided from the polyol component and the additive component. 5. The reaction system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the additive component includes at least one surfactant. 6. The reaction system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the additive component includes water that accounts for less than 2.0 wt % of the total weight of mixture. 7. The reaction system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polyol component includes at least one polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene polyether polyol that has an ethylene oxide content of at least 50 wt %, has a nominal hydroxyl functionality from 2 to 4, and accounts for 35 wt % to 90 wt % of the isocyanate-reactive component. 8. The reaction system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polyol component includes a blend of at least three polyols, the blend including:
(i) a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene polyether polyol that has an ethylene oxide content of at least 50 wt %, has a nominal hydroxyl functionality from 2 to 4, has a molecular weight from 700 g/mol to 1500 g/mol, and accounts for 35 wt % to 90 wt % of the isocyanate-reactive component, (ii) a polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene polyether polyol that has an ethylene oxide content of less than 20 wt %, has a nominal hydroxyl functionality from 2 to 4, has a molecular weight greater than 1500 g/mol and less than 6000 g/mol, and accounts for 5 wt % to 50 wt % of the isocyanate-reactive component, and (iii) a polyoxypropylene polyether polyol that has a nominal hydroxyl functionality from 2 to 4, has a molecular weight from 700 g/mol to 1500 g/mol, and accounts for 5 wt % to 50 wt % of the isocyanate-reactive component. 9. A viscoelastic polyurethane foam that has a resiliency of less than or equal to 20%, as measured according to ASTM D 3574, prepared using the reaction system as claimed in claim 1, the viscoelastic foam having an air flow of at least 5.0 ft3/min as measured according to ASTM D3574, and a recovery time of less than 20 seconds. 10. The viscoelastic polyurethane foam as claimed in claim 9, wherein a visually observed wicking height of a sample of the viscoelastic polyurethane foam, having the dimensions of 1.0 inch×0.5 inch×2.0 inch, when an edge of the sample is submersed in 5.0 mm of dyed water, is greater than a visually observed wicking height of a similar sample of a viscoelastic polyurethane foam, which similar sample as the same dimensions, that is prepared using the same isocyanate-component, a same calculated total water content, and the same isocyanate-reactive component, except that the preformed aqueous polymer dispersion is excluded. 11. The viscoelastic polyurethane foam as claimed in claim 9, wherein using a sample of the viscoelastic polyurethane foam, a visually observed wicking time, when three drops of dyed water are placed on a surface of the sample, is less than a visually observed wicking time using a similar sample of a viscoelastic polyurethane foam, which similar sample as the same dimensions, that is prepared using the same isocyanate-component, a same calculated total water content, and the same isocyanate-reactive component, except that the preformed aqueous polymer dispersion is excluded. 12. A method for forming a viscoelastic polyurethane foam that has a resiliency of less than 20% as measured according to ASTM D 3574, the method comprising:
preparing an isocyanate-reactive component by mixing at least a polyol component, an additive component, and a preformed aqueous dispersion, the resultant mixture including:
from 50.0 wt % to 99.8 wt % of a polyol component, based on the total weight of the mixture, the polyol component including at least one polyether polyol,
from 0.1 wt % to 50.0 wt % of an additive component, based on the total weight of the mixture, that includes at least one catalyst and at least one surfactant, and
from 0.1 wt % to 6.0 wt % of a preformed aqueous polymer dispersion, based on the total weight of the mixture, the preformed aqueous polymer dispersion having a solids content from 10 wt % to 80 wt % based on the total weight of the preformed aqueous polymer dispersion and being one of an aqueous acid polymer dispersion or an aqueous acid-modified polyolefin polymer dispersion in which the polyolefin is derived from at least one C2 to C20 alpha-olefin;
providing an isocyanate component that includes at least one isocyanate such that an isocyanate index of the reaction system is from 50 to 110; and allowing the isocyanate component to react with the isocyanate-reactive component to form the viscoelastic polyurethane foam. | A reaction system for forming a viscoelastic polyurethane foam includes an isocyanate component that has at least one isocyanate and an isocyanate-reactive component that is a mixture formed by adding at least a polyol component, an additive component, and a preformed aqueous polymer dispersion. The mixture includes, based on the total weight of the mixture, from 50.0 wt % to 99.8 wt % of a polyol component including at least one polyether polyol, from 0.1 wt % to 50.0 wt % of an additive component including at least one catalyst, and from 0.1 wt % to 6.0 wt % of a preformed aqueous polymer dispersion. The preformed aqueous polymer dispersion has a solids content from 10 wt % to 80 wt %, based on the total weight of the preformed aqueous polymer dispersion, and is one of an aqueous acid polymer dispersion or an aqueous acid modified polyolefin polymer dispersion in which the polyolefin is derived from at least one C 2 to C 20 alpha-olefin.1. A reaction system for forming a viscoelastic polyurethane foam that has a resiliency of less than or equal to 20% as measured according to ASTM D 3574, the reaction system comprising:
an isocyanate component that includes at least one isocyanate, an isocyanate index of the reaction system being from 50 to 110; and an isocyanate-reactive component that is a mixture formed by adding at least a polyol component, an additive component, and a preformed aqueous polymer dispersion, the mixture including:
from 50.0 wt % to 99.8 wt % of a polyol component, based on the total weight of the mixture, the polyol component including at least one polyether polyol,
from 0.1 wt % to 50.0 wt % of an additive component, based on the total weight of the mixture, that includes at least one catalyst, and
from 0.1 wt % to 6.0 wt % of a preformed aqueous polymer dispersion, based on the total weight of the mixture, the preformed aqueous polymer dispersion having a solids content from 10 wt % to 80 wt %, based on the total weight of the preformed aqueous polymer dispersion, and being one of an aqueous acid polymer dispersion or an aqueous acid-modified polyolefin polymer dispersion in which the polyolefin is derived from at least one C2 to C20 alpha-olefin. 2. The reaction system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the preformed aqueous polymer dispersion is a continuous liquid phase component at ambient conditions of room temperature and atmospheric pressure and is derived from a liquid phase and a solid phase, the liquid phase being water and the solid phase being an acid or an acid-modified polyolefin in which the polyolefin is derived from at least one C2 to C20 alpha-olefin. 3. The reaction system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the preformed aqueous polymer dispersion is a continuous liquid phase component at ambient conditions of room temperature and atmospheric pressure and is derived from a liquid phase and a solid phase, the liquid phase being water and the solid phase including an ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer. 4. The reaction system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the preformed aqueous polymer dispersion is separately provided from the polyol component and the additive component. 5. The reaction system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the additive component includes at least one surfactant. 6. The reaction system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the additive component includes water that accounts for less than 2.0 wt % of the total weight of mixture. 7. The reaction system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polyol component includes at least one polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene polyether polyol that has an ethylene oxide content of at least 50 wt %, has a nominal hydroxyl functionality from 2 to 4, and accounts for 35 wt % to 90 wt % of the isocyanate-reactive component. 8. The reaction system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polyol component includes a blend of at least three polyols, the blend including:
(i) a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene polyether polyol that has an ethylene oxide content of at least 50 wt %, has a nominal hydroxyl functionality from 2 to 4, has a molecular weight from 700 g/mol to 1500 g/mol, and accounts for 35 wt % to 90 wt % of the isocyanate-reactive component, (ii) a polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene polyether polyol that has an ethylene oxide content of less than 20 wt %, has a nominal hydroxyl functionality from 2 to 4, has a molecular weight greater than 1500 g/mol and less than 6000 g/mol, and accounts for 5 wt % to 50 wt % of the isocyanate-reactive component, and (iii) a polyoxypropylene polyether polyol that has a nominal hydroxyl functionality from 2 to 4, has a molecular weight from 700 g/mol to 1500 g/mol, and accounts for 5 wt % to 50 wt % of the isocyanate-reactive component. 9. A viscoelastic polyurethane foam that has a resiliency of less than or equal to 20%, as measured according to ASTM D 3574, prepared using the reaction system as claimed in claim 1, the viscoelastic foam having an air flow of at least 5.0 ft3/min as measured according to ASTM D3574, and a recovery time of less than 20 seconds. 10. The viscoelastic polyurethane foam as claimed in claim 9, wherein a visually observed wicking height of a sample of the viscoelastic polyurethane foam, having the dimensions of 1.0 inch×0.5 inch×2.0 inch, when an edge of the sample is submersed in 5.0 mm of dyed water, is greater than a visually observed wicking height of a similar sample of a viscoelastic polyurethane foam, which similar sample as the same dimensions, that is prepared using the same isocyanate-component, a same calculated total water content, and the same isocyanate-reactive component, except that the preformed aqueous polymer dispersion is excluded. 11. The viscoelastic polyurethane foam as claimed in claim 9, wherein using a sample of the viscoelastic polyurethane foam, a visually observed wicking time, when three drops of dyed water are placed on a surface of the sample, is less than a visually observed wicking time using a similar sample of a viscoelastic polyurethane foam, which similar sample as the same dimensions, that is prepared using the same isocyanate-component, a same calculated total water content, and the same isocyanate-reactive component, except that the preformed aqueous polymer dispersion is excluded. 12. A method for forming a viscoelastic polyurethane foam that has a resiliency of less than 20% as measured according to ASTM D 3574, the method comprising:
preparing an isocyanate-reactive component by mixing at least a polyol component, an additive component, and a preformed aqueous dispersion, the resultant mixture including:
from 50.0 wt % to 99.8 wt % of a polyol component, based on the total weight of the mixture, the polyol component including at least one polyether polyol,
from 0.1 wt % to 50.0 wt % of an additive component, based on the total weight of the mixture, that includes at least one catalyst and at least one surfactant, and
from 0.1 wt % to 6.0 wt % of a preformed aqueous polymer dispersion, based on the total weight of the mixture, the preformed aqueous polymer dispersion having a solids content from 10 wt % to 80 wt % based on the total weight of the preformed aqueous polymer dispersion and being one of an aqueous acid polymer dispersion or an aqueous acid-modified polyolefin polymer dispersion in which the polyolefin is derived from at least one C2 to C20 alpha-olefin;
providing an isocyanate component that includes at least one isocyanate such that an isocyanate index of the reaction system is from 50 to 110; and allowing the isocyanate component to react with the isocyanate-reactive component to form the viscoelastic polyurethane foam. | 1,700 |
2,071 | 14,297,111 | 1,742 | A process to mate a plurality of tissue webs includes in one embodiment providing first and second steel rolls and a second steel roll. The first steel roll has first protrusions, and the second steel roll has recesses. The embodiment includes forming a rotary nip between the first steel roll and the second steel roll, and advancing the plurality of tissue webs through the nip. The embodiment includes embossing first and second embossments into the plurality of tissue webs to connect the tissue webs to one another. The first protrusions press a first series of portions of the plurality of tissue webs into the recesses. The second embossments are created by one of pin-to-flat and pin-to-pin embossing. An apparatus suitable for carrying out the process is also disclosed. | 1. An apparatus to mate a plurality of tissue webs via embossing, the apparatus comprising:
an embossing roll having an embossing roll primary surface, the embossing roll comprising first protrusions and second protrusions, each first protrusion protruding a first height from the primary surface and each second protrusion protruding a second height from the primary surface, the first height being greater than the second height; and a counter roll having a counter roll primary surface, the counter roll comprising recesses, wherein the embossing roll is rotatable about a first axis of rotation and wherein the counter roll is rotatable about a second axis of rotation, wherein the embossing roll and the counter roll together form a rotary nip and are positioned such that the first protrusions individually extend into the recesses proximate the nip as the embossing roll and counter roll simultaneously rotate, and such that the second protrusions do not extend into the recesses as the embossing roll and counter roll simultaneously rotate. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the second protrusions contact the counter roll proximate the nip as the embossing roll and counter roll simultaneously rotate when no tissue webs are present. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first protrusions and the second protrusions together define a total number of protrusions, wherein the first protrusions comprise less than 50% of the total number of protrusions and wherein the second protrusions comprise at least 50% of the total number of protrusions. 4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first protrusions and the second protrusions together define a total number of protrusions, wherein the first protrusions comprise less than 20% of the total number of protrusions. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first protrusions and the second protrusions together define a total number of protrusions, wherein the first protrusions comprise less than 5% of the total number of protrusions and wherein the second protrusions comprise at least 95% of the total number of protrusions. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein no first protrusion is adjacent to another first protrusion. 7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein every first protrusion is adjacent to at least one other first protrusion. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second height is less than 30% of the first height. 9. A process to mate a plurality of tissue webs, the process comprising:
providing an embossing roll having an embossing roll primary surface, the embossing roll comprising first protrusions and second protrusions, each first protrusion protruding a first height from the primary surface and each second protrusion protruding a second height from the primary surface, the first height being greater than the second height; providing a counter roll having a counter roll primary surface, the counter roll comprising recesses; forming a nip between the embossing roll and the counter roll; rotating the embossing roll about a first axis of rotation and rotating the counter roll about a second axis of rotation; and advancing the plurality of tissue webs through the nip,
wherein the first protrusions press a first series of portions of the plurality of tissue webs into the recesses proximate the nip as the embossing roll and counter roll simultaneously rotate to create a series of first embossments connecting the tissue webs to one another, and
wherein the second protrusions press a second series of portions of the plurality of tissue webs against the counter roll primary surface as the embossing roll and counter roll simultaneously rotate to create a series of second embossments connecting the tissue webs to one another,
the plurality of tissue webs thereafter defining a composite web. 10. The process of claim 9 wherein the series of first embossments and the series of second embossments together define an embossing pattern, wherein one embossing pattern defines one product length in a machine direction and one product width in a cross-machine direction, the process further comprising cutting individual tissue products from the composite web. 11. The process of claim 10 wherein in each individual tissue product, the first embossments and the second embossments together define a total number of embossments, wherein the first embossments comprise less than 50% of the total number of embossments and wherein the second embossments comprise at least 50% of the total number of embossments. 12. The process of claim 10 wherein in each individual tissue product, the first embossments and the second embossments together define a total number of embossments, wherein the first embossments comprise less than 20% of the total number of embossments. 13. The process of claim 12 wherein the second embossments comprise at least 80% of the total number of embossments. 14. The process of claim 10 wherein in each individual tissue product, the first embossments and the second embossments together define a total number of embossments, wherein the first embossments comprise less than 5% of the total number of embossments and wherein the second embossments comprise at least 95% of the total number of embossments. 15. The process of claim 10 wherein no first embossment is adjacent to another first embossment in the individual tissue product. 16. The process of claim 10 wherein every first embossment is adjacent to at least one other first embossment in the individual tissue product. 17. The process of claim 9 wherein the first protrusions and the second protrusions together define a total number of protrusions, wherein the first protrusions comprise less than 50% of the total number of protrusions and wherein the second protrusions comprise at least 50% of the total number of protrusions. 18. The process of claim 9 wherein the first protrusions and the second protrusions together define a total number of protrusions, wherein the first protrusions comprise less than 20% of the total number of protrusions. 19. The process of claim 9 wherein the first protrusions and the second protrusions together define a total number of protrusions, wherein the first protrusions comprise less than 5% of the total number of protrusions and wherein the second protrusions comprise at least 95% of the total number of protrusions. 20. The process of claim 9, wherein the second height is less than 30% of the first height. 21. A process to mate a plurality of tissue webs, the process comprising:
providing a first steel roll and a second steel roll, the first steel roll having a first steel roll primary surface and the second steel roll having a second steel roll primary surface, wherein the first steel roll comprises first protrusions, and wherein the second steel roll comprises recesses; forming a nip between the first steel roll and the second steel roll; rotating the first steel roll about a first axis of rotation and rotating the second steel roll about a second axis of rotation; advancing the plurality of tissue webs through the nip; and embossing a series of first embossments and a series of second embossments into the plurality of tissue webs to connect the tissue webs to one another as the tissue webs advance through the nip, wherein the first protrusions press a first series of portions of the plurality of tissue webs into the recesses proximate the nip as the first steel roll and second steel roll simultaneously rotate to create the series of first embossments, wherein the second embossments are created by one of pin-to-flat and pin-to-pin embossing, the plurality of tissue webs thereafter defining a composite web. 22. The process of claim 21 wherein the series of first embossments and the series of second embossments together define an embossing pattern, wherein one embossing pattern defines one product length in a machine direction and one product width in a cross-machine direction, the process further comprising cutting individual tissue products from the composite web. 23. The process of claim 22 wherein in each individual tissue product, the first embossments and the second embossments together define a total number of embossments, wherein the first embossments comprise less than 50% of the total number of embossments and wherein the second embossments comprise at least 50% of the total number of embossments. 24. The process of claim 22 wherein in each individual tissue product, the first embossments and the second embossments together define a total number of embossments, wherein the first embossments comprise less than 20% of the total number of embossments. 25. The process of claim 24 wherein the second embossments comprise at least 80% of the total number of embossments. 26. The process of claim 22 wherein in each individual tissue product, the first embossments and the second embossments together define a total number of embossments, wherein the first embossments comprise less than 5% of the total number of embossments and wherein the second embossments comprise at least 95% of the total number of embossments. 27. The process of claim 22 wherein no first embossment is adjacent to another first embossment in the individual tissue product. 28. The process of claim 22 wherein every first embossment is adjacent to at least one other first embossment in the individual tissue product. 29. The process of claim 21 wherein the first steel roll further comprises second protrusions, wherein the second protrusions press a second series of portions of the plurality of tissue webs against the second steel roll primary surface as the first steel roll and second steel roll simultaneously rotate to create the series of second embossments connecting the tissue webs to one another. 30. The process of claim 29 wherein the first protrusions and the second protrusions together define a total number of protrusions, wherein the first protrusions comprise less than 20% of the total number of protrusions. 31. The process of claim 21, wherein the first steel roll further comprises second protrusions and wherein the second steel roll further comprises third protrusions, wherein the second protrusions press a second series of portions of the plurality of tissue webs against the third protrusions as the first steel roll and second steel roll simultaneously rotate to create the series of second embossments connecting the tissue webs to one another. 32. The process of claim 31 wherein the first protrusions and the second protrusions together define a total number of protrusions, wherein the first protrusions comprise less than 20% of the total number of protrusions. 33. The process of claim 21, wherein the second steel roll further comprises second protrusions, wherein the second protrusions press a second series of portions of the plurality of tissue webs against the first steel roll primary surface as the first steel roll and second steel roll simultaneously rotate to create the series of second embossments connecting the tissue webs to one another. 34. The process of claim 33 wherein the first protrusions and the second protrusions together define a total number of protrusions, wherein the first protrusions comprise less than 20% of the total number of protrusions. | A process to mate a plurality of tissue webs includes in one embodiment providing first and second steel rolls and a second steel roll. The first steel roll has first protrusions, and the second steel roll has recesses. The embodiment includes forming a rotary nip between the first steel roll and the second steel roll, and advancing the plurality of tissue webs through the nip. The embodiment includes embossing first and second embossments into the plurality of tissue webs to connect the tissue webs to one another. The first protrusions press a first series of portions of the plurality of tissue webs into the recesses. The second embossments are created by one of pin-to-flat and pin-to-pin embossing. An apparatus suitable for carrying out the process is also disclosed.1. An apparatus to mate a plurality of tissue webs via embossing, the apparatus comprising:
an embossing roll having an embossing roll primary surface, the embossing roll comprising first protrusions and second protrusions, each first protrusion protruding a first height from the primary surface and each second protrusion protruding a second height from the primary surface, the first height being greater than the second height; and a counter roll having a counter roll primary surface, the counter roll comprising recesses, wherein the embossing roll is rotatable about a first axis of rotation and wherein the counter roll is rotatable about a second axis of rotation, wherein the embossing roll and the counter roll together form a rotary nip and are positioned such that the first protrusions individually extend into the recesses proximate the nip as the embossing roll and counter roll simultaneously rotate, and such that the second protrusions do not extend into the recesses as the embossing roll and counter roll simultaneously rotate. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the second protrusions contact the counter roll proximate the nip as the embossing roll and counter roll simultaneously rotate when no tissue webs are present. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first protrusions and the second protrusions together define a total number of protrusions, wherein the first protrusions comprise less than 50% of the total number of protrusions and wherein the second protrusions comprise at least 50% of the total number of protrusions. 4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first protrusions and the second protrusions together define a total number of protrusions, wherein the first protrusions comprise less than 20% of the total number of protrusions. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first protrusions and the second protrusions together define a total number of protrusions, wherein the first protrusions comprise less than 5% of the total number of protrusions and wherein the second protrusions comprise at least 95% of the total number of protrusions. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein no first protrusion is adjacent to another first protrusion. 7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein every first protrusion is adjacent to at least one other first protrusion. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second height is less than 30% of the first height. 9. A process to mate a plurality of tissue webs, the process comprising:
providing an embossing roll having an embossing roll primary surface, the embossing roll comprising first protrusions and second protrusions, each first protrusion protruding a first height from the primary surface and each second protrusion protruding a second height from the primary surface, the first height being greater than the second height; providing a counter roll having a counter roll primary surface, the counter roll comprising recesses; forming a nip between the embossing roll and the counter roll; rotating the embossing roll about a first axis of rotation and rotating the counter roll about a second axis of rotation; and advancing the plurality of tissue webs through the nip,
wherein the first protrusions press a first series of portions of the plurality of tissue webs into the recesses proximate the nip as the embossing roll and counter roll simultaneously rotate to create a series of first embossments connecting the tissue webs to one another, and
wherein the second protrusions press a second series of portions of the plurality of tissue webs against the counter roll primary surface as the embossing roll and counter roll simultaneously rotate to create a series of second embossments connecting the tissue webs to one another,
the plurality of tissue webs thereafter defining a composite web. 10. The process of claim 9 wherein the series of first embossments and the series of second embossments together define an embossing pattern, wherein one embossing pattern defines one product length in a machine direction and one product width in a cross-machine direction, the process further comprising cutting individual tissue products from the composite web. 11. The process of claim 10 wherein in each individual tissue product, the first embossments and the second embossments together define a total number of embossments, wherein the first embossments comprise less than 50% of the total number of embossments and wherein the second embossments comprise at least 50% of the total number of embossments. 12. The process of claim 10 wherein in each individual tissue product, the first embossments and the second embossments together define a total number of embossments, wherein the first embossments comprise less than 20% of the total number of embossments. 13. The process of claim 12 wherein the second embossments comprise at least 80% of the total number of embossments. 14. The process of claim 10 wherein in each individual tissue product, the first embossments and the second embossments together define a total number of embossments, wherein the first embossments comprise less than 5% of the total number of embossments and wherein the second embossments comprise at least 95% of the total number of embossments. 15. The process of claim 10 wherein no first embossment is adjacent to another first embossment in the individual tissue product. 16. The process of claim 10 wherein every first embossment is adjacent to at least one other first embossment in the individual tissue product. 17. The process of claim 9 wherein the first protrusions and the second protrusions together define a total number of protrusions, wherein the first protrusions comprise less than 50% of the total number of protrusions and wherein the second protrusions comprise at least 50% of the total number of protrusions. 18. The process of claim 9 wherein the first protrusions and the second protrusions together define a total number of protrusions, wherein the first protrusions comprise less than 20% of the total number of protrusions. 19. The process of claim 9 wherein the first protrusions and the second protrusions together define a total number of protrusions, wherein the first protrusions comprise less than 5% of the total number of protrusions and wherein the second protrusions comprise at least 95% of the total number of protrusions. 20. The process of claim 9, wherein the second height is less than 30% of the first height. 21. A process to mate a plurality of tissue webs, the process comprising:
providing a first steel roll and a second steel roll, the first steel roll having a first steel roll primary surface and the second steel roll having a second steel roll primary surface, wherein the first steel roll comprises first protrusions, and wherein the second steel roll comprises recesses; forming a nip between the first steel roll and the second steel roll; rotating the first steel roll about a first axis of rotation and rotating the second steel roll about a second axis of rotation; advancing the plurality of tissue webs through the nip; and embossing a series of first embossments and a series of second embossments into the plurality of tissue webs to connect the tissue webs to one another as the tissue webs advance through the nip, wherein the first protrusions press a first series of portions of the plurality of tissue webs into the recesses proximate the nip as the first steel roll and second steel roll simultaneously rotate to create the series of first embossments, wherein the second embossments are created by one of pin-to-flat and pin-to-pin embossing, the plurality of tissue webs thereafter defining a composite web. 22. The process of claim 21 wherein the series of first embossments and the series of second embossments together define an embossing pattern, wherein one embossing pattern defines one product length in a machine direction and one product width in a cross-machine direction, the process further comprising cutting individual tissue products from the composite web. 23. The process of claim 22 wherein in each individual tissue product, the first embossments and the second embossments together define a total number of embossments, wherein the first embossments comprise less than 50% of the total number of embossments and wherein the second embossments comprise at least 50% of the total number of embossments. 24. The process of claim 22 wherein in each individual tissue product, the first embossments and the second embossments together define a total number of embossments, wherein the first embossments comprise less than 20% of the total number of embossments. 25. The process of claim 24 wherein the second embossments comprise at least 80% of the total number of embossments. 26. The process of claim 22 wherein in each individual tissue product, the first embossments and the second embossments together define a total number of embossments, wherein the first embossments comprise less than 5% of the total number of embossments and wherein the second embossments comprise at least 95% of the total number of embossments. 27. The process of claim 22 wherein no first embossment is adjacent to another first embossment in the individual tissue product. 28. The process of claim 22 wherein every first embossment is adjacent to at least one other first embossment in the individual tissue product. 29. The process of claim 21 wherein the first steel roll further comprises second protrusions, wherein the second protrusions press a second series of portions of the plurality of tissue webs against the second steel roll primary surface as the first steel roll and second steel roll simultaneously rotate to create the series of second embossments connecting the tissue webs to one another. 30. The process of claim 29 wherein the first protrusions and the second protrusions together define a total number of protrusions, wherein the first protrusions comprise less than 20% of the total number of protrusions. 31. The process of claim 21, wherein the first steel roll further comprises second protrusions and wherein the second steel roll further comprises third protrusions, wherein the second protrusions press a second series of portions of the plurality of tissue webs against the third protrusions as the first steel roll and second steel roll simultaneously rotate to create the series of second embossments connecting the tissue webs to one another. 32. The process of claim 31 wherein the first protrusions and the second protrusions together define a total number of protrusions, wherein the first protrusions comprise less than 20% of the total number of protrusions. 33. The process of claim 21, wherein the second steel roll further comprises second protrusions, wherein the second protrusions press a second series of portions of the plurality of tissue webs against the first steel roll primary surface as the first steel roll and second steel roll simultaneously rotate to create the series of second embossments connecting the tissue webs to one another. 34. The process of claim 33 wherein the first protrusions and the second protrusions together define a total number of protrusions, wherein the first protrusions comprise less than 20% of the total number of protrusions. | 1,700 |
2,072 | 14,574,552 | 1,745 | A vehicle interior panel includes a fabric layer with a sculpted feature in the visible decorative surface. The sculpted feature is formed in a cold-forming process, which can produce sharp features in the fabric layer similar to sharp features formed in polymer films by thermoforming. The cold-forming process includes pressing a flat sheet of decorative material that includes the fabric layer onto a curable adhesive before the adhesive cures. After curing, the adhesive holds the decorative sheet of material in a new three-dimensional shape, which can have features that are not attainable by traditional wrapping methods. | 1. A method of making a vehicle interior panel (10, 10′), comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a rigid substrate (14) and a cold-forming tool surface (42) facing toward the substrate (14);
(b) supporting a generally flat sheet of decorative material (16′) between the substrate (14) and the cold-forming tool surface (42), said sheet of decorative material (16′) having a decorative side (22) facing toward the cold-forming tool surface (42);
(c) disposing a curable adhesive (46) between the substrate (14) and the sheet of decorative material (16′);
(d) cold-forming the sheet of decorative material (16′) into a three-dimensional sheet by pressing the sheet of decorative material onto the cold-forming tool surface (42) and pressing the curable adhesive (46) against the decorative material with the rigid substrate (14) before the adhesive (46) cures; and
(e) moving the cold-forming tool surface (42) and substrate (14) away from each other after the adhesive (46) is sufficiently cured, wherein the adhesive (46) holds the three-dimensional sheet in a shape that is complimentary to a contour of the cold-forming tool surface (42). 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the sheet of decorative material (16′) comprises a fabric layer (26). 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the fabric layer (26) has a weft direction (Z) and a warp direction, the method further comprising the step of orienting the sheet of decorative material (16′) such that the weft direction and the direction of highest elongation from step (b) to step (e) are generally aligned. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate (14) comprises a surface (34) facing toward the cold-forming tool surface (42), said substrate surface (34) having a contour that is different from said contour of the cold-forming tool surface (42), whereby the cured adhesive (46) has a non-uniform thickness. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said curable adhesive (46) expands to form a foam material (18) after step (c) and before step (e). 6. The method of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the sheet of decorative material (16′) is in tension in step (b) and in a greater amount of tension in at least one direction in step (d). 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the sheet of decorative material is secured to elastic fixing elements (44) at locations outside the perimeter of the substrate (14) in step (b) such that the elastic fixing elements (44) extend during step (d) to increase the amount of decorative material surface area that is within the perimeter of the substrate (14) during and after step (d). 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising using a cold-forming tool (36) comprising upper and lower portions (38, 40) that move toward each other in step (d) and away from each other in step (e), wherein the substrate (14) is secured to said upper portion (38) before step (d), and wherein the lower portion (40) includes the cold-forming tool surface (42) and supports the generally flat sheet of decorative material (16′) over the cold-forming tool surface (42) in step (b). 9. The method of claim 8, wherein step (c) comprises pouring the curable adhesive (46) on the sheet of decorative material (16′). 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising using a cold-forming tool (36) comprising upper and lower portions (38, 40) that move toward each other in step (d) and away from each other in step (e), wherein the substrate (14) is supported by the lower portion (40), and wherein the upper portion (38) includes the cold-forming tool surface (42) and supports the generally flat sheet of decorative material (16′) beneath the cold-forming tool surface (42) in step (b). 11. The method of claim 10, wherein step (c) comprises spraying the curable adhesive (46) on the substrate (14). 12. A vehicle interior panel (10, 10′) for use in the passenger cabin of a vehicle, the vehicle interior panel (10, 10′) comprising:
a rigid substrate (14);
a decorative layer (16) disposed over a region of the rigid substrate (14), the decorative layer (16) comprising a fabric layer (26) and a decorative surface (22) that is visible from the passenger cabin;
a foam layer (18) interposed between the substrate (14) and the decorative layer (16), wherein the foam layer (18) is a continuous layer having a non-uniform thickness along said region; and
wherein the decorative surface (22) includes a sculpted feature (20) having a characteristic radius (R1, R2) smaller than an underlying substrate radius (RS). 13. A vehicle interior panel (10, 10′) as defined in claim 12, wherein the sculpted feature (20) includes a concave shape and the decorative layer (16) is in tension at the concave shape. 14. A vehicle interior door panel (12, 12′) comprising the vehicle interior panel (10, 10′) of claim 12, wherein the thickness of the foam layer (18) is greater along an armrest portion (28) of the door panel (12, 12′) than along a generally vertical upper or lower portion (30, 32) of the door panel (12, 12′). 15. A vehicle interior door panel (12, 12′) comprising the vehicle interior panel (10, 10′) of claim 12, wherein the fabric layer (26) has a vertically oriented weft and a horizontally oriented warp. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the three-dimensional sheet includes a sculpted feature (20) after step (e). 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the sculpted feature (20) has a concave shape. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the panel (10, 10′) is a vehicle interior door panel (12, 12′) and a thickness of the cured adhesive (46) is greater along an armrest portion (28) of the door panel (12, 12′) than along a generally vertical upper or lower portion (30, 32) of the door panel (12, 12′). | A vehicle interior panel includes a fabric layer with a sculpted feature in the visible decorative surface. The sculpted feature is formed in a cold-forming process, which can produce sharp features in the fabric layer similar to sharp features formed in polymer films by thermoforming. The cold-forming process includes pressing a flat sheet of decorative material that includes the fabric layer onto a curable adhesive before the adhesive cures. After curing, the adhesive holds the decorative sheet of material in a new three-dimensional shape, which can have features that are not attainable by traditional wrapping methods.1. A method of making a vehicle interior panel (10, 10′), comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a rigid substrate (14) and a cold-forming tool surface (42) facing toward the substrate (14);
(b) supporting a generally flat sheet of decorative material (16′) between the substrate (14) and the cold-forming tool surface (42), said sheet of decorative material (16′) having a decorative side (22) facing toward the cold-forming tool surface (42);
(c) disposing a curable adhesive (46) between the substrate (14) and the sheet of decorative material (16′);
(d) cold-forming the sheet of decorative material (16′) into a three-dimensional sheet by pressing the sheet of decorative material onto the cold-forming tool surface (42) and pressing the curable adhesive (46) against the decorative material with the rigid substrate (14) before the adhesive (46) cures; and
(e) moving the cold-forming tool surface (42) and substrate (14) away from each other after the adhesive (46) is sufficiently cured, wherein the adhesive (46) holds the three-dimensional sheet in a shape that is complimentary to a contour of the cold-forming tool surface (42). 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the sheet of decorative material (16′) comprises a fabric layer (26). 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the fabric layer (26) has a weft direction (Z) and a warp direction, the method further comprising the step of orienting the sheet of decorative material (16′) such that the weft direction and the direction of highest elongation from step (b) to step (e) are generally aligned. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate (14) comprises a surface (34) facing toward the cold-forming tool surface (42), said substrate surface (34) having a contour that is different from said contour of the cold-forming tool surface (42), whereby the cured adhesive (46) has a non-uniform thickness. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said curable adhesive (46) expands to form a foam material (18) after step (c) and before step (e). 6. The method of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the sheet of decorative material (16′) is in tension in step (b) and in a greater amount of tension in at least one direction in step (d). 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the sheet of decorative material is secured to elastic fixing elements (44) at locations outside the perimeter of the substrate (14) in step (b) such that the elastic fixing elements (44) extend during step (d) to increase the amount of decorative material surface area that is within the perimeter of the substrate (14) during and after step (d). 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising using a cold-forming tool (36) comprising upper and lower portions (38, 40) that move toward each other in step (d) and away from each other in step (e), wherein the substrate (14) is secured to said upper portion (38) before step (d), and wherein the lower portion (40) includes the cold-forming tool surface (42) and supports the generally flat sheet of decorative material (16′) over the cold-forming tool surface (42) in step (b). 9. The method of claim 8, wherein step (c) comprises pouring the curable adhesive (46) on the sheet of decorative material (16′). 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising using a cold-forming tool (36) comprising upper and lower portions (38, 40) that move toward each other in step (d) and away from each other in step (e), wherein the substrate (14) is supported by the lower portion (40), and wherein the upper portion (38) includes the cold-forming tool surface (42) and supports the generally flat sheet of decorative material (16′) beneath the cold-forming tool surface (42) in step (b). 11. The method of claim 10, wherein step (c) comprises spraying the curable adhesive (46) on the substrate (14). 12. A vehicle interior panel (10, 10′) for use in the passenger cabin of a vehicle, the vehicle interior panel (10, 10′) comprising:
a rigid substrate (14);
a decorative layer (16) disposed over a region of the rigid substrate (14), the decorative layer (16) comprising a fabric layer (26) and a decorative surface (22) that is visible from the passenger cabin;
a foam layer (18) interposed between the substrate (14) and the decorative layer (16), wherein the foam layer (18) is a continuous layer having a non-uniform thickness along said region; and
wherein the decorative surface (22) includes a sculpted feature (20) having a characteristic radius (R1, R2) smaller than an underlying substrate radius (RS). 13. A vehicle interior panel (10, 10′) as defined in claim 12, wherein the sculpted feature (20) includes a concave shape and the decorative layer (16) is in tension at the concave shape. 14. A vehicle interior door panel (12, 12′) comprising the vehicle interior panel (10, 10′) of claim 12, wherein the thickness of the foam layer (18) is greater along an armrest portion (28) of the door panel (12, 12′) than along a generally vertical upper or lower portion (30, 32) of the door panel (12, 12′). 15. A vehicle interior door panel (12, 12′) comprising the vehicle interior panel (10, 10′) of claim 12, wherein the fabric layer (26) has a vertically oriented weft and a horizontally oriented warp. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the three-dimensional sheet includes a sculpted feature (20) after step (e). 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the sculpted feature (20) has a concave shape. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the panel (10, 10′) is a vehicle interior door panel (12, 12′) and a thickness of the cured adhesive (46) is greater along an armrest portion (28) of the door panel (12, 12′) than along a generally vertical upper or lower portion (30, 32) of the door panel (12, 12′). | 1,700 |
2,073 | 14,375,150 | 1,736 | Forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloys are provided. The forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy can include, by weight, about 14.0% to about 16.0% chromium, about 6.0% to about 8.0% nickel, about 1.25% to about 1.75% copper, about 1.0% to about 2.0% molybdenum, about 0.001% to about 0.05% carbon, a carbide forming element in an amount of about 0.3% to about 0.8% and greater than about 8 times that of carbon, the balance iron, and incidental impurities. Generally, the carbide forming element is selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, tantalum, and a mixture thereof. | 1. A forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy comprising, by weight, about 14.0% to about 16.0% chromium, about 6.0% to about 8.0% nickel, about 1.25% to about 1.75% copper, about 1.0% to about 2.0% molybdenum, about 0.001% to about 0.05% carbon, a carbide forming element in an amount of about 0.3% to about 0.8% and greater than about 8 times that of carbon, the balance iron, and incidental impurities;
wherein the carbide forming element is selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, tantalum, and a mixture thereof. 2. The forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 1, wherein the forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy consists of, by weight, about 14.0% to about 16.0% chromium, about 6.0% to about 8.0% nickel, about 1.25% to about 1.75% copper, about 1.0% to about 2.0% molybdenum, about 0.001% to about 0.05% carbon, a carbide forming element in an amount of about 0.3% to about 0.8% and greater than about 8 times that of carbon, the balance iron, and incidental impurities. 3. The forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 1, wherein the carbide forming element is selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, and tantalum. 4. The forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 1, wherein the carbide forming element is titanium. 5. The forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 4, wherein the forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy comprises about 0.3% to about 0.7% titanium, and wherein titanium is present in an amount greater than about 25 times that of carbon. 6. The forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 1, wherein the carbide forming element is zirconium. 7. The forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 6, wherein the forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy comprises about 0.3% to about 0.7% zirconium, and wherein zirconium is present in an amount greater than about 8 times that of carbon. 8. The forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 1, wherein the carbide forming element is tantalum. 9. The forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 8, wherein the forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy comprises about 0.4% to about 0.8% tantalum, and wherein tantalum is present in an amount greater than about 12 times that of carbon. 10. The forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy has a martensite microstructure and an ultimate tensile strength of at least about 965 MPa and Charpy V-notch toughness of at least about 69 J. 11. The precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy has an aged microstructure comprising martensite and not more than about 10% reverted austenite. 12. The precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 1, further comprising: up to 1.0 percent manganese; up to 1.0 percent silicon; up to 0.1 percent vanadium; up to 0.1 percent tin; up to 0.030 percent nitrogen; up to 0.025 percent phosphorus; up to 0.005 percent sulfur; up to 0.05 percent aluminum; up to 0.005 percent silver; and up to 0.005 percent lead as the incidental impurities. 13. The precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 1, wherein the precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy comprises, by weight, about 1.5% to about 2.0% molybdenum. 14. The precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises a turbine airfoil. 15. A forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy comprising, by weight, about 14.0% to about 16.0% chromium, about 6.0% to about 8.0% nickel, about 1.25% to about 1.75% copper, about 1.0% to about 2.0% molybdenum, about 0.001% to about 0.05% carbon, about 0.3% to about 0.7% titanium, the balance iron, and incidental impurities; wherein titanium is present in an amount greater than about 25 times that of carbon. 16. The precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 15, wherein the precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy consists of, by weight, about 14.0% to about 16.0% chromium, about 6.0% to about 8.0% nickel, about 1.25% to about 1.75% copper, about 1.0% to about 2.0% molybdenum, about 0.001% to about 0.05% carbon, about 0.3% to about 0.7% titanium, the balance iron, and incidental impurities; wherein titanium is present in an amount greater than about 25 times that of carbon. 17. A forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy comprising, by weight, about 14.0% to about 16.0% chromium, about 6.0% to about 8.0% nickel, about 1.25% to about 1.75% copper, about 1.0% to about 2.0% molybdenum, about 0.001% to about 0.05% carbon, about 0.3% to about 0.7% zirconium, the balance iron, and incidental impurities; wherein zirconium is present in an amount greater than about 8 times that of carbon. 18. The precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 17, wherein the precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy consists of, by weight, about 14.0% to about 16.0% chromium, about 6.0% to about 8.0% nickel, about 1.25% to about 1.75% copper, about 1.0% to about 2.0% molybdenum, about 0.001% to about 0.05% carbon, about 0.3% to about 0.7% zirconium, the balance iron, and incidental impurities; wherein zirconium is present in an amount greater than about 8 times that of carbon. 19. A forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy comprising, by weight, about 14.0% to about 16.0% chromium, about 6.0% to about 8.0% nickel, about 1.25% to about 1.75% copper, about 1.0% to about 2.0% molybdenum, about 0.001% to about 0.05% carbon, about 0.4% to about 0.8% tantalum, the balance iron, and incidental impurities; wherein tantalum is present in an amount greater than about 12 times that of carbon. 20. The precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 19, wherein the precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy consists of, by weight, about 14.0% to about 16.0% chromium, about 6.0% to about 8.0% nickel, about 1.25% to about 1.75% copper, about 1.0% to about 2.0% molybdenum, about 0.001% to about 0.05% carbon, about 0.4% to about 0.8% tantalum, the balance iron, and incidental impurities; wherein tantalum is present in an amount greater than about 12 times that of carbon. | Forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloys are provided. The forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy can include, by weight, about 14.0% to about 16.0% chromium, about 6.0% to about 8.0% nickel, about 1.25% to about 1.75% copper, about 1.0% to about 2.0% molybdenum, about 0.001% to about 0.05% carbon, a carbide forming element in an amount of about 0.3% to about 0.8% and greater than about 8 times that of carbon, the balance iron, and incidental impurities. Generally, the carbide forming element is selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, tantalum, and a mixture thereof.1. A forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy comprising, by weight, about 14.0% to about 16.0% chromium, about 6.0% to about 8.0% nickel, about 1.25% to about 1.75% copper, about 1.0% to about 2.0% molybdenum, about 0.001% to about 0.05% carbon, a carbide forming element in an amount of about 0.3% to about 0.8% and greater than about 8 times that of carbon, the balance iron, and incidental impurities;
wherein the carbide forming element is selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, tantalum, and a mixture thereof. 2. The forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 1, wherein the forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy consists of, by weight, about 14.0% to about 16.0% chromium, about 6.0% to about 8.0% nickel, about 1.25% to about 1.75% copper, about 1.0% to about 2.0% molybdenum, about 0.001% to about 0.05% carbon, a carbide forming element in an amount of about 0.3% to about 0.8% and greater than about 8 times that of carbon, the balance iron, and incidental impurities. 3. The forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 1, wherein the carbide forming element is selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, and tantalum. 4. The forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 1, wherein the carbide forming element is titanium. 5. The forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 4, wherein the forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy comprises about 0.3% to about 0.7% titanium, and wherein titanium is present in an amount greater than about 25 times that of carbon. 6. The forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 1, wherein the carbide forming element is zirconium. 7. The forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 6, wherein the forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy comprises about 0.3% to about 0.7% zirconium, and wherein zirconium is present in an amount greater than about 8 times that of carbon. 8. The forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 1, wherein the carbide forming element is tantalum. 9. The forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 8, wherein the forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy comprises about 0.4% to about 0.8% tantalum, and wherein tantalum is present in an amount greater than about 12 times that of carbon. 10. The forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy has a martensite microstructure and an ultimate tensile strength of at least about 965 MPa and Charpy V-notch toughness of at least about 69 J. 11. The precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy has an aged microstructure comprising martensite and not more than about 10% reverted austenite. 12. The precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 1, further comprising: up to 1.0 percent manganese; up to 1.0 percent silicon; up to 0.1 percent vanadium; up to 0.1 percent tin; up to 0.030 percent nitrogen; up to 0.025 percent phosphorus; up to 0.005 percent sulfur; up to 0.05 percent aluminum; up to 0.005 percent silver; and up to 0.005 percent lead as the incidental impurities. 13. The precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 1, wherein the precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy comprises, by weight, about 1.5% to about 2.0% molybdenum. 14. The precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises a turbine airfoil. 15. A forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy comprising, by weight, about 14.0% to about 16.0% chromium, about 6.0% to about 8.0% nickel, about 1.25% to about 1.75% copper, about 1.0% to about 2.0% molybdenum, about 0.001% to about 0.05% carbon, about 0.3% to about 0.7% titanium, the balance iron, and incidental impurities; wherein titanium is present in an amount greater than about 25 times that of carbon. 16. The precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 15, wherein the precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy consists of, by weight, about 14.0% to about 16.0% chromium, about 6.0% to about 8.0% nickel, about 1.25% to about 1.75% copper, about 1.0% to about 2.0% molybdenum, about 0.001% to about 0.05% carbon, about 0.3% to about 0.7% titanium, the balance iron, and incidental impurities; wherein titanium is present in an amount greater than about 25 times that of carbon. 17. A forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy comprising, by weight, about 14.0% to about 16.0% chromium, about 6.0% to about 8.0% nickel, about 1.25% to about 1.75% copper, about 1.0% to about 2.0% molybdenum, about 0.001% to about 0.05% carbon, about 0.3% to about 0.7% zirconium, the balance iron, and incidental impurities; wherein zirconium is present in an amount greater than about 8 times that of carbon. 18. The precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 17, wherein the precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy consists of, by weight, about 14.0% to about 16.0% chromium, about 6.0% to about 8.0% nickel, about 1.25% to about 1.75% copper, about 1.0% to about 2.0% molybdenum, about 0.001% to about 0.05% carbon, about 0.3% to about 0.7% zirconium, the balance iron, and incidental impurities; wherein zirconium is present in an amount greater than about 8 times that of carbon. 19. A forged precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy comprising, by weight, about 14.0% to about 16.0% chromium, about 6.0% to about 8.0% nickel, about 1.25% to about 1.75% copper, about 1.0% to about 2.0% molybdenum, about 0.001% to about 0.05% carbon, about 0.4% to about 0.8% tantalum, the balance iron, and incidental impurities; wherein tantalum is present in an amount greater than about 12 times that of carbon. 20. The precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy of claim 19, wherein the precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy consists of, by weight, about 14.0% to about 16.0% chromium, about 6.0% to about 8.0% nickel, about 1.25% to about 1.75% copper, about 1.0% to about 2.0% molybdenum, about 0.001% to about 0.05% carbon, about 0.4% to about 0.8% tantalum, the balance iron, and incidental impurities; wherein tantalum is present in an amount greater than about 12 times that of carbon. | 1,700 |
2,074 | 14,211,262 | 1,721 | A concentrator-type photovoltaic module includes a backplane substrate, a plurality of concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) receivers on a surface of the backplane substrate, and concentrating optics positioned over the surface of the backplane substrate and configured to focus on-axis incident light onto the CPV receivers. A plurality of non-concentrator photovoltaic (PV) cells are provided on the surface of the backplane substrate. The PV cells are positioned to receive light that passes off-axis through the concentrating optics. Related devices and methods are also discussed. | 1. (canceled) 2. A concentrator-type photovoltaic module, comprising:
a backplane substrate; a plurality of concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) receivers on a surface of the backplane substrate; concentrating optics positioned over the surface of the backplane substrate and configured to focus on-axis incident light onto the CPV receivers; and a plurality of non-concentrator photovoltaic (PV) cells on the surface of the backplane substrate between ones of the CPV receivers, wherein the PV cells are configured positioned to receive light that passes off-axis through the concentrating optics. 3. A method of fabricating a concentrator-type photovoltaic module, the method comprising:
providing a backplane substrate having electrical interconnection features; assembling a sub-array of concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) receivers onto the backplane substrate using surface mount technology; assembling a sub-array of non-concentrator photovoltaic (PV) cells configured to capture diffuse light onto the backplane substrate using surface mount technology; and positioning one or more concentrating optical elements over the backplane substrate, wherein the concentrating optical elements are configured to focus on-axis incident light onto the CPV receivers and allow off-axis incident light to fall on the PV cells. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein assembling the sub-array of non-concentrator PV cells comprises:
overlaying the sub-array of interconnected of non-concentrator PV cells onto the surface of the backplane substrate so that the sub-array of non-concentrator PV cells extends on a portion of the surface of the backplane substrate that is not occupied by the CPV receivers without obscuring the CPV receivers from the on-axis incident light. 5. The module of claim 2, wherein the CPV receivers comprise solar cells having respective surface areas of about 4 square millimeters (mm2) or less, and wherein the PV cells have respective surface areas greater than those of the CPV receivers by one or more orders of magnitude. 6. The module of claim 5, wherein the PV cells have respective dimensions of greater than about 0.1 meter (m) and respectively include windows or openings therein that expose ones of the CPV receivers to the incident light. 7. The module of claim 5, wherein the PV cells have respective dimensions of less than about 0.1 meter (m), and wherein respective ones of the PV cells are positioned between adjacent ones of the CPV receivers. 8. The module of claim 5, wherein the CPV receivers define a first sub-array on the surface of the backplane substrate, and wherein the PV cells define a second sub-array on the surface of the backplane substrate that does not obscure the CPV receivers of the first sub-array from the on-axis incident light. 9. The module of claim 8, wherein the backplane substrate comprises electrical interconnections that combine electrical outputs of the CPV receivers and the PV cells. 10. The module of claim 9, wherein the first sub-array of the CPV receivers is connected in parallel with the second sub-array of the PV cells. 11. The module of claim 8, wherein the first and second sub-arrays are approximately matched with respect to operating voltage. 12. The module of claim 8, wherein the second sub-array of the PV cells is configured to operate at a higher voltage and/or a higher current than the first sub-array of the CPV receivers. 13. The module of claim 5, wherein the PV cells are arranged on the surface of the backplane substrate such that the on-axis incident light is not concentrated thereon. 14. The module of claim 2, wherein the concentrating optics comprise a Fresnel lens, a plano-convex lens, a double-convex lens, a crossed panoptic lens, and/or arrays thereof. 15. The module of claim 2, wherein the module is mounted on a multi-axis tracking system that is controllable in one or more directions or axes to position the module such that respective optical axes of the concentrator optics are aligned substantially parallel to the incident light. 16. The module of claim 2, wherein the PV cells comprise cadmium telluride, amorphous silicon, or copper indium gallium selenide, and/or alloys thereof. 17. The module of claim 2, wherein the PV cells comprise heterostructure solar cells. 18. A photovoltaic device, comprising:
a substrate including a concentrator photovoltaic element and at least one non-concentrator photovoltaic element electrically connected thereto arranged alongside one another on a surface of the substrate, wherein the non-concentrator photovoltaic element has a surface area that is greater than that of the concentrator photovoltaic element by one or more orders of magnitude; and
a concentrating optical element positioned over the surface of the substrate to concentrate incident light propagating on-axis with respect to an optical axis thereof onto the concentrator photovoltaic element, and to allow light propagating off-axis with respect to the optical axis thereof onto the non-concentrator photovoltaic element. 19. The device of claim 18, wherein:
the concentrator photovoltaic element comprises one of a plurality of concentrator photovoltaic elements arranged in a first sub-array on the surface of the substrate; the non-concentrator photovoltaic element comprises one of a plurality of non-concentrator photovoltaic elements arranged in a second sub-array on the surface of the substrate alongside the first sub-array so as not to obstruct the concentrator photovoltaic elements thereof; and the substrate includes a plurality of electrical connections that couple the first and second sub-arrays in parallel. 20. The device of claim 19, wherein the non-concentrator photovoltaic elements respectively include windows or openings therein that expose ones of the concentrator photovoltaic elements to the incident light. 21. The device of claim 19, wherein respective ones of the non-concentrator photovoltaic elements are positioned between adjacent ones of the concentrator photovoltaic elements. | A concentrator-type photovoltaic module includes a backplane substrate, a plurality of concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) receivers on a surface of the backplane substrate, and concentrating optics positioned over the surface of the backplane substrate and configured to focus on-axis incident light onto the CPV receivers. A plurality of non-concentrator photovoltaic (PV) cells are provided on the surface of the backplane substrate. The PV cells are positioned to receive light that passes off-axis through the concentrating optics. Related devices and methods are also discussed.1. (canceled) 2. A concentrator-type photovoltaic module, comprising:
a backplane substrate; a plurality of concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) receivers on a surface of the backplane substrate; concentrating optics positioned over the surface of the backplane substrate and configured to focus on-axis incident light onto the CPV receivers; and a plurality of non-concentrator photovoltaic (PV) cells on the surface of the backplane substrate between ones of the CPV receivers, wherein the PV cells are configured positioned to receive light that passes off-axis through the concentrating optics. 3. A method of fabricating a concentrator-type photovoltaic module, the method comprising:
providing a backplane substrate having electrical interconnection features; assembling a sub-array of concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) receivers onto the backplane substrate using surface mount technology; assembling a sub-array of non-concentrator photovoltaic (PV) cells configured to capture diffuse light onto the backplane substrate using surface mount technology; and positioning one or more concentrating optical elements over the backplane substrate, wherein the concentrating optical elements are configured to focus on-axis incident light onto the CPV receivers and allow off-axis incident light to fall on the PV cells. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein assembling the sub-array of non-concentrator PV cells comprises:
overlaying the sub-array of interconnected of non-concentrator PV cells onto the surface of the backplane substrate so that the sub-array of non-concentrator PV cells extends on a portion of the surface of the backplane substrate that is not occupied by the CPV receivers without obscuring the CPV receivers from the on-axis incident light. 5. The module of claim 2, wherein the CPV receivers comprise solar cells having respective surface areas of about 4 square millimeters (mm2) or less, and wherein the PV cells have respective surface areas greater than those of the CPV receivers by one or more orders of magnitude. 6. The module of claim 5, wherein the PV cells have respective dimensions of greater than about 0.1 meter (m) and respectively include windows or openings therein that expose ones of the CPV receivers to the incident light. 7. The module of claim 5, wherein the PV cells have respective dimensions of less than about 0.1 meter (m), and wherein respective ones of the PV cells are positioned between adjacent ones of the CPV receivers. 8. The module of claim 5, wherein the CPV receivers define a first sub-array on the surface of the backplane substrate, and wherein the PV cells define a second sub-array on the surface of the backplane substrate that does not obscure the CPV receivers of the first sub-array from the on-axis incident light. 9. The module of claim 8, wherein the backplane substrate comprises electrical interconnections that combine electrical outputs of the CPV receivers and the PV cells. 10. The module of claim 9, wherein the first sub-array of the CPV receivers is connected in parallel with the second sub-array of the PV cells. 11. The module of claim 8, wherein the first and second sub-arrays are approximately matched with respect to operating voltage. 12. The module of claim 8, wherein the second sub-array of the PV cells is configured to operate at a higher voltage and/or a higher current than the first sub-array of the CPV receivers. 13. The module of claim 5, wherein the PV cells are arranged on the surface of the backplane substrate such that the on-axis incident light is not concentrated thereon. 14. The module of claim 2, wherein the concentrating optics comprise a Fresnel lens, a plano-convex lens, a double-convex lens, a crossed panoptic lens, and/or arrays thereof. 15. The module of claim 2, wherein the module is mounted on a multi-axis tracking system that is controllable in one or more directions or axes to position the module such that respective optical axes of the concentrator optics are aligned substantially parallel to the incident light. 16. The module of claim 2, wherein the PV cells comprise cadmium telluride, amorphous silicon, or copper indium gallium selenide, and/or alloys thereof. 17. The module of claim 2, wherein the PV cells comprise heterostructure solar cells. 18. A photovoltaic device, comprising:
a substrate including a concentrator photovoltaic element and at least one non-concentrator photovoltaic element electrically connected thereto arranged alongside one another on a surface of the substrate, wherein the non-concentrator photovoltaic element has a surface area that is greater than that of the concentrator photovoltaic element by one or more orders of magnitude; and
a concentrating optical element positioned over the surface of the substrate to concentrate incident light propagating on-axis with respect to an optical axis thereof onto the concentrator photovoltaic element, and to allow light propagating off-axis with respect to the optical axis thereof onto the non-concentrator photovoltaic element. 19. The device of claim 18, wherein:
the concentrator photovoltaic element comprises one of a plurality of concentrator photovoltaic elements arranged in a first sub-array on the surface of the substrate; the non-concentrator photovoltaic element comprises one of a plurality of non-concentrator photovoltaic elements arranged in a second sub-array on the surface of the substrate alongside the first sub-array so as not to obstruct the concentrator photovoltaic elements thereof; and the substrate includes a plurality of electrical connections that couple the first and second sub-arrays in parallel. 20. The device of claim 19, wherein the non-concentrator photovoltaic elements respectively include windows or openings therein that expose ones of the concentrator photovoltaic elements to the incident light. 21. The device of claim 19, wherein respective ones of the non-concentrator photovoltaic elements are positioned between adjacent ones of the concentrator photovoltaic elements. | 1,700 |
2,075 | 15,200,229 | 1,791 | Natural beverage products and methods for making the same are disclosed. The natural beverage products comprise a non-nutritive sweetener comprising rebaudioside A, a sweetening amount of rebaudioside D, and at least one of tagatose and erythritol, and an acidulant comprising lactic acid, tartaric acid and citric acid and no phosphoric acid. | 1-24. (canceled) 25. A beverage product comprising:
rebaudioside A; about 0.01% to about 1% by weight of an acidulant comprising at least two of citric acid, tartaric acid, and lactic acid;
wherein
the beverage product has a pH less than about 3.3; and
a titratable acidity ranging from about 15 to about 25. 26. The beverage product of claim 25, further comprising erythritol. 27. The beverage product of claim 25, wherein the beverage product does not include phosphoric acid. 28. The beverage product of claim 25, wherein the beverage product comprises 250 ppm rebaudioside A. 29. The beverage product of claim 25, wherein the acidulant comprises about 0.05% to about 0.25% by weight of the beverage product. 30. The beverage product of claim 25, wherein the pH is less than about 2.9. 31. The beverage product of claim 25, further comprising at least one of rebaudiosides B, C, D, or E. 32. The beverage product of claim 25, wherein the acidulant further comprises at least one of malic, ascorbic, cinnamic, glutaric, fumaric, gluconic, succinic, maleic or adipic acids. 33. The beverage product of claim 25, further comprising carbonated water. 34. The beverage product of claim 25, further comprising at least one of Lo Han Guo powder having a mogroside V content ranging from 2 to 99%, Lo Han Guo juice concentrate, stevioside, glycyrrhizin, thaumatin, monellin, and brazzein. 35. The beverage product of claim 25, further comprising a natural flavoring. 36. The beverage product of claim 35, wherein the natural flavoring comprises at least one of natural fruit flavors, natural botanical flavors, or natural spice flavors. 37. The beverage product of claim 36, wherein the natural fruit flavor comprises at least one of citrus, berry, apple, grape, cherry, or pineapple flavors. 38. The beverage product of claim 36, wherein the natural botanical flavor comprises at least one of cola flavor, tea flavor, or coffee flavor. 39. The beverage product of claim 36, wherein the natural spice flavor comprises at least one of cassia, clove, cinnamon, pepper, ginger, vanilla, cardamom, coriander, root beer, sassafras, or ginseng. 40. The beverage product of claim 25, further comprising a fruit juice or fruit juice concentrate. 41. The beverage product of claim 40, wherein the fruit juice or fruit juice concentrate is prepared from a source selected from the group consisting of plum, prune, date, currant, fig, grape, raisin, cranberry, pineapple, peach, banana, apple, pear, guava, apricot, Saskatoon berry, blueberry, plains berry, prairie berry, mulberry, elderberry, Barbados cherry (acerola cherry), choke cherry, coconut, olive, raspberry, strawberry, huckleberry, loganberry, currant, dewberry, boysenberry, kiwi, cherry, blackberry, quince, buckthorn, passion fruit, sloe, rowan, gooseberry, pomegranate, persimmon, mango, rhubarb, papaya, litchi, lemon, orange, lime, tangerine, mandarin orange, tangelo, pomelo, grapefruit, and combinations thereof. 42. The beverage product of claim 40, wherein the beverage product comprises from about 0.2% to about 40% fruit juice by weight of the beverage product. 43. The beverage product of claim 40, wherein the beverage product comprises from about 1% to about 20% fruit juice by weight of the beverage product. 44. The beverage product of claim 25, further comprising an additive selected from the group consisting of caffeine, caramel, a preservative, an antifoaming agent, a gum, an emulsifiers, tea solids, a cloud component, a mineral, an antioxidant, a vitamin, and combinations thereof. | Natural beverage products and methods for making the same are disclosed. The natural beverage products comprise a non-nutritive sweetener comprising rebaudioside A, a sweetening amount of rebaudioside D, and at least one of tagatose and erythritol, and an acidulant comprising lactic acid, tartaric acid and citric acid and no phosphoric acid.1-24. (canceled) 25. A beverage product comprising:
rebaudioside A; about 0.01% to about 1% by weight of an acidulant comprising at least two of citric acid, tartaric acid, and lactic acid;
wherein
the beverage product has a pH less than about 3.3; and
a titratable acidity ranging from about 15 to about 25. 26. The beverage product of claim 25, further comprising erythritol. 27. The beverage product of claim 25, wherein the beverage product does not include phosphoric acid. 28. The beverage product of claim 25, wherein the beverage product comprises 250 ppm rebaudioside A. 29. The beverage product of claim 25, wherein the acidulant comprises about 0.05% to about 0.25% by weight of the beverage product. 30. The beverage product of claim 25, wherein the pH is less than about 2.9. 31. The beverage product of claim 25, further comprising at least one of rebaudiosides B, C, D, or E. 32. The beverage product of claim 25, wherein the acidulant further comprises at least one of malic, ascorbic, cinnamic, glutaric, fumaric, gluconic, succinic, maleic or adipic acids. 33. The beverage product of claim 25, further comprising carbonated water. 34. The beverage product of claim 25, further comprising at least one of Lo Han Guo powder having a mogroside V content ranging from 2 to 99%, Lo Han Guo juice concentrate, stevioside, glycyrrhizin, thaumatin, monellin, and brazzein. 35. The beverage product of claim 25, further comprising a natural flavoring. 36. The beverage product of claim 35, wherein the natural flavoring comprises at least one of natural fruit flavors, natural botanical flavors, or natural spice flavors. 37. The beverage product of claim 36, wherein the natural fruit flavor comprises at least one of citrus, berry, apple, grape, cherry, or pineapple flavors. 38. The beverage product of claim 36, wherein the natural botanical flavor comprises at least one of cola flavor, tea flavor, or coffee flavor. 39. The beverage product of claim 36, wherein the natural spice flavor comprises at least one of cassia, clove, cinnamon, pepper, ginger, vanilla, cardamom, coriander, root beer, sassafras, or ginseng. 40. The beverage product of claim 25, further comprising a fruit juice or fruit juice concentrate. 41. The beverage product of claim 40, wherein the fruit juice or fruit juice concentrate is prepared from a source selected from the group consisting of plum, prune, date, currant, fig, grape, raisin, cranberry, pineapple, peach, banana, apple, pear, guava, apricot, Saskatoon berry, blueberry, plains berry, prairie berry, mulberry, elderberry, Barbados cherry (acerola cherry), choke cherry, coconut, olive, raspberry, strawberry, huckleberry, loganberry, currant, dewberry, boysenberry, kiwi, cherry, blackberry, quince, buckthorn, passion fruit, sloe, rowan, gooseberry, pomegranate, persimmon, mango, rhubarb, papaya, litchi, lemon, orange, lime, tangerine, mandarin orange, tangelo, pomelo, grapefruit, and combinations thereof. 42. The beverage product of claim 40, wherein the beverage product comprises from about 0.2% to about 40% fruit juice by weight of the beverage product. 43. The beverage product of claim 40, wherein the beverage product comprises from about 1% to about 20% fruit juice by weight of the beverage product. 44. The beverage product of claim 25, further comprising an additive selected from the group consisting of caffeine, caramel, a preservative, an antifoaming agent, a gum, an emulsifiers, tea solids, a cloud component, a mineral, an antioxidant, a vitamin, and combinations thereof. | 1,700 |
2,076 | 14,778,623 | 1,726 | The inventors of the present disclosure recognized that elimination or reduction of the silver paste and/or silver busbars on the front and/or rear surfaces of solar cells and solar modules would advantageously lower the total cost of the solar cell and/or solar module. The inventors of the present disclosure recognized that the silver paste on the front and rear surface of solar cells or solar modules can be eliminated or the amount of silver paste reduced by replacing the silver busbars with a solderable tape including a conductive metal foil and a nonconductive adhesive. | 1. A busbar tape comprising:
a conductive metal foil; and a nonconductive thermoset adhesive; wherein the tape is solderable and wherein the tape is capable of adhering to crystal-silicon photovoltaic material. 2. The busbar tape of claim 1, wherein the tape is capable of making an electrical connection with one or more of the silver gridlines on the front side of a photovoltaic cell. 3. The busbar tape of claim 1, wherein the metal foil comprises one or more metals chosen from copper, aluminum, tin, iron, nickel, silver, gold, lead, zinc, cobalt, chromium, titanium, and mixtures thereof. 4. The busbar tape of claim 1, wherein the metal foil comprises copper. 5. The busbar tape of claim 1, wherein the metal foil further comprises zinc. 6. The busbar tape of claim 1, wherein the nonconductive adhesive comprises at least one of epoxy resins, acrylic resins, polyurethanes, polyesters, polyimides, polyamides, cyanate esters, phenolic resins, maleimide resins, phenoxy resins and mixtures thereof. 7. The busbar tape of claim 1, wherein, when the busbar tape is applied to the front side of a photovoltaic cell, the photovoltaic cell is capable of enduring at least 200 cycles of thermal cycling (−40° C. to 90° C.) and damp heat (85° C./85% Relative Humidity testing) for at least 1000 hours with less than 5% increase in resistance of the electrical connection. 8. The busbar tape of claim 1, wherein, when the busbar tape is applied to the front side of a photovoltaic cell, the photovoltaic cell is capable of enduring at least 400 cycles of thermal cycling (−40° C. to 90° C.) and damp heat (85° C./85% Relative Humidity testing) for at least 2000 hours with less than 5% increase in resistance of the electrical connection. 9. A photovoltaic solar cell comprising:
a silicon wafer comprising a front surface and a back surface, a busbar tape, wherein the silicon wafer comprises one or more of silver gridlines on the front surface, wherein the busbar tape comprises:
a conductive metal foil; and
a nonconductive thermoset adhesive;
wherein the busbar tape is solderable and
wherein the busbar tape is bonded to the front surface of the silicon wafer via the nonconductive thermoset adhesive. 10. The photovoltaic solar cell of claim 9, wherein the busbar tape is capable of making an electrical connection with one or more of the silver gridlines on the front side of a photovoltaic cell. 11. The photovoltaic solar cell of claim 9, wherein the metal foil comprises one or more metals chosen from copper, aluminum, tin, iron, nickel, silver, gold, lead, zinc, cobalt, chromium, titanium, and mixtures thereof. 12. The photovoltaic solar cell of claim 9, wherein the metal foil comprises copper. 13. The photovoltaic solar cell of claim 9, wherein the photovoltaic cell is capable of enduring at least 200 cycles of thermal cycling (−40° C. to 90° C.) and damp heat (85° C./85% Relative Humidity testing) for at least 1000 hours with less than 5% increase in resistance of the electrical connection. 14. A photovoltaic solar module comprising two or more photovoltaic solar cells, wherein
at least some of the photovoltaic solar cells comprise: a silicon wafer comprising a front surface and a back surface, at least one front-side busbar and at least one back-side busbar tape, wherein the silicon wafer comprises one or more of silver gridlines on the front surface, wherein the front-side busbar tape comprises:
a conductive metal foil; and
a nonconductive thermoset adhesive;
wherein the front-side busbar tape is bonded to the front surface of the silicon wafer via the nonconductive thermoset adhesive, and wherein at least a first photovoltaic solar cell is electrically connected in series to a second photovoltaic solar cell via at least one tabbing ribbon, wherein one end of the at least one tabbing ribbon has been soldered to the at least one front-side busbar of the first photovoltaic solar cell and the other end of the tabbing ribbon has been soldered to the at least one back-side busbar tape of the second photovoltaic solar cell. 15. A method of providing a solderable surface on a photovoltaic solar cell,
wherein the photovoltaic solar cell comprises:
a silicon wafer comprising a front surface and a back surface, and
a busbar tape,
wherein the silicon wafer comprises one or more of silver gridlines on the front surface
wherein the busbar tape comprises:
a conductive metal foil; and
a nonconductive thermoset adhesive;
wherein the busbar tape is solderable, and
the method comprising: applying the busbar tape to the front surface of the silicon wafer of photovoltaic solar cell, and hot pressing the busbar tape and the photovoltaic solar cell. 16. The photovoltaic solar module of claim 14, wherein the busbar tape is capable of making an electrical connection with one or more of the silver gridlines on the front side of a photovoltaic cell. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the metal foil comprises one or more metals chosen from copper, aluminum, tin, iron, nickel, silver, gold, lead, zinc, cobalt, chromium, titanium, and mixtures thereof. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the metal foil comprises copper. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the nonconductive adhesive comprises at least one of epoxy resins, acrylic resins, polyurethanes, polyesters, polyimides, polyamides, cyanate esters, phenolic resins, maleimide resins, phenoxy resins and mixtures thereof. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the photovoltaic cell is capable of enduring at least 200 cycles of thermal cycling (−40° C. to 90° C.) and damp heat (85° C./85% Relative Humidity testing) for at least 1000 hours with less than 5% increase in resistance of the electrical connection. | The inventors of the present disclosure recognized that elimination or reduction of the silver paste and/or silver busbars on the front and/or rear surfaces of solar cells and solar modules would advantageously lower the total cost of the solar cell and/or solar module. The inventors of the present disclosure recognized that the silver paste on the front and rear surface of solar cells or solar modules can be eliminated or the amount of silver paste reduced by replacing the silver busbars with a solderable tape including a conductive metal foil and a nonconductive adhesive.1. A busbar tape comprising:
a conductive metal foil; and a nonconductive thermoset adhesive; wherein the tape is solderable and wherein the tape is capable of adhering to crystal-silicon photovoltaic material. 2. The busbar tape of claim 1, wherein the tape is capable of making an electrical connection with one or more of the silver gridlines on the front side of a photovoltaic cell. 3. The busbar tape of claim 1, wherein the metal foil comprises one or more metals chosen from copper, aluminum, tin, iron, nickel, silver, gold, lead, zinc, cobalt, chromium, titanium, and mixtures thereof. 4. The busbar tape of claim 1, wherein the metal foil comprises copper. 5. The busbar tape of claim 1, wherein the metal foil further comprises zinc. 6. The busbar tape of claim 1, wherein the nonconductive adhesive comprises at least one of epoxy resins, acrylic resins, polyurethanes, polyesters, polyimides, polyamides, cyanate esters, phenolic resins, maleimide resins, phenoxy resins and mixtures thereof. 7. The busbar tape of claim 1, wherein, when the busbar tape is applied to the front side of a photovoltaic cell, the photovoltaic cell is capable of enduring at least 200 cycles of thermal cycling (−40° C. to 90° C.) and damp heat (85° C./85% Relative Humidity testing) for at least 1000 hours with less than 5% increase in resistance of the electrical connection. 8. The busbar tape of claim 1, wherein, when the busbar tape is applied to the front side of a photovoltaic cell, the photovoltaic cell is capable of enduring at least 400 cycles of thermal cycling (−40° C. to 90° C.) and damp heat (85° C./85% Relative Humidity testing) for at least 2000 hours with less than 5% increase in resistance of the electrical connection. 9. A photovoltaic solar cell comprising:
a silicon wafer comprising a front surface and a back surface, a busbar tape, wherein the silicon wafer comprises one or more of silver gridlines on the front surface, wherein the busbar tape comprises:
a conductive metal foil; and
a nonconductive thermoset adhesive;
wherein the busbar tape is solderable and
wherein the busbar tape is bonded to the front surface of the silicon wafer via the nonconductive thermoset adhesive. 10. The photovoltaic solar cell of claim 9, wherein the busbar tape is capable of making an electrical connection with one or more of the silver gridlines on the front side of a photovoltaic cell. 11. The photovoltaic solar cell of claim 9, wherein the metal foil comprises one or more metals chosen from copper, aluminum, tin, iron, nickel, silver, gold, lead, zinc, cobalt, chromium, titanium, and mixtures thereof. 12. The photovoltaic solar cell of claim 9, wherein the metal foil comprises copper. 13. The photovoltaic solar cell of claim 9, wherein the photovoltaic cell is capable of enduring at least 200 cycles of thermal cycling (−40° C. to 90° C.) and damp heat (85° C./85% Relative Humidity testing) for at least 1000 hours with less than 5% increase in resistance of the electrical connection. 14. A photovoltaic solar module comprising two or more photovoltaic solar cells, wherein
at least some of the photovoltaic solar cells comprise: a silicon wafer comprising a front surface and a back surface, at least one front-side busbar and at least one back-side busbar tape, wherein the silicon wafer comprises one or more of silver gridlines on the front surface, wherein the front-side busbar tape comprises:
a conductive metal foil; and
a nonconductive thermoset adhesive;
wherein the front-side busbar tape is bonded to the front surface of the silicon wafer via the nonconductive thermoset adhesive, and wherein at least a first photovoltaic solar cell is electrically connected in series to a second photovoltaic solar cell via at least one tabbing ribbon, wherein one end of the at least one tabbing ribbon has been soldered to the at least one front-side busbar of the first photovoltaic solar cell and the other end of the tabbing ribbon has been soldered to the at least one back-side busbar tape of the second photovoltaic solar cell. 15. A method of providing a solderable surface on a photovoltaic solar cell,
wherein the photovoltaic solar cell comprises:
a silicon wafer comprising a front surface and a back surface, and
a busbar tape,
wherein the silicon wafer comprises one or more of silver gridlines on the front surface
wherein the busbar tape comprises:
a conductive metal foil; and
a nonconductive thermoset adhesive;
wherein the busbar tape is solderable, and
the method comprising: applying the busbar tape to the front surface of the silicon wafer of photovoltaic solar cell, and hot pressing the busbar tape and the photovoltaic solar cell. 16. The photovoltaic solar module of claim 14, wherein the busbar tape is capable of making an electrical connection with one or more of the silver gridlines on the front side of a photovoltaic cell. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the metal foil comprises one or more metals chosen from copper, aluminum, tin, iron, nickel, silver, gold, lead, zinc, cobalt, chromium, titanium, and mixtures thereof. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the metal foil comprises copper. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the nonconductive adhesive comprises at least one of epoxy resins, acrylic resins, polyurethanes, polyesters, polyimides, polyamides, cyanate esters, phenolic resins, maleimide resins, phenoxy resins and mixtures thereof. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the photovoltaic cell is capable of enduring at least 200 cycles of thermal cycling (−40° C. to 90° C.) and damp heat (85° C./85% Relative Humidity testing) for at least 1000 hours with less than 5% increase in resistance of the electrical connection. | 1,700 |
2,077 | 12,938,034 | 1,714 | A laundry machine and a control method thereof are provided in which laundering ability may be improved while also improving efficiency and noise/vibration. The laundry machine employs a plurality of drum motions by varying drum rotational speed, drum rotational direction, and drum starting and stopping point, to provide different motion of laundry items in the drum. | 1. A method of operating a laundry machine including a rotatable drum, the method comprising:
rotating the drum at a first RPM, alternating in a clockwise direction and a counter-clockwise direction; rotating the drum at a second RPM, alternating in the clockwise direction and the counter-clockwise direction; and rotating the drum at the second RPM in one of the clockwise direction or the counter-clockwise direction. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the second RPM is faster than the first RPM. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein rotating the drum at the second RPM in one of the clockwise or the counter-clockwise directions comprises rotating the drum at the second RPM without changing rotation direction of the drum. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein rotating the drum at the second RPM comprises applying a sudden brake to the drum. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein rotating the drum at the first RPM alternating in the clockwise and counterclockwise direction comprises:
rotating the drum in one of the clockwise or counterclockwise directions at the first RPM; temporarily stopping the drum at a first predetermined angle of rotation; and rotating the drum in the other of the clockwise or counterclockwise directions at the first RPM. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein rotating the drum at the second RPM alternating in the clockwise direction and the counter-clockwise direction comprises:
rotating the drum in the one of the clockwise or counterclockwise directions at the second RPM; applying a sudden brake to the drum at a second predetermined angle of rotation; and rotating the drum in the other of the clockwise or counterclockwise directions at the second RPM. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein rotating the drum at the second RPM in one of the clockwise direction or the counter-clockwise direction further comprises:
applying a sudden brake to the drum at a third predetermined angle of rotation; and thereafter resuming rotation of the drum in the one of the clockwise or counterclockwise directions. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the second predetermined angle of rotation is greater than the first predetermined angle of rotation, the third predetermined angle of rotation is greater than the second predetermined angle of rotation, and the second RPM is greater than the first RPM. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein rotating the drum at the first RPM alternating in the clockwise and counter-clockwise directions causes laundry received in the drum to move within a lower half of the drum, and rotating the drum at the second RPM alternating in the clockwise and counter-clockwise directions and rotating the drum at the second RPM in one of the clockwise direction or the counter-clockwise causes laundry received in the drum to be dropped from an upper portion of the drum. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising rotating the drum at a third RPM in the one of the clockwise or counter-clockwise directions after rotating the drum alternating in the clockwise and counter-clockwise directions at the second RPM. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the third RPM is lower than the second RPM and higher than the first RPM. 12. A method of operating a laundry machine including a rotatable drum, the method comprising:
driving the drum in a weak motion, comprising rotating the drum alternating in a clockwise direction and a counter-clockwise direction; and driving the drum in a strong motion for at least two cycles, a first of the at least two cycles comprising rotating the drum alternating in the clockwise and counter-clockwise directions, wherein an angle of rotation associated with the first cycle is greater than an angle of rotation associated with the weak motion, and a second of the at least two cycles comprising driving the drum in one of the clockwise or counter-clockwise directions. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein driving the drum in the strong motion comprises:
alternately rotating the drum in the clockwise and counter-clockwise directions, switching rotation direction at a first rotation angle at which laundry received in the drum is dropped from an upper portion of the drum in the first cycle; and rotating the drum in one of the clockwise and counter-clockwise directions, applying a sudden brake to the drum at a second rotation angle at which laundry received in the drum is dropped from a top of the drum. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein driving the drum in the first cycle of the strong motion further comprises applying a sudden brake to the drum at a second angle of rotation so as to alternate rotation of the drum between the clockwise and counter-clockwise directions, wherein the second angle of rotation is greater that the first angle of rotation. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein applying a sudden brake to the drum comprises applying a torque to the drum in an opposite direction to a current rotation direction of the drum. 16. A method of operating a laundry machine including a rotatable drum, the method comprising:
rotating the drum at least one of a first RPM and a second RPM alternating in a clockwise direction and a counter-clockwise direction; and rotating the drum in one of the clockwise or counter-clockwise directions. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein rotating the drum alternating in the clockwise and counter-clockwise directions comprises gradually increasing an angle at which a rotation direction of the drum is changed. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein rotating the drum at least one of a first RPM and a second RPM alternating in a clockwise direction and a counter-clockwise direction comprises applying a sudden brake to the drum. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein applying a sudden brake to the drum is performed when the drum rotates at the second RPM alternating in a clockwise direction and a counter-clockwise direction. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein rotating the drum in the one of the clockwise or counter-clockwise directions comprises:
rotating the drum in the one of the clockwise or counter-clockwise directions until the drum reaches a preset angle; stopping the drum for a predetermined time period; resuming rotation of the drum in the one of the clockwise or counter-clockwise directions; and repeating the rotating, stopping and resuming steps for a predetermined period. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein stopping the drum comprises applying a sudden brake to the drum. 22. The control method of claim 16, wherein rotating the drum in the one of the clockwise or counter-clockwise directions causes laundry received in the drum to be dropped from an upper portion of the drum. 23. The control method of claim 16, wherein rotating the drum in the one of the clockwise or counter-clockwise directions comprises rotating the drum at an RPM that is higher than an RPM which would cause laundry received in the drum to be dropped at a rotation angle of 90° to 110° along a rotation direction of the drum. | A laundry machine and a control method thereof are provided in which laundering ability may be improved while also improving efficiency and noise/vibration. The laundry machine employs a plurality of drum motions by varying drum rotational speed, drum rotational direction, and drum starting and stopping point, to provide different motion of laundry items in the drum.1. A method of operating a laundry machine including a rotatable drum, the method comprising:
rotating the drum at a first RPM, alternating in a clockwise direction and a counter-clockwise direction; rotating the drum at a second RPM, alternating in the clockwise direction and the counter-clockwise direction; and rotating the drum at the second RPM in one of the clockwise direction or the counter-clockwise direction. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the second RPM is faster than the first RPM. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein rotating the drum at the second RPM in one of the clockwise or the counter-clockwise directions comprises rotating the drum at the second RPM without changing rotation direction of the drum. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein rotating the drum at the second RPM comprises applying a sudden brake to the drum. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein rotating the drum at the first RPM alternating in the clockwise and counterclockwise direction comprises:
rotating the drum in one of the clockwise or counterclockwise directions at the first RPM; temporarily stopping the drum at a first predetermined angle of rotation; and rotating the drum in the other of the clockwise or counterclockwise directions at the first RPM. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein rotating the drum at the second RPM alternating in the clockwise direction and the counter-clockwise direction comprises:
rotating the drum in the one of the clockwise or counterclockwise directions at the second RPM; applying a sudden brake to the drum at a second predetermined angle of rotation; and rotating the drum in the other of the clockwise or counterclockwise directions at the second RPM. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein rotating the drum at the second RPM in one of the clockwise direction or the counter-clockwise direction further comprises:
applying a sudden brake to the drum at a third predetermined angle of rotation; and thereafter resuming rotation of the drum in the one of the clockwise or counterclockwise directions. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the second predetermined angle of rotation is greater than the first predetermined angle of rotation, the third predetermined angle of rotation is greater than the second predetermined angle of rotation, and the second RPM is greater than the first RPM. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein rotating the drum at the first RPM alternating in the clockwise and counter-clockwise directions causes laundry received in the drum to move within a lower half of the drum, and rotating the drum at the second RPM alternating in the clockwise and counter-clockwise directions and rotating the drum at the second RPM in one of the clockwise direction or the counter-clockwise causes laundry received in the drum to be dropped from an upper portion of the drum. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising rotating the drum at a third RPM in the one of the clockwise or counter-clockwise directions after rotating the drum alternating in the clockwise and counter-clockwise directions at the second RPM. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the third RPM is lower than the second RPM and higher than the first RPM. 12. A method of operating a laundry machine including a rotatable drum, the method comprising:
driving the drum in a weak motion, comprising rotating the drum alternating in a clockwise direction and a counter-clockwise direction; and driving the drum in a strong motion for at least two cycles, a first of the at least two cycles comprising rotating the drum alternating in the clockwise and counter-clockwise directions, wherein an angle of rotation associated with the first cycle is greater than an angle of rotation associated with the weak motion, and a second of the at least two cycles comprising driving the drum in one of the clockwise or counter-clockwise directions. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein driving the drum in the strong motion comprises:
alternately rotating the drum in the clockwise and counter-clockwise directions, switching rotation direction at a first rotation angle at which laundry received in the drum is dropped from an upper portion of the drum in the first cycle; and rotating the drum in one of the clockwise and counter-clockwise directions, applying a sudden brake to the drum at a second rotation angle at which laundry received in the drum is dropped from a top of the drum. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein driving the drum in the first cycle of the strong motion further comprises applying a sudden brake to the drum at a second angle of rotation so as to alternate rotation of the drum between the clockwise and counter-clockwise directions, wherein the second angle of rotation is greater that the first angle of rotation. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein applying a sudden brake to the drum comprises applying a torque to the drum in an opposite direction to a current rotation direction of the drum. 16. A method of operating a laundry machine including a rotatable drum, the method comprising:
rotating the drum at least one of a first RPM and a second RPM alternating in a clockwise direction and a counter-clockwise direction; and rotating the drum in one of the clockwise or counter-clockwise directions. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein rotating the drum alternating in the clockwise and counter-clockwise directions comprises gradually increasing an angle at which a rotation direction of the drum is changed. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein rotating the drum at least one of a first RPM and a second RPM alternating in a clockwise direction and a counter-clockwise direction comprises applying a sudden brake to the drum. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein applying a sudden brake to the drum is performed when the drum rotates at the second RPM alternating in a clockwise direction and a counter-clockwise direction. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein rotating the drum in the one of the clockwise or counter-clockwise directions comprises:
rotating the drum in the one of the clockwise or counter-clockwise directions until the drum reaches a preset angle; stopping the drum for a predetermined time period; resuming rotation of the drum in the one of the clockwise or counter-clockwise directions; and repeating the rotating, stopping and resuming steps for a predetermined period. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein stopping the drum comprises applying a sudden brake to the drum. 22. The control method of claim 16, wherein rotating the drum in the one of the clockwise or counter-clockwise directions causes laundry received in the drum to be dropped from an upper portion of the drum. 23. The control method of claim 16, wherein rotating the drum in the one of the clockwise or counter-clockwise directions comprises rotating the drum at an RPM that is higher than an RPM which would cause laundry received in the drum to be dropped at a rotation angle of 90° to 110° along a rotation direction of the drum. | 1,700 |
2,078 | 14,646,936 | 1,736 | An aqueous CO2 absorbent comprising a combination of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) and 3-aminopropanol (AP), or AMP and 4-aminobutanol (AB), is described. A method for capturing CO2 from a CO2 containing gas using the mentioned absorbent, and the use of a combination of AMP and AP, or a combination of AMP and AB are also described. | 1. An aqueous CO2 absorbent comprising:
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP); and one of:
3-aminopropanol (AP); and
4 aminobutanol (AB). 2. The aqueous CO2 absorbent according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of AMP is from 10 to 35% by weight and the concentration of AP or AB is from 10 to 40% by weight. 3. The aqueous CO2 absorbent according to claim 2, wherein the concentration of AMP is at least 10% by weight. 4. The aqueous CO2 absorbent according to claim 2, wherein the concentration of AP or AB is at least 10% by weight. 5. The aqueous CO2 absorbent according to claim 1, wherein the absorbent additionally comprises any conventional additive. 6. The aqueous CO2 absorbent according to claim 1, wherein the absorbent comprises a combination of AMP and AP. 7. A method for capturing CO2 from a CO2 containing gas, where the CO2 containing gas is brought in countercurrent flow to a CO2 absorbent in an absorber to give a CO2 depleted gas that is released into the surroundings, and a CO2 rich absorbent that is collected in the bottom of the absorber, regenerated and recycled into the absorber, wherein the CO2 absorbent is an aqueous CO2 absorbent comprising a combination of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) and 3-aminopropanol (AP), or AMP and 4-aminobutanol (AB). 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. The aqueous CO2 absorbent according to claim 3, wherein the concentration of AMP is at least 20% by weight. 11. The aqueous CO2 absorbent according to claim 10, wherein the concentration of AMP is at least 25% by weight. 12. The aqueous CO2 absorbent according to claim 11, wherein the concentration of AMP is at least 30% by weight. 13. The aqueous CO2 absorbent according to claim 4, wherein the concentration of AP or AB is at least 20% by weight. 14. The aqueous CO2 absorbent according to claim 13, wherein the concentration of AP or AB is at least 25% by weight. 15. The aqueous CO2 absorbent according to claim 14, wherein the concentration of AP or AB is at least 30% by weight. 16. The method for capturing CO2 from a CO2 containing gas, wherein the CO2 containing gas is an exhaust gas from a thermal power plant or an industrial plant. | An aqueous CO2 absorbent comprising a combination of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) and 3-aminopropanol (AP), or AMP and 4-aminobutanol (AB), is described. A method for capturing CO2 from a CO2 containing gas using the mentioned absorbent, and the use of a combination of AMP and AP, or a combination of AMP and AB are also described.1. An aqueous CO2 absorbent comprising:
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP); and one of:
3-aminopropanol (AP); and
4 aminobutanol (AB). 2. The aqueous CO2 absorbent according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of AMP is from 10 to 35% by weight and the concentration of AP or AB is from 10 to 40% by weight. 3. The aqueous CO2 absorbent according to claim 2, wherein the concentration of AMP is at least 10% by weight. 4. The aqueous CO2 absorbent according to claim 2, wherein the concentration of AP or AB is at least 10% by weight. 5. The aqueous CO2 absorbent according to claim 1, wherein the absorbent additionally comprises any conventional additive. 6. The aqueous CO2 absorbent according to claim 1, wherein the absorbent comprises a combination of AMP and AP. 7. A method for capturing CO2 from a CO2 containing gas, where the CO2 containing gas is brought in countercurrent flow to a CO2 absorbent in an absorber to give a CO2 depleted gas that is released into the surroundings, and a CO2 rich absorbent that is collected in the bottom of the absorber, regenerated and recycled into the absorber, wherein the CO2 absorbent is an aqueous CO2 absorbent comprising a combination of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) and 3-aminopropanol (AP), or AMP and 4-aminobutanol (AB). 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. The aqueous CO2 absorbent according to claim 3, wherein the concentration of AMP is at least 20% by weight. 11. The aqueous CO2 absorbent according to claim 10, wherein the concentration of AMP is at least 25% by weight. 12. The aqueous CO2 absorbent according to claim 11, wherein the concentration of AMP is at least 30% by weight. 13. The aqueous CO2 absorbent according to claim 4, wherein the concentration of AP or AB is at least 20% by weight. 14. The aqueous CO2 absorbent according to claim 13, wherein the concentration of AP or AB is at least 25% by weight. 15. The aqueous CO2 absorbent according to claim 14, wherein the concentration of AP or AB is at least 30% by weight. 16. The method for capturing CO2 from a CO2 containing gas, wherein the CO2 containing gas is an exhaust gas from a thermal power plant or an industrial plant. | 1,700 |
2,079 | 13,992,433 | 1,749 | An asymmetric tread for a snow tire comprising a rubber composition, comprising a tread surface intended to be in contact with the ground when the tire is running, and comprising a sequence of basic patterns arranged in the circumferential direction, each extending over at least 80% of the width (W) of the tread, each comprising a plurality of raised elements provided with sipes opening onto the tread surface, each sipe having a width of less than 1 mm and a depth of at least 3 mm. For each basic pattern, a sipes orientation level (NO) is defined that corresponds to
∑
i
li
*
α
i
P
*
Wm
where i is the number of sipes in the pattern, li is the length of the i th sipe on the tread surface, P is the pitch of the basic pattern, Wm is the width of the basic pattern and αi is the positive or negative angle formed on the tread surface by the i th sipe with the transverse direction, where |αi|≦45 degrees, said orientation level being greater than or equal to 1.5 degrees/mm. The rubber composition comprises at least one diene elastomer, a reinforcing inorganic filler, and a plasticizing system comprising a liquid plasticizing agent being a vegetable oil in a content B of between 10 and 60 phr. | 1. An asymmetric tread for a snow tire comprising a rubber composition which comprises:
at least one diene elastomer, a reinforcing inorganic filler, and a plasticizing system comprising a liquid plasticizing agent in a content B of between 10 and 60 phr, said liquid plasticizing agent being a vegetable oil, wherein the tread comprises: a tread surface intended to be in contact with the ground when the tire is running, a sequence of basic patterns arranged in a circumferential direction (X), wherein each basic pattern has a width (Wm) that extends in a transverse direction over at least 80% of the width (W) of the tread, each basic pattern has a pitch (P) extending a distance in the circumferential direction, and each basic pattern comprises a plurality of raised elements, one or more of which are provided with sipes opening onto the tread surface, wherein each sipe has a width of less than 1 mm and a depth of at least 3 mm, wherein, for each basic pattern, a sipes orientation level (NO) is defined that corresponds to
∑
i
li
*
α
i
P
*
Wm
where i is the number of sipes in the pattern, li is the length of the ith sipe on the tread surface, P is the pitch of the basic pattern, Wm is the width of the basic pattern and αi is the positive or negative angle formed on the tread surface by the ith sipe with the transverse direction, where |αi|≦45 degrees, said orientation level being greater than or equal to 1.5 degrees/mm. 2. Tread according to claim 1, wherein said rubber composition comprises 20 to 100 phr of a diene elastomer bearing at least one SiOR function, R being hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical. 3. Tread according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing inorganic filler comprises from 50% to 100% by weight of silica. 4. Tread according to claim 1, wherein said rubber composition comprises 100 to 160 phr of said reinforcing inorganic filler. 5. Tread according to claim 1, wherein the plasticizing system comprises a hydrocarbon resin in a content A of between 10 and 60 phr. 6. Tread according to claim 5, wherein the total content A+B is greater than 50 phr. 7. Tread according to claim 1, characterized in that the vegetable oil is a sunflower oil. 8. Tread according to claim 1, wherein the tread has a sipes density (D) defined as
∑
i
li
P
*
Wm
,
said sipes density (D) being greater than or equal to 60 μm/mm2. 9. Tread according to claim 1, wherein the tread has a steering pull criterion (CT) for the basic pattern defined as
∑
i
li
*
α
i
∑
i
li
*
α
i
,
said steering pull criterion being less than or equal to 0.2. 10. Tread according to claim 1, wherein all or some of the raised elements of the basic patterns comprise at least one chamfer, said chamfer belonging to an edge of the raised elements making an angle at most equal to 45° with the transverse direction. 11. Snow tyre comprising a tread according to claim 1. | An asymmetric tread for a snow tire comprising a rubber composition, comprising a tread surface intended to be in contact with the ground when the tire is running, and comprising a sequence of basic patterns arranged in the circumferential direction, each extending over at least 80% of the width (W) of the tread, each comprising a plurality of raised elements provided with sipes opening onto the tread surface, each sipe having a width of less than 1 mm and a depth of at least 3 mm. For each basic pattern, a sipes orientation level (NO) is defined that corresponds to
∑
i
li
*
α
i
P
*
Wm
where i is the number of sipes in the pattern, li is the length of the i th sipe on the tread surface, P is the pitch of the basic pattern, Wm is the width of the basic pattern and αi is the positive or negative angle formed on the tread surface by the i th sipe with the transverse direction, where |αi|≦45 degrees, said orientation level being greater than or equal to 1.5 degrees/mm. The rubber composition comprises at least one diene elastomer, a reinforcing inorganic filler, and a plasticizing system comprising a liquid plasticizing agent being a vegetable oil in a content B of between 10 and 60 phr.1. An asymmetric tread for a snow tire comprising a rubber composition which comprises:
at least one diene elastomer, a reinforcing inorganic filler, and a plasticizing system comprising a liquid plasticizing agent in a content B of between 10 and 60 phr, said liquid plasticizing agent being a vegetable oil, wherein the tread comprises: a tread surface intended to be in contact with the ground when the tire is running, a sequence of basic patterns arranged in a circumferential direction (X), wherein each basic pattern has a width (Wm) that extends in a transverse direction over at least 80% of the width (W) of the tread, each basic pattern has a pitch (P) extending a distance in the circumferential direction, and each basic pattern comprises a plurality of raised elements, one or more of which are provided with sipes opening onto the tread surface, wherein each sipe has a width of less than 1 mm and a depth of at least 3 mm, wherein, for each basic pattern, a sipes orientation level (NO) is defined that corresponds to
∑
i
li
*
α
i
P
*
Wm
where i is the number of sipes in the pattern, li is the length of the ith sipe on the tread surface, P is the pitch of the basic pattern, Wm is the width of the basic pattern and αi is the positive or negative angle formed on the tread surface by the ith sipe with the transverse direction, where |αi|≦45 degrees, said orientation level being greater than or equal to 1.5 degrees/mm. 2. Tread according to claim 1, wherein said rubber composition comprises 20 to 100 phr of a diene elastomer bearing at least one SiOR function, R being hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical. 3. Tread according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing inorganic filler comprises from 50% to 100% by weight of silica. 4. Tread according to claim 1, wherein said rubber composition comprises 100 to 160 phr of said reinforcing inorganic filler. 5. Tread according to claim 1, wherein the plasticizing system comprises a hydrocarbon resin in a content A of between 10 and 60 phr. 6. Tread according to claim 5, wherein the total content A+B is greater than 50 phr. 7. Tread according to claim 1, characterized in that the vegetable oil is a sunflower oil. 8. Tread according to claim 1, wherein the tread has a sipes density (D) defined as
∑
i
li
P
*
Wm
,
said sipes density (D) being greater than or equal to 60 μm/mm2. 9. Tread according to claim 1, wherein the tread has a steering pull criterion (CT) for the basic pattern defined as
∑
i
li
*
α
i
∑
i
li
*
α
i
,
said steering pull criterion being less than or equal to 0.2. 10. Tread according to claim 1, wherein all or some of the raised elements of the basic patterns comprise at least one chamfer, said chamfer belonging to an edge of the raised elements making an angle at most equal to 45° with the transverse direction. 11. Snow tyre comprising a tread according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
2,080 | 14,668,394 | 1,734 | The present disclosure provides methods related to repair of aircraft brake assembly components using additive manufacturing processes. In various embodiments, methods for modifying a brake assembly component may comprise measuring an actual dimension of the brake assembly component, determining a desired dimension of the brake assembly component, comparing the desired dimension to the actual dimension to define a modification specification, and using an additive manufacturing process to alter the brake assembly component. In various embodiments, methods for modifying a brake assembly component may comprise applying a cobalt-chromium alloy to the brake assembly component until the desired dimension is achieved. | 1. A method for modifying a brake assembly component, comprising:
measuring an actual dimension of the brake assembly component; determining a desired dimension of the brake assembly component; comparing the desired dimension to the actual dimension to define a modification specification; and using an additive manufacturing process to alter the brake assembly component. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the brake assembly component comprises a cobalt-chromium alloy. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the additive manufacturing process comprises applying a cobalt-chromium alloy to the brake assembly component until the desired dimension is achieved. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the desired dimension of the brake assembly component is equivalent to an original dimension of the brake assembly component. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the desired dimension of the brake assembly component exceeds an original dimension of the brake assembly component. 6. The method of claim 3, further comprising comparing the modification specification to a predetermined modification limit. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the additive manufacturing process is in response to the modification specification being within the predetermined modification limit. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the brake assembly component comprises a floating rotor clip. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the brake assembly component comprises a half cap rotor clip. 10. A method of repairing a brake assembly, comprising:
removing a brake assembly component from the brake assembly; modifying the brake assembly component to form a modified cobalt-chromium alloy component; and placing the modified cobalt-chromium alloy component in the brake assembly. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the modifying step comprises:
measuring an actual dimension of the brake assembly component; determining a desired dimension of the brake assembly component; comparing the desired dimension to the actual dimension to define a modification specification; and applying a cobalt-chromium alloy to the brake assembly component until the desired dimension is achieved. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising comparing the modification specification to a predetermined modification limit. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the modifying step is in response to the modification specification being within the predetermined modification limit. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the brake assembly component comprises a floating rotor clip. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the brake assembly component comprises a half cap rotor clip. | The present disclosure provides methods related to repair of aircraft brake assembly components using additive manufacturing processes. In various embodiments, methods for modifying a brake assembly component may comprise measuring an actual dimension of the brake assembly component, determining a desired dimension of the brake assembly component, comparing the desired dimension to the actual dimension to define a modification specification, and using an additive manufacturing process to alter the brake assembly component. In various embodiments, methods for modifying a brake assembly component may comprise applying a cobalt-chromium alloy to the brake assembly component until the desired dimension is achieved.1. A method for modifying a brake assembly component, comprising:
measuring an actual dimension of the brake assembly component; determining a desired dimension of the brake assembly component; comparing the desired dimension to the actual dimension to define a modification specification; and using an additive manufacturing process to alter the brake assembly component. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the brake assembly component comprises a cobalt-chromium alloy. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the additive manufacturing process comprises applying a cobalt-chromium alloy to the brake assembly component until the desired dimension is achieved. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the desired dimension of the brake assembly component is equivalent to an original dimension of the brake assembly component. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the desired dimension of the brake assembly component exceeds an original dimension of the brake assembly component. 6. The method of claim 3, further comprising comparing the modification specification to a predetermined modification limit. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the additive manufacturing process is in response to the modification specification being within the predetermined modification limit. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the brake assembly component comprises a floating rotor clip. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the brake assembly component comprises a half cap rotor clip. 10. A method of repairing a brake assembly, comprising:
removing a brake assembly component from the brake assembly; modifying the brake assembly component to form a modified cobalt-chromium alloy component; and placing the modified cobalt-chromium alloy component in the brake assembly. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the modifying step comprises:
measuring an actual dimension of the brake assembly component; determining a desired dimension of the brake assembly component; comparing the desired dimension to the actual dimension to define a modification specification; and applying a cobalt-chromium alloy to the brake assembly component until the desired dimension is achieved. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising comparing the modification specification to a predetermined modification limit. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the modifying step is in response to the modification specification being within the predetermined modification limit. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the brake assembly component comprises a floating rotor clip. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the brake assembly component comprises a half cap rotor clip. | 1,700 |
2,081 | 14,783,464 | 1,712 | A method for masking a surface, in particular a surface having silicon oxide, aluminum or silicon, includes providing a substrate having a surface to be masked, in particular having a surface having silicon oxide, aluminum or silicon; and producing a defined masking pattern by locally selective forming of colloidal silicon oxide on the surface. The method allows for the creating of an extremely stable masking in a simple and cost-effective manner, in contrast to a plurality of etching media, in particular in contrast to hydrofluoric acid, in order to thus create extremely accurate and defined structures such as by an etching process. | 1. A method for masking a surface, comprising:
locating a substrate having a surface to be masked, the surface comprising silicon oxide, aluminum, or silicon; and producing a defined masking pattern by local selective formation of colloidal silicon oxide on the surface. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
carrying out the local selective formation of colloidal silicon oxide by spatially selective and successive application and drying of fluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6) on the surface. 3. The method as claimed in claim 2, further comprising:
selectively applying fluorosilicic acid to the surface by printing, spin coating, atomization, or spreading of the fluorosilicic acid; by dipping the surface in fluorosilicic acid; or by printing fluorosilicic acid onto the surface. 4. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein further comprising:
drying the fluorosilicic acid using an oven, a hotplate, a hot air fan, a radiant heater, or by air drying at room temperature. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
masking the surface to form a negative masking pattern before producing the defined masking pattern. 6. The method as claimed in claim 5, further comprising:
producing the negative masking pattern using a photoresist. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
cleaning the surface before producing the defined masking pattern. 8. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
activating the surface before producing the defined masking pattern. 9. A method for masking a surface to be treated comprising:
using colloidal silicon oxide for locally selective masking of the surface to be treated. 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method is used to produce an electronic component. 11. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein cleaning the surface includes etching slightly the surface. 12. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein activating the surface includes hydrophilizing the surface. | A method for masking a surface, in particular a surface having silicon oxide, aluminum or silicon, includes providing a substrate having a surface to be masked, in particular having a surface having silicon oxide, aluminum or silicon; and producing a defined masking pattern by locally selective forming of colloidal silicon oxide on the surface. The method allows for the creating of an extremely stable masking in a simple and cost-effective manner, in contrast to a plurality of etching media, in particular in contrast to hydrofluoric acid, in order to thus create extremely accurate and defined structures such as by an etching process.1. A method for masking a surface, comprising:
locating a substrate having a surface to be masked, the surface comprising silicon oxide, aluminum, or silicon; and producing a defined masking pattern by local selective formation of colloidal silicon oxide on the surface. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
carrying out the local selective formation of colloidal silicon oxide by spatially selective and successive application and drying of fluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6) on the surface. 3. The method as claimed in claim 2, further comprising:
selectively applying fluorosilicic acid to the surface by printing, spin coating, atomization, or spreading of the fluorosilicic acid; by dipping the surface in fluorosilicic acid; or by printing fluorosilicic acid onto the surface. 4. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein further comprising:
drying the fluorosilicic acid using an oven, a hotplate, a hot air fan, a radiant heater, or by air drying at room temperature. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
masking the surface to form a negative masking pattern before producing the defined masking pattern. 6. The method as claimed in claim 5, further comprising:
producing the negative masking pattern using a photoresist. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
cleaning the surface before producing the defined masking pattern. 8. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
activating the surface before producing the defined masking pattern. 9. A method for masking a surface to be treated comprising:
using colloidal silicon oxide for locally selective masking of the surface to be treated. 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method is used to produce an electronic component. 11. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein cleaning the surface includes etching slightly the surface. 12. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein activating the surface includes hydrophilizing the surface. | 1,700 |
2,082 | 12,080,068 | 1,791 | A novel non-allergenic composition is disclosed comprising about 20% to about 60% by weight of peas, from about 4% to about 10% by weight palm oil, from about 1% to about 10% by weight powdered sugar, and from about 20% to about 40% by weight Canola oil flavoring component, which forms a spreadable, imitation peanut butter that comprises no peanuts, no tree nuts, no milk, no glutton and looks, tastes, smells and spreads like common peanut butter. | 1. A food composition mimicking peanut butter, comprising peas and at least one viscosity controlling component selected from palm oil, palm kernel oil and mixtures thereof. 2. The food composition of claim 1 comprising a sweetener. 3. The food composition of claim 2 wherein said sweetener is selected from the group consisting of brown sugar, white bleached sugar, powdered sugar, corn syrup, dextrose, glucose, multodextrin and mixtures thereof. 4. The food composition of claim 1 comprising a flavoring component. 5. The food composition of claim 2 comprising a flavoring component. 6. The food composition of claim 5 wherein said flavoring component comprises Canola oil. 7. The food composition of claim 1 wherein said peas are selected from the group consisting of solido brown pea, chickpea and mixtures thereof. 8. The food composition of claim 7 wherein said peas comprise from about 20% to about 60% by weight of the composition. 9. The food composition of claim 5 wherein said peas are selected from the group consisting of solido brown pea, chickpea and mixtures thereof; said sweetener is selected from the group consisting of brown sugar, white bleached sugar, dextrose and mixtures thereof; and said flavoring component comprises Canola oil. 10. The food composition of claim 9 comprising from about 20% to about 60% by weight peas; from about 4% to about 10% by weight viscosity controlling component; from about 1% to about 10% by weight sweetener; and from about 20% to about 40% by weight flavoring component. 11. The food composition of claim 10 comprising from about 30% to about 50% by weight peas; from about 4% to about 10% by weight viscosity controlling component; from about 5% to about 9% by weight sweetener; and from about 30% to about 40% by weight flavoring component. 12. The food composition of claim 11 comprising from about 42% to about 44% by weight peas and from about 5% to about 9% by weight of a sweetener selected from the group of powdered sugar, multodextrin and mixtures thereof. 13. A method for preparing a food composition mimicking peanut butter, comprising:
husking and thereafter roasting to at least a tan color peas selected from solido brown peas, chickpeas and mixtures thereof; forming a mixture comprising from about 20% to about 60% by weight of said peas, from about 4% to about 10% by weight viscosity controlling component, from about 1% to about 10% by weight sweetener, and from about 20% to about 40% by weight flavoring component; and, mixing and blending said mixture for about 15 to about 90 minutes at from about 100 to about 140 degrees Fahrenheit. | A novel non-allergenic composition is disclosed comprising about 20% to about 60% by weight of peas, from about 4% to about 10% by weight palm oil, from about 1% to about 10% by weight powdered sugar, and from about 20% to about 40% by weight Canola oil flavoring component, which forms a spreadable, imitation peanut butter that comprises no peanuts, no tree nuts, no milk, no glutton and looks, tastes, smells and spreads like common peanut butter.1. A food composition mimicking peanut butter, comprising peas and at least one viscosity controlling component selected from palm oil, palm kernel oil and mixtures thereof. 2. The food composition of claim 1 comprising a sweetener. 3. The food composition of claim 2 wherein said sweetener is selected from the group consisting of brown sugar, white bleached sugar, powdered sugar, corn syrup, dextrose, glucose, multodextrin and mixtures thereof. 4. The food composition of claim 1 comprising a flavoring component. 5. The food composition of claim 2 comprising a flavoring component. 6. The food composition of claim 5 wherein said flavoring component comprises Canola oil. 7. The food composition of claim 1 wherein said peas are selected from the group consisting of solido brown pea, chickpea and mixtures thereof. 8. The food composition of claim 7 wherein said peas comprise from about 20% to about 60% by weight of the composition. 9. The food composition of claim 5 wherein said peas are selected from the group consisting of solido brown pea, chickpea and mixtures thereof; said sweetener is selected from the group consisting of brown sugar, white bleached sugar, dextrose and mixtures thereof; and said flavoring component comprises Canola oil. 10. The food composition of claim 9 comprising from about 20% to about 60% by weight peas; from about 4% to about 10% by weight viscosity controlling component; from about 1% to about 10% by weight sweetener; and from about 20% to about 40% by weight flavoring component. 11. The food composition of claim 10 comprising from about 30% to about 50% by weight peas; from about 4% to about 10% by weight viscosity controlling component; from about 5% to about 9% by weight sweetener; and from about 30% to about 40% by weight flavoring component. 12. The food composition of claim 11 comprising from about 42% to about 44% by weight peas and from about 5% to about 9% by weight of a sweetener selected from the group of powdered sugar, multodextrin and mixtures thereof. 13. A method for preparing a food composition mimicking peanut butter, comprising:
husking and thereafter roasting to at least a tan color peas selected from solido brown peas, chickpeas and mixtures thereof; forming a mixture comprising from about 20% to about 60% by weight of said peas, from about 4% to about 10% by weight viscosity controlling component, from about 1% to about 10% by weight sweetener, and from about 20% to about 40% by weight flavoring component; and, mixing and blending said mixture for about 15 to about 90 minutes at from about 100 to about 140 degrees Fahrenheit. | 1,700 |
2,083 | 12,557,914 | 1,747 | A pneumatic tire having a tire tread, the tread comprising grooves therein, the grooves forming tread elements, the tread having a radially outer surface and a non-skid tread depth as measured from the radially outer surface of the tread, and a radially innermost surface of the grooves, and one or more sunken grooves located radially inward and below the surface of the unworn tread, the tread comprised of a base tread compound, a radially outer compound, and a radially inner compound, wherein the intersection of the radially outer compound and the radially inner compound is wavy. | 1. A pneumatic tire having a tire tread, the tread comprising one or more grooves and one or more ground engaging tread elements, the tread having a radially outer surface and a non-skid tread depth as measured from the radially outer surface of the tread and a radially innermost surface of the grooves, and one or more sunken grooves located radially inward and below the surface of the unworn tread, the tread comprised of a base tread compound, a radially inner compound, and a radially outer compound wherein the radially outer compound is just below the surface of the tread. 2. The tire of claim 1 wherein the intersection of the radially inner compound and the radially outer compound is wavy. 3. The tire of claim 1 wherein the one or more sunken grooves are in fluid communication with the one or more circumferential grooves when the tread is in a worn condition. 4. The tire of claim 1 wherein the radially inner compound extends radially upwards into the tread elements. 5. The tire of claim 1 wherein the radially inner compound has higher hysteresis than the radially outer compound. 6. The tire of claim 1 wherein the radially inner compound has a cold rebound of about 17. 7. The tire of claim 1 wherein the radially inner compound has RPA G′ 1% of about 5.8. 8. The tire of claim 1 wherein the radially outer compound is selected for tread wear, and the radially inner compound is selected for wet traction. 9. The tire of claim 1 wherein the interface between the outer and inner compounds forms at least one peak located in a tread element. 10. The tire of claim 1 wherein the tread element is a rib. 11. The tire of claim 1 wherein the tread element is a tread block. 12. The tire of claim 1 wherein the surface of the tread comprises three circumferentially continuous grooves, wherein one of the grooves is located in the centerplane of the tire. 13. The tire of claim 1 wherein the surface of the tread comprises at least two circumferentially continuous ribs, wherein the ribs are located adjacent a circumferentially continuous groove. 14. A pneumatic tire having a tire tread, the tread comprising one or more circumferential grooves and one or more ground engaging tread elements, the tread having a radially outer surface and a non-skid tread depth as measured from the radially outer surface of the tread and a radially innermost surface of the grooves, and a sipe positioned on the surface of the tread and a sunken grooves located radially inward of the sipe and below the surface of the unworn tread, the tread comprised of a base tread compound, a radially inner compound, and a radially outer compound wherein the radially outer compound is just below the surface of the tread, wherein the intersection of the radially inner compound and the radially outer compound is wavy. | A pneumatic tire having a tire tread, the tread comprising grooves therein, the grooves forming tread elements, the tread having a radially outer surface and a non-skid tread depth as measured from the radially outer surface of the tread, and a radially innermost surface of the grooves, and one or more sunken grooves located radially inward and below the surface of the unworn tread, the tread comprised of a base tread compound, a radially outer compound, and a radially inner compound, wherein the intersection of the radially outer compound and the radially inner compound is wavy.1. A pneumatic tire having a tire tread, the tread comprising one or more grooves and one or more ground engaging tread elements, the tread having a radially outer surface and a non-skid tread depth as measured from the radially outer surface of the tread and a radially innermost surface of the grooves, and one or more sunken grooves located radially inward and below the surface of the unworn tread, the tread comprised of a base tread compound, a radially inner compound, and a radially outer compound wherein the radially outer compound is just below the surface of the tread. 2. The tire of claim 1 wherein the intersection of the radially inner compound and the radially outer compound is wavy. 3. The tire of claim 1 wherein the one or more sunken grooves are in fluid communication with the one or more circumferential grooves when the tread is in a worn condition. 4. The tire of claim 1 wherein the radially inner compound extends radially upwards into the tread elements. 5. The tire of claim 1 wherein the radially inner compound has higher hysteresis than the radially outer compound. 6. The tire of claim 1 wherein the radially inner compound has a cold rebound of about 17. 7. The tire of claim 1 wherein the radially inner compound has RPA G′ 1% of about 5.8. 8. The tire of claim 1 wherein the radially outer compound is selected for tread wear, and the radially inner compound is selected for wet traction. 9. The tire of claim 1 wherein the interface between the outer and inner compounds forms at least one peak located in a tread element. 10. The tire of claim 1 wherein the tread element is a rib. 11. The tire of claim 1 wherein the tread element is a tread block. 12. The tire of claim 1 wherein the surface of the tread comprises three circumferentially continuous grooves, wherein one of the grooves is located in the centerplane of the tire. 13. The tire of claim 1 wherein the surface of the tread comprises at least two circumferentially continuous ribs, wherein the ribs are located adjacent a circumferentially continuous groove. 14. A pneumatic tire having a tire tread, the tread comprising one or more circumferential grooves and one or more ground engaging tread elements, the tread having a radially outer surface and a non-skid tread depth as measured from the radially outer surface of the tread and a radially innermost surface of the grooves, and a sipe positioned on the surface of the tread and a sunken grooves located radially inward of the sipe and below the surface of the unworn tread, the tread comprised of a base tread compound, a radially inner compound, and a radially outer compound wherein the radially outer compound is just below the surface of the tread, wherein the intersection of the radially inner compound and the radially outer compound is wavy. | 1,700 |
2,084 | 14,209,191 | 1,748 | The present disclosure relates to an aerosol delivery device and related methods and computer program products for controlling an aerosol delivery device based on input characteristics. For example, a method may include an aerosol delivery device determining a characteristic of a user input to the aerosol delivery device. The method may further include the aerosol delivery device determining a control function having a defined association with the characteristic. The method may additionally include the aerosol delivery device performing the control function in response to the user input. | 1. An aerosol delivery device comprising:
a puff sensor configured to detect a puff input to the aerosol delivery device; and processing circuitry coupled with the puff sensor, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to cause the aerosol delivery device to at least:
determine a characteristic of the puff input;
determine a control function having a defined association with the characteristic; and
performing the control function in response to the puff input. 2. The aerosol delivery device of claim 2, wherein the control function comprises a function other than heating aerosol precursor composition to form an inhalable substance. 3. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to cause the aerosol delivery device to perform the control function at least in part by causing the aerosol delivery device to provide an indication of a level of aerosol precursor composition remaining in a cartridge operatively engaged with the aerosol delivery device in response to the puff input. 4. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the aerosol delivery device further comprises a battery, and wherein processing circuitry is configured to cause the aerosol delivery device to perform the control function at least in part by causing the aerosol delivery device to provide an indication of a charge level of the battery. 5. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to cause the aerosol delivery device to perform the control function at least in part by causing the aerosol delivery device to modify a configuration setting of the aerosol delivery device. 6. The aerosol delivery device of claim 5, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to cause the aerosol delivery device to modify the configuration setting at least in part by causing the aerosol delivery device to modify one or more of a configuration setting for a light emitting diode (LED) indicator, a haptic feedback configuration, a heating profile configuration, an aerosol precursor composition vaporization setting, a puff control setting, or a battery management setting. 7. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the characteristic comprises one or more of a duration of a puff, a total number of puffs in the puff input, an interval between two puffs, a force of a puff, or detection of a reverse puff. 8. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to cause the aerosol delivery device to:
receive a user input configured to change a control mode of the aerosol delivery device to cause the aerosol delivery device to perform the control function in response to the puff input rather than heating aerosol precursor composition to form an inhalable substance in response to the puff input; and change the control mode in response to the user input; wherein the control function is performed based at least in part on the change in control mode. 9. A method for controlling an aerosol delivery device based at least in part on user input characteristics, the method comprising the aerosol delivery device:
determining a characteristic of a user input to the aerosol delivery device; determining a control function having a defined association with the characteristic; and performing the control function in response to the user input. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising the aerosol delivery device:
determining based at least in part on the characteristic that the user input is for a control function other than a default function associated with an input mechanism via which the user input was received. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the control function comprises a function other than heating aerosol precursor composition to form an inhalable substance or toggling a power state of the aerosol delivery device. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein performing the control function comprises one or more of providing an indication of a level of aerosol precursor composition remaining in a cartridge operatively engaged with the aerosol delivery device or providing an indication of a charge level of a battery implemented on the aerosol delivery device. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein performing the control function comprises modifying a configuration setting of the aerosol delivery device. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein modifying the configuration setting comprises modifying one or more of a configuration setting for a light emitting diode (LED) indicator, a haptic feedback configuration setting, a heating profile configuration, an aerosol precursor composition vaporization setting, a puff control setting, or a battery management setting. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the user input comprises a puff input comprised of one or more puffs. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein determining the characteristic comprises determining one or more of a duration of a puff, a total number of puffs in the puff input, an interval between two puffs, a force of a puff, or detection of a reverse puff. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising the aerosol delivery device:
receiving a second user input, the second user input being configured to change a control mode of the aerosol delivery device to cause the aerosol delivery device to perform the control function in response to the puff input rather than heating aerosol precursor composition to form an inhalable substance in response to the puff input; and changing the control mode in response to the second user input. 18. The method of claim 9, wherein the user input comprises manipulation of the aerosol delivery device. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein determining the characteristic comprises determining one or more of a type of the manipulation, direction of motion of the aerosol delivery device, a change in orientation of the aerosol delivery device, an angular displacement of the aerosol delivery device, an acceleration of the aerosol delivery device, or a number of repetitively occurring motion patterns in the manipulation. 20. A computer program product for controlling an aerosol delivery device based at least in part on user input characteristics, the computer program product comprising at least one non-transitory computer readable medium having program instructions stored thereon, the program instructions comprising:
program code for determining a characteristic of a user input to the aerosol delivery device; program code for determining a control function having a defined association with the characteristic; and program code for performing the control function in response to the user input. 21. The computer program product of claim 20, wherein the program instructions further comprise:
program code for determining based at least in part on the characteristic that the user input is for a control function other than a default function associated with an input mechanism via which the user input was received. 22. The computer program product of claim 20, wherein the program code for performing the control function comprises program code for one or more of providing an indication of a level of aerosol precursor composition remaining in a cartridge operatively engaged with the aerosol delivery device or providing an indication of a charge level of a battery implemented on the aerosol delivery device. 23. The computer program product of claim 20, wherein the program code for performing the control function comprises program code for modifying a configuration setting of the aerosol delivery device. 24. The computer program product of claim 20, wherein the user input comprises a puff input comprised of one or more puffs. 25. The computer program product of claim 20, wherein the user input comprises manipulation of the aerosol delivery device. | The present disclosure relates to an aerosol delivery device and related methods and computer program products for controlling an aerosol delivery device based on input characteristics. For example, a method may include an aerosol delivery device determining a characteristic of a user input to the aerosol delivery device. The method may further include the aerosol delivery device determining a control function having a defined association with the characteristic. The method may additionally include the aerosol delivery device performing the control function in response to the user input.1. An aerosol delivery device comprising:
a puff sensor configured to detect a puff input to the aerosol delivery device; and processing circuitry coupled with the puff sensor, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to cause the aerosol delivery device to at least:
determine a characteristic of the puff input;
determine a control function having a defined association with the characteristic; and
performing the control function in response to the puff input. 2. The aerosol delivery device of claim 2, wherein the control function comprises a function other than heating aerosol precursor composition to form an inhalable substance. 3. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to cause the aerosol delivery device to perform the control function at least in part by causing the aerosol delivery device to provide an indication of a level of aerosol precursor composition remaining in a cartridge operatively engaged with the aerosol delivery device in response to the puff input. 4. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the aerosol delivery device further comprises a battery, and wherein processing circuitry is configured to cause the aerosol delivery device to perform the control function at least in part by causing the aerosol delivery device to provide an indication of a charge level of the battery. 5. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to cause the aerosol delivery device to perform the control function at least in part by causing the aerosol delivery device to modify a configuration setting of the aerosol delivery device. 6. The aerosol delivery device of claim 5, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to cause the aerosol delivery device to modify the configuration setting at least in part by causing the aerosol delivery device to modify one or more of a configuration setting for a light emitting diode (LED) indicator, a haptic feedback configuration, a heating profile configuration, an aerosol precursor composition vaporization setting, a puff control setting, or a battery management setting. 7. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the characteristic comprises one or more of a duration of a puff, a total number of puffs in the puff input, an interval between two puffs, a force of a puff, or detection of a reverse puff. 8. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to cause the aerosol delivery device to:
receive a user input configured to change a control mode of the aerosol delivery device to cause the aerosol delivery device to perform the control function in response to the puff input rather than heating aerosol precursor composition to form an inhalable substance in response to the puff input; and change the control mode in response to the user input; wherein the control function is performed based at least in part on the change in control mode. 9. A method for controlling an aerosol delivery device based at least in part on user input characteristics, the method comprising the aerosol delivery device:
determining a characteristic of a user input to the aerosol delivery device; determining a control function having a defined association with the characteristic; and performing the control function in response to the user input. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising the aerosol delivery device:
determining based at least in part on the characteristic that the user input is for a control function other than a default function associated with an input mechanism via which the user input was received. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the control function comprises a function other than heating aerosol precursor composition to form an inhalable substance or toggling a power state of the aerosol delivery device. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein performing the control function comprises one or more of providing an indication of a level of aerosol precursor composition remaining in a cartridge operatively engaged with the aerosol delivery device or providing an indication of a charge level of a battery implemented on the aerosol delivery device. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein performing the control function comprises modifying a configuration setting of the aerosol delivery device. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein modifying the configuration setting comprises modifying one or more of a configuration setting for a light emitting diode (LED) indicator, a haptic feedback configuration setting, a heating profile configuration, an aerosol precursor composition vaporization setting, a puff control setting, or a battery management setting. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the user input comprises a puff input comprised of one or more puffs. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein determining the characteristic comprises determining one or more of a duration of a puff, a total number of puffs in the puff input, an interval between two puffs, a force of a puff, or detection of a reverse puff. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising the aerosol delivery device:
receiving a second user input, the second user input being configured to change a control mode of the aerosol delivery device to cause the aerosol delivery device to perform the control function in response to the puff input rather than heating aerosol precursor composition to form an inhalable substance in response to the puff input; and changing the control mode in response to the second user input. 18. The method of claim 9, wherein the user input comprises manipulation of the aerosol delivery device. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein determining the characteristic comprises determining one or more of a type of the manipulation, direction of motion of the aerosol delivery device, a change in orientation of the aerosol delivery device, an angular displacement of the aerosol delivery device, an acceleration of the aerosol delivery device, or a number of repetitively occurring motion patterns in the manipulation. 20. A computer program product for controlling an aerosol delivery device based at least in part on user input characteristics, the computer program product comprising at least one non-transitory computer readable medium having program instructions stored thereon, the program instructions comprising:
program code for determining a characteristic of a user input to the aerosol delivery device; program code for determining a control function having a defined association with the characteristic; and program code for performing the control function in response to the user input. 21. The computer program product of claim 20, wherein the program instructions further comprise:
program code for determining based at least in part on the characteristic that the user input is for a control function other than a default function associated with an input mechanism via which the user input was received. 22. The computer program product of claim 20, wherein the program code for performing the control function comprises program code for one or more of providing an indication of a level of aerosol precursor composition remaining in a cartridge operatively engaged with the aerosol delivery device or providing an indication of a charge level of a battery implemented on the aerosol delivery device. 23. The computer program product of claim 20, wherein the program code for performing the control function comprises program code for modifying a configuration setting of the aerosol delivery device. 24. The computer program product of claim 20, wherein the user input comprises a puff input comprised of one or more puffs. 25. The computer program product of claim 20, wherein the user input comprises manipulation of the aerosol delivery device. | 1,700 |
2,085 | 13,905,730 | 1,722 | The invention is directed to a process for forming a particle film on a substrate. Preferably, a series of corona guns, staggered to optimize film thickness uniformity, are oriented on both sides of a slowly translating grounded substrate (copper or aluminum for the anode or cathode, respectively). The substrate is preferably slightly heated to induce binder flow, and passed through a set of hot rollers that further induce melting and improve film uniformity. The sheeting is collected on a roll or can be combined in-situ and rolled into a single-cell battery. The invention is also directed to products formed by the processes of the invention and, in particular, batteries. | 1. A process for forming a conductive particle film comprising:
mixing conductive particles with a binder to form a mixture; aerosolizing the mixture; applying a charge to the aerosol mixture; applying heat to a grounded substrate; and applying the mixture to the heated and grounded substrate by aerodynamic or electrostatic interaction, forming the conductive particle film. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the substrate is a metal foil heated above the melting point of the binder by resistive, convective, or radiative heating. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the conductive particles comprise anodic or cathodic material. 4. The process of claim 3, wherein the anodic or cathodic material comprises at least one of carbon, lithium titanate, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, lithium iron phosphate, or lithium iron manganese phosphate. 5. The process of claim 1, where the charge is applied to the conductive particles by a corona gun or by triboelectric charging. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the binder is selected from the group comprising PVDF, PTFE and SBR. 7. The process of claim 1, where mixing the conductive particles with binder comprises a co-aerosolization. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein applying the mixture to the film comprises a reel-to-reel deposition system wherein particles are deposited in multiple streams. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the film is applied to a roll of substrate in a continuous process. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the conductive particles are mixed with a binder by at least one of co-aerosolizing the binder as a dry powder using a turntable dust generator or fluidized bed disperser; dissolving the binder in a solvent, atomizing the dissolved binder into microdroplets, and mixed with the particles as an aerosol; or vaporizing the binder and allowing the vaporized binder to condense on the particles. 11. A battery formed by the process of claim 1. 12. A system for forming a conductive particle film comprising:
a mixer to combine conductive particles with a binder to form a mixture; an aerosolizer to aerosolize the mixture; an electrical charging device to charge the aerosol mixture; a heating device to heat a substrate; and a grounding device to ground the substrate; wherein the film is applied to the substrate in a continuous process. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the substrate is a metal foil heated above the melting point of the binder and the heating device is a resistive, convective, or radiant heating device. 14. The system of claim 12, wherein the conductive particles comprise anodic or cathodic material. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the anodic or cathodic material comprises at least one of carbon, lithium titanate, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, lithium iron phosphate, or lithium iron manganese phosphate. 16. The system of claim 12, where the electrical charging device is at least one of a corona gun or by triboelectric charging. 17. The system of claim 12, wherein the binder is selected from the group comprising PVDF, PTFE and SBR. 18. The system of claim 12, where mixing the conductive particles with binder comprises a co-aerosolization. 19. The system of claim 12, further comprising a reel-to-reel deposition system wherein particles are deposited in multiple streams. 20. The system of claim 12, wherein the mixer at least one of co-aerosolizes the binder as a dry powder using a turntable dust generator or fluidized bed disperser; dissolves the binder in a solvent, atomizes the dissolved binder into microdroplets, and mixes with the particles as an aerosol; or vaporizes the binder and allows the vaporized binder to condense on the particles. 21. A battery formed by the system of claim 12. | The invention is directed to a process for forming a particle film on a substrate. Preferably, a series of corona guns, staggered to optimize film thickness uniformity, are oriented on both sides of a slowly translating grounded substrate (copper or aluminum for the anode or cathode, respectively). The substrate is preferably slightly heated to induce binder flow, and passed through a set of hot rollers that further induce melting and improve film uniformity. The sheeting is collected on a roll or can be combined in-situ and rolled into a single-cell battery. The invention is also directed to products formed by the processes of the invention and, in particular, batteries.1. A process for forming a conductive particle film comprising:
mixing conductive particles with a binder to form a mixture; aerosolizing the mixture; applying a charge to the aerosol mixture; applying heat to a grounded substrate; and applying the mixture to the heated and grounded substrate by aerodynamic or electrostatic interaction, forming the conductive particle film. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the substrate is a metal foil heated above the melting point of the binder by resistive, convective, or radiative heating. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the conductive particles comprise anodic or cathodic material. 4. The process of claim 3, wherein the anodic or cathodic material comprises at least one of carbon, lithium titanate, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, lithium iron phosphate, or lithium iron manganese phosphate. 5. The process of claim 1, where the charge is applied to the conductive particles by a corona gun or by triboelectric charging. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the binder is selected from the group comprising PVDF, PTFE and SBR. 7. The process of claim 1, where mixing the conductive particles with binder comprises a co-aerosolization. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein applying the mixture to the film comprises a reel-to-reel deposition system wherein particles are deposited in multiple streams. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the film is applied to a roll of substrate in a continuous process. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the conductive particles are mixed with a binder by at least one of co-aerosolizing the binder as a dry powder using a turntable dust generator or fluidized bed disperser; dissolving the binder in a solvent, atomizing the dissolved binder into microdroplets, and mixed with the particles as an aerosol; or vaporizing the binder and allowing the vaporized binder to condense on the particles. 11. A battery formed by the process of claim 1. 12. A system for forming a conductive particle film comprising:
a mixer to combine conductive particles with a binder to form a mixture; an aerosolizer to aerosolize the mixture; an electrical charging device to charge the aerosol mixture; a heating device to heat a substrate; and a grounding device to ground the substrate; wherein the film is applied to the substrate in a continuous process. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the substrate is a metal foil heated above the melting point of the binder and the heating device is a resistive, convective, or radiant heating device. 14. The system of claim 12, wherein the conductive particles comprise anodic or cathodic material. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the anodic or cathodic material comprises at least one of carbon, lithium titanate, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, lithium iron phosphate, or lithium iron manganese phosphate. 16. The system of claim 12, where the electrical charging device is at least one of a corona gun or by triboelectric charging. 17. The system of claim 12, wherein the binder is selected from the group comprising PVDF, PTFE and SBR. 18. The system of claim 12, where mixing the conductive particles with binder comprises a co-aerosolization. 19. The system of claim 12, further comprising a reel-to-reel deposition system wherein particles are deposited in multiple streams. 20. The system of claim 12, wherein the mixer at least one of co-aerosolizes the binder as a dry powder using a turntable dust generator or fluidized bed disperser; dissolves the binder in a solvent, atomizes the dissolved binder into microdroplets, and mixes with the particles as an aerosol; or vaporizes the binder and allows the vaporized binder to condense on the particles. 21. A battery formed by the system of claim 12. | 1,700 |
2,086 | 14,849,607 | 1,722 | A liquid crystal composition satisfying at least one of characteristics such as high maximum temperature, low minimum temperature, small viscosity, suitable optical anisotropy, large negative dielectric anisotropy, large specific resistance, high stability to ultraviolet light and heat, or having a suitable balance regarding at least two of the characteristics; and an AM device having characteristics such as short response time, a large voltage holding ratio, low threshold voltage, a large contrast ratio and long service life are provided. The composition has negative dielectric anisotropy and contains a specific compound having large negative dielectric anisotropy as a first component, a specific compound having small viscosity as a second component, and may contain a specific compound having high maximum temperature or small viscosity as a third component, a specific compound having negative dielectric anisotropy as a fourth component, or a specific compound having a polymerizable group as an additive component. | 1. A liquid crystal composition that has a negative dielectric anisotropy, and contains at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (1) as a first component, and a compound represented by formula (2) as a second component:
wherein, in formula (1), R1 and R2 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, alkenyloxy having 2 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; Z1 and Z2 are independently a single bond, ethylene, carbonyloxy or methyleneoxy; and X1, X2, X3 and X4 are independently hydrogen, fluorine or chlorine, wherein, at least one of X1, X2, X3 and X4 is fluorine or chlorine. 2. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 1, containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formulas (1-1) to (1-3) as the first component:
wherein, in formulas (1-1) to (1-3), R1 and R2 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, alkenyloxy having 2 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine. 3. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 1, wherein a ratio of the first component is in the range of 5% by weight to 30% by weight, and a ratio of the second component is in the range of 15% by weight to 60% by weight, based on the weight of the liquid crystal composition. 4. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 1, containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (3) as a third component:
wherein, in formula (3), R3 and R4 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; ring A and ring B are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phenylene, 2-fluoro-1,4-phenylene or 2,5-difluoro-1,4-phenylene; Z3 is a single bond, ethylene or carbonyloxy; n is 1, 2 or 3; wherein, when n is 1, ring B is 1,4-phenylene. 5. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 4, containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formulas (3-1) to (3-12) as the third component:
wherein, in formulas (3-1) to (3-12), R3 and R4 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine. 6. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 4, wherein a ratio of the third component is in the range of 5% by weight to 50% by weight based on the weight of the liquid crystal composition. 7. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 1, containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (4) as a fourth component:
wherein, in formula (4), R5 and R6 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, alkenyloxy having 2 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; ring C and ring E are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,4-phenylene, or 1,4-phenylene in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; ring D is 2,3-difluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2-chloro-3-fluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2,3-difluoro-5-methyl-1,4-phenylene, 3,4,5-trifluoronaphthalene-2,6-diyl or 7,8-difluorochroman-2,6-diyl; Z4 and Z5 are independently a single bond, ethylene, carbonyloxy or methyleneoxy; p is 1, 2 or 3; q is 0 or 1; a sum of p and q is 3 or less; wherein, when p is 2 and q is 0, at least one of ring C is 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene or tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl. 8. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 7, containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formulas (4-1) to (4-19) as the fourth component:
wherein, in formulas (4-1) to (4-19), R5 and R6 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, alkenyloxy having 2 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine. 9. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 7, wherein a ratio of the fourth component is in the range of 10% by weight to 80% by weight based on the weight of the liquid crystal composition. 10. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 4, containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (4) as a fourth component:
wherein, in formula (4), R5 and R6 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, alkenyloxy having 2 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; ring C and ring E are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,4-phenylene, or 1,4-phenylene in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; ring D is 2,3-difluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2-chloro-3-fluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2,3-difluoro-5-methyl-1,4-phenylene, 3,4,5-trifluoronaphthalene-2,6-diyl or 7,8-difluorochroman-2,6-diyl; Z4 and Z5 are independently a single bond, ethylene, carbonyloxy or methyleneoxy; p is 1, 2 or 3; q is 0 or 1; a sum of p and q is 3 or less; wherein, when p is 2 and q is 0, at least one of ring C is 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene or tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl. 11. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 1, containing at least one polymerizable compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (5) as an additive component:
wherein, in formula (5), ring K and ring M are independently cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, tetrahydropyran-2-yl, 1,3-dioxane-2-yl, pyrimidine-2-yl or pyridine-2-yl, and in the rings, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; ring L is 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,4-phenylene, naphthalene-1,2-diyl, naphthalene-1,3-diyl, naphthalene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-1,5-diyl, naphthalene-1,6-diyl, naphthalene-1,7-diyl, naphthalene-1,8-diyl, naphthalene-2,3-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, naphthalene-2,7-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl or pyridine-2,5-diyl, and in the rings, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; Z6 and Z7 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in the alkylene, at least one of —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —CO—, —COO— or —OCO—, at least one of —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH—, —C(CH3)═CH—, —CH═C(CH3)— or —C(CH3)═C(CH3)—, and in the groups, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine; P1, P2 and P3 are independently a polymerizable group; Sp1, Sp2 and Sp3 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in the alkylene, at least one of —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —COO—, —OCO— or —OCOO—, at least one of —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH— or —C≡C—, and in the groups, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine; g is 0, 1 or 2; h, j and k are independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and a sum of h, j and k is 1 or more. 12. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 11, wherein, in formula (5), P1, P2 and P3 are independently a polymerizable group selected from the group of groups represented by formulas (P-1) to (P-5):
wherein, in formulas (P-1) to (P-5), M1, M2 and M3 are independently hydrogen, fluorine, alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine. 13. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 11, containing at least one polymerizable compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formulas (5-1) to (5-27) as the additive component:
wherein, in formulas (5-1) to (5-27), P4, P5 and P6 are independently a polymerizable group selected from the group of groups represented by formulas (P-1) to (P-3):
wherein, in formula (P-1) to formula (P-3), M1, M2 and M3 are independently hydrogen, fluorine, alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; in formulas (5-1) to (5-27), Sp1, Sp2 and Sp3 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in the alkylene, at least one of —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —COO—, —OCO— or —OCOO—, at least one of —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH— or —C≡C—, and in the groups, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine. 14. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 11, wherein a ratio of addition of the additive component is in the range of 0.03% by weight to 10% by weight based on the weight of the liquid crystal composition. 15. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 4, containing at least one polymerizable compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (5) as an additive component:
wherein, in formula (5), ring K and ring M are independently cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, tetrahydropyran-2-yl, 1,3-dioxane-2-yl, pyrimidine-2-yl or pyridine-2-yl, and in the rings, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; ring L is 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,4-phenylene, naphthalene-1,2-diyl, naphthalene-1,3-diyl, naphthalene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-1,5-diyl, naphthalene-1,6-diyl, naphthalene-1,7-diyl, naphthalene-1,8-diyl, naphthalene-2,3-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, naphthalene-2,7-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl or pyridine-2,5-diyl, and in the rings, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; Z6 and Z7 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in the alkylene, at least one of —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —CO—, —COO— or —OCO—, at least one of —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH—, —C(CH3)═CH—, —CH═C(CH3)— or —C(CH3)═C(CH3)—, and in the groups, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine; P1, P2 and P3 are independently a polymerizable group; Sp1, Sp2 and Sp3 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in the alkylene, at least one of —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —COO—, —OCO— or —OCOO—, at least one of —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH— or —C≡C—, and in the groups, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine; g is 0, 1 or 2; h, j and k are independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and a sum of h, j and k is 1 or more. 16. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 7, containing at least one polymerizable compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (5) as an additive component:
wherein, in formula (5), ring K and ring M are independently cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, tetrahydropyran-2-yl, 1,3-dioxane-2-yl, pyrimidine-2-yl or pyridine-2-yl, and in the rings, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; ring L is 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,4-phenylene, naphthalene-1,2-diyl, naphthalene-1,3-diyl, naphthalene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-1,5-diyl, naphthalene-1,6-diyl, naphthalene-1,7-diyl, naphthalene-1,8-diyl, naphthalene-2,3-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, naphthalene-2,7-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl or pyridine-2,5-diyl, and in the rings, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; Z6 and Z7 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in the alkylene, at least one of —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —CO—, —COO— or —OCO—, at least one of —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH—, —C(CH3)═CH—, —CH═C(CH3)— or —C(CH3)═C(CH3)—, and in the groups, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine; P1, P2 and P3 are independently a polymerizable group; Sp1, Sp2 and Sp3 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in the alkylene, at least one of —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —COO—, —OCO— or —OCOO—, at least one of —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH— or —C≡C—, and in the groups, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine; g is 0, 1 or 2; h, j and k are independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and a sum of h, j and k is 1 or more. 17. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 10, containing at least one polymerizable compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (5) as an additive component:
wherein, in formula (5), ring K and ring M are independently cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, tetrahydropyran-2-yl, 1,3-dioxane-2-yl, pyrimidine-2-yl or pyridine-2-yl, and in the rings, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; ring L is 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,4-phenylene, naphthalene-1,2-diyl, naphthalene-1,3-diyl, naphthalene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-1,5-diyl, naphthalene-1,6-diyl, naphthalene-1,7-diyl, naphthalene-1,8-diyl, naphthalene-2,3-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, naphthalene-2,7-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl or pyridine-2,5-diyl, and in the rings, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; Z6 and Z7 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in the alkylene, at least one of —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —CO—, —COO— or —OCO—, at least one of —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH—, —C(CH3)═CH—, —CH═C(CH3)— or —C(CH3)═C(CH3)—, and in the groups, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine; P1, P2 and P3 are independently a polymerizable group; Sp1, Sp2 and Sp3 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in the alkylene, at least one of —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —COO—, —OCO— or —OCOO—, at least one of —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH— or —C≡O—, and in the groups, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine; g is 0, 1 or 2; h, j and k are independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and a sum of h, j and k is 1 or more. 18. A liquid crystal display device, including the liquid crystal composition according to claim 1. 19. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 18, wherein an operating mode in the liquid crystal display device is an IPS mode, a VA mode, an FFS mode or an FPA mode, and a driving mode in the liquid crystal display device is an active matrix mode. 20. A polymer sustained alignment mode liquid crystal display device, wherein the liquid crystal display device includes the liquid crystal composition according to claim 11, or the polymerizable compound in the liquid crystal composition is polymerized. | A liquid crystal composition satisfying at least one of characteristics such as high maximum temperature, low minimum temperature, small viscosity, suitable optical anisotropy, large negative dielectric anisotropy, large specific resistance, high stability to ultraviolet light and heat, or having a suitable balance regarding at least two of the characteristics; and an AM device having characteristics such as short response time, a large voltage holding ratio, low threshold voltage, a large contrast ratio and long service life are provided. The composition has negative dielectric anisotropy and contains a specific compound having large negative dielectric anisotropy as a first component, a specific compound having small viscosity as a second component, and may contain a specific compound having high maximum temperature or small viscosity as a third component, a specific compound having negative dielectric anisotropy as a fourth component, or a specific compound having a polymerizable group as an additive component.1. A liquid crystal composition that has a negative dielectric anisotropy, and contains at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (1) as a first component, and a compound represented by formula (2) as a second component:
wherein, in formula (1), R1 and R2 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, alkenyloxy having 2 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; Z1 and Z2 are independently a single bond, ethylene, carbonyloxy or methyleneoxy; and X1, X2, X3 and X4 are independently hydrogen, fluorine or chlorine, wherein, at least one of X1, X2, X3 and X4 is fluorine or chlorine. 2. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 1, containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formulas (1-1) to (1-3) as the first component:
wherein, in formulas (1-1) to (1-3), R1 and R2 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, alkenyloxy having 2 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine. 3. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 1, wherein a ratio of the first component is in the range of 5% by weight to 30% by weight, and a ratio of the second component is in the range of 15% by weight to 60% by weight, based on the weight of the liquid crystal composition. 4. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 1, containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (3) as a third component:
wherein, in formula (3), R3 and R4 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; ring A and ring B are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phenylene, 2-fluoro-1,4-phenylene or 2,5-difluoro-1,4-phenylene; Z3 is a single bond, ethylene or carbonyloxy; n is 1, 2 or 3; wherein, when n is 1, ring B is 1,4-phenylene. 5. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 4, containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formulas (3-1) to (3-12) as the third component:
wherein, in formulas (3-1) to (3-12), R3 and R4 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine. 6. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 4, wherein a ratio of the third component is in the range of 5% by weight to 50% by weight based on the weight of the liquid crystal composition. 7. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 1, containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (4) as a fourth component:
wherein, in formula (4), R5 and R6 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, alkenyloxy having 2 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; ring C and ring E are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,4-phenylene, or 1,4-phenylene in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; ring D is 2,3-difluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2-chloro-3-fluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2,3-difluoro-5-methyl-1,4-phenylene, 3,4,5-trifluoronaphthalene-2,6-diyl or 7,8-difluorochroman-2,6-diyl; Z4 and Z5 are independently a single bond, ethylene, carbonyloxy or methyleneoxy; p is 1, 2 or 3; q is 0 or 1; a sum of p and q is 3 or less; wherein, when p is 2 and q is 0, at least one of ring C is 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene or tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl. 8. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 7, containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formulas (4-1) to (4-19) as the fourth component:
wherein, in formulas (4-1) to (4-19), R5 and R6 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, alkenyloxy having 2 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine. 9. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 7, wherein a ratio of the fourth component is in the range of 10% by weight to 80% by weight based on the weight of the liquid crystal composition. 10. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 4, containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (4) as a fourth component:
wherein, in formula (4), R5 and R6 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, alkenyloxy having 2 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; ring C and ring E are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,4-phenylene, or 1,4-phenylene in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; ring D is 2,3-difluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2-chloro-3-fluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2,3-difluoro-5-methyl-1,4-phenylene, 3,4,5-trifluoronaphthalene-2,6-diyl or 7,8-difluorochroman-2,6-diyl; Z4 and Z5 are independently a single bond, ethylene, carbonyloxy or methyleneoxy; p is 1, 2 or 3; q is 0 or 1; a sum of p and q is 3 or less; wherein, when p is 2 and q is 0, at least one of ring C is 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene or tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl. 11. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 1, containing at least one polymerizable compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (5) as an additive component:
wherein, in formula (5), ring K and ring M are independently cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, tetrahydropyran-2-yl, 1,3-dioxane-2-yl, pyrimidine-2-yl or pyridine-2-yl, and in the rings, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; ring L is 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,4-phenylene, naphthalene-1,2-diyl, naphthalene-1,3-diyl, naphthalene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-1,5-diyl, naphthalene-1,6-diyl, naphthalene-1,7-diyl, naphthalene-1,8-diyl, naphthalene-2,3-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, naphthalene-2,7-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl or pyridine-2,5-diyl, and in the rings, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; Z6 and Z7 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in the alkylene, at least one of —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —CO—, —COO— or —OCO—, at least one of —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH—, —C(CH3)═CH—, —CH═C(CH3)— or —C(CH3)═C(CH3)—, and in the groups, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine; P1, P2 and P3 are independently a polymerizable group; Sp1, Sp2 and Sp3 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in the alkylene, at least one of —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —COO—, —OCO— or —OCOO—, at least one of —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH— or —C≡C—, and in the groups, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine; g is 0, 1 or 2; h, j and k are independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and a sum of h, j and k is 1 or more. 12. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 11, wherein, in formula (5), P1, P2 and P3 are independently a polymerizable group selected from the group of groups represented by formulas (P-1) to (P-5):
wherein, in formulas (P-1) to (P-5), M1, M2 and M3 are independently hydrogen, fluorine, alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine. 13. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 11, containing at least one polymerizable compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formulas (5-1) to (5-27) as the additive component:
wherein, in formulas (5-1) to (5-27), P4, P5 and P6 are independently a polymerizable group selected from the group of groups represented by formulas (P-1) to (P-3):
wherein, in formula (P-1) to formula (P-3), M1, M2 and M3 are independently hydrogen, fluorine, alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; in formulas (5-1) to (5-27), Sp1, Sp2 and Sp3 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in the alkylene, at least one of —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —COO—, —OCO— or —OCOO—, at least one of —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH— or —C≡C—, and in the groups, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine. 14. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 11, wherein a ratio of addition of the additive component is in the range of 0.03% by weight to 10% by weight based on the weight of the liquid crystal composition. 15. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 4, containing at least one polymerizable compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (5) as an additive component:
wherein, in formula (5), ring K and ring M are independently cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, tetrahydropyran-2-yl, 1,3-dioxane-2-yl, pyrimidine-2-yl or pyridine-2-yl, and in the rings, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; ring L is 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,4-phenylene, naphthalene-1,2-diyl, naphthalene-1,3-diyl, naphthalene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-1,5-diyl, naphthalene-1,6-diyl, naphthalene-1,7-diyl, naphthalene-1,8-diyl, naphthalene-2,3-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, naphthalene-2,7-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl or pyridine-2,5-diyl, and in the rings, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; Z6 and Z7 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in the alkylene, at least one of —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —CO—, —COO— or —OCO—, at least one of —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH—, —C(CH3)═CH—, —CH═C(CH3)— or —C(CH3)═C(CH3)—, and in the groups, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine; P1, P2 and P3 are independently a polymerizable group; Sp1, Sp2 and Sp3 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in the alkylene, at least one of —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —COO—, —OCO— or —OCOO—, at least one of —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH— or —C≡C—, and in the groups, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine; g is 0, 1 or 2; h, j and k are independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and a sum of h, j and k is 1 or more. 16. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 7, containing at least one polymerizable compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (5) as an additive component:
wherein, in formula (5), ring K and ring M are independently cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, tetrahydropyran-2-yl, 1,3-dioxane-2-yl, pyrimidine-2-yl or pyridine-2-yl, and in the rings, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; ring L is 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,4-phenylene, naphthalene-1,2-diyl, naphthalene-1,3-diyl, naphthalene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-1,5-diyl, naphthalene-1,6-diyl, naphthalene-1,7-diyl, naphthalene-1,8-diyl, naphthalene-2,3-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, naphthalene-2,7-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl or pyridine-2,5-diyl, and in the rings, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; Z6 and Z7 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in the alkylene, at least one of —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —CO—, —COO— or —OCO—, at least one of —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH—, —C(CH3)═CH—, —CH═C(CH3)— or —C(CH3)═C(CH3)—, and in the groups, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine; P1, P2 and P3 are independently a polymerizable group; Sp1, Sp2 and Sp3 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in the alkylene, at least one of —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —COO—, —OCO— or —OCOO—, at least one of —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH— or —C≡C—, and in the groups, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine; g is 0, 1 or 2; h, j and k are independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and a sum of h, j and k is 1 or more. 17. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 10, containing at least one polymerizable compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (5) as an additive component:
wherein, in formula (5), ring K and ring M are independently cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, tetrahydropyran-2-yl, 1,3-dioxane-2-yl, pyrimidine-2-yl or pyridine-2-yl, and in the rings, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; ring L is 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,4-phenylene, naphthalene-1,2-diyl, naphthalene-1,3-diyl, naphthalene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-1,5-diyl, naphthalene-1,6-diyl, naphthalene-1,7-diyl, naphthalene-1,8-diyl, naphthalene-2,3-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, naphthalene-2,7-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl or pyridine-2,5-diyl, and in the rings, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; Z6 and Z7 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in the alkylene, at least one of —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —CO—, —COO— or —OCO—, at least one of —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH—, —C(CH3)═CH—, —CH═C(CH3)— or —C(CH3)═C(CH3)—, and in the groups, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine; P1, P2 and P3 are independently a polymerizable group; Sp1, Sp2 and Sp3 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in the alkylene, at least one of —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —COO—, —OCO— or —OCOO—, at least one of —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH— or —C≡O—, and in the groups, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine; g is 0, 1 or 2; h, j and k are independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and a sum of h, j and k is 1 or more. 18. A liquid crystal display device, including the liquid crystal composition according to claim 1. 19. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 18, wherein an operating mode in the liquid crystal display device is an IPS mode, a VA mode, an FFS mode or an FPA mode, and a driving mode in the liquid crystal display device is an active matrix mode. 20. A polymer sustained alignment mode liquid crystal display device, wherein the liquid crystal display device includes the liquid crystal composition according to claim 11, or the polymerizable compound in the liquid crystal composition is polymerized. | 1,700 |
2,087 | 13,518,173 | 1,793 | A kit for curing a food product includes a nitrite curing salt component (NPS) and a sugar substance component. The sugar substance component is a sucrose isomer composition. The sucrose isomer composition consists primarily of the sucrose isomers isomaltulose and trehalulose. | 1-28. (canceled) 29. A kit for curing a food product, the kit containing:
a nitrite curing salt component (NPS); and a sugar substance component, which is a sucrose isomer composition consisting predominantly of the sucrose isomers isomaltulose and trehalulose. 30. The kit according to claim 29, wherein nitrite salt is present in the nitrite curing salt component in an amount of 0.1 to 0.6% by weight. 31. The kit according to claim 29, wherein nitrite salt is present in the nitrite curing salt component in an amount of up to max. 150 mg per 1 kg of the food product to be cured. 32. The kit according to claim 31, wherein nitrite salt is present in an amount of up to max. 50 mg per 1 kg of the food product to be cured. 33. The kit according to claim 29, wherein the sugar substance component is present in an amount of 0.5 to 9 g (based on the dry solids weight) per 1 kg of the food product to be cured. 34. The kit according to claim 29, wherein the sugar substance component is a trehalulose syrup composition containing 70% to 85% by weight trehalulose, 10% to 15% by weight isomaltulose and 0 to 3% by weight residual saccharides (based on the dry solids weight). 35. The kit according to claim 29, wherein the sugar substance component is an isomaltulose syrup composition containing 70% to 90% by weight isomaltulose, 5 to 15% by weight trehalulose and 0 to 3% by weight residual saccharides (based on the dry solids weight). 36. The kit according to claim 29, further comprising:
an acid-forming curing additive component selected from a group consisting of ascorbic acid and salts thereof, glucono-delta-lactone, lactobionic acid and salts thereof, lactobionic acid-delta-lactone and mixtures thereof. 37. The kit according to claim 36, wherein the acid-forming curing additive component is present in an amount of 0.1 to 9 g (based on dry solids weight) per 1 kg of the food product to be cured. 38. The kit according to claim 36, wherein lactobionic acid and/or lactobionate is present in an amount of 0.1 to 1.5 g (based on the dry solids weight) per 1 kg of the food product to be cured is present as the acid-forming curing additive component. 39. The kit according to claim 36, wherein lactobionic acid and/or lactobionate together with ascorbic acid and/or ascorbate is present each in an amount of 0.1 to 1.5 g (based on the dry solids weight) per 1 kg of the food product to be cured is present as the acid-forming curing additive component. 40. The kit according to claim 36, wherein the sugar substance component of the kit also forms the acid-forming curing additive component and the sugar substance component/acid-forming component is a sucrose isomer composition containing unbuffered acids with a pH of 4 to 5. 41. The kit according to claim 29, further comprising an antioxidant curing additive component. 42. The kit according to claim 41, wherein the curing additive component having an antioxidant effect is selected from a group of antioxidants consisting of secondary plant substances, spices and spice extracts and mixtures thereof. 43. The kit according to claim 41, wherein the acid-forming curing additive component of the kit is also the curing additive component that has the antioxidant effect. 44. The kit according to claim 42, wherein the acid-forming curing additive component of the kit is also the curing additive component that has the antioxidant effect. 45. The kit according to claim 41, wherein the sugar substance component of the kit is also the curing additive component that has the antioxidant effect. 46. The kit according to claim 42, wherein the sugar substance component of the kit is also the curing additive component that has the antioxidant effect. 47. The kit according to claim 42, wherein the sugar substance component of the kit is both the acid-forming curing additive component and the antioxidant curing additive component. 48. The kit according to claim 43, wherein the sugar substance component of the kit is both the acid-forming curing additive component and the antioxidant curing additive component. 49. The kit according to claim 29, which is free of additional sugar substitutes such as glucose, fructose and sucrose. 50. A method for preparing cured food product with the kit of claim 29, the method comprising:
bringing the food product to be cured into contact with the nitrite curing salt component (NPS); bringing the food into contact with the sugar substance component. 51. The method according to claim 50, further comprising bringing the food into contact with an acid-forming curing additive component. 52. The method according to claim 50, further comprising bringing the food into contact with an antioxidant curing additive component. 53. The method according to claim 50, further comprising allowing the food to age so that a cured food is obtained. 54. The method according to claim 50, wherein no additional sugar components such as glucose, fructose or sucrose are added to the cured food product during preparation. 55. The method according to claim 50, wherein the food product is selected from meat and meat-containing compositions such as sausage products as well as fish and fish-containing compositions. 56. The method according to claim 50, further comprising reducing a residual nitrite content in the cured food product with the sucrose isomer composition. 57. The method according to claim 50, further comprising improving the reddening effect of nitrite curing salt with the sucrose isomer composition. 58. The method according to claim 50, further comprising reducing an amount of other antioxidant curing additives such as ascorbic acid and ascorbate in the food product with the sucrose isomer composition as a sugar component and as an antioxidant curing additive. | A kit for curing a food product includes a nitrite curing salt component (NPS) and a sugar substance component. The sugar substance component is a sucrose isomer composition. The sucrose isomer composition consists primarily of the sucrose isomers isomaltulose and trehalulose.1-28. (canceled) 29. A kit for curing a food product, the kit containing:
a nitrite curing salt component (NPS); and a sugar substance component, which is a sucrose isomer composition consisting predominantly of the sucrose isomers isomaltulose and trehalulose. 30. The kit according to claim 29, wherein nitrite salt is present in the nitrite curing salt component in an amount of 0.1 to 0.6% by weight. 31. The kit according to claim 29, wherein nitrite salt is present in the nitrite curing salt component in an amount of up to max. 150 mg per 1 kg of the food product to be cured. 32. The kit according to claim 31, wherein nitrite salt is present in an amount of up to max. 50 mg per 1 kg of the food product to be cured. 33. The kit according to claim 29, wherein the sugar substance component is present in an amount of 0.5 to 9 g (based on the dry solids weight) per 1 kg of the food product to be cured. 34. The kit according to claim 29, wherein the sugar substance component is a trehalulose syrup composition containing 70% to 85% by weight trehalulose, 10% to 15% by weight isomaltulose and 0 to 3% by weight residual saccharides (based on the dry solids weight). 35. The kit according to claim 29, wherein the sugar substance component is an isomaltulose syrup composition containing 70% to 90% by weight isomaltulose, 5 to 15% by weight trehalulose and 0 to 3% by weight residual saccharides (based on the dry solids weight). 36. The kit according to claim 29, further comprising:
an acid-forming curing additive component selected from a group consisting of ascorbic acid and salts thereof, glucono-delta-lactone, lactobionic acid and salts thereof, lactobionic acid-delta-lactone and mixtures thereof. 37. The kit according to claim 36, wherein the acid-forming curing additive component is present in an amount of 0.1 to 9 g (based on dry solids weight) per 1 kg of the food product to be cured. 38. The kit according to claim 36, wherein lactobionic acid and/or lactobionate is present in an amount of 0.1 to 1.5 g (based on the dry solids weight) per 1 kg of the food product to be cured is present as the acid-forming curing additive component. 39. The kit according to claim 36, wherein lactobionic acid and/or lactobionate together with ascorbic acid and/or ascorbate is present each in an amount of 0.1 to 1.5 g (based on the dry solids weight) per 1 kg of the food product to be cured is present as the acid-forming curing additive component. 40. The kit according to claim 36, wherein the sugar substance component of the kit also forms the acid-forming curing additive component and the sugar substance component/acid-forming component is a sucrose isomer composition containing unbuffered acids with a pH of 4 to 5. 41. The kit according to claim 29, further comprising an antioxidant curing additive component. 42. The kit according to claim 41, wherein the curing additive component having an antioxidant effect is selected from a group of antioxidants consisting of secondary plant substances, spices and spice extracts and mixtures thereof. 43. The kit according to claim 41, wherein the acid-forming curing additive component of the kit is also the curing additive component that has the antioxidant effect. 44. The kit according to claim 42, wherein the acid-forming curing additive component of the kit is also the curing additive component that has the antioxidant effect. 45. The kit according to claim 41, wherein the sugar substance component of the kit is also the curing additive component that has the antioxidant effect. 46. The kit according to claim 42, wherein the sugar substance component of the kit is also the curing additive component that has the antioxidant effect. 47. The kit according to claim 42, wherein the sugar substance component of the kit is both the acid-forming curing additive component and the antioxidant curing additive component. 48. The kit according to claim 43, wherein the sugar substance component of the kit is both the acid-forming curing additive component and the antioxidant curing additive component. 49. The kit according to claim 29, which is free of additional sugar substitutes such as glucose, fructose and sucrose. 50. A method for preparing cured food product with the kit of claim 29, the method comprising:
bringing the food product to be cured into contact with the nitrite curing salt component (NPS); bringing the food into contact with the sugar substance component. 51. The method according to claim 50, further comprising bringing the food into contact with an acid-forming curing additive component. 52. The method according to claim 50, further comprising bringing the food into contact with an antioxidant curing additive component. 53. The method according to claim 50, further comprising allowing the food to age so that a cured food is obtained. 54. The method according to claim 50, wherein no additional sugar components such as glucose, fructose or sucrose are added to the cured food product during preparation. 55. The method according to claim 50, wherein the food product is selected from meat and meat-containing compositions such as sausage products as well as fish and fish-containing compositions. 56. The method according to claim 50, further comprising reducing a residual nitrite content in the cured food product with the sucrose isomer composition. 57. The method according to claim 50, further comprising improving the reddening effect of nitrite curing salt with the sucrose isomer composition. 58. The method according to claim 50, further comprising reducing an amount of other antioxidant curing additives such as ascorbic acid and ascorbate in the food product with the sucrose isomer composition as a sugar component and as an antioxidant curing additive. | 1,700 |
2,088 | 13,618,784 | 1,714 | An ultrasonic cleaning method for cleaning an object in a solution having a gas dissolved therein includes irradiating ultrasonic waves to the solution having a first dissolved gas concentration. While the ultrasonic waves are being irradiated to the solution, a dissolved gas concentration in the solution is changed from the first dissolved gas concentration to a second dissolved gas concentration that is lower than the first dissolved gas concentration such that sonoluminescence occurs. | 1. An ultrasonic cleaning method for cleaning an object in a solution having a gas dissolved therein, the method comprising:
irradiating ultrasonic waves to the solution having a first dissolved gas concentration; and changing, while the ultrasonic waves are being irradiated to the solution, a dissolved gas concentration in the solution from the first dissolved gas concentration to a second dissolved gas concentration that is lower than the first dissolved gas concentration such that sonoluminescence occurs. 2. The ultrasonic cleaning method according to claim 1, wherein the irradiating of the ultrasonic waves is started at a point of time when the dissolved gas concentration reaches the first dissolved gas concentration. 3. The ultrasonic cleaning method according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of:
irradiating the ultrasonic waves to the solution having a third dissolved gas concentration that is lower than the first dissolved gas concentration; and changing the dissolved gas concentration in the solution from the third dissolved gas concentration to the first dissolved gas concentration while the ultrasonic waves are being irradiated to the solution. 4. The ultrasonic cleaning method according to claim 3, wherein the step of changing the dissolved gas concentration from the third dissolved gas concentration to the first dissolved gas concentration is performed by adding a solution having a dissolved gas concentration higher than the third dissolved gas concentration to a cleaning bath housing the object to be cleaned. 5. The ultrasonic cleaning method according to claim 1, wherein the gas is nitrogen and the second dissolved gas concentration is not less than 4 ppm and not more than 10 ppm. | An ultrasonic cleaning method for cleaning an object in a solution having a gas dissolved therein includes irradiating ultrasonic waves to the solution having a first dissolved gas concentration. While the ultrasonic waves are being irradiated to the solution, a dissolved gas concentration in the solution is changed from the first dissolved gas concentration to a second dissolved gas concentration that is lower than the first dissolved gas concentration such that sonoluminescence occurs.1. An ultrasonic cleaning method for cleaning an object in a solution having a gas dissolved therein, the method comprising:
irradiating ultrasonic waves to the solution having a first dissolved gas concentration; and changing, while the ultrasonic waves are being irradiated to the solution, a dissolved gas concentration in the solution from the first dissolved gas concentration to a second dissolved gas concentration that is lower than the first dissolved gas concentration such that sonoluminescence occurs. 2. The ultrasonic cleaning method according to claim 1, wherein the irradiating of the ultrasonic waves is started at a point of time when the dissolved gas concentration reaches the first dissolved gas concentration. 3. The ultrasonic cleaning method according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of:
irradiating the ultrasonic waves to the solution having a third dissolved gas concentration that is lower than the first dissolved gas concentration; and changing the dissolved gas concentration in the solution from the third dissolved gas concentration to the first dissolved gas concentration while the ultrasonic waves are being irradiated to the solution. 4. The ultrasonic cleaning method according to claim 3, wherein the step of changing the dissolved gas concentration from the third dissolved gas concentration to the first dissolved gas concentration is performed by adding a solution having a dissolved gas concentration higher than the third dissolved gas concentration to a cleaning bath housing the object to be cleaned. 5. The ultrasonic cleaning method according to claim 1, wherein the gas is nitrogen and the second dissolved gas concentration is not less than 4 ppm and not more than 10 ppm. | 1,700 |
2,089 | 14,566,711 | 1,722 | A liquid crystal composition and an AM device containing the liquid crystal composition are described. The liquid crystal composition has a negative dielectric anisotropy, and includes a specific compound having a large optical anisotropy and a small viscosity as a first component, a specific compound having a small viscosity as a second component, and a specific compound having a large optical anisotropy as a third component. The composition may further include a specific compound having a high maximum temperature as a fourth component, a specific compound having a negative dielectric anisotropy as a fifth component, and/or a specific compound having a polymerizable group as an additive component. | 1. A liquid crystal composition, having a negative dielectric anisotropy, and comprising a compound represented by formula (1) as a first component, a compound represented by formula (2) as a second component, and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (3) as a third component, wherein a proportion of the first component is in a range of 10 wt % to 25 wt % based on a weight of the liquid crystal composition:
and in formula (3), R1 and R2 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons. 2. The liquid crystal composition of claim 1, wherein a proportion of the second component is in a range of 10 wt % to 60 wt % and a proportion of the third component is in a range of 5 wt % to 25 wt %, based on the weight of the liquid crystal composition. 3. The liquid crystal composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (4) as a fourth component:
wherein in formula (4), R3 and R4 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, and ring A is 1,4-cyclohexylene or 1,4-phenylene. 4. The liquid crystal composition of claim 3, wherein a proportion of the fourth component is in a range of 5 wt % to 25 wt % based on the weight of the liquid crystal composition. 5. The liquid crystal composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (5) as a fifth component:
wherein in formula (5), R5 and R6 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons; ring B and ring C are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,4-phenylene, or 1,4-phenylene in which at least one hydrogen has been replaced by fluorine or chlorine; Z1 and Z2 are independently a single bond, ethylene, carbonyloxy or methyleneoxy; p is 1, 2 or 3; q is 0 or 1; and the sum of p and q is 3 or less. 6. The liquid crystal composition of claim 3, further comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (5) as a fifth component:
wherein in formula (5), R5 and R6 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons; ring B and ring C are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,4-phenylene, or 1,4-phenylene in which at least one hydrogen has been replaced by fluorine or chlorine; Z1 and Z2 are independently a single bond, ethylene, carbonyloxy or methyleneoxy; p is 1, 2 or 3; q is 0 or 1; and the sum of p and q is 3 or less. 7. The liquid crystal composition of claims, wherein the fifth component comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (5-1) to formula (5-11):
and in formula (5-1) to formula (5-11), R5 and R6 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons. 8. The liquid crystal composition of claim 6, wherein the fifth component comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (5-1) to formula (5-11):
and in formula (5-1) to formula (5-11), R5 and R6 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons. 9. The liquid crystal composition of claim 5, wherein a proportion of the fifth component is in a range of 15 wt % to 70 wt % based on the weight of the liquid crystal composition. 10. The liquid crystal composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one polymerizable compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (6) as an additive component:
wherein in formula (6),
ring K and ring M are independently cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, tetrahydropyran-2-yl, 1,3-dioxane-2-yl, pyrimidine-2-yl or pyridine-2-yl, and in these rings at least one hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one hydrogen has been replaced by fluorine or chlorine;
ring L is 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,4-phenylene, naphthalene-1,2-diyl, naphthalene-1,3-diyl, naphthalene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-1,5-diyl, naphthalene-1,6-diyl, naphthalene-1,7-diyl, naphthalene-1,8-diyl, naphthalene-2,3-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, naphthalene-2,7-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl or pyridine-2,5-diyl, and in these rings at least one hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one hydrogen has been replaced by fluorine or chlorine;
Z3 and Z4 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in this alkylene at least one —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —CO—, —COO— or —OCO—, and at least one —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH—, —C(CH3)═CH—, —CH═C(CH3)— or —C(CH3)═C(CH3)—, and in these groups at least one hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine;
P1, P2 and P3 are independently a polymerizable group;
Sp1, Sp2 and Sp3 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in this alkylene at least one —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —COO—, —OCO— or —OCOO—, and at least one —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH— or —C≡C—, and in these groups at least one hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine;
g is 0, 1 or 2;
h, j and k are independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and
the sum of h, j and k is 1 or more. 11. The liquid crystal composition of claim 3, further comprising at least one polymerizable compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (6) as an additive component:
wherein in formula (6),
ring K and ring M are independently cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, tetrahydropyran-2-yl, 1,3-dioxane-2-yl, pyrimidine-2-yl or pyridine-2-yl, and in these rings at least one hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one hydrogen has been replaced by fluorine or chlorine;
ring L is 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,4-phenylene, naphthalene-1,2-diyl, naphthalene-1,3-diyl, naphthalene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-1,5-diyl, naphthalene-1,6-diyl, naphthalene-1,7-diyl, naphthalene-1,8-diyl, naphthalene-2,3-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, naphthalene-2,7-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl or pyridine-2,5-diyl, and in these rings at least one hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one hydrogen has been replaced by fluorine or chlorine;
Z3 and Z4 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in this alkylene at least one —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —CO—, —COO— or —OCO—, and at least one —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH—, —C(CH3) ═CH—, —CH═C(CH3)— or —C(CH3)═C(CH3)—, and in these groups at least one hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine;
P1, P2 and P3 are independently a polymerizable group;
Sp1, Sp2 and Spa are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in this alkylene at least one —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —COO—, —OCO— or —OCOO—, and at least one —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH— or —C≡C—, and in these groups at least one hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine;
g is 0, 1 or 2;
h, j and k are independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and
the sum of h, j and k is 1 or more. 12. The liquid crystal composition of claim 10, wherein in formula (6), P1, P2 and P3 are independently a polymerizable group selected from the group consisting of groups represented by formula (P-1) to formula (P-5):
and in formula (P-1) to formula (P-5), M1, M2 and M3 are independently hydrogen, fluorine, alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons in which at least one hydrogen has been replaced by fluorine or chlorine. 13. The liquid crystal composition of claim 11, wherein in formula (6), P1, P2 and P3 are independently a polymerizable group selected from the group consisting of groups represented by formula (P-1) to formula (P-5):
and in formula (P-1) to formula (P-5), M1, M2 and M3 are independently hydrogen, fluorine, alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons in which at least one hydrogen has been replaced by fluorine or chlorine. 14. The liquid crystal composition of claim 10, wherein the additive component comprises at least one polymerizable compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (6-1) to formula (6-27):
in formula (6-1) to formula (6-27), P4, P5 and P6 are independently a polymerizable group selected from the group consisting of groups represented by formula (P-1) to formula (P-3);
in formula (P-1) to formula (P-3), M1, M2 and M3 are independently hydrogen, fluorine, alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons in which at least one hydrogen has been replaced by fluorine or chlorine; and
in formula (6-1) to formula (6-27), Sp1, Sp2 and Spa are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in this alkylene at least one —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —OCO—, —OCO— or —OCOO—, and at least one —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH— or —C≡C—, and in these groups at least one hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine. 15. The liquid crystal composition of claim 11, wherein the additive component comprises at least one polymerizable compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (6-1) to formula (6-27):
in formula (6-1) to formula (6-27), P4, P5 and P6 are independently a polymerizable group selected from the group consisting of groups represented by formula (P-1) to formula (P-3);
in formula (P-1) to formula (P-3), M1, M2 and M3 are independently hydrogen, fluorine, alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons in which at least one hydrogen has been replaced by fluorine or chlorine; and
in formula (6-1) to formula (6-27), Sp1, Sp2 and Sp3 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in this alkylene at least one —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —OCO—, —OCO— or —OCOO—, and at least one —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH— or —C≡C—, and in these groups at least one hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine. 16. The liquid crystal composition of claim 10, wherein a proportion of the additive component is in a range of 0.03 wt % to 10 wt % based on the weight of the liquid crystal composition. 17. A liquid crystal display device comprising the liquid crystal composition of claim 1. 18. The liquid crystal display device of claim 17, of which an operating mode is an IPS mode, a VA mode, an FFS mode or an FPA mode, and a driving mode is an active matrix mode. 19. A liquid crystal display device of a polymer sustained alignment type, comprising the liquid crystal composition of claim 10 in which the polymerizable compound in the liquid crystal composition has been polymerized. | A liquid crystal composition and an AM device containing the liquid crystal composition are described. The liquid crystal composition has a negative dielectric anisotropy, and includes a specific compound having a large optical anisotropy and a small viscosity as a first component, a specific compound having a small viscosity as a second component, and a specific compound having a large optical anisotropy as a third component. The composition may further include a specific compound having a high maximum temperature as a fourth component, a specific compound having a negative dielectric anisotropy as a fifth component, and/or a specific compound having a polymerizable group as an additive component.1. A liquid crystal composition, having a negative dielectric anisotropy, and comprising a compound represented by formula (1) as a first component, a compound represented by formula (2) as a second component, and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (3) as a third component, wherein a proportion of the first component is in a range of 10 wt % to 25 wt % based on a weight of the liquid crystal composition:
and in formula (3), R1 and R2 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons. 2. The liquid crystal composition of claim 1, wherein a proportion of the second component is in a range of 10 wt % to 60 wt % and a proportion of the third component is in a range of 5 wt % to 25 wt %, based on the weight of the liquid crystal composition. 3. The liquid crystal composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (4) as a fourth component:
wherein in formula (4), R3 and R4 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, and ring A is 1,4-cyclohexylene or 1,4-phenylene. 4. The liquid crystal composition of claim 3, wherein a proportion of the fourth component is in a range of 5 wt % to 25 wt % based on the weight of the liquid crystal composition. 5. The liquid crystal composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (5) as a fifth component:
wherein in formula (5), R5 and R6 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons; ring B and ring C are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,4-phenylene, or 1,4-phenylene in which at least one hydrogen has been replaced by fluorine or chlorine; Z1 and Z2 are independently a single bond, ethylene, carbonyloxy or methyleneoxy; p is 1, 2 or 3; q is 0 or 1; and the sum of p and q is 3 or less. 6. The liquid crystal composition of claim 3, further comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (5) as a fifth component:
wherein in formula (5), R5 and R6 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons; ring B and ring C are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,4-phenylene, or 1,4-phenylene in which at least one hydrogen has been replaced by fluorine or chlorine; Z1 and Z2 are independently a single bond, ethylene, carbonyloxy or methyleneoxy; p is 1, 2 or 3; q is 0 or 1; and the sum of p and q is 3 or less. 7. The liquid crystal composition of claims, wherein the fifth component comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (5-1) to formula (5-11):
and in formula (5-1) to formula (5-11), R5 and R6 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons. 8. The liquid crystal composition of claim 6, wherein the fifth component comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (5-1) to formula (5-11):
and in formula (5-1) to formula (5-11), R5 and R6 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons. 9. The liquid crystal composition of claim 5, wherein a proportion of the fifth component is in a range of 15 wt % to 70 wt % based on the weight of the liquid crystal composition. 10. The liquid crystal composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one polymerizable compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (6) as an additive component:
wherein in formula (6),
ring K and ring M are independently cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, tetrahydropyran-2-yl, 1,3-dioxane-2-yl, pyrimidine-2-yl or pyridine-2-yl, and in these rings at least one hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one hydrogen has been replaced by fluorine or chlorine;
ring L is 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,4-phenylene, naphthalene-1,2-diyl, naphthalene-1,3-diyl, naphthalene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-1,5-diyl, naphthalene-1,6-diyl, naphthalene-1,7-diyl, naphthalene-1,8-diyl, naphthalene-2,3-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, naphthalene-2,7-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl or pyridine-2,5-diyl, and in these rings at least one hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one hydrogen has been replaced by fluorine or chlorine;
Z3 and Z4 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in this alkylene at least one —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —CO—, —COO— or —OCO—, and at least one —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH—, —C(CH3)═CH—, —CH═C(CH3)— or —C(CH3)═C(CH3)—, and in these groups at least one hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine;
P1, P2 and P3 are independently a polymerizable group;
Sp1, Sp2 and Sp3 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in this alkylene at least one —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —COO—, —OCO— or —OCOO—, and at least one —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH— or —C≡C—, and in these groups at least one hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine;
g is 0, 1 or 2;
h, j and k are independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and
the sum of h, j and k is 1 or more. 11. The liquid crystal composition of claim 3, further comprising at least one polymerizable compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (6) as an additive component:
wherein in formula (6),
ring K and ring M are independently cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, tetrahydropyran-2-yl, 1,3-dioxane-2-yl, pyrimidine-2-yl or pyridine-2-yl, and in these rings at least one hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one hydrogen has been replaced by fluorine or chlorine;
ring L is 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,4-phenylene, naphthalene-1,2-diyl, naphthalene-1,3-diyl, naphthalene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-1,5-diyl, naphthalene-1,6-diyl, naphthalene-1,7-diyl, naphthalene-1,8-diyl, naphthalene-2,3-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, naphthalene-2,7-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl or pyridine-2,5-diyl, and in these rings at least one hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one hydrogen has been replaced by fluorine or chlorine;
Z3 and Z4 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in this alkylene at least one —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —CO—, —COO— or —OCO—, and at least one —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH—, —C(CH3) ═CH—, —CH═C(CH3)— or —C(CH3)═C(CH3)—, and in these groups at least one hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine;
P1, P2 and P3 are independently a polymerizable group;
Sp1, Sp2 and Spa are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in this alkylene at least one —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —COO—, —OCO— or —OCOO—, and at least one —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH— or —C≡C—, and in these groups at least one hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine;
g is 0, 1 or 2;
h, j and k are independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and
the sum of h, j and k is 1 or more. 12. The liquid crystal composition of claim 10, wherein in formula (6), P1, P2 and P3 are independently a polymerizable group selected from the group consisting of groups represented by formula (P-1) to formula (P-5):
and in formula (P-1) to formula (P-5), M1, M2 and M3 are independently hydrogen, fluorine, alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons in which at least one hydrogen has been replaced by fluorine or chlorine. 13. The liquid crystal composition of claim 11, wherein in formula (6), P1, P2 and P3 are independently a polymerizable group selected from the group consisting of groups represented by formula (P-1) to formula (P-5):
and in formula (P-1) to formula (P-5), M1, M2 and M3 are independently hydrogen, fluorine, alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons in which at least one hydrogen has been replaced by fluorine or chlorine. 14. The liquid crystal composition of claim 10, wherein the additive component comprises at least one polymerizable compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (6-1) to formula (6-27):
in formula (6-1) to formula (6-27), P4, P5 and P6 are independently a polymerizable group selected from the group consisting of groups represented by formula (P-1) to formula (P-3);
in formula (P-1) to formula (P-3), M1, M2 and M3 are independently hydrogen, fluorine, alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons in which at least one hydrogen has been replaced by fluorine or chlorine; and
in formula (6-1) to formula (6-27), Sp1, Sp2 and Spa are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in this alkylene at least one —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —OCO—, —OCO— or —OCOO—, and at least one —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH— or —C≡C—, and in these groups at least one hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine. 15. The liquid crystal composition of claim 11, wherein the additive component comprises at least one polymerizable compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (6-1) to formula (6-27):
in formula (6-1) to formula (6-27), P4, P5 and P6 are independently a polymerizable group selected from the group consisting of groups represented by formula (P-1) to formula (P-3);
in formula (P-1) to formula (P-3), M1, M2 and M3 are independently hydrogen, fluorine, alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons in which at least one hydrogen has been replaced by fluorine or chlorine; and
in formula (6-1) to formula (6-27), Sp1, Sp2 and Sp3 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in this alkylene at least one —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —OCO—, —OCO— or —OCOO—, and at least one —CH2—CH2— may be replaced by —CH═CH— or —C≡C—, and in these groups at least one hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine. 16. The liquid crystal composition of claim 10, wherein a proportion of the additive component is in a range of 0.03 wt % to 10 wt % based on the weight of the liquid crystal composition. 17. A liquid crystal display device comprising the liquid crystal composition of claim 1. 18. The liquid crystal display device of claim 17, of which an operating mode is an IPS mode, a VA mode, an FFS mode or an FPA mode, and a driving mode is an active matrix mode. 19. A liquid crystal display device of a polymer sustained alignment type, comprising the liquid crystal composition of claim 10 in which the polymerizable compound in the liquid crystal composition has been polymerized. | 1,700 |
2,090 | 10,926,421 | 1,787 | An inner part for a refrigerating device, such as an inner wall, a refrigerating item support, or similar item ideally should be easy to clean. At least a surface of the inner part is provided with effective protection against microbes and/or fungi. Because the inner part inhibits the growth of microbes and/or fungi, it is easier to clean and maintain. | 1. An inner part for a refrigerating device, comprising:
a body having a surface with a finish being effective against microbes and/or fungi. 2. The inner part according to claim 1, wherein said body has a surface layer functioning as said finish and formed from a chemical substance that is effective against the microbes and/or the fungi, said body further having a carrier layer which is substantially free from said chemical substance and supporting said surface layer. 3. The inner part according to claim 2, wherein said body is thermoformed or extruded. 4. The inner part according to claim 1, wherein said body is formed as a one-part piece from a material which is provided with a chemical substance that is effective against the microbes and/or the fungi. 5. The inner part according to claim 4, wherein said body is an injection-molded part. 6. The inner part according to claim 2, wherein said chemical substance is embedded in a polymer matrix. 7. The inner part according to claim 1, wherein said body is an inner container or a door inner wall of a housing for a refrigerating device. 8. The inner part according to claim 1, wherein said body is a refrigerated-item support, a pull-out box, a tray, an egg rest, a freezer compartment inner door or a seal. 9. The inner part according to claim 2, wherein said chemical substance contains a silver compound. 10. The inner part according to claim 2, wherein said chemical substance contains a zeolite material in which metal ions that are effective against the microbes and/or the fungi are interchangeably bonded. 11. A method for producing an inner part for a refrigerating device, which comprises the steps of:
applying to a work piece a surface layer having a finish being effective against microbes and/or fungi; and deforming the work piece into a shape of the inner part. 12. The method according to claim 11, which further comprises
performing the applying step before the deforming step. 13. The method according to claim 12, which further comprises producing the surface layer together with the work piece by coextrusion. 14. A method for producing an inner part for a refrigerating device, which comprises the steps of:
preparing a granulated mixture formed of material granules mixed with a chemical substance in a desired concentration, the chemical substance being effective in inhibiting a growth of microbes and/or fungi; and injection-molding the granulated mixture. 15. The method according to claim 14, which further comprises during the preparing step:
preparing preliminary granules containing the chemical substance in a concentration that is higher than the desired concentration; and subsequently, mixing the preliminary granules with further granules that are substantially free from the chemical substance, in order to obtain the granulated mixture. 16. The method according to claim 15, which further comprises preparing the preliminary granules by mixing the chemical substance with a material in a molten state and granulating a resultant mixture obtained. | An inner part for a refrigerating device, such as an inner wall, a refrigerating item support, or similar item ideally should be easy to clean. At least a surface of the inner part is provided with effective protection against microbes and/or fungi. Because the inner part inhibits the growth of microbes and/or fungi, it is easier to clean and maintain.1. An inner part for a refrigerating device, comprising:
a body having a surface with a finish being effective against microbes and/or fungi. 2. The inner part according to claim 1, wherein said body has a surface layer functioning as said finish and formed from a chemical substance that is effective against the microbes and/or the fungi, said body further having a carrier layer which is substantially free from said chemical substance and supporting said surface layer. 3. The inner part according to claim 2, wherein said body is thermoformed or extruded. 4. The inner part according to claim 1, wherein said body is formed as a one-part piece from a material which is provided with a chemical substance that is effective against the microbes and/or the fungi. 5. The inner part according to claim 4, wherein said body is an injection-molded part. 6. The inner part according to claim 2, wherein said chemical substance is embedded in a polymer matrix. 7. The inner part according to claim 1, wherein said body is an inner container or a door inner wall of a housing for a refrigerating device. 8. The inner part according to claim 1, wherein said body is a refrigerated-item support, a pull-out box, a tray, an egg rest, a freezer compartment inner door or a seal. 9. The inner part according to claim 2, wherein said chemical substance contains a silver compound. 10. The inner part according to claim 2, wherein said chemical substance contains a zeolite material in which metal ions that are effective against the microbes and/or the fungi are interchangeably bonded. 11. A method for producing an inner part for a refrigerating device, which comprises the steps of:
applying to a work piece a surface layer having a finish being effective against microbes and/or fungi; and deforming the work piece into a shape of the inner part. 12. The method according to claim 11, which further comprises
performing the applying step before the deforming step. 13. The method according to claim 12, which further comprises producing the surface layer together with the work piece by coextrusion. 14. A method for producing an inner part for a refrigerating device, which comprises the steps of:
preparing a granulated mixture formed of material granules mixed with a chemical substance in a desired concentration, the chemical substance being effective in inhibiting a growth of microbes and/or fungi; and injection-molding the granulated mixture. 15. The method according to claim 14, which further comprises during the preparing step:
preparing preliminary granules containing the chemical substance in a concentration that is higher than the desired concentration; and subsequently, mixing the preliminary granules with further granules that are substantially free from the chemical substance, in order to obtain the granulated mixture. 16. The method according to claim 15, which further comprises preparing the preliminary granules by mixing the chemical substance with a material in a molten state and granulating a resultant mixture obtained. | 1,700 |
2,091 | 14,472,195 | 1,729 | An electrolyte membrane for a reformer-less fuel cell is provided. The electrolyte membrane is assembled with fuel and air manifolds to form the fuel cell. The fuel manifold receives an oxidizable fuel from a fuel supply in a gaseous, liquid, or slurry form. The air manifold receives air from an air supply. The electrolyte membrane conducts oxygen in an ionic superoxide form when the fuel cell is exposed to operating temperatures above the boiling point of water to electrochemically combine the oxygen with the fuel to produce electricity. The electrolyte membrane includes a porous electrically non-conductive substrate, an anode catalyst layer deposited along a fuel manifold side of the substrate, a cathode catalyst layer deposited along an air manifold side of the substrate, and an ionic liquid filling the substrate between the anode and cathode catalyst layers. Methods for manufacturing and operating the electrolyte membrane are also provided. | 1. An apparatus associated with a reformer-less fuel cell, comprising:
an electrolyte membrane configured to be assembled with a fuel manifold and an air manifold to form a reformer-less fuel cell, wherein the fuel manifold is configured to receive an oxidizable fuel from a fuel supply in at least one of a gaseous form, a liquid form, and a slurry form, wherein the air manifold is configured to receive air from an air supply, the air comprising at least oxygen, wherein the electrolyte membrane is configured to conduct oxygen in an ionic superoxide form when the reformer-less fuel cell is exposed to operating temperatures above the boiling point of water to electrochemically combine the oxygen with the oxidizable fuel to produce electricity, the electrolyte membrane comprising: a porous electrically non-conductive substrate; an anode catalyst layer deposited along a fuel manifold side of the porous substrate; a cathode catalyst layer deposited along an air manifold side of the porous substrate; and an ionic liquid filling the porous substrate between the anode and cathode catalyst layers to form the electrolyte membrane. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the ionic liquid comprises molecules with at least one carbon atom. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the ionic liquid comprises a fluorinated ionic liquid. 4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the ionic liquid comprises a cation and an anion, the cation comprising one of [Emim]+, [C4C1Im]+, [Phosphonium]+, and [EmPyr]+, the anion comprising one of [OTf2]−, [Otf]−, [Dicyanamide]−, and [BF4]−. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the anode catalyst layer comprises at least one of a platinum group metal, a ruthenium element, a rhodium element, a palladium element, an osmium element, an iridium element, a platinum element, a nickel element, a nickel-oxide compound, a gold element, and a silver element;
wherein the cathode catalyst layer comprises one of a platinum group metal, a ruthenium element, a rhodium element, a palladium element, an osmium element, an iridium element, a platinum element, a nickel element, a nickel-oxide compound, a gold element, and a silver element. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte membrane is configured to be assembled in the reformer-less fuel cell with an anode electrode disposed in relation to the anode catalyst layer and a cathode electrode disposed in relation to the cathode catalyst layer such that an electrochemical potential is generated across the anode and cathode electrodes and a corresponding current travels through the anode and cathode electrodes after the reformer-less fuel cell is exposed to operating temperatures above the boiling point of water and after oxidizable fuel is supplied to the fuel manifold and air is supplied to the air manifold. 7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte membrane is configured to conduct oxygen in the ionic superoxide form when the reformer-less fuel cell is exposed to operating temperatures below 500° C. 8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the oxidizable fuel in the gaseous form comprises at least one of a hydrogen gas, a methane gas, a butane gas, a propane gas, a natural gas, and a gaseous hydrocarbon. 9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the oxidizable fuel in the liquid form comprises at least one of an olefin, an alcohol, an organic acid, an ester, an aldehyde, a petroleum, and a liquid hydrocarbon. 10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the oxidizable fuel in the slurry form comprises at least one of a coal powder and a solid hydrocarbon pulverized to form a corresponding powder. 11. A method of manufacturing an apparatus associated with a reformer-less fuel cell, comprising:
forming a porous substrate from electrically non-conductive particles; depositing an anode catalyst layer along a first side of the porous substrate; depositing a cathode catalyst layer along a second side of the porous substrate; and filling the porous substrate between the anode and cathode catalyst layers with an ionic liquid to form an electrolyte membrane configured to be assembled with a fuel manifold in relation to the first side of the electrolyte membrane and an air manifold in relation to the second side of the electrolyte membrane to form a reformer-less fuel cell, wherein the fuel manifold is configured to receive an oxidizable fuel from a fuel supply in at least one of a gaseous form, a liquid form, and a slurry form, wherein the air manifold is configured to receive air from an air supply, the air comprising at least oxygen, wherein the electrolyte membrane is configured to conduct oxygen in an ionic superoxide form when the reformer-less fuel cell is exposed to operating temperatures above the boiling point of water to electrochemically combine the oxygen with the oxidizable fuel to produce electricity. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
fusing the electrically non-conductive particles to form the porous substrate. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
forming the porous substrate into a porous plate with a predetermined thickness, the porous plate defining the first and second sides of the porous substrate and the predetermined thickness defining a space between the anode and cathode catalyst layers. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
sintering, sputtering, or thin layer metal sputtering the anode catalyst layer on the first side of the porous substrate; and electrochemically plating the anode catalyst layer. 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
sputtering an adhesion layer on the first side of the porous substrate; and sintering a coating of platinum black powder to the adhesion layer to form the anode catalyst layer. 16. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
sintering, sputtering, or thin layer metal sputtering the cathode catalyst layer on the second side of the porous substrate; and electrochemically plating the cathode catalyst layer. 17. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
sputtering an adhesion layer on the second side of the porous substrate; and sintering a coating of platinum black powder to the adhesion layer to form the cathode catalyst layer. 18. A method of operating an apparatus associated with a reformer-less fuel cell, comprising:
exposing an electrolyte membrane assembled with a fuel manifold and an air manifold to form a reformer-less fuel cell to operating temperatures above the boiling point of water; supplying an oxidizable fuel to the fuel manifold from a fuel supply in at least one of a gaseous form, a liquid form, and a slurry form; supplying air to an air manifold from an air supply, the air comprising at least oxygen; and conducting oxygen in an ionic superoxide form through the electrolyte membrane to electrochemically combine the oxygen with the oxidizable fuel to produce electricity; wherein the electrolyte membrane includes a porous substrate formed by electrically non-conductive particles, an anode catalyst layer deposited along a fuel manifold side of the porous substrate, a cathode catalyst layer deposited along an air manifold side of the porous substrate, and an ionic liquid filling the porous substrate between the anode and cathode catalyst layers. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the ionic liquid maintains a liquid form, an impedance of less than 1000 Ohm/cm, and a vapor pressure of less than 0.1 psi at operating temperatures ranging from 40° to 200° C. 20. The method of claim 18 wherein the electrolyte membrane is configured to be assembled in the reformer-less fuel cell with an anode electrode disposed in relation to the anode catalyst layer and a cathode electrode disposed in relation to the cathode catalyst layer, the method further comprising:
generating an electrochemical potential across the anode and cathode electrodes and a corresponding current traveling through the anode and cathode electrodes. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising:
catalyzing a superoxide at the cathode catalyst layer such that a negatively charged ionized form of the superoxide enters the ionic liquid by collecting an electron from the cathode electrode. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
conducting the negatively charged ionized form of the superoxide through the ionic liquid to the anode catalyst layer where it reacts with the oxidizable fuel to generate carbon dioxide and water. 23. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
conducting oxygen in the ionic superoxide form when the reformer-less fuel cell is exposed to operating temperatures below 500° C. 24. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
conducting oxygen in the ionic superoxide form when the reformer-less fuel cell is exposed to operating temperatures below 300° C. 25. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
conducting oxygen in the ionic superoxide form when the reformer-less fuel cell is exposed to operating temperatures ranging from 200° to 300° C. | An electrolyte membrane for a reformer-less fuel cell is provided. The electrolyte membrane is assembled with fuel and air manifolds to form the fuel cell. The fuel manifold receives an oxidizable fuel from a fuel supply in a gaseous, liquid, or slurry form. The air manifold receives air from an air supply. The electrolyte membrane conducts oxygen in an ionic superoxide form when the fuel cell is exposed to operating temperatures above the boiling point of water to electrochemically combine the oxygen with the fuel to produce electricity. The electrolyte membrane includes a porous electrically non-conductive substrate, an anode catalyst layer deposited along a fuel manifold side of the substrate, a cathode catalyst layer deposited along an air manifold side of the substrate, and an ionic liquid filling the substrate between the anode and cathode catalyst layers. Methods for manufacturing and operating the electrolyte membrane are also provided.1. An apparatus associated with a reformer-less fuel cell, comprising:
an electrolyte membrane configured to be assembled with a fuel manifold and an air manifold to form a reformer-less fuel cell, wherein the fuel manifold is configured to receive an oxidizable fuel from a fuel supply in at least one of a gaseous form, a liquid form, and a slurry form, wherein the air manifold is configured to receive air from an air supply, the air comprising at least oxygen, wherein the electrolyte membrane is configured to conduct oxygen in an ionic superoxide form when the reformer-less fuel cell is exposed to operating temperatures above the boiling point of water to electrochemically combine the oxygen with the oxidizable fuel to produce electricity, the electrolyte membrane comprising: a porous electrically non-conductive substrate; an anode catalyst layer deposited along a fuel manifold side of the porous substrate; a cathode catalyst layer deposited along an air manifold side of the porous substrate; and an ionic liquid filling the porous substrate between the anode and cathode catalyst layers to form the electrolyte membrane. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the ionic liquid comprises molecules with at least one carbon atom. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the ionic liquid comprises a fluorinated ionic liquid. 4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the ionic liquid comprises a cation and an anion, the cation comprising one of [Emim]+, [C4C1Im]+, [Phosphonium]+, and [EmPyr]+, the anion comprising one of [OTf2]−, [Otf]−, [Dicyanamide]−, and [BF4]−. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the anode catalyst layer comprises at least one of a platinum group metal, a ruthenium element, a rhodium element, a palladium element, an osmium element, an iridium element, a platinum element, a nickel element, a nickel-oxide compound, a gold element, and a silver element;
wherein the cathode catalyst layer comprises one of a platinum group metal, a ruthenium element, a rhodium element, a palladium element, an osmium element, an iridium element, a platinum element, a nickel element, a nickel-oxide compound, a gold element, and a silver element. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte membrane is configured to be assembled in the reformer-less fuel cell with an anode electrode disposed in relation to the anode catalyst layer and a cathode electrode disposed in relation to the cathode catalyst layer such that an electrochemical potential is generated across the anode and cathode electrodes and a corresponding current travels through the anode and cathode electrodes after the reformer-less fuel cell is exposed to operating temperatures above the boiling point of water and after oxidizable fuel is supplied to the fuel manifold and air is supplied to the air manifold. 7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte membrane is configured to conduct oxygen in the ionic superoxide form when the reformer-less fuel cell is exposed to operating temperatures below 500° C. 8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the oxidizable fuel in the gaseous form comprises at least one of a hydrogen gas, a methane gas, a butane gas, a propane gas, a natural gas, and a gaseous hydrocarbon. 9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the oxidizable fuel in the liquid form comprises at least one of an olefin, an alcohol, an organic acid, an ester, an aldehyde, a petroleum, and a liquid hydrocarbon. 10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the oxidizable fuel in the slurry form comprises at least one of a coal powder and a solid hydrocarbon pulverized to form a corresponding powder. 11. A method of manufacturing an apparatus associated with a reformer-less fuel cell, comprising:
forming a porous substrate from electrically non-conductive particles; depositing an anode catalyst layer along a first side of the porous substrate; depositing a cathode catalyst layer along a second side of the porous substrate; and filling the porous substrate between the anode and cathode catalyst layers with an ionic liquid to form an electrolyte membrane configured to be assembled with a fuel manifold in relation to the first side of the electrolyte membrane and an air manifold in relation to the second side of the electrolyte membrane to form a reformer-less fuel cell, wherein the fuel manifold is configured to receive an oxidizable fuel from a fuel supply in at least one of a gaseous form, a liquid form, and a slurry form, wherein the air manifold is configured to receive air from an air supply, the air comprising at least oxygen, wherein the electrolyte membrane is configured to conduct oxygen in an ionic superoxide form when the reformer-less fuel cell is exposed to operating temperatures above the boiling point of water to electrochemically combine the oxygen with the oxidizable fuel to produce electricity. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
fusing the electrically non-conductive particles to form the porous substrate. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
forming the porous substrate into a porous plate with a predetermined thickness, the porous plate defining the first and second sides of the porous substrate and the predetermined thickness defining a space between the anode and cathode catalyst layers. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
sintering, sputtering, or thin layer metal sputtering the anode catalyst layer on the first side of the porous substrate; and electrochemically plating the anode catalyst layer. 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
sputtering an adhesion layer on the first side of the porous substrate; and sintering a coating of platinum black powder to the adhesion layer to form the anode catalyst layer. 16. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
sintering, sputtering, or thin layer metal sputtering the cathode catalyst layer on the second side of the porous substrate; and electrochemically plating the cathode catalyst layer. 17. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
sputtering an adhesion layer on the second side of the porous substrate; and sintering a coating of platinum black powder to the adhesion layer to form the cathode catalyst layer. 18. A method of operating an apparatus associated with a reformer-less fuel cell, comprising:
exposing an electrolyte membrane assembled with a fuel manifold and an air manifold to form a reformer-less fuel cell to operating temperatures above the boiling point of water; supplying an oxidizable fuel to the fuel manifold from a fuel supply in at least one of a gaseous form, a liquid form, and a slurry form; supplying air to an air manifold from an air supply, the air comprising at least oxygen; and conducting oxygen in an ionic superoxide form through the electrolyte membrane to electrochemically combine the oxygen with the oxidizable fuel to produce electricity; wherein the electrolyte membrane includes a porous substrate formed by electrically non-conductive particles, an anode catalyst layer deposited along a fuel manifold side of the porous substrate, a cathode catalyst layer deposited along an air manifold side of the porous substrate, and an ionic liquid filling the porous substrate between the anode and cathode catalyst layers. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the ionic liquid maintains a liquid form, an impedance of less than 1000 Ohm/cm, and a vapor pressure of less than 0.1 psi at operating temperatures ranging from 40° to 200° C. 20. The method of claim 18 wherein the electrolyte membrane is configured to be assembled in the reformer-less fuel cell with an anode electrode disposed in relation to the anode catalyst layer and a cathode electrode disposed in relation to the cathode catalyst layer, the method further comprising:
generating an electrochemical potential across the anode and cathode electrodes and a corresponding current traveling through the anode and cathode electrodes. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising:
catalyzing a superoxide at the cathode catalyst layer such that a negatively charged ionized form of the superoxide enters the ionic liquid by collecting an electron from the cathode electrode. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
conducting the negatively charged ionized form of the superoxide through the ionic liquid to the anode catalyst layer where it reacts with the oxidizable fuel to generate carbon dioxide and water. 23. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
conducting oxygen in the ionic superoxide form when the reformer-less fuel cell is exposed to operating temperatures below 500° C. 24. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
conducting oxygen in the ionic superoxide form when the reformer-less fuel cell is exposed to operating temperatures below 300° C. 25. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
conducting oxygen in the ionic superoxide form when the reformer-less fuel cell is exposed to operating temperatures ranging from 200° to 300° C. | 1,700 |
2,092 | 14,099,341 | 1,789 | Disclosed are carpet products made using a first copolymer precoat adhesive to secure carpet fibers to a carpet backing or substrates in combination with a second copolymer skipcoat adhesive for securing a carpet scrim or other layer to a carpet backing. The first copolymer is a copolymer of a vinyl ester and ethylene and a cross-linking comonomer, and the second copolymer is a copolymer of styrene and butadiene. Such emulsions are stabilized with surfactant emulsifiers but are preferably substantially free of protective colloid stabilizers. The first copolymer exhibits an elongation value greater than 125% at 110° C. | 1. A carpet product, comprising:
a primary carpet layer comprising carpet fiber tufted into a primary backing and a precoat adhesive adhering said carpet fiber to said primary backing, wherein the adhesive is formed from a latex adhesive comprising a first copolymer of an alkanoic acid having from 1 to 13 carbon atoms, ethylene and a cross-linking co-monomer, wherein the first copolymer exhibits an elongation value greater than 125% at 110° C.; and a secondary backing adhered to said primary backing with a skipcoat adhesive comprising styrene/butadiene second copolymer. 2. The carpet product of claim 1, wherein the latex precoat adhesive is stabilized with a stabilizing system which comprises one or more anionic and/or nonionic surfactants, said stabilizing system being present in an amount which is effective to disperse the copolymer in the water. 3. The carpet product of claim 2, wherein the stabilizing system further comprises polyvinyl alcohol. 4. The carpet product of claim 2, wherein the stabilizing system further comprises less than 1.0 pphm polyvinyl alcohol. 5. The carpet product of claim 2, wherein the stabilizing system further comprises hydroxyethyl cellulose. 6. The carpet product of claim 1, wherein the first copolymer has an elongation less than 500% at 110° C. 7. The carpet product of claim 1, wherein the first copolymer has an elongation less than 350% at 110° C. 8. The carpet product of claim 1, having a tuft bind value greater than 20 N. 9. The carpet product of claim 1, having a tuft bind value greater than 27 N. 10. The carpet product of claim 1, wherein the first copolymer is a copolymer of the vinyl ester of an alkanoic acid having from 1 to 13 carbon atoms, ethylene, and an acrylic monomer or ester thereof. 11. The carpet product of claim 1, wherein the first copolymer comprises a copolymer of vinyl acetate, vinyl neodecanoate and ethylene. 12. The carpet product of claim 1, wherein the cross-linking co-monomer is selected from the group consisting of triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, diallyl maleate, diallyl fumarate, divinyl benzene, diallyl phthalate, silanes, and GMA. 13. The carpet product of claim 1, wherein the precoat adhesive and/or the skipcoat adhesive further comprises a filler selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, ATH aluminum trihydrate, recycled fillers, ground glass, silica, fly ash, and combinations of said fillers. 14. The carpet product of claim 1, wherein the first copolymer comprises from 70 to 90 pphm vinyl acetate and from 10 to 30 pphm of ethylene. 15. The carpet product of claim 1, wherein the precoat adhesive has a solids content from 40 to 85 wt. %. 16. The carpet product of claim 1, wherein the precoat adhesive has a viscosity from 2,000 to 60,000 cP. 17. The carpet product of claim 1, wherein the first copolymer is a copolymer of at least a vinyl ester of an alkanoic acid having from 1 to 13 carbon atoms, ethylene, a cross-linking co-monomer, and a carboxyl monomer. 18. A process for forming a carpet product, the process comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a precoat adhesive comprising a latex coating composition comprising a first copolymer of an alkanoic acid having from 1 to 13 carbon atoms, ethylene and a cross-linking co-monomer, wherein the first copolymer exhibits an elongation value greater than 125% at 110° C.; (b) providing a primary carpet layer comprising carpet fiber tufted into a primary backing; (c) applying the precoat adhesive to the primary carpet layer; (d) applying a skipcoat adhesive comprising a second copolymer to either or both the primary carpet layer and/or a secondary backing, wherein the second copolymer is a copolymer of at least styrene and butadiene; and (e) drying the precoat adhesive and the skipcoat adhesive under conditions effective to adhere the carpet fiber to the primary backing, and adhere the primary carpet layer to the secondary backing. 19. The process of claim 18, wherein the latex adhesive is stabilized with a stabilizing system which comprises one or more anionic and/or nonionic surfactants, said stabilizing system being present in an amount which is effective to disperse the copolymer in the water. 20. The process of claim 19, wherein the stabilizing system further comprises polyvinyl alcohol. 21. The process of claim 19, wherein the stabilizing system further comprises less than 1.0 pphm polyvinyl alcohol. 22. The process of claim 18, wherein the first copolymer has an elongation less than 500% at 110° C. 23. The process of claim 18, wherein the first copolymer has an elongation less than 350% at 110° C. | Disclosed are carpet products made using a first copolymer precoat adhesive to secure carpet fibers to a carpet backing or substrates in combination with a second copolymer skipcoat adhesive for securing a carpet scrim or other layer to a carpet backing. The first copolymer is a copolymer of a vinyl ester and ethylene and a cross-linking comonomer, and the second copolymer is a copolymer of styrene and butadiene. Such emulsions are stabilized with surfactant emulsifiers but are preferably substantially free of protective colloid stabilizers. The first copolymer exhibits an elongation value greater than 125% at 110° C.1. A carpet product, comprising:
a primary carpet layer comprising carpet fiber tufted into a primary backing and a precoat adhesive adhering said carpet fiber to said primary backing, wherein the adhesive is formed from a latex adhesive comprising a first copolymer of an alkanoic acid having from 1 to 13 carbon atoms, ethylene and a cross-linking co-monomer, wherein the first copolymer exhibits an elongation value greater than 125% at 110° C.; and a secondary backing adhered to said primary backing with a skipcoat adhesive comprising styrene/butadiene second copolymer. 2. The carpet product of claim 1, wherein the latex precoat adhesive is stabilized with a stabilizing system which comprises one or more anionic and/or nonionic surfactants, said stabilizing system being present in an amount which is effective to disperse the copolymer in the water. 3. The carpet product of claim 2, wherein the stabilizing system further comprises polyvinyl alcohol. 4. The carpet product of claim 2, wherein the stabilizing system further comprises less than 1.0 pphm polyvinyl alcohol. 5. The carpet product of claim 2, wherein the stabilizing system further comprises hydroxyethyl cellulose. 6. The carpet product of claim 1, wherein the first copolymer has an elongation less than 500% at 110° C. 7. The carpet product of claim 1, wherein the first copolymer has an elongation less than 350% at 110° C. 8. The carpet product of claim 1, having a tuft bind value greater than 20 N. 9. The carpet product of claim 1, having a tuft bind value greater than 27 N. 10. The carpet product of claim 1, wherein the first copolymer is a copolymer of the vinyl ester of an alkanoic acid having from 1 to 13 carbon atoms, ethylene, and an acrylic monomer or ester thereof. 11. The carpet product of claim 1, wherein the first copolymer comprises a copolymer of vinyl acetate, vinyl neodecanoate and ethylene. 12. The carpet product of claim 1, wherein the cross-linking co-monomer is selected from the group consisting of triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, diallyl maleate, diallyl fumarate, divinyl benzene, diallyl phthalate, silanes, and GMA. 13. The carpet product of claim 1, wherein the precoat adhesive and/or the skipcoat adhesive further comprises a filler selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, ATH aluminum trihydrate, recycled fillers, ground glass, silica, fly ash, and combinations of said fillers. 14. The carpet product of claim 1, wherein the first copolymer comprises from 70 to 90 pphm vinyl acetate and from 10 to 30 pphm of ethylene. 15. The carpet product of claim 1, wherein the precoat adhesive has a solids content from 40 to 85 wt. %. 16. The carpet product of claim 1, wherein the precoat adhesive has a viscosity from 2,000 to 60,000 cP. 17. The carpet product of claim 1, wherein the first copolymer is a copolymer of at least a vinyl ester of an alkanoic acid having from 1 to 13 carbon atoms, ethylene, a cross-linking co-monomer, and a carboxyl monomer. 18. A process for forming a carpet product, the process comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a precoat adhesive comprising a latex coating composition comprising a first copolymer of an alkanoic acid having from 1 to 13 carbon atoms, ethylene and a cross-linking co-monomer, wherein the first copolymer exhibits an elongation value greater than 125% at 110° C.; (b) providing a primary carpet layer comprising carpet fiber tufted into a primary backing; (c) applying the precoat adhesive to the primary carpet layer; (d) applying a skipcoat adhesive comprising a second copolymer to either or both the primary carpet layer and/or a secondary backing, wherein the second copolymer is a copolymer of at least styrene and butadiene; and (e) drying the precoat adhesive and the skipcoat adhesive under conditions effective to adhere the carpet fiber to the primary backing, and adhere the primary carpet layer to the secondary backing. 19. The process of claim 18, wherein the latex adhesive is stabilized with a stabilizing system which comprises one or more anionic and/or nonionic surfactants, said stabilizing system being present in an amount which is effective to disperse the copolymer in the water. 20. The process of claim 19, wherein the stabilizing system further comprises polyvinyl alcohol. 21. The process of claim 19, wherein the stabilizing system further comprises less than 1.0 pphm polyvinyl alcohol. 22. The process of claim 18, wherein the first copolymer has an elongation less than 500% at 110° C. 23. The process of claim 18, wherein the first copolymer has an elongation less than 350% at 110° C. | 1,700 |
2,093 | 13,515,629 | 1,767 | Disclosed is a photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication comprising a polymerizable component that is polymerizable by free-radical polymerization, cat ionic polymerization, or both free-radical polymerization and cationic polymerization, and a photoinitiating system capable of initiating the free-radical polymerization, cationic polymerization, or both free-radical polymerization and cationic polymerization. The photocurable resin composition is a liquid at about 25° C., and is capable of curing to provide a solid upon irradiation with light emitted from a light emitting diode (LED), wherein the light has a wavelength of from about 100 nm to about 900 nm. Also disclosed is a three-dimensional article prepared from the photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication, and a process for preparing three-dimensional articles by additive fabrication. | 1. A photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication comprising a polymerizable component that is polymerizable by free-radical polymerization, cationic polymerization, or both free-radical polymerization and cationic polymerization, and a photoinitiating system capable of initiating the free-radical polymerization, cationic polymerization, or both free-radical polymerization and cationic polymerization;
wherein the photocurable resin composition is a liquid at about 25° C., and is capable of curing to provide a solid upon irradiation with light emitted from a light emitting diode (LED), wherein the light has a wavelength of from about 100 nm to about 900 nm, preferably from 200 nm to about 600 nm, more preferably from about 280 nm to about 500 nm, more preferably from about 300 nm to about 475 nm, more preferably from about 340 nm to about 415 nm, preferably having a peak at about 365 nm, and wherein the liquid photocurable resin composition has a Critical Exposure (Ec) and a Depth of Penetration (Dp) as measured on a layer of the photocurable resin composition as the composition is curing, wherein Ec is from about 0.01 seconds to about 6.0 seconds and Dp is ¼ to 4 times, preferably from ⅓ to 3 times, the thickness of the layer. 2. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the Dp is from about 1 to about 8 mils, preferably from about 1 to about 7 mils, more preferably from about 2 to about 7 mils. 3. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the photocurable resin composition as it is curing with a light intensity of 50 mW/cm2 for 1.0 second has a storage shear modulus (G′) value of greater than about 1.0×105 Pa, preferably from about 1.0×105 Pa to about 1.0×107 Pa, more preferably from about 5.0×106 Pa to about 1.0×107 Pa when it is measured at 3.9 seconds from the start of light exposure on a Real Time-Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (RT-DMA) with an 8 mm plate at a sample gap of 0.10 mm. 4. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication comprises at least one free-radical photoinitiator, preferably selected from the group consisting of benzoylphosphine oxides, aryl ketones, benzophenones, hydroxylated ketones, 1-hydroxyphenyl ketones, ketals, metallocenes, and any combination thereof, more preferably selected from the group consisting of 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl diphenylphosphine oxide and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl phenyl, ethoxy phosphine oxide, bis(2,4,6-tnmethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphineoxide, 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropanone-I, 2-benzyl-2-(dimethylamino)-I-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-1-butanone, 2-dimethylamino-2-(4-methyl-benzyl)-1-(4-morpholin-4-yl-phenyl)-butan-I-one, 4-benzoyl-4′-methyl diphenyl sulphide, 4,4′-bis(diethylamino)benzophenone, and 4,4′-bis(N,N′-dimethylamino) benzophenone (Michler's ketone), benzophenone, 4-methyl benzophenone, 2,4,6-trimethyl benzophenone, dimethoxybenzophenone, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, phenyl (1-hydroxyisopropyl)ketone, 2-hydroxy-1-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-2-methyl-1-propanone, 4-isopropylphenyl(1-hydroxyisopropyl)ketone, oligo-[2-hydroxy-2-methyl-I-[4-(I-methylvinyl)phenyl]propanone], camphorquinone, 4,4′-bis(diethylamino)benzophenone, benzil dimethyl ketal, bis(eta 5-2-4-cyclopentadien-I-yl) bis[2,6-difluoro-3-(IH-pyrrol-I-yl)phenyl]titanium, and any combination thereof. 5. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the photoinitiating system is a photoinitiator having both cationic initiating function and free radical initiating function. 6. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1 wherein the photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication comprises at least one cationic photoinitiator, preferably selected from the group consisting of onium salts, halonium salts, iodosyl salts, selenium salts, sulfonium salts, sulfoxonium salts, diazonium salts, metallocene salts, isoquinolinium salts, phosphonium salts, arsonium salts, tropylium salts, dialkylphenacylsulfonium salts, thiopyrilium salts, diaryl iodonium salts, triaryl sulfonium salts, sulfonium antimonate salts, ferrocenes, di(cyclopentadienyliron)arene salt compounds, and pyridinium salts, and any combination thereof, more preferably selected from the group consisting of aromatic diazonium salts, aromatic sulfonium salts, aromatic iodonium salts, metallocene based compounds, aromatic phosphonium salts and silanol aluminium complexes, more preferably selected from the group consisting of aromatic sulfonium salts, aromatic iodonium salts, and metallocene based compounds, even more preferably selected from the group consisting of triarylsulfonium salts, diaryliodonium salts, and metallocene based compounds. 7. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the cationic photoinitiator is at least one with an anion selected from the group consisting of BF4 −, AsF6 −, SbF6 −, PF6 −, B(C6F6)4 −, perfluoroalkylsulfonates, perfluoroalkylphosphates, and carborane anions. 8. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1 wherein the cationic photoinitiator is at least one cation selected from the group consisting of aromatic sulfonium salts, aromatic iodonium salts, and metallocene based compounds with at least an anion selected from the group consisting of SbF6 −, PF6 −, B(C6F5)4 −, perfluoroalkylsulfonates, perfluoroalkylphosphates, and (CH6B11Cl6)−. 9. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the cationic photoinitiator is an aromatic sulfonium salt based cationic photoinitiator selected from the group consisting of 4-(4-benzoylphenylthio)phenyldiphenylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-(4-benzoylphenylthio)phenylbis(4-hydroxyethyloxyphenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-(4-benzoylphenylthio)phenylbis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-(4-benzoylphenylthio)phenylbis(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-[4-(3-chlorobenzoyl)phenylthio]phenylbis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-(4-benzoylphenylthio)phenylbis(4-methylphenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-(4-benzoylphenylthio)phenylbis(4-hydroxyethylphenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-[4-(4-hydroxyethyloxybenzoyl)phenylthio]phenylbis(4-fluoro phenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-[4-(4-hydroxyethyloxybenzoyl)phenylthio]phenyldiphenylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-[4-(4-hydroxyethyloxybenzoyl)phenylthio]phenylbis(4-hydroxyethyloxyphenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-(4-benzoylphenylthio)phenylbis(4-methoxyethoxyphenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-[4-(3-methoxybenzoyl)phenylthio]phenyldiphenylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-[4-(3-methoxycarbonylbenzoyl)phenylthio]phenyldiphenylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-[4-(2-hydroxymethylbenzoyl)phenylthio]phenyldiphenylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-[4-(4-methylbenzoyl)phenylthio]phenylbis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-[4-(4-)phenylthio]phenylbis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-[4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)phenylthio]phenylbis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-[4-(2-methoxycarbonylbenzoyl)phenylthio]phenylbis(4-fluoro phenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, bis[4-(diphenylsulfonio)phenyl]sulfide bishexafluorophosphate, bis[4-(diphenylsulfonio)phenyl]sulfide bistetrafluoroborate, bis[4-(diphenylsulfonio)phenyl]sulfide tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, diphenyl-4-(phenylthio)phenylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate, diphenyl-4-(phenylthio)phenylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate, diphenyl-4-(phenylthio)phenylsulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, triphenylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate, triphenylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, triphenylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate, triphenylsulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, bis[4-(di(4-(2-hydroxyethoxy))phenylsulfonio)phenyl]sulfide bishexafluorophosphate, bis[4-(di(4-(2-hydroxyethoxy))phenylsulfonio)phenyl]sulfide bistetrafluoroborate, and bis[4-(di(4-(2-hydroxyethoxy))phenylsulfonio)phenyl]sulfide tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate. 10. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1 wherein the cationic photoinitiator is an aromatic iodonium salt based cationic photoinitiator selected from the group consisting of diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate, diphenyliodonium hexafluoroantimonate, diphenyliodonium tetrafluoroborate, diphenyliodonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, bis(dodecylphenyl)iodonium hexafluorophosphate, bis(dodecylphenyl)iodonium hexafluoroantimonate, bis(dodecylphenyl)iodonium tetrafluoroborate, bis(dodecylphenyl)iodonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, 4-methylphenyl-4-(1-methylethyl)phenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate, 4-methylphenyl-4-(1-methylethyl)phenyliodonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-methylphenyl-4-(1-methylethyl)phenyliodonium tetrafluoroborate, and 4-methylphenyl-4-(1-methylethyl)phenyliodonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate. 11. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the cationic photoinitiator is selected from the group consisting of tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate or hexafluoroantimonate salt of 4-(4-benzoylphenylthio)phenyldiphenylsulfonium, 4-(4-benzoylphenylthio)phenylbis(4-hydroxyethyloxyphenyl)sulfonium, 4-(4-benzoylphenylthio)phenylbis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonium, 4-(4-benzoylphenylthio)phenylbis(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonium, 4-[4-(3-chlorobenzoyl)phenylthio]phenylbis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonium, 4-[4-(2-chlorobenzoyl)phenylthio]phenylbis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonium, (4-thiophenoxyphenyl)diphenylsulfonium, S,S,S′,S′-tetraphenylthiobis(4,1-pheny lene)disulfonium, triphenylsulfonium, (chlorophenyl)diphenylsulfonium, chloro[S-(phenyl)thianthrenium], S-(phenyl)thianthrenium, diphenyl-4-(4′-thiophenoxy)thiophenoxyphenylsulfonium, phenyldi(4-thiophenoxyphenyl)sulfonium, S-(4-thiophenoxyphenyl)thianthrenium, and (thiodi-4,1-phenylene)bis[bis[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]sulfonium, tris(4-(4-acetylphenyl)thiophenyl)sulfonium, bis(4-dodecylphenyl)iodonium, [4-[(2-hydroxytetradecyl)oxy]phenyl]phenyliodonium, (4-methylphenyl)[4-[[2-[[[[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino]carbonyl]oxy]tetradecyl]oxy]phenyl]iodonium, bis(4-dodecylphenyl)iodonium, [4-(1-methylethyl)phenyl](4-methylphenyl)iodonium, and any combination thereof. 12. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the cationic photoiniator is a sulfonium borate photoinitiator, more preferably a triarylsulfonium borate, more preferably tris(4-(4-acetylphenyl)thiophenyl)sulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate or 4-[4-(3-chlorobenzoyl)phenylthio]phenylbis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate. 13. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the polymerizable component is polymerizable by both free-radical polymerization and cationic polymerization. 14. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the polymerizable component is a vinyloxy compound, preferably selected from the group consisting of bis(4-vinyloxybutyl)isophthalate, tris(4-vinyloxybutyl)trimellitate, and combinations thereof. 15. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, which further includes a photosensitizer, preferably selected from the group consisting of methanones, xanthenones, pyrenemethanols, anthracenes, quinones, xanthones, thioxanthones, benzoyl esters, benzophenones, and any combination thereof, more preferably selected from the group consisting of [4-[(4-methylphenyl)thio]phenyl]phenyl-methanone, isopropyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one, 1-pyrenemethanol, 9-(hydroxymethyl)anthracene, 9,10-diethoxyanthracene, anthracene, anthraquinones, 2-methylanthraquinone, 2-ethylanthraquinone, 2-tertbutylanthraquinone, 1-chloroanthraquinone, 2-amylanthraquinone, thioxanthones and xanthones, isopropyl thioxanthone, 2-chlorothioxanthone, 2,4-diethylthioxanthone, 1-chloro-4-propoxythioxanthone, methyl benzoyl formate, methyl-2-benzoyl benzoate, 4-benzoyl-4′-methyl diphenyl sulphide, 4,4′-bis(diethylamino)benzophenone, and any combination thereof. 16. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 15, wherein the photosensitizer is a fluorone, preferably selected from the group consisting of 5,7-diiodo-3-butoxy-6-fluorone, 5,7-diiodo-3-hydroxy-6-fluorone, 9-cyano-5,7-diiodo-3-hydroxy-6-fluorone,
and any combination thereof. 17. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, which further includes a chain transfer agent, preferably a chain transfer agent for a cationic polymerizable component which is preferably a hydroxyl-containing compound, more preferably a compound containing 2 or more than 2 hydroxyl-groups, preferably the chain transfer agent is selected from the group consisting of a polyether polyol, polyester polyol, polycarbonate polyol, ethoxylated or propoxylated aliphatic or aromatic compounds having hydroxyl groups, dendritic polyols, or hyperbranched polyols, more preferably a polyether polyol comprising an alkoxy ether group of the formula [(CH2)nO]m, wherein n can be 1 to 6 and m can be 1 to 100, or polytetrahydrofuran. 18. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, which further includes one or more additives selected from the group consisting of bubble breakers, antioxidants, surfactants, acid scavengers, pigments, dyes, thickneners, flame retardants, silane coupling agents, ultraviolet absorbers, resin particles, core-shell particle impact modifiers, soluble polymers and block polymers. 19. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the ratio by weight of cationic photoinitiator to free-radical photoinitiator is less than about 4.0, preferably from about 0.1 to about 4.0, preferably from about 0.1 to about 2.0, more preferably from about 0.1 to about 1.5, more preferably from about 0.2 to about 1.0. 20. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the photocurable resin composition is free or substantially free of antimony-containing initiator. 21. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the ratio by weight of cationic polymerizable component to free-radical polymerizable component is less than about 7.0, preferably from about 0.5 to about 6.5, more preferably from about 1.0 to about 6.5, more preferably from about 0.5 to about 2.0, more preferably from about 1.0 to about 1.5. 22. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein at least about 30 wt %, preferably 40 wt %, of the ingredients in the photocurable resin for additive fabrication are bio-based, rather than petroleum based. 23. A three-dimensional article comprising a cured photocurable resin, wherein the cured photocurable resin is obtained by curing the photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1 by irradiating it with light emitted from a light emitting diode (LED) light having a wavelength from about 100 nm to about 900 nm, preferably from 200 nm to about 600 nm, more preferably from about 280 nm to about 500 nm, more preferably from about 300 nm to about 475 nm, preferably having a peak at about 365 nm. 24. A process for making a three-dimensional object comprising the steps of forming and selectively curing a layer of the photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1 by irradiation with light from a light emitting diode (LED) having a wavelength from about 100 nm to about 900 nm, preferably from 200 nm to about 600 run, more preferably from about 280 nm to about 500 nm, more preferably from about 300 nm to about 475 nm, preferably having a peak at about 365 nm, and repeating the steps of forming and selectively curing a layer of the photocurable resin composition a plurality of times to obtain a three-dimensional object. | Disclosed is a photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication comprising a polymerizable component that is polymerizable by free-radical polymerization, cat ionic polymerization, or both free-radical polymerization and cationic polymerization, and a photoinitiating system capable of initiating the free-radical polymerization, cationic polymerization, or both free-radical polymerization and cationic polymerization. The photocurable resin composition is a liquid at about 25° C., and is capable of curing to provide a solid upon irradiation with light emitted from a light emitting diode (LED), wherein the light has a wavelength of from about 100 nm to about 900 nm. Also disclosed is a three-dimensional article prepared from the photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication, and a process for preparing three-dimensional articles by additive fabrication.1. A photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication comprising a polymerizable component that is polymerizable by free-radical polymerization, cationic polymerization, or both free-radical polymerization and cationic polymerization, and a photoinitiating system capable of initiating the free-radical polymerization, cationic polymerization, or both free-radical polymerization and cationic polymerization;
wherein the photocurable resin composition is a liquid at about 25° C., and is capable of curing to provide a solid upon irradiation with light emitted from a light emitting diode (LED), wherein the light has a wavelength of from about 100 nm to about 900 nm, preferably from 200 nm to about 600 nm, more preferably from about 280 nm to about 500 nm, more preferably from about 300 nm to about 475 nm, more preferably from about 340 nm to about 415 nm, preferably having a peak at about 365 nm, and wherein the liquid photocurable resin composition has a Critical Exposure (Ec) and a Depth of Penetration (Dp) as measured on a layer of the photocurable resin composition as the composition is curing, wherein Ec is from about 0.01 seconds to about 6.0 seconds and Dp is ¼ to 4 times, preferably from ⅓ to 3 times, the thickness of the layer. 2. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the Dp is from about 1 to about 8 mils, preferably from about 1 to about 7 mils, more preferably from about 2 to about 7 mils. 3. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the photocurable resin composition as it is curing with a light intensity of 50 mW/cm2 for 1.0 second has a storage shear modulus (G′) value of greater than about 1.0×105 Pa, preferably from about 1.0×105 Pa to about 1.0×107 Pa, more preferably from about 5.0×106 Pa to about 1.0×107 Pa when it is measured at 3.9 seconds from the start of light exposure on a Real Time-Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (RT-DMA) with an 8 mm plate at a sample gap of 0.10 mm. 4. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication comprises at least one free-radical photoinitiator, preferably selected from the group consisting of benzoylphosphine oxides, aryl ketones, benzophenones, hydroxylated ketones, 1-hydroxyphenyl ketones, ketals, metallocenes, and any combination thereof, more preferably selected from the group consisting of 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl diphenylphosphine oxide and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl phenyl, ethoxy phosphine oxide, bis(2,4,6-tnmethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphineoxide, 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropanone-I, 2-benzyl-2-(dimethylamino)-I-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-1-butanone, 2-dimethylamino-2-(4-methyl-benzyl)-1-(4-morpholin-4-yl-phenyl)-butan-I-one, 4-benzoyl-4′-methyl diphenyl sulphide, 4,4′-bis(diethylamino)benzophenone, and 4,4′-bis(N,N′-dimethylamino) benzophenone (Michler's ketone), benzophenone, 4-methyl benzophenone, 2,4,6-trimethyl benzophenone, dimethoxybenzophenone, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, phenyl (1-hydroxyisopropyl)ketone, 2-hydroxy-1-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-2-methyl-1-propanone, 4-isopropylphenyl(1-hydroxyisopropyl)ketone, oligo-[2-hydroxy-2-methyl-I-[4-(I-methylvinyl)phenyl]propanone], camphorquinone, 4,4′-bis(diethylamino)benzophenone, benzil dimethyl ketal, bis(eta 5-2-4-cyclopentadien-I-yl) bis[2,6-difluoro-3-(IH-pyrrol-I-yl)phenyl]titanium, and any combination thereof. 5. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the photoinitiating system is a photoinitiator having both cationic initiating function and free radical initiating function. 6. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1 wherein the photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication comprises at least one cationic photoinitiator, preferably selected from the group consisting of onium salts, halonium salts, iodosyl salts, selenium salts, sulfonium salts, sulfoxonium salts, diazonium salts, metallocene salts, isoquinolinium salts, phosphonium salts, arsonium salts, tropylium salts, dialkylphenacylsulfonium salts, thiopyrilium salts, diaryl iodonium salts, triaryl sulfonium salts, sulfonium antimonate salts, ferrocenes, di(cyclopentadienyliron)arene salt compounds, and pyridinium salts, and any combination thereof, more preferably selected from the group consisting of aromatic diazonium salts, aromatic sulfonium salts, aromatic iodonium salts, metallocene based compounds, aromatic phosphonium salts and silanol aluminium complexes, more preferably selected from the group consisting of aromatic sulfonium salts, aromatic iodonium salts, and metallocene based compounds, even more preferably selected from the group consisting of triarylsulfonium salts, diaryliodonium salts, and metallocene based compounds. 7. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the cationic photoinitiator is at least one with an anion selected from the group consisting of BF4 −, AsF6 −, SbF6 −, PF6 −, B(C6F6)4 −, perfluoroalkylsulfonates, perfluoroalkylphosphates, and carborane anions. 8. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1 wherein the cationic photoinitiator is at least one cation selected from the group consisting of aromatic sulfonium salts, aromatic iodonium salts, and metallocene based compounds with at least an anion selected from the group consisting of SbF6 −, PF6 −, B(C6F5)4 −, perfluoroalkylsulfonates, perfluoroalkylphosphates, and (CH6B11Cl6)−. 9. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the cationic photoinitiator is an aromatic sulfonium salt based cationic photoinitiator selected from the group consisting of 4-(4-benzoylphenylthio)phenyldiphenylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-(4-benzoylphenylthio)phenylbis(4-hydroxyethyloxyphenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-(4-benzoylphenylthio)phenylbis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-(4-benzoylphenylthio)phenylbis(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-[4-(3-chlorobenzoyl)phenylthio]phenylbis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-(4-benzoylphenylthio)phenylbis(4-methylphenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-(4-benzoylphenylthio)phenylbis(4-hydroxyethylphenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-[4-(4-hydroxyethyloxybenzoyl)phenylthio]phenylbis(4-fluoro phenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-[4-(4-hydroxyethyloxybenzoyl)phenylthio]phenyldiphenylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-[4-(4-hydroxyethyloxybenzoyl)phenylthio]phenylbis(4-hydroxyethyloxyphenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-(4-benzoylphenylthio)phenylbis(4-methoxyethoxyphenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-[4-(3-methoxybenzoyl)phenylthio]phenyldiphenylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-[4-(3-methoxycarbonylbenzoyl)phenylthio]phenyldiphenylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-[4-(2-hydroxymethylbenzoyl)phenylthio]phenyldiphenylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-[4-(4-methylbenzoyl)phenylthio]phenylbis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-[4-(4-)phenylthio]phenylbis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-[4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)phenylthio]phenylbis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-[4-(2-methoxycarbonylbenzoyl)phenylthio]phenylbis(4-fluoro phenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, bis[4-(diphenylsulfonio)phenyl]sulfide bishexafluorophosphate, bis[4-(diphenylsulfonio)phenyl]sulfide bistetrafluoroborate, bis[4-(diphenylsulfonio)phenyl]sulfide tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, diphenyl-4-(phenylthio)phenylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate, diphenyl-4-(phenylthio)phenylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate, diphenyl-4-(phenylthio)phenylsulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, triphenylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate, triphenylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, triphenylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate, triphenylsulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, bis[4-(di(4-(2-hydroxyethoxy))phenylsulfonio)phenyl]sulfide bishexafluorophosphate, bis[4-(di(4-(2-hydroxyethoxy))phenylsulfonio)phenyl]sulfide bistetrafluoroborate, and bis[4-(di(4-(2-hydroxyethoxy))phenylsulfonio)phenyl]sulfide tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate. 10. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1 wherein the cationic photoinitiator is an aromatic iodonium salt based cationic photoinitiator selected from the group consisting of diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate, diphenyliodonium hexafluoroantimonate, diphenyliodonium tetrafluoroborate, diphenyliodonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, bis(dodecylphenyl)iodonium hexafluorophosphate, bis(dodecylphenyl)iodonium hexafluoroantimonate, bis(dodecylphenyl)iodonium tetrafluoroborate, bis(dodecylphenyl)iodonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, 4-methylphenyl-4-(1-methylethyl)phenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate, 4-methylphenyl-4-(1-methylethyl)phenyliodonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-methylphenyl-4-(1-methylethyl)phenyliodonium tetrafluoroborate, and 4-methylphenyl-4-(1-methylethyl)phenyliodonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate. 11. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the cationic photoinitiator is selected from the group consisting of tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate or hexafluoroantimonate salt of 4-(4-benzoylphenylthio)phenyldiphenylsulfonium, 4-(4-benzoylphenylthio)phenylbis(4-hydroxyethyloxyphenyl)sulfonium, 4-(4-benzoylphenylthio)phenylbis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonium, 4-(4-benzoylphenylthio)phenylbis(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonium, 4-[4-(3-chlorobenzoyl)phenylthio]phenylbis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonium, 4-[4-(2-chlorobenzoyl)phenylthio]phenylbis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonium, (4-thiophenoxyphenyl)diphenylsulfonium, S,S,S′,S′-tetraphenylthiobis(4,1-pheny lene)disulfonium, triphenylsulfonium, (chlorophenyl)diphenylsulfonium, chloro[S-(phenyl)thianthrenium], S-(phenyl)thianthrenium, diphenyl-4-(4′-thiophenoxy)thiophenoxyphenylsulfonium, phenyldi(4-thiophenoxyphenyl)sulfonium, S-(4-thiophenoxyphenyl)thianthrenium, and (thiodi-4,1-phenylene)bis[bis[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]sulfonium, tris(4-(4-acetylphenyl)thiophenyl)sulfonium, bis(4-dodecylphenyl)iodonium, [4-[(2-hydroxytetradecyl)oxy]phenyl]phenyliodonium, (4-methylphenyl)[4-[[2-[[[[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino]carbonyl]oxy]tetradecyl]oxy]phenyl]iodonium, bis(4-dodecylphenyl)iodonium, [4-(1-methylethyl)phenyl](4-methylphenyl)iodonium, and any combination thereof. 12. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the cationic photoiniator is a sulfonium borate photoinitiator, more preferably a triarylsulfonium borate, more preferably tris(4-(4-acetylphenyl)thiophenyl)sulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate or 4-[4-(3-chlorobenzoyl)phenylthio]phenylbis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate. 13. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the polymerizable component is polymerizable by both free-radical polymerization and cationic polymerization. 14. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the polymerizable component is a vinyloxy compound, preferably selected from the group consisting of bis(4-vinyloxybutyl)isophthalate, tris(4-vinyloxybutyl)trimellitate, and combinations thereof. 15. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, which further includes a photosensitizer, preferably selected from the group consisting of methanones, xanthenones, pyrenemethanols, anthracenes, quinones, xanthones, thioxanthones, benzoyl esters, benzophenones, and any combination thereof, more preferably selected from the group consisting of [4-[(4-methylphenyl)thio]phenyl]phenyl-methanone, isopropyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one, 1-pyrenemethanol, 9-(hydroxymethyl)anthracene, 9,10-diethoxyanthracene, anthracene, anthraquinones, 2-methylanthraquinone, 2-ethylanthraquinone, 2-tertbutylanthraquinone, 1-chloroanthraquinone, 2-amylanthraquinone, thioxanthones and xanthones, isopropyl thioxanthone, 2-chlorothioxanthone, 2,4-diethylthioxanthone, 1-chloro-4-propoxythioxanthone, methyl benzoyl formate, methyl-2-benzoyl benzoate, 4-benzoyl-4′-methyl diphenyl sulphide, 4,4′-bis(diethylamino)benzophenone, and any combination thereof. 16. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 15, wherein the photosensitizer is a fluorone, preferably selected from the group consisting of 5,7-diiodo-3-butoxy-6-fluorone, 5,7-diiodo-3-hydroxy-6-fluorone, 9-cyano-5,7-diiodo-3-hydroxy-6-fluorone,
and any combination thereof. 17. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, which further includes a chain transfer agent, preferably a chain transfer agent for a cationic polymerizable component which is preferably a hydroxyl-containing compound, more preferably a compound containing 2 or more than 2 hydroxyl-groups, preferably the chain transfer agent is selected from the group consisting of a polyether polyol, polyester polyol, polycarbonate polyol, ethoxylated or propoxylated aliphatic or aromatic compounds having hydroxyl groups, dendritic polyols, or hyperbranched polyols, more preferably a polyether polyol comprising an alkoxy ether group of the formula [(CH2)nO]m, wherein n can be 1 to 6 and m can be 1 to 100, or polytetrahydrofuran. 18. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, which further includes one or more additives selected from the group consisting of bubble breakers, antioxidants, surfactants, acid scavengers, pigments, dyes, thickneners, flame retardants, silane coupling agents, ultraviolet absorbers, resin particles, core-shell particle impact modifiers, soluble polymers and block polymers. 19. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the ratio by weight of cationic photoinitiator to free-radical photoinitiator is less than about 4.0, preferably from about 0.1 to about 4.0, preferably from about 0.1 to about 2.0, more preferably from about 0.1 to about 1.5, more preferably from about 0.2 to about 1.0. 20. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the photocurable resin composition is free or substantially free of antimony-containing initiator. 21. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein the ratio by weight of cationic polymerizable component to free-radical polymerizable component is less than about 7.0, preferably from about 0.5 to about 6.5, more preferably from about 1.0 to about 6.5, more preferably from about 0.5 to about 2.0, more preferably from about 1.0 to about 1.5. 22. The photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1, wherein at least about 30 wt %, preferably 40 wt %, of the ingredients in the photocurable resin for additive fabrication are bio-based, rather than petroleum based. 23. A three-dimensional article comprising a cured photocurable resin, wherein the cured photocurable resin is obtained by curing the photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1 by irradiating it with light emitted from a light emitting diode (LED) light having a wavelength from about 100 nm to about 900 nm, preferably from 200 nm to about 600 nm, more preferably from about 280 nm to about 500 nm, more preferably from about 300 nm to about 475 nm, preferably having a peak at about 365 nm. 24. A process for making a three-dimensional object comprising the steps of forming and selectively curing a layer of the photocurable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1 by irradiation with light from a light emitting diode (LED) having a wavelength from about 100 nm to about 900 nm, preferably from 200 nm to about 600 run, more preferably from about 280 nm to about 500 nm, more preferably from about 300 nm to about 475 nm, preferably having a peak at about 365 nm, and repeating the steps of forming and selectively curing a layer of the photocurable resin composition a plurality of times to obtain a three-dimensional object. | 1,700 |
2,094 | 13,515,664 | 1,767 | Liquid radiation curable resins for additive fabrication comprising an R-substituted aromatic thioetber triaryl sulfonmm tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate cationic photoinitiator is disclosed. A process for using the liquid radiation curable resins for additive fabrication and three-dimensional articles made from the liquid radiation curable resins for additive fabrication are also disclosed. | 1. A liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication comprising an R-substituted aromatic thioether triaryl sulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate cationic photoinitiator with a tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate anion and a cation of the following formula (I):
wherein Y1, Y2, and Y3 are the same or different and wherein Y1, Y2, or Y3 are R-substituted aromatic thioether with R being an acetyl or halogen group. 2. The liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication of claim 1 wherein the R-substituted aromatic thioether triaryl sulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate cationic photoinitiator is present in an amount from about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt %, preferably from about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt %, more preferably from about 0.1 wt % to about 7 wt %, more preferably from about 0.2 wt % to about 4 wt % of the liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication. 3. The liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication of claim 2 further comprising:
a. from 2 to 40 wt % of a radically polymerizable compound
b. from 10 to 80 wt % of a cationically polymerizable compound and
c. from 0.1 to 10 wt % of a radical photoinitiator. 4. The liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication of claim 1 wherein R is an acetyl group. 5. The liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication of claim 1 wherein Y1, Y2, and Y3 are the same. 6. The liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication of claim 1 wherein the R-substituted aromatic thioether triaryl sulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate cationic photoinitiator is tris(4-(4-acetylphenyl)thiophenyl)sulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate. 7. The liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication of claim 1 wherein the R-substituted aromatic thioether triaryl sulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate cationic photoinitiator is present in an amount from 0.1 wt % to 2 wt %. 8. The liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication of claim 1 further comprising a cationic photoinitiator that is not an R-substituted aromatic thioether triaryl sulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate cationic photoinitiator. 9. The liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication of claim 1 further comprising a photosensitizer. 10. The liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication of claim 1 further comprising an inorganic filler, preferably present in an amount from about 5 wt % to about 90 wt %, more preferably from about 10 wt % to about 75 wt %, more preferably from about 30 wt % to about 75 wt %. 11. The liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication of claim 10 wherein the inorganic filler is silica nanoparticles comprising at least 80 wt % silica, preferably 90 wt % silica, more preferably 95 wt % silica. 12. The liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication of claim 1 further comprising from about 0.1 to about 1 wt % of a stabilizer. 13. The liquid radiation curable resin of claim 12 wherein the stabilizer is a liquid Na2CO3 solution. 14. A liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication comprising 5 wt % to about 90 wt %, preferably from 10 wt % to 75 wt %, more preferably from 30 to 75 wt % of inorganic filler, said inorganic filler preferably comprising greater than 80 wt %, preferably greater than 90 wt %, more preferably greater than 95 wt % of silica, that has a Dp of from about 4.5 mils to about 7.0 mils wherein the liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication, when placed on a shaker table set at 240 rpm and exposed to two 15 watt plant and aquarium lamps hung 8 inches above the surface of the liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication, has a gel time of greater than 200 hours, preferably greater than 250 hours. 15. A process of forming a three-dimensional object comprising the steps of forming and selectively curing a layer of the liquid radiation curable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1 with actinic radiation and repeating the steps of forming and selectively curing a layer of the liquid radiation curable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1 a plurality of times to obtain a three-dimensional object. 16. The process of claim 15 wherein the source of actinic radiation is one or more LEDs. 17. The process of claim 16 wherein the one or more LEDS emit light at a wavelength of 200 nm-460 nm, preferably from 300 nm-400 nm, more preferably from 340 nm to 370 nm, mire preferably having a peak at 365 nm. 18. A three-dimensional object formed from the liquid radiation curable resin of claim 1. 19. The use of an R-substituted aromatic thioether triaryl sulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate cationic photoinitiator with a tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate anion and a cation of the following formula (I):
wherein Y1, Y2, and Y3 are the same or different and where Y1, Y2, or Y3 are R-substituted aromatic thioether with R being an acetyl or halogen group, on metal and metal alloys, such as aluminum alloy, steels, stainless steels, copper alloys, tin, or tin-plated steels. | Liquid radiation curable resins for additive fabrication comprising an R-substituted aromatic thioetber triaryl sulfonmm tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate cationic photoinitiator is disclosed. A process for using the liquid radiation curable resins for additive fabrication and three-dimensional articles made from the liquid radiation curable resins for additive fabrication are also disclosed.1. A liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication comprising an R-substituted aromatic thioether triaryl sulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate cationic photoinitiator with a tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate anion and a cation of the following formula (I):
wherein Y1, Y2, and Y3 are the same or different and wherein Y1, Y2, or Y3 are R-substituted aromatic thioether with R being an acetyl or halogen group. 2. The liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication of claim 1 wherein the R-substituted aromatic thioether triaryl sulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate cationic photoinitiator is present in an amount from about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt %, preferably from about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt %, more preferably from about 0.1 wt % to about 7 wt %, more preferably from about 0.2 wt % to about 4 wt % of the liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication. 3. The liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication of claim 2 further comprising:
a. from 2 to 40 wt % of a radically polymerizable compound
b. from 10 to 80 wt % of a cationically polymerizable compound and
c. from 0.1 to 10 wt % of a radical photoinitiator. 4. The liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication of claim 1 wherein R is an acetyl group. 5. The liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication of claim 1 wherein Y1, Y2, and Y3 are the same. 6. The liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication of claim 1 wherein the R-substituted aromatic thioether triaryl sulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate cationic photoinitiator is tris(4-(4-acetylphenyl)thiophenyl)sulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate. 7. The liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication of claim 1 wherein the R-substituted aromatic thioether triaryl sulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate cationic photoinitiator is present in an amount from 0.1 wt % to 2 wt %. 8. The liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication of claim 1 further comprising a cationic photoinitiator that is not an R-substituted aromatic thioether triaryl sulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate cationic photoinitiator. 9. The liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication of claim 1 further comprising a photosensitizer. 10. The liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication of claim 1 further comprising an inorganic filler, preferably present in an amount from about 5 wt % to about 90 wt %, more preferably from about 10 wt % to about 75 wt %, more preferably from about 30 wt % to about 75 wt %. 11. The liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication of claim 10 wherein the inorganic filler is silica nanoparticles comprising at least 80 wt % silica, preferably 90 wt % silica, more preferably 95 wt % silica. 12. The liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication of claim 1 further comprising from about 0.1 to about 1 wt % of a stabilizer. 13. The liquid radiation curable resin of claim 12 wherein the stabilizer is a liquid Na2CO3 solution. 14. A liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication comprising 5 wt % to about 90 wt %, preferably from 10 wt % to 75 wt %, more preferably from 30 to 75 wt % of inorganic filler, said inorganic filler preferably comprising greater than 80 wt %, preferably greater than 90 wt %, more preferably greater than 95 wt % of silica, that has a Dp of from about 4.5 mils to about 7.0 mils wherein the liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication, when placed on a shaker table set at 240 rpm and exposed to two 15 watt plant and aquarium lamps hung 8 inches above the surface of the liquid radiation curable resin for additive fabrication, has a gel time of greater than 200 hours, preferably greater than 250 hours. 15. A process of forming a three-dimensional object comprising the steps of forming and selectively curing a layer of the liquid radiation curable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1 with actinic radiation and repeating the steps of forming and selectively curing a layer of the liquid radiation curable resin composition for additive fabrication of claim 1 a plurality of times to obtain a three-dimensional object. 16. The process of claim 15 wherein the source of actinic radiation is one or more LEDs. 17. The process of claim 16 wherein the one or more LEDS emit light at a wavelength of 200 nm-460 nm, preferably from 300 nm-400 nm, more preferably from 340 nm to 370 nm, mire preferably having a peak at 365 nm. 18. A three-dimensional object formed from the liquid radiation curable resin of claim 1. 19. The use of an R-substituted aromatic thioether triaryl sulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate cationic photoinitiator with a tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate anion and a cation of the following formula (I):
wherein Y1, Y2, and Y3 are the same or different and where Y1, Y2, or Y3 are R-substituted aromatic thioether with R being an acetyl or halogen group, on metal and metal alloys, such as aluminum alloy, steels, stainless steels, copper alloys, tin, or tin-plated steels. | 1,700 |
2,095 | 14,899,319 | 1,784 | Provided is a hot-pressed member excellent in terms of paint adhesiveness and a method of manufacturing the hot-pressed member. A hot-pressed member has a coating layer containing Zn and Ni on the surface of a steel sheet of which the member is formed, an oxide film containing Zn on the coating layer, and a void formation rate is 80% or less for voids formed between the coating layer and the oxide film. | 1.-2. (canceled) 3. A hot-pressed member comprising a coating layer containing Zn and Ni on a surface of a steel sheet of which the hot-pressed member is formed, and an oxide film containing Zn on the coating layer, wherein a void formation rate is 80% or less for voids formed between the coating layer and the oxide film. 4. A method of manufacturing a hot-pressed member comprising:
heating a coated steel sheet having a coating layer on a surface of the steel sheet, which contains 10 mass % or more and 25 mass % or less of Ni and the balance being Zn and inevitable impurities and which has a coating weight per side of 10 g/m2 or more and 90 g/m2 or less, under heating conditions satisfying expressions (1) and (2):
850≦T≦950 (1)
0<t≦{20−(T/50)+(W/10)} (2),
where T represents a peak temperature (° C.) of the coated steel sheet, t represents a total heating time (minutes) of the coated steel sheet from a start of the heating to an end of the heating, and W represents coating weight per side (g/m2), and
then performing hot pressing on the heated steel sheet. | Provided is a hot-pressed member excellent in terms of paint adhesiveness and a method of manufacturing the hot-pressed member. A hot-pressed member has a coating layer containing Zn and Ni on the surface of a steel sheet of which the member is formed, an oxide film containing Zn on the coating layer, and a void formation rate is 80% or less for voids formed between the coating layer and the oxide film.1.-2. (canceled) 3. A hot-pressed member comprising a coating layer containing Zn and Ni on a surface of a steel sheet of which the hot-pressed member is formed, and an oxide film containing Zn on the coating layer, wherein a void formation rate is 80% or less for voids formed between the coating layer and the oxide film. 4. A method of manufacturing a hot-pressed member comprising:
heating a coated steel sheet having a coating layer on a surface of the steel sheet, which contains 10 mass % or more and 25 mass % or less of Ni and the balance being Zn and inevitable impurities and which has a coating weight per side of 10 g/m2 or more and 90 g/m2 or less, under heating conditions satisfying expressions (1) and (2):
850≦T≦950 (1)
0<t≦{20−(T/50)+(W/10)} (2),
where T represents a peak temperature (° C.) of the coated steel sheet, t represents a total heating time (minutes) of the coated steel sheet from a start of the heating to an end of the heating, and W represents coating weight per side (g/m2), and
then performing hot pressing on the heated steel sheet. | 1,700 |
2,096 | 14,120,934 | 1,773 | An apparatus and a method of extending a use life of a body of recreational water while reducing a concentration of chlorine required to effectively sanitize the body of recreational water, the method comprising the steps of adding a sanitizing concentration of total available chlorine to the body of recreation water that is suitable for human partial immersion in the body of recreation water; adding a source of silver ions and a source of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin to the body of recreational water to lower the concentration of chlorine required to effectively sanitize the body of recreational water; and maintaining a concentration of silver ions and a concentration of the source of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin effective at extending the use life of the body of recreational by at least 2 folds before a required chlorine shocking of the recreational body of water. | 1. A method of extending a use life of a body of recreational water while reducing a concentration of chlorine required to effectively sanitize the body of recreational water comprising the steps of:
adding a sanitizing concentration of total available chlorine to the body of recreation water that is suitable for human partial immersion in the body of recreation water; adding a source of metal ions to the body of recreational water to lower the concentration of chlorine required to effectively sanitize the body of recreational water; and
adding to the body of recreational water an amount of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin to maintain a concentration of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin effective at extending the use life of the body of recreational by at least 2 folds before a required shocking of the recreational body of water while maintaining the biocidal effectiveness of the silver ions. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the chorine concentration in the body of recreational water is maintained between 0.25 ppm and 0.5 ppm and the 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is maintained between 5-25 ppm. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of adding 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin to the body of recreational water comprising adding to the body of recreational water an amount of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin to maintain a concentration of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin effective at extending the use life of the body of recreational water at least 4 folds before a required chlorine-based shocking of the recreational body of water. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the body of recreation water comprises a spa or hot tub. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is in either granular, puck or tablet form and the source of metal ions comprise a source of silver ions. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein 1,3-dichlor-5-ethyl-5-methylhydantoin is added to the body of water 7. The method of claim 1 including the step of maintaining the source of silver ion in the body of recreational water at a concentration of 1-3 ppb wherein the source of silver ions comprises silver chloride. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the chlorine and the source of metal ions are the sole sanitizers in the body of recreational water. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the steps of adding the source of metal ions to the body of recreational water and adding the amount of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin to the body of recreational water comprises placing the source of metal ions and the source of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin in a dispenser before placing the source of metal ions and the source of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin into the body of recreational water. 10. A method of maintaining spa water suitable for human immersion during a period of at least two months without having to shock the spa water to remove chloramines comprising the steps of:
adding chlorine and 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin to the spa water; placing a source of silver ions in the spa water to lower a sanitizing concentration of chlorine to between 0.25 and 1.5 ppm; and subjecting the spa water to bather use while maintaining the sanitizing concentration of chlorine. 11. The method of claim 10 including maintaining the sanitizing concentration of chorine in the spa water between 0.25 ppm and 0.5 ppm and the 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin between 5-25 ppm by periodically adding 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin to a dispenser. 12. The method of claim 10 including the step of adding 3-Dichloro-5,5dimethylhydantoin; 1,3-Dichloro-5-ethyl-5-methylhydantoin and monochloro-5-methylhydantoin in combination with the 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin. 13. A method of extending a use life of a body of recreational water while reducing a concentration of chlorine required to effectively sanitize the body of recreational water comprising the steps of:
adding a sanitizing concentration of total available chlorine to the body of recreation water that is suitable for human partial immersion in the body of recreation water; adding a source of silver ions and a source of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin to the body of recreational water to lower the concentration of chlorine required to effectively sanitize the body of recreational water; and maintaining a concentration of silver ions and a concentration of the source of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin effective at extending the use life of the body of recreational by at least 2 folds before a required chlorine shocking of the recreational body of water. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the chorine concentration in the body of recreational water is maintained between 0.25 ppm and 0.5 ppm and the 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is maintained between 5-25 ppm. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the source of silver ions comprises silver chloride and the 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is in granular form. 16. The method of claim 14 including the step of maintaining the silver ion in the body of recreational water at a concentration of 1-3 ppb. 17. The method of claim 14 wherein the steps of adding the source of silver ions to the body of recreational water and adding the amount of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin to the body of recreational water comprises placing the source of silver ions and the source of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin in a dispenser and then placing dispenser into the body of recreational water. 18. The method of claim 14 wherein the steps of maintaining a concentration of the source of silver ions and a concentration of the source of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin comprises maintaining a concentration of the source of silver ions and a concentration of the source of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin effective at extending the use life of the body of recreational by at least 4 folds before a required chlorine shocking of the recreational body of water. 19. A dispenser for extending a use life of a body of recreational water sanitized at least in part by chlorine while reducing a concentration of chlorine required to effectively sanitize the body of recreational water comprising:
a first housing having a water accessible compartment containing a silver ion donor, the water accessible compartment of the first housing releasing a concentration of silver ions that lowers the concentration of chlorine required to effectively sanitize the body of recreational water when contacted by the body of recreational water containing a concentration of chlorine; a second housing having a water accessible compartment containing a source of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, the water accessible compartment of the second housing releasing a concentration of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin effective at extending the use life of the body of recreational by at least 2 folds before a required chlorine shocking of the body of recreational water when contacted by the body of recreational water containing the concentration of chlorine and the concentration of silver ions. 20. The dispenser of claim 19 wherein the silver ion donor comprises silver chloride, | An apparatus and a method of extending a use life of a body of recreational water while reducing a concentration of chlorine required to effectively sanitize the body of recreational water, the method comprising the steps of adding a sanitizing concentration of total available chlorine to the body of recreation water that is suitable for human partial immersion in the body of recreation water; adding a source of silver ions and a source of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin to the body of recreational water to lower the concentration of chlorine required to effectively sanitize the body of recreational water; and maintaining a concentration of silver ions and a concentration of the source of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin effective at extending the use life of the body of recreational by at least 2 folds before a required chlorine shocking of the recreational body of water.1. A method of extending a use life of a body of recreational water while reducing a concentration of chlorine required to effectively sanitize the body of recreational water comprising the steps of:
adding a sanitizing concentration of total available chlorine to the body of recreation water that is suitable for human partial immersion in the body of recreation water; adding a source of metal ions to the body of recreational water to lower the concentration of chlorine required to effectively sanitize the body of recreational water; and
adding to the body of recreational water an amount of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin to maintain a concentration of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin effective at extending the use life of the body of recreational by at least 2 folds before a required shocking of the recreational body of water while maintaining the biocidal effectiveness of the silver ions. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the chorine concentration in the body of recreational water is maintained between 0.25 ppm and 0.5 ppm and the 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is maintained between 5-25 ppm. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of adding 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin to the body of recreational water comprising adding to the body of recreational water an amount of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin to maintain a concentration of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin effective at extending the use life of the body of recreational water at least 4 folds before a required chlorine-based shocking of the recreational body of water. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the body of recreation water comprises a spa or hot tub. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is in either granular, puck or tablet form and the source of metal ions comprise a source of silver ions. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein 1,3-dichlor-5-ethyl-5-methylhydantoin is added to the body of water 7. The method of claim 1 including the step of maintaining the source of silver ion in the body of recreational water at a concentration of 1-3 ppb wherein the source of silver ions comprises silver chloride. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the chlorine and the source of metal ions are the sole sanitizers in the body of recreational water. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the steps of adding the source of metal ions to the body of recreational water and adding the amount of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin to the body of recreational water comprises placing the source of metal ions and the source of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin in a dispenser before placing the source of metal ions and the source of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin into the body of recreational water. 10. A method of maintaining spa water suitable for human immersion during a period of at least two months without having to shock the spa water to remove chloramines comprising the steps of:
adding chlorine and 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin to the spa water; placing a source of silver ions in the spa water to lower a sanitizing concentration of chlorine to between 0.25 and 1.5 ppm; and subjecting the spa water to bather use while maintaining the sanitizing concentration of chlorine. 11. The method of claim 10 including maintaining the sanitizing concentration of chorine in the spa water between 0.25 ppm and 0.5 ppm and the 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin between 5-25 ppm by periodically adding 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin to a dispenser. 12. The method of claim 10 including the step of adding 3-Dichloro-5,5dimethylhydantoin; 1,3-Dichloro-5-ethyl-5-methylhydantoin and monochloro-5-methylhydantoin in combination with the 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin. 13. A method of extending a use life of a body of recreational water while reducing a concentration of chlorine required to effectively sanitize the body of recreational water comprising the steps of:
adding a sanitizing concentration of total available chlorine to the body of recreation water that is suitable for human partial immersion in the body of recreation water; adding a source of silver ions and a source of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin to the body of recreational water to lower the concentration of chlorine required to effectively sanitize the body of recreational water; and maintaining a concentration of silver ions and a concentration of the source of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin effective at extending the use life of the body of recreational by at least 2 folds before a required chlorine shocking of the recreational body of water. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the chorine concentration in the body of recreational water is maintained between 0.25 ppm and 0.5 ppm and the 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is maintained between 5-25 ppm. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the source of silver ions comprises silver chloride and the 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is in granular form. 16. The method of claim 14 including the step of maintaining the silver ion in the body of recreational water at a concentration of 1-3 ppb. 17. The method of claim 14 wherein the steps of adding the source of silver ions to the body of recreational water and adding the amount of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin to the body of recreational water comprises placing the source of silver ions and the source of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin in a dispenser and then placing dispenser into the body of recreational water. 18. The method of claim 14 wherein the steps of maintaining a concentration of the source of silver ions and a concentration of the source of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin comprises maintaining a concentration of the source of silver ions and a concentration of the source of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin effective at extending the use life of the body of recreational by at least 4 folds before a required chlorine shocking of the recreational body of water. 19. A dispenser for extending a use life of a body of recreational water sanitized at least in part by chlorine while reducing a concentration of chlorine required to effectively sanitize the body of recreational water comprising:
a first housing having a water accessible compartment containing a silver ion donor, the water accessible compartment of the first housing releasing a concentration of silver ions that lowers the concentration of chlorine required to effectively sanitize the body of recreational water when contacted by the body of recreational water containing a concentration of chlorine; a second housing having a water accessible compartment containing a source of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, the water accessible compartment of the second housing releasing a concentration of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin effective at extending the use life of the body of recreational by at least 2 folds before a required chlorine shocking of the body of recreational water when contacted by the body of recreational water containing the concentration of chlorine and the concentration of silver ions. 20. The dispenser of claim 19 wherein the silver ion donor comprises silver chloride, | 1,700 |
2,097 | 15,120,132 | 1,763 | To provide a pressure-sensitive adhesive which has sufficient adhesive strength under a variety of conditions to a base material having a low surface energy. Resolution Means: A pressure-sensitive adhesive that contains a tacky adhesive polymer and a chlorinated polyolefin, wherein a heat of fusion of the chlorinated polyolefin is 0 to 5 J/g, and a content of chlorine in the chlorinated polyolefin is 16 to 25 mass %. | 1. A pressure-sensitive adhesive comprising a tacky adhesive polymer and a chlorinated polyolefin;
a heat of fusion of the chlorinated polyolefin being 0 to 5 J/g, and a content of chlorine in the chlorinated polyolefin being 16 to 25 mass %. 2. The pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 1, wherein the tacky adhesive polymer is obtained by polymerizing:
50 to 100 parts by mass of a first monomer comprising at least one type of (meth)acrylic acid ester of a non-tertiary alcohol having 4 to 20 carbons in the alkyl group, and 0 to 50 parts by mass of a second monomer that copolymerizes with the first monomer. 3. The pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 1, which further comprises a tackifier at a quantity of 10 parts by mass or less relative to 100 parts by mass of the tacky adhesive polymer. 4. The pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 1, comprising 0.05 to 5.0 parts by mass of the chlorinated polyolefin relative to 100 parts by mass of the tacky adhesive polymer. 5. The pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 1, further comprising a polyether-modified silicone in a quantity of 0.1 to 3.0 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the tacky adhesive polymer. | To provide a pressure-sensitive adhesive which has sufficient adhesive strength under a variety of conditions to a base material having a low surface energy. Resolution Means: A pressure-sensitive adhesive that contains a tacky adhesive polymer and a chlorinated polyolefin, wherein a heat of fusion of the chlorinated polyolefin is 0 to 5 J/g, and a content of chlorine in the chlorinated polyolefin is 16 to 25 mass %.1. A pressure-sensitive adhesive comprising a tacky adhesive polymer and a chlorinated polyolefin;
a heat of fusion of the chlorinated polyolefin being 0 to 5 J/g, and a content of chlorine in the chlorinated polyolefin being 16 to 25 mass %. 2. The pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 1, wherein the tacky adhesive polymer is obtained by polymerizing:
50 to 100 parts by mass of a first monomer comprising at least one type of (meth)acrylic acid ester of a non-tertiary alcohol having 4 to 20 carbons in the alkyl group, and 0 to 50 parts by mass of a second monomer that copolymerizes with the first monomer. 3. The pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 1, which further comprises a tackifier at a quantity of 10 parts by mass or less relative to 100 parts by mass of the tacky adhesive polymer. 4. The pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 1, comprising 0.05 to 5.0 parts by mass of the chlorinated polyolefin relative to 100 parts by mass of the tacky adhesive polymer. 5. The pressure-sensitive adhesive according to claim 1, further comprising a polyether-modified silicone in a quantity of 0.1 to 3.0 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the tacky adhesive polymer. | 1,700 |
2,098 | 13,422,349 | 1,778 | A thermally bonded filtration media that can be used in high temperature conditions in the absence of any loss of fiber through thermal effects or mechanical impact on the fiber components is disclosed. The filter media can be manufactured and used in a filter unit or structure, can be placed in a stream of removable fluid, and can remove a particulate load from the mobile stream at an increased temperature range. The combination of bi-component fiber, other filter media fiber, and other filtration additives provides an improved filtration media having unique properties in high temperature, high performance applications. | 1. A nonwoven web comprising fibers in a thermally bonded web, the web comprising:
(a) a bi-component fiber having a structural polymer portion and a thermoplastic binder polymer portion, the binder polymer having a melting point of greater than 115° C.; the bi-component fiber having a diameter of about 5 to 25 μm and a length of about 2 to 15 mm; and (b) a staple fiber;
wherein the web is substantially free of glass fiber. 2. The web of claim 1 comprising:
about 1 to 30 wt. % of the bi-component fiber having a binder polymer portion with a melting point greater than 120° C.; and
about 70 to 99 wt. % of the staple fiber, the staple fiber comprising a cellulosic or synthetic polymer fiber;
wherein the web has a thickness of about 0.1 to 2 mm, 3. The web of claim 1, wherein the melting point of the binder polymer portion is about 140-160° C., and the melting point of the structural polymer portion is at least 240° C. 4. The web of claim 1 comprising:
a solidity of about 2 to 10%, a basis weight of about 45 to 150 g-m−2, 5. The web of claim 1, wherein the web has a basis weight of about 50 to about 130 grams per square meter. 6. The web of claim 1 comprising:
a pore size of about 12 to 50 microns, 7. The web of claim 1 comprising:
a permeability of about 1.5 to 3 m-sec−1. 8. The web of claim 1, wherein the staple fiber comprises a combination of about 1 to about 20 wt-% of a cellulosic fiber, and about 10 to about 50 wt % of a polyester fiber. 9. The web of claim 1, wherein the staple fiber comprises a combination of about 5 to 15 wt-% of a cotton linter fiber, and about 10 to about 50 wt % of a polyester fiber. 10. A nonwoven web comprising fibers in a thermally bonded web, the web comprising:
(a) about 1 to 30 wt. %, based on the weight of the web, of a bi-component fiber having a core polymer and a shell polymer, wherein the core polymer has a melting point of at least 240° C. and the shell polymer has a melting point of up to 115° C.; and the bi-component fiber has a diameter of about 5 to about 25 μm and a length of about 2 to about 15 mm; (b) about 5 to 50 wt. %, based on the weight of the web, of a bi-component fiber having a core polymer and a shell polymer, wherein the core polymer has a melting point of at least 240° C. and the shell polymer has a melting point of 120° to 170° C.; and the bi-component fiber has a diameter of about 5 to about 25 microns and a length of about 2 to about 15 mm; and (c) about 10 to 80 wt. %, based on the weight of the web of a staple fiber; wherein the web has a thickness of about 0.25 to about 2 mm, a solidity of about 5 to about 10%, a basis weight of about 45 to about 150 grams per square meter, a pore size of about 12 to about 50 microns, and a permeability of about 1.5 to about 3 msec. 11. The web of claim 10, wherein the melting point of the shell polymer of part (b) is about 140° to about 160° C. 12. The web of claim 10, wherein the core polymers of part (a) and part (b) have a melting point of 240° to about 260° C. 13. The web of claim 10, wherein the web has a basis weight of about 50 to 130 grams per square meter. 14. The web of claim 10, wherein the web is substantially glass free. 15. The web of claim 10, wherein the staple fiber comprises about 1 to 50 wt. % of the web and comprises a cellulosic fiber or a polyester fiber, or a mixture thereof. 16. The web of claim 10, wherein the staple fiber comprises a combination of about 5 to 15 wt-% of a cotton linter fiber, and about 10 to 50 wt % of a polyester fiber. 17. A nonwoven web comprising fibers in a thermally bonded sheet, the sheet substantially free of a glass fiber, the web comprising:
(a) about 1 to about 15 wt. % of a bi-component fiber having a first core polymer with a melting point of 240° to 260° C. and a shell polymer with a melting point of 100° to 115° C.; wherein the bi-component fiber has a diameter of about 10 to about 15 μm and a length of about 0.3 to 0.9 cm; (b) about 5 to about 50 wt. % of a bi-component fiber having a core polymer with a melting point of 240° to 260° C. and a shell polymer with a melting point of 120° to 160° C.; wherein the bi-component fiber has a diameter of about 10 to 15 microns and a length of about 0.3 to 0.9 centimeters; (c) a cotton linter fiber; and (d) a polyester fiber. 18. The web of claim 17, wherein the melting point of the bi-component shell polymer of part (b) is about 140-160° C. 19. The web of claim 17, wherein polyester fiber comprises about 1 to 20 wt. % of a staple polyester fiber having a diameter of 7 to 15 μm and about 10 to 50 wt. % of the cotton linter fiber having a diameter of 15 to 55 μm, and the ratio of the diameters of the first polyester fiber to the second polyester fiber is about 1:1.2 to 1:5. 20. A method of making a nonwoven web comprising a thermally bonded web, the method comprising:
(a) forming a furnish comprising an aqueous concentration of solids of about 0.005 to about 5 wt. %; the solids comprising about 20 to about 60 wt. % of a bi-component fiber; about 5 to about 25 wt. % of a staple fiber comprising a cotton linter fiber; and the cotton fiber having a diameter of less than about 80 μm and a fiber length of less than about 4 mm; (b) contacting the furnish with an inclined screen to form a wet layer; and (c) forming a web from the wet layer. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the staple fiber comprises about 1 to 20 wt. % of a staple polyester fiber having a diameter of 7 to 15 μm, and a cotton fiber having a diameter of 15 to 55 μm,
wherein the ratio of the diameters of the first polyester fiber to the second polyester fiber is about 1:1.2 to 1:5. 22. A filter media comprising two or more layers of the media of claim 20. 23. The filter media of claim 22, wherein the layers are different in filtration properties. 24. The filter media of claim 23, wherein the layers comprise an efficiency layer and a loading layer. 25. The web of claim 10 comprising about 0.5 to about 5 wt-% of a C2 to C9 fluorochemical treatment, the wt.-% based on the web; wherein the web is substantially free of a glass fiber. 26. The web of claim 25 wherein the fibers have a treatment on the fibers of about 0.1 to 5 wt-% of a C6 fluoroalkyl acrylic polymer. 27. The web of claims 25 wherein the fibers have a treatment on the fibers of about 2 wt.-% of a C6 fluoroalkyl acrylic polymer. 28. An aqueous furnish suitable to form a nonwoven web comprising a thermally bonded sheet comprising an aqueous medium comprising:
(a) about 1 to 30 wt. % of a first bi-component fiber having a core polymer and a shell polymer with a melting point of up to 115° C.; and a diameter of about 13 μm in the fiber length of about 0.6 cm; (b) about 20 to 50 wt. % of a second bi-component fiber having a core polymer and a shell polymer with a melting point of 115 to 170° C.; and having a fiber diameter of about 13 microns and a fiber length of about 0.6 centimeters; (c) about 20 to 50 wt.-% of a staple non-bicomponent polyester fiber having a fiber diameter of about 10 microns and a fiber length of about 0.6 centimeters having a melting point of greater than about 250 degrees centigrade; (d) about 7.5 wt.-% of a staple cellulosic fiber having a fiber diameter of about 29 microns and a fiber length of about 0.3 centimeters; and (e) the web comprising a treatment on the fibers of about 0.5 to 5 wt.-% of a C2-6 fluorochemical; Wherein wt. % are based on solids content and the web has a thickness of about 0.7 millimeters, a solidity of about 8 percent, a basis weight of about 65 g-m−2 a pore size of about 30 microns and a permeability of 2 meters per second. 29. The furnish of claim 28 wherein the web is substantially free of glass fiber. 30. The furnish of claim 28 wherein the fluorochemical comprises a C2-6 fluoroalkyl acrylic polymer. 31. The furnish of claim 28 wherein the fluorochemical comprises a C6 fluoroalkyl acrylic polymer. 32. The furnish of claim 28 wherein the cellulosic fiber is a cotton linter fiber. 33. The furnish of claim 28 wherein the first bi-component fiber and the second bi-component fiber are core/shell fibers with a core polymer having a melting point of 240 to 260° C. 34. A method of making a nonwoven web comprising a thermally bonded sheet, the sheet substantially free of a glass fiber, the method comprising, in an inclined wire papermaking machine:
(i) forming an aqueous furnish having a concentration of solids of about 0.005 to 5 wt. % comprising:
(a) about 20 to 70 wt-% of a bicomponent fiber having a fiber diameter of about 13 μm in the fiber length of about 0.6 cm;
(b) about 30 to 70 wt-% of a staple fiber comprising a polyester fiber, a cellulosic fiber or a combination of both, the fiber having a diameter of about 10 microns and the fiber length of about 0.6 cm; and
(ii) forming a layer from the furnish by removing water; and (iii) treating the layer with about 2 wt-% of a C2-7 fluorochemical treatment; 35. The web of claim 34 wherein the first bi-component fiber and the second bi-component fiber are core/shell fibers with a core polymer having a melting point of 240 to 260° C. | A thermally bonded filtration media that can be used in high temperature conditions in the absence of any loss of fiber through thermal effects or mechanical impact on the fiber components is disclosed. The filter media can be manufactured and used in a filter unit or structure, can be placed in a stream of removable fluid, and can remove a particulate load from the mobile stream at an increased temperature range. The combination of bi-component fiber, other filter media fiber, and other filtration additives provides an improved filtration media having unique properties in high temperature, high performance applications.1. A nonwoven web comprising fibers in a thermally bonded web, the web comprising:
(a) a bi-component fiber having a structural polymer portion and a thermoplastic binder polymer portion, the binder polymer having a melting point of greater than 115° C.; the bi-component fiber having a diameter of about 5 to 25 μm and a length of about 2 to 15 mm; and (b) a staple fiber;
wherein the web is substantially free of glass fiber. 2. The web of claim 1 comprising:
about 1 to 30 wt. % of the bi-component fiber having a binder polymer portion with a melting point greater than 120° C.; and
about 70 to 99 wt. % of the staple fiber, the staple fiber comprising a cellulosic or synthetic polymer fiber;
wherein the web has a thickness of about 0.1 to 2 mm, 3. The web of claim 1, wherein the melting point of the binder polymer portion is about 140-160° C., and the melting point of the structural polymer portion is at least 240° C. 4. The web of claim 1 comprising:
a solidity of about 2 to 10%, a basis weight of about 45 to 150 g-m−2, 5. The web of claim 1, wherein the web has a basis weight of about 50 to about 130 grams per square meter. 6. The web of claim 1 comprising:
a pore size of about 12 to 50 microns, 7. The web of claim 1 comprising:
a permeability of about 1.5 to 3 m-sec−1. 8. The web of claim 1, wherein the staple fiber comprises a combination of about 1 to about 20 wt-% of a cellulosic fiber, and about 10 to about 50 wt % of a polyester fiber. 9. The web of claim 1, wherein the staple fiber comprises a combination of about 5 to 15 wt-% of a cotton linter fiber, and about 10 to about 50 wt % of a polyester fiber. 10. A nonwoven web comprising fibers in a thermally bonded web, the web comprising:
(a) about 1 to 30 wt. %, based on the weight of the web, of a bi-component fiber having a core polymer and a shell polymer, wherein the core polymer has a melting point of at least 240° C. and the shell polymer has a melting point of up to 115° C.; and the bi-component fiber has a diameter of about 5 to about 25 μm and a length of about 2 to about 15 mm; (b) about 5 to 50 wt. %, based on the weight of the web, of a bi-component fiber having a core polymer and a shell polymer, wherein the core polymer has a melting point of at least 240° C. and the shell polymer has a melting point of 120° to 170° C.; and the bi-component fiber has a diameter of about 5 to about 25 microns and a length of about 2 to about 15 mm; and (c) about 10 to 80 wt. %, based on the weight of the web of a staple fiber; wherein the web has a thickness of about 0.25 to about 2 mm, a solidity of about 5 to about 10%, a basis weight of about 45 to about 150 grams per square meter, a pore size of about 12 to about 50 microns, and a permeability of about 1.5 to about 3 msec. 11. The web of claim 10, wherein the melting point of the shell polymer of part (b) is about 140° to about 160° C. 12. The web of claim 10, wherein the core polymers of part (a) and part (b) have a melting point of 240° to about 260° C. 13. The web of claim 10, wherein the web has a basis weight of about 50 to 130 grams per square meter. 14. The web of claim 10, wherein the web is substantially glass free. 15. The web of claim 10, wherein the staple fiber comprises about 1 to 50 wt. % of the web and comprises a cellulosic fiber or a polyester fiber, or a mixture thereof. 16. The web of claim 10, wherein the staple fiber comprises a combination of about 5 to 15 wt-% of a cotton linter fiber, and about 10 to 50 wt % of a polyester fiber. 17. A nonwoven web comprising fibers in a thermally bonded sheet, the sheet substantially free of a glass fiber, the web comprising:
(a) about 1 to about 15 wt. % of a bi-component fiber having a first core polymer with a melting point of 240° to 260° C. and a shell polymer with a melting point of 100° to 115° C.; wherein the bi-component fiber has a diameter of about 10 to about 15 μm and a length of about 0.3 to 0.9 cm; (b) about 5 to about 50 wt. % of a bi-component fiber having a core polymer with a melting point of 240° to 260° C. and a shell polymer with a melting point of 120° to 160° C.; wherein the bi-component fiber has a diameter of about 10 to 15 microns and a length of about 0.3 to 0.9 centimeters; (c) a cotton linter fiber; and (d) a polyester fiber. 18. The web of claim 17, wherein the melting point of the bi-component shell polymer of part (b) is about 140-160° C. 19. The web of claim 17, wherein polyester fiber comprises about 1 to 20 wt. % of a staple polyester fiber having a diameter of 7 to 15 μm and about 10 to 50 wt. % of the cotton linter fiber having a diameter of 15 to 55 μm, and the ratio of the diameters of the first polyester fiber to the second polyester fiber is about 1:1.2 to 1:5. 20. A method of making a nonwoven web comprising a thermally bonded web, the method comprising:
(a) forming a furnish comprising an aqueous concentration of solids of about 0.005 to about 5 wt. %; the solids comprising about 20 to about 60 wt. % of a bi-component fiber; about 5 to about 25 wt. % of a staple fiber comprising a cotton linter fiber; and the cotton fiber having a diameter of less than about 80 μm and a fiber length of less than about 4 mm; (b) contacting the furnish with an inclined screen to form a wet layer; and (c) forming a web from the wet layer. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the staple fiber comprises about 1 to 20 wt. % of a staple polyester fiber having a diameter of 7 to 15 μm, and a cotton fiber having a diameter of 15 to 55 μm,
wherein the ratio of the diameters of the first polyester fiber to the second polyester fiber is about 1:1.2 to 1:5. 22. A filter media comprising two or more layers of the media of claim 20. 23. The filter media of claim 22, wherein the layers are different in filtration properties. 24. The filter media of claim 23, wherein the layers comprise an efficiency layer and a loading layer. 25. The web of claim 10 comprising about 0.5 to about 5 wt-% of a C2 to C9 fluorochemical treatment, the wt.-% based on the web; wherein the web is substantially free of a glass fiber. 26. The web of claim 25 wherein the fibers have a treatment on the fibers of about 0.1 to 5 wt-% of a C6 fluoroalkyl acrylic polymer. 27. The web of claims 25 wherein the fibers have a treatment on the fibers of about 2 wt.-% of a C6 fluoroalkyl acrylic polymer. 28. An aqueous furnish suitable to form a nonwoven web comprising a thermally bonded sheet comprising an aqueous medium comprising:
(a) about 1 to 30 wt. % of a first bi-component fiber having a core polymer and a shell polymer with a melting point of up to 115° C.; and a diameter of about 13 μm in the fiber length of about 0.6 cm; (b) about 20 to 50 wt. % of a second bi-component fiber having a core polymer and a shell polymer with a melting point of 115 to 170° C.; and having a fiber diameter of about 13 microns and a fiber length of about 0.6 centimeters; (c) about 20 to 50 wt.-% of a staple non-bicomponent polyester fiber having a fiber diameter of about 10 microns and a fiber length of about 0.6 centimeters having a melting point of greater than about 250 degrees centigrade; (d) about 7.5 wt.-% of a staple cellulosic fiber having a fiber diameter of about 29 microns and a fiber length of about 0.3 centimeters; and (e) the web comprising a treatment on the fibers of about 0.5 to 5 wt.-% of a C2-6 fluorochemical; Wherein wt. % are based on solids content and the web has a thickness of about 0.7 millimeters, a solidity of about 8 percent, a basis weight of about 65 g-m−2 a pore size of about 30 microns and a permeability of 2 meters per second. 29. The furnish of claim 28 wherein the web is substantially free of glass fiber. 30. The furnish of claim 28 wherein the fluorochemical comprises a C2-6 fluoroalkyl acrylic polymer. 31. The furnish of claim 28 wherein the fluorochemical comprises a C6 fluoroalkyl acrylic polymer. 32. The furnish of claim 28 wherein the cellulosic fiber is a cotton linter fiber. 33. The furnish of claim 28 wherein the first bi-component fiber and the second bi-component fiber are core/shell fibers with a core polymer having a melting point of 240 to 260° C. 34. A method of making a nonwoven web comprising a thermally bonded sheet, the sheet substantially free of a glass fiber, the method comprising, in an inclined wire papermaking machine:
(i) forming an aqueous furnish having a concentration of solids of about 0.005 to 5 wt. % comprising:
(a) about 20 to 70 wt-% of a bicomponent fiber having a fiber diameter of about 13 μm in the fiber length of about 0.6 cm;
(b) about 30 to 70 wt-% of a staple fiber comprising a polyester fiber, a cellulosic fiber or a combination of both, the fiber having a diameter of about 10 microns and the fiber length of about 0.6 cm; and
(ii) forming a layer from the furnish by removing water; and (iii) treating the layer with about 2 wt-% of a C2-7 fluorochemical treatment; 35. The web of claim 34 wherein the first bi-component fiber and the second bi-component fiber are core/shell fibers with a core polymer having a melting point of 240 to 260° C. | 1,700 |
2,099 | 12,566,294 | 1,735 | A method for joining two components, of which at least one is tubular in shape, more preferably of an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine. The joint can be produced in an easier manner with high quality if a ring-shaped joining element having an outer cone on at least one axial side with its outer cone is axially pressed into an axial end section of the one tubular component, as a result of which the end section of the one component widens along the outer cone when on its axial end of the widened end section and on the joining element a circumferential weld seam is produced and when the other component on an axial end section is joined with the joining element. | 1. A method for the joining of two components of which at least one is tubular in shape comprising:
providing a ring-shaped joining element having at least an outer cone on an axial side, wherein the outer cone is axially pressed into an axial end section of a tubular component, as a result of which the end section of the tubular component widens along the outer cone; wherein, on an axial end of the widened end section and on the joining element, a circumferential weld seam is produced; and wherein a second component on an axial end section is joined with the joining element. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the joining element with its outer cone is axially pressed into the end section of the tubular component so far until the axial end of the end section reaches a predetermined cross section and/or until the axial end of the end section comes to bear against an axial stop formed on the joining element so that the weld seam is produced on the predetermined cross section. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the tubular component contains at least one insert for exhaust gas treatment and a cross section which is calibrated with respect to the at least one insert. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second component contains at least one insert for exhaust gas treatment and a cross section which is calibrated with respect to the at least one insert. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second component is configured as a transition funnel or as a flange joinable by means of a screw joint or by means of a V-band clamp with which the tubular component can be connected to a tubular body which on its end section facing the tubular component has a predetermined cross section. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second component is a tubular body which on its end section facing the tubular component comprises a predetermined cross section and/or a flange which more preferably can be joined by means of a screw joint or by means of a V-band clamp. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second component is a wall with an opening for connecting and/or inserting the tubular component, and wherein the opening can have a predetermined cross section. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the joining element on its other axial side has a further outer cone so that the method provided and/or carried out for producing the joint between the tubular component and the joining element is also carried out for producing the joint between the other component and joining element. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the joining element on its other axial side comprises a joining region which is adapted to a predetermined cross section of the second component. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the respective outer cone in the axial section has a straight-line profile which is inclined relative to the axial direction. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the respective outer cone in axial section has a profile which is concavely curved towards the respective component. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the joining element is configured as a transition funnel or as a flange or as a wall with which the tubular component can be connected to the second component which is configured as tubular body. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the respective weld seam is so produced that it circulates in a closed, ring-shaped manner. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the two components are of an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine. 15. An assembly for an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine comprising:
two components, of which at least one is tubular in shape, and which are connected with one another by means of a ring-shaped joining element; wherein the joining element, at least on one axial side, includes an outer cone which is pressed in an axial end section of one of the two components, and, with a circumferential weld seam, is joined with an axial end of this end section; and wherein the other of the two components is connected with the joining element on an axial end section. | A method for joining two components, of which at least one is tubular in shape, more preferably of an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine. The joint can be produced in an easier manner with high quality if a ring-shaped joining element having an outer cone on at least one axial side with its outer cone is axially pressed into an axial end section of the one tubular component, as a result of which the end section of the one component widens along the outer cone when on its axial end of the widened end section and on the joining element a circumferential weld seam is produced and when the other component on an axial end section is joined with the joining element.1. A method for the joining of two components of which at least one is tubular in shape comprising:
providing a ring-shaped joining element having at least an outer cone on an axial side, wherein the outer cone is axially pressed into an axial end section of a tubular component, as a result of which the end section of the tubular component widens along the outer cone; wherein, on an axial end of the widened end section and on the joining element, a circumferential weld seam is produced; and wherein a second component on an axial end section is joined with the joining element. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the joining element with its outer cone is axially pressed into the end section of the tubular component so far until the axial end of the end section reaches a predetermined cross section and/or until the axial end of the end section comes to bear against an axial stop formed on the joining element so that the weld seam is produced on the predetermined cross section. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the tubular component contains at least one insert for exhaust gas treatment and a cross section which is calibrated with respect to the at least one insert. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second component contains at least one insert for exhaust gas treatment and a cross section which is calibrated with respect to the at least one insert. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second component is configured as a transition funnel or as a flange joinable by means of a screw joint or by means of a V-band clamp with which the tubular component can be connected to a tubular body which on its end section facing the tubular component has a predetermined cross section. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second component is a tubular body which on its end section facing the tubular component comprises a predetermined cross section and/or a flange which more preferably can be joined by means of a screw joint or by means of a V-band clamp. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second component is a wall with an opening for connecting and/or inserting the tubular component, and wherein the opening can have a predetermined cross section. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the joining element on its other axial side has a further outer cone so that the method provided and/or carried out for producing the joint between the tubular component and the joining element is also carried out for producing the joint between the other component and joining element. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the joining element on its other axial side comprises a joining region which is adapted to a predetermined cross section of the second component. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the respective outer cone in the axial section has a straight-line profile which is inclined relative to the axial direction. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the respective outer cone in axial section has a profile which is concavely curved towards the respective component. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the joining element is configured as a transition funnel or as a flange or as a wall with which the tubular component can be connected to the second component which is configured as tubular body. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the respective weld seam is so produced that it circulates in a closed, ring-shaped manner. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the two components are of an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine. 15. An assembly for an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine comprising:
two components, of which at least one is tubular in shape, and which are connected with one another by means of a ring-shaped joining element; wherein the joining element, at least on one axial side, includes an outer cone which is pressed in an axial end section of one of the two components, and, with a circumferential weld seam, is joined with an axial end of this end section; and wherein the other of the two components is connected with the joining element on an axial end section. | 1,700 |
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