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⌀ | __index_level_0__
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2.4k
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Fifth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Eighth Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Fifth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Fourth Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Fifth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Ninth Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Fifth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Second Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Fifth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Seventh Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Fifth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Sixth Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Siege of Kanegasaki (1337)",
"different from",
"Siege of Kanegasaki"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Siege of Kanegasaki (1337)",
"participant",
"Shiba Takatsune"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Siege of Kanegasaki (1337)",
"participant",
"Nitta Yoshisada"
] | The 1337 siege of Kanegasaki (金ヶ崎の戦い, Kanegasaki no Tatakai) was the final battle for the Nitta family in their support of the Southern Imperial Court against the Ashikaga Pretenders of the Northern Court.
Nitta Yoshisada's fortress at Kanegasaki was besieged for three months by forces in support of Ashikaga Takauji. Nitta's ally Uryū Tamotsu was forced back to the fortress of Somayama in March 1337, and Nitta Yoshisada joined him there soon afterwards, hoping to lead a counterstrike to lift the siege. This failed, and the occupants of the besieged castle, having run out of food and water, were forced to eat horseflesh to survive. In accordance with Buddhist belief, this was close to the worst disgrace one could face; eating horseflesh was believed to break one's karma, forcing them to be reborn in the next life as an animal or something worse.Nevertheless, the defenders held out for twenty days longer, and on April 7, Kō no Moroyasu, commander of the besieging army, broke through the walls and took the fortress. Prince Takanaga and Nitta Yoshiaki, son of Yoshisada, were forced to take their own lives. Prince Tsunenaga escaped, but was captured soon afterwards and killed as well. | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Zhizheng",
"followed by",
"Xuanguang (Northern Yuan Dynasty)"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Zhizheng",
"follows",
"Zhiyuan era"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Zhizheng",
"followed by",
"Hongwu era"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Siege of Ypres (1383)",
"different from",
"Siege of Ypres"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Siege of Ypres (1383)",
"different from",
"Siege of Ypres (1794)"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"War of the Breton Succession",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Breton War of Succession"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Despenser War",
"different from",
"Despenser's Crusade"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Despenser War",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Despenser War"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Fourth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Fourth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Capture of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Fourth siege of Gibraltar",
"followed by",
"Third Siege of Gibraltar"
] | The fourth siege of Gibraltar, fought from June until August 1333, pitted a Christian army under King Alfonso XI of Castile against a large Moorish army led by Muhammed IV of Granada and Abd al-Malik Abd al-Wahid of Fes. It followed on immediately from the third siege of Gibraltar, fought earlier in 1333. The siege began inauspiciously with a disastrous landing by Castilian forces on the west side of Gibraltar, before developing into a stalemate in which neither side had the strength to capture Gibraltar, nor to break out or lift the siege. Both sides faced acute shortages of food – the Gibraltar garrison was cut off from resupply, while the Castilians, deep within enemy territory, could only be resupplied via an unreliable sea route. After two months of inconclusive siege warfare, the Castilians and Moors reached a truce agreement that allowed both sides to make an honourable exit from the siege. Although the Moors managed to keep Gibraltar, the truce cost Muhammed IV his life when he was assassinated by disgruntled nobles the day after signing it. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Fourth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Third Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Fourth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Tenth Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Fourth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Fourth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Great Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Fourth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"First Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Fourth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Eighth Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Fourth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Fifth Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Fourth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Ninth Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Fourth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Second Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Fourth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Seventh Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Fourth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Sixth Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Barbary Crusade",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Mahdian Crusade"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Great Frisian War",
"participant",
"tom Brok"
] | Background
The immediate cause of the war was a feud between the East Frisian tom Brok and Abdena families that got out of hand. Underlying reasons can be found in the civil struggles that existed throughout Frisia during the 14th and 15th centuries, having escalated from constant disputes in which one side would react with increasing hostility to the actions of the other. In these struggles, feuding parties would seek alignment with other opponents of their enemies and in doing so weaved an intricate web of alliances and loyalties. What also played a role in many disputes were the interests of the Frisian chieftains, who either strove to increase their power or to maintain the status quo.
In the Great Frisian War two parties opposed each other, composed of different groups from all over Frisia. One side was made up by the Skieringers (Dutch: Schieringers) in Middle Frisia, the van Heeckeren family in the city of Groningen, opponents of the Onsta family in the Ommelanden, and the Abdena family of Hisko Abdena in East Frisia. The other side, who together formed the Allies, were the Fetkeapers (Dutch: Vetkopers) in Middle Friesland, the van Bronckhorst and Onsta families in modern-day Groningen, and the tom Brok family of Keno II tom Brok in East Frisia. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Great Frisian War",
"participant",
"van Bronckhorst"
] | Background
The immediate cause of the war was a feud between the East Frisian tom Brok and Abdena families that got out of hand. Underlying reasons can be found in the civil struggles that existed throughout Frisia during the 14th and 15th centuries, having escalated from constant disputes in which one side would react with increasing hostility to the actions of the other. In these struggles, feuding parties would seek alignment with other opponents of their enemies and in doing so weaved an intricate web of alliances and loyalties. What also played a role in many disputes were the interests of the Frisian chieftains, who either strove to increase their power or to maintain the status quo.
In the Great Frisian War two parties opposed each other, composed of different groups from all over Frisia. One side was made up by the Skieringers (Dutch: Schieringers) in Middle Frisia, the van Heeckeren family in the city of Groningen, opponents of the Onsta family in the Ommelanden, and the Abdena family of Hisko Abdena in East Frisia. The other side, who together formed the Allies, were the Fetkeapers (Dutch: Vetkopers) in Middle Friesland, the van Bronckhorst and Onsta families in modern-day Groningen, and the tom Brok family of Keno II tom Brok in East Frisia. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Great Frisian War",
"participant",
"Vetkopers and Schieringers"
] | Background
The immediate cause of the war was a feud between the East Frisian tom Brok and Abdena families that got out of hand. Underlying reasons can be found in the civil struggles that existed throughout Frisia during the 14th and 15th centuries, having escalated from constant disputes in which one side would react with increasing hostility to the actions of the other. In these struggles, feuding parties would seek alignment with other opponents of their enemies and in doing so weaved an intricate web of alliances and loyalties. What also played a role in many disputes were the interests of the Frisian chieftains, who either strove to increase their power or to maintain the status quo.
In the Great Frisian War two parties opposed each other, composed of different groups from all over Frisia. One side was made up by the Skieringers (Dutch: Schieringers) in Middle Frisia, the van Heeckeren family in the city of Groningen, opponents of the Onsta family in the Ommelanden, and the Abdena family of Hisko Abdena in East Frisia. The other side, who together formed the Allies, were the Fetkeapers (Dutch: Vetkopers) in Middle Friesland, the van Bronckhorst and Onsta families in modern-day Groningen, and the tom Brok family of Keno II tom Brok in East Frisia. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Great Frisian War",
"participant",
"Van Heeckeren"
] | Background
The immediate cause of the war was a feud between the East Frisian tom Brok and Abdena families that got out of hand. Underlying reasons can be found in the civil struggles that existed throughout Frisia during the 14th and 15th centuries, having escalated from constant disputes in which one side would react with increasing hostility to the actions of the other. In these struggles, feuding parties would seek alignment with other opponents of their enemies and in doing so weaved an intricate web of alliances and loyalties. What also played a role in many disputes were the interests of the Frisian chieftains, who either strove to increase their power or to maintain the status quo.
In the Great Frisian War two parties opposed each other, composed of different groups from all over Frisia. One side was made up by the Skieringers (Dutch: Schieringers) in Middle Frisia, the van Heeckeren family in the city of Groningen, opponents of the Onsta family in the Ommelanden, and the Abdena family of Hisko Abdena in East Frisia. The other side, who together formed the Allies, were the Fetkeapers (Dutch: Vetkopers) in Middle Friesland, the van Bronckhorst and Onsta families in modern-day Groningen, and the tom Brok family of Keno II tom Brok in East Frisia. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Great Frisian War",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Great Frisian War"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Lithuanian Crusade",
"participant",
"Livonian Order"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Lithuanian Crusade",
"participant",
"Teutonic Order"
] | Phases of the conflict
Beginnings and Vytenis's rule (1283–1315)
In 1283, chronicler Peter of Dusburg noted that the Teutonic Order finalized its conquest of Prussia and of the Yotvingians. Some Yotvingians retreated to Lithuania, and some the crusaders deported to Sambia. The Lithuanian Crusade began in the winter of 1283.
The first target of the Teutons was Bisenė on the western Lithuanian border. Teutonic soldiers commanded by Prussian Landmeister Konrad von Thierberg crossed the frozen Neman River and attacked the Lithuanian fortress in the morning. It fell in the afternoon and was burned to the ground. After the burning of Kolainiai in 1291 and Bisenė in 1316, Junigeda (now called Veliuona) became the westernmost Lithuanian fortress along the river. In 1298, Lithuanian leader Vytenis attacked the Livonian crusaders in Courland, a part of the Archdiocese of Riga.: 29 After initial successes by the crusaders, the two sides fought in the Battle of Turaida after Vytenis forged an alliance with the citizens of Riga, a city ostensibly under the control of the Livonian Order.: 55–59 The conflicts resumed with the coronation of Grand Duke Vytenis of Lithuania in 1303. Vytenis wanted to confront Lithuania's northern and eastern neighbors. He sent 2,000 armed knights to his borders: 23 , while isolated Lithuanian troops raided Prussia. More stable after suppressing the Prussian revolts of 1283, the Teutonic Order sent military units to Semigallia and Skalvia, then under Lithuanian control. Several years of relative calm followed until the Teutonic Order decided to strike at Samogitia.: 52 The Teutonic Knights organized around 20 raids into the region. Vytenis took measures to undermine the influence of local Samogitian nobles, evidenced by an increasing number of traitors and refugees. The Livonian Order consolidated its control over Semigallia, where Lithuanians had garrisons since the Battle of Aizkraukle. In 1313, the Livonian Order captured Dynaburg Castle, which the Lithuanians had controlled since 1281.
To better demarcate and defend its eastern border against the Lithuanian advances, the Teutonic Order took to erecting small fortresses and fortified houses. The garrisons often contained a few knights with more soldiers and squires. The defenders left only to raid Lithuanian lands. The forts were menacing just because of their strategic location. Some of the most imposing were in Neman, Sovetsk, and Mayovka.: 90–91 Vytenis reacted to the movements of the order in 1311 by directing his best cavalry toward Masuria and unreinforced areas of the Prussian border. Despite 4,000 Lithuanian cavalry, they were surprised and expelled by forces led by Landmarschall Heinrich von Plötzke.: 53–54 But the Christian population's general fear of the "savage pagans" did not change with the victory, especially not among German colonists in rural areas of the order's territory.: 53–54 Vytenis's last great attack came in October 1315, shortly before his death.: 55Timeline
Background
1230 — Seven Teutonic knights and their nearly 750 followers arrive at the mouth of the Vistula in the south of Chełmno Land under the command of Prussian Hermann Balk.
1236 — Battle of Saule on September 22, with a crushing defeat for the Livonian Brothers of the Sword
1237 — Assimilation of the indebted Livonian Brothers into the Teutonic Order
1242 — Defeat of a Teutonic contingent on Lake Peipus by Alexander Nevsky; the first Prussian uprisings after the attacks of Batu Khan in the region
1244 — Battle of Embūte
1251 — Lithuanian duke Mindaugas converts to Christianity, although he re-adopts Lithuanian beliefs around 1260.
1259 — Battle of Skuodas on August 5, with a victory by the Livonian Order under Burchard von Hornhausen
1260 — Battle of Durbe on July 13; second wave of Prussian uprisings
1270 — Battle of Karuse
1275–1299 — Irregular Lithuanian military campaigns, partly on behalf of the Archbishopric of Riga, in Semigallia
1279 — Battle of Aizkraukle on March 5, between the Livonian knights and the Samogitians, with victory going to the latter
1287 — Battle of Garoza
1298 — Battle of Turaida | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Lithuanian Crusade",
"participant",
"Grand Duchy of Lithuania"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Lithuanian Crusade",
"participant",
"history of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Lithuanian Crusade",
"participant",
"Duchy of Samogitia"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Siege of Krujë (1466–1467)",
"followed by",
"Siege of Krujë"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Battle of Hermannstadt",
"participant",
"Ottoman Empire"
] | The Battle of Hermannstadt, also known as the Battle of Sibiu or the Battle of Szeben, was fought between the army of the Hungarian Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire on March 18 and March 22, 1442, near Marosszentimre and Hermannstadt (Szeben), (today Sântimbru and Sibiu, Romania). The Hungarian forces were commanded by John Hunyadi. Hermannstadt was Hunyadi's third victory over the Ottomans after the relief of Smederevo in 1437 and the defeat of Ishak Beg midway between Semendria and Belgrade in 1441. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Battle of Hermannstadt",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Hungary"
] | The Battle of Hermannstadt, also known as the Battle of Sibiu or the Battle of Szeben, was fought between the army of the Hungarian Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire on March 18 and March 22, 1442, near Marosszentimre and Hermannstadt (Szeben), (today Sântimbru and Sibiu, Romania). The Hungarian forces were commanded by John Hunyadi. Hermannstadt was Hunyadi's third victory over the Ottomans after the relief of Smederevo in 1437 and the defeat of Ishak Beg midway between Semendria and Belgrade in 1441. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Siege of Belgrade (1456)",
"participant",
"Ottoman Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Siege of Belgrade (1456)",
"different from",
"Siege of Belgrade (1521)"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Siege of Belgrade (1456)",
"different from",
"Siege of Belgrade"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Siege of Belgrade (1456)",
"different from",
"Siege of Belgrade"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Siege of Belgrade (1456)",
"different from",
"Capture of Belgrade"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Siege of Belgrade (1456)",
"different from",
"Siege of Belgrade"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Siege of Belgrade (1456)",
"different from",
"Siege of Belgrade"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Siege of Belgrade (1456)",
"different from",
"Siege of Belgrade"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Siege of Belgrade (1456)",
"different from",
"Avar sieges of Singidunum"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Siege of Belgrade (1456)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Siege of Belgrade (1456)"
] | The siege of Belgrade, Battle of Belgrade or siege of Nándorfehérvár (Hungarian: Nándorfehérvár ostroma or nándorfehérvári diadal, lit. "Triumph of Nándorfehérvár"; Serbian Cyrillic: Опсада Београда, romanized: Opsada Beograda) was a military blockade of Belgrade that occurred 4–22 July, 1456. After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror rallied his resources to subjugate the Kingdom of Hungary. His immediate objective was the border fort of the town of Belgrade (Hungarian: Nándorfehérvár). John Hunyadi, the Count of Temes and captain-general of Hungary, who had fought many battles against the Turks in the previous two decades, prepared the defenses of the fortress.
The siege escalated into a major battle, during which Hunyadi led a sudden counterattack that overran the Ottoman camp, ultimately compelling the wounded Mehmed II to lift the siege and retreat. The battle had significant consequences, as it stabilized the southern frontiers of the Kingdom of Hungary for more than half a century and thus considerably delayed the Ottoman advance in Europe.
As he had previously ordered all Catholic kingdoms to pray for the victory of the defenders of Belgrade, the Pope celebrated the victory by making an enactment to commemorate the day. This led to the legend that the noon bell ritual undertaken in Catholic and old Protestant churches, enacted by the Pope before the battle, was founded to commemorate the victory. The day of the victory, July 22, has been a memorial day in Hungary ever since. | null | null | null | null | 14 |
[
"Moa",
"different from",
"Moa"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Moa",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Dinornithidae"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Moa",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Dinornithiformes"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Bohemian–Hungarian War (1468–1478)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Bohemian–Hungarian War (1468–1478)"
] | The Bohemian War (1468–1478) began when the Kingdom of Bohemia was invaded by the king of Hungary, Matthias Corvinus. Matthias invaded with the pretext of returning Bohemia to Catholicism; at the time, it was ruled by the Hussite king, George of Poděbrady. Matthias' invasion was largely successful, leading to his acquisition of the southern and eastern parts of the country. Its core lands however, centered on Prague, were never taken. Ultimately both Matthias and George would proclaim themselves king, though neither ever acquired all the necessary subordinate titles. When George died in 1471, his successor Vladislaus II continued the fight against Matthias. In 1478, the war ended following the treaties of Brno and the Olomouc. Upon Matthias' death in 1490, Vladislaus would succeed him as king of both Hungary and Bohemia. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"War of Ferrara",
"participant",
"Republic of Venice"
] | The War of Ferrara (also known as the Salt War, Italian: Guerra del Sale) was fought in 1482–1484 between Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, and the Papal forces mustered by Ercole's personal nemesis, Pope Sixtus IV and his Venetian allies. Hostilities ended with the Treaty of Bagnolo, signed on 7 August 1484.Diplomatic background
The failure of the Pazzi conspiracy against Florence in 1480 and the unexpected peace resulting from Lorenzo de' Medici's daring personal diplomacy with Ferdinand I of Naples, the Pope's erstwhile champion, was a source of discontent among the Venetians and Pope Sixtus IV alike. With the Treaty of Constantinople of 1479, Venice had ended its long conflict with the Ottoman Turks, and was freed to turn its whole attention to its role in its terra firma (mainland) and to the peninsula of Italy more generally.
In addition to the usual minor friction over strongholds along the borders, there was a contest over the commerce in salt, which was reserved to Venice by a commercial pact. Nevertheless, Ferrara, which was ruled by Ercole I d'Este, had begun to take control over the saltworks at Comacchio. This appeared to be a threat to mainland interests of the Republic of Venice.
Venice was supported by Girolamo Riario, lord of Imola and Forlì – the nephew of Pope Sixtus – who, having taken possession of the strategic stronghold of Forlì in September 1480, and having received swift papal confirmation, now looked towards Ferrara to extend Della Rovere territory.
The immediate casus belli at the beginning of 1482 was, as usual, a minor infraction of prerogatives: Venice maintained a representative in Ferrara with the high title of visdominio, under whose care lay the Venetian community in Este lands. In 1481, overreaching his mandate by the arrest of a priest for debt, the visdominio was excommunicated by the vicar of the bishop of Ferrara, and forced out of the city. This was made the excuse for the declaration of war.In alliance with Venice, besides the papal troops and those of Riario, were contingents supplied by the Republic of Genoa and William VIII, Marquis of Montferrat. Taking Ferrara's side, which was loosely under the command of Federico da Montefeltro, duke of Urbino, were troops of Ercole's father-in-law Ferdinand of Naples, led by his son Alfonso of Calabria, who invaded the Papal States from the south. Ferrara was also supported by troops sent by Ludovico il Moro of Milan, and those of Federico I Gonzaga of Mantua and Giovanni II Bentivoglio of Bologna, lords of two cities threatened by the mainland power of Venice.History
Venetian troops led by the condottiero Roberto Sanseverino attacked Ferrarese territory from the north, brutally sacking Adria, quickly overrunning Comacchio, attacking Argenta at the edge of the saltmarshes, and besieging Ficarolo in May (capitulated 29 June) and Rovigo (capitulated 17 August).
Venetian forces crossed the Po River and in November 1482 stood before the walls of Ferrara, where they laid close siege to the city. Sixtus appears to have had a change of heart concerning the season's advances, which now threatened to put Venice in an uncomfortably strong position in mainland northern Italy.
In the Papal States the Colonna family took advantage of disorder, fighting pitched battles against their Della Rovere enemies. The main encounter, however, was the pitched Battle of Campomorto near Velletri, 21 August 1482, in which the Neapolitan troops were soundly defeated by Roberto Malatesta, and the duke of Calabria was only just rescued by a contingent of his Turkish soldiers. Some Orsini castles also fell into papal hands, but where battle failed, malaria succeeded: Roberto Malatesta's death in Rome on 10 September largely unraveled Papal successes in the Lazio. Sixtus made a separate peace with Naples in a truce of 28 November and a peace treaty was signed on 12 December.
The entreaties of Sixtus towards Venice to cease hostilities were vigorously rebuffed: his threats of excommunication were countered by the withdrawal of the Venetian ambassador, which led to the interdict of Sixtus against Venice of May 1483. Now Sixtus granted free passage to Alfonso and his troops to go to the defence of Ferrara against the pope's recent allies, aided by papal troops under Virginio Orsini. A contingent of Florentine troops also arrived, and the fortunes of Este began to look much better.
In a diversionary maneuver, Venice sent Roberto Sanseverino to attack the Duchy of Milan on the pretext of supporting the rights of the Visconti heir. However, this arm of the campaign was itself diverted as Sanseverino's efforts were expended against Alfonso, who was sacking Milanese territories. The war began to lose momentum. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"War of Ferrara",
"participant",
"Papal States"
] | The War of Ferrara (also known as the Salt War, Italian: Guerra del Sale) was fought in 1482–1484 between Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, and the Papal forces mustered by Ercole's personal nemesis, Pope Sixtus IV and his Venetian allies. Hostilities ended with the Treaty of Bagnolo, signed on 7 August 1484.Diplomatic background
The failure of the Pazzi conspiracy against Florence in 1480 and the unexpected peace resulting from Lorenzo de' Medici's daring personal diplomacy with Ferdinand I of Naples, the Pope's erstwhile champion, was a source of discontent among the Venetians and Pope Sixtus IV alike. With the Treaty of Constantinople of 1479, Venice had ended its long conflict with the Ottoman Turks, and was freed to turn its whole attention to its role in its terra firma (mainland) and to the peninsula of Italy more generally.
In addition to the usual minor friction over strongholds along the borders, there was a contest over the commerce in salt, which was reserved to Venice by a commercial pact. Nevertheless, Ferrara, which was ruled by Ercole I d'Este, had begun to take control over the saltworks at Comacchio. This appeared to be a threat to mainland interests of the Republic of Venice.
Venice was supported by Girolamo Riario, lord of Imola and Forlì – the nephew of Pope Sixtus – who, having taken possession of the strategic stronghold of Forlì in September 1480, and having received swift papal confirmation, now looked towards Ferrara to extend Della Rovere territory.
The immediate casus belli at the beginning of 1482 was, as usual, a minor infraction of prerogatives: Venice maintained a representative in Ferrara with the high title of visdominio, under whose care lay the Venetian community in Este lands. In 1481, overreaching his mandate by the arrest of a priest for debt, the visdominio was excommunicated by the vicar of the bishop of Ferrara, and forced out of the city. This was made the excuse for the declaration of war.In alliance with Venice, besides the papal troops and those of Riario, were contingents supplied by the Republic of Genoa and William VIII, Marquis of Montferrat. Taking Ferrara's side, which was loosely under the command of Federico da Montefeltro, duke of Urbino, were troops of Ercole's father-in-law Ferdinand of Naples, led by his son Alfonso of Calabria, who invaded the Papal States from the south. Ferrara was also supported by troops sent by Ludovico il Moro of Milan, and those of Federico I Gonzaga of Mantua and Giovanni II Bentivoglio of Bologna, lords of two cities threatened by the mainland power of Venice.History
Venetian troops led by the condottiero Roberto Sanseverino attacked Ferrarese territory from the north, brutally sacking Adria, quickly overrunning Comacchio, attacking Argenta at the edge of the saltmarshes, and besieging Ficarolo in May (capitulated 29 June) and Rovigo (capitulated 17 August).
Venetian forces crossed the Po River and in November 1482 stood before the walls of Ferrara, where they laid close siege to the city. Sixtus appears to have had a change of heart concerning the season's advances, which now threatened to put Venice in an uncomfortably strong position in mainland northern Italy.
In the Papal States the Colonna family took advantage of disorder, fighting pitched battles against their Della Rovere enemies. The main encounter, however, was the pitched Battle of Campomorto near Velletri, 21 August 1482, in which the Neapolitan troops were soundly defeated by Roberto Malatesta, and the duke of Calabria was only just rescued by a contingent of his Turkish soldiers. Some Orsini castles also fell into papal hands, but where battle failed, malaria succeeded: Roberto Malatesta's death in Rome on 10 September largely unraveled Papal successes in the Lazio. Sixtus made a separate peace with Naples in a truce of 28 November and a peace treaty was signed on 12 December.
The entreaties of Sixtus towards Venice to cease hostilities were vigorously rebuffed: his threats of excommunication were countered by the withdrawal of the Venetian ambassador, which led to the interdict of Sixtus against Venice of May 1483. Now Sixtus granted free passage to Alfonso and his troops to go to the defence of Ferrara against the pope's recent allies, aided by papal troops under Virginio Orsini. A contingent of Florentine troops also arrived, and the fortunes of Este began to look much better.
In a diversionary maneuver, Venice sent Roberto Sanseverino to attack the Duchy of Milan on the pretext of supporting the rights of the Visconti heir. However, this arm of the campaign was itself diverted as Sanseverino's efforts were expended against Alfonso, who was sacking Milanese territories. The war began to lose momentum. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"War of Ferrara",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Naples"
] | Diplomatic background
The failure of the Pazzi conspiracy against Florence in 1480 and the unexpected peace resulting from Lorenzo de' Medici's daring personal diplomacy with Ferdinand I of Naples, the Pope's erstwhile champion, was a source of discontent among the Venetians and Pope Sixtus IV alike. With the Treaty of Constantinople of 1479, Venice had ended its long conflict with the Ottoman Turks, and was freed to turn its whole attention to its role in its terra firma (mainland) and to the peninsula of Italy more generally.
In addition to the usual minor friction over strongholds along the borders, there was a contest over the commerce in salt, which was reserved to Venice by a commercial pact. Nevertheless, Ferrara, which was ruled by Ercole I d'Este, had begun to take control over the saltworks at Comacchio. This appeared to be a threat to mainland interests of the Republic of Venice.
Venice was supported by Girolamo Riario, lord of Imola and Forlì – the nephew of Pope Sixtus – who, having taken possession of the strategic stronghold of Forlì in September 1480, and having received swift papal confirmation, now looked towards Ferrara to extend Della Rovere territory.
The immediate casus belli at the beginning of 1482 was, as usual, a minor infraction of prerogatives: Venice maintained a representative in Ferrara with the high title of visdominio, under whose care lay the Venetian community in Este lands. In 1481, overreaching his mandate by the arrest of a priest for debt, the visdominio was excommunicated by the vicar of the bishop of Ferrara, and forced out of the city. This was made the excuse for the declaration of war.In alliance with Venice, besides the papal troops and those of Riario, were contingents supplied by the Republic of Genoa and William VIII, Marquis of Montferrat. Taking Ferrara's side, which was loosely under the command of Federico da Montefeltro, duke of Urbino, were troops of Ercole's father-in-law Ferdinand of Naples, led by his son Alfonso of Calabria, who invaded the Papal States from the south. Ferrara was also supported by troops sent by Ludovico il Moro of Milan, and those of Federico I Gonzaga of Mantua and Giovanni II Bentivoglio of Bologna, lords of two cities threatened by the mainland power of Venice.History
Venetian troops led by the condottiero Roberto Sanseverino attacked Ferrarese territory from the north, brutally sacking Adria, quickly overrunning Comacchio, attacking Argenta at the edge of the saltmarshes, and besieging Ficarolo in May (capitulated 29 June) and Rovigo (capitulated 17 August).
Venetian forces crossed the Po River and in November 1482 stood before the walls of Ferrara, where they laid close siege to the city. Sixtus appears to have had a change of heart concerning the season's advances, which now threatened to put Venice in an uncomfortably strong position in mainland northern Italy.
In the Papal States the Colonna family took advantage of disorder, fighting pitched battles against their Della Rovere enemies. The main encounter, however, was the pitched Battle of Campomorto near Velletri, 21 August 1482, in which the Neapolitan troops were soundly defeated by Roberto Malatesta, and the duke of Calabria was only just rescued by a contingent of his Turkish soldiers. Some Orsini castles also fell into papal hands, but where battle failed, malaria succeeded: Roberto Malatesta's death in Rome on 10 September largely unraveled Papal successes in the Lazio. Sixtus made a separate peace with Naples in a truce of 28 November and a peace treaty was signed on 12 December.
The entreaties of Sixtus towards Venice to cease hostilities were vigorously rebuffed: his threats of excommunication were countered by the withdrawal of the Venetian ambassador, which led to the interdict of Sixtus against Venice of May 1483. Now Sixtus granted free passage to Alfonso and his troops to go to the defence of Ferrara against the pope's recent allies, aided by papal troops under Virginio Orsini. A contingent of Florentine troops also arrived, and the fortunes of Este began to look much better.
In a diversionary maneuver, Venice sent Roberto Sanseverino to attack the Duchy of Milan on the pretext of supporting the rights of the Visconti heir. However, this arm of the campaign was itself diverted as Sanseverino's efforts were expended against Alfonso, who was sacking Milanese territories. The war began to lose momentum. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"War of Ferrara",
"participant",
"Duchy of Ferrara"
] | The War of Ferrara (also known as the Salt War, Italian: Guerra del Sale) was fought in 1482–1484 between Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, and the Papal forces mustered by Ercole's personal nemesis, Pope Sixtus IV and his Venetian allies. Hostilities ended with the Treaty of Bagnolo, signed on 7 August 1484.Diplomatic background
The failure of the Pazzi conspiracy against Florence in 1480 and the unexpected peace resulting from Lorenzo de' Medici's daring personal diplomacy with Ferdinand I of Naples, the Pope's erstwhile champion, was a source of discontent among the Venetians and Pope Sixtus IV alike. With the Treaty of Constantinople of 1479, Venice had ended its long conflict with the Ottoman Turks, and was freed to turn its whole attention to its role in its terra firma (mainland) and to the peninsula of Italy more generally.
In addition to the usual minor friction over strongholds along the borders, there was a contest over the commerce in salt, which was reserved to Venice by a commercial pact. Nevertheless, Ferrara, which was ruled by Ercole I d'Este, had begun to take control over the saltworks at Comacchio. This appeared to be a threat to mainland interests of the Republic of Venice.
Venice was supported by Girolamo Riario, lord of Imola and Forlì – the nephew of Pope Sixtus – who, having taken possession of the strategic stronghold of Forlì in September 1480, and having received swift papal confirmation, now looked towards Ferrara to extend Della Rovere territory.
The immediate casus belli at the beginning of 1482 was, as usual, a minor infraction of prerogatives: Venice maintained a representative in Ferrara with the high title of visdominio, under whose care lay the Venetian community in Este lands. In 1481, overreaching his mandate by the arrest of a priest for debt, the visdominio was excommunicated by the vicar of the bishop of Ferrara, and forced out of the city. This was made the excuse for the declaration of war.In alliance with Venice, besides the papal troops and those of Riario, were contingents supplied by the Republic of Genoa and William VIII, Marquis of Montferrat. Taking Ferrara's side, which was loosely under the command of Federico da Montefeltro, duke of Urbino, were troops of Ercole's father-in-law Ferdinand of Naples, led by his son Alfonso of Calabria, who invaded the Papal States from the south. Ferrara was also supported by troops sent by Ludovico il Moro of Milan, and those of Federico I Gonzaga of Mantua and Giovanni II Bentivoglio of Bologna, lords of two cities threatened by the mainland power of Venice.History
Venetian troops led by the condottiero Roberto Sanseverino attacked Ferrarese territory from the north, brutally sacking Adria, quickly overrunning Comacchio, attacking Argenta at the edge of the saltmarshes, and besieging Ficarolo in May (capitulated 29 June) and Rovigo (capitulated 17 August).
Venetian forces crossed the Po River and in November 1482 stood before the walls of Ferrara, where they laid close siege to the city. Sixtus appears to have had a change of heart concerning the season's advances, which now threatened to put Venice in an uncomfortably strong position in mainland northern Italy.
In the Papal States the Colonna family took advantage of disorder, fighting pitched battles against their Della Rovere enemies. The main encounter, however, was the pitched Battle of Campomorto near Velletri, 21 August 1482, in which the Neapolitan troops were soundly defeated by Roberto Malatesta, and the duke of Calabria was only just rescued by a contingent of his Turkish soldiers. Some Orsini castles also fell into papal hands, but where battle failed, malaria succeeded: Roberto Malatesta's death in Rome on 10 September largely unraveled Papal successes in the Lazio. Sixtus made a separate peace with Naples in a truce of 28 November and a peace treaty was signed on 12 December.
The entreaties of Sixtus towards Venice to cease hostilities were vigorously rebuffed: his threats of excommunication were countered by the withdrawal of the Venetian ambassador, which led to the interdict of Sixtus against Venice of May 1483. Now Sixtus granted free passage to Alfonso and his troops to go to the defence of Ferrara against the pope's recent allies, aided by papal troops under Virginio Orsini. A contingent of Florentine troops also arrived, and the fortunes of Este began to look much better.
In a diversionary maneuver, Venice sent Roberto Sanseverino to attack the Duchy of Milan on the pretext of supporting the rights of the Visconti heir. However, this arm of the campaign was itself diverted as Sanseverino's efforts were expended against Alfonso, who was sacking Milanese territories. The war began to lose momentum. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"War of Ferrara",
"participant",
"Margravate of Mantua"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Wars of the Roses",
"participant",
"House of Tudor"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Wars of the Roses",
"participant",
"House of Lancaster"
] | The Wars of the Roses (1455–1487), known at the time and for more than a century after as the Civil Wars, were a series of civil wars fought over control of the English throne in the mid- to late fifteenth century. These wars were fought between supporters of two rival cadet branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: Lancaster and York. The wars extinguished the last male line of the house of Lancaster in 1471, leading to the Tudor family inheriting the Lancastrian claim to the throne. Following the war and the extinction of the last male line of the house of York in 1483, a politically arranged marriage united the Houses of Tudor and York, creating a new royal dynasty which inherited the Yorkist claim as well, thereby resolving the conflict.
The War of the Roses had its roots in the wake of the Hundred Years' War. After fighting a series of armed conflicts with France, the English monarchy's prestige was weakened by emergent socio-economic troubles. This weakened prestige unfolded structural problems with bastard feudalism, a system developed by the powerful duchies created by Edward III. Combined with the mental infirmity and weak rule of King Henry VI, these structural problems revived interest in the Yorkist claim to the throne by Richard of York. Historians disagree over which of these factors was the main catalyst for the wars. It was also used as a proxy war between France (on the Lancastrian side) and the Burgundian State (on the Yorkist side).
The wars began in 1455 when Richard of York captured Henry at the First Battle of St Albans and was appointed Lord Protector by Parliament, leading to an uneasy peace. Fighting resumed four years later. Yorkists, led by Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, often referred to as "Warwick the Kingmaker," captured Henry again at the Battle of Northampton. Richard of York attempted to claim the throne but was dissuaded and was then killed at the Battle of Wakefield. His son Edward inherited his claim. The Yorkists lost custody of Henry after the Second Battle of St Albans but destroyed the Lancastrian army at the Battle of Towton. Edward was formally crowned three months later in June 1461. Resistance to Edward's rule continued but was crushed at the Battle of Hexham in 1464, and a period of relative peace ensued.
In 1464, Edward married Elizabeth Woodville, the widow of a Lancastrian knight, and showed favour to her family. He also reversed Warwick's policy of seeking closer ties with France. Warwick, offended and sidelined, turned against Edward. In 1469, his supporters defeated a Yorkist army at the Battle of Edgcote. He captured and imprisoned Edward shortly afterwards. However, his attempt to replace Edward with his younger brother George of Clarence met with no support and Edward was allowed to resume his rule, seemingly reconciled with Warwick. Within a year, Edward accused Warwick and Clarence of fresh treachery and forced them to flee. In France, Warwick joined forces with Margaret of Anjou and led an invasion of England. When Warwick's younger brother John Neville deserted Edward, Edward in turn was forced to flee to Flanders. Warwick restored Henry VI as king.
Henry's renewed reign was short-lived however. With aid from Burgundy, Edward mounted a counter-invasion. Henry was returned to prison, and Edward defeated and killed Warwick at the Battle of Barnet. He then defeated a Lancastrian army at the Battle of Tewkesbury. Henry's heir, Edward of Westminster, was killed. Henry himself died or was assassinated on Edward's order shortly afterwards. Edward ruled unopposed, and England enjoyed a period of relative peace until his death twelve years later in 1483.
Edward's twelve-year-old son reigned for 78 days as Edward V until he was deposed by his uncle, Richard III. Richard assumed the throne under a cloud of controversy, particularly the disappearance of Edward IV's two sons, sparking a short-lived but major revolt and triggering a wave of desertions of prominent Yorkists to the Lancastrian cause. In the midst of the chaos, Henry Tudor, son of Henry VI's half-brother and a descendant of Edward III through his mother, returned from exile with an army of English, French, and Breton troops. Henry defeated and killed Richard at Bosworth Field in 1485, assumed the throne as Henry VII, and married Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter and sole heir of Edward IV, thereby uniting the rival claims.
John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln then put forward Lambert Simnel as an impostor Edward Plantagenet, a potential claimant to the throne. Lincoln's army was defeated and Lincoln himself killed at Stoke Field in 1487, ending the wars. Henry never faced any further serious internal military threats to his reign. In 1490, Perkin Warbeck claimed to be Richard of Shrewsbury, Edward IV's second son and rival claimant to the throne, but was executed before any rebellion could be launched.The House of Tudor ruled England until 1603. The reign of the Tudor dynasty saw the strengthening of the prestige and power of the English monarchy, particularly under Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, and the end of the medieval period in England which subsequently saw the dawn of the English Renaissance. Historian John Guy argued that "England was economically healthier, more expansive, and more optimistic under the Tudors" than at any time since the Roman occupation of Britain.Causes
Historical origins and overview
The House of Plantagenet was a royal house which originated from the lands of Anjou in France. The family had held the English throne since 1154 (with the accession of Henry II at the end of the Anarchy). The War of the Roses led to the end Plantagenet control in 1485, with the Tudor accession of Henry VII.
Under the Plantagenets, England was transformed. The Plantagenet kings had often been forced to negotiate compromises such as Magna Carta, which had served to constrain their royal power in return for financial and military support. The king was no longer considered an absolute monarch in the nation—holding the prerogatives of judgement, feudal tribute, and warfare—but now also had defined duties to the kingdom, underpinned by a sophisticated justice system. A distinct national identity was shaped by their conflict with the French, Scots, Welsh and Irish, as well as by the establishment of the English language as the primary language.
In the 15th century, the Plantagenets were defeated in the Hundred Years' War and beset with social, political and economic problems. Popular revolts were common-place, triggered by the denial of numerous freedoms. English nobles raised private armies, engaged in private feuds and openly defied Henry VI.
The rivalry between the House of Plantagenet's two cadet branches of York and Lancaster brought about the Wars of the Roses, a decades-long fight for the English succession, culminating in the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, when the reign of the Plantagenets and the English Middle Ages both met their end with the death of King Richard III. Henry VII of Lancastrian descent became king of England; five months later, he married Elizabeth of York, thus ending the Wars of the Roses and giving rise to the Tudor dynasty. The Tudors worked to centralise English royal power, which allowed them to avoid some of the problems that had plagued the last Plantagenet rulers. The resulting stability allowed for the English Renaissance and the advent of early modern Britain. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Wars of the Roses",
"participant",
"House of York"
] | The Wars of the Roses (1455–1487), known at the time and for more than a century after as the Civil Wars, were a series of civil wars fought over control of the English throne in the mid- to late fifteenth century. These wars were fought between supporters of two rival cadet branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: Lancaster and York. The wars extinguished the last male line of the house of Lancaster in 1471, leading to the Tudor family inheriting the Lancastrian claim to the throne. Following the war and the extinction of the last male line of the house of York in 1483, a politically arranged marriage united the Houses of Tudor and York, creating a new royal dynasty which inherited the Yorkist claim as well, thereby resolving the conflict.
The War of the Roses had its roots in the wake of the Hundred Years' War. After fighting a series of armed conflicts with France, the English monarchy's prestige was weakened by emergent socio-economic troubles. This weakened prestige unfolded structural problems with bastard feudalism, a system developed by the powerful duchies created by Edward III. Combined with the mental infirmity and weak rule of King Henry VI, these structural problems revived interest in the Yorkist claim to the throne by Richard of York. Historians disagree over which of these factors was the main catalyst for the wars. It was also used as a proxy war between France (on the Lancastrian side) and the Burgundian State (on the Yorkist side).
The wars began in 1455 when Richard of York captured Henry at the First Battle of St Albans and was appointed Lord Protector by Parliament, leading to an uneasy peace. Fighting resumed four years later. Yorkists, led by Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, often referred to as "Warwick the Kingmaker," captured Henry again at the Battle of Northampton. Richard of York attempted to claim the throne but was dissuaded and was then killed at the Battle of Wakefield. His son Edward inherited his claim. The Yorkists lost custody of Henry after the Second Battle of St Albans but destroyed the Lancastrian army at the Battle of Towton. Edward was formally crowned three months later in June 1461. Resistance to Edward's rule continued but was crushed at the Battle of Hexham in 1464, and a period of relative peace ensued.
In 1464, Edward married Elizabeth Woodville, the widow of a Lancastrian knight, and showed favour to her family. He also reversed Warwick's policy of seeking closer ties with France. Warwick, offended and sidelined, turned against Edward. In 1469, his supporters defeated a Yorkist army at the Battle of Edgcote. He captured and imprisoned Edward shortly afterwards. However, his attempt to replace Edward with his younger brother George of Clarence met with no support and Edward was allowed to resume his rule, seemingly reconciled with Warwick. Within a year, Edward accused Warwick and Clarence of fresh treachery and forced them to flee. In France, Warwick joined forces with Margaret of Anjou and led an invasion of England. When Warwick's younger brother John Neville deserted Edward, Edward in turn was forced to flee to Flanders. Warwick restored Henry VI as king.
Henry's renewed reign was short-lived however. With aid from Burgundy, Edward mounted a counter-invasion. Henry was returned to prison, and Edward defeated and killed Warwick at the Battle of Barnet. He then defeated a Lancastrian army at the Battle of Tewkesbury. Henry's heir, Edward of Westminster, was killed. Henry himself died or was assassinated on Edward's order shortly afterwards. Edward ruled unopposed, and England enjoyed a period of relative peace until his death twelve years later in 1483.
Edward's twelve-year-old son reigned for 78 days as Edward V until he was deposed by his uncle, Richard III. Richard assumed the throne under a cloud of controversy, particularly the disappearance of Edward IV's two sons, sparking a short-lived but major revolt and triggering a wave of desertions of prominent Yorkists to the Lancastrian cause. In the midst of the chaos, Henry Tudor, son of Henry VI's half-brother and a descendant of Edward III through his mother, returned from exile with an army of English, French, and Breton troops. Henry defeated and killed Richard at Bosworth Field in 1485, assumed the throne as Henry VII, and married Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter and sole heir of Edward IV, thereby uniting the rival claims.
John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln then put forward Lambert Simnel as an impostor Edward Plantagenet, a potential claimant to the throne. Lincoln's army was defeated and Lincoln himself killed at Stoke Field in 1487, ending the wars. Henry never faced any further serious internal military threats to his reign. In 1490, Perkin Warbeck claimed to be Richard of Shrewsbury, Edward IV's second son and rival claimant to the throne, but was executed before any rebellion could be launched.The House of Tudor ruled England until 1603. The reign of the Tudor dynasty saw the strengthening of the prestige and power of the English monarchy, particularly under Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, and the end of the medieval period in England which subsequently saw the dawn of the English Renaissance. Historian John Guy argued that "England was economically healthier, more expansive, and more optimistic under the Tudors" than at any time since the Roman occupation of Britain.Causes
Historical origins and overview
The House of Plantagenet was a royal house which originated from the lands of Anjou in France. The family had held the English throne since 1154 (with the accession of Henry II at the end of the Anarchy). The War of the Roses led to the end Plantagenet control in 1485, with the Tudor accession of Henry VII.
Under the Plantagenets, England was transformed. The Plantagenet kings had often been forced to negotiate compromises such as Magna Carta, which had served to constrain their royal power in return for financial and military support. The king was no longer considered an absolute monarch in the nation—holding the prerogatives of judgement, feudal tribute, and warfare—but now also had defined duties to the kingdom, underpinned by a sophisticated justice system. A distinct national identity was shaped by their conflict with the French, Scots, Welsh and Irish, as well as by the establishment of the English language as the primary language.
In the 15th century, the Plantagenets were defeated in the Hundred Years' War and beset with social, political and economic problems. Popular revolts were common-place, triggered by the denial of numerous freedoms. English nobles raised private armies, engaged in private feuds and openly defied Henry VI.
The rivalry between the House of Plantagenet's two cadet branches of York and Lancaster brought about the Wars of the Roses, a decades-long fight for the English succession, culminating in the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, when the reign of the Plantagenets and the English Middle Ages both met their end with the death of King Richard III. Henry VII of Lancastrian descent became king of England; five months later, he married Elizabeth of York, thus ending the Wars of the Roses and giving rise to the Tudor dynasty. The Tudors worked to centralise English royal power, which allowed them to avoid some of the problems that had plagued the last Plantagenet rulers. The resulting stability allowed for the English Renaissance and the advent of early modern Britain. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Wars of the Roses",
"participant",
"Richard III of England"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Wars of the Roses",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Wars of the Roses"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Burgundian Wars",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Burgundian Wars"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Ōnin War",
"participant",
"Hatakeyama clan"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Ōnin War",
"participant",
"Ikkō-ikki"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Ōnin War",
"participant",
"Shiba clan"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Ōnin War",
"participant",
"Ōuchi clan"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Ōnin War",
"participant",
"Hosokawa clan"
] | Origin
The Ōnin conflict began as a controversy over who would succeed shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimasa. In 1464, Yoshimasa had no heir. He persuaded his younger brother, Ashikaga Yoshimi, to abandon the life of a monk, and named him heir. In 1465, the unanticipated birth of a son to Yoshimasa put these plans in question. The infant, Yoshihisa, led to a succession crisis with two competing factions. On one side was the shōgun and his brother, together with the shōgun's deputy, Hosokawa. On the other side was Yoshihisa's mother, Hino Tomiko, and her ally Yamana, who was the governor of several provinces.: 220 Tomiko sought political and military support to rule as regent until the birth of her son, the future shogun Ashikaga Yoshihisa. She secured the support of Yamana Sōzen and other leaders of powerful samurai clans. In contrast to Tomiko and Yamana, Yoshimi had the support of the Hosokawa clan, a powerful clan that had a great influence on the shogunate court. This dispute for succession started the Ōnin War and led to the beginning of the Sengoku period.Hosokawa had always worked closely with the shōgun's brother Ashikaga Yoshimi, and supported his claim to the shogunate. Yamana took this as an opportunity to oppose Hosokawa further, supporting the child as heir to the shogunate. War broke out in the city of Kyoto. This was regarded by the Ashikaga shōgun as an act of rebellion, and thus the Ashikaga and their supporters were forced to try to stop it. The Ashikagas tried to prevent the outbreak of war over the next heir, but the situation escalated into a war that designated the leader of the victorious party as the next shōgun. In 1467 the uncertainty had caused a split amongst the warrior clans, and the succession dispute became a pretext for a struggle for military supremacy. In the end, there was no clear-cut winner. The complex array of factional armies simply fought themselves into exhaustion. | null | null | null | null | 12 |
[
"Ōnin War",
"participant",
"Yamana clan"
] | Origin
The Ōnin conflict began as a controversy over who would succeed shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimasa. In 1464, Yoshimasa had no heir. He persuaded his younger brother, Ashikaga Yoshimi, to abandon the life of a monk, and named him heir. In 1465, the unanticipated birth of a son to Yoshimasa put these plans in question. The infant, Yoshihisa, led to a succession crisis with two competing factions. On one side was the shōgun and his brother, together with the shōgun's deputy, Hosokawa. On the other side was Yoshihisa's mother, Hino Tomiko, and her ally Yamana, who was the governor of several provinces.: 220 Tomiko sought political and military support to rule as regent until the birth of her son, the future shogun Ashikaga Yoshihisa. She secured the support of Yamana Sōzen and other leaders of powerful samurai clans. In contrast to Tomiko and Yamana, Yoshimi had the support of the Hosokawa clan, a powerful clan that had a great influence on the shogunate court. This dispute for succession started the Ōnin War and led to the beginning of the Sengoku period.Hosokawa had always worked closely with the shōgun's brother Ashikaga Yoshimi, and supported his claim to the shogunate. Yamana took this as an opportunity to oppose Hosokawa further, supporting the child as heir to the shogunate. War broke out in the city of Kyoto. This was regarded by the Ashikaga shōgun as an act of rebellion, and thus the Ashikaga and their supporters were forced to try to stop it. The Ashikagas tried to prevent the outbreak of war over the next heir, but the situation escalated into a war that designated the leader of the victorious party as the next shōgun. In 1467 the uncertainty had caused a split amongst the warrior clans, and the succession dispute became a pretext for a struggle for military supremacy. In the end, there was no clear-cut winner. The complex array of factional armies simply fought themselves into exhaustion. | null | null | null | null | 13 |
[
"Ōnin War",
"participant",
"Ikkō-shū"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Ōnin War",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ōnin War"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Hohokam",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Hohokam"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Siege of Wiener Neustadt",
"participant",
"Holy Roman Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Late Middle Ages",
"followed by",
"Renaissance"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Late Middle Ages",
"follows",
"High Middle Ages"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Late Middle Ages",
"followed by",
"early modern period"
] | After the Middle Ages
After the end of the late Middle Ages period, the Renaissance spread unevenly over continental Europe from the southern European region. The intellectual transformation of the Renaissance is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. Europeans would later begin an era of world discovery. Combined with the influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would lead to the Protestant Reformation. Europeans also discovered new trading routes, as was the case with Columbus' travel to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama's circumnavigation of Africa and India in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Late Middle Ages",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Late Middle Ages"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Siege of Padua",
"participant",
"Holy Roman Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"French–Breton War",
"participant",
"Holy Roman Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"French–Breton War",
"participant",
"Kingdom of France"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"French–Breton War",
"participant",
"Duchy of Brittany"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"French–Breton War",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Castile"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"French–Breton War",
"participant",
"Kingdom of England"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Italian War of 1494–1495",
"participant",
"Kingdom of France"
] | The First Italian War, sometimes referred to as the Italian War of 1494 or Charles VIII's Italian War, was the opening phase of the Italian Wars. The war pitted Charles VIII of France, who had initial Milanese aid, against the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and an alliance of Italian powers led by Pope Alexander VI, known as the League of Venice.25 January 1494: king Ferdinand I of Naples died and was succeeded by his son Alfonso II of Naples (who also laid claim to Milan). King Charles VIII of France disputed the succession, and began preparations for an invasion of Italy to enforce his claim on the Neapolitan kingship.
5–8 September 1494: Battle of Rapallo. Land battle involving the French fleet. French victory; Neapolitans abandoned Rapallo, which the French army sacked.
11 September 1494: French king Charles VIII and Louis of Orléans arrived in Asti and concluded an alliance with duke Ludovico Sforza and Beatrice d'Este.
17 October 1494: skirmishes near Sant'Agata sul Santerno. Tactical Neapolitan victories.
19–21 October 1494: Siege of Mordano. Franco–Milanese victory; the French soldiers sacked Mordano, the Milanese soldiers tried to protect the civilians.
26–29 October 1494: Siege of Fivizzano. French victory; the French army sacked the town.
8–9 November 1494: Florentine revolt against de' Medici. Florentine republican victory; Piero the Unfortunate (who had submitted to all the French demands) was ousted, the Republic of Florence restored under the de facto leadership of Girolamo Savonarola.
Mid-November – 28 November 1494: tense French occupation of Florence. An anti-French revolt or a French sack of the city was averted, and Charles VIII marched on to Rome.
31 December 1494 – 6 January 1495: peaceful French entry into Rome with Pope Alexander VI's permission, but some French looting took place.
? 1495: French conquest and destruction of the Castello di Monte San Giovanni Campano. French victory.
? 1495: French sack of Tuscania (Province of Viterbo). French victory.
22 February 1495: the French army captured Naples without a fight. Ferdinand II of Naples fled the city to Sicily, but kept fighting the French army elsewhere. Charles VIII was crowned king of Naples, and he appointed Gilbert, Count of Montpensier as his viceroy. Likely, the first documented outbreak of syphilis in history occurred amongst the French troops at Naples.
31 March 1495: several Italian states (including Naples, Venice, Florence, Milan, the Papal States, Genoa and Mantua), Spain and the Holy Roman Empire formed the League of Venice to expel the French army from Italy. Milan defected from France to join the League of Venice.
2 May 1495: Battle of Rapallo (1495). League of Venice victory; the Genoese fleet defeated and captured the French fleet, and forced the French garrison of Rapallo to surrender. Much French war booty was lost, and Charles VIII's supply line was endangered.
30 May 1495: Charles split his army, leaving half of it behind to garrison the Kingdom of Naples, and taking the other half to march back to France.
11 June 1495: Occupation of Novara by Louis of Orléans.
28 June 1495: Battle of Seminara. French tactical victory; the French garrisons defeated the Neapolitan–Aragonese troops of Ferdinand II of Naples and Ferdinand II of Aragon (both Ferdinands were some of the last kings from the House of Trastámara).
1 July 1495: Skirmish near Giarolo. Tactical League of Venice victory; Francesco II Gonzaga defeated a small French scouting force.
6 July 1495: Battle of Fornovo. French tactical victory; the French army under Charles VII managed to break through the forces of the League of Venice and march back to France, but lost nearly all the war booty.
6–7 July 1495: Neapolitan recapture of Naples. League of Venice victory; the Neapolitan–Aragonese troops defeated the French garrison of Naples, allowing Ferdinand II of Naples to return.
19 July – 21/24 September 1495: Siege of Novara (1495). League of Venice victory; troops commanded by Beatrice d'Este managed to defeat and drive out Louis of Orléans.
6 July – 8 December 1495: Siege of the Castel Nuovo (Maschio Angioino) in Naples, where the French viceroy of Naples, Gilbert, Count of Montpensier, held out after the city of Naples was captured by the Neapolitan–Aragonese troops. League of Venice victory.
24 September 1495: king Charles VIII of France and duke Ludovico Sforza of Milan concluded a truce.
9 October 1495: Charles VIII and Ludovico Sforza concluded the Peace of Vercelli between France and Milan. The Venetians and Spanish claimed they were not properly consulted, and objected strongly to Sforza's and Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua's alleged unilateral diplomatic actions.
1496: England joined the League of Venice.
July–August 1496: Siege of Atella. League of Venice victory; the French viceroy of Naples, Gilbert, Count of Montpensier, was forced to surrender to the Neapolitan–Aragonese troops, and died in prison in Pozzuoli in October 1496.
1497: Siege of Ostia.Conflict
French invasion
Charles was preceded in Italy by his cousin Louis d'Orleans, who in July 1494 arrived in the territories of the Duchy of Milan with the vanguards of the French army, benevolently welcomed in Vigevano by the Dukes of Bari Ludovico Sforza and Beatrice d'Este, then settled in his fief of Asti. Only on 3 September 1494 King Charles moved to Italy through Montgenèvre, with an army of about 30,000 troops, of which 5,000 were Swiss mercenaries, equipped with modern artillery. Arriving in Piedmont he was greeted festively by the Dukes of Savoy, and then joined his cousin in the controlled County of Asti.
Charles VIII gathered a large army of 25,000 men, including 8,000 Swiss mercenaries and the first siege train to include artillery He was aided by Louis d'Orleans victory over Neapolitan forces at the Battle of Rapallo which allowed Charles to march his army through the Republic of Genoa. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Italian War of 1494–1495",
"participant",
"Duchy of Milan"
] | Timeline
This is an overview of notable events including battles during the war.25 January 1494: king Ferdinand I of Naples died and was succeeded by his son Alfonso II of Naples (who also laid claim to Milan). King Charles VIII of France disputed the succession, and began preparations for an invasion of Italy to enforce his claim on the Neapolitan kingship.
5–8 September 1494: Battle of Rapallo. Land battle involving the French fleet. French victory; Neapolitans abandoned Rapallo, which the French army sacked.
11 September 1494: French king Charles VIII and Louis of Orléans arrived in Asti and concluded an alliance with duke Ludovico Sforza and Beatrice d'Este.
17 October 1494: skirmishes near Sant'Agata sul Santerno. Tactical Neapolitan victories.
19–21 October 1494: Siege of Mordano. Franco–Milanese victory; the French soldiers sacked Mordano, the Milanese soldiers tried to protect the civilians.
26–29 October 1494: Siege of Fivizzano. French victory; the French army sacked the town.
8–9 November 1494: Florentine revolt against de' Medici. Florentine republican victory; Piero the Unfortunate (who had submitted to all the French demands) was ousted, the Republic of Florence restored under the de facto leadership of Girolamo Savonarola.
Mid-November – 28 November 1494: tense French occupation of Florence. An anti-French revolt or a French sack of the city was averted, and Charles VIII marched on to Rome.
31 December 1494 – 6 January 1495: peaceful French entry into Rome with Pope Alexander VI's permission, but some French looting took place.
? 1495: French conquest and destruction of the Castello di Monte San Giovanni Campano. French victory.
? 1495: French sack of Tuscania (Province of Viterbo). French victory.
22 February 1495: the French army captured Naples without a fight. Ferdinand II of Naples fled the city to Sicily, but kept fighting the French army elsewhere. Charles VIII was crowned king of Naples, and he appointed Gilbert, Count of Montpensier as his viceroy. Likely, the first documented outbreak of syphilis in history occurred amongst the French troops at Naples.
31 March 1495: several Italian states (including Naples, Venice, Florence, Milan, the Papal States, Genoa and Mantua), Spain and the Holy Roman Empire formed the League of Venice to expel the French army from Italy. Milan defected from France to join the League of Venice.
2 May 1495: Battle of Rapallo (1495). League of Venice victory; the Genoese fleet defeated and captured the French fleet, and forced the French garrison of Rapallo to surrender. Much French war booty was lost, and Charles VIII's supply line was endangered.
30 May 1495: Charles split his army, leaving half of it behind to garrison the Kingdom of Naples, and taking the other half to march back to France.
11 June 1495: Occupation of Novara by Louis of Orléans.
28 June 1495: Battle of Seminara. French tactical victory; the French garrisons defeated the Neapolitan–Aragonese troops of Ferdinand II of Naples and Ferdinand II of Aragon (both Ferdinands were some of the last kings from the House of Trastámara).
1 July 1495: Skirmish near Giarolo. Tactical League of Venice victory; Francesco II Gonzaga defeated a small French scouting force.
6 July 1495: Battle of Fornovo. French tactical victory; the French army under Charles VII managed to break through the forces of the League of Venice and march back to France, but lost nearly all the war booty.
6–7 July 1495: Neapolitan recapture of Naples. League of Venice victory; the Neapolitan–Aragonese troops defeated the French garrison of Naples, allowing Ferdinand II of Naples to return.
19 July – 21/24 September 1495: Siege of Novara (1495). League of Venice victory; troops commanded by Beatrice d'Este managed to defeat and drive out Louis of Orléans.
6 July – 8 December 1495: Siege of the Castel Nuovo (Maschio Angioino) in Naples, where the French viceroy of Naples, Gilbert, Count of Montpensier, held out after the city of Naples was captured by the Neapolitan–Aragonese troops. League of Venice victory.
24 September 1495: king Charles VIII of France and duke Ludovico Sforza of Milan concluded a truce.
9 October 1495: Charles VIII and Ludovico Sforza concluded the Peace of Vercelli between France and Milan. The Venetians and Spanish claimed they were not properly consulted, and objected strongly to Sforza's and Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua's alleged unilateral diplomatic actions.
1496: England joined the League of Venice.
July–August 1496: Siege of Atella. League of Venice victory; the French viceroy of Naples, Gilbert, Count of Montpensier, was forced to surrender to the Neapolitan–Aragonese troops, and died in prison in Pozzuoli in October 1496.
1497: Siege of Ostia. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Italian War of 1494–1495",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Naples"
] | The First Italian War, sometimes referred to as the Italian War of 1494 or Charles VIII's Italian War, was the opening phase of the Italian Wars. The war pitted Charles VIII of France, who had initial Milanese aid, against the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and an alliance of Italian powers led by Pope Alexander VI, known as the League of Venice.Timeline
This is an overview of notable events including battles during the war.25 January 1494: king Ferdinand I of Naples died and was succeeded by his son Alfonso II of Naples (who also laid claim to Milan). King Charles VIII of France disputed the succession, and began preparations for an invasion of Italy to enforce his claim on the Neapolitan kingship.
5–8 September 1494: Battle of Rapallo. Land battle involving the French fleet. French victory; Neapolitans abandoned Rapallo, which the French army sacked.
11 September 1494: French king Charles VIII and Louis of Orléans arrived in Asti and concluded an alliance with duke Ludovico Sforza and Beatrice d'Este.
17 October 1494: skirmishes near Sant'Agata sul Santerno. Tactical Neapolitan victories.
19–21 October 1494: Siege of Mordano. Franco–Milanese victory; the French soldiers sacked Mordano, the Milanese soldiers tried to protect the civilians.
26–29 October 1494: Siege of Fivizzano. French victory; the French army sacked the town.
8–9 November 1494: Florentine revolt against de' Medici. Florentine republican victory; Piero the Unfortunate (who had submitted to all the French demands) was ousted, the Republic of Florence restored under the de facto leadership of Girolamo Savonarola.
Mid-November – 28 November 1494: tense French occupation of Florence. An anti-French revolt or a French sack of the city was averted, and Charles VIII marched on to Rome.
31 December 1494 – 6 January 1495: peaceful French entry into Rome with Pope Alexander VI's permission, but some French looting took place.
? 1495: French conquest and destruction of the Castello di Monte San Giovanni Campano. French victory.
? 1495: French sack of Tuscania (Province of Viterbo). French victory.
22 February 1495: the French army captured Naples without a fight. Ferdinand II of Naples fled the city to Sicily, but kept fighting the French army elsewhere. Charles VIII was crowned king of Naples, and he appointed Gilbert, Count of Montpensier as his viceroy. Likely, the first documented outbreak of syphilis in history occurred amongst the French troops at Naples.
31 March 1495: several Italian states (including Naples, Venice, Florence, Milan, the Papal States, Genoa and Mantua), Spain and the Holy Roman Empire formed the League of Venice to expel the French army from Italy. Milan defected from France to join the League of Venice.
2 May 1495: Battle of Rapallo (1495). League of Venice victory; the Genoese fleet defeated and captured the French fleet, and forced the French garrison of Rapallo to surrender. Much French war booty was lost, and Charles VIII's supply line was endangered.
30 May 1495: Charles split his army, leaving half of it behind to garrison the Kingdom of Naples, and taking the other half to march back to France.
11 June 1495: Occupation of Novara by Louis of Orléans.
28 June 1495: Battle of Seminara. French tactical victory; the French garrisons defeated the Neapolitan–Aragonese troops of Ferdinand II of Naples and Ferdinand II of Aragon (both Ferdinands were some of the last kings from the House of Trastámara).
1 July 1495: Skirmish near Giarolo. Tactical League of Venice victory; Francesco II Gonzaga defeated a small French scouting force.
6 July 1495: Battle of Fornovo. French tactical victory; the French army under Charles VII managed to break through the forces of the League of Venice and march back to France, but lost nearly all the war booty.
6–7 July 1495: Neapolitan recapture of Naples. League of Venice victory; the Neapolitan–Aragonese troops defeated the French garrison of Naples, allowing Ferdinand II of Naples to return.
19 July – 21/24 September 1495: Siege of Novara (1495). League of Venice victory; troops commanded by Beatrice d'Este managed to defeat and drive out Louis of Orléans.
6 July – 8 December 1495: Siege of the Castel Nuovo (Maschio Angioino) in Naples, where the French viceroy of Naples, Gilbert, Count of Montpensier, held out after the city of Naples was captured by the Neapolitan–Aragonese troops. League of Venice victory.
24 September 1495: king Charles VIII of France and duke Ludovico Sforza of Milan concluded a truce.
9 October 1495: Charles VIII and Ludovico Sforza concluded the Peace of Vercelli between France and Milan. The Venetians and Spanish claimed they were not properly consulted, and objected strongly to Sforza's and Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua's alleged unilateral diplomatic actions.
1496: England joined the League of Venice.
July–August 1496: Siege of Atella. League of Venice victory; the French viceroy of Naples, Gilbert, Count of Montpensier, was forced to surrender to the Neapolitan–Aragonese troops, and died in prison in Pozzuoli in October 1496.
1497: Siege of Ostia. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Russo-Swedish War (1495–1497)",
"participant",
"Sweden"
] | The Russo-Swedish War of 1495–1497, known in Sweden as the Stures' Russian War (Swedish: Sturarnas ryska krig), was a border war which occurred between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Kingdom of Sweden. Although the war was relatively short, and did not lead to any territorial changes, it has significance as the first war between Sweden and Moscow. Sweden earlier fought wars against the Novgorod Republic, before Novgorod was formally annexed to Moscow in 1478. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Russo-Swedish War (1495–1497)",
"participant",
"Grand Duchy of Moscow"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Rorschacher Klosterbruch",
"participant",
"Glarus"
] | The Rorschacher Klosterbruch or St. Gallerkrieg was a war between the Abbey of Saint Gall, Zürich, Lucerne, Schwyz and Glarus against the city of St. Gallen and Appenzell in 1489 to 1490. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Rorschacher Klosterbruch",
"participant",
"Zürich"
] | The Rorschacher Klosterbruch or St. Gallerkrieg was a war between the Abbey of Saint Gall, Zürich, Lucerne, Schwyz and Glarus against the city of St. Gallen and Appenzell in 1489 to 1490. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Rorschacher Klosterbruch",
"participant",
"Lucerne"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Rorschacher Klosterbruch",
"participant",
"Schwyz"
] | The Rorschacher Klosterbruch or St. Gallerkrieg was a war between the Abbey of Saint Gall, Zürich, Lucerne, Schwyz and Glarus against the city of St. Gallen and Appenzell in 1489 to 1490. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Rorschacher Klosterbruch",
"participant",
"St. Gallen"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
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