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64.1k
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int64 0
2.4k
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Album Amicorum van Leonardus Hartmann",
"owned by",
"Leonardus Hartmann"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Livonian War",
"participant",
"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth"
] | The Livonian War (1558–1583) was fought for control of Old Livonia (in the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia). The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland.
From 1558 to 1578, Russia dominated the region with early military successes at Dorpat (Tartu) and Narva. The Russian dissolution of the Livonian Confederation brought Poland–Lithuania into the conflict, and Sweden and Denmark intervened between 1559 and 1561. Swedish Estonia was established despite constant invasion from Russia, and Frederick II of Denmark bought the old Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek, which he placed under the control of his brother Magnus of Holstein. Magnus attempted to expand his Livonian holdings to establish the Russian vassal state, the Kingdom of Livonia, which nominally existed until his defection in 1576.
In 1576, Stephen Báthory became King of Poland as well as Grand Duke of Lithuania and turned the tide of the war with his successes between 1578 and 1581, including the joint Swedish–Polish–Lithuanian offensive at the Battle of Wenden. That was followed by an extended campaign through Russia, culminating in the long and difficult Siege of Pskov. Under the 1582 Truce of Jam Zapolski, which ended the war between Russia and Poland–Lithuania, Russia lost all of its former holdings in Livonia and Polotsk to Poland–Lithuania. The following year, Sweden and Russia signed the Truce of Plussa, with Sweden gaining most of Ingria and northern Livonia while retaining the Duchy of Estonia. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Livonian War",
"participant",
"Grand Duchy of Lithuania"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Livonian War",
"participant",
"Tsardom of Russia"
] | The Livonian War (1558–1583) was fought for control of Old Livonia (in the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia). The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland.
From 1558 to 1578, Russia dominated the region with early military successes at Dorpat (Tartu) and Narva. The Russian dissolution of the Livonian Confederation brought Poland–Lithuania into the conflict, and Sweden and Denmark intervened between 1559 and 1561. Swedish Estonia was established despite constant invasion from Russia, and Frederick II of Denmark bought the old Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek, which he placed under the control of his brother Magnus of Holstein. Magnus attempted to expand his Livonian holdings to establish the Russian vassal state, the Kingdom of Livonia, which nominally existed until his defection in 1576.
In 1576, Stephen Báthory became King of Poland as well as Grand Duke of Lithuania and turned the tide of the war with his successes between 1578 and 1581, including the joint Swedish–Polish–Lithuanian offensive at the Battle of Wenden. That was followed by an extended campaign through Russia, culminating in the long and difficult Siege of Pskov. Under the 1582 Truce of Jam Zapolski, which ended the war between Russia and Poland–Lithuania, Russia lost all of its former holdings in Livonia and Polotsk to Poland–Lithuania. The following year, Sweden and Russia signed the Truce of Plussa, with Sweden gaining most of Ingria and northern Livonia while retaining the Duchy of Estonia. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Livonian War",
"significant event",
"Truce of Jam Zapolski"
] | The Livonian War (1558–1583) was fought for control of Old Livonia (in the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia). The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland.
From 1558 to 1578, Russia dominated the region with early military successes at Dorpat (Tartu) and Narva. The Russian dissolution of the Livonian Confederation brought Poland–Lithuania into the conflict, and Sweden and Denmark intervened between 1559 and 1561. Swedish Estonia was established despite constant invasion from Russia, and Frederick II of Denmark bought the old Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek, which he placed under the control of his brother Magnus of Holstein. Magnus attempted to expand his Livonian holdings to establish the Russian vassal state, the Kingdom of Livonia, which nominally existed until his defection in 1576.
In 1576, Stephen Báthory became King of Poland as well as Grand Duke of Lithuania and turned the tide of the war with his successes between 1578 and 1581, including the joint Swedish–Polish–Lithuanian offensive at the Battle of Wenden. That was followed by an extended campaign through Russia, culminating in the long and difficult Siege of Pskov. Under the 1582 Truce of Jam Zapolski, which ended the war between Russia and Poland–Lithuania, Russia lost all of its former holdings in Livonia and Polotsk to Poland–Lithuania. The following year, Sweden and Russia signed the Truce of Plussa, with Sweden gaining most of Ingria and northern Livonia while retaining the Duchy of Estonia.Truces of Jam Zapolski and Plussa
Subsequent negotiations led by Jesuit papal legate Antonio Possevino resulted in the 1582 Truce of Jam Zapolski between Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. This was a humiliation for the Tsar, in part because he requested the truce. Under the agreement Russia would surrender all areas in Livonia it still held and the city of Dorpat (Tartu) to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, while Polotsk would remain under Commonwealth control. Any captured Swedish territory—specifically Narva—could be retained by the Russians and Velike Luki would be returned from Batory's control to Russia. Possevino made a half-hearted attempt to get John III's wishes taken into consideration, but this was vetoed by the Tsar, probably in collusion with Batory. The armistice, which fell short of a full peace arrangement, was to last ten years and was renewed twice, in 1591 and 1601. Batory failed in his attempts to pressure Sweden into relinquishing its gains in Livonia, particularly Narva.Following a decision by John, the war with Russia ended when the Tsar concluded the Truce of Plussa (Plyussa, Pljussa, Plusa) with Sweden on 10 August 1583. Russia relinquished most of Ingria, leaving Narva and Ivangorod as well under Swedish control. Originally scheduled to last three years, the Russo-Swedish truce was later extended until 1590. During the negotiations, Sweden made vast demands for Russian territory, including Novgorod. Whilst these conditions were probably only for the purposes of negotiation, they may have reflected Swedish aspirations of territory in the region. | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Livonian War",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Livonian War"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590)",
"participant",
"Ottoman Empire"
] | The Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590) was one of the many wars between the neighboring arch rivals of Safavid Empire and the Ottoman Empire.Starting with several years prior to the war and up to including most of the war itself, the Safavids were experiencing significant domestic issues and rivalling noble factions within the court since the death of Shah Tahmasp I. The Ottomans decided to declare war in 1577–1578 to exploit the chaos. The war, despite swift Ottoman victories in the first few years and large amounts of support from the Ottoman vassal Crimean Khanate during several stages of the war, eventually becoming geo-politically and military relatively stable for several years with both parties losing and winning smaller battles till around 1580. It eventually had a turning point following the Battle of Torches on 7–11 May 1583 and the assassination of the Safavid generals Mirza Salman Jaberi and Hamza Mirza. Following these turns of events and internal chaos in the Safavid state, the Ottomans headed towards the eventual victory in 1590. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590)",
"participant",
"Safavid dynasty"
] | The Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590) was one of the many wars between the neighboring arch rivals of Safavid Empire and the Ottoman Empire.Starting with several years prior to the war and up to including most of the war itself, the Safavids were experiencing significant domestic issues and rivalling noble factions within the court since the death of Shah Tahmasp I. The Ottomans decided to declare war in 1577–1578 to exploit the chaos. The war, despite swift Ottoman victories in the first few years and large amounts of support from the Ottoman vassal Crimean Khanate during several stages of the war, eventually becoming geo-politically and military relatively stable for several years with both parties losing and winning smaller battles till around 1580. It eventually had a turning point following the Battle of Torches on 7–11 May 1583 and the assassination of the Safavid generals Mirza Salman Jaberi and Hamza Mirza. Following these turns of events and internal chaos in the Safavid state, the Ottomans headed towards the eventual victory in 1590. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Siege of Deventer (1591)",
"different from",
"Siege of Deventer (1813-1814)"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Siege of Deventer (1591)",
"different from",
"Siege of Deventer in 1578"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Siege of Deventer (1591)",
"different from",
"Siege of Deventer (1456)"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Burmese–Siamese War (1584–1593)",
"participant",
"Ayutthaya Kingdom"
] | The Burmese–Siamese War (1584–1593), also known as the Nandric War(Burmese: နန္ဒဘုရင်စစ်ပွဲ), was a war fought between the Toungoo dynasty of Burma and the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam. This war led Ayutthaya out of Burmese vassalship. This war was notable for the duel between King Naresuan and the Burmese Crown-Prince, Mingyi Swa. This war freed Siam from further Burmese domination for 174 years until 1767 when King Hsinbyushin invaded Siam, which resulted in the end of Ayutthaya rule. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Burmese–Siamese War (1584–1593)",
"participant",
"First Toungoo Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1588)",
"different from",
"Siege of Bergen op Zoom"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1588)",
"different from",
"Siege of Bergen-op-Zoom"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1588)",
"different from",
"Siege of Bergen op Zoom"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Siege of Steenwijk (1592)",
"different from",
"Siege of Steenwijk"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Siege of Maastricht (1579)",
"different from",
"Siege of Maastricht (1748)"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Siege of Maastricht (1579)",
"different from",
"Siege of Maastricht (1673)"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Siege of Maastricht (1579)",
"different from",
"Capture of Maastricht (1632)"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Siege of Maastricht (1579)",
"different from",
"Siege of Maastricht (1793)"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Siege of Maastricht (1579)",
"different from",
"Siege of Maastricht (1794)"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Siege of Maastricht (1579)",
"different from",
"Siege of Maastricht (1204)"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Siege of Maastricht (1579)",
"different from",
"Siege of Maastricht (1267)"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Siege of Maastricht (1579)",
"different from",
"Siege of Maastricht (1334)"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Siege of Maastricht (1579)",
"different from",
"Siege of Maastricht (1676)"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Siege of Maastricht (1579)",
"different from",
"Siege of Maastricht (1407-1408)"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Siege of Maastricht (1579)",
"different from",
"Siege of Maastricht (1634)"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Siege of Rouen (1591–1592)",
"different from",
"Siege of Rouen"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Siege of Rouen (1591–1592)",
"different from",
"Siege of Rouen"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Siege of Rouen (1591–1592)",
"different from",
"Siege of Rouen"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Siege of Rouen (1591–1592)",
"different from",
"Siege of Rouen"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Siege of Ulsan",
"followed by",
"Second Siege of Ulsan"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Ishiyama Hongan-ji War",
"participant",
"Oda Nobunaga"
] | Siege
In August 1570, Oda Nobunaga left Gifu Castle in Gifu with 30,000 troops, and ordered his generals to build fortresses around Ishiyama, while Nobunaga himself focused on the Sieges of Nagashima fortress and other campaigns.
On September 12, the Ikkō-ikki launched a midnight stealth attack against Nobunaga's forces at Kawaguchi and Takadono. The Ikko were reinforced by warrior monks from Negoro-ji in Kii Province and 3,000 musketeers, pushing Oda's army back.
Nobunaga's armies remained camped out, assigned to monitor the Ikki's fortress, and take it if they could.
In 1574, after destroying the Nagashima complex and reducing the threat from the Ikki's supporters, Oda attempted to starve out the fortress. This was no easy task, however, because the Ishiyama fortress sat on the coast, which was guarded by the fleet of the Mōri clan, masters of naval combat and Oda's enemies.
By early 1575, however, the fortress was already in urgent need of supplies, and the Abbot Kōsa was ready to begin peaceful overtures with Nobunaga to end the siege. But the ousted shōgun Ashikaga Yoshiaki sent a letter to Mōri Terumoto asking for his aid in supplying the cathedral fortress.: 288–289 Yoshiaki eventually raised some troops himself to aid the besieged.Battle of Tennoji
In April 1576, Oda's army attacked the Hongan-ji fortress, led by Harada Naomasa, Akechi Mitsuhide, Hosokawa Fujitaka, Tsutsui Junkei, Nakagawa Kiyohide, Takayama Ukon, Araki Murashige, and Sakuma Nobuhide, but Oda forces were quickly repelled by 15,000 Ikkō-ikki defenders. Mitsuhide and Nobuhide made a request for reinforcements to Nobunaga who was staying in Kyōto. Later, Nobunaga himself personally came. He led an army of only 3,000 men to attack as many as 15,000 enemy forces, along with Niwa Nagahide, Hashiba Hideyoshi, Takigawa Kazumasu, Hachiya Yoritaka and Inaba Yoshimichi. Nobunaga attacked Mitsuji fortress, pushing back the Ikki garrison to their inner gates and Nobunaga suffered a bullet wound to his leg. However, Harada Naomasa lost his life during the battle. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Ishiyama Hongan-ji War",
"participant",
"Oda clan"
] | Siege
In August 1570, Oda Nobunaga left Gifu Castle in Gifu with 30,000 troops, and ordered his generals to build fortresses around Ishiyama, while Nobunaga himself focused on the Sieges of Nagashima fortress and other campaigns.
On September 12, the Ikkō-ikki launched a midnight stealth attack against Nobunaga's forces at Kawaguchi and Takadono. The Ikko were reinforced by warrior monks from Negoro-ji in Kii Province and 3,000 musketeers, pushing Oda's army back.
Nobunaga's armies remained camped out, assigned to monitor the Ikki's fortress, and take it if they could.
In 1574, after destroying the Nagashima complex and reducing the threat from the Ikki's supporters, Oda attempted to starve out the fortress. This was no easy task, however, because the Ishiyama fortress sat on the coast, which was guarded by the fleet of the Mōri clan, masters of naval combat and Oda's enemies.
By early 1575, however, the fortress was already in urgent need of supplies, and the Abbot Kōsa was ready to begin peaceful overtures with Nobunaga to end the siege. But the ousted shōgun Ashikaga Yoshiaki sent a letter to Mōri Terumoto asking for his aid in supplying the cathedral fortress.: 288–289 Yoshiaki eventually raised some troops himself to aid the besieged. | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Ishiyama Hongan-ji War",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ishiyama Hongan-ji War"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Ishiyama Hongan-ji War",
"participant",
"Saika Ikki"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Ishiyama Hongan-ji War",
"participant",
"Mōri clan"
] | Siege
In August 1570, Oda Nobunaga left Gifu Castle in Gifu with 30,000 troops, and ordered his generals to build fortresses around Ishiyama, while Nobunaga himself focused on the Sieges of Nagashima fortress and other campaigns.
On September 12, the Ikkō-ikki launched a midnight stealth attack against Nobunaga's forces at Kawaguchi and Takadono. The Ikko were reinforced by warrior monks from Negoro-ji in Kii Province and 3,000 musketeers, pushing Oda's army back.
Nobunaga's armies remained camped out, assigned to monitor the Ikki's fortress, and take it if they could.
In 1574, after destroying the Nagashima complex and reducing the threat from the Ikki's supporters, Oda attempted to starve out the fortress. This was no easy task, however, because the Ishiyama fortress sat on the coast, which was guarded by the fleet of the Mōri clan, masters of naval combat and Oda's enemies.
By early 1575, however, the fortress was already in urgent need of supplies, and the Abbot Kōsa was ready to begin peaceful overtures with Nobunaga to end the siege. But the ousted shōgun Ashikaga Yoshiaki sent a letter to Mōri Terumoto asking for his aid in supplying the cathedral fortress.: 288–289 Yoshiaki eventually raised some troops himself to aid the besieged. | null | null | null | null | 14 |
[
"Ishiyama Hongan-ji War",
"participant",
"Ikkō-ikki"
] | Siege
In August 1570, Oda Nobunaga left Gifu Castle in Gifu with 30,000 troops, and ordered his generals to build fortresses around Ishiyama, while Nobunaga himself focused on the Sieges of Nagashima fortress and other campaigns.
On September 12, the Ikkō-ikki launched a midnight stealth attack against Nobunaga's forces at Kawaguchi and Takadono. The Ikko were reinforced by warrior monks from Negoro-ji in Kii Province and 3,000 musketeers, pushing Oda's army back.
Nobunaga's armies remained camped out, assigned to monitor the Ikki's fortress, and take it if they could.
In 1574, after destroying the Nagashima complex and reducing the threat from the Ikki's supporters, Oda attempted to starve out the fortress. This was no easy task, however, because the Ishiyama fortress sat on the coast, which was guarded by the fleet of the Mōri clan, masters of naval combat and Oda's enemies.
By early 1575, however, the fortress was already in urgent need of supplies, and the Abbot Kōsa was ready to begin peaceful overtures with Nobunaga to end the siege. But the ousted shōgun Ashikaga Yoshiaki sent a letter to Mōri Terumoto asking for his aid in supplying the cathedral fortress.: 288–289 Yoshiaki eventually raised some troops himself to aid the besieged. | null | null | null | null | 15 |
[
"Siege of Steenwijk (1580–1581)",
"different from",
"Siege of Steenwijk"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Siege of Odawara (1590)",
"participant",
"Toyotomi Hideyoshi"
] | Background
In 1588, Toyotomi Hideyoshi succeeded in re-unifying the nation, after several campaigns following the death of Oda Nobunaga in 1582. Hideyoshi asked Hōjō Ujimasa and Ujinao (father and son), to attend the imperial visit to Jurakudai (Hideyoshi's residence and office in Kyoto), but Ujimasa refused. However, Ujimasa proposed to reschedule the visit to spring or summer of 1590, but Hideyoshi in turn refused the proposal, which worsened their relationship. In May 1590, Hideyoshi launched the Odawara Campaign against Hōjō.The siege
The massive army of Toyotomi Hideyoshi surrounded the castle in what has been called "the most unconventional siege lines in samurai history." The samurai were entertained by everything from concubines, prostitutes, and musicians to acrobats, fire-eaters, and jugglers. The defenders slept on the ramparts with their arquebuses and armor; despite their smaller numbers, they discouraged Hideyoshi from attacking. So, for the most part, this siege consisted of traditional starvation tactics. Only a few small skirmishes erupted around the castle, as when a group of miners from Kai Province dug under the castle walls, allowing men under Ii Naomasa to enter.After three months, the sudden appearance of Ishigakiyama Ichiya Castle took away the Hōjō defenders' will to resist and they surrendered.In addition to taking Odawara Castle, Hideyoshi also defeated the Hōjō at their outposts at Hachiōji Castle, Hachigata castle, and Shizuoka in and near the southwestern part of the Kantō region. Included Shimoda fortress at Ize province, where Hideyoshi's naval forces defeated the Izu suigun. However, at Oshi castle, the defenders surrendered after hearing word that their lord had been defeated at Odawara.
The Chiba clan, allies of the Hōjō in Shimōsa, also saw Sakura Castle fall to Honda Tadakatsu and Sakai Ietsugu of the Tokugawa army during the campaign. Chiba Shigetane, daimyō of the Chiba, surrendered the castle to the besieging forces on the condition that his clan would not be abolished. While the Chiba were consequently divested of all of their holdings, many of their senior members were taken into service by Tokugawa retainer Ii Naomasa, thanks to aid he had received many years earlier from the clan during the occupation of Takeda Katsuyori's Tsutsujigasaki Castle. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Siege of Odawara (1590)",
"participant",
"Hōjō Ujinao"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Siege of Odawara (1590)",
"different from",
"Siege of Odawara"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Siege of Odawara (1590)",
"different from",
"Siege of Odawara"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Siege of Godesberg",
"participant",
"Holy Roman Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Album amicorum van Meindert van Idzarda",
"owned by",
"Meinhard van Idzarda"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Album amicorum van Homme van Harinxma sr.",
"owned by",
"Homme van Harinxma thoe Slooten"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Siege of Paris (1590)",
"different from",
"Paris Commune"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Siege of Paris (1590)",
"different from",
"Siege of Paris"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Siege of Paris (1590)",
"different from",
"Siege of Paris"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Siege of Paris (1590)",
"different from",
"Siege of Paris"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Siege of Paris (1590)",
"different from",
"Siege of Paris"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Siege of Paris (1590)",
"different from",
"Siege of Paris"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Siege of Paris (1590)",
"different from",
"Siege of Paris"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Siege of Paris (1590)",
"different from",
"Siege of Paris"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Siege of Paris (1590)",
"different from",
"Siege of Paris (1360)"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Siege of Paris (1590)",
"different from",
"Siege of Paris"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Siege of Paris (1590)",
"different from",
"Siege of Paris"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Siege of Paris (1590)",
"different from",
"Siege of Paris"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Siege of Paris (1590)",
"different from",
"Siege of Paris"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Brigandine",
"different from",
"brigantine"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Siege of Huy (1595)",
"different from",
"Siege of Huy"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Album amicorum of Aegidius Antonisz. Anselmus",
"owned by",
"Aegidius Antonisz. Anselmus"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Album amicorum van Johannes Vivianus",
"owned by",
"Johannes Vivianus"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Album amicorum van Jan Baptist Stalpart van der Wiele",
"owned by",
"Johannes Stalpaert van der Wiele"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Siege of Calais (1596)",
"different from",
"Siege of Calais (1346–1347)"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Siege of Calais (1596)",
"different from",
"Siege of Calais"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Siege of Calais (1596)",
"different from",
"siege of Calais (1436)"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Siege of Calais (1596)",
"different from",
"Siege of Calais"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Siege of Calais (1596)",
"different from",
"Siege of Calais"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Battle of the Narrow Seas",
"participant",
"Spanish Navy"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Battle of the Narrow Seas",
"participant",
"English navy"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Album amicorum van Geertruydt van Engelsteedt",
"owned by",
"Geertruydt van Engelsteedt"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Album amicorum van Johannes ab Amstel a Mijnden",
"owned by",
"Johannes ab Amstel a Mijnden"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Phanerozoic",
"follows",
"Precambrian"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Phanerozoic",
"follows",
"Proterozoic"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Phanerozoic",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Phanerozoic"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Annelid",
"different from",
"worm"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Annelid",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Annelids"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Fish",
"has use",
"fish as food"
] | A fish (PL: fish) is an aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animal that lacks limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Approximately 95% of living fish species are ray-finned fish, belonging to the class Actinopterygii, with around 99% of those being teleosts.
The earliest organisms that can be classified as fish were soft-bodied chordates that first appeared during the Cambrian period. Although they lacked a true spine, they possessed notochords which allowed them to be more agile than their invertebrate counterparts. Fish would continue to evolve through the Paleozoic era, diversifying into a wide variety of forms. Many fish of the Paleozoic developed external armor that protected them from predators. The first fish with jaws appeared in the Silurian period, after which many (such as sharks) became formidable marine predators rather than just the prey of arthropods.
Most fish are ectothermic ("cold-blooded"), allowing their body temperatures to vary as ambient temperatures change, though some of the large active swimmers like white shark and tuna can hold a higher core temperature. Fish can acoustically communicate with each other, most often in the context of feeding, aggression or courtship.Fish are abundant in most bodies of water. They can be found in nearly all aquatic environments, from high mountain streams (e.g., char and gudgeon) to the abyssal and even hadal depths of the deepest oceans (e.g., cusk-eels and snailfish), although no species has yet been documented in the deepest 25% of the ocean. With 34,300 described species, fish exhibit greater species diversity than any other group of vertebrates.Fish are an important resource for humans worldwide, especially as food. Commercial and subsistence fishers hunt fish in wild fisheries or farm them in ponds or in cages in the ocean (in aquaculture). They are also caught by recreational fishers, kept as pets, raised by fishkeepers, and exhibited in public aquaria. Fish have had a role in culture through the ages, serving as deities, religious symbols, and as the subjects of art, books and movies.
Tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) emerged within lobe-finned fishes, so cladistically they are fish as well. However, traditionally fish (pisces or ichthyes) are rendered paraphyletic by excluding the tetrapods, and are therefore not considered a formal taxonomic grouping in systematic biology, unless it is used in the cladistic sense, including tetrapods, although usually "vertebrate" is preferred and used for this purpose (fish plus tetrapods) instead. Furthermore, cetaceans, although mammals, have often been considered fish by various cultures and time periods. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Fish",
"different from",
"Ryba"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Fish",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Fish"
] | null | null | null | null | 26 |
|
[
"Fire making",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Firelighting"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Fire making",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Fire-starting"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Pre-Columbian North America",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Pre-Columbian North America"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Late Stone Age",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Later Stone Age"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"History of Native Americans in the United States",
"main subject",
"Native Americans in the United States"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"History of Native Americans in the United States",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Native American history"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Clothing",
"has use",
"fashion"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Clothing",
"has use",
"security"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Clothing",
"has use",
"hygiene"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Clothing",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Clothing"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"Clothing",
"has part(s) of the class",
"costume component"
] | null | null | null | null | 29 |
|
[
"Vulcan (Star Trek)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Vulcans"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Vulcan (Star Trek)",
"different from",
"Vulcan"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Torch",
"has use",
"fire"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Torch",
"has use",
"lighting"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Torch",
"different from",
"blowtorch"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Torch",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Torches"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Holocene",
"follows",
"Pleistocene"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
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