triplets
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stringlengths 56
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|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Monte Carlo Rally",
"founded by",
"Albert I, Prince of Monaco"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Monte Carlo Rally<\e1> and <e2>Albert I, Prince of Monaco<\e2>.
The Monte Carlo Rally or Rallye Monte-Carlo (officially Rallye Automobile de Monte-Carlo) is a rallying event organized each year by the Automobile Club de Monaco. From its inception in 1911 by Prince Albert I, the rally was intended to demonstrate improvements and innovations in automobiles, and promote Monaco as a tourist resort on the Mediterranean shore. Before the format changed in 1997, the event was a “concentration rally” in which competitors would set off from various starting points around Europe and drive to Monaco, where the rally would continue to a set of special stages. The rally now takes place along the French Riviera in Monaco and southeast France. | founded by | 33,942 | 102,123 |
[
"United States Department of Defense China Task Force",
"founded by",
"Joe Biden"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>United States Department of Defense China Task Force<\e1> and <e2>Joe Biden<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,126 |
[
"Russian Naval Infantry",
"founded by",
"Peter the Great"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Russian Naval Infantry<\e1> and <e2>Peter the Great<\e2>.
History
Little is known about the Russian Naval infantrymen during the Imperial era of Russia because many of the units formed consisted of supernumerary ship crews of destroyed or immobilised Russian warships.The history of the Russian Navy could be traced back to the 16th century with Ivan the Terrible with the formation of his special team of Streltsy "sea soldiers" as part of his crew of flotilla ships.
The official history of the Naval Infantry could be traced back to the creation of the Russian ship Oryol (lit., Eagle), which launched in 1668 & sailed with a crew of 23 sailors & 35 soldiers, with the soldiers duties of boarding & capturing enemy ships & providing sentinel service under the command of Ivan Domozhirov.During the Azov campaign of the Russo-Turkish War, under Peter the Great, the soldiers in these units; many of whom were recruited by the Preobrazhensky & the Semyonovsky Regiments of the later-to-become Imperial Guards, were shown to be particularly effective in carrying out those duties. Those soldiers would later on form the Russian Navy's very first infantry regiment consisting of 4300 men.The first admiral of the regiment was appointed by no less than Tsar Peter I himself, General Admiral Fyodor Golovin, who later gave the respective order to Vice Admiral Cornelius Kruys on November 16, 1705, marking the glorious years following for the Russian Naval Infantry.Official formation
In November 16 (27), 1705, following a decree of Peter I, the first regiment "of naval equipage" (морской экипаж) (or in other words, equipped and supplied by the Russian Imperial Navy) was formed for boarding and landing operations, on the ships of the Baltic Fleet. The regiment had 1200 men (two battalions of five companies; 45 officers, & 70 non-commissioned officers), and from this original regiment began the long history of Naval Infantry within Russia. | founded by | 33,943 | 102,127 |
[
"WWE Performance Center",
"founded by",
"WWE"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>WWE Performance Center<\e1> and <e2>WWE<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,129 |
[
"WWE Performance Center",
"owned by",
"WWE"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>WWE Performance Center<\e1> and <e2>WWE<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 102,130 |
[
"Café Hawelka",
"founded by",
"Leopold Hawelka"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Café Hawelka<\e1> and <e2>Leopold Hawelka<\e2>.
Café Hawelka (German: [kaˈfeː ˈhaːvelka]) is a traditional Viennese café located at Dorotheergasse 6 in the Innere Stadt, the first district of Vienna, Austria.History
The Café Hawelka was opened by Leopold Hawelka in 1939. Hawelka had previously operated the Kaffee Alt Wien on Bäckerstraße since 1936 and together with his wife Josefine took over the Café Ludwig in the Dorotheergasse in May 1939. This spot was originally the location of the "Chatham Bar" opened in 1906. For two decades in recent past it was wrongly believed that the original venue was called "Je t'aime-Bar". After the outbreak of World War II, the Hawelka had to be closed, and in Fall 1945 it was reopened in the still largely intact building.
After the end of the period of occupation after 1955, the café quickly became a meeting point for writers and critics like Heimito von Doderer, Albert Paris Gütersloh, Hilde Spiel, Friedrich Torberg and Hans Weigel. After the closing of the Café Herrenhof in 1961, even more artists gathered here and it became a central meeting place in the art scene of the time. Regular guests included Friedrich Achleitner, H. C. Artmann, Konrad Bayer, Ernst Fuchs, Friedensreich Hundertwasser, Rudolf Hausner, Wolfgang Hutter, Helmut Qualtinger, Gerhard Rühm, and Oskar Werner. In the sixties and seventies the café experienced its peak. The artistic atmosphere of the café also inspired Georg Danzer's 1976 song Jö, schau (...was macht ein Nackerter im Hawelka).
Josefine Hawelka died on 22 March 2005 after managing the café for sixty-six years with her husband. She had baked the place's specialty, its Buchteln desserts (which are still made by Günther Hawelka, son of Josefine and Leopold according to the old recipe). Until his death in 2011, Leopold Hawelka could still be found sitting at its entrance, greeting guests. | founded by | 33,944 | 102,131 |
[
"Magnus Carlsen Chess Tour 2020",
"founded by",
"Magnus Carlsen"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Magnus Carlsen Chess Tour 2020<\e1> and <e2>Magnus Carlsen<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,132 |
[
"Munich Stadtmuseum",
"founded by",
"Ernst von Destouches"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Munich Stadtmuseum<\e1> and <e2>Ernst von Destouches<\e2>.
The Munich Stadtmuseum (German: "Münchner Stadtmuseum") or Munich City Museum, is the city museum of Munich. It was founded in 1888 by Ernst von Destouches. It is located in the former municipal arsenal and stables, both buildings of the late Gothic period. | founded by | 33,945 | 102,153 |
[
"Botanical Museum Greifswald",
"founded by",
"Julius Münter"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Botanical Museum Greifswald<\e1> and <e2>Julius Münter<\e2>.
History
A herbarium was created in the 17th century when Samuel Gustav Wilcke founded the Botanical Gardens of Greifswald. The Botanical museum was founded by Julius Münter between 1845 and 1855. Münter and his assistants Hermann Zabel and Ludwig Holtz collected botanical objects from the region of New Western Pomerania. The collections were later extended to specimens from other regions. | founded by | 33,946 | 102,154 |
[
"National Rifle Association of Norway",
"founded by",
"Stortinget"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>National Rifle Association of Norway<\e1> and <e2>Stortinget<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,156 |
[
"Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv",
"founded by",
"Nicholas I of Russia"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv<\e1> and <e2>Nicholas I of Russia<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,158 |
[
"Joensuu",
"founded by",
"Nicholas I of Russia"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Joensuu<\e1> and <e2>Nicholas I of Russia<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,170 |
[
"Ross Island Penal Colony",
"founded by",
"British Raj"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Ross Island Penal Colony<\e1> and <e2>British Raj<\e2>.
Geography
Ross Island (now known as Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Island), one of the islands chosen for establishing the penal colony, is located near the entrance to the harbour at Port Blair in South Andamans. It is a small island which has a circumference of one mile (1.6 km) only. The penal colonies were initially located on Ross, Chatham and Viper Islands. Viper Island was meant for the most dangerous prisoners. By 1871, it included Perseverance Point, Hopetown, Command Point, Mount Harriet, South Point, Aberdeen, Haddo, Navy Bay and Port Mouat, twelve stations in all. Once called "Paris of the East" for its exciting social life and tropical forests, the island was devastated by the invading army of the Japanese and also by an earthquake which had struck the island in 1941, and it now appears more like a "jungle-clad Lost City." | founded by | 33,947 | 102,172 |
[
"Finding Nemo (franchise)",
"founded by",
"Pixar"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Finding Nemo (franchise)<\e1> and <e2>Pixar<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,173 |
[
"Lollardy",
"founded by",
"John Wycliffe"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Lollardy<\e1> and <e2>John Wycliffe<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,174 |
[
"Team Lotus",
"founded by",
"Colin Chapman"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Team Lotus<\e1> and <e2>Colin Chapman<\e2>.
Team Lotus was the motorsport sister company of English sports car manufacturer Lotus Cars. The team ran cars in many motorsport categories including Formula One, Formula Two, Formula Ford, Formula Junior, IndyCar, and sports car racing. More than ten years after its last race, Team Lotus remained one of the most successful racing teams of all time, winning seven Formula One Constructors' titles, six Drivers' Championships, and the Indianapolis 500 in the United States between 1962 and 1978. Under the direction of founder and chief designer Colin Chapman, Lotus was responsible for many innovative and experimental developments in critical motorsport, in both technical and commercial arenas.
The Lotus name returned to Formula One in 2010 as Tony Fernandes's Lotus Racing team. In 2011, Team Lotus's iconic black-and-gold livery returned to F1 as the livery of the Lotus Renault GP team, sponsored by Lotus Cars, and in 2012 the team was re-branded completely as Lotus F1 Team.1950s – Lotus's origins
Colin Chapman established Lotus Engineering Ltd in 1952 at Hornsey, UK. Lotus achieved rapid success with the 1953 Mk 6 and the 1954 Mk 8 sports cars. Team Lotus was split off from Lotus Engineering in 1954. A new Formula Two regulation was announced for 1957, and in Britain, several organizers ran races for the new regulations during the course of 1956. Most of the cars entered that year were sports cars, and they included a large number of Lotus 11s, the definitive Coventry Climax-powered sports racer, led by the Team Lotus entries for Chapman, driven by Cliff Allison and Reg Bicknell. | founded by | 33,948 | 102,176 |
[
"Dumbledore's Army",
"founded by",
"Ron Weasley"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Dumbledore's Army<\e1> and <e2>Ron Weasley<\e2>.
Dumbledore's Army (or D.A. for short) is a fictional student organisation in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series that is founded by the main characters, Harry Potter, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, to stand up against the regime of Hogwarts High Inquisitor Dolores Umbridge, as well as to learn practical Defence Against the Dark Arts. It was founded in the fifth book, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. | founded by | 33,950 | 102,180 |
[
"Dumbledore's Army",
"founded by",
"Hermione Granger"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Dumbledore's Army<\e1> and <e2>Hermione Granger<\e2>.
Dumbledore's Army (or D.A. for short) is a fictional student organisation in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series that is founded by the main characters, Harry Potter, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, to stand up against the regime of Hogwarts High Inquisitor Dolores Umbridge, as well as to learn practical Defence Against the Dark Arts. It was founded in the fifth book, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. | founded by | 33,950 | 102,181 |
[
"Dumbledore's Army",
"founded by",
"Harry Potter"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Dumbledore's Army<\e1> and <e2>Harry Potter<\e2>.
Dumbledore's Army (or D.A. for short) is a fictional student organisation in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series that is founded by the main characters, Harry Potter, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, to stand up against the regime of Hogwarts High Inquisitor Dolores Umbridge, as well as to learn practical Defence Against the Dark Arts. It was founded in the fifth book, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. | founded by | 33,950 | 102,182 |
[
"McLaren",
"founded by",
"Bruce McLaren"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>McLaren<\e1> and <e2>Bruce McLaren<\e2>.
History
Bruce McLaren Motor Racing was founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren. Bruce was a works driver for the British Formula One team Cooper with whom he had won three Grands Prix and come second in the 1960 World Championship. Wanting to compete in the Australasian Tasman Series, Bruce approached his employers, but when team owner Charles Cooper insisted on using 1.5-litre Formula One-specification engines instead of the 2.5-litre motors permitted by the Tasman rules, Bruce decided to set up his own team to run him and his prospective Formula One teammate Timmy Mayer with custom-built Cooper cars.Bruce won the 1964 series, but Mayer was killed in practice for the final race at the Longford Circuit in Tasmania. When Bruce McLaren approached Teddy Mayer to help him with the purchase of the Zerex sports car from Roger Penske, Teddy Mayer and Bruce McLaren began discussing a business partnership resulting in Teddy Mayer buying in to Bruce McLaren Motor Racing Limited (BMMR) and ultimately becoming its largest shareholder. The team was based in Feltham in 1963 and 1964, and from 1965 until 1981 in Colnbrook, England. The team also held a British licence. Despite this, Bruce never used the traditional British racing green on his cars. Instead, he used colour schemes that were not based on national principles (e.g. his first F1 car, the McLaren M2B, was painted white with a green stripe, to represent a fictional Yamura team in John Frankenheimer's film Grand Prix).During this period, Bruce drove for his team in sports car races in the United Kingdom and North America and also entered the 1965 Tasman Series with Phil Hill, but did not win it. He continued to drive in Grands Prix for Cooper, but judging that team's form to be waning, decided to race his own cars in 1966. | founded by | 33,955 | 102,191 |
[
"Raffles Institution",
"founded by",
"Thomas Stamford Raffles"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Raffles Institution<\e1> and <e2>Thomas Stamford Raffles<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,192 |
[
"King's College London",
"founded by",
"George IV of the United Kingdom"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>King's College London<\e1> and <e2>George IV of the United Kingdom<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,194 |
[
"King's College London",
"founded by",
"Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>King's College London<\e1> and <e2>Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,195 |
[
"Operalia",
"founded by",
"Plácido Domingo"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Operalia<\e1> and <e2>Plácido Domingo<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,199 |
[
"Smolensk Kremlin",
"founded by",
"Feodor I of Russia"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Smolensk Kremlin<\e1> and <e2>Feodor I of Russia<\e2>.
The Smolensk Kremlin (Russian: Смоленский кремль) is a fortified complex (kremlin) enclosing the center of the city of Smolensk in western Russia. The partially preserved fortress wall was built between 1595 and 1602, during the reigns of the tsars Feodor I and Boris Godunov. The length of the walls is about 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi), of which less than the half was preserved. The fortifications were built under the supervision of the architect Fyodor Kon. The Smolensk Kremlin is classified as an architectural monument protected at the federal level, and also has a great historical significance, in particular, as the fortress protecting the Russian state from the west over centuries. | founded by | 33,956 | 102,202 |
[
"Bucerius Law School",
"founded by",
"ZEIT-Stiftung"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Bucerius Law School<\e1> and <e2>ZEIT-Stiftung<\e2>.
Bucerius Law School (pronounced [buˈtseʁius]) is a private law school located in Hamburg, Germany. The school is the first private law school in Germany. It admits approximately 100 undergraduate students per year.Origins and structure
Bucerius Law School was founded in 2000 by one of Germany's largest foundations, ZEIT-Stiftung Ebelin und Gerd Bucerius following the model of law schools in the United States, and bearing the name of Gerd Bucerius, a noted German judge, attorney, journalist, politician and founding publisher of Germany's leading weekly newspaper, Die Zeit. Organized as a non-profit GmbH, its mission statement is "Freedom of Thought – Academic Renewal – Social Responsibility".
There are specific institutes for corporate and capital market law, the law of foundations and non-profit organizations, dispute resolution and for IP and Media Law. The school attracts a large number of visiting scholars and speakers from all over the world and hosts conferences on various topics. | founded by | 33,957 | 102,203 |
[
"Opus Dei",
"founded by",
"Josemaría Escrivá"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Opus Dei<\e1> and <e2>Josemaría Escrivá<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,205 |
[
"Islamic Azad University",
"founded by",
"Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Islamic Azad University<\e1> and <e2>Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani<\e2>.
The Islamic Azad University (IAU; Persian: دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی, Dāneshgāh-e Āzād-e Eslāmi) is a private university system headquartered in Tehran, Iran. It is one of the largest comprehensive systems of universities, colleges, and community colleges in the world. Besides Iran, the university has international satellite branches in countries such as Afghanistan, the United Arab Emirates, Lebanon and the United Kingdom.History
Headquartered in Tehran, Iran, the Islamic Azad University is the world's sixth-largest university. It was approved and ratified by the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution in 1982, having been founded and established by Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani. It has an enrollment of 1 million students. Since its inception in 1982, it has grown both physically and academically to become one of the largest higher education institutions globally. Over the years, IAU has promoted 'higher education for all' as its key objective. IAU has two independent and 31 state university branches across Iran, and four branches in other countries: the U.A.E., the United Kingdom, Lebanon and Afghanistan. Over the years, the university has accumulated assets estimated to be worth $20–25 billion.The Islamic Azad University's activities quickly expanded throughout the country, so that today thousands of students are enrolling every year. Not relying on government funding, it receives charitable donations and charges tuition fees.The certificates issued by this university are recognized by the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology and Ministry of Health and Medical Education for medical education. The university admits students through the National Wide Entrance Examination held by the National (Iranian) Organization of Educational Testing. | founded by | 33,958 | 102,213 |
[
"Chulalongkorn University",
"founded by",
"Vajiravudh"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Chulalongkorn University<\e1> and <e2>Vajiravudh<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,216 |
[
"Gladstone's Library",
"founded by",
"William Ewart Gladstone"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Gladstone's Library<\e1> and <e2>William Ewart Gladstone<\e2>.
History
The library was founded by William Gladstone in 1894. He was eager to share his personal library with others, especially those who faced financial constraint. He would allow bright children and young adults of the village of Hawarden to use his collection. His daughter Mary Gladstone said that his desire was to "bring together books who had no readers with readers who had no books".In 1895, at the age of 85, William Gladstone gave £40,000 to the library as well as much of his own book collection. With the help of his daughter and his valet, he wheeled 32,000 books three quarters of a mile (1.2km) between his home at Hawarden Castle and the library. He unpacked them and put them onto shelves using his own classification system.
In a diary entry dated 23 December 1895, he described the library's founding:
"I have this day constituted my trust at St Deiniol's. The cost of the work has been I think £41 to £42000, including some charges of maintenance to Dec. 31. 95. May God of His mercy prosper it."Following his death in 1898, a public appeal was launched for funds to provide a permanent building to house the collection and replace the temporary structure. The £9,000 raised provided an imposing building, designed by John Douglas, which was officially opened by Earl Spencer on 14 October 1902 as the National Memorial to W.E. Gladstone. The Gladstone family fulfilled the founder's vision by funding the residential wing, which welcomed its first resident on 29 June 1906. | founded by | 33,959 | 102,227 |
[
"Zuihōden",
"founded by",
"Date Tadamune"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Zuihōden<\e1> and <e2>Date Tadamune<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,228 |
[
"Hartvig Nissen School",
"founded by",
"Hartvig Nissen"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Hartvig Nissen School<\e1> and <e2>Hartvig Nissen<\e2>.
History
It was established in 1849 by Hartvig Nissen and was originally a private girls' school, named Nissen's Girls' School (Nissens Pigeskole, later changed to the modern spelling Nissens Pikeskole). The school was privately owned, usually by its headmasters, until it was sold to Christiania Municipality in 1918. Nissen's Girls' School was the first institution in Norway to offer examen artium—the university entrance exam—for women. Then-owner Bernhard Cathrinus Pauss also established the first tertiary education for women in Norway, a women's teacher's college named Nissen's Teachers' College (Nissens Lærerinneskole). | founded by | 33,960 | 102,229 |
[
"Medellín Cartel",
"founded by",
"Pablo Escobar"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Medellín Cartel<\e1> and <e2>Pablo Escobar<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,230 |
[
"Medellín Cartel",
"founded by",
"Fabio Ochoa Vásquez"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Medellín Cartel<\e1> and <e2>Fabio Ochoa Vásquez<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,231 |
[
"Medellín Cartel",
"founded by",
"Juan David Ochoa Vásquez"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Medellín Cartel<\e1> and <e2>Juan David Ochoa Vásquez<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,232 |
[
"Medellín Cartel",
"founded by",
"Jorge Luis Ochoa Vásquez"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Medellín Cartel<\e1> and <e2>Jorge Luis Ochoa Vásquez<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,233 |
[
"Nagahama Castle",
"founded by",
"Toyotomi Hideyoshi"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Nagahama Castle<\e1> and <e2>Toyotomi Hideyoshi<\e2>.
History
Nagahama Castle was built in 1575-1576 by Hashiba Hideyoshi (later known as Toyotomi Hideyoshi) in the village then called Imahama, renaming the area Nagahama. Previously, he had ruled from Odani Castle, though found this hard to do as it was a yamashiro (mountaintop castle). Hideyoshi was succeeded as lord by Yamanouchi Kazutoyo after the 1583 Battle of Shizugatake. Kazutoyo was then replaced by Naito Nobunari after the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. In 1615, the castle was demolished, though parts of it were used in the construction of Hikone Castle. | founded by | 33,961 | 102,235 |
[
"Air Greenland",
"founded by",
"Kryolitselskabet Øresund"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Air Greenland<\e1> and <e2>Kryolitselskabet Øresund<\e2>.
1960s
The airline was established on 7 November 1960 as Grønlandsfly A/S, by the Scandinavian Airlines System (now SAS) and Kryolitselskabet Øresund, a Danish mining company involved with the cryolite operations at Ivittuut to provide transport and logistics for four American radar bases in Greenland. In 1962, interests in the firm were acquired by the Provincial Council (now the Greenland Home Rule Government) and the Royal Greenland Trade Department (now KNI).The first flights serving the American bases in Greenland operated lightweight DHC-3 Otters and Sikorsky S-55 helicopters chartered from Canada. After a crash in 1961, Grønlandsfly used PBY Catalina water planes and DHC-6 Twin Otters on domestic routes. One of the Catalinas then crashed in 1962. In 1965, the Douglas DC-4 became the line's first larger airplane. It was followed by Sikorsky S-61 helicopters, which have remained in use: in 2010, they still served the communities of Kujalleq municipality in southern Greenland year-round and those of Disko Bay during the winter. | founded by | 33,962 | 102,238 |
[
"Air Greenland",
"founded by",
"Scandinavian Airlines"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Air Greenland<\e1> and <e2>Scandinavian Airlines<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,239 |
[
"Munger",
"founded by",
"Chandragupta Maurya"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Munger<\e1> and <e2>Chandragupta Maurya<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,240 |
[
"ShoeDazzle",
"founded by",
"Kim Kardashian"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>ShoeDazzle<\e1> and <e2>Kim Kardashian<\e2>.
History
The company was founded by Kim Kardashian, Brian Lee, Robert Shapiro and M.J. Eng in 2009.In September 2011, Bill Strauss, the former CEO of Provide Commerce (which operates sites such as ProFlowers), became ShoeDazzle's CEO. Co-founder Lee became chairman. In March 2012, ShoeDazzle dropped its $39.95 monthly subscription model and expanded into apparel, handbags, weddings and lingerie.In 2013, fashion expert Rachel Zoe joined ShoeDazzle as Chief Stylist.In August 2013, ShoeDazzle was acquired by rival online fashion subscription service JustFab. The two companies continued to run independently as separate brands. | founded by | 33,963 | 102,241 |
[
"ShoeDazzle",
"founded by",
"Brian Lee"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>ShoeDazzle<\e1> and <e2>Brian Lee<\e2>.
History
The company was founded by Kim Kardashian, Brian Lee, Robert Shapiro and M.J. Eng in 2009.In September 2011, Bill Strauss, the former CEO of Provide Commerce (which operates sites such as ProFlowers), became ShoeDazzle's CEO. Co-founder Lee became chairman. In March 2012, ShoeDazzle dropped its $39.95 monthly subscription model and expanded into apparel, handbags, weddings and lingerie.In 2013, fashion expert Rachel Zoe joined ShoeDazzle as Chief Stylist.In August 2013, ShoeDazzle was acquired by rival online fashion subscription service JustFab. The two companies continued to run independently as separate brands. | founded by | 33,963 | 102,242 |
[
"Servetism",
"founded by",
"Michael Servetus"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Servetism<\e1> and <e2>Michael Servetus<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,243 |
[
"Belvoir Castle (Israel)",
"founded by",
"Order of Hospitallers"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Belvoir Castle (Israel)<\e1> and <e2>Order of Hospitallers<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,244 |
[
"Cambron Abbey",
"founded by",
"Bernard of Clairvaux"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Cambron Abbey<\e1> and <e2>Bernard of Clairvaux<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,246 |
[
"University of Göttingen",
"founded by",
"George II of Great Britain"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>University of Göttingen<\e1> and <e2>George II of Great Britain<\e2>.
History
Inauguration
In 1734, King George II of Great Britain, who was also Elector of Hanover, gave his Prime Minister in Hanover, Gerlach Adolph von Münchhausen, the order to establish a university in Göttingen to propagate the ideas and values associated with the European Enlightenment. | founded by | 33,964 | 102,249 |
[
"Villa Borghese gardens",
"owned by",
"Italy"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Villa Borghese gardens<\e1> and <e2>Italy<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 102,250 |
[
"Villa Borghese gardens",
"founded by",
"Paul V"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Villa Borghese gardens<\e1> and <e2>Paul V<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,251 |
[
"Villa Borghese gardens",
"founded by",
"Scipione Borghese"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Villa Borghese gardens<\e1> and <e2>Scipione Borghese<\e2>.
Villa Borghese is a landscape garden in Rome, containing a number of buildings, museums (see Galleria Borghese) and attractions. It is the third-largest public park in Rome (80 hectares or 197.7 acres), after the ones of the Villa Doria Pamphili and Villa Ada. The gardens were developed for the Villa Borghese Pinciana ("Borghese villa on the Pincian Hill"), built by the architect Flaminio Ponzio, developing sketches by Scipione Borghese, who used it as a villa suburbana, or party villa, at the edge of Rome, and to house his art collection. The gardens as they are now were remade in the late 18th century.History
In 1605, Cardinal Scipione Borghese, nephew of Pope Paul V and patron of Bernini, began turning this former vineyard into the most extensive gardens built in Rome since Antiquity. The vineyard's site is identified with the gardens of Lucullus, the most famous in the late Roman republic. In the 19th century much of the garden's former formality was remade as a landscape garden in the English taste (illustration, right). The Villa Borghese gardens were long informally open, but were bought by the commune of Rome and given to the public in 1903. The large landscape park in the English taste contains several villas. The Spanish Steps lead up to this park, and there is another entrance at the Porte del Popolo by Piazza del Popolo. The Pincio (the Pincian Hill of ancient Rome), in the south part of the park, offers one of the greatest views over Rome.
The Piazza di Siena, located in the villa, hosted the equestrian dressage, individual jumping, and the jumping part of the eventing competition for the 1960 Summer Olympics. A balustrade (dating from the early seventeenth century) from the gardens, was taken to England in the late 19th century, and installed in the grounds of Cliveden House, a mansion in Buckinghamshire, in 1896. In 2004, a species of Italian snail was discovered, still living on the balustrade after more than 100 years in England. | founded by | 33,965 | 102,252 |
[
"United States Coast Guard",
"founded by",
"Alexander Hamilton"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>United States Coast Guard<\e1> and <e2>Alexander Hamilton<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,258 |
[
"Vienna Party School",
"founded by",
"Social Democratic Party of Austria"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Vienna Party School<\e1> and <e2>Social Democratic Party of Austria<\e2>.
The Vienna Party School was an organisation established by the Social Democratic Party of Austria. | founded by | 33,968 | 102,263 |
[
"Wotansvolk",
"founded by",
"David Lane"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Wotansvolk<\e1> and <e2>David Lane<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,264 |
[
"Catholic Church in Hungary",
"founded by",
"Stephen I of Hungary"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Catholic Church in Hungary<\e1> and <e2>Stephen I of Hungary<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,265 |
[
"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Esztergom–Budapest",
"founded by",
"Stephen I of Hungary"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Esztergom–Budapest<\e1> and <e2>Stephen I of Hungary<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,273 |
[
"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kalocsa–Kecskemét",
"founded by",
"Stephen I of Hungary"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kalocsa–Kecskemét<\e1> and <e2>Stephen I of Hungary<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,275 |
[
"New York Post",
"founded by",
"Alexander Hamilton"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>New York Post<\e1> and <e2>Alexander Hamilton<\e2>.
History
19th century
The Post was founded by Alexander Hamilton with about US$10,000 (equivalent to $175,880 in 2022) from a group of investors in the autumn of 1801 as the New-York Evening Post, a broadsheet. Hamilton's co-investors included other New York members of the Federalist Party, such as Robert Troup and Oliver Wolcott, who were dismayed by the election of Thomas Jefferson as U.S. president and the rise in popularity of the Democratic-Republican Party. The meeting at which Hamilton first recruited investors for the new paper took place in Archibald Gracie's then-country weekend villa that is now Gracie Mansion. Hamilton chose William Coleman as his first editor.
The most famous 19th-century Evening Post editor was the poet and abolitionist William Cullen Bryant. So well respected was the Evening Post under Bryant's editorship, it received praise from the English philosopher John Stuart Mill, in 1864.William Leggett, in addition to literary and drama reviews, began to write political editorials. Leggett's espoused a fierce opposition to central banking and support for the organization of labor unions. He was a member of the Equal Rights Party. He became a co-owner and editor at the Post in 1831, eventually working as sole editor of the newspaper while Bryant traveled in Europe in 1834 through 1835.Another co-owner of the paper was John Bigelow. Born in Malden-on-Hudson, New York, John Bigelow, Sr. graduated in 1835 from Union College, where he was a member of the Sigma Phi Society and the Philomathean Society, and was admitted to the bar in 1838. From 1849 to 1861, he was one of the editors and co-owners of the Evening Post.Another owner with Bryan and Bigelow was Isaac Henderson. This led to the involvement of his son Isaac Henderson Jr. who became the paper's publisher, stockholder, and member of its board in 1877, just five years after graduating from college. Henderson Sr.'s thirty-year tenure with the Evening Post ended in 1879, when it was learned that he had defrauded Bryant the entire time. Henderson Jr. sold his interest in the newspaper in 1881.In 1881, Henry Villard took control of the Evening Post, as well as The Nation, which became the Post's weekly edition. With this acquisition, the paper was managed by the triumvirate of Carl Schurz, Horace White, and Edwin L. Godkin. When Schurz left the paper in 1883, Godkin became editor-in-chief. White became editor-in-chief in 1899, and remained in that role until his retirement in 1903.In 1897, both publications passed to the management of Villard's son, Oswald Garrison Villard, a founding member of both the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the American Civil Liberties Union. | founded by | 33,969 | 102,276 |
[
"New York Post",
"owned by",
"News Corp"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>New York Post<\e1> and <e2>News Corp<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 102,278 |
[
"Skira (publisher)",
"owned by",
"Gruppo Mondadori"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Skira (publisher)<\e1> and <e2>Gruppo Mondadori<\e2>.
Skira after its founder's death
After the early death of the firm's founder, Albert Skira, in 1973, the firm was sold to Flammarion and then to Edipresse before returning to the ownership of the Skira family.In 1996 the firm was acquired by the Italian publishing group Einaudi and later by Mondadori and its head office was moved to the Palazzo Casati Stampa in Milan. | owned by | 33,970 | 102,279 |
[
"Skira (publisher)",
"founded by",
"Albert Skira"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Skira (publisher)<\e1> and <e2>Albert Skira<\e2>.
Skira after its founder's death
After the early death of the firm's founder, Albert Skira, in 1973, the firm was sold to Flammarion and then to Edipresse before returning to the ownership of the Skira family.In 1996 the firm was acquired by the Italian publishing group Einaudi and later by Mondadori and its head office was moved to the Palazzo Casati Stampa in Milan. | founded by | 33,970 | 102,280 |
[
"Ubisoft Connect",
"founded by",
"Ubisoft"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Ubisoft Connect<\e1> and <e2>Ubisoft<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,282 |
[
"Kuznetsov Naval Academy",
"founded by",
"Adam Johann von Krusenstern"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Kuznetsov Naval Academy<\e1> and <e2>Adam Johann von Krusenstern<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,286 |
[
"King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital",
"founded by",
"Vajiravudh"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital<\e1> and <e2>Vajiravudh<\e2>.
History
The founding of the hospital was first proposed by King Vajiravudh, who, having observed the operations of the Red Cross Hospital of Japan during his travels, thought it beneficial to establish a hospital in the service of the Red Cross (then the Red Unalom Society). The hospital, named in honour of King Chulalongkorn, was founded through donations by King Vajiravudh and his brothers and sisters, together with the society's funds. The hospital was opened by King Vajiravudh on 30 May 1914.King Ananda Mahidol aimed to increase physician in Thailand because at that time Thailand is under post–World War II period. Government of Thailand intentionally tried to find another hospital which is ready to be the second medical school of Thailand and finally they should King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital of the Thai Red Cross Society. On 4 June 1947, Affiliation with Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University was established. | founded by | 33,972 | 102,288 |
[
"IIT Institute of Design",
"founded by",
"László Moholy-Nagy"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>IIT Institute of Design<\e1> and <e2>László Moholy-Nagy<\e2>.
History
The Institute of Design at Illinois Tech is a school of design founded in 1937 in Chicago by László Moholy-Nagy, a Bauhaus teacher (1923–1928).
After a spell in London, Bauhaus master Moholy-Nagy, at the invitation of Chicago's Association of Art and Industry, moved to Chicago in 1937 to start a new design school, which he named the New Bauhaus. The philosophy of the school was basically unchanged from that of the original, and its first headquarters was the Prairie Avenue mansion that architect Richard Morris Hunt, designed for department store magnate Marshall Field.
Due to financial problems the school briefly closed in 1938. However, Walter Paepcke, Chairman of the Container Corporation of America and an early champion of industrial design in America, soon offered his personal support, and in 1939, Moholy-Nagy re-opened the school as the Chicago School of Design. In 1944, this became the Institute of Design, and in 1949 it became part of the new Illinois Institute of Technology university system and also the first institution in the United States to offer a PhD in design.
Moholy authored an account of his efforts to develop the curriculum of the School of Design in his book Vision in Motion.
Archival materials are held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago. The Institute of Design Collection includes articles, letters, photographs, and other materials documenting the institute's history and works by faculty and students. Select archival film materials are held at Chicago Film Archives, who store and provide access to a handful of Institute of Design films. | founded by | 33,973 | 102,289 |
[
"Honor (brand)",
"founded by",
"Huawei"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Honor (brand)<\e1> and <e2>Huawei<\e2>.
History
Honor was founded in 2013 as a Huawei sub-brand. Honor's line of smartphones allowed Huawei to compete with mid-range online smartphone brands in China and globally. Honor primarily sells products online, but some Honor products are also available at stores in selected markets.In November 2020, the Honor brand was sold to Shenzhen Zhixin New Information Technology, a majority state-owned company controlled by the Shenzhen municipal government, to "ensure" its then-parent company, Huawei's survival, due to US sanctions against them. U.S. sanctions restricted the sale of hardware components to Huawei by American firms. | founded by | 33,974 | 102,290 |
[
"Honor (brand)",
"owned by",
"Shenzhen Zhixin New Information Technology"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Honor (brand)<\e1> and <e2>Shenzhen Zhixin New Information Technology<\e2>.
Honor is a smartphone brand majority owned by a state-owned enterprise controlled by the municipal government of Shenzhen. It was formerly owned by Huawei Technologies. Honor provides smartphones, but has also released tablet computers and wearable technology.
In 2016, George Zhao was global president of Honor. In November 2020, Honor was acquired by Shenzhen Zhixin New Information Technology Co. Ltd.History
Honor was founded in 2013 as a Huawei sub-brand. Honor's line of smartphones allowed Huawei to compete with mid-range online smartphone brands in China and globally. Honor primarily sells products online, but some Honor products are also available at stores in selected markets.In November 2020, the Honor brand was sold to Shenzhen Zhixin New Information Technology, a majority state-owned company controlled by the Shenzhen municipal government, to "ensure" its then-parent company, Huawei's survival, due to US sanctions against them. U.S. sanctions restricted the sale of hardware components to Huawei by American firms. | owned by | 33,975 | 102,291 |
[
"Margraviate of Istria",
"founded by",
"Austrian Empire"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Margraviate of Istria<\e1> and <e2>Austrian Empire<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,293 |
[
"Our Lady of Victory",
"founded by",
"Pius V"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Our Lady of Victory<\e1> and <e2>Pius V<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,294 |
[
"Visita de San José de Magdalena",
"founded by",
"Dominican Order"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Visita de San José de Magdalena<\e1> and <e2>Dominican Order<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,295 |
[
"Parliament of Brittany",
"founded by",
"Henry II of France"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Parliament of Brittany<\e1> and <e2>Henry II of France<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,296 |
[
"Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains",
"owned by",
"Mercedes-Benz Group"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains<\e1> and <e2>Mercedes-Benz Group<\e2>.
Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains (previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines) is a Formula One engine manufacturer, owned by Mercedes-Benz.
The company supplied Sauber during the 1994 season, McLaren from 1995 to 2014 and from 2021, Force India from 2009 to 2018, Brawn in 2009, the Mercedes factory team since 2010, Williams since 2014, Lotus in 2015, Manor Racing in 2016, Racing Point Force India in 2018, Racing Point from 2019 to 2020 and Aston Martin from 2021. Their engines have won ten Formula One Constructors' Championships and eleven Drivers' Championships. Beside those Formula One constructors, the company currently supplies road-legal engines for the Mercedes-AMG ONE sports car. | owned by | 33,976 | 102,297 |
[
"Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains",
"founded by",
"Mario Illien"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains<\e1> and <e2>Mario Illien<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,298 |
[
"Theosophy",
"founded by",
"Helena Blavatsky"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Theosophy<\e1> and <e2>Helena Blavatsky<\e2>.
Theosophy is a religion established in the United States during the late 19th century. It was founded primarily by the Russian Helena Blavatsky and draws its teachings predominantly from Blavatsky's writings. Categorized by scholars of religion as both a new religious movement and as part of the occultist stream of Western esotericism, it draws upon both older European philosophies such as Neoplatonism and Asian religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism.
As presented by Blavatsky, Theosophy teaches that there is an ancient and secretive brotherhood of spiritual adepts known as the Masters, who—although found around the world—are centered in Tibet. These Masters are alleged by Blavatsky to have cultivated great wisdom and supernatural powers, and Theosophists believe that it was they who initiated the modern Theosophical movement through disseminating their teachings via Blavatsky. They believe that these Masters are attempting to revive knowledge of an ancient religion once found around the world and which will again come to eclipse the existing world religions. Theosophical groups nevertheless do not refer to their system as a "religion". Theosophy preaches the existence of a single, divine Absolute. It promotes an emanationist cosmology in which the universe is perceived as outward reflections from this Absolute. Theosophy teaches that the purpose of human life is spiritual emancipation and says that the human soul undergoes reincarnation upon bodily death according to a process of karma. It promotes values of universal brotherhood and social improvement, although it does not stipulate particular ethical codes.
Theosophy was established in New York City in 1875 with the founding of the Theosophical Society by Blavatsky and Americans Henry Olcott and William Quan Judge. In the early 1880s, Blavatsky and Olcott relocated to India, where they established the Society's headquarters at Adyar, Tamil Nadu. Blavatsky described her ideas in two books, Isis Unveiled and The Secret Doctrine. Following Blavatsky's death in 1891, there was a schism in the Society, with Judge leading the Theosophical Society in America to split from the international organization. Under Judge's successor Katherine Tingley, a Theosophical community named Lomaland was established in San Diego. The Adyar-based Society was later taken over by Annie Besant, under whom it grew to its largest extent during the late 1920s, before going into decline. The Theosophical movement still exists, although in much smaller form than in its heyday.
Theosophy played a significant role in bringing knowledge of South Asian religions to Western countries, as well as in encouraging cultural pride in various South Asian nations. A variety of prominent artists and writers have also been influenced by Theosophical teachings. Theosophy has an international following, and during the 20th century had tens of thousands of adherents. Theosophical ideas have also exerted an influence on a wide range of other esoteric movements and philosophies, among them Anthroposophy, the Church Universal and Triumphant, and the New Age.Definition
Theosophy's founder, the Russian Helena Blavatsky, insisted that it was not a religion, although she did refer to it as the modern transmission of the "once-universal religion" that she said had existed deep into the human past. That Theosophy should not be labeled a religion is a belief that has been maintained by Theosophical organizations, who instead regard it as a system that embraces what they see as the "essential truth" underlying religion, philosophy, and science. As a result, Theosophical groups allow their members to hold other religious allegiances, resulting in Theosophists who also identify as Christians, Buddhists, or Hindus.Scholars of religion who have studied Theosophy have characterized it as a religion. In his history of the Theosophical movement, Bruce F. Campbell noted that Theosophy promoted "a religious world-view" using "explicitly religious terms" and that its central tenets are not unequivocal fact, but rather rely on belief. Olav Hammer and Mikael Rothstein termed it "one of the modern world's most important religious traditions". Various scholars have pointed to its eclectic nature; Joscelyn Godwin described it as a "universally eclectic religious movement", while scholar J. Jeffrey Franklin characterized Theosophy as a "hybrid religion" for its syncretic combination of elements from various other sources. More specifically, Theosophy has been categorized as a new religious movement.Scholars have also classified Theosophy as a form of Western esotericism. Campbell for instance referred to it as "an esoteric religious tradition", while the historian Joy Dixon called it an "esoteric religion". More specifically, it is considered a form of occultism. Along with other groups such as the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, the Theosophical Society has been seen as part of an "occult revival" that took place in Western countries during the late 19th century. The historian of religion Wouter Hanegraaff noted that Theosophy helped to establish the "essential foundations for much of twentieth-century esotericism".
Although Theosophy draws upon Indian religious beliefs, the sociologist of religion Christopher Partridge observed that "Theosophy is fundamentally Western. That is to say, Theosophy is not Eastern thought in the West, but Western thought with an Eastern flavour."Historical development
The Theosophical Society was largely the creation of two individuals: Helena Blavatsky and Henry Steel Olcott.
Established Christianity in the United States was experiencing challenges in the second half of the nineteenth century, a result of rapid urbanization and industrialization, high rates of immigration, and the growing understanding of evolutionary theory which challenged traditional Christian accounts of history. Various new religious communities were established in different parts of the country, among them the Free Religious Association, New Thought, Christian Science, and Spiritualism. Theosophy would inherit the idea – then popular in the United States – that emphasized the idea of free will and the inevitability of progress, including on a spiritual level. It was also influenced by a growing knowledge about Asian religions in the United States.Prior to her arrival in the United States, Blavatsky had experience with esoteric currents such as Spiritualism.
It was through Spiritualism that Blavatsky and Olcott met.In 1884, Olcott established the first Scottish lodge, in Edinburgh.In 1980, Campbell noted that Theosophical books were selling at record levels.In the United States, Judge had been devoting himself to the promotion of Theosophy with little success. | founded by | 33,977 | 102,300 |
[
"Beauvais Manufactory",
"founded by",
"Jean-Baptiste Colbert"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Beauvais Manufactory<\e1> and <e2>Jean-Baptiste Colbert<\e2>.
The Beauvais Manufactory (French: Manufacture de Beauvais) is a historic tapestry factory in Beauvais, France. It was the second in importance, after the Gobelins Manufactory, of French tapestry workshops that were established under the general direction of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the finance minister of Louis XIV. Whereas the royal Gobelins Manufactory executed tapestries for the royal residences and as ambassadorial gifts, the manufacture at Beauvais remained a private enterprise. Beauvais specialised in low-warp tapestry weaving, although the letters patent of 1664, authorising the company and offering royal protection, left the field open for the production of high-warp tapestry as well. | founded by | 33,978 | 102,302 |
[
"Judo",
"founded by",
"Kanō Jigorō"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Judo<\e1> and <e2>Kanō Jigorō<\e2>.
Judo (Japanese: 柔道, Hepburn: Jūdō, lit. 'gentle way') is an unarmed modern Japanese martial art, Olympic sport (since 1964), and the most prominent form of jacket wrestling competed internationally. Judo was created in 1882 by Kanō Jigorō (嘉納 治五郎) as an eclectic martial art, distinguishing itself from its predecessors (primarily Tenjin Shinyo-ryu jujutsu and Kitō-ryū jujutsu) due to an emphasis on "randori" (乱取り, lit. 'free sparring') instead of "kata" (pre-arranged forms) alongside its removal of striking and weapon training elements. Judo rose to prominence for its dominance over established jujutsu schools in tournaments hosted by the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department (警視庁武術大会, Keishicho Bujutsu Taikai), resulting in its adoption as the department's primary martial art. A judo practitioner is called a "judoka" (柔道家, jūdōka, lit. 'judo performer'), and the judo uniform is called "judogi" (柔道着, jūdōgi, lit. 'judo attire').
The objective of competitive judo is to throw an opponent, immobilize them with a pin, or force an opponent to submit with a joint lock or a choke. While strikes and use of weapons are included in some pre-arranged forms (kata), they are not frequently trained and are illegal in judo competition or free practice. Judo's international governing body is the International Judo Federation, and competitors compete in the international IJF professional circuit.
Judo's philosophy revolves around two primary principles: "Seiryoku-Zenyo" (精力善用, lit. 'good use of energy') and "Jita-Kyoei" (自他共栄, lit. 'mutual welfare and benefit'). The philosophy and subsequent pedagogy developed for judo became the model for other modern Japanese martial arts that developed from koryū (古流, traditional schools). Judo also spawned a number of derivative martial arts around the world, such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Krav Maga, sambo, and ARB. Judo also influenced other combat styles such as close-quarters combat (CQC), mixed martial arts (MMA), shoot wrestling and submission wrestling.History and philosophy
Early life of its founder
The early history of judo is inseparable from its founder, Japanese polymath and educator Kanō Jigorō (嘉納 治五郎, Jigoro Kano, 1860–1938), born Shinnosuke Jigorō (新之助 治五郎, Jigorō Shinnosuke). Kano was born into a relatively affluent family. His father, Jirosaku, was the second son of the head priest of the Shinto Hiyoshi shrine in Shiga Prefecture. He married Sadako Kano, daughter of the owner of Kiku-Masamune sake brewing company and was adopted by the family, changing his name to Kano. He ultimately became an official in the Shogunate government.Jigoro Kano had an academic upbringing and, from the age of seven, he studied English, shodō (書道, Japanese calligraphy) and the Four Confucian Texts (四書, Shisho) under a number of tutors. When he was fourteen, Kano began boarding at an English-medium school, Ikuei-Gijuku in Shiba, Tokyo. The culture of bullying endemic at this school was the catalyst that caused Kano to seek out a Jūjutsu (柔術, Jujutsu) dōjō (道場, dōjō, training place) at which to train.Early attempts to find a jujutsu teacher who was willing to take him on met with little success. Jujutsu had become unfashionable in an increasingly westernized Japan. Many of those who had once taught the art had been forced out of teaching or become so disillusioned with it that they had simply given up. Nakai Umenari, an acquaintance of Kanō's father and a former soldier, agreed to show him kata, but not to teach him. The caretaker of Jirosaku's second house, Katagiri Ryuji, also knew jujutsu, but would not teach it as he believed it was no longer of practical use. Another frequent visitor, Imai Genshiro of Kyūshin-ryū (扱心流) school of jujutsu, also refused. Several years passed before he finally found a willing teacher.In 1877, as a student at the Tokyo-Kaisei school (soon to become part of the newly founded Tokyo Imperial University), Kano learned that many jujutsu teachers had been forced to pursue alternative careers, frequently opening Seikotsu-in (整骨院, traditional osteopathy practices). After inquiring at a number of these, Kano was referred to Fukuda Hachinosuke (c. 1828–1880), a teacher of the Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū (天神真楊流) of jujutsu, who had a small nine mat dōjō where he taught five students. Fukuda is said to have emphasized technique over formal exercise, sowing the seeds of Kano's emphasis on randori (乱取り, randori, free practice) in judo.
On Fukuda's death in 1880, Kano, who had become his keenest and most able student in both randori and kata (形, kata, pre-arranged forms), was given the densho (伝書, scrolls) of the Fukuda dōjō. Kano chose to continue his studies at another Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū school, that of Iso Masatomo (c. 1820–1881). Iso placed more emphasis on the practice of "kata", and entrusted randori instruction to assistants, increasingly to Kano. Iso died in June 1881 and Kano went on to study at the dōjō of Iikubo Tsunetoshi (1835–1889) of Kitō-ryū (起倒流). Like Fukuda, Iikubo placed much emphasis on randori, with Kitō-ryū having a greater focus on nage-waza (投げ技, throwing techniques).World Judo Day
On October 28 of every year, the judo community celebrates the World Judo Day in the honor of the birth of Judo's founder, Jigoro Kano. The theme of the World Judo Day changes from year to year, but the goal is always to highlight the moral values of Judo. The first celebration was held in 2011. Past themes for the celebration have included: | founded by | 33,979 | 102,303 |
[
"Temple of Romulus (Rome)",
"founded by",
"Maxentius"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Temple of Romulus (Rome)<\e1> and <e2>Maxentius<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,307 |
[
"Aikido",
"founded by",
"Morihei Ueshiba"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Aikido<\e1> and <e2>Morihei Ueshiba<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,308 |
[
"Korean Friendship Association",
"founded by",
"Alejandro Cao de Benós de Les y Pérez"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Korean Friendship Association<\e1> and <e2>Alejandro Cao de Benós de Les y Pérez<\e2>.
The Korean Friendship Association (KFA, Spanish: Asociación de Amistad con Corea; Korean: 조선과의 친선협회) is a Spain-based friendship association with North Korea. The KFA was established in November 2000. It claims to have official representatives in 34 countries. The KFA was designated 'North Korean state controlled media' by Facebook.
Its president, Spanish citizen Alejandro Cao de Benós de Les y Pérez, is the only person paid a salary. Fees collected by the KFA are generally deposited in accounts in his name around Europe. | founded by | 33,981 | 102,310 |
[
"Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran",
"owned by",
"Holy See"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran<\e1> and <e2>Holy See<\e2>.
The Archbasilica Cathedral of the Most Holy Savior and of Saints John the Baptist and John the Evangelist in the Lateran (Italian: Arcibasilica del Santissimo Salvatore e dei Santi Giovanni Battista ed Evangelista in Laterano), also known as the Papal Archbasilica of Saint John [in] Lateran, Saint John Lateran, or the Lateran Basilica, is the Catholic cathedral church of the Diocese of Rome in the city of Rome, and serves as the seat of the bishop of Rome, the pope. The archbasilica lies outside of Vatican City proper, which is located approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to the northwest. Nevertheless, as properties of the Holy See, the archbasilica and its adjoining edifices enjoy an extraterritorial status from Italy, pursuant to the terms of the Lateran Treaty of 1929. Laterano (Lateran) comes from an ancient Roman family (gens), whose palace (domus) grounds occupied the site; the Lateran Palace was the primary residence of the pope until the Middle Ages.
The church is the oldest and highest ranking of the four major papal basilicas as well as one of the Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome, holding the unique title of "archbasilica". Founded in 324, it is the oldest public church in the city of Rome, and the oldest basilica of the Western world. It houses the cathedra of the Roman bishop, and has the title of ecumenical mother church of the Catholic faithful. The building deteriorated during the Middle Ages and was badly damaged by two fires in the 14th century. It was rebuilt in the late 16th century during the reign of Pope Sixtus V. The new structure's interior was renovated in the late 17th century, and its façade was completed in 1735 under Pope Clement XII.
The current rector is Cardinal Archpriest Angelo De Donatis, Vicar General for the Diocese of Rome. The president of the French Republic, currently Emmanuel Macron, is ex officio the "First and Only Honorary Canon" of the archbasilica, a title that the heads of state of France have possessed since King Henry IV.
The large Latin inscription on the façade reads: Clemens XII Pont Max Anno V Christo Salvatori In Hon SS Ioan Bapt et Evang. This abbreviated inscription translates as: "Pope Clement XII, in the fifth year [of his Pontificate, dedicated this building] to Christ the Savior, in honor of Saints John the Baptist and [John] the Evangelist". The inscription indicates, with its full title (see below), that the archbasilica was originally dedicated to Christ the Savior and, centuries later, co-dedicated to Saint John the Baptist and Saint John the Evangelist. Christ the Savior remains its primary dedication, and its titular feast day is 6 August, the Transfiguration of Christ. As the cathedral of the pope as bishop of Rome, it ranks superior to all other churches of the Catholic Church, including Saint Peter's Basilica. | owned by | 33,982 | 102,311 |
[
"Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran",
"founded by",
"Miltiades"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran<\e1> and <e2>Miltiades<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,312 |
[
"GOPAC",
"founded by",
"Pierre Samuel du Pont IV"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>GOPAC<\e1> and <e2>Pierre Samuel du Pont IV<\e2>.
GOPAC is a Republican (GOP) state and local political training organization. Although often thought of as a PAC, or Political Action Committee, it is actually a 527 organization.History
GOPAC was founded by Delaware Governor Pierre S. du Pont, IV in 1978 in "an effort to build a farm team of Republican officeholders who could then run for congress or higher state offices later". On February 1, 2007, former Maryland Lieutenant Governor Michael Steele became the chairman and served until his election as chairman of the Republican National Committee in January 2009. The current chairman of GOPAC is David Avella.Others who have chaired GOPAC include former Oklahoma Governor Frank Keating, former Georgia Representative and Secretary of the Army Bo Callaway, California Representative David Dreier, Arizona Representative John Shadegg, former Oklahoma Representative J.C. Watts, Gay Gaines, and former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich of Georgia.Instructional tapes used to train aspiring Republican politicians from 1986 to 1994 were selected by the Library of Congress as a 2010 addition to the National Recording Registry for their influence in "shaping political discourse". The Library of Congress selects recordings annually that are "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". | founded by | 33,983 | 102,315 |
[
"Retranchement",
"founded by",
"Maurice of Nassau"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Retranchement<\e1> and <e2>Maurice of Nassau<\e2>.
History
The village was first mentioned in 1627 as "Een groot en seer sterck Retrenchement". Retrenchement is a type of sconce. The village is named after Retranchement Cadsandria which was built around 1622 to protect against the Spanish troops, and consists of a wall with bastions with a sconce on either side. The fortification was built by Maurice, Prince of Orange to control the Zwin and protect the recently conquered harbour of the Sluis. The fortification were enlarged in 1644, and a little settlement developed. The redoubt of Fort Nassau still exists.The Dutch Reformed church is a small aisleless church with ridge turret which was built in 1630 as a garrison church. The exterior was restored in 1948, and the interior in 1955.Construction of the nameless grist mill of Retranchement started on 24 July 1643. It was blown over in a storm in 1717, and rebuilt 70 metres from its original spot. It was damaged in 1944, but could still be operated. It was repaired in 1948. In 1963, it was no longer in service. It was restored in 1982/83 and 2002/2003, and operates on a voluntary basis.Retranchement used to be an important border crossing, and there was an interchange station between the tram line from Breskens to Maldeghem and the Belgian tram line to Knokke. The tram lines closed in 1939 and 1948 respectively.Retranchement was the scene of heavy fighting both in May 1940 and October to November 1944. Retranchement and Sluis were the last places liberated by the Canadian army during the Battle of the Scheldt, due to the strong fortifications of the village. 779 Canadians and 1,305 Germans died near Retranchement.Retranchement was a separate municipality until 1970, when it was merged with Sluis. | founded by | 33,984 | 102,316 |
[
"Sweet Honey in the Rock",
"founded by",
"Bernice Johnson Reagon"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Sweet Honey in the Rock<\e1> and <e2>Bernice Johnson Reagon<\e2>.
Sweet Honey in the Rock is an all-woman, African-American a cappella ensemble. They are an American three-time Grammy Award–nominated troupe who express their history as black women through song, dance, and sign language. Originally a four-person ensemble, the group has expanded to five-part harmonies, with a sixth member acting as a sign-language interpreter. Although the members have changed over five decades, the group continues to sing and perform worldwide.Musical career
Sweet Honey in the Rock was founded in 1973 by Bernice Johnson Reagon, who was teaching a vocal workshop with the Washington, D.C. Black Repertory Company. Reagon retired from the group in 2004. The name of the group was derived from a song, based on Psalm 81:16, which tells of a land so rich that when rocks were cracked open, honey flowed from them. Johnson has said that this first song in which four women blended their voices was so powerful, that there was no question what the name of the group should be. The ensemble's most powerful messages are proclaimed through an enormous catalog of songs addressing the world's woes. They are currently occupied with immigration injustices, congressional greed and lack of compassion for citizens, the environmental imbalance, racial issues and women's issues.Sweet Honey in the Rock has received several Grammy Award nominations, including one for their children's album, Still the Same Me which received the Silver Award from the National Association of Parenting Publications. They contributed their version of Lead Belly's "Grey Goose" for from the compilation album Folkways: A Vision Shared which won the Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Album.
Their vocals appeared in a number of animated counting cartoons on the long-running PBS series Sesame Street, and the group was the subject of the 2005 documentary Sweet Honey in the Rock: Raise Your Voice.
The group has ventured through 20 vocalists since its creation. Embarking on a new chapter in their musical journey, Sweet Honey In The Rock now includes four core vocalists—Louise Robinson, Carol Maillard (both founding members), Nitanju Bolade Casel, and Aisha Kahlil. Shirley Childress, an American Sign Language Interpreter, performed live with the group from 1981 until her passing in 2017.Current members
Nitanju Bolade Casel
Aisha Kahlil
Louise Robinson (an original ensemble member)
Carol Lynn Maillard (an original ensemble member)
Barbara Hunt (sign language interpreter)
Rochelle Rice
Christie Dashiell
Romeir Mendez (bassist)Former members
Ysaye Maria Barnwell
Bernice Johnson Reagon (founder)
Shirley Childress Saxton (sign language interpreter) (B.1947-D.2017)
Arnae Batson
Mie
Dianaruthe Wharton
Evelyn Maria Harris
Rosie Lee Hooks
Ayodele Harrington
Ingrid Ellis
Tia Juana Starks
Patricia Johnson
Yasmeen Williams
Laura Sharp
Tulani Jordan Kinard
Helena Coleman
Geraldine Hardin
Akua Opokuwaa
Navasha Daya (special guest for "40 and Fierce Tour") | founded by | 33,985 | 102,317 |
[
"Sistine Chapel",
"founded by",
"Sixtus IV"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Sistine Chapel<\e1> and <e2>Sixtus IV<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,321 |
[
"Avdiivka Coke Plant",
"founded by",
"Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Avdiivka Coke Plant<\e1> and <e2>Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,325 |
[
"Avdiivka Coke Plant",
"owned by",
"Metinvest"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Avdiivka Coke Plant<\e1> and <e2>Metinvest<\e2>.
Avdiivka Coke and Chemical Plant (AKHZ) in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, is the largest coke producer in Ukraine and is owned by the company Metinvest, which is in turn owned by Rinat Akhmetov, a Ukrainian oligarch. AKHZ also produces a variety of chemicals including benzine, coal tar, coal oil ammonium sulphate and coke gas. At present the plant consists of 13 main and 30 auxiliary workshops as well as service structural divisions. | owned by | 33,986 | 102,326 |
[
"Theresian Institution of Noble Ladies",
"founded by",
"Maria Theresa of Austria"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Theresian Institution of Noble Ladies<\e1> and <e2>Maria Theresa of Austria<\e2>.
History
The Theresian Stift was founded in 1755 by Empress Maria Theresa in order to serve as a religious order for impoverished noblewomen. The Institute officially opened in 1755 and was housed in Prague Castle, enrolling thirty unmarried young women from Austrian and Hungarian aristocratic families who were financially strained. The noblewomen lived as secular canonesses and were not required to take vows of celibacy and were allowed to leave the chapter in order to marry.The Institution was run by a Princess-Abbess, who was selected by the Emperor. Each Princess-Abbess was, by birth, an Austrian archduchess from the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. With the closing of the neighbouring St. George's Abbey in 1782, the Princess-Abbess of the Theresian Institution inherited the privilege of crowning the Queens of Bohemia. Other administrative roles within the Institution included a deaconess, a sub-deaconess, and two canoness assistants.
The Institution closed in 1919 after the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the creation of the Republic of Czechoslovakia. | founded by | 33,987 | 102,329 |
[
"Dogme 95",
"founded by",
"Thomas Vinterberg"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Dogme 95<\e1> and <e2>Thomas Vinterberg<\e2>.
Dogma 95 (Danish: Dogme 95) is a 1995 avant-garde filmmaking movement founded by the Danish directors Lars von Trier and Thomas Vinterberg, who created the "Dogme 95 Manifesto" and the "Vows of Chastity" (Danish: kyskhedsløfter). These were rules to create films based on the traditional values of story, acting, and theme, and excluding the use of elaborate special effects or technology. It was supposedly created as an attempt to "take back power for the directors as artists", as opposed to the studio. They were later joined by fellow Danish directors Kristian Levring and Søren Kragh-Jacobsen, forming the Dogme 95 Collective or the Dogme Brethren. Dogme (pronounced [ˈtʌwmə]) is the Danish word for dogma.
The movement took Von Trier's first film under Zentropa-production Breaking the Waves as the main inspiration by ethos as it avoids to use for the film not only break the movement's rules, but the whole movement itself. | founded by | 33,988 | 102,331 |
[
"Dogme 95",
"founded by",
"Lars von Trier"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Dogme 95<\e1> and <e2>Lars von Trier<\e2>.
Dogma 95 (Danish: Dogme 95) is a 1995 avant-garde filmmaking movement founded by the Danish directors Lars von Trier and Thomas Vinterberg, who created the "Dogme 95 Manifesto" and the "Vows of Chastity" (Danish: kyskhedsløfter). These were rules to create films based on the traditional values of story, acting, and theme, and excluding the use of elaborate special effects or technology. It was supposedly created as an attempt to "take back power for the directors as artists", as opposed to the studio. They were later joined by fellow Danish directors Kristian Levring and Søren Kragh-Jacobsen, forming the Dogme 95 Collective or the Dogme Brethren. Dogme (pronounced [ˈtʌwmə]) is the Danish word for dogma.
The movement took Von Trier's first film under Zentropa-production Breaking the Waves as the main inspiration by ethos as it avoids to use for the film not only break the movement's rules, but the whole movement itself.History
Lars von Trier and Thomas Vinterberg wrote and co-signed the manifesto and its companion "vows". Vinterberg said that they wrote the pieces in 45 minutes. The manifesto initially mimics the wording of François Truffaut's 1954 essay "Une certaine tendance du cinéma français" in Cahiers du cinéma.
They announced the Dogme movement on March 13, 1995, in Paris, at Le cinéma vers son deuxième siècle conference. The cinema world had gathered to celebrate the first century of motion pictures and contemplate the uncertain future of commercial cinema. Called upon to speak about the future of film, Lars von Trier showered a bemused audience with red pamphlets announcing "Dogme 95".
In response to criticism, von Trier and Vinterberg have both stated that they just wanted to establish a new extreme: "In a business of extremely high budgets, we figured we should balance the dynamic as much as possible."In 1996, the movement took Breaking the Waves as the main inspiration by ethos, although the film breaks many of the movement's "rules", including built sets, post-dubbed music, violence, and computer graphics in the end of the film.Like the No Wave Cinema creative movement, Dogme 95 has been described as a defining period in low budget film production.Since 2002 and the 31st film, Spanish director Juan Pinzás no longer needs to have his work verified by the original board to identify it as a Dogme 95 work after finishing up his own trilogy. The founding "brothers" have begun working on new experimental projects and have been skeptical about the later common interpretation of the Manifesto as a brand or a genre. The movement broke up in 2005.Since the late 2000s, the emergence of video technology in DSLR photography cameras, such as the Canon EOS 550D, has resulted in a tremendous surge of both feature and short films shot with most, if not all, of the rules pertaining to the Dogme 95 manifesto. However, because of advancements in technology and quality, the aesthetic of these productions typically appears drastically different from that of the Dogme films shot on Tape or DVD-R Camcorders. Largely erasing the primitive and problematic features of past technologies, newer technologies have helped Dogme 95 filmmakers achieve an aesthetic of higher resolution, as well as of lower contrast, film grain, and saturation.Concepts and influences
In Von Trier's first film of "Golden Heart" trilogy, Breaking the Waves, after founding the Dogme 95 movement with Vinterberg in 1995, heavily influenced by the movement's style and ethos, despite it breaks many of the movement's "rules", including a directorial credit, background sets, non-diegetic music, and use of CGI.The 2001 experimental film Hotel, directed by Mike Figgis, makes several mentions of the Dogme 95 style of filmmaking, and has been described as a "Dogme film-within-a-film".Keyboard player and music producer Money Mark used principles inspired by Dogme 95 to record his Mark's Keyboard Repair album. | founded by | 33,989 | 102,332 |
[
"Israel Medical Association Journal",
"founded by",
"Israel Medical Association"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Israel Medical Association Journal<\e1> and <e2>Israel Medical Association<\e2>.
The Israel Medical Association Journal is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by the Israel Medical Association. It was established in 1999, replacing the Israel Journal of Medical Sciences. The editor-in-chief is Yehuda Shoenfeld.See also
Health care in Israel | founded by | 33,990 | 102,334 |
[
"Israel Medical Association Journal",
"owned by",
"Israel Medical Association"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Israel Medical Association Journal<\e1> and <e2>Israel Medical Association<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 102,335 |
[
"Amish",
"founded by",
"Jakob Ammann"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Amish<\e1> and <e2>Jakob Ammann<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,338 |
[
"Velcro",
"founded by",
"George de Mestral"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Velcro<\e1> and <e2>George de Mestral<\e2>.
Velcro, officially known as Velcro IP Holdings LLC and trading as Velcro Companies, is a British privately held company, founded by Swiss electrical engineer George de Mestral in the 1950s. It is the original manufacturer of hook-and-loop fasteners, which de Mestral invented.History
Swiss electrical engineer George de Mestral invented his first touch fastener when, in 1941, he went for a walk in the Alps, and wondered why burdock seeds clung to his woolen socks and coat, and also his dog Milka. He discovered it could be turned into something useful. He patented it in 1955, and subsequently refined and developed its practical manufacture until its commercial introduction in the late 1950s.
The fastener consisted of two components: a lineal fabric strip with tiny hooks that could 'mate' with another fabric strip with smaller loops, attaching temporarily, until pulled apart. Initially made of cotton, which proved impractical, the fastener was eventually constructed with nylon and polyester.De Mestral named Velcro; a portmanteau of the French words velours ('velvet') and crochet ('hook'), to his invention, as well as to the Swiss company he founded; Velcro SA.The company continues to manufacture and market the fastening system. Originally envisioned as a fastener for clothing, today, Velcro is used across a wide array of industries and applications; including healthcare, the military, land vehicles, aircraft, and even spacecraft. | founded by | 33,991 | 102,341 |
[
"Santa Maria Maggiore",
"founded by",
"Sixtus III"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Santa Maria Maggiore<\e1> and <e2>Sixtus III<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,343 |
[
"Zibad Rural District",
"founded by",
"Kai Khosrow"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Zibad Rural District<\e1> and <e2>Kai Khosrow<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,344 |
[
"International Bureau of Education",
"founded by",
"Édouard Claparède"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>International Bureau of Education<\e1> and <e2>Édouard Claparède<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,345 |
[
"International Bureau of Education",
"founded by",
"Adolphe Ferrière"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>International Bureau of Education<\e1> and <e2>Adolphe Ferrière<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,346 |
[
"International Bureau of Education",
"founded by",
"Pierre Bovet"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>International Bureau of Education<\e1> and <e2>Pierre Bovet<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,347 |
[
"Haras Nationaux",
"founded by",
"Jean-Baptiste Colbert"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Haras Nationaux<\e1> and <e2>Jean-Baptiste Colbert<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 102,348 |
[
"Democratic confederalism",
"founded by",
"Abdullah Öcalan"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Democratic confederalism<\e1> and <e2>Abdullah Öcalan<\e2>.
Democratic confederalism (Kurdish: Konfederalîzma demokratîk), also known as Kurdish communalism or Apoism, is a political concept theorized by Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) leader Abdullah Öcalan about a system of democratic self-organization with the features of a confederation based on the principles of autonomy, direct democracy, political ecology, feminism, multiculturalism, self-defense, self-governance and elements of a cooperative economy. Influenced by social ecology, libertarian municipalism, Middle Eastern history and general state theory, Öcalan presents the concept as a political solution to Kurdish national aspirations, as well as other fundamental problems in countries in the region deeply rooted in class society, and as a route to freedom and democratization for people around the world.Although the liberation struggle of the PKK was originally guided by the prospect of creating a Kurdish nation state on a Marxist–Leninist basis, Öcalan became disillusioned with the nation-state model and state socialism. Influenced by ideas from Western thinkers such as the libertarian municipalist and former anarchist Murray Bookchin, Öcalan reformulated the political objectives of the Kurdish liberation movement, abandoning the old statist and centralizing socialist project for a radical and renewed proposal for a form of libertarian socialism that no longer aims at building an independent state separate from Turkey, but at establishing an autonomous, democratic and decentralized entity based on the ideas of democratic confederalism. | founded by | 33,992 | 102,350 |
[
"Mittal Steel Company",
"founded by",
"Lakshmi Mittal"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Mittal Steel Company<\e1> and <e2>Lakshmi Mittal<\e2>.
Company
CEO Lakshmi Mittal's family owned 88% of the company. Mittal Steel was based in Rotterdam but managed from London by Mittal and his son Aditya. It was formed when Ispat International N.V. acquired LNM Holdings N.V. (both were already controlled by Lakshmi Mittal) and merged with International Steel Group in 2004. On 25 June 2006, Mittal Steel decided to take over Arcelor, with the new company to be called ArcelorMittal. The takeover was successfully approved by shareholders and directors of Arcelor making L.N. Mittal the largest steel maker in the world. | founded by | 33,993 | 102,351 |
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