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[
"Royal Road",
"founded by",
"Darius I of Persia"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Royal Road<\e1> and <e2>Darius I of Persia<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,666 |
[
"Royal Road",
"owned by",
"Achaemenid Empire"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Royal Road<\e1> and <e2>Achaemenid Empire<\e2>.
The Royal Road was an ancient highway reorganized and rebuilt by the Persian king Darius the Great (Darius I) of the first (Achaemenid) Persian Empire in the 5th century BC. Darius built the road to facilitate rapid communication on the western part of his large empire from Susa to Sardis. Mounted couriers of the Angarium were supposed to travel 1,677 miles (2,699 km) from Susa to Sardis in nine days; the journey took ninety days on foot.Course of the Royal Road
The course of the road has been reconstructed from the writings of Herodotus, archeological research, and other historical records. It began in Sardis near the Aegean coast of Lydia, traveled east through Anatolia (crossing the Halys according to Herodotus), and passed through the Cilician Gates to the old Assyrian capital Nineveh in upper Mesopotamia, then turned south to Babylon. From near Babylon, it is believed to have split into two routes, one traveling northeast then east through Ecbatana and then along the Silk Road (via the Great Khurasan Road), the other continuing east through the future Persian capital Susa and then southeast to Persepolis in the Zagros Mountains. Of course, such long routes for travellers and tradesmen would often take months on end, and during the reign of Darius the Great numerous royal outposts (Caravanserai) were built. | owned by | 33,829 | 101,668 |
[
"Pontifical Gregorian University",
"founded by",
"Ignatius of Loyola"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Pontifical Gregorian University<\e1> and <e2>Ignatius of Loyola<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,672 |
[
"Brasier",
"founded by",
"Georges Richard"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Brasier<\e1> and <e2>Georges Richard<\e2>.
Origins
Charles-Henri Brasier worked briefly with Panhard and then for some years with Émile Mors before, at the age of 35, he set himself up as an automobile manufacturer on his own account. He did this in partnership with Georges Richard, the two of them establishing the Richard-Brasier business in 1902.
By 1905, relations had broken down between the partners due to Richard being frequently away from his desk due to his motor racing activities and, it was reported, injuries he sustained as a result. The strained relations prompted Richard to leave the company that year to found Unic. The newly renamed Brasier firm was therefore born into an atmosphere of recrimination and litigation. Nevertheless, Brasier retained the premises originally acquired by the Richard-Brasier company in Ivry, just outside the ring formed by the old city walls (today followed by the "Périphérique" motor-way) on the southern edge of central Paris. | founded by | 33,830 | 101,673 |
[
"Collectivist anarchism",
"founded by",
"Mikhail Bakunin"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Collectivist anarchism<\e1> and <e2>Mikhail Bakunin<\e2>.
Collectivist anarchism, also called anarchist collectivism and anarcho-collectivism, is an anarchist school of thought that advocates the abolition of both the state and private ownership of the means of production. In their place, it envisions both the collective ownership of the means of production and the entitlement of workers to the fruits of their own labour, which would be ensured by a societal pact between individuals and collectives. Collectivists considered trade unions to be the means through which to bring about collectivism through a social revolution, where they would form the nucleus for a post-capitalist society.The tendency was initially conceived as a synthesis of social equality and liberty, by the Russian revolutionary socialist Mikhail Bakunin. It is commonly associated with the anti-authoritarian sections of the International Workingmen's Association and the early Spanish anarchist movement, with whom it continued to hold a strong influence until the end of the 19th century. Eventually, it was supplanted as the dominant tendency of anarchism by anarcho-communism, which advocated for the abolition of wages and the distribution of resources "from each according to their ability, to each according to their needs".History
Collectivist anarchism was first formulated within the International Workingmen's Association (IWA), under the influence of Mikhail Bakunin. Bakunin had been inspired by the traditional agrarian collectivism practiced by the Russian peasantry and wished to see its principles of mutual aid applied to industrial society, which he hoped to mobilise in favour of liberty and social equality. According to Friedrich Engels, Bakunin's collectivism represented a synthesis of Karl Marx's communism and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's mutualism. Bakunin rejected the communist principle of "from each according to their ability, to each according to their needs", considering instead that resources would have to be distributed according to one's own labour. While Bakunin accepted Proudhon's organisational theory of federalism, he also rejected the mutualist centring of the independent artisan, instead considering the collective to be the base social unit for organising society.Bakunin's collectivism had widespread appeal in Spain, where industrial workers and rural peasants found inspiration in its precepts of decentralisation and direct action. From the outset of anarchism's introduction to Spain in 1868, Spanish anarchists largely subscribed to collectivism, inspired by Bakunin's anarchist doctrine, while also drawing from the anti-authoritarianism and federalism espoused by Francesc Pi i Margall. Pi's influence on the collectivists was most pronounced in the work of Juan Serrano Oteiza, an early convert to collectivist anarchism who envisaged a federal society that upheld the autonomy of the individual, trade union and municipality. But Serrano's collectivism differed from Pi's federalism by rejecting reformist political parties and instead upholding the working class as the agents of revolutionary change.By the 1870s, the Spanish Regional Federation of the International Workingmen's Association (FRE-AIT) had widely disseminated the doctrine of collectivist anarchism, with its principles being widely adopted by workers' societies, many of which were not even anarchist themselves. Following the collapse of the FRE-AIT, in 1881, the Barcelona branch reconstituted the organisation as the Federation of Workers of the Spanish Region (FTRE), which was established according to the principles of collectivist anarchism. | founded by | 33,831 | 101,674 |
[
"Earls of Lade",
"founded by",
"Håkon Grjotgardsson"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Earls of Lade<\e1> and <e2>Håkon Grjotgardsson<\e2>.
The Earls of Lade (Norwegian: ladejarler) were a dynasty of Norse jarls from Lade (Old Norse: Hlaðir), who ruled what is now Trøndelag and Hålogaland from the 9th century to the 11th century.The seat of the Earls of Lade was at Lade Gaard, now located in the eastern parts of the city of Trondheim. The site is near the seaside of the Trondheimsfjord, which was an important waterway in the Viking Age.According to Snorri, King Harald I of Norway was a great commander but lacked a fleet. For that he was assisted by Håkon Grjotgardsson. In gratitude Harald made him the first earl of Lade. | founded by | 33,832 | 101,676 |
[
"Ok Saroy Presidential Palace",
"founded by",
"Islam Karimov"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Ok Saroy Presidential Palace<\e1> and <e2>Islam Karimov<\e2>.
Ak Saray Presidential Palace (Uzbek: Oqsaroy, Оқсарoй) meaning the White Palace in English is public museum which was the official workplace of Uzbek President Islam Karimov. Under former president Karimov, who served from 1991-2016, the palace was the seat of the executive branch in the country. After his death in 2016, the administration of Shavkat Mirziyoyev relocated the official workplace to Kuksaroy Presidential Palace in northeastern Tashkent. The area of the palace is 5460 square meters. There is a reception hall in the palace where guests will be received. There is also a meeting hall, as well as a recreational hall. | founded by | 33,833 | 101,679 |
[
"Vál Valley Light Railway",
"founded by",
"Viktor Orbán"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Vál Valley Light Railway<\e1> and <e2>Viktor Orbán<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,680 |
[
"Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center",
"founded by",
"Petro Poroshenko"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center<\e1> and <e2>Petro Poroshenko<\e2>.
Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center (Ukrainian: Меморіальний центр Голокосту «Бабин Яр»), officially the Foundation and Babyn Yar Holocaust Memorial Center, is an educational institution that documents, explains and commemorates the Babi Yar shootings of September 1941 and aims to broaden and sustain the memory of The Holocaust in Eastern Europe, taking into account geopolitical changes during the 20th century. On September 29, 2016, President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko, together with public figures and philanthropists, initiated the creation of the first Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center. The Memorial Center is planned to be opened in Kyiv, Ukraine, in 2025/26.History
On September 29, 2016, President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko, together with public figures and philanthropists, initiated the creation of the first Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center. In his opinion, the creation of the Holocaust Memorial in Babi Yar can become a symbol of the unity of the nation and mother of greatness for the whole world. Poroshenko himself and the Mayor of Kyiv, Vitali Klitschko, were present at the ceremony.On March 19, 2017, the Supervisory Board of the Memorial was founded. The Supervisory Board is headed by the chairman of the Jewish Agency for Israel Natan Sharansky and consists of philanthropists German Khan, Mikhail Fridman, Victor Pinchuk, and Pavel Fuks, the chief rabbi of Kyiv and Ukraine Yakov Dov Bleich, artist Svyatoslav Vakarchuk, world heavyweight champion Volodymyr Klitschko, the former Director-General of UNESCO Irina Bokova, former President of Poland Alexander Kwasniewski, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Germany Joschka Fischer.On October 19, 2017, the leadership of the Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center met with the Prime Minister of Ukraine Volodymyr Groysman. The Prime Minister expressed support for the project to build a memorial complex in Kyiv to commemorate the victims of Babi Yar, and noted the importance of preserving historical memory in order to prevent the recurrence of past mistakes in the future.On 6 October 2021, following the 80th anniversary of the massacre, the Memorial Center released the first 161 names of Nazi soldiers who were perpetrators of the crimes at Babi Yar. It described the release of names as the first installment of ongoing research into those who committed the murder of 33,771 Ukrainian Jews on September 29 and 30, 1941. The Memorial Center is planned to be created in Kyiv, Ukraine, by 2023.On 1 March 2022, the site of Babyn Yar was claimed to have been hit by Russian missiles and shells during the battle of Kyiv, killing at least five people. Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy and Andriy Yermak, chairman of the Ukrainian Presidential Office, condemned the missile attack, as did Israeli leaders including Foreign Minister Yair Lapid and Diaspora Affairs Minister Nachman Shai.Ynet journalist Ron Ben Yishai reported that Babi Yar remained unscathed after the Russian attack. | founded by | 33,834 | 101,681 |
[
"Lviv",
"founded by",
"Daniel of Galicia"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Lviv<\e1> and <e2>Daniel of Galicia<\e2>.
History
Archaeologists have demonstrated that the Lviv area was settled by the fifth century, with the gord at Chernecha Hora-Voznesensk Street in Lychakivskyi District attributed to White Croats. The city of Lviv was founded in 1250 by King Daniel of Galicia (1201–1264) in the Principality of Halych of Kingdom of Ruthenia and named in honour of his son Lev as Lvihorod which is consistent with names of other Ukrainian cities, such as Myrhorod, Sharhorod, Novhorod, Bilhorod, Horodyshche, and Horodok.Earlier there was a settlement in the form of a borough with a characteristic layout element—an elongated market square. Daniel's foundation of the stronghold was its next reconstruction after the Batu Khan invasion of 1240.Lviv was invaded by the Mongols in 1261. Various sources relate the events, which range from the destruction of the castle to a complete razing of the town. All sources agree that it was on the orders of the Mongol general Burundai. The Shevchenko Scientific Society (Naukove tovarystvo im. Shevchenka) says that Burundai issued the order to raze the city. The Galician-Volhynian chronicle states that in 1261 "Said Buronda to Vasylko: 'Since you are at peace with me then raze all your castles'". Basil Dmytryshyn states that the order was implied to be the fortifications as a whole: "If you wish to have peace with me, then destroy [all fortifications of] your towns". According to the Universal-Lexicon der Gegenwart und Vergangenheit the town's founder was ordered to destroy the town himself.After Daniel's death, King Lev rebuilt the town around 1270 at its present location, choosing Lviv as his residence, and made it the capital of Galicia-Volhynia. The city is first mentioned in the Halych-Volhynian Chronicle regarding the events that were dated 1256. The town grew quickly due to an influx of Polish people from Kraków, Poland, after they had suffered a widespread famine there. Around 1280 Armenians lived in Galicia and were mainly based in Lviv where they had their own Archbishop.In the 13th and early 14th centuries, Lviv was largely a wooden city, except for its several stone churches. Some of them, like the Church of Saint Nicholas, have survived, although in a thoroughly rebuilt form. The town was inherited by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1340 and ruled by voivode Dmytro Dedko, the favourite of the Lithuanian prince Liubartas, until 1349.The region and the region adjacent to Lviv, Leopold, Poland, was a destination of 50,000 Armenians fleeing from the Saljuq and Mongol invasions of Armenia. | founded by | 33,836 | 101,684 |
[
"Mountain Corps Norway",
"founded by",
"Eduard Dietl"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Mountain Corps Norway<\e1> and <e2>Eduard Dietl<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,687 |
[
"Royal Chancellery of Granada",
"founded by",
"Isabella I of Castile"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Royal Chancellery of Granada<\e1> and <e2>Isabella I of Castile<\e2>.
The Royal Chancellery of Granada (Spanish - La Real Chancillería de Granada or Real Audiencia y Chancillería de Granada) was a court established by Isabel I of Castile in 1505 when she moved the Royal Audience and Chancellery of Ciudad Real (Real Audiencia y Chancillería de Ciudad Real) to Granada - it had originally been set up in Ciudad Real in 1494. It was abolished in 1834 with the rise of liberalism in Spain. | founded by | 33,837 | 101,688 |
[
"Ignatian spirituality",
"founded by",
"Ignatius of Loyola"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Ignatian spirituality<\e1> and <e2>Ignatius of Loyola<\e2>.
Ignatian spirituality, similar in most aspects to, but distinct from Jesuit spirituality, is a Catholic spirituality founded on the experiences of the 16th-century Spanish Saint Ignatius of Loyola, founder of the Jesuit order. The main idea of this form of spirituality comes from Ignatius's Spiritual Exercises, the aim of which is to help one "conquer oneself and to regulate one's life in such a way that no decision is made under the influence of any inordinate attachment." The Exercises are intended to give the person undertaking them a greater degree of freedom from his or her own likes and dislikes, so that their choices are based solely on what they discern God's will is for them. Even in the composition of the exercises by Ignatius early in his career, one might find the apostolic thrust of his spirituality in his contemplation on "The Call of the Earthly King": 91ff and in his final contemplation with its focus on finding God in all things.: 235General principles
Ignatian spirituality has been described as a spirituality of finding God's will for better decision making. According to Hans Urs von Balthasar, "choice" is the center of the Exercises. Their original objective was the question of the choice of a state of life.The Ignatian process of making good decisions acknowledges that decisions are often between two goods, understanding that the better good, or "the more" (lat. magis), is what we instinctively want, and what God wants for us. "In all things, to love and to serve" (Spanish: en todo amar y servir) was a motto of St Ignatius, who wanted to "be like St. Francis and St. Dominic", though better.: 24Aspects of Ignatian spirituality
Ignatian spirituality has the following characteristics:God's greater glory: St Ignatius of Loyola—"a man who gave the first place of his life to God" said Benedict XVI—stressed that "Man is created to praise, reverence, and serve God Our Lord and by this means to save his soul." This is the "First Principle and Foundation" of the Exercises. Ignatius declares: "The goal of our life is to live with God forever. God who loves us, gave us life. Our own response of love allows God's life to flow into us without limit.... Our only desire and our one choice should be this: I want and I choose what better leads to the deepening of God's life in me."
Union with Jesus: Ignatius emphasized an ardent love for the Saviour. In his month-long Exercises, he devoted the last three weeks to the contemplation of Jesus: from infancy and public ministry, to his passion, and lastly his risen life. To achieve empathy with Jesus and a closer following of him, Ignatius proposed a form of contemplation that he called "application of the senses" to the scenes in the life of Jesus.: 121ff The Spiritual Exercises, in 104, sum this up in a prayer that I may "love him more and follow him more closely." There is a considerable emphasis on the emotions in Ignatius' methods, and a call for one to be sensitive to emotional movements.Self-awareness: Ignatius recommends the twice-daily examen (examination). This is a guided method of prayerfully reviewing the events of the day, to awaken one's inner sensitivity to one's own actions, desires, and spiritual state, through each moment reviewed. The goals are to see where God is challenging the person to change and to growth, where God is calling the person to deeper reflection (especially apt when discerning if one has a Jesuit vocation in life), to where sinful or imperfect attitudes or blind spots are found. The general examen, often at the end of the day, is, as the name implies, a general review. The particular examen, often in the middle of the day, focuses on a particular fault—identified by the person—to be worked upon in the course of some days or weeks. Since the 1970s there have been numerous in-depth studies and adaptations of the examen to contemporary needs. This is explained below under the title "Examen of Consciousness."Spiritual direction: Meditation and contemplation, and for instance the aforementioned examen, are best guided, Ignatius says, by an experienced person. Jesuits, and those following Ignatian spirituality, meet with their spiritual director (traditionally a priest, though in recent years many laypersons have undertaken this role) on a regular basis (weekly or monthly) to discuss the fruits of their prayer life and be offered guidance. Ignatius sees the director as someone who can rein in impulsiveness or excesses, goad the complacent, and keep people honest with themselves. But the director should not so much explain but simply present the exercises, to not get in the way of God who "communicates himself with the well-disposed person.": 2, 15 If the director is a priest, spiritual direction may or may not be connected with the Sacrament of Reconciliation.
Effective love: The founder of the Society of Jesus emphasized effective love (love shown in deeds) over affective love (love based on feelings). He usually ended his most important letters with "I implore God to grant us all the grace to know His holy will and to accomplish it perfectly." This love which leads us to a perfect correspondence with God's will demands self-sacrifice—renunciation of personal feelings and preferences. This is expressed in Ignatius' prayer in the last exercise of his Spiritual Exercises, which remains popular among Jesuits: "Take Lord and receive, all my liberty."Detachment: Where Francis of Assisi's concept of poverty emphasized the spiritual benefits of simplicity and dependency, Ignatius emphasized detachment, or "indifference." This figures prominently into what Ignatius called the "First Principle and Foundation" of the Exercises.: 23 For Ignatius, whether one was rich or poor, healthy or sick, in an assignment one enjoyed or one didn't, was comfortable in a culture or not, etc., should be a matter of spiritual indifference—a modern phrasing might put it as serene acceptance. Hence, a Jesuit (or one following Ignatian spirituality) placed in a comfortable, wealthy neighborhood should continue to live the Gospel life with indifference to their surroundings, and if plucked from that situation to be placed in a poor area and subjected to hardships should with a sense of spiritual joy accept that as well, looking only to do God's will.
Prayer and efforts at self-conquest: Ignatius's book The Spiritual Exercises is a fruit of months of prayer.: 25 Prayer, In Ignatian spirituality, is fundamental since it was at the foundation of Jesus' life, but it does not dispense from "helping oneself", a phrase frequently used by Ignatius. Thus, he also speaks of mortification and of amendment.
Devotion to the Sacred Heart, the Eucharist, and Our Lady: The Society of Jesus has a relationship with the Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary in a commitment to spread the devotion to the Sacred Heart. Though the concept of devotion to Christ's mercy, as symbolized in the image of the Sacred Heart, goes further back, its modern origins can be traced to St. Marie Alacoque, a Visitation nun, whose spiritual director was the Jesuit St. Claude de la Colombière. The Jesuits promoted this devotion to emphasize the compassion and overwhelming love of Christ for people, and to counteract the rigorism and spiritual pessimism of the Jansenists.
St. Ignatius counseled people to receive the Eucharist more often, and from the order's earliest days the Jesuits were promoters of "frequent communion". It was the custom for many Catholics at that time to receive Holy Communion perhaps once or twice a year, out of what Catholic theologians considered an exaggerated respect for the sacrament. Ignatius and others advocated receiving the sacrament even weekly,: 18 emphasizing Holy Communion not as reward but as spiritual food. By the time of Pope Pius X (1903–1914), "frequent communion" had come to mean weekly, even daily reception.
Ignatius made his initial commitment to a new way of life by leaving his soldier's weapons (and symbolically, his old values) on an altar before an image of the Christ child seated on the lap of Our Lady of Montserrat. Also, the Jesuits were long promoters of the Sodality of Our Lady, their primary organization for their students until the 1960s, which they used to encourage frequent attendance at Mass, reception of Communion, recitation of the Rosary, and attendance at retreats in the Ignatian tradition of the Spiritual Exercises. Since the Second Vatican Council, Marian Sodalities have been largely replaced by small Christian Life Community (CLC) cells which emphasize the service of justice thrust that grew in the Catholic church after Vatican II. The CLC secretariat is at the Jesuit headquarters in Rome.Zeal for souls: This characteristic of Ignatian Spirituality comes from St. Ignatius's own intense apostolic desires and is certainly related to the purpose of the Society of Jesus, the religious order he founded. The purpose of the Society of Jesus, says the Summary of the Constitutions, is "not only to apply one's self to one's own salvation and to perfection with the help of divine grace, but to employ all one's strength for the salvation and perfection of one's neighbor."
Finding God in All Things: The vision that Ignatius places at the beginning of the Exercises keeps sight of both the Creator and the creature, the One and the other swept along in the same movement of love. In it, God offers himself to humankind in an absolute way through the Son, and humankind responds in an absolute way by a total self-donation. There is no longer sacred or profane, natural or supernatural, mortification or prayer—because it is one and the same Spirit who brings it about that the Christian will see and "love God in all things—and all things in God." Hence, Jesuits have always been active in the graphic and dramatic arts, literature, and the sciences.Examen of Consciousness: The Examen of Consciousness is a simple prayer directed toward developing a spiritual sensitivity to the special ways God approaches, invites, and calls. Ignatius recommends that the examen be done at least twice, and suggests five points of prayer: | founded by | 33,838 | 101,691 |
[
"Royal National City Park",
"founded by",
"Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Royal National City Park<\e1> and <e2>Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,693 |
[
"Islam in Algeria",
"founded by",
"Umayyad dynasty"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Islam in Algeria<\e1> and <e2>Umayyad dynasty<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,694 |
[
"Islam in Algeria",
"founded by",
"Uqba ibn Nafi"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Islam in Algeria<\e1> and <e2>Uqba ibn Nafi<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,695 |
[
"Mission San José de Tumacácori",
"founded by",
"Eusebio Kino"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Mission San José de Tumacácori<\e1> and <e2>Eusebio Kino<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,697 |
[
"Yale School of Public Health",
"founded by",
"Charles-Edward Amory Winslow"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Yale School of Public Health<\e1> and <e2>Charles-Edward Amory Winslow<\e2>.
The Yale School of Public Health (YSPH) was founded in 1915 by Charles-Edward Amory Winslow and is one of the oldest public health masters programs in the United States. It is consistently rated among the best schools of public health in the country, receiving recent rankings of 3rd for its doctoral program in epidemiology. YSPH is both a department (established in 1915) within the school of medicine as well as an independent, CEPH-certified school of public health (established in 1946). | founded by | 33,839 | 101,698 |
[
"Drupal",
"founded by",
"Dries Buytaert"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Drupal<\e1> and <e2>Dries Buytaert<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,701 |
[
"Debian",
"founded by",
"Ian Murdock"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Debian<\e1> and <e2>Ian Murdock<\e2>.
Debian (), also known as Debian GNU/Linux, is a Linux distribution composed of free and open-source software, developed by the community-supported Debian Project, which was established by Ian Murdock on August 16, 1993. The first version of Debian (0.01) was released on September 15, 1993, and its first stable version (1.1) was released on June 17, 1996. The Debian Stable branch is the most popular edition for personal computers and servers. Debian is also the basis for many other distributions, most notably Ubuntu.
Debian is one of the oldest operating systems based on the Linux kernel, and is currently the second oldest Linux distribution still in active development, only behind Slackware. The project is coordinated over the Internet by a team of volunteers guided by the Debian Project Leader and three foundational documents: the Debian Social Contract, the Debian Constitution, and the Debian Free Software Guidelines. New distributions are updated continually, and the next candidate is released after a time-based freeze.
Since its founding, Debian has been developed openly and distributed freely according to the principles of the GNU Project. Because of this, the Free Software Foundation sponsored the project from November 1994 to November 1995. When the sponsorship ended, the Debian Project formed the nonprofit organization Software in the Public Interest to continue financially supporting development.Founding (1993–1998)
Debian was first announced on August 16, 1993, by Ian Murdock, who initially called the system "the Debian Linux Release". The word "Debian" was formed as a portmanteau of the first name of his then-girlfriend (later ex-wife) Debra Lynn and his own first name. Before Debian's release, the Softlanding Linux System (SLS) had been a popular Linux distribution and the basis for Slackware. The perceived poor maintenance and prevalence of bugs in SLS motivated Murdock to launch a new distribution.Debian 0.01, released on September 15, 1993, was the first of several internal releases. Version 0.90 was the first public release, providing support through mailing lists hosted at Pixar. The release included the Debian Linux Manifesto, outlining Murdock's view for the new operating system. In it he called for the creation of a distribution to be maintained "openly in the spirit of Linux and GNU."The Debian project released the 0.9x versions in 1994 and 1995. During this time it was sponsored by the Free Software Foundation for one year. Ian Murdock delegated the base system, the core packages of Debian, to Bruce Perens and Murdock focused on the management of the growing project. The first ports to non-IA-32 architectures began in 1995, and Debian 1.1 was released in 1996. By that time and thanks to Ian Jackson, the dpkg package manager was already an essential part of Debian.In 1996, Bruce Perens assumed the project leadership. Perens was a controversial leader, regarded as authoritarian and strongly attached to Debian. He drafted a social contract and edited suggestions from a month-long discussion into the Debian Social Contract and the Debian Free Software Guidelines. After the FSF withdrew their sponsorship in the midst of the free software vs. open source debate, Perens initiated the creation of the legal umbrella organization Software in the Public Interest instead of seeking renewed involvement with the FSF. He led the conversion of the project from a.out to ELF. He created the BusyBox program to make it possible to run a Debian installer on a single floppy disk, and wrote a new installer. By the time Debian 1.2 was released, the project had grown to nearly two hundred volunteers. Perens left the project in 1998.Ian Jackson became the leader in 1998. Debian 2.0 introduced the second official port, m68k. During this time the first port to a non-Linux kernel, Debian GNU/Hurd, was started. On December 2, the first Debian Constitution was ratified. | founded by | 33,841 | 101,710 |
[
"Küstendorf",
"founded by",
"Emir Kusturica"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Küstendorf<\e1> and <e2>Emir Kusturica<\e2>.
Küstendorf (Serbian: Kustendorf / Кустендорф) also known as Drvengrad (Serbian Cyrillic: Дрвенград, lit. ''Timber Town'', pronounced [dř̩ʋeŋɡrad]) and Mećavnik (Serbian Cyrillic: Мећавник, pronounced [mětɕaːʋniːk]), is a traditional village that the Serbian film director Emir Kusturica built for his film Life Is a Miracle from 2003 to 2004. It is located near the village of Mokra Gora in western Serbia, in the administrative area of Užice. Kusturica was the 2005 recipient of the Philippe Rotthier European Architecture award.The idea
Emir Kusturica stated: I lost my city [Sarajevo] during the war. That is why I wished to build my own village. It bears a German name: Küstendorf. I will organize seminars there, for people who want to learn how to make cinema, concerts, ceramics, painting. It is the place where I will live and where some people will be able to come from time to time. There will be of course some other inhabitants who will work. I dream of an open place with cultural diversity which sets up against globalization. | founded by | 33,842 | 101,713 |
[
"Internet Archive",
"founded by",
"Brewster Kahle"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Internet Archive<\e1> and <e2>Brewster Kahle<\e2>.
The Internet Archive is an American digital library founded on May 10, 1996, and chaired by free information advocate Brewster Kahle. It provides free access to collections of digitized materials like websites, software applications, music, audiovisual and print materials. The Archive is also an activist organization, advocating a free and open Internet. As of January 1, 2023, the Internet Archive holds more than 36 million print materials, 11.6 million pieces of audiovisual content, 2.5 million software programs, 15 million audio files, 4.5 million images, 251,000 concerts and over 808 billion web pages in its Wayback Machine. Their mission is to provide "universal access to all knowledge."The Internet Archive allows the public to upload and download digital material to its data cluster, but the bulk of its data is collected automatically by its web crawlers, which work to preserve as much of the public web as possible. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains hundreds of billions of web captures. The Archive also oversees numerous book digitization projects, collectively one of the world's largest book digitization efforts. | founded by | 33,843 | 101,714 |
[
"SailGP",
"founded by",
"Russell Coutts"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>SailGP<\e1> and <e2>Russell Coutts<\e2>.
Background
The competition was founded by Larry Ellison, founder of Oracle, and champion yachtsman Russell Coutts. Their aim was to establish a commercially viable global race series with a large audience. This had been unsuccessfully attempted in the past with series such as the Extreme Sailing Series. The SailGP format uses fast-foiling catamarans in a variety of spectacular locations. Teams are currently owned by the competition with the intention of becoming privately owned. | founded by | 33,846 | 101,720 |
[
"SailGP",
"founded by",
"Larry Ellison"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>SailGP<\e1> and <e2>Larry Ellison<\e2>.
Background
The competition was founded by Larry Ellison, founder of Oracle, and champion yachtsman Russell Coutts. Their aim was to establish a commercially viable global race series with a large audience. This had been unsuccessfully attempted in the past with series such as the Extreme Sailing Series. The SailGP format uses fast-foiling catamarans in a variety of spectacular locations. Teams are currently owned by the competition with the intention of becoming privately owned. | founded by | 33,846 | 101,721 |
[
"Kalighat Home for the Dying",
"founded by",
"Mother Teresa"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Kalighat Home for the Dying<\e1> and <e2>Mother Teresa<\e2>.
Kalighat, the Home of the Pure Heart (Nirmal Hriday) (formerly Mother Teresa's Kalighat Home for the Dying Destitutes) is a hospice for the sick, destitute and the dying established by St. Mother Teresa in Kalighat, Kolkata, India. Before Mother Teresa sought permission to use it, the building was an old abandoned Hindu temple to the goddess Kali, the Hindu goddess of time and change. It was founded by St. Mother Teresa on her 42nd birthday in 1952, two years after she established Missionaries of Charity in Kolkata.St. Mother Teresa opened this free hospice in 1952, next to the famous Kalighat Kali Temple in Kalighat Calcutta. With the help of Indian officials, she changed an abandoned building which previously served as a temple for the Hindu goddess Kali into the "Kalighat home for the dying", a free hospice for the poor. Later on she changed the name to "Kalighat the Home of the Pure Heart (Nirmal Hriday)". People who were brought to the home received medical attention from the Missionaries of Charity and were given the opportunity to die with dignity, according to the rituals of their faith; Muslims were read the Quran, Hindus received water from the Ganges, and Catholics received the Last Rites. "A beautiful death," she said, "is for people who lived like animals to die like angels—loved and wanted." | founded by | 33,847 | 101,723 |
[
"Free Russia Forum",
"founded by",
"Garry Kasparov"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Free Russia Forum<\e1> and <e2>Garry Kasparov<\e2>.
The Free Russia Forum (FRF or FSR; Russian: Форум свободной России; ФСР; Forum svobodnoy Rossii, FSR) is a conference of the Russian opposition, held twice a year in Vilnius (Lithuania). The forum was founded in March 2016 by Garry Kasparov and Ivan Tyutrin, the former executive director of the Russian democratic movement Solidarnost.The Forum sets itself the task of forming an intellectual alternative to the current political regime in Russia. According to the organizers, “anyone who shares the values of democracy and considers Russia an integral part of the civilized international community can become a participant, sponsor and organizer of the Forum”. According to Ivan Tyutrin, “the only factor hindering participation is the position of the "Crimeanashist", that is, a supporter of aggression against Ukraine. Therefore, the participation of such figures as Maria Baronova, Vyacheslav Maltsev and Sergei Udaltsov is impossible in the forum.In total, since March 2016, 11 conferences (forums) have been held. The ninth forum was held on November 20–21, 2020. Due to the coronavirus pandemic and closed borders, the event was held live on YouTube.FSR projects include "Personnel Reserve" (training leaders for democratic change), "Putin's List" (dossiers on the leaders of the current regime and the continuation of the policy of sanctions against the Putin regime) and Monitoring the persecution of religious minorities.
A feature of the Free Russia Forum is a wide ideological spectrum of participants. These are non-systemic liberals, national democrats, social democrats, libertarians. The forum is attended by representatives of various political organizations and associations: PARNAS, Open Russia, Russia of the Future, the Solidarnost movement, the Yabloko party, the Civic Initiative and the headquarters of Alexei Navalny. | founded by | 33,848 | 101,724 |
[
"Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic",
"founded by",
"Mikhail Gorbachev"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic<\e1> and <e2>Mikhail Gorbachev<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,725 |
[
"Jugend forscht",
"founded by",
"Henri Nannen"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Jugend forscht<\e1> and <e2>Henri Nannen<\e2>.
Jugend forscht (literal translation: “Youth researches”) is a German youth science competition. With more than 10,000 participants annually, it is the biggest youth science and technology competition in Europe. It was initiated in 1965 by Henri Nannen, then editor-in-chief of the Stern magazine.
Participants work on a self-chosen research project, hand in a written report about their work, and then present their results first at regional levels and later at a national contest to an expert jury, usually in the form of a poster session, often including a practical demonstration. Contest juries often invite university or industry experts to referee some of the projects, especially at the national contest, due to a high level of specialization.
Participants can enter in one of seven subject groups: | founded by | 33,849 | 101,728 |
[
"Kunsthalle Emden",
"founded by",
"Henri Nannen"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Kunsthalle Emden<\e1> and <e2>Henri Nannen<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,729 |
[
"WUWA (Breslau)",
"founded by",
"Adolf Rading"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>WUWA (Breslau)<\e1> and <e2>Adolf Rading<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,731 |
[
"WUWA (Breslau)",
"founded by",
"Deutscher Werkbund"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>WUWA (Breslau)<\e1> and <e2>Deutscher Werkbund<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,733 |
[
"WUWA (Breslau)",
"founded by",
"Heinrich Lauterbach"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>WUWA (Breslau)<\e1> and <e2>Heinrich Lauterbach<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,737 |
[
"Rauhes Haus",
"founded by",
"Johann Hinrich Wichern"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Rauhes Haus<\e1> and <e2>Johann Hinrich Wichern<\e2>.
History
Rauhes Haus was founded at Horn (now a suburb of Hamburg) by the 25-year-old theologian Johann Hinrich Wichern on 12 September 1833 who for a long time was head administrator at the institution. The name of the institution is a corruption of Ruges Haus as the institution started in an old house called by its former occupant Ruges Hus (i.e. Ruge's house), which by a mistranslation into high German became “Rauhes Haus”, i.e. rough house.
It was connected with the German Home Mission (or Inner Mission), and started as an industrial institution for poor boys. The scope of the school widened with its growth, and in the early 20th century, besides forming a refuge for neglected children, it received boarding pupils from the higher income families and served as a training school for those wishing to become teachers, superintendents or assistants in hospitals, reformatories, houses of correction and the like. It was supported by voluntary contributions, profits arising from the productive enterprises it carried on, and fees from the richer pupils. | founded by | 33,850 | 101,745 |
[
"Mesa (computer graphics)",
"founded by",
"Brian Paul"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Mesa (computer graphics)<\e1> and <e2>Brian Paul<\e2>.
Mesa, also called Mesa3D and The Mesa 3D Graphics Library, is an open source implementation of OpenGL, Vulkan, and other graphics API specifications. Mesa translates these specifications to vendor-specific graphics hardware drivers.
Its most important users are two graphics drivers mostly developed and funded by Intel and AMD for their respective hardware (AMD promotes their Mesa drivers Radeon and RadeonSI over the deprecated AMD Catalyst, and Intel has only supported the Mesa driver). Proprietary graphics drivers (e.g., Nvidia GeForce driver and Catalyst) replace all of Mesa, providing their own implementation of a graphics API. An open-source effort to write a Mesa Nvidia driver called Nouveau is developed mostly by the community.
Besides 3D applications such as games, modern display servers (X.org's Glamor or Wayland's Weston) use OpenGL/EGL; therefore all graphics typically go through Mesa.
Mesa is hosted by freedesktop.org and was initiated in August 1993 by Brian Paul, who is still active in the project. Mesa was subsequently widely adopted and now contains numerous contributions from various individuals and corporations worldwide, including from the graphics hardware manufacturers of the Khronos Group that administer the OpenGL specification. For Linux, development has also been partially driven by crowdfunding. | founded by | 33,851 | 101,747 |
[
"Duolingo",
"founded by",
"Severin Hacker"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Duolingo<\e1> and <e2>Severin Hacker<\e2>.
Duolingo ( DEW-oh-LING-goh) is an American educational technology company which produces learning apps and provides language certification.
The platform was founded in 2011 by Luis von Ahn and Severin Hacker and has since grown to become one of the most popular language learning apps in the world.
Duolingo offers over 40 different language courses, from popular languages, such as English and Spanish to less commonly studied languages, such as Welsh, Irish, and Swahili. Duolingo also offers the Duolingo English Test certification program and a literacy app for children called Duolingo ABC, and the company released an elementary level math app called Duolingo Math currently exclusive to iOS.The company uses a freemium model with over 500 million registered users. Duolingo offers a premium service which eliminates advertising and offers more features. | founded by | 33,852 | 101,748 |
[
"Duolingo",
"founded by",
"Luis von Ahn"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Duolingo<\e1> and <e2>Luis von Ahn<\e2>.
Duolingo ( DEW-oh-LING-goh) is an American educational technology company which produces learning apps and provides language certification.
The platform was founded in 2011 by Luis von Ahn and Severin Hacker and has since grown to become one of the most popular language learning apps in the world.
Duolingo offers over 40 different language courses, from popular languages, such as English and Spanish to less commonly studied languages, such as Welsh, Irish, and Swahili. Duolingo also offers the Duolingo English Test certification program and a literacy app for children called Duolingo ABC, and the company released an elementary level math app called Duolingo Math currently exclusive to iOS.The company uses a freemium model with over 500 million registered users. Duolingo offers a premium service which eliminates advertising and offers more features.History
The idea for Duolingo was initiated at the end of 2009 in Pittsburgh by Carnegie Mellon University professor Luis von Ahn and his Swiss-born post-graduate student Severin Hacker. Von Ahn had sold his second company, reCAPTCHA, to Google and, with Hacker, wanted to work on something related to education. A driving motivation was Von Ahn's upbringing in Guatemala, where he saw how expensive it was for people in his community to learn English. Hacker (co-founder and current CTO of Duolingo) believed that "free education will really change the world" and wanted to supply people an outlet to do so.
The project was originally sponsored by Luis von Ahn's MacArthur fellowship and a National Science Foundation grant. The founders considered creating Duolingo as a nonprofit organization but Von Ahn judged this model as unsustainable. An early revenue stream was as a crowdsourced translation service. This was replaced as a source of revenue by a Duolingo English Test certification program, advertising and subscription.In October 2011, Duolingo announced that it had raised $3.3 million from a Series A round of funding, led by Union Square Ventures, with participation from author Tim Ferriss and actor Ashton Kutcher's investing firm A-Grade Investments. Duolingo launched a private beta on November 27, 2011, and accumulated a waiting list of more than 300,000 people. The platform launched to the general public on June 19, 2012, at which point the waiting list had grown to around 500,000.In September 2012, Duolingo announced that it had raised a further $15 million from a Series B funding round led by New Enterprise Associates, with participation from Union Square Ventures. In November 2012, Duolingo released an iPhone app, followed an Android app in May 2013, at which time Duolingo had a user base of around 3 million. By July 2013, the service had grown to 5 million users and was rated the #1 free education app in the Google Play Store.In February 2014, Duolingo announced that it had raised $20 million from a Series C funding round led by Kleiner Caufield & Byers, with prior investors also participating. At this time, Duolingo had 34 employees and reported having about 25 million registered users and 12.5 million active users, though it later reported a figure closer to 60 million users.In June 2015, Duolingo announced that it had raised $45 million from a Series D funding round led by Google Capital, bringing its total funding to $83.3 million. The round valued the company at around $470 million, with 100 million registered users globally. In April 2016, it was reported that Duolingo had more than 18 million monthly users.In July 2017, Duolingo announced that it had raised $25 million in a Series E funding round led by Drive Capital, bringing its total funding to $108.3 million. The round valued Duolingo at $700 million, and the company reported passing 200 million registered users, with 25 million active users. It was reported that Duolingo had 95 employees. Funds from the Series E round would be directed toward creating initiatives such as a related educational flashcard app, TinyCards, and testbeds for initiatives related to reading and listening comprehension. On August 1, 2018, Duolingo surpassed 300 million registered users.In December 2019, it was announced that Duolingo raised $30 million in a Series F funding round from Alphabet's investment company CapitalG. The round valued Duolingo at $1.5 billion. Duolingo reported 30 million active users at this time. Headcount at the company had increased to 200, and new offices had been opened in Seattle, New York and Beijing.Duolingo planned to use the funds to develop new products and further expand its team in sectors like engineering, business development, design, curriculum and content creators, community outreach, and marketing.In October 2013, Duolingo launched a crowdsourced language incubator. In March 2021, Duolingo announced that it will be ending its volunteer contributor program and donating money to its volunteer contributors who helped to make Duolingo. The company said that from now on, language courses will be maintained and developed by professional linguists aligning with CEFR standards. On 28 June 2021, Duolingo filed for an initial public offering on NASDAQ under the ticker DUOL. From August 2021 to June 2022, the Duolingo language learning app was removed from some app stores in China.In the early 2020s, Duolingo was noted for their viral videos on the social media platform TikTok.In August 2022, Duolingo overhauled its user interface and user experience, changing the structure of the courses from a tree-like design where users could choose from a range of lessons after completing previous ones, to a linear progression. This was widely criticized by users across a variety of social media outlets, including Reddit and Twitter. CEO Luis von Ahn said that they had no plans of undoing the changes, commenting that their decision was made in order to simplify Duolingo for new users, and that maintaining both the old and new versions would be difficult.In October 2022, Duolingo acquired Detroit-based animation studio Gunner. | founded by | 33,853 | 101,749 |
[
"École nationale supérieure d'informatique et de mathématiques appliquées de Grenoble",
"founded by",
"Jean Kuntzmann"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>École nationale supérieure d'informatique et de mathématiques appliquées de Grenoble<\e1> and <e2>Jean Kuntzmann<\e2>.
The École nationale supérieure d'informatique et de mathématiques appliquées, or Ensimag, is a prestigious French Grande École located in Grenoble, France. Ensimag is part of the Institut polytechnique de Grenoble (Grenoble INP). The school is one of the top French engineering institutions and specializes in computer science, applied mathematics and telecommunications.
In the fields of computer science and applied mathematics, Ensimag ranks first in France, as measured by the position of its students in the national admission examinations and by the ranking of companies hiring its students and specialized media.Students are usually admitted to Ensimag competitively following two years of undergraduate studies in classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles. Studies at Ensimag are of three years' duration and lead to the French degree of "Diplôme National d'Ingénieur" (equivalent to a master's degree).
Grenoble, in the French Alps, has always been a pioneer for high-tech engineering education in France. The first French school of electrical engineering has been created in Grenoble in 1900 (one of the first in the world after MIT). In 1960 the eminent French mathematician Jean Kuntzmann founded Ensimag. Since that time it has become the highest ranking French engineering school in computer science and applied mathematics.
About 250 students graduates from the school each year in its different degrees, and counts with more than 5500 alumni worldwide. | founded by | 33,854 | 101,750 |
[
"DragonFly BSD",
"founded by",
"Matthew Dillon"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>DragonFly BSD<\e1> and <e2>Matthew Dillon<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,752 |
[
"Universalmuseum Joanneum",
"founded by",
"Archduke John of Austria"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Universalmuseum Joanneum<\e1> and <e2>Archduke John of Austria<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,753 |
[
"Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen",
"founded by",
"Count Karl II, Count of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen<\e1> and <e2>Count Karl II, Count of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,755 |
[
"Evangelical Association",
"founded by",
"Jacob Albright"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Evangelical Association<\e1> and <e2>Jacob Albright<\e2>.
The Evangelical Church or Evangelical Association, also known in the early 1800s as the Albright Brethren, was a "body of American Christians chiefly of German descent". it was Arminian in doctrine and theology, and Methodist Episcopal in its form of church government,History
The Evangelical Church was founded in 1800 by Jacob Albright (1759–1808), a German-speaking Christian native of the Lancaster, Pennsylvania, area, influenced by John Wesley and the Methodist Episcopal Church and by followers of Philip William Otterbein.
In 1790, several his children died of dysentery. Although a member of a German Lutheran church, he asked a friend of Otterbein to conduct the funeral. Impressed, he began daily studies with another member of Otterbein's group, which became the Church of the United Brethren in Christ in a few years. He also studied with a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church.He became a member of a local Methodist study group and became a powerful preacher. The group authorized him as a lay preacher. Feeling that God had called him to ministry, he decided in 1796 to become a traveling preacher, following in the Methodist Episcopal Church pattern, preaching in homes, vacant buildings, and street corners. He wrote, "I began my travels in the year 1776 in the month of October in order to obey the call of God in proclaiming his holy way as revealed in the Gospel."
He began speaking across eastern Pennsylvania, northern Maryland, and Virginia, and organizing small groups. At some point Albright asked Methodist Episcopal Church Bishop Francis Asbury to appoint a German-speaking ordained minister to serve his German-speaking groups with baptisms and communion. Bishop Asbury turned him down.By 1800 he had three groups with about 20 members, and by 1803 he had five groups with 40.Albright had never given any indication that he was interested in forming a new organization or church, but in 1803, at the insistence of the leaders of his classes, he called a general meeting of the lay leaders and preachers for November 1803. Besides himself, two preachers and 14 lay leaders attended. The group drew up a license and the two pastors ordained Albright. The group wrote a brief statement of faith.
In 1806, a major revival movement spread throughout eastern Pennsylvania, affecting many religious groups. Albright's followers grew greatly. By 1807, when the newly organized, unnamed church held its first annual conference, the church had 220 members. Here Albright was elected bishop. He also assigned preachers and did what business was needed. The Conference also adopted the episcopal form of government, articles of faith, and a book of discipline. Albright was asked to prepare a Book of Discipline.Albright died in 1808. A Book of Discipline, based on a German translation of Methodist Episcopal Church Book of Discipline, was introduced six years later.
In 1816, the church took on the name "The Evangelical Association" at its first annual conference. It was not until 1839 that a bishop was elected to replace Albright. John Seybert was elected as part of the young denomination's move towards centralized leadership, and 1843 saw the institution of a general conference, composed of delegates chosen by the annual conferences and constituting the highest legislative and judicial authority in the church.By 1892, the association numbered 148,506 members, not including children, with 1,864 ministers and 2,043 churches, in the United States, Canada, and Germany.In 1891, some members of the Evangelical Association left in a controversy over the ownership of the churches to form the United Evangelical Church. Thirty-one years later, in 1923, the two groups reunited under the name "The Evangelical Church".
Those congregations which chose not to re-unite formed the Evangelical Congregational Church which, despite its name, has no historical relation with the Congregational churches derived from New England settlement. Rather, the name refers to its organizational structure, which is based on the local congregation. It continues today.
In 1946, the Evangelical Church merged with the United Brethren in Christ at a meeting in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, to form the Evangelical United Brethren Church. This body, in turn, united with the Methodist Church (USA) in 1968 to form the United Methodist Church. A group of clergy and about fifty local churches withdrew at this time, probably in protest against theological and social liberalism in American Methodism, and formed the Evangelical Church of North America. | founded by | 33,855 | 101,758 |
[
"General German Workers' Association",
"founded by",
"Ferdinand Lassalle"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>General German Workers' Association<\e1> and <e2>Ferdinand Lassalle<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,760 |
[
"Hasmonean dynasty",
"founded by",
"Mattathias"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Hasmonean dynasty<\e1> and <e2>Mattathias<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,761 |
[
"Sennheiser",
"founded by",
"Fritz Sennheiser"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Sennheiser<\e1> and <e2>Fritz Sennheiser<\e2>.
Sennheiser electronic GmbH & Co. KG (, German pronunciation: [zɛnˈhaɪ̯zɐ]) is a German privately held audio company specializing in the design and production of a wide range of high-fidelity products, including microphones, headphones, and headsets for personal, professional, and business applications. The company's head office is located in Wedemark, near Hanover, and the company is represented in more than 50 countries worldwide.The German company was founded in 1945 by Fritz Sennheiser and is still an independent family business. Since 2013, Daniel Sennheiser and Andreas Sennheiser have been co-CEOs. They are the third generation of the Sennheiser family to lead the company. According to its own figures, the Sennheiser Group has around 2,801 employees worldwide. In 2019, the total turnover amounted to €756.7 million.CEOs
Andreas Sennheiser is a German business executive, known for serving as chief executive officer of Sennheiser. He took over as CEO along with his brother Daniel Sennheiser on July 1, 2013. Andreas was born in 1974 in Zurich, and earned a doctorate in supply-chain management from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich in 2004. Sennheiser electronic was founded by his grandfather, Fritz Sennheiser, and he joined the family business with his brother Daniel. In 2013, both Daniel and Andreas were promoted to the position of CEO. Andreas focused on gaming handsets and affordable wireless headphones including Sennheiser PC350. Along with his brother Daniel, they entered the music business in 2014. | founded by | 33,856 | 101,767 |
[
"Sopoćani",
"founded by",
"Stephen Uroš I of Serbia"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Sopoćani<\e1> and <e2>Stephen Uroš I of Serbia<\e2>.
The Sopoćani Monastery (Serbian: Манастир Сопоћани / Manastir Sopoćani, pronounced [sǒpotɕani]), an endowment of King Stefan Uroš I of Serbia, was built from 1259 to 1270, near the source of the Raška River in the region of Ras, the centre of the Serbian medieval state. It is a designated World Heritage Site, added in 1979 with Stari Ras. The monastery is located 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) west of the town of Novi Pazar.History
In the 1160s, the Great Zupan Stefan Nemanja consolidated his power on the throne in Raska. Although Nemanja's sons received the title of king and established the church as independent by making it autocephalous, as well as developing the economic system and coined money, the work of Stefan Nemanja remained a great model and an example to be emulated by the younger generations. Sopoćani was an endowment of the Serbian King Stefan Uroš I, son to Stefan the First-Crowned and Nemanja's grandson. It was built in 1260 by King Uroš I Nemanjić as a church which would serve as his burial place, and was extended and renovated in the mid-14th century by his great-grandson Dušan.The church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. Of the former larger monastery complex, which comprised numerous structures (dining rooms, residential buildings and others), today only the Church of the Holy Trinity remains. The monastery was once surrounded by a high stone wall with two gates. The completion of the painting of the main parts of the church can be indirectly dated to between 1263 and 1270. In Sopocani a decorative plan was carried out which was formed throughout the thirteenth century - in the chancel there are liturgical scenes, in the nave Christ's salvation work is shown through a cycle of the Great Feasts, in the narthex the Old Testament, dogmatic and eschatological themes are presented. Through the iconographic portraits of the Nemanjic family and through historical scenes Simeon Nemanja and Saint Sava. After Gradac (about 1275), the endowment of Queen Helen of Anjou, the wife of the founder of Sopocani - King Uros I - whose painters were high on the scale of creativity, there was a hiatus in creative artwork in Serbia.
Archbishop Sava II, who became the head of the Serbian Orthodox Church in 1263, is represented in the procession of archbishops in the area of the altar. The frescoes of Sopoćani are considered by some experts on Serbian medieval art as the most beautiful of that period. On the western wall of the nave is a famous fresco of the Dormition of the Virgin.
In the 16th century the monks had to temporarily leave the monastery on several occasions due to the Ottoman threat. Finally, during one of the raids in 1689 the Ottoman Turks set fire to the monastery and carried off the lead from the church roof. The brotherhood escaped with some important relics to Kosovo - but did not return to Sopoćani; it remained deserted for over two hundred years, until the 20th century. The church slowly decayed: its vaults caved in, its dome fell down, and the remains of the surrounding buildings were covered with rubble and earth.
Finally, during the 20th century the monastery was restored and today it is settled by a thriving brotherhood of dedicated monks. The fact that most of the Sopoćani frescoes still shine with radiant beauty - surviving more than two centuries of extreme exposure to the elements.
Sopoćani was declared Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance in 1979, and it is protected by Republic of Serbia. | founded by | 33,857 | 101,769 |
[
"Bohemian Grove",
"founded by",
"Henry Edwards"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Bohemian Grove<\e1> and <e2>Henry Edwards<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,770 |
[
"Bohemian Grove",
"owned by",
"Bohemian Club"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Bohemian Grove<\e1> and <e2>Bohemian Club<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 101,771 |
[
"Albertina",
"founded by",
"Albert Casimir, Duke of Teschen"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Albertina<\e1> and <e2>Albert Casimir, Duke of Teschen<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,774 |
[
"German School of Athens",
"founded by",
"Wilhelm Dörpfeld"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>German School of Athens<\e1> and <e2>Wilhelm Dörpfeld<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,777 |
[
"Unit 101",
"founded by",
"Ariel Sharon"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Unit 101<\e1> and <e2>Ariel Sharon<\e2>.
Commando Unit 101 (Hebrew: יחידה 101) was a Sayeret (special forces) unit of the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF), founded and commanded by Ariel Sharon on orders from Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion in August 1953. They were armed with non-standard weapons and tasked with carrying out retribution operations across the state's borders—in particular, establishing small unit maneuvers, activation and insertion tactics.
Members of the unit were recruited only from agricultural kibbutzim and moshavim. Membership in the unit was by invitation only, and any new member had to be voted on by all existing members before they were accepted.The unit was merged into the 890th Paratroop Battalion during January 1954, on orders of General Moshe Dayan, Chief of Staff, because he wanted their experience and spirit to be spread among all infantry units of IDF starting with the paratroopers. They are considered to have had a significant influence on the development of subsequent Israeli infantry-oriented units. | founded by | 33,859 | 101,778 |
[
"Berlin Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum",
"founded by",
"Adolf Engler"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Berlin Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum<\e1> and <e2>Adolf Engler<\e2>.
The Berlin Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum (German: Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin) is a botanical garden in the Lichterfelde locality of the borough of Steglitz-Zehlendorf, Berlin, Germany. Constructed between 1897 and 1910 under the guidance of architect Adolf Engler, it has an area of 43 hectares [ha] (106 acres) and around 22,000 different plant species. The garden is part of the Free University of Berlin.
The most well-known part of the garden is the Great Pavilion (Großes Tropenhaus), and among its many tropical plants, it hosts giant bamboo. The garden complex consists of several buildings, including glass-houses with a total area of 6,000 square metres [m2] (64,583 sq ft). These include the glass Cactus Pavilion and the glass Pavilion Victoria; the latter features a collection of orchids, carnivorous plants and the giant white water lily Victoria amazonica (Victoria-Seerosen). The open-air areas are sorted by geographical origin and encompass about 13 ha (32 acres). The arboretum is about 14 ha (35 acres).
The Botanical Museum (Botanisches Museum), the Herbarium Berolinense (B) and a large scientific library are attached to the garden. The Herbarium Berolinense is the largest in Germany and holds more than 3.5 million preserved specimens. | founded by | 33,860 | 101,779 |
[
"Hamburg School of Astrology",
"founded by",
"Alfred Witte"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Hamburg School of Astrology<\e1> and <e2>Alfred Witte<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,781 |
[
"South Cameroon Company",
"founded by",
"Adolph Woermann"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>South Cameroon Company<\e1> and <e2>Adolph Woermann<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,782 |
[
"South Cameroon Company",
"founded by",
"Julius Scharlach"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>South Cameroon Company<\e1> and <e2>Julius Scharlach<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,783 |
[
"South Cameroon Company",
"owned by",
"Schantung Handels-AG"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>South Cameroon Company<\e1> and <e2>Schantung Handels-AG<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 101,784 |
[
"Barnston Island",
"founded by",
"Hudson's Bay Company"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Barnston Island<\e1> and <e2>Hudson's Bay Company<\e2>.
History
The island was named for George Barnston, a Hudson's Bay Company clerk, who travelled with Chief Factor James McMillan to found Fort Langley in 1827.Barnston Island first received electricity in 1938, following the laying of an underwater cable between Port Kells and the south side of the island.In 2004, a group of landowners applied to the provincial Agricultural Land Commission to have approximately 85% of the land outside the Indigenous community removed from the Agricultural Land Reserve. On July 19, 2006 the Commission rejected the application. | founded by | 33,861 | 101,785 |
[
"United States Department of Commerce and Labor",
"founded by",
"Theodore Roosevelt"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>United States Department of Commerce and Labor<\e1> and <e2>Theodore Roosevelt<\e2>.
Origins and establishment
Calls in the United States for the creation of an executive department of the United States Government devoted to fostering and supervising business and manufacturing can be traced to least as far back as 1787. By the latter decades of the 19th century, the momentum behind the creation of such a department grew, its advocates pointing to the existence of various U.S. agencies to promote and regulate agriculture, fisheries, forestry, labor, mining, and transportation and noting that the United States was virtually alone among the countries of the world in lacking a government agency to perform the same function for commerce and industry.In the first session of the 57th United States Congress (1901–1903), a bill was introduced in the United States Senate to address this shortcoming by establishing the Department of Commerce and Labor. It passed the Senate with little or no opposition, and during the second session of the 57th Congress passed the United States House of Representatives as well. President Theodore Roosevelt signed the bill into law on February 14, 1903, creating the department. The department was given "the province and duty to ... foster, promote, and develop the foreign and domestic commerce, the mining, manufacturing, shipping, and fishing industries, the labor interests, and the transportation facilities of the United States."The United States Secretary of Commerce and Labor was the head of the department and a member of the United States Cabinet, and an Assistant Secretary of Commerce and Labor served under the secretary. On February 16, 1903, President Roosevelt appointed his personal secretary, George B. Cortelyou, as the first secretary of commerce and labor. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate the same day and established a temporary headquarters at the White House in Washington, D.C., on February 18, 1903. After the department moved into another temporary headquarters in downtown Washington, D.C., it began operations on March 16, 1903. It opened its permanent headquarters in Washington, D.C., on June 17, 1903.The department's subordinate agencies were placed under its control on July 1, 1903. In remarks for the occasion, Secretary Cortelyou noted that the subordination of agencies to the Department of Commerce and Labor on that day had given the department a total workforce of 10,125 people. | founded by | 33,862 | 101,787 |
[
"Coptic Orthodox Church",
"founded by",
"Mark the Evangelist"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Coptic Orthodox Church<\e1> and <e2>Mark the Evangelist<\e2>.
The Coptic Orthodox Church (Coptic: Ϯⲉⲕ̀ⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲟⲣⲑⲟⲇⲟⲝⲟⲥ, romanized: Ti-eklisia en-remenkimi en-orthodhoxos, lit. 'the Egyptian Orthodox Church'; Arabic: الكنيسة القبطية الأرثوذكسية, romanized: al-Kanīsa al-Qibṭiyya al-ʾUrṯūḏuksiyya), also known as the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria, is an Oriental Orthodox Christian church based in Egypt, serving Africa and the Middle East. The head of the church and the See of Alexandria is the Pope of Alexandria on the Holy Apostolic See of Saint Mark, who also carries the title of Father of fathers, Shepherd of shepherds, Ecumenical Judge and the 13th among the Apostles. The See of Alexandria is titular. The Coptic Pope presides from Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in the Abbassia District in Cairo. The church follows the Coptic Rite for its liturgy, prayer and devotional patrimony. Christians in Egypt total about four million people, and Coptic Christians make up Egypt’s largest and most significant minority population, and the largest population of Christians in the Middle East.Coptic Orthodox tradition claims that the Coptic Church was established by Mark, an apostle and evangelist, during the middle of the 1st century (c. AD 42). Due to disputes concerning the nature of Christ, the Oriental Orthodox Churches and the Eastern Orthodox Church were in schism after the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451, resulting in a rivalry with the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria.After AD 639, Egypt was ruled by its Islamic conquerors from Arabia. In the 12th century, the church relocated its seat from Alexandria to Cairo. The same century also saw the Copts become a religious minority. During the 14th and 15th centuries, Nubian Christianity was supplanted by Islam. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the larger body of ethnic Egyptian Christians began to call themselves Coptic Orthodox, to distinguish themselves from the Catholic Copts and from the Eastern Orthodox, who are mostly Greek. In 1959, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church was granted autocephaly. This was extended to the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church in 1998 following the successful Eritrean War of Independence from Ethiopia. Since the 2011 Egyptian revolution, Coptic Christians have suffered increased religious discrimination and violence. | founded by | 33,863 | 101,790 |
[
"Spanish Marine Infantry",
"founded by",
"Charles V"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Spanish Marine Infantry<\e1> and <e2>Charles V<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,792 |
[
"ICAI School of Engineering",
"founded by",
"Angel Ayala"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>ICAI School of Engineering<\e1> and <e2>Angel Ayala<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,794 |
[
"United States Forest Service",
"founded by",
"Theodore Roosevelt"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>United States Forest Service<\e1> and <e2>Theodore Roosevelt<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,797 |
[
"United States Forest Service",
"founded by",
"Gifford Pinchot"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>United States Forest Service<\e1> and <e2>Gifford Pinchot<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,798 |
[
"Council of Italy",
"founded by",
"Philip II of Spain"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Council of Italy<\e1> and <e2>Philip II of Spain<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,803 |
[
"Palestinian Civil Defence",
"founded by",
"Yasser Arafat"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Palestinian Civil Defence<\e1> and <e2>Yasser Arafat<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,805 |
[
"Topkapı Palace",
"owned by",
"Turkey"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Topkapı Palace<\e1> and <e2>Turkey<\e2>.
The Topkapı Palace (Turkish: Topkapı Sarayı; Ottoman Turkish: طوپقپو سرايى, romanized: ṭopḳapu sarāyı, lit. 'cannon gate palace'), or the Seraglio, is a large museum and library in the east of the Fatih district of Istanbul in Turkey. From the 1460s to the completion of Dolmabahçe Palace in 1856, it served as the administrative center of the Ottoman Empire, and was the main residence of its sultans.
Construction, ordered by the Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, began in 1459, six years after the conquest of Constantinople. Topkapı was originally called the "New Palace" (Yeni Saray or Saray-ı Cedîd-i Âmire) to distinguish it from the Old Palace (Eski Saray or Sarây-ı Atîk-i Âmire) in Beyazıt Square. It was given the name Topkapı, meaning Cannon Gate, in the 19th century. The complex expanded over the centuries, with major renovations after the 1509 earthquake and the 1665 fire. The palace complex consists of four main courtyards and many smaller buildings. Female members of the Sultan's family lived in the harem, and leading state officials, including the Grand Vizier, held meetings in the Imperial Council building.
After the 17th century, Topkapı gradually lost its importance. The sultans of that period preferred to spend more time in their new palaces along the Bosphorus. In 1856 Sultan Abdulmejid I decided to move the court to the newly built Dolmabahçe Palace. Topkapı retained some of its functions, including the imperial treasury, library and mint.
After the end of the Ottoman Empire in 1923, a government decree dated April 3, 1924 transformed Topkapı into a museum. Turkey's Ministry of Culture and Tourism now administers the Topkapı Palace Museum. The palace complex has hundreds of rooms and chambers, but only the most important are accessible to the public as of 2020, including the Ottoman Imperial Harem and the treasury, called hazine where the Spoonmaker's Diamond and the Topkapi Dagger are on display. The museum collection also includes Ottoman clothing, weapons, armor, miniatures, religious relics, and illuminated manuscripts such as the Topkapi manuscript. Officials of the ministry as well as armed guards of the Turkish military guard the complex. The Topkapı Palace forms a part the Historic Areas of Istanbul, a group of sites in Istanbul that UNESCO recognised as a World Heritage Site in 1985. | owned by | 33,867 | 101,806 |
[
"Topkapı Palace",
"founded by",
"Mehmed the Conqueror"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Topkapı Palace<\e1> and <e2>Mehmed the Conqueror<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,808 |
[
"Graaff Electric Lighting Works",
"founded by",
"David Graaff"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Graaff Electric Lighting Works<\e1> and <e2>David Graaff<\e2>.
History
The plant was the first hydro-electric plant in South Africa and first power plant in Cape Town. It was the second electric power plant in South Africa. The city of Kimberly had power to light up its street lights in 1882. The Graaff Electrice Lighting Works power plant was commissioned by the Cape Town City Council in April 1895 after the completion of the Molteno Reservoir that was constructed to help supply potable water to the rapidly growing city.The plant was named after David de Villers-Graaff who was mayor of Cape Town from 1891 to 1892 and personally funded the construction of the power plant. Costing £75,000 in 1895, equivalent to £8,209,000 (around ZAR143 million) in 2017. Graaff was a big proponent of the then relatively new technology of electricity, especially for public lighting. Demand for electricity was driven by the need for street lights to help reduce crime in the city.The plant had two 150 kW generators which could be driven either by steam or water power. Water to power the generators was supplied from the Woodhead Reservoir on Table Mountain. For the twelve months before 30 June 1896 the plant ran for 2590 hours on water power and for 691 hours on coal fired steam power. The plant powered 775 public street lights throughout the city of Cape Town.The plant was decommissioned in 1920 and declared a national monument in 1993. | founded by | 33,868 | 101,813 |
[
"Young Army Cadets National Movement",
"founded by",
"Sergey Shoygu"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Young Army Cadets National Movement<\e1> and <e2>Sergey Shoygu<\e2>.
Overview
This national movement was a part of a larger range of youth programs, clubs and organizations which were created in 1990. The initial movement's motto was "For the glory of the Fatherland!". Modern YAM was formally established by presidential decree issued on October 29, 2015 by President of Russia Vladimir Putin at the behest of Minister of Defense General of the Army Sergey Shoygu. The Young Army Movement's aims are to improve the state policy in the field of education of the younger generation, create favorable environment for the harmonious development of the personality of children and young people, the formation of moral values and guidelines, as well as education in military and patriotic themes. | founded by | 33,869 | 101,814 |
[
"Libav",
"founded by",
"Fabrice Bellard"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Libav<\e1> and <e2>Fabrice Bellard<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,815 |
[
"Ukrainian Physics and Mathematics Lyceum",
"founded by",
"Viktor Glushkov"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Ukrainian Physics and Mathematics Lyceum<\e1> and <e2>Viktor Glushkov<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,818 |
[
"Livonian Brothers of the Sword",
"founded by",
"Albert of Riga"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Livonian Brothers of the Sword<\e1> and <e2>Albert of Riga<\e2>.
The Livonian Brothers of the Sword (Latin: Fratres militiæ Christi Livoniae, German: Schwertbrüderorden) was a Catholic military order established in 1202 during the Livonian Crusade by Albert, the third bishop of Riga (or possibly by Theoderich von Treydend). Pope Innocent III sanctioned the establishment in 1204 for the second time. The membership of the crusading order comprised warrior monks, mostly from northern Germany, who fought Baltic and Finnic "pagans" in the area of modern-day Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Alternative names of the Order include Christ Knights, Swordbrothers, Sword Brethren, Order of the Brothers of the Sword, and The Militia of Christ of Livonia. The seal reads: +MAGISTRI ETFRM (et fratrum) MILICIE CRI (Christi) DE LIVONIA.
Following their defeat by the Samogitians and Semigallians in the Battle of Schaulen (Saule) in 1236, the surviving Brothers merged into the Teutonic Order as an autonomous branch and became known as the Livonian Order. | founded by | 33,870 | 101,821 |
[
"Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums",
"founded by",
"Abraham Geiger"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums<\e1> and <e2>Abraham Geiger<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,823 |
[
"United World Colleges",
"founded by",
"Kurt Hahn"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>United World Colleges<\e1> and <e2>Kurt Hahn<\e2>.
United World Colleges (UWC) is an international network of schools and educational programmes with the shared aim of "making education a force to unite people, nations and cultures for peace and a sustainable future." The organization was founded on the principles of German educator Kurt Hahn in 1962 to promote intercultural understanding.Today, UWC consists of 18 colleges on four continents. Young people from more than 155 countries are selected through a system of national committees and pursue the International Baccalaureate Diploma; some of the schools are also open to younger years (from kindergarten). UWC runs the world's largest scholarship programme in international secondary education, with over 80% of students selected by UWC national committees to attend one of the colleges receiving financial support. To date, there are almost 60,000 UWC alumni from all over the world.The current President of UWC is Queen Noor of Jordan (1995–present). Former South African President Nelson Mandela was joint President (1995–1999) alongside Queen Noor, and subsequently Honorary President of UWC (1999–2013). Former UWC presidents are Lord Mountbatten (1968–1977) and when he was the Prince of Wales, King Charles III (1978–1995).The movement, including the colleges and national committees, are linked and coordinated by UWC International, which consists of the UWC International Board, the UWC International Council, and the UWC International Office (UWCIO), based in London and Berlin. These entities work together to set the global strategy for the movement, oversee fundraising, and approve new colleges. Faith Abiodun, who joined the movement in 2021, serves as executive director of the International Office, and Musimbi Kanyoro has been the chair of the International Board since 2019.History
UWC was originally founded in the early 1960s to bridge the social, national and cultural divides apparent during the Second World War, and exacerbated by the Cold War. The first college in the movement, UWC Atlantic College in Wales, United Kingdom, was founded in 1962 by Kurt Hahn, a German educator who had previously founded Schule Schloss Salem in Germany, Gordonstoun in Scotland, the Outward Bound movement, and the Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme.Hahn envisaged a college educating boys and girls aged 16 to 19. He believed that schools should not simply be a means for preparing to enter university, but should help students prepare for life by developing resilience and the ability to experience both successes and failures. The selection would be based on personal motivation and potential, regardless of any social, economic or cultural factors. A scholarship programme would facilitate the recruitment of young people from different socio-economic backgrounds.Louis Mountbatten was involved with Atlantic College from its early days, and encouraged the organization to adopt the name "United World Colleges" and to open an international office with operations distinct from that of Atlantic College, to indicate a global reach and ambition beyond a single college. In 1967 he became the first president of the United World Colleges, a position he held until 1977. Lord Mountbatten supported the organization by gaining support from heads of state and politicians, and in fundraising activities. Under his presidency, the United World College of South East Asia was established in Singapore in 1971 (formally joining the UWC movement in 1975), followed by the United World College of the Pacific in Victoria, British Columbia, in 1974. | founded by | 33,871 | 101,825 |
[
"Max Planck Institute for Mathematics",
"founded by",
"Friedrich Hirzebruch"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Max Planck Institute for Mathematics<\e1> and <e2>Friedrich Hirzebruch<\e2>.
The Max Planck Institute for Mathematics (German: Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik, MPIM) is a prestigious research institute located in Bonn, Germany. It is named in honor of the German physicist Max Planck
and forms part of the Max Planck Society (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft), an association of 84 institutes engaging in fundamental research in the arts and the sciences. The MPIM is the only Max Planck institute specializing in pure mathematics.
The Institute was founded by Friedrich Hirzebruch in 1980, having emerged from the collaborative research center "Theoretical Mathematics" (Sonderforschungsbereich "Theoretische Mathematik"). Hirzebruch shaped the institute as its director until his retirement in 1995. Currently, the institute is managed by a board of five directors consisting of Peter Teichner (managing director), Werner Ballmann, Gerd Faltings, Peter Scholze, and Don Zagier. Friedrich Hirzebruch and Yuri Manin were, and Günter Harder is, acting as emeriti. | founded by | 33,872 | 101,827 |
[
"Lutheran Church of Budavár",
"founded by",
"Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Lutheran Church of Budavár<\e1> and <e2>Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,828 |
[
"Riga",
"founded by",
"Albert of Riga"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Riga<\e1> and <e2>Albert of Riga<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,835 |
[
"Marquess of Carpio",
"founded by",
"Philip II of Spain"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Marquess of Carpio<\e1> and <e2>Philip II of Spain<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,837 |
[
"Black Hills National Forest",
"founded by",
"Grover Cleveland"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Black Hills National Forest<\e1> and <e2>Grover Cleveland<\e2>.
History
After a series of devastating wildfires in 1893, U.S. President Grover Cleveland created the Black Hills Forest Reserve on February 22, 1897. U.S. President William McKinley issued a presidential proclamation on September 19, 1898, appending the Black Hills Forest Reserve geographic boundaries while acknowledging the forest preservation decrees established by the Timber Culture Act and Forest Reserve Act of 1891. Upon the creation of the Forest Service in 1905, the reserve was transferred to the new agency under the United States Department of Agriculture and redesignated as a National Forest two years later. Lakota words pahá sápa meaning "hills that are black" (literally "black hills" as the adjectives (sápa) follow the noun) may be one of the factors in the regions naming. Early settlers and explorers called the Laramie Range the Black Hills prior to Lt. G. K. Warren's expedition in 1857. Prior to explorations by the La Verendrye brothers in 1742, many tribes frequented the Black Hills including Ponca, Kiowa Apache, Arapaho, Kiowa and Cheyenne for at least the past 10,000 years. The smallpox epidemics of 1771 to 1781 broke the will of the Arikara who prior to that time held the Sioux east of the Missouri. American Horse's winter count of 1775-76 is interpreted as depicting the Sioux discovery of the Black Hills. The mountains and other key features in and around the Black Hills and now within the Forest were considered sacred to indigenous peoples and many came here on vision quests, for hunting and for trade. | founded by | 33,874 | 101,838 |
[
"Cypress of Kashmar",
"founded by",
"Zoroaster"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Cypress of Kashmar<\e1> and <e2>Zoroaster<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,841 |
[
"Council of Portugal",
"founded by",
"Philip II of Spain"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Council of Portugal<\e1> and <e2>Philip II of Spain<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,843 |
[
"Oxford Union",
"founded by",
"University of Oxford"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Oxford Union<\e1> and <e2>University of Oxford<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,846 |
[
"Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)",
"founded by",
"Boris Yeltsin"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)<\e1> and <e2>Boris Yeltsin<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,850 |
[
"College of Arms",
"founded by",
"Mary I of England"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>College of Arms<\e1> and <e2>Mary I of England<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,854 |
[
"College of Arms",
"founded by",
"Philip II of Spain"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>College of Arms<\e1> and <e2>Philip II of Spain<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,855 |
[
"College of Arms",
"founded by",
"Richard III of England"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>College of Arms<\e1> and <e2>Richard III of England<\e2>.
The College of Arms, or Heralds' College, is a royal corporation consisting of professional officers of arms, with jurisdiction over England, Wales, Northern Ireland and some Commonwealth realms. The heralds are appointed by the British Sovereign and are delegated authority to act on behalf of the Crown in all matters of heraldry, the granting of new coats of arms, genealogical research and the recording of pedigrees. The College is also the official body responsible for matters relating to the flying of flags on land, and it maintains the official registers of flags and other national symbols. Though a part of the Royal Household of the United Kingdom, the College is self-financed, unsupported by any public funds.
Founded by royal charter in 1484 by King Richard III, the College is one of the few remaining official heraldic authorities in Europe. Within the United Kingdom, there are two such authorities, the Court of the Lord Lyon in Scotland and the College of Arms for the rest of the United Kingdom. The College has had its home in the City of London since its foundation, and has been at its present location, on Queen Victoria Street, since 1555. The College of Arms also undertakes and consults on the planning of many ceremonial occasions such as coronations, state funerals, the annual Garter Service and the State Opening of Parliament. Heralds of the College accompany the sovereign on many of these occasions.
The College comprises thirteen officers or heralds: three Kings of Arms, six Heralds of Arms and four Pursuivants of Arms. There are also seven officers extraordinary, who take part in ceremonial occasions but are not part of the College. The entire corporation is overseen by the Earl Marshal, a hereditary office always held by the Duke of Norfolk.History
Foundation
King Richard III's interest in heraldry was indicated by his possession of two important rolls of arms. While still Duke of Gloucester and Constable of England for his brother (Edward IV) from 1469, he in the latter capacity supervised the heralds and made plans for the reform of their organisation. Soon after his accession to the throne he created Sir John Howard as Duke of Norfolk and Earl Marshal of England, who became the first Howard appointed to both positions.In the first year of his reign, the royal heralds were incorporated under royal charter dated 2 March 1484, under the Latin name "Le Garter regis armorum Anglicorum, regis armorum partium Australium, regis armorum partium Borealium, regis armorum Wallæ et heraldorum, prosecutorum, sive pursevandorum armorum." Translated as: "the Garter King of Arms of England, the King of Arms of the Southern parts, the King of Arms of the Northern parts, the King of Arms of Wales, and all other heralds and pursuivants of arms". The charter then goes on to state that the heralds "for the time being, shall be in perpetuity a body corporate in fact and name, and shall preserve a succession unbroken." This charter titled "Literæ de incorporatione heraldorum" is now held in the British Museum.
There has been some evidence that prior to this charter, the royal heralds had already in some ways behaved like a corporation as early as 1420. Nevertheless, the charter is the earliest surviving document to affirm the chapter as a corporate body of heralds. The charter outlines the constitution of the officers, their hierarchy, the privileges conferred upon them and their jurisdiction over all heraldic matters in the Kingdom of England.The King empowered the College to have and use only one common seal of authority, and also instructed them to find a chaplain to celebrate mass daily for himself, Anne Neville, the Queen Consort, and his heir, Prince Edward. The College was also granted a house named Coldharbour (formerly Poulteney's Inn) on Upper Thames Street in the parish of All-Hallows-the-Less, for storing records and living space for the heralds. The house, built by Sir John de Pulteney, four times Lord Mayor of London, was said to be one of the greatest in the City of London. | founded by | 33,877 | 101,856 |
[
"United States Postal Inspection Service",
"founded by",
"Benjamin Franklin"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>United States Postal Inspection Service<\e1> and <e2>Benjamin Franklin<\e2>.
History
The Postal Inspection Service has the oldest origins of any federal law enforcement agency in the United States. It traces its roots back to 1772 when colonial Postmaster General Benjamin Franklin first appointed a "surveyor" to regulate and audit the mail. Therefore, the Service's origins predate the Declaration of Independence, and even the United States itself.
As Franklin was appointed Postmaster General under the Second Continental Congress, his system continued. One of Franklin's first acts as Postmaster General was to appoint William Goddard as the first Postal Surveyor of the newly founded American postal system, in charge of inspecting the integrity and security of postal routes, regulating post offices, and auditing their accounts. A letter from Franklin to Goddard, dated August 7, 1775, authorized a total of $170.00 for Goddard to carry out these duties, and August 7 is recognized as the "birthday" of the U.S. Postal Inspection Service.
In 1801, the title of "Surveyor" was changed to "Special Agent", and the Postal Inspection Service was the first federal law enforcement agency to use the title Special Agent for its officers. In 1830, the special agents were organized into the Office of Instructions and Mail Depredations. In 1873, one of their primary duties was the enforcement of obscenity prohibitions under the Comstock Act, named after Postal Inspector Anthony Comstock. Congress changed this title to "Post Office Inspector" in 1880 to differentiate the federal postal agents from the multitude of other "special agents" employed by railway and stagecoach companies.
Finally, in 1954, the title changed again to "Postal Inspector" to reflect their relationship to all phases of the postal system and the U.S. Mail, instead of only post offices. | founded by | 33,879 | 101,859 |
[
"United States Department of Labor",
"founded by",
"William Howard Taft"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>United States Department of Labor<\e1> and <e2>William Howard Taft<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,862 |
[
"Der Stürmer",
"founded by",
"Julius Streicher"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Der Stürmer<\e1> and <e2>Julius Streicher<\e2>.
Der Stürmer (pronounced [deːɐ̯ ˈʃtʏʁmɐ]; literally, "The Stormer / Stormtrooper / Attacker") was a weekly German tabloid-format newspaper published from 1923 to the end of World War II by Julius Streicher, the Gauleiter of Franconia, with brief suspensions in publication due to legal difficulties. It was a significant part of Nazi propaganda, and was virulently anti-Semitic. The paper was not an official publication of the Nazi Party, but was published privately by Streicher. For this reason, the paper did not display the Nazi Party swastika in its logo.
The paper was a very lucrative business for Streicher, and made him a multi-millionaire. The newspaper originated at Nuremberg during Adolf Hitler's attempt to establish power and control. The first copy of Der Stürmer was published on 20 April 1923. Der Stürmer's circulation grew over time, eventually distributing to a large percentage of the German population, as well as Argentina, Brazil, Canada, and the United States. The newspaper reached a peak circulation of 486,000 in 1937.Unlike the Völkischer Beobachter (The Völkisch Observer), the official Nazi Party paper, which gave itself an outwardly serious appearance, Der Stürmer often ran obscene material such as the blood libel and graphic caricatures of Jews, as well as sexually explicit, anti-communist, and anti-monarchist propaganda. As early as 1933, Streicher was calling for the extermination of the Jews in Der Stürmer. During the war, Streicher regularly authorized articles demanding the annihilation and extermination of the "Jewish race". After the war, Streicher was convicted of being an accessory for crimes against humanity, and was executed by hanging. | founded by | 33,882 | 101,867 |
[
"Wilhelm Gustloff Stiftung",
"founded by",
"Fritz Sauckel"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Wilhelm Gustloff Stiftung<\e1> and <e2>Fritz Sauckel<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,868 |
[
"Rothschild family",
"founded by",
"Mayer Amschel Rothschild"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Rothschild family<\e1> and <e2>Mayer Amschel Rothschild<\e2>.
English branch
The Rothschild banking family of England was founded in 1798 by Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836), who first settled in Manchester but then moved to London. Nathan Mayer von Rothschild, the third son of Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812), first established a textile jobbing business in Manchester and from there went on to establish N M Rothschild & Sons bank in London.During the early part of the 19th century, the Rothschild family's London bank took a leading part in managing and financing the subsidies that the British government transferred to its allies during the Napoleonic Wars. Through the creation of a network of agents, couriers and shippers, the bank was able to provide funds to the armies of the Duke of Wellington in Portugal and Spain, therefore funding the war. The providing of other innovative and complex financing for government projects formed a mainstay of the bank's business for the better part of the century. N M Rothschild & Sons' financial strength in the City of London became such that, by 1825–26, the bank was able to supply enough coin to the Bank of England to enable it to avert a liquidity crisis.
Nathan Mayer's eldest son, Lionel de Rothschild (1808–1879), succeeded him as head of the London branch. Under Lionel, the bank financed the British government's 1875 purchase of Egypt's interest in the Suez Canal. The Rothschild bank also funded Cecil Rhodes in the development of the British South Africa Company. Leopold de Rothschild (1845–1917) administered Rhodes's estate after his death in 1902 and helped to set up the Rhodes Scholarship scheme at the University of Oxford. In 1873, de Rothschild Frères in France and N M Rothschild & Sons of London joined with other investors to acquire the Spanish government's money-losing Rio Tinto copper mines. The new owners restructured the company and turned it into a profitable business. By 1905, the Rothschild interest in Rio Tinto amounted to more than 30 percent. In 1887, the French and British Rothschild banking houses loaned money to, and invested in, the De Beers diamond mines in South Africa, becoming its largest shareholders.
The London banking house continued under the management of Lionel Nathan de Rothschild (1882–1942) and his brother Anthony Gustav de Rothschild (1887–1961), and then to Sir Evelyn de Rothschild (1931–2022). In 2003, following Sir Evelyn's retirement as head of N M Rothschild & Sons of London, the British and French financial firms merged under the leadership of David René de Rothschild. | founded by | 33,884 | 101,875 |
[
"1st Parachute Army (Wehrmacht)",
"founded by",
"Kurt Student"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>1st Parachute Army (Wehrmacht)<\e1> and <e2>Kurt Student<\e2>.
History
Its first commander was Colonel General Kurt Student, the Wehrmacht's airborne pioneer. During the Allied Operation Market Garden, Student's men delayed the Allied advance across the south of the Netherlands. The 30,000 soldiers were likely the only combat-ready reserve forces in Germany at the time. However, few of the Army's units or personnel were paratroopers.
Student was transferred to the Eastern Front, and on 18 November 1944, command of the First Parachute Army passed to General der Fallschirmtruppe Alfred Schlemm, who opposed the Canadian First Army during the Battle of the Reichswald.
The Canadian First Army and Lieutenant-General William Hood Simpson’s U.S. Ninth Army compressed Schlemm’s forces into a small bridgehead on the west bank of the Rhine opposite Wesel. On 10 March 1945, the rearguard of the 1st Parachute Army evacuated their bridgehead, destroying the bridge behind them. Schlemm was wounded in an air attack on his command post at Haltern eleven days later and on 20 March 1945, command passed to General Günther Blumentritt.
Just before Operation Varsity, First Parachute Army had three corps stationed along the river; | founded by | 33,885 | 101,876 |
[
"Porta Salaria",
"founded by",
"Aurelian"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Porta Salaria<\e1> and <e2>Aurelian<\e2>.
History
Porta Salaria was part of the Aurelian Walls built by emperor Aurelian in the 3rd century, including pre-existing constructions in order to hasten the works. Under it passed the Via Salaria nova, which joined the Via Salaria vetus (Old Via Salaria) outside the city. The gate had a single passage and was flanked by two semi-circular towers. The Horti Sallustiani were located in the city just inside the gate.
During the restoration by emperor Honorius in the early 5th century, the arch was strengthened in opus mixtum, and over it three large windows were opened.
The Goth king Alaric I entered Rome from this gate to begin the famous Sack of Rome. In 537, the area between Porta Salaria and Castro Pretorio was the location of the siege by the Goth king Witigis against the troops of Belisarius.
During the Middle Ages, unlike other gates of the city, Porta Salaria did not receive a Christian name.
On September 20, 1870, the part of the Aurelian Walls between Porta Salaria and Porta Pia witnessed the end of the Papal States (see Capture of Rome). The gate was damaged by the artillery fire of the Italian troops, and the following year it was demolished. In 1873, it was rebuilt under the design of the architect Virginio Vespignani.
However, in 1921, it was again decided to demolish the gate to open the area to road traffic. The area is now occupied by Piazza Fiume ("Fiume square"). | founded by | 33,886 | 101,878 |
[
"Gestapo",
"founded by",
"Hermann Göring"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Gestapo<\e1> and <e2>Hermann Göring<\e2>.
The Geheime Staatspolizei (German pronunciation: [ɡəˈhaɪmə ˈʃtaːtspoliˌtsaɪ] (listen); transl. "Secret State Police"), abbreviated Gestapo ( gə-STAH-poh, German: [ɡəˈʃtaːpo] (listen)), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe.
The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of Prussia into one organisation. On 20 April 1934, oversight of the Gestapo passed to the head of the Schutzstaffel (SS), Heinrich Himmler, who was also appointed Chief of German Police by Hitler in 1936. Instead of being exclusively a Prussian state agency, the Gestapo became a national one as a sub-office of the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo; Security Police). From 27 September 1939, it was administered by the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA). It became known as Amt (Dept) 4 of the RSHA and was considered a sister organisation to the Sicherheitsdienst (SD; Security Service).
The Gestapo committed widespread atrocities during its existence. The power of the Gestapo was used to focus upon political opponents, ideological dissenters (clergy and religious organisations), career criminals, the Sinti and Roma population, handicapped persons, homosexuals, and above all, the Jews. Those arrested by the Gestapo were often held without judicial process, and political prisoners throughout Germany—and from 1941, throughout the occupied territories under the Night and Fog Decree (German: Nacht und Nebel)—simply disappeared while in Gestapo custody. Contrary to popular perception, the Gestapo was actually a relatively small organization with limited surveillance capacity; despite this the Gestapo proved extremely effective due to the willingness of ordinary Germans to report on fellow citizens. During World War II, the Gestapo played a key role in the Holocaust. After the war ended, the Gestapo was declared a criminal organisation by the International Military Tribunal (IMT) at the Nuremberg trials, and several top Gestapo members were sentenced to death. | founded by | 33,887 | 101,880 |
[
"Hermann Göring Collection",
"founded by",
"Hermann Göring"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Hermann Göring Collection<\e1> and <e2>Hermann Göring<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,885 |
[
"Hermann Göring Collection",
"owned by",
"Hermann Göring"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Hermann Göring Collection<\e1> and <e2>Hermann Göring<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 101,886 |
[
"NetFreedom Task Force",
"founded by",
"Condoleezza Rice"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>NetFreedom Task Force<\e1> and <e2>Condoleezza Rice<\e2>.
History
The Global Internet Freedom Task Force was established by United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice in February 2006 "to monitor and respond to threats to freedom of expression on the internet".The task force considers foreign policy aspects of Internet freedom, including: | founded by | 33,888 | 101,888 |
[
"Padania national football team",
"founded by",
"Lega Nord"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Padania national football team<\e1> and <e2>Lega Nord<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,890 |
[
"United Nations University",
"founded by",
"United Nations General Assembly"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>United Nations University<\e1> and <e2>United Nations General Assembly<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,891 |
[
"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change",
"founded by",
"United Nations General Assembly"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change<\e1> and <e2>United Nations General Assembly<\e2>.
Origins
The predecessor of the IPCC was the Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases (AGGG). Three organizations set up the AGGG in 1986. These were the International Council of Scientific Unions, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The AGGG reviewed scientific research on greenhouse gases. It also studied increases in greenhouse gases. Climate science was becoming more complicated and covering more disciplines. This small group of scientists lacked the resources to cover climate science.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency sought an international convention to restrict greenhouse gas emissions. The Reagan Administration worried that independent scientists would have too much influence. The WMO and UNEP therefore created the IPCC as an intergovernmental body in 1988. Scientists take part in the IPCC as both experts and government representatives. The IPCC produces reports backed by all leading relevant scientists. Member governments must also endorse the reports by consensus agreement. So the IPCC is both a scientific body and an organization of governments. Its job is to tell governments what scientists know about climate change. It also examines the impacts of climate change and options for dealing with it. The IPCC does this by assessing peer-reviewed scientific literature.The United Nations endorsed the creation of the IPCC in 1988. The General Assembly resolution noted that human activity could change the climate. This could lead to severe economic and social consequences. It said increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases could warm the planet. This would cause the sea level to rise. The effects for humanity would be disastrous if timely steps were not taken. | founded by | 33,890 | 101,893 |
[
"Latter Day Saint movement",
"founded by",
"Joseph Smith"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Latter Day Saint movement<\e1> and <e2>Joseph Smith<\e2>.
The Latter Day Saint movement (also called the LDS movement, LDS restorationist movement, or Smith–Rigdon movement) is the collection of independent church groups that trace their origins to a Christian Restorationist movement founded by Joseph Smith in the late 1820s.
Collectively, these churches have over 16 million members, with about 98% belong to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The predominant theology of the churches in the movement is Mormonism, which sees itself as restoring again on Earth the early Christian church; an additional doctrine of the church allows for prophets to receive and publish modern-day revelations.
A minority of Latter Day Saint adherents, such as members of Community of Christ, have been influenced by Protestant theologies while maintaining certain distinctive beliefs and practices including continuing revelation, an open canon of scripture and building temples. Other groups include the Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, which supports lineal succession of leadership from Smith's descendants, and the more controversial Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, which defends the practice of polygamy.Theology
Most members of Latter Day Saint churches are adherents to Mormonism, a theology based on Joseph Smith's later teachings and further developed by Brigham Young, James Strang and others who claimed to be Smith's successors. The term Mormon derives from the Book of Mormon, and most of these adherents refer to themselves as Latter Day Saints or Mormons. Mormonism and Christianity have a complex theological, historical, and sociological relationship. Mormons express the doctrines of Mormonism using standard biblical terminology, and claim to have similar views about the nature of Jesus' atonement, resurrection, and Second Coming as traditional Christianity. Nevertheless, Mormons agree with non-Mormons that their view of God is significantly different from the trinitarian view of the Nicene Creed of the 4th century.Mormons consider the Bible as scripture and have also adopted additional scriptures. These include the Book of Mormon, Doctrine and Covenants, and Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism), although not all denominations use all books as part of their scriptures. Mormons not only practice baptism and celebrate the eucharist but also participate in religious rituals not practiced in traditional Christianity. Focusing on differences, some Christians consider Mormonism "non-Christian"; members of the LDS Church, focusing on similarities, are offended at being so characterized. Mormons do not accept non-Mormon baptism. Mormons regularly proselytize individuals actually or nominally within the Christian tradition, and some Christians, especially evangelicals, proselytize Mormons. The LDS Church has a formal missionary program with nearly 70,000 missionaries, with 15 training centers and 407 missions worldwide. A prominent scholarly view is that Mormonism is a form of Christianity, but is distinct enough from traditional Christianity so as to form a new religious tradition, much as Christianity has roots in but is a distinct religion from Judaism.The Mormonism that originated with Smith in the 1820s shared strong similarities with some elements of 19th-century Protestant Christianity including the necessity of baptism, emphasis on family, and central doctrine on Christ as a means to salvation. However, beginning with his accounts of the First Vision in the 1830s and 1840s, Smith—who said that Christ had told him not to join any existing church—departed significantly from traditional Christianity, claiming all churches of his day were part of a Great Apostasy that had lost the authority to direct Christ's church. Mormonism does not characterize itself as a Protestant religion, as Smith taught that he had received revelation direct from Christ to restore his original church. Mormons believe that God, through Smith and his successors, restored these truths and doctrinal clarifications, and, initiating a new heavenly dispensation, restored the original church and Christianity taught by Jesus. For example, Smith rejected the Nicene doctrine of the Trinity as of one body and substance, with no "body, parts, or passions", and instead taught that the Godhead included God, the Eternal Father, also known as Elohim; his only-begotten son in the flesh, Jesus Christ, also known as Jehovah, the savior and redeemer of the world; and the Holy Ghost or Holy Spirit, an individual personage of spirit whose influence can be felt in many places at once. Further, Smith taught that the essence of all humans is co-eternal with God and that humans, as the spirit offspring of God the Father, have the potential to become like God. The LDS Church, the largest Mormon denomination, while acknowledging its differences with mainstream Christianity, often focuses on its commonalities, which are many, the most important of which is that Christ is the savior of the world and that he suffered for the world's sins so that the penitent can return to live in heaven.A small fraction of Latter Day Saints, most notably those within Community of Christ, the second largest Latter Day Saint denomination, follow a traditional Protestant theology. Community of Christ views God in trinitarian terms, and reject the distinctive theological developments they believe to have been developed later in Mormonism. | founded by | 33,891 | 101,896 |
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