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[
"Rorschacher Klosterbruch",
"participant",
"Abbey of Saint Gall"
] | The Rorschacher Klosterbruch or St. Gallerkrieg was a war between the Abbey of Saint Gall, Zürich, Lucerne, Schwyz and Glarus against the city of St. Gallen and Appenzell in 1489 to 1490. | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Rorschacher Klosterbruch",
"participant",
"Appenzell"
] | The Rorschacher Klosterbruch or St. Gallerkrieg was a war between the Abbey of Saint Gall, Zürich, Lucerne, Schwyz and Glarus against the city of St. Gallen and Appenzell in 1489 to 1490. | null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Glinski rebellion",
"participant",
"Marcin Chreptowicz"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Siege of Buda (1541)",
"different from",
"Siege of Buda (1603)"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Siege of Buda (1541)",
"different from",
"Siege of Buda (1598)"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Siege of Buda (1541)",
"participant",
"Holy Roman Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Siege of Buda (1541)",
"different from",
"Battle of Buda"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Siege of Buda (1541)",
"different from",
"Siege of Buda (1530)"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Siege of Buda (1541)",
"different from",
"Siege of Buda (1684)"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Siege of Buda (1541)",
"different from",
"Siege of Buda (1602)"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Dano-Swedish War (1501–1512)",
"participant",
"Norway"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Dano-Swedish War (1501–1512)",
"participant",
"Sweden"
] | The Dano-Swedish War from 1501 to 1512 was a military conflict between Denmark and Sweden within the Kalmar Union.
The war began with a Swedish and a Norwegian revolt against King Hans and the siege of Queen Christina in her castle in Danish-held Stockholm.1501 to 1504
On 1 January 1501, Swedish Regent Sten Sture the Elder and the Swedish National Council met in Vadstena Castle, at which the council approved the revolt against King Hans, and declared the deposition of the king. Norwegian nobel Knut Alvsson was also there and directed harsh accusations against King Hans' control in Norway and was provided Swedish support for his return to Norway.
Sten Sture besieged Tre Kronor Castle in Stockholm from September 1501 until 6 May 1502. The kings wife, Queen Christina was the commander of the castle. This was one of the hardest sieges known during the Kalmar Union, during which a garrison of 1000 men was reduced to 70 out of plague and starvation. In August 1501 a Swedish army took Örebro.
Knut Alvsson led at the same time Swedish forces in an attack on Båhus Fortress on the Swedish-Norwegian border. The fort was commanded by Henrich Krummedige. Krummedige was able to hold Båhus, but Alvsson captured Akershus Fortress and Tønsberg Fortress in March 1502.
King Hans dispatched his son Christian (later crowned King Christian II of Denmark and Norway) at the head of Danish forces; they relieved the siege of Båhus Fortress, and also captured Älvsborg Fortress across the river from Båhus Fortress. Krummedige then led forces north to finish off the rebellion by recapturing Tønsberg Fortress and investing Akershus Fortress, which Alvsson was defending.
When it became clear that the rebellion was stalemated, Alvsson came on board one of Krummedige's ships under a safe conduct. Krummedige's men killed Alvsson on 18 August 1502, either by treachery or, as alleged by Krummedige's men, in response to Alvsson's own violence. Breaking the rules of safe conduct was considered a grave treachery after the old Norse laws, which were still used in Norway at the time. However, the court in Oslo deemed Krummedige to have acted justly. The conditions for this judgement have been discussed by historians for years. Sten Sture invaded Norway in 1503, but failed to accomplish anything of importance. Nils Ravaldsson became the new leader of the rebellion, but it was crushed in December 1504, at Olsborg Castle. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Dano-Swedish War (1501–1512)",
"participant",
"Denmark"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Dano-Swedish War (1501–1512)",
"participant",
"Kalmar Union"
] | The Dano-Swedish War from 1501 to 1512 was a military conflict between Denmark and Sweden within the Kalmar Union.
The war began with a Swedish and a Norwegian revolt against King Hans and the siege of Queen Christina in her castle in Danish-held Stockholm. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Dano-Swedish War (1501–1512)",
"participant",
"Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Siege of Corfu (1537)",
"different from",
"Siege of Corfu"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Siege of Corfu (1537)",
"different from",
"Siege of Corfu (1716)"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"German Peasants' War",
"topic's main category",
"Category:German Peasants' War"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Siege of Belgrade (1521)",
"participant",
"Ottoman Empire"
] | The siege of Belgrade in 1521 is an event that followed as a result of the third major Ottoman attack on this Hungarian stronghold in the Ottoman–Hungarian wars at the time of the greatest expansion of the Ottoman Empire to the west. Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent launched his army in mid-May 1521. The Hungarian state was almost in disarray and unable to effectively counter the Ottoman army.
Initially, nobody, including the sultan, actually knew the target of the campaign. Hain Ahmed Pasha, the rival of Piri Mehmed Pasha, who would later have a role in Piri's dismissal from the grand vizierate, suggested taking first Šabac, then cross the Sava and strike Buda. Piri argued that if they didn't capture Belgrade before attacking the Hungarian capital Buda, the Hungarians could cut them off in their return to Belgrade. The sultan preferred Ahmed's plan, but at the same time permitted Piri to besiege Belgrade with a small portion of the army. The sultan conquered Šabac, while Piri conquered Zemun Fortress. The sultan then ordered Piri to lift the siege in Belgrade and join the bulk of the army as he started to build a bridge to cross the Sava. However: Piri, who had conquered Zemun and was besieging Belgrade with a small portion of the army, refused to lift the siege. Mustafa Ali complained that the sultan failed to congratulate Piri for Zemun, and sees Ahmed behind this decision; however, it is more likely that the sultan actually needed all forces in preparation to attack Buda. Next, the attempt to cross the Sava was a failure. The Sava flooded, so much as to make it impossible to cross the bridge to the other side. The sultan informed Piri that they would soon join him. Together, they captured the city, which was definitely taken on 24 August. Whereas in Šabac the Turks slaughtered all the defenders, in Belgrade about 70 out of 700 defenders survived. Suleiman spared their lives. However, most of the Serbian inhabitants were deported to Constantinople.The fall of Belgrade showed the inability of the Hungarian authorities to oppose the expansionist policies of the Ottoman Empire, which would show their supremacy in the Battle of Mohács plains in 1526. After the defeat and breakdown of Hungary, the leader of the Christian struggle against the Ottoman penetration of Europe would become the Habsburg monarchy, which would include Hungary. Belgrade would come under the rule of a Christian force only in 1688 when Maximilian Bavarian conquered it for Austria.
When Selim I died in 1520, his son Suleiman became sultan of the Ottoman Empire. The Kingdom of Hungary, on the other hand, was almost in ruins. The Hungarian nobility was divided into numerous parties, and without a strong central government it could not unite in defense of the country. King Louis II of Hungary was weakened by numerous conflicts. The lower nobility clashed with the higher nobility and court circles, and the Voivode of Transylvania, John Zápolya, one of the wealthiest greats of his time, represented open opposition to the already weak regime of King Louis II. The faction that supported the Voivode of Transylvania was in constant conflict with the court circles. The king himself was a powerless figure in the hands of his ambitious associates. He often did not have the money for his own existence. On such occasions, it was not possible to strengthen the defense system at the southern border and to undertake any military campaigns. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Siege of Belgrade (1521)",
"different from",
"Siege of Belgrade (1456)"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Siege of Belgrade (1521)",
"different from",
"Siege of Belgrade"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Siege of Belgrade (1521)",
"different from",
"Siege of Belgrade"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Siege of Belgrade (1521)",
"different from",
"Capture of Belgrade"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Siege of Belgrade (1521)",
"different from",
"Siege of Belgrade"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Siege of Belgrade (1521)",
"different from",
"Siege of Belgrade"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Siege of Belgrade (1521)",
"different from",
"Siege of Belgrade"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Siege of Belgrade (1521)",
"different from",
"Avar sieges of Singidunum"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Swedish War of Liberation",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Swedish War of Liberation"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Italian War of 1521–1526",
"participant",
"Republic of Venice"
] | The Italian War of 1521–1526, sometimes known as the Four Years' War, (French: Sixième guerre d'Italie) was a part of the Italian Wars. The war pitted Francis I of France and the Republic of Venice against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Henry VIII of England, and the Papal States. It arose from animosity over the election of Charles as Emperor in 1519–1520 and from Pope Leo X's need to ally with Charles against Martin Luther.
The war broke out across Western Europe late in 1521, when a French–Navarrese expedition attempted to reconquer Navarre while a French army invaded the Low Countries. A Spanish army drove the Navarrese forces back into the Pyrenees, and other Imperial forces attacked northern France, where they were stopped in turn.
In 1521 Charles V and Henry VIII signed the Treaty of Bruges in secret against France, and hostilities resumed on the Italian Peninsula. At the Battle of Bicocca on 27 April 1522, Imperial and Papal forces defeated the French, driving them from Lombardy. Following the battle, fighting again spilled onto French soil, while Venice made a separate peace. The English invaded France in 1523, while the French military leader Charles de Bourbon, alienated by Francis's attempts to seize his inheritance, betrayed Francis and allied himself with the Emperor. The failure of a French attempt to regain Lombardy in 1524 provided Bourbon with an opportunity to invade Provence at the head of a Spanish army.
Francis led a second attack on Milan in 1525. His disastrous defeat at the Battle of Pavia, where he was captured by the Imperial captain Charles de Lannoy and many of his chief nobles were killed, led to the end of the war. Francis was imprisoned in the Lombard city of Pizzighettone and then in Madrid. Diplomatic maneuvers to obtain his release included a French mission sent by his mother, Louise of Savoy, to the court of Suleiman the Magnificent that resulted in an Ottoman ultimatum to Charles. This unprecedented alignment between Christian and Muslim monarchs caused a scandal in the Christian world, and laid the foundation for the Franco-Ottoman alliance. Suleiman invaded Hungary in the summer of 1526, defeating Charles' allies at the Battle of Mohács. Despite these efforts, Francis signed the Treaty of Madrid, surrendering his claims to Italy, Artois, Flanders, and Burgundy. A few weeks after his release, he repudiated the terms of the treaty, starting the War of the League of Cognac. The Italian Wars continued for another three decades, ending with France having failed to regain any substantial territories in Italy. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Italian War of 1521–1526",
"participant",
"Holy Roman Empire"
] | France at bay
The loss of Lombardy was followed by England entering openly into the conflict, when on 29 May 1522, the English formally declared war on France. Henry VIII and Charles signed the Treaty of Windsor on 16 June 1522. The treaty outlined a joint English-Imperial attack against France. Charles agreed to compensate England for the pensions that would be lost because of conflict with France and to pay the past debts that would be forfeit; to seal the alliance, he also agreed to marry Henry's only daughter, Mary. In July, the English raided Morlaix and in September an English army marched from Calais, burning and looting the countryside in an unsuccessful attempt to engage the French in battle.
To raise money, Francis pursued a lawsuit against Charles III, Duke of Bourbon, who had received the majority of his holdings through his marriage to Suzanne, Duchess of Bourbon. After Suzanne's death, Louise of Savoy, her sister and the king's mother, insisted that the territories in question should pass to her because of her closer kinship to the deceased. Francis was confident that seizing the disputed lands would improve his own financial position sufficiently to continue the war and began to confiscate portions of them in Louise's name. Bourbon, angered by this treatment and increasingly isolated at court, sought redress by making overtures to Charles V.The death of Doge Antonio Grimani brought Andrea Gritti, a veteran of the War of the League of Cambrai, to power in Venice. He quickly began negotiations with the Emperor and on 29 July 1523 concluded the Treaty of Worms, which removed the Republic from the war. Bourbon continued his scheming with Charles, offering to begin a rebellion against Francis in exchange for money and German troops. When Francis, who was aware of the plot, summoned him to Lyon in October, he feigned illness and failed to appear. Francis ordered as many of Bourbon's associates as could be captured to be brought to justice after the Duke reached Imperial territory and openly entered the Emperor's service.Charles then invaded southern France over the Pyrenees. Lautrec successfully defended Bayonne against the Spanish, but Charles was able to recapture Fuenterrabia in February 1524. On 19 September 1523, an English army under the Duke of Suffolk advanced into Picardy from Calais. The French, stretched thin by the Imperial attack, were unable to resist, and Suffolk soon advanced past the Somme, devastating the countryside in his wake and stopping only 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Paris. When Charles failed to support the English offensive, Suffolk—unwilling to risk an attack on the French capital—turned away from Paris on 30 October, returning to Calais by mid-December.Francis now turned his attention to Lombardy. In September 1523, a French army under Bonnivet advanced through the Piedmont.
The Imperial commander, Prospero Colonna, had only 9,000 men to oppose the French advance and was forced to retreat to Milan. Bonnivet overestimated the size of the Imperial army and moved into winter quarters rather than attacking the city; the Imperial commanders were able to summon 15,000 landsknechts and a large force under Bourbon's command by 28 December, when Charles de Lannoy replaced the dying Colonna. Many of the Swiss now abandoned the French army, and Bonnivet began his withdrawal. The French defeat at the Battle of the Sesia, where Bayard was killed while commanding the French rearguard, again demonstrated the power of massed arquebusiers against more traditional troops; the French army then retreated over the Alps in disarray.D'Avalos and Bourbon crossed the Alps with nearly 11,000 men and invaded Provence in early July 1524. Sweeping through most of the smaller towns unopposed, Bourbon entered the provincial capital of Aix-en-Provence on 9 August 1524, taking the title of Count of Provence and pledging his allegiance to Henry VIII in return for the latter's support against Francis. By mid-August, Bourbon and d'Avalos had besieged Marseille, the only stronghold in Provence that remained in French hands. Their assaults on the city failed and when the French army commanded by Francis himself arrived at Avignon at the end of September 1524, they were forced to retreat back to Italy. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Italian War of 1521–1526",
"participant",
"Kingdom of France"
] | The Italian War of 1521–1526, sometimes known as the Four Years' War, (French: Sixième guerre d'Italie) was a part of the Italian Wars. The war pitted Francis I of France and the Republic of Venice against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Henry VIII of England, and the Papal States. It arose from animosity over the election of Charles as Emperor in 1519–1520 and from Pope Leo X's need to ally with Charles against Martin Luther.
The war broke out across Western Europe late in 1521, when a French–Navarrese expedition attempted to reconquer Navarre while a French army invaded the Low Countries. A Spanish army drove the Navarrese forces back into the Pyrenees, and other Imperial forces attacked northern France, where they were stopped in turn.
In 1521 Charles V and Henry VIII signed the Treaty of Bruges in secret against France, and hostilities resumed on the Italian Peninsula. At the Battle of Bicocca on 27 April 1522, Imperial and Papal forces defeated the French, driving them from Lombardy. Following the battle, fighting again spilled onto French soil, while Venice made a separate peace. The English invaded France in 1523, while the French military leader Charles de Bourbon, alienated by Francis's attempts to seize his inheritance, betrayed Francis and allied himself with the Emperor. The failure of a French attempt to regain Lombardy in 1524 provided Bourbon with an opportunity to invade Provence at the head of a Spanish army.
Francis led a second attack on Milan in 1525. His disastrous defeat at the Battle of Pavia, where he was captured by the Imperial captain Charles de Lannoy and many of his chief nobles were killed, led to the end of the war. Francis was imprisoned in the Lombard city of Pizzighettone and then in Madrid. Diplomatic maneuvers to obtain his release included a French mission sent by his mother, Louise of Savoy, to the court of Suleiman the Magnificent that resulted in an Ottoman ultimatum to Charles. This unprecedented alignment between Christian and Muslim monarchs caused a scandal in the Christian world, and laid the foundation for the Franco-Ottoman alliance. Suleiman invaded Hungary in the summer of 1526, defeating Charles' allies at the Battle of Mohács. Despite these efforts, Francis signed the Treaty of Madrid, surrendering his claims to Italy, Artois, Flanders, and Burgundy. A few weeks after his release, he repudiated the terms of the treaty, starting the War of the League of Cognac. The Italian Wars continued for another three decades, ending with France having failed to regain any substantial territories in Italy. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Italian War of 1521–1526",
"participant",
"Spanish Empire"
] | The Italian War of 1521–1526, sometimes known as the Four Years' War, (French: Sixième guerre d'Italie) was a part of the Italian Wars. The war pitted Francis I of France and the Republic of Venice against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Henry VIII of England, and the Papal States. It arose from animosity over the election of Charles as Emperor in 1519–1520 and from Pope Leo X's need to ally with Charles against Martin Luther.
The war broke out across Western Europe late in 1521, when a French–Navarrese expedition attempted to reconquer Navarre while a French army invaded the Low Countries. A Spanish army drove the Navarrese forces back into the Pyrenees, and other Imperial forces attacked northern France, where they were stopped in turn.
In 1521 Charles V and Henry VIII signed the Treaty of Bruges in secret against France, and hostilities resumed on the Italian Peninsula. At the Battle of Bicocca on 27 April 1522, Imperial and Papal forces defeated the French, driving them from Lombardy. Following the battle, fighting again spilled onto French soil, while Venice made a separate peace. The English invaded France in 1523, while the French military leader Charles de Bourbon, alienated by Francis's attempts to seize his inheritance, betrayed Francis and allied himself with the Emperor. The failure of a French attempt to regain Lombardy in 1524 provided Bourbon with an opportunity to invade Provence at the head of a Spanish army.
Francis led a second attack on Milan in 1525. His disastrous defeat at the Battle of Pavia, where he was captured by the Imperial captain Charles de Lannoy and many of his chief nobles were killed, led to the end of the war. Francis was imprisoned in the Lombard city of Pizzighettone and then in Madrid. Diplomatic maneuvers to obtain his release included a French mission sent by his mother, Louise of Savoy, to the court of Suleiman the Magnificent that resulted in an Ottoman ultimatum to Charles. This unprecedented alignment between Christian and Muslim monarchs caused a scandal in the Christian world, and laid the foundation for the Franco-Ottoman alliance. Suleiman invaded Hungary in the summer of 1526, defeating Charles' allies at the Battle of Mohács. Despite these efforts, Francis signed the Treaty of Madrid, surrendering his claims to Italy, Artois, Flanders, and Burgundy. A few weeks after his release, he repudiated the terms of the treaty, starting the War of the League of Cognac. The Italian Wars continued for another three decades, ending with France having failed to regain any substantial territories in Italy. | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Italian War of 1521–1526",
"participant",
"Papal States"
] | Initial moves (June 1521 – May 1522)
On 20 August 1521, the Imperial army under Henry of Nassau invaded northeastern France—an attack made in response to de Marck’s attack on Luxembourg. Ardres was overrun, Mouzon was severely damaged after being besieged, and Aubenton was sacked and its inhabitants massacred. The attackers were delayed during the three-week siege of Mézières by the resistance of the French, led by Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard. Francis had time to raise a large army at Reims for relieving Mézières. The town was resupplied a few days before the king's army arrived at the town on 26 September, which was by then largely destroyed. Nassau was forced to withdraw, laying waste to towns along his route of his retreat.Tournai, which had been returned to France by Henry VIII in February 1519 as part of the terms of the Treaty of London, was besieged by Imperial forces. Tournai was left to surrender to the besiegers after Francis's army was ordered to retreat, and later disbanded.
A Franco-Navarrese force approached the fortress of Amaiur (Baztan, Navarre), laying siege to the fortress the Castilians had just reinforced. On 3 October 1521 the Castilians capitulated in exchange for free passage to Castile. The troops of Guillaume Gouffier then headed to Labourd and on to Behobia, capturing the fortress of Urantzu. Fuenterrabia, at the mouth of the river Bidasoa on the Franco-Spanish border, was captured later in the month by French-Navarrese troops under Bonnivet and Claude of Lorraine. The French held this advantageous foothold in northern Spain until March 1524.On 28 November 1521 Charles V and Henry VIII signed in secret the Treaty of Bruges. Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec, the French governor of Milan, was tasked with resisting the Imperial and Papal forces. Lautrec was outmatched by Prospero Colonna, and by late November 1521 had been forced out of Milan and had retreated to located towns around the river Adda. Lautrec's army was reinforced by Swiss mercenaries. Unable to pay them, he had to give in to their demands to engage the Imperial forces immediately.On 27 April 1522, Lautrec attacked Colonna's combined Imperial and Papal army near Milan at the Battle of Bicocca. Lautrec had planned to use his superiority in artillery to his advantage, but the Swiss, impatient to engage the enemy, masked his guns and charged against the entrenched Spanish arquebusiers. In the resulting melee, the Swiss were badly mauled by the Spanish and by a force of landsknechts (Germanic mercenaries). Their morale broken, the Swiss returned to their cantons; Lombardy was abandoned. Colonna and d'Avalos, left unopposed, proceeded to besiege Genoa, capturing the city on 30 May.Albany's advance towards Naples
After the failure of a peace mission proposed by Pope Clement VII, Francis and the pope negotiated an alliance in secret. Negotiations were concluded on 12 December 1524, and a secret treaty was signed by the pope on 5 January. Clement pledged not to assist Charles in exchange for Francis's assistance with the conquest of Naples by giving Albany free passage through his lands. In return, Francis promised to cede lands and maintain Medici rule in Florence.The pope tried to stop Francis from acting immediately, because of the dangers inherent in fighting during the winter months. Against the pope's advice, and the counsel of his own senior commanders, Francis almost immediately detached a portion of his forces under the Duke of Albany, sending 5,000 infantry and 500 cavalry south to aid the pope in the invasion of Naples. The size of the army grew when it was joined by Papal States recruits, and French infantry led by the Italian condottiero (Italian mercenary captain), Renzo da Ceri.Francis's ploy failed to achieve his aim of leading the Spaniards to abandon northern Italy, as the Imperial commanders ultimately decided not to attack Albany but to concentrate on relieving Pavia. Lannoy attempted to intercept the expedition near Fiorenzuola, but suffered heavy casualties and was forced to return to Lodi by the intervention of the Black Bands of Giovanni de' Medici, which had just entered French service. | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Italian War of 1521–1526",
"participant",
"Kingdom of England"
] | France at bay
The loss of Lombardy was followed by England entering openly into the conflict, when on 29 May 1522, the English formally declared war on France. Henry VIII and Charles signed the Treaty of Windsor on 16 June 1522. The treaty outlined a joint English-Imperial attack against France. Charles agreed to compensate England for the pensions that would be lost because of conflict with France and to pay the past debts that would be forfeit; to seal the alliance, he also agreed to marry Henry's only daughter, Mary. In July, the English raided Morlaix and in September an English army marched from Calais, burning and looting the countryside in an unsuccessful attempt to engage the French in battle.
To raise money, Francis pursued a lawsuit against Charles III, Duke of Bourbon, who had received the majority of his holdings through his marriage to Suzanne, Duchess of Bourbon. After Suzanne's death, Louise of Savoy, her sister and the king's mother, insisted that the territories in question should pass to her because of her closer kinship to the deceased. Francis was confident that seizing the disputed lands would improve his own financial position sufficiently to continue the war and began to confiscate portions of them in Louise's name. Bourbon, angered by this treatment and increasingly isolated at court, sought redress by making overtures to Charles V.The death of Doge Antonio Grimani brought Andrea Gritti, a veteran of the War of the League of Cambrai, to power in Venice. He quickly began negotiations with the Emperor and on 29 July 1523 concluded the Treaty of Worms, which removed the Republic from the war. Bourbon continued his scheming with Charles, offering to begin a rebellion against Francis in exchange for money and German troops. When Francis, who was aware of the plot, summoned him to Lyon in October, he feigned illness and failed to appear. Francis ordered as many of Bourbon's associates as could be captured to be brought to justice after the Duke reached Imperial territory and openly entered the Emperor's service.Charles then invaded southern France over the Pyrenees. Lautrec successfully defended Bayonne against the Spanish, but Charles was able to recapture Fuenterrabia in February 1524. On 19 September 1523, an English army under the Duke of Suffolk advanced into Picardy from Calais. The French, stretched thin by the Imperial attack, were unable to resist, and Suffolk soon advanced past the Somme, devastating the countryside in his wake and stopping only 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Paris. When Charles failed to support the English offensive, Suffolk—unwilling to risk an attack on the French capital—turned away from Paris on 30 October, returning to Calais by mid-December.Francis now turned his attention to Lombardy. In September 1523, a French army under Bonnivet advanced through the Piedmont.
The Imperial commander, Prospero Colonna, had only 9,000 men to oppose the French advance and was forced to retreat to Milan. Bonnivet overestimated the size of the Imperial army and moved into winter quarters rather than attacking the city; the Imperial commanders were able to summon 15,000 landsknechts and a large force under Bourbon's command by 28 December, when Charles de Lannoy replaced the dying Colonna. Many of the Swiss now abandoned the French army, and Bonnivet began his withdrawal. The French defeat at the Battle of the Sesia, where Bayard was killed while commanding the French rearguard, again demonstrated the power of massed arquebusiers against more traditional troops; the French army then retreated over the Alps in disarray.D'Avalos and Bourbon crossed the Alps with nearly 11,000 men and invaded Provence in early July 1524. Sweeping through most of the smaller towns unopposed, Bourbon entered the provincial capital of Aix-en-Provence on 9 August 1524, taking the title of Count of Provence and pledging his allegiance to Henry VIII in return for the latter's support against Francis. By mid-August, Bourbon and d'Avalos had besieged Marseille, the only stronghold in Provence that remained in French hands. Their assaults on the city failed and when the French army commanded by Francis himself arrived at Avignon at the end of September 1524, they were forced to retreat back to Italy. | null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Siege of Florence (1529–1530)",
"participant",
"Holy Roman Empire"
] | The siege of Florence took place from 24 October 1529 to 10 August 1530, at the end of the War of the League of Cognac. At the Congress of Bologna, the Medici Pope Clement VII and Emperor Charles V agreed to restore the Medici family in Florence. A large Imperial and Spanish army under Philibert of Châlon, Prince of Orange and Pier Maria III de' Rossi surrounded the city and after a siege of nearly ten months, captured it overthrowing the Republic of Florence and installing Alessandro de' Medici as the ruler of the city.
The Florentines had thrown off Medici rule and established a republic after the Sack of Rome in 1527; the Florentine Republic had continued to participate in the war on the side of the French. The French defeats at Naples in 1528 and Landriano in 1529, however, led to Francis I of France concluding the Treaty of Cambrai with the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. When Pope Clement VII and the Republic of Venice also concluded treaties with the Emperor, Florence was left to fight alone. Charles, attempting to gain Clement's favor, ordered his armies to seize Florence and return the Medici to power.
The Republic resisted this incursion; but, left without allies and betrayed by many of the mercenaries in her employ, Florence was unable to keep fighting indefinitely. After the capture of Volterra by the Imperial forces and the death of Francesco Ferruccio at the Battle of Gavinana, further resistance became impractical, and the city surrendered in August 1530. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Siege of Florence (1529–1530)",
"participant",
"Republic of Florence"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Italian War of 1536–1538",
"participant",
"Holy Roman Empire"
] | Short-term
The war began in 1536 between Charles V and Francis I of France commenced upon the death of Francesco II Sforza, the duke of Milan. Sforza had no children and died of a long and painful illness in 1535. Because he had no heirs, Francesco's dynasty was brought to an end by Charles V, whose niece, Christina of Denmark, was Francesco's wife. There were no protests when Charles V took over the Duchy of Milan from either the people or other Italian states. This shift in power marked a new era for France, as Jean de la Foret was brought in as an ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, a territory eagerly courted for its wide range of goods to trade and powerful military. Foret and Francis I secured an alliance with the Ottoman Empire, giving France a strong army, ready to attack targets such as Marseille and Piedmont, areas close to the Italian province of Genoa. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Italian War of 1536–1538",
"participant",
"Ottoman Empire"
] | Events
When Charles's son Philip inherited the duchy, Francis invaded Italy. Philippe de Chabot, a French general, led his army into Piedmont in March 1536, and proceeded to capture Turin the following month, but he failed to seize Milan. In response, Charles invaded Provence, a region of France, advancing to Aix-en-Provence, and took Aix in August 1536 but his movement was halted by the French Army blocking routes to Marseilles. Afterwards, Charles withdrew to Spain rather than attacking the heavily fortified Avignon. There is also a story that French troops deliberately left over-ripe fruit on the trees in an attempt to give Charles's troops dysentery.
While Charles V was busy fighting for territory in France, Francis I's armies received massive reinforcements in Piedmont in terms of generals, troops, and horses on a march headed for Genoa. France had secured an alliance with the Ottoman Empire in 1536 through the diplomatic efforts of Jean de La Forêt, France's ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. A Franco-Turkish fleet was stationed in Marseille by the end of 1536, threatening Genoa, by planning to attack simultaneously with the French troops marching on land towards the city.[2] Unfortunately for the French and Ottomans, when they arrived in Genoa in August 1536 the defenses of the city had been recently reinforced. Instead, the troops marched onto Piedmont, capturing many towns there. In 1537 Barbarossa raided the Italian coast and laid a siege at Corfu, although this provided only limited assistance to the French.With Charles V unsuccessful in battle and squeezed between the French invasion and the Ottomans, Francis I and Charles V ultimately made peace with the Truce of Nice on 18 June 1538. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Italian War of 1536–1538",
"participant",
"Kingdom of France"
] | The Italian war of 1536–1538 was a conflict between King Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. The objective was to achieve control over territories in Northern Italy, in particular the Duchy of Milan. The war saw French troops invading Northern Italy, and Spanish troops invading France. The Truce of Nice, signed on June 18, 1538, ended hostilities, leaving Turin in French hands but affecting no significant change in the map of Italy. Overall, Spain increased its control over Italy, signifying the end of Italian independence. The war strengthened animosity between the Spanish and French, and reinforced ties between France and the Ottoman Empire which had sided with Francis I against Charles V.Short-term
The war began in 1536 between Charles V and Francis I of France commenced upon the death of Francesco II Sforza, the duke of Milan. Sforza had no children and died of a long and painful illness in 1535. Because he had no heirs, Francesco's dynasty was brought to an end by Charles V, whose niece, Christina of Denmark, was Francesco's wife. There were no protests when Charles V took over the Duchy of Milan from either the people or other Italian states. This shift in power marked a new era for France, as Jean de la Foret was brought in as an ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, a territory eagerly courted for its wide range of goods to trade and powerful military. Foret and Francis I secured an alliance with the Ottoman Empire, giving France a strong army, ready to attack targets such as Marseille and Piedmont, areas close to the Italian province of Genoa. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Italian War of 1536–1538",
"participant",
"Habsburg Spain"
] | The Italian war of 1536–1538 was a conflict between King Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. The objective was to achieve control over territories in Northern Italy, in particular the Duchy of Milan. The war saw French troops invading Northern Italy, and Spanish troops invading France. The Truce of Nice, signed on June 18, 1538, ended hostilities, leaving Turin in French hands but affecting no significant change in the map of Italy. Overall, Spain increased its control over Italy, signifying the end of Italian independence. The war strengthened animosity between the Spanish and French, and reinforced ties between France and the Ottoman Empire which had sided with Francis I against Charles V.Short-term
The war began in 1536 between Charles V and Francis I of France commenced upon the death of Francesco II Sforza, the duke of Milan. Sforza had no children and died of a long and painful illness in 1535. Because he had no heirs, Francesco's dynasty was brought to an end by Charles V, whose niece, Christina of Denmark, was Francesco's wife. There were no protests when Charles V took over the Duchy of Milan from either the people or other Italian states. This shift in power marked a new era for France, as Jean de la Foret was brought in as an ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, a territory eagerly courted for its wide range of goods to trade and powerful military. Foret and Francis I secured an alliance with the Ottoman Empire, giving France a strong army, ready to attack targets such as Marseille and Piedmont, areas close to the Italian province of Genoa. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"English Reformation Parliament",
"significant person",
"Henry VIII of England"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"English Reformation Parliament",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Kingdom of England"
] | The English Reformation Parliament, which sat from 3 November 1529 to 14 April 1536, established the legal basis for the English Reformation, passing major pieces of legislation leading to the Break with Rome and increasing the authority of the Church of England. Under the direction of King Henry VIII of England, the Reformation Parliament was the first in English history to deal with major religious legislation, much of it orchestrated by, among others, the Boleyn family and Thomas Cromwell. This legislation transferred many aspects of English life away from the control of the Catholic church to control under The Crown. This action both set a precedent for future monarchs to utilize Parliamentary statutes affecting the Church of England; strengthened the role of the English Parliament; and provided a significant transference of wealth from the Catholic church to the English crown. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"English Reformation Parliament",
"significant person",
"Thomas Cromwell"
] | The English Reformation Parliament, which sat from 3 November 1529 to 14 April 1536, established the legal basis for the English Reformation, passing major pieces of legislation leading to the Break with Rome and increasing the authority of the Church of England. Under the direction of King Henry VIII of England, the Reformation Parliament was the first in English history to deal with major religious legislation, much of it orchestrated by, among others, the Boleyn family and Thomas Cromwell. This legislation transferred many aspects of English life away from the control of the Catholic church to control under The Crown. This action both set a precedent for future monarchs to utilize Parliamentary statutes affecting the Church of England; strengthened the role of the English Parliament; and provided a significant transference of wealth from the Catholic church to the English crown.Background
By the mid-1520s, King Henry VIII was in desperate need of a male heir. His wife, Catherine of Aragon, was increasingly considered to be past child-bearing age, and in Henry’s mind, having a female on the throne (i.e, his only legitimate heir, later Mary I of England) would destabilize the country. Henry then concluded that a divorce was needed in order for him to marry Anne Boleyn and sent Cardinal Wolsey to negotiate with Pope Clement VII.Wolsey was unable to convince Clement to grant a divorce. Frustrated with Wolsey and the English clergy as a whole, Henry then turned to combating the influence and the benefits that the Catholic clergy enjoyed in England, hoping that pressure on the Church would influence the Pope to support his cause. However, England was not all that powerful and important enough in Europe at this time for the Pope to pay it much attention.Henry then consulted with his advisors including Thomas Cromwell to address the influence of canonical law in England. Cromwell orchestrated much of the legislation and ran propaganda campaigns throughout England to win over the laity. Henry called Parliament to session in 1529. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"English Reformation Parliament",
"significant person",
"George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford"
] | The English Reformation Parliament, which sat from 3 November 1529 to 14 April 1536, established the legal basis for the English Reformation, passing major pieces of legislation leading to the Break with Rome and increasing the authority of the Church of England. Under the direction of King Henry VIII of England, the Reformation Parliament was the first in English history to deal with major religious legislation, much of it orchestrated by, among others, the Boleyn family and Thomas Cromwell. This legislation transferred many aspects of English life away from the control of the Catholic church to control under The Crown. This action both set a precedent for future monarchs to utilize Parliamentary statutes affecting the Church of England; strengthened the role of the English Parliament; and provided a significant transference of wealth from the Catholic church to the English crown. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"English Reformation Parliament",
"significant event",
"English Reformation"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Battle of Capo d'Orso",
"participant",
"Holy Roman Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Second Margrave War",
"participant",
"Schweinfurt"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Second Margrave War",
"participant",
"Principality of Bayreuth"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Second Margrave War",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Bohemia"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Second Margrave War",
"participant",
"Free Imperial City of Nuremberg"
] | The war
Albert's first targets were Brandenburg-Kulmbach's immediate neighbors, starting with the Imperial City of Nuremberg. An initial siege attempt was unsuccessful, so Brandenburg-Kulmbach forces relentlessly raided Nuremberg's hinterland, in the process capturing Forchheim and its fortress. Nuremberg finally surrendered to Brandenburg-Kulmbach on June 19, 1552. Brandenburg-Kulmbach was also able to capture the Imperial City of Schweinfurt, which would become an important base for further conquests. Albert entered extortive treaties with the Prince-Bishoprics of Würzburg and Bamberg, requiring them to make him large payments and surrender land to avoid conquest. Eventually, he conquered Bamberg outright. These treaties were not recognized by Emperor Charles V, who placed Albert under an Imperial ban. However, since Charles was partially reliant on Albert's troops at his Siege of Metz, the ban was reversed, and Charles tacitly allowed Albert to carry on.In the summer of 1552, Albert marched into the Rhineland in an attempt to join his armies with those of the Kingdom of France against the Emperor. Albert started conflicts with the Electorates of Mainz and Trier along the way, also feuding with Speyer, Worms, Oppenheim, Verdun, and Frankfurt, among others. He demanded 150,000 Gulden from the Prince-Bishopric of Speyer, when it did not oblige, he destroyed the castles of Madenburg and Hambach. The ruins of Hambach Castle would later become an early symbol of the German nationalist and democratic movement. The Peace of Passau, which provided a conclusion to the Second Schmalkaldic war in August 1553, failed to validate Albert's territorial ambitions, motivating him to continue fighting.
Albert's destructive path through the Holy Roman Empire made him the enemy of many Princes, who eventually formed several leagues against him. Brandenburg-Kulmbach's immediate neighbors formed a Franconian League, while his opponents in other areas formed a Heidelberg League which quickly allied itself with the Franconian one. With Brandenburg-Kulmbach's troops caught up in Lower Saxony, where Albert was levying troops, armies from Nuremberg, Würzburg and Bamberg reconquered castles and land that had been seized by Albert earlier in Franconia, while the armies of Brunswick and Saxony made their way to Schweinfurt. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Second Margrave War",
"participant",
"Roman Catholic Diocese of Trier"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Second Margrave War",
"participant",
"Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg"
] | The war
Albert's first targets were Brandenburg-Kulmbach's immediate neighbors, starting with the Imperial City of Nuremberg. An initial siege attempt was unsuccessful, so Brandenburg-Kulmbach forces relentlessly raided Nuremberg's hinterland, in the process capturing Forchheim and its fortress. Nuremberg finally surrendered to Brandenburg-Kulmbach on June 19, 1552. Brandenburg-Kulmbach was also able to capture the Imperial City of Schweinfurt, which would become an important base for further conquests. Albert entered extortive treaties with the Prince-Bishoprics of Würzburg and Bamberg, requiring them to make him large payments and surrender land to avoid conquest. Eventually, he conquered Bamberg outright. These treaties were not recognized by Emperor Charles V, who placed Albert under an Imperial ban. However, since Charles was partially reliant on Albert's troops at his Siege of Metz, the ban was reversed, and Charles tacitly allowed Albert to carry on.In the summer of 1552, Albert marched into the Rhineland in an attempt to join his armies with those of the Kingdom of France against the Emperor. Albert started conflicts with the Electorates of Mainz and Trier along the way, also feuding with Speyer, Worms, Oppenheim, Verdun, and Frankfurt, among others. He demanded 150,000 Gulden from the Prince-Bishopric of Speyer, when it did not oblige, he destroyed the castles of Madenburg and Hambach. The ruins of Hambach Castle would later become an early symbol of the German nationalist and democratic movement. The Peace of Passau, which provided a conclusion to the Second Schmalkaldic war in August 1553, failed to validate Albert's territorial ambitions, motivating him to continue fighting.
Albert's destructive path through the Holy Roman Empire made him the enemy of many Princes, who eventually formed several leagues against him. Brandenburg-Kulmbach's immediate neighbors formed a Franconian League, while his opponents in other areas formed a Heidelberg League which quickly allied itself with the Franconian one. With Brandenburg-Kulmbach's troops caught up in Lower Saxony, where Albert was levying troops, armies from Nuremberg, Würzburg and Bamberg reconquered castles and land that had been seized by Albert earlier in Franconia, while the armies of Brunswick and Saxony made their way to Schweinfurt. | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Second Margrave War",
"participant",
"Electorate of Saxony"
] | On July 9, 1553, the allied troops of Elector Maurice of Saxony and Duke Henry V of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel engaged Albert's troops at the massive Battle of Sievershausen. Brunswick and Saxony won a decisive victory, but at the cost of thousands of lives: Maurice himself was killed in the battle, while Henry lost both of his sons. With 12,000 casualties, the battle was one of the bloodiest to have been fought on Lower Saxon territory.
With his levied army mostly defeated, the path to Brandenburg-Kulmbach lay open for invasion. Troops from Brunswick, Bohemia, Bamberg, Nuremberg, and other parts of the Empire streamed into the Franconian heartland. Hof and Bayreuth were put to the flame, while countless castles and towns in Albert's domain were destroyed. On St. Conrad's Day, 26 November 1553, Albert's residence of Kulmbach was sacked and destroyed, with many civilians being massacred or fleeing the town. The Plassenburg closed its gates to the fleeing civilians and remained unconquered for almost another year, until July 1554. As the tide of the war decisively turned against Albert, the Imperial Ban against him was reinstated. Albert attempted to save his home and marched his troops into Franconia once more, but was again defeated in battle at Schwarzach, after which he was forced to surrender the Plassenburg, which was slighted. Albert initially fled to France, then finding refuge with the family of his sister Kunigunde, whose husband was Charles II, Margrave of Baden-Durlach. He died in Pforzheim a few years later, on January 8, 1557. His possessions underwent imperial sequestration under the administration of the Bohemian chancellor Count von Schlick, and after Albert's death they passed to his cousin, George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, who oversaw a rebirth of the war-weary territories. | null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Second Margrave War",
"participant",
"Margraviate of Meissen"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Second Margrave War",
"participant",
"Electorate of Mainz"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Second Margrave War",
"participant",
"Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Second Margrave War",
"participant",
"Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Second Margrave War",
"participant",
"Prince-Bishopric of Speyer"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)",
"participant",
"Ottoman Empire"
] | The Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555 was one of the many military conflicts fought between the two arch rivals, the Ottoman Empire led by Suleiman the Magnificent, and the Safavid Empire led by Tahmasp I.Background
The war was triggered by territorial disputes between the two empires, especially when the Bey of Bitlis decided to put himself under Persian protection. Also, Tahmasp had the governor of Baghdad, a sympathiser of Suleiman, assassinated.
On the diplomatic front, Safavids had been engaged in discussions with the Habsburgs for the formation of a Habsburg–Persian alliance that would attack the Ottoman Empire on two fronts. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)",
"participant",
"Safavid dynasty"
] | The Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555 was one of the many military conflicts fought between the two arch rivals, the Ottoman Empire led by Suleiman the Magnificent, and the Safavid Empire led by Tahmasp I.Background
The war was triggered by territorial disputes between the two empires, especially when the Bey of Bitlis decided to put himself under Persian protection. Also, Tahmasp had the governor of Baghdad, a sympathiser of Suleiman, assassinated.
On the diplomatic front, Safavids had been engaged in discussions with the Habsburgs for the formation of a Habsburg–Persian alliance that would attack the Ottoman Empire on two fronts. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Conquest of Tunis (1535)",
"participant",
"Ottoman Empire"
] | Background
In 1533, Suleiman the Magnificent ordered Hayreddin Barbarossa, whom he had summoned from Algiers, to build a large war fleet in the arsenal of Constantinople. Altogether 70 galleys were built during the winter of 1533–1534, manned by slave oarsmen, including 2,000 Jewish ones. With this fleet, Barbarossa conducted aggressive raids along the coast of Italy, until he conquered Tunis on 16 August 1534, ousting the local ruler, theretofore subservient to the Spanish, Muley Hasan. Barbarossa thus established a strong naval base in Tunis, which could be used for raids in the region, and on nearby Malta.Charles V assembled a large army of some 30,000 soldiers, 74 galleys (rowed by chained Protestants shipped in from Antwerp), and 300 sailing ships, including the carrack Santa Anna and the Portuguese galleon São João Baptista (the most powerful ship in the world at the time) to drive the Ottomans from the region. The expense involved for Charles V was considerable, and at 1,000,000 ducats was on par with the cost of Charles' campaign against Suleiman on the Danube. Unexpectedly, the funding of the conquest of Tunis came from the galleons sailing in from the New World, in the form of a 2 million gold ducats treasure extracted by Francisco Pizarro in exchange for his releasing of the Inca king Atahualpa (whom he nevertheless executed on 29 August 1533).Despite a request by Charles V, Francis I denied French support to the expedition, explaining that he was under a three-year truce with Barbarossa following the 1533 Ottoman embassy to France. Francis I was also under negotiations with Suleiman the Magnificent for a combined attack on Charles V, following the 1534 Ottoman embassy. Francis I only agreed to Pope Paul III's request that no fight between Christians occur during the time of the expedition. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Count's Feud",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Count's Feud"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Oronsay Priory",
"located on terrain feature",
"Oronsay"
] | Oronsay Priory was a monastery of canons regular on the island of Oronsay, Inner Hebrides, Argyll, off the coast of Scotland. It was in existence by 1353 under the patronage of John of Islay, Lord of the Isles. It was dedicated to St. Columba, and perhaps was a continuation or a re-activation of an older foundation. Very little is known about it because of the absence of records and its remoteness from the Scottish Lowlands, but on occasions some of the Priors of Oronsay come into the records. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Siege of Metz (1552)",
"participant",
"Holy Roman Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Siege of Metz (1552)",
"different from",
"Siege of Metz"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Siege of Metz (1552)",
"different from",
"Siege of Metz"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Siege of Metz (1552)",
"different from",
"Siege of Metz"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Siege of Metz (1552)",
"different from",
"Battle of Metz"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Siege of Metz (1552)",
"different from",
"Siege of Metz"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Siege of Metz (1552)",
"different from",
"Siege of Metz"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Siege of Metz (1552)",
"different from",
"Siege of Metz"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Siege of Gassantoda Castle",
"participant",
"Ōuchi Yoshitaka"
] | The Siege of Gassantoda Castle (月山富田城の戦い, Gassan Toda-jō no Tatakai) was a battle during the Sengoku period (16th century) of Japan.
The siege of the castle was personally led by Ōuchi Yoshitaka against Gassantoda Castle located within Izumo Province, under the control of Amago Haruhisa.
In this battle Mori Motonari penetrated deep into the Amago clan territory but their supply line was broken and Kikkawa Okitsune (吉川興経) betrayed them. Motonari surrounded Gassantoda castle (富田城) but the Ōuchi troops retreated. During the retreat Motonari almost lost his life, but his general, Watanabe Hajime tried to sacrifice his life, so he can get away by fighting to the death. Motonari returned safely to Aki Province.
After a long, hard-fought siege, Haruhisa ended in victory, and as a result of the battle, the power of the Ōuchi clan weakened.
Yoshitaka, who had failed in his attempt, withdrew to Yamaguchi, in which he indulged himself with "more and more in pleasures", until he was deposed by his retainer, Sue Harukata, in the Tainei-ji incident. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Siege of Gassantoda Castle",
"participant",
"Mōri Motonari"
] | The Siege of Gassantoda Castle (月山富田城の戦い, Gassan Toda-jō no Tatakai) was a battle during the Sengoku period (16th century) of Japan.
The siege of the castle was personally led by Ōuchi Yoshitaka against Gassantoda Castle located within Izumo Province, under the control of Amago Haruhisa.
In this battle Mori Motonari penetrated deep into the Amago clan territory but their supply line was broken and Kikkawa Okitsune (吉川興経) betrayed them. Motonari surrounded Gassantoda castle (富田城) but the Ōuchi troops retreated. During the retreat Motonari almost lost his life, but his general, Watanabe Hajime tried to sacrifice his life, so he can get away by fighting to the death. Motonari returned safely to Aki Province.
After a long, hard-fought siege, Haruhisa ended in victory, and as a result of the battle, the power of the Ōuchi clan weakened.
Yoshitaka, who had failed in his attempt, withdrew to Yamaguchi, in which he indulged himself with "more and more in pleasures", until he was deposed by his retainer, Sue Harukata, in the Tainei-ji incident. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Siege of Gassantoda Castle",
"participant",
"Amago Haruhisa"
] | The Siege of Gassantoda Castle (月山富田城の戦い, Gassan Toda-jō no Tatakai) was a battle during the Sengoku period (16th century) of Japan.
The siege of the castle was personally led by Ōuchi Yoshitaka against Gassantoda Castle located within Izumo Province, under the control of Amago Haruhisa.
In this battle Mori Motonari penetrated deep into the Amago clan territory but their supply line was broken and Kikkawa Okitsune (吉川興経) betrayed them. Motonari surrounded Gassantoda castle (富田城) but the Ōuchi troops retreated. During the retreat Motonari almost lost his life, but his general, Watanabe Hajime tried to sacrifice his life, so he can get away by fighting to the death. Motonari returned safely to Aki Province.
After a long, hard-fought siege, Haruhisa ended in victory, and as a result of the battle, the power of the Ōuchi clan weakened.
Yoshitaka, who had failed in his attempt, withdrew to Yamaguchi, in which he indulged himself with "more and more in pleasures", until he was deposed by his retainer, Sue Harukata, in the Tainei-ji incident. | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Siege of Gassantoda Castle",
"different from",
"Siege of Gassan Toda"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Late Horizon",
"follows",
"Late Intermediate Period"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Sieges of Boulogne (1544–1546)",
"different from",
"Siege of Boulogne"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Tainei-ji incident",
"participant",
"Sue Harukata"
] | The Tainei-ji incident (大寧寺の変, Taineiji no Hen) was a coup in September 1551 by Sue Takafusa (later known as Sue Harukata) against Ōuchi Yoshitaka, hegemon daimyō of western Japan, which ended in the latter's forced suicide in Tainei-ji, a temple in Nagato Province. The coup put an abrupt end to the prosperity of the Ōuchi clan, though they ruled western Japan in name for another six years under the figurehead Ōuchi Yoshinaga, who was not related to the Ōuchi by blood.Aftermath
After the coup, Takafusa invited the younger brother of Ōtomo Sōrin, Haruhide, as the new head of the Ōuchi clan since this was promised to the Ōtomo in order to gain their support. Ōtomo Haruhide hence became known as Ōuchi Yoshinaga, but Sue Takafusa (known as Sue Harukata after the coup) remained the one pulling the strings behind the scenes. This arrangement alienated his co-conspirators, since they agreed only that Yoshitaka be overthrown in favour of his son. Now that both were dead, Sue Harukata placed the blame on Sugi Shigenori and put him to death. Apprehensive of further purges by Harukata, Naitō Okimori went into retirement and died in 1554.
Mōri Motonari bided his time until 1554, when he declared that the emperor ordered him to punish those who killed Yoshitaka, and rebelled against the nominal Ōuchi government. Sue Harukata was driven to suicide by his defeat at the hands of Motonari in the Battle of Itsukushima in 1555, and in 1557 Ōuchi Yoshinaga followed. The Mōri came to possess the Ōuchi lands in western Honshu hereafter.The city of Yamaguchi was burned during the coup, and looting and violence ran rampant for days after the coup had ended. The Jesuit Juan Fernández, who was at the scene of the chaos in Yamaguchi with Cosme de Torres, described the ensuing violence as "so destructive and deadly that the town was on fire and overflowed with blood for the space of eight days; for with the laws in abeyance, victorious wickedness raged everywhere with impunity, murder and plunder in all directions". The missionaries, despite being harassed during the chaos, escaped harm thanks to the protection given to them by the wife of Naitō Okimori, who was friendly to the Christians. Much was lost when the Ōuchi manor was sacked, including the family archives, countless artifacts, and documents of court rites brought from Kyoto by the courtiers anticipating the move of the capital. (Even the cranes in the Ōuchi household garden were butchered.) Despite efforts at rebuilding, the city was burned again in 1557 and 1569 in the warfare between the Mōri and the Ōuchi claimants, such that in a space of thirty years after the coup, "no sign of its earlier prosperity remained".The downfall of the Ōuchi had far-reaching consequence beyond western Honshu. Since the courtiers in Yamaguchi were slaughtered, the imperial court in Kyoto became at the mercy of Miyoshi Nagayoshi. Warriors across Japan no longer ruled through the court but only used it to confer legitimacy. The once-peaceful Ōuchi territories in northern Kyushu descended into warfare among the Ōtomo, the Shimazu, and the Ryūzōji, who struggled to fill the void. The Ōtomo came to control much of these former Ōuchi domains in northern Kyushu, and their city of Funai flourished as a new centre of trade after the fall of Yamaguchi. At sea, foreign trade with China also suffered. The Ōuchi had been the official handlers of the Japan-China trade, but the Ming Chinese refused to acknowledge the usurpers and cut off all official trade between the two countries. Clandestine trade and piracy replaced the official trade of the Ōuchi, as the Ōtomo, the Sagara, and the Shimazu vied with each other to send ships to China. In the end, it was the Portuguese traders, with their near exclusive access to the Chinese market, who became the most successful intermediaries of the Japan–China trade for the rest of the 16th century. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Tainei-ji incident",
"participant",
"Ōuchi Yoshitaka"
] | The Tainei-ji incident (大寧寺の変, Taineiji no Hen) was a coup in September 1551 by Sue Takafusa (later known as Sue Harukata) against Ōuchi Yoshitaka, hegemon daimyō of western Japan, which ended in the latter's forced suicide in Tainei-ji, a temple in Nagato Province. The coup put an abrupt end to the prosperity of the Ōuchi clan, though they ruled western Japan in name for another six years under the figurehead Ōuchi Yoshinaga, who was not related to the Ōuchi by blood.Background
The Ōuchi clan was one of the most powerful and important families in Japan during the reign of the Ashikaga shogunate in the 12th to 16th centuries. Expanding out from Suō Province towards the western end of Honshu, the Ōuchi domains at their height comprised six provinces. They were among the primary families involved in foreign trade and relations, particularly with China. Under the patronage of the 31st family head Ōuchi Yoshitaka, the Ōuchi home city Yamaguchi prospered greatly from the cultivation of the arts and foreign trade, attracting famed artists, Chinese merchants, and Jesuit missionaries (such as Francis Xavier) to his city.At the same time, Yoshitaka fostered a close relationship with Emperor Go-Nara in Kyoto, and sponsored many imperial rites that the imperial court could not have afforded otherwise. On March 27, 1551, the embattled emperor appointed Ōuchi Yoshitaka as Acting Governor of Yamashiro (山城権守), the home province where the imperial capital Kyoto was located, in a bid to leverage the Ōuchi against the ravages of the warlord Miyoshi Nagayoshi, who occupied the capital. Yoshitaka, as Acting Governor of Yamashiro and, by extension, the protector of the court, embarked on a daring plan to relocate the emperor and the court to Yamaguchi. High-ranking courtiers and performers of imperial rites moved to Yamaguchi, including dignitaries such as former regent (kampaku) Nijō Tadafusa and retired Grand Minister (Sadaijin) Sanjō Kin'yori (三条公頼; father-in-law of Takeda Shingen). By the end of the eighth month of 1551, nearly the whole court, save for the emperor himself and the palace ladies, was in Yamaguchi.The military establishment of the Ōuchi opposed Yoshitaka's plan to settle the imperial court in Yamaguchi: such a move would see privileges accorded to the courtiers and undermine the military's standing in the Ōuchi clan. In addition, the plan was prohibitively expensive. This faction, represented by Sue Takafusa, also felt that Yoshitaka had become "weak" due to his complete obsession with the arts to the detriment of military matters after the failed siege of Toda Castle in 1543 against the Amago clan. Sue Takafusa, one of Yoshitaka's deputy shugodai, also took personal offence at the rise of the calligrapher Sagara Taketō, who benefitted from Yoshitaka's inward turn toward literary and courtly pursuits.
Takafusa's dissatisfaction was such that another of Yoshitaka's shugodai, Sugi Shigenori (杉重矩), warned that Takafusa had started conspiring against Yoshitaka by extension. However, Yoshitaka dismissed the threat, which caused Shigenori to lose confidence in Yoshitaka's judgement and to throw his lot in with Takafusa. Yoshitaka apparently placed his faith in his ally Mōri Motonari to come to his rescue in case trouble came from within; he did not know that Takafusa had already gotten Motonari's tacit approval for his coup. At the eve of his rebellion, Takafusa not only gained the support of fellow Ōuchi shugodai Sugi Shigenori and Naitō Okimori (内藤興盛), but also that of the Ōuchi's rival daimyō Ōtomo Sōrin in Kyushu. He was also supported financially by the merchants of Sakai, who were incensed at Yoshitaka's tolerance and patronage of the Murakami pirates collecting tolls on the Seto Inland Sea's traffic lanes. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Northern Seven Years' War",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Northern Seven Years' War"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)",
"participant",
"history of Sweden (1523–1611)"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)",
"participant",
"Tsardom of Russia"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Battles of Kawanakajima",
"participant",
"Takeda Shingen"
] | The Battles of Kawanakajima (川中島の戦い, Kawanakajima no tatakai) were a series of battles fought in the Sengoku period of Japan between Takeda Shingen of Kai Province and Uesugi Kenshin of Echigo Province from 1553 to 1564.
Shingen and Kenshin contested each other for control of the plain of Kawanakajima between the Sai River and Chikuma River in northern Shinano Province, located in the present-day city of Nagano. The battles were triggered after Shingen conquered Shinano, expelling Ogasawara Nagatoki and Murakami Yoshikiyo, who subsequently turned to Kenshin for help. Five major battles of Kawanakajima occurred: Fuse in 1553, Saigawa in 1555, Uenohara in 1557, Hachimanbara in 1561, and Shiozaki in 1564. The most famous and severe battle was fought on 18 October 1561 in the heart of the Kawanakajima plain, thus being known the Battle of Kawanakajima. The battles were ultimately inconclusive and neither Shingen or Kenshin established their control over the plain of Kawanakajima.
The Battles of Kawanakajima became one of "the most cherished tales in Japanese military history", the epitome of Japanese chivalry and romance, mentioned in epic literature, woodblock printing, and movies.Second battle
From August to November 1555 the second battle of Kawanakajima, also known as the "Battle of Saigawa", began when Takeda Shingen returned to Kawanakajima, advancing up to the Sai River. He made camp on a hill to the south of the river, while Uesugi Kenshin was camped just east of the Zenkō-ji temple, which provided him an excellent view of the plain. However, the Kurita clan, allies of the Takeda, held Asahiyama fortress a few kilometers to the west; they menaced the Uesugi right flank. Kurita Kakuju's defenses were bolstered by 3,000 Takeda warriors, of whom 800 were archers and 300 arquebusiers.The main battle was almost shadowed by the number of Kenshin's attacks (siege) against the Asahiyama fortress, but all were repulsed. Eventually he moved his army onto the plain, redirecting his attention to Takeda's main force. However, rather than attacking, both armies waited, for months, for the other to make a move. Finally, battle was avoided as both leaders retired to deal with domestic affairs in their home provinces. The peace was mediated by Imagawa Yoshimoto. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Battles of Kawanakajima",
"participant",
"Uesugi Kenshin"
] | The Battles of Kawanakajima (川中島の戦い, Kawanakajima no tatakai) were a series of battles fought in the Sengoku period of Japan between Takeda Shingen of Kai Province and Uesugi Kenshin of Echigo Province from 1553 to 1564.
Shingen and Kenshin contested each other for control of the plain of Kawanakajima between the Sai River and Chikuma River in northern Shinano Province, located in the present-day city of Nagano. The battles were triggered after Shingen conquered Shinano, expelling Ogasawara Nagatoki and Murakami Yoshikiyo, who subsequently turned to Kenshin for help. Five major battles of Kawanakajima occurred: Fuse in 1553, Saigawa in 1555, Uenohara in 1557, Hachimanbara in 1561, and Shiozaki in 1564. The most famous and severe battle was fought on 18 October 1561 in the heart of the Kawanakajima plain, thus being known the Battle of Kawanakajima. The battles were ultimately inconclusive and neither Shingen or Kenshin established their control over the plain of Kawanakajima.
The Battles of Kawanakajima became one of "the most cherished tales in Japanese military history", the epitome of Japanese chivalry and romance, mentioned in epic literature, woodblock printing, and movies. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Siege of Inverness (1562)",
"different from",
"Siege of Inverness"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Siege of Inverness (1562)",
"different from",
"Siege of Inverness"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Siege of Inverness (1562)",
"different from",
"Siege of Inverness"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Siege of Inverness (1562)",
"different from",
"Siege of Inverness"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Siege of Inverness (1562)",
"different from",
"Siege of Inverness"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Siege of Inverness (1562)",
"different from",
"Siege of Inverness"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Fall of Antwerp",
"different from",
"Siege of Antwerp"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Fall of Antwerp",
"different from",
"Siege of Antwerp"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Fall of Antwerp",
"different from",
"Siege of Antwerp"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Siege of Deventer (1578)",
"different from",
"Siege of Deventer (1813-1814)"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Siege of Deventer (1578)",
"different from",
"Siege of Deventer (1456)"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Siege of Deventer (1578)",
"different from",
"Siege of Deventer (1591)"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Conquest of Tunis (1574)",
"participant",
"Ottoman Empire"
] | Background
Tunis had initially been conquered by the Ottomans under Hayreddin Barbarossa in 1534. In the next year, however, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V had launched a major expedition and captured it in turn. He established a garrison and a vassal ruler in the person of Lhacène of the Hafsid dynasty. The Bey of Algiers Uluj Ali Pasha captured Tunis in 1569 for the Ottoman Empire, but in the aftermath of the 1571 Christian victory at the Battle of Lepanto, John of Austria managed to take Tunis in October 1573.Capture of Tunis
In 1574, William of Orange and Charles IX of France, through his pro-Huguenot ambassador François de Noailles, Bishop of Dax, tried to obtain the support of the Ottoman ruler Selim II in order to open a new front against the Spanish king Philip II. Selim II sent his support through a messenger, who endeavoured to put the Dutch in contact with the rebellious Moriscos of Spain and the pirates of Algiers. Selim also sent a great fleet to attack Tunis in the Autumn of 1574, thus succeeding in reducing Spanish pressure on the Dutch.In the Battle of La Goleta, Selim II mustered a fleet of between 250 and 300 warships, with about 75,000 men. The Ottoman fleet was commanded by Sinan Pacha and Alūj Ali. The Ottoman fleet combined with troops sent by the governors of Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis, giving a combined strength of about 100,000. The army attacked Tunis and La Goleta; the presidio of La Goleta, defended by 7,000 men, fell on 24 August 1574. The last Christian troops in a small fort opposite Tunis surrendered on 13 September 1574.
John of Austria attempted to relieve the siege with a fleet of galleys from Naples and Sicily but failed due to storms. The Spanish crown, being heavily involved in the Netherlands and short of funds was unable to help significantly.Miguel de Cervantes, future author of Don Quixote, participated in these events as a soldier, and was among the troops of Don Juan of Austria which tried to rescue the city. He claims that the Ottomans led 22 assaults against the fort of Tunis, losing 25,000 men, while only 300 Christians survived. He wrote about the battle:"If Goleta and the fort, put together, held barely 7,000 soldiers, how could such a small force, however resolute, come out and hold its own against so huge an enemy army. And how can you help losing a stronghold that is not relieved, and especially when it is surrounded by a stubborn and very numerous army, and on its own ground?"
Abd al-Malik, the future Moroccan King, participated in the 1574 conquest of Tunis on the side of the Ottomans.Gabrio Serbelloni was the commander of the fort of Tunis. The general of La Goleta, Don Pedro Portocarerro, was taken as a captive to Constantinople, but died on the way. The captured soldiers were employed as slaves on galleys.
The battle marked the final establishment of Ottoman rule in Tunis, putting an end to the Hafsid dynasty and the Spanish presence in Tunis. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Album amicorum van Johannes Franck",
"owned by",
"Johan Franck"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Album amicorum van Jacob van Bronckhorst van Batenburg",
"owned by",
"Jacob van Bronckhorst-Batenburg"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
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