triplets
sequence | passage
stringlengths 0
32.9k
| label
stringlengths 4
48
⌀ | label_id
int64 0
1k
⌀ | synonyms
sequence | __index_level_1__
int64 312
64.1k
⌀ | __index_level_0__
int64 0
2.4k
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Berber Revolt",
"participant",
"Amazigh"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Berber Revolt",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Berber Revolt"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Berber Revolt",
"participant",
"Umayyad Caliphate"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Siege of Baghdad (812–813)",
"different from",
"Siege of Baghdad"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Siege of Baghdad (812–813)",
"different from",
"Capture of Baghdad"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Siege of Baghdad (812–813)",
"different from",
"Capture of Baghdad"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Siege of Baghdad (812–813)",
"different from",
"Siege of Baghdad (1625)"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Siege of Baghdad (812–813)",
"different from",
"Siege of Baghdad"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Siege of Baghdad (812–813)",
"different from",
"Siege of Baghdad"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Abbasid civil war (865–866)",
"participant",
"Al-Mu'tazz"
] | The Abbasid civil war of 865–866, sometimes known as the Fifth Fitna, was an armed conflict during the "Anarchy at Samarra" between the rival caliphs al-Musta'in and al-Mu'tazz, fought to determine who would gain control over the Abbasid Caliphate. The war, which lasted for about a year, largely revolved around a prolonged siege of Baghdad and ended with al-Mu'tazz as sole caliph. Al-Musta'in was abandoned by his supporters and forced to abdicate; in spite of a guarantee that his life would be spared, he was executed shortly afterward.
The outcome of the war was a major victory for the Turkic military establishment, which had been responsible for al-Mu'tazz's rise to power, and allowed the Turks to maintain their effective power over the government and military of the caliphate. The partisans of al-Musta'in, namely the Tahirid family, the Arab military factions, and the citizens of Baghdad, continued to be excluded from the politics of the central government after their surrender, although they were allowed to keep the positions they had before the war. Central Iraq, where most of the fighting took place, was devastated by the activities of both sides.
The historian al-Tabari provided a lengthy and detailed account of the war. Other Muslim historians, such as al-Mas'udi and al-Ya'qubi, also mentioned the war in their works.Beginning of hostilities
With two members of the Abbasid dynasty now claiming to be caliph, war became inevitable. On al-Musta'in's side, Muhammad b. 'Abdallah quickly took command of the military effort. He ordered that all food shipments from Baghdad to Samarra be halted, and instructed allies in the Mosul region to do the same. Letters were sent by Muhammad to friendly commanders calling on them to mobilize their forces, and a recruitment drive was initiated in Baghdad. In preparation for a siege, the city was fortified, with the work being completed by February 22. The bridges and canals around al-Anbar were destroyed, flooding the area and hindering any possible enemy troop movements there. Muhammad also wrote to the tax officials throughout the empire, instructing them that their revenues were to be sent to Baghdad instead of Samarra.For his part, al-Mu'tazz wrote to Muhammad, urging him to declare allegiance to him. Soon after, al-Mu'tazz put his brother Abu Ahmad (the later al-Muwaffaq) in command of an army and instructed him to fight against al-Musta'in and Muhammad. The army, consisting of five thousand Turkish and Ferghanan (Faraghinah) soldiers under the leadership of Kalbatikin al-Turki and two thousand North African (Magharibah) soldiers under the leadership of Muhammad b. Rashid al-Maghribi, departed Samarra on February 24. Six days later they arrived in Ukbara, where Abu Ahmad led the prayers in the name of al-Mu'tazz. The Turks and North Africans began looting the area between Ubkara and Baghdad, causing many of the local residents to abandon their estates and fields. On March 10, Abu Ahmad and his army appeared before the Shammasiyah gate on the East side of Baghdad, and the siege of the city began. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Abbasid civil war (865–866)",
"participant",
"Al-Musta'in"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"First Fitna",
"participant",
"Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib"
] | The First Fitna was the first civil war in the Islamic community. It led to the overthrow of the Rashidun Caliphate and the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate. The civil war involved three main battles between the fourth Rashidun caliph, Ali, and the rebel groups.
The roots of the first civil war can be traced back to the assassination of the second caliph, Umar. Before he died from his wounds, Umar formed a six-member council which elected Uthman as the next caliph. During the final years of Uthman's caliphate, he was accused of nepotism and killed by rebels in 656. After Uthman's assassination, Ali was elected the fourth caliph. Aisha, Talha, and Zubayr revolted against Ali to depose him. The two parties fought the Battle of the Camel in December 656, from which Ali emerged victorious. Afterward, Mu'awiya, the incumbent governor of Syria, declared war on Ali ostensibly to avenge Uthman's death. The two parties fought the Battle of Siffin in July 657, which ended in a stalemate and arbitration. This arbitration was resented by the Kharijites, who declared Ali, Mu'awiya, and their followers infidels. Following Kharijite violence against civilians, Ali's forces crushed them in the Battle of Nahrawan. Soon after, Mu'awiya also seized control of Egypt with the aid of Amr ibn al-As.
In 661, Ali was assassinated by the Kharijite Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam. After Ali's death, his heir Hasan was elected caliph and soon after attacked by Mu'awiya. The embattled Hasan concluded a peace treaty, acknowledging the rule of Mu'awiya, who subsequently founded the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled as its first caliph. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"First Fitna",
"participant",
"Muawiyah I"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"First Fitna",
"participant",
"Zubayr ibn al-Awam"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"First Fitna",
"participant",
"'Amr ibn al-'As"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"First Fitna",
"participant",
"Malik al-Ashtar"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"First Fitna",
"participant",
"Ammar ibn Yasir"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"First Fitna",
"participant",
"Talha ibn Ubaydullah"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"First Fitna",
"followed by",
"Second Fitna"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"First Fitna",
"participant",
"Aisha"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"First Fitna",
"topic's main category",
"Category:First Fitna"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Siege of Queli",
"participant",
"Sajids"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Siege of Queli",
"participant",
"Kingdom of the Iberians"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Fatimid invasion of Egypt (914–915)",
"participant",
"Abbasid Caliphate"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Fatimid invasion of Egypt (914–915)",
"participant",
"Fatimid Caliphate"
] | The first Fatimid invasion of Egypt occurred in 914–915, soon after the establishment of the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya in 909. The Fatimids launched an expedition east, against the Abbasid Caliphate, under the Berber General Habasa ibn Yusuf. Habasa succeeded in subduing the cities on the Libyan coast between Ifriqiya and Egypt, and captured Alexandria. The Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, then arrived to take over the campaign. Attempts to conquer the Egyptian capital, Fustat, were beaten back by the Abbasid troops in the province. A risky affair even at the outset, the arrival of Abbasid reinforcements from Syria and Iraq under Mu'nis al-Muzaffar doomed the invasion to failure, and al-Qa'im and the remnants of his army abandoned Alexandria and returned to Ifriqiya in May 915. The failure did not prevent the Fatimids from launching another unsuccessful attempt to capture Egypt four years later. It was not until 969 that the Fatimids conquered Egypt and made it the centre of their empire. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Fatimid invasion of Egypt (914–915)",
"followed by",
"Second Fatimid invasion of Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Siege of Antioch (968–969)",
"different from",
"Mesopotamian campaigns of Ardashir I"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Siege of Antioch (968–969)",
"different from",
"Siege of Antioch"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Siege of Antioch (968–969)",
"different from",
"Siege of Antioch"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Siege of Antioch (968–969)",
"different from",
"Siege of Antioch"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Siege of Antioch (968–969)",
"different from",
"Siege of Antioch"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Siege of Antioch (968–969)",
"different from",
"Siege of Antioch"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Hungarian invasions of Europe",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Hungarian invasions of Europe"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Ninna",
"followed by",
"Kanpyō"
] | Ninna (仁和) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, "year name") after Gangyō and before Kanpyō. This period spanned the years from February 885 through April 889. The reigning emperors were Kōkō-tennō (光孝天皇) and Uda-tennō (宇多天皇). | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Ninna",
"follows",
"Gangyō"
] | Ninna (仁和) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, "year name") after Gangyō and before Kanpyō. This period spanned the years from February 885 through April 889. The reigning emperors were Kōkō-tennō (光孝天皇) and Uda-tennō (宇多天皇).Change of era
January 20, 885 Ninna gannen (仁和元年): The new era name was created to mark an event or series of events. The previous era ended and the new one commenced in Gangyō 9, on the 21st day of the 2nd month of 885. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria",
"participant",
"Byzantine Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria",
"participant",
"Hungarians"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria",
"participant",
"Pechenegs"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria",
"participant",
"First Bulgarian Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria",
"participant",
"Kievan Rus'"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Old Irish",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Old Irish"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"War of the Three Henries (976–978)",
"different from",
"War of the Three Henrys"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Iranian Intermezzo",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Iranian Intermezzo"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Sachsenpfennig",
"follows",
"Carolingian denarius"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Uqaylid dynasty",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Uqaylid dynasty"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Ancient Chinese coinage",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Coins of ancient China"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Sulayhid dynasty",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Sulayhid dynasty"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"War of the Lombards",
"participant",
"Holy Roman Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"War of the Lombards",
"participant",
"pope"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"War of the Lombards",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"War of the Lombards",
"participant",
"Knights Templar"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"War of the Lombards",
"participant",
"Teutonic Order"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"War of the Lombards",
"participant",
"Principality of Antioch"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"War of the Lombards",
"participant",
"Republic of Genoa"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"War of the Lombards",
"participant",
"County of Tripoli"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"War of the Lombards",
"participant",
"Republic of Pisa"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"War of the Lombards",
"participant",
"Order of Hospitallers"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"War of the Lombards",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Cyprus"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Conquest of Majorca",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Christian conquest of Mallorca"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Aragonese Crusade",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Aragonese Crusade"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Fall of Tripoli (1289)",
"different from",
"Siege of Tripoli"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Fall of Tripoli (1289)",
"different from",
"Siege of Tripolitsa"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Fall of Tripoli (1289)",
"different from",
"Siege of Tripoli"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Fall of Tripoli (1289)",
"different from",
"Siege of Tripoli"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes",
"participant",
"Order of Hospitallers"
] | Aftermath
Following the completion of the conquest, the Hospitallers moved their convent and hospital from Cyprus to Rhodes. Efforts were made to attract Latin settlers, both to replenish the local population that had dwindled to some 10,000, and to provide men for military service. The Order lost no time in beginning military operations in the area: enforcing a papal ban on trade with Mamluk Egypt, the Knights did not hesitate to capture even Genoese vessels, although the Genoese had aided the conquest. A brief alliance of the Genoese with the emirate of Menteshe followed, but the Hospitallers scored a significant victory over the latter in 1312. Tensions rose with Venice at the same time, as the Hospitallers seized Karpathos and other Venetian-controlled islands. Eventually, the Hospitallers reached an agreement with both Italian maritime powers, and the seized islands were returned to Venice in 1316. The grand preceptor Albert of Schwarzburg led the Hospitaller navy to victories against the Turks in 1318, and at the Battle of Chios in 1319, after which he recaptured the island of Leros, whose Greek populace had rebelled and restored Byzantine rule. In the next year, the Hospitallers defeated a Turkish fleet of eighty vessels, preventing an invasion of Rhodes. With this success, Hospitaller control of the island was secured for the next century. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Smyrniote crusades",
"participant",
"Republic of Venice"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Smyrniote crusades",
"participant",
"Dauphiné"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Smyrniote crusades",
"participant",
"Papal States"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Smyrniote crusades",
"participant",
"Order of Hospitallers"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Smyrniote crusades",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Cyprus"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Smyrniote crusades",
"participant",
"Beylik of Aydın"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Alexandrian Crusade",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Alexandrian Crusade"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Kannō disturbance",
"participant",
"Kō no Moronao"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Kannō disturbance",
"participant",
"Ashikaga Takauji"
] | Effects
One of the main effects of the Disturbance was the re-invigoration of the war effort of the Southern Court. To a large extent its renewed offensive was made possible by turncoats from the Muromachi regime. The imperialist offensive of 1352 directed against Takauji in Kamakura was made possible by the vast numbers of former adherents of Tadayoshi who became supporters of the imperialist leader Nitta Yoshimune. The imperialist offensive against Kyoto in 1353 was made possible through the defection of the shugo lord Yamana Tokiuji. Tadayoshi's adopted son Ashikaga Tadafuyu is an outstanding example of defection: he became the leader of the western armies of the Southern Court during the imperialist offensives against Kyoto in 1353 and 1354.
The end of the Disturbance on the other hand eliminated the sharing of power between the two Ashikaga brothers putting it all into Takauji's hands, strengthening his position and ultimately that of the early Muromachi shogunate as a whole. | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Kannō disturbance",
"participant",
"Ashikaga Tadayoshi"
] | Resurgence of the Southern Court
The events
Takauji was nominally shōgun but, having proved not to be up to the task of ruling the country, for more than ten years Tadayoshi governed in his stead. The relationship between the two brothers was however destined to be destroyed by an extremely serious episode called the Kannō Incident, an event which takes its name from the Kannō era (1350–1351) during which it took place and which had grave consequences for the entire country. Trouble between the two started when Takauji made Kō no Moronao his shitsuji, or deputy. Tadayoshi did not like Moronao and his policies so (at least according to the Taiheiki), after every effort to get rid of him failed, he tried to have him assassinated. Tadayoshi in 1349 was forced by Moronao to leave the government, shave his head and become a Buddhist monk with the name Keishin under the guidance of Zen master, poet, and old associate Musō Soseki. In 1350 he rebelled and joined his brother's enemies, the supporters of the Southern court, whose Emperor Go-Murakami appointed him general of all his troops. In 1351 he defeated Takauji, occupied Kyoto, and entered Kamakura. During the same year he captured and executed the Kō brothers, Moronao and Moroyasu, at Mikage (Settsu province). The following year his fortunes turned and he was defeated by Takauji at Sattayama. A reconciliation between the brothers proved to be brief. Tadayoshi fled to Kamakura, but Takauji pursued him there with an army. In March 1352, shortly after an ostensible second reconciliation, Tadayoshi died suddenly, according to the Taiheiki by poisoning.Effects
One of the main effects of the Disturbance was the re-invigoration of the war effort of the Southern Court. To a large extent its renewed offensive was made possible by turncoats from the Muromachi regime. The imperialist offensive of 1352 directed against Takauji in Kamakura was made possible by the vast numbers of former adherents of Tadayoshi who became supporters of the imperialist leader Nitta Yoshimune. The imperialist offensive against Kyoto in 1353 was made possible through the defection of the shugo lord Yamana Tokiuji. Tadayoshi's adopted son Ashikaga Tadafuyu is an outstanding example of defection: he became the leader of the western armies of the Southern Court during the imperialist offensives against Kyoto in 1353 and 1354.
The end of the Disturbance on the other hand eliminated the sharing of power between the two Ashikaga brothers putting it all into Takauji's hands, strengthening his position and ultimately that of the early Muromachi shogunate as a whole. | null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Siege of Kamakura (1333)",
"follows",
"Battle of Sekido"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Siege of Kamakura (1333)",
"followed by",
"Siege of Tōshō-ji"
] | The 1333 siege of Kamakura was a battle of the Genkō War, and marked the end of the power of the Hōjō clan, which had dominated the regency of the Kamakura shogunate for over a century. Forces loyal to Emperor Go-Daigo and led by Nitta Yoshisada entered the city from multiple directions and destroyed it; in the end, the Hōjō leaders retreated to Tōshō-ji, the Hōjō family temple, where they committed suicide with the rest of the clan. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Third siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Third siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Capture of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Third siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Seventh Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Third siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Sixth Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Third siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Tenth Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Third siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Third siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Great Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Third siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"First Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Third siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Eighth Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Third siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Fifth Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Third siege of Gibraltar",
"follows",
"Fourth Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Third siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Fourth Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Third siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Ninth Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Third siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Second Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"First War of the Guelderian Succession",
"followed by",
"Second War of the Guelderian Succession"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Mongol invasions and conquests",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Wars involving the Mongol Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Fifth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Fifth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Capture of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Fifth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Third Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Fifth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Tenth Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Fifth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Fifth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"Great Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Fifth siege of Gibraltar",
"different from",
"First Siege of Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
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