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64.1k
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2.4k
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Third Servile War",
"participant",
"Ganicus"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Third Servile War",
"different from",
"Spartacist uprising"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Third Servile War",
"participant",
"Crixus"
] | Defeat of the consular armies (72 BC)
In the spring of 72 BC, the escaped slaves left their winter encampments and began to move northwards towards Cisalpine Gaul. The Senate, alarmed by the size of the revolt and the defeat of the praetorian armies of Glaber and Varinius, dispatched a pair of consular legions under the command of Lucius Gellius and Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus. Initially, the consular armies were successful. Gellius engaged a group of about 30,000 slaves, under the command of Crixus, near Mount Garganus and killed two-thirds of the rebels, including Crixus.At this point, there is a divergence in the classical sources as to the course of events, which do not correspond until the entry of Marcus Licinius Crassus into the war. The two most comprehensive (extant) histories of the war by Appian and Plutarch detail very different events. Neither account directly contradicts the other but simply reports different events, ignoring some events in the other account and reporting events that are unique to that account. | null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Third Servile War",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Third Servile War"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Messinian",
"followed by",
"Zanclean"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Messinian",
"follows",
"Tortonian"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Messinian",
"significant event",
"Messinian salinity crisis"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Messinian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Messinian"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"War of Mutina",
"participant",
"Mark Antony"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"War of Mutina",
"participant",
"Ancient Rome"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Numantine War",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Numantine War"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Numantine War",
"participant",
"Vettones"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Numantine War",
"participant",
"Ancient Rome"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Numantine War",
"participant",
"Vaccaei"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Numantine War",
"participant",
"Arevaci"
] | The first war was fought contemporaneously with the Lusitanian War in Hispania Ulterior. The Lusitanians were subdued by Sulpicius Galba, who betrayed their surrender and executed their leading men, and the Arevaci of Hispania Citerior continued the war and allied with the Lusitanian leader Viriathus.
After open war reignited in 143, Rome sent a series of generals to the Iberian peninsula to deal with the Numantines. In that year, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus tried and failed to take Numantia by siege, but subjugated all the other tribes of the Arevaci. His successor, Quintus Pompeius, was inept and suffered severe defeats at their hands, so he secretly negotiated a peace with the city abiding by the previous treaty. Yet in 138 BC a new general arrived, Marcus Pompillius Laenas, and when the Numantine envoys came to finish their obligations of the peace treaty, Pompeius disavowed negotiating any such peace. The matter was referred to the Senate for a judgment. Rome decided to ignore Pompeius' peace and sent Gaius Hostilius Mancinus to continue the war in 136 BC. He assaulted the city and was repulsed several times before being routed and encircled, and so forced to accept a treaty, negotiated by a young Tiberius Gracchus. The Senate did not ratify this treaty either but only sent Mancinus to the Numantines as a prisoner. His successors Lucius Furius Philus and Gaius Calpurnius Piso avoided conflict with the Numantines. | null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Numantine War",
"participant",
"Lusones"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Seleucid–Parthian Wars",
"participant",
"Seleucid Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Seleucid–Parthian Wars",
"participant",
"Parthian Empire"
] | Background
In 323 BC, the Seleucid Empire was founded by Seleucus I Nicator, a general of Alexander the Great. Stretching from Syria to the Indus River and comprising most of Alexander's realm, the Seleucid state was the most powerful of the Diadochi kingdoms that sprang up after Alexander's death. Quickly however, the Seleucids ran into trouble trying to maintain such an extended realm, facing constant warfare against the other Hellenistic states in the west and with unrest amongst their Iranian peoples in the east.
Taking advantage of the Seleucids' preoccupation with the wars against a Celtic invasion of Asia Minor in the west, and the chaos of the Third Syrian War around 245 BC, Diodotus and Andragoras, the Seleucid satraps of Bactria and Parthia respectively, declared their remote provinces independent states. However, in around 238 BCE, the Parni, an Iranian tribe from the central Asian steppes under Arsaces, invaded Andragoras' domain, defeated and killed him, and took over the land. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Battle of Octodurus",
"participant",
"Veragri"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Battle of Octodurus",
"participant",
"Seduni"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Battle of Octodurus",
"participant",
"Ancient Rome"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Middle Miocene",
"followed by",
"Late Miocene"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Middle Miocene",
"follows",
"Early Miocene"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Cuneiform",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Cuneiform"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Cuneiform",
"used by",
"cuneiform clay tablet"
] | History
Writing began after pottery was invented, during the Neolithic, when clay tokens were used to record specific amounts of livestock or commodities. In recent years a contrarian view has arisen on the tokens being the precursor of writing. These tokens were initially impressed on the surface of round clay envelopes (clay bullae) and then stored in them. The tokens were then progressively replaced by flat tablets, on which signs were recorded with a stylus. Writing is first recorded in Uruk, at the end of the 4th millennium BC, and soon after in various parts of the Near-East.An ancient Mesopotamian poem gives the first known story of the invention of writing: | null | null | null | null | 28 |
[
"Zanclean",
"follows",
"Messinian"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Zanclean",
"followed by",
"Piacenzian"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Zanclean",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Zanclean"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Jugurthine War",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Jugurthine War"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Jugurthine War",
"different from",
"The Jugurthine War"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Aristonicus Uprising",
"participant",
"Roman Republic"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Aristonicus Uprising",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Pergamon"
] | The Aristonicus Uprising, also known as the Aristonicus Revolt, was a revolt in Pergamon, which began under the leadership of King Eumenes III (also known as Aristonicus), between 133 and 129 BC. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Miocene",
"follows",
"Oligocene"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Miocene",
"followed by",
"Pliocene"
] | The Miocene ( MY-ə-seen, -oh-) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about 23.03 to 5.333 million years ago (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words μείων (meíōn, "less") and καινός (kainós, "new") and means "less recent" because it has 18% fewer modern marine invertebrates than the Pliocene has. The Miocene is preceded by the Oligocene and is followed by the Pliocene.
As Earth went from the Oligocene through the Miocene and into the Pliocene, the climate slowly cooled towards a series of ice ages. The Miocene boundaries are not marked by a single distinct global event but consist rather of regionally defined boundaries between the warmer Oligocene and the cooler Pliocene Epoch.
During the Early Miocene, Afro-Arabia collided with Eurasia, severing the connection between the Mediterranean and Indian Oceans, and allowing a faunal interchange to occur between Eurasia and Africa, including the dispersal of proboscideans into Eurasia. During the late Miocene, the connections between the Atlantic and Mediterranean closed, causing the Mediterranean Sea to nearly completely evaporate, in an event called the Messinian salinity crisis. The Strait of Gibraltar opened and the Mediterranean refilled at the Miocene–Pliocene boundary, in an event called the Zanclean flood.
The apes first evolved, arose, and diversified during the early Miocene (Aquitanian and Burdigalian Stages), becoming widespread in the Old World. By the end of this epoch and the start of the following one, the ancestors of humans had split away from the ancestors of the chimpanzees to follow their own evolutionary path during the final Messinian Stage (7.5–5.3 Ma) of the Miocene. As in the Oligocene before it, grasslands continued to expand and forests to dwindle in extent. In the seas of the Miocene, kelp forests made their first appearance and soon became one of Earth's most productive ecosystems.The plants and animals of the Miocene were recognizably modern. Mammals and birds were well-established. Whales, pinnipeds, and kelp spread.
The Miocene is of particular interest to geologists and palaeoclimatologists as major phases of the geology of the Himalaya occurred during the Miocene, affecting monsoonal patterns in Asia, which were interlinked with glacial periods in the northern hemisphere. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Miocene",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Miocene"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Neogene",
"followed by",
"Quaternary"
] | The Neogene ( NEE-ə-jeen, informally Upper Tertiary or Late Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period 23.03 million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period 2.58 Mya. The Neogene is sub-divided into two epochs, the earlier Miocene and the later Pliocene. Some geologists assert that the Neogene cannot be clearly delineated from the modern geological period, the Quaternary. The term "Neogene" was coined in 1853 by the Austrian palaeontologist Moritz Hörnes (1815–1868).During this period, mammals and birds continued to evolve into modern forms, while other groups of life remained relatively unchanged. The first humans (Homo habilis) appeared in Africa near the end of the period. Some continental movements took place, the most significant event being the connection of North and South America at the Isthmus of Panama, late in the Pliocene. This cut off the warm ocean currents from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean, leaving only the Gulf Stream to transfer heat to the Arctic Ocean. The global climate cooled considerably throughout the Neogene, culminating in a series of continental glaciations in the Quaternary Period that follows.Disagreements
The Neogene traditionally ended at the end of the Pliocene Epoch, just before the older definition of the beginning of the Quaternary Period; many time scales show this division.
However, there was a movement amongst geologists (particularly marine geologists) to also include ongoing geological time (Quaternary) in the Neogene, while others (particularly terrestrial geologists) insist the Quaternary to be a separate period of distinctly different record. The somewhat confusing terminology and disagreement amongst geologists on where to draw what hierarchical boundaries is due to the comparatively fine divisibility of time units as time approaches the present, and due to geological preservation that causes the youngest sedimentary geological record to be preserved over a much larger area and to reflect many more environments than the older geological record. By dividing the Cenozoic Era into three (arguably two) periods (Paleogene, Neogene, Quaternary) instead of seven epochs, the periods are more closely comparable to the duration of periods in the Mesozoic and Paleozoic Eras.
The International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) once proposed that the Quaternary be considered a sub-era (sub-erathem) of the Neogene, with a beginning date of 2.58 Ma, namely the start of the Gelasian Stage. In the 2004 proposal of the ICS, the Neogene would have consisted of the Miocene and Pliocene Epochs. The International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA) counterproposed that the Neogene and the Pliocene end at 2.58 Ma, that the Gelasian be transferred to the Pleistocene, and the Quaternary be recognized as the third period in the Cenozoic, citing key changes in Earth's climate, oceans, and biota that occurred 2.58 Ma and its correspondence to the Gauss-Matuyama magnetostratigraphic boundary. In 2006 ICS and INQUA reached a compromise that made Quaternary a sub-era, subdividing Cenozoic into the old classical Tertiary and Quaternary, a compromise that was rejected by International Union of Geological Sciences because it split both Neogene and Pliocene in two.Following formal discussions at the 2008 International Geological Congress in Oslo, Norway, the ICS decided in May 2009 to make the Quaternary the youngest period of the Cenozoic Era with its base at 2.58 Mya and including the Gelasian Age, which was formerly considered part of the Neogene Period and Pliocene Epoch. Thus the Neogene Period ends bounding the succeeding Quaternary Period at 2.58 Mya. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Neogene",
"follows",
"Paleogene"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Neogene",
"replaces",
"Tertiary"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Neogene",
"different from",
"Neogene"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Neogene",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Neogene"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Pliocene",
"followed by",
"Pleistocene"
] | The Pliocene ( PLY-ə-seen, PLY-oh-; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58 million years ago. It is the second and most recent epoch of the Neogene Period in the Cenozoic Era. The Pliocene follows the Miocene Epoch and is followed by the Pleistocene Epoch. Prior to the 2009 revision of the geologic time scale, which placed the four most recent major glaciations entirely within the Pleistocene, the Pliocene also included the Gelasian Stage, which lasted from 2.588 to 1.806 million years ago, and is now included in the Pleistocene.As with other older geologic periods, the geological strata that define the start and end are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the epoch are slightly uncertain. The boundaries defining the Pliocene are not set at an easily identified worldwide event but rather at regional boundaries between the warmer Miocene and the relatively cooler Pliocene. The upper boundary was set at the start of the Pleistocene glaciations. | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Pliocene",
"follows",
"Miocene"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Pliocene",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Pliocene"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Gelasian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Gelasian"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Gelasian",
"follows",
"Piacenzian"
] | The Gelasian is an age in the international geologic timescale or a stage in chronostratigraphy, being the earliest or lowest subdivision of the Quaternary Period/System and Pleistocene Epoch/Series. It spans the time between 2.58 Ma (million years ago) and 1.80 Ma. It follows the Piacenzian Stage (part of the Pliocene) and is followed by the Calabrian Stage. | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Gelasian",
"followed by",
"Calabrian"
] | The Gelasian is an age in the international geologic timescale or a stage in chronostratigraphy, being the earliest or lowest subdivision of the Quaternary Period/System and Pleistocene Epoch/Series. It spans the time between 2.58 Ma (million years ago) and 1.80 Ma. It follows the Piacenzian Stage (part of the Pliocene) and is followed by the Calabrian Stage. | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Cantabrian Wars",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Cantabrian Wars"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Third Mithridatic War",
"participant",
"Bosporan Kingdom"
] | Complete Roman victory
After his defeat by Pompey in 65 BC, Mithridates VI fled with a small army from Colchis to Crimea and attempted to raise yet another army to take on the Romans but failed to do so. In 63 BC, he withdrew to the citadel in Panticapaeum. His eldest son, Machares, now king of Cimmerian Bosporus, whose kingdom had been reorganized by the Romans, was unwilling to aid his father. Mithridates had Machares murdered and took the throne of the Bosporan Kingdom, intent on retaking Pontus from the Romans. His younger son, Pharnaces II, backed by a disgruntled and war weary populace, led a rebellion against his father. This betrayal, after the decisive defeat in battle, hurt Mithridates more than any other and seeing his loss of authority he attempted suicide by poison. The attempt failed as he had gained immunity to various poisons from taking tiny doses of all available poisons throughout his life to guard against assassination. According to Appian's Roman History, he then ordered his Gallic bodyguard and friend, Bituitus, to kill him by the sword: Mithridates' body was buried in either Sinope or Amaseia, on the orders of Pompey. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Third Mithridatic War",
"participant",
"Odrysian kingdom"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Third Mithridatic War",
"participant",
"Ancient Rome"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Third Mithridatic War",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Pontus"
] | Complete Roman victory
After his defeat by Pompey in 65 BC, Mithridates VI fled with a small army from Colchis to Crimea and attempted to raise yet another army to take on the Romans but failed to do so. In 63 BC, he withdrew to the citadel in Panticapaeum. His eldest son, Machares, now king of Cimmerian Bosporus, whose kingdom had been reorganized by the Romans, was unwilling to aid his father. Mithridates had Machares murdered and took the throne of the Bosporan Kingdom, intent on retaking Pontus from the Romans. His younger son, Pharnaces II, backed by a disgruntled and war weary populace, led a rebellion against his father. This betrayal, after the decisive defeat in battle, hurt Mithridates more than any other and seeing his loss of authority he attempted suicide by poison. The attempt failed as he had gained immunity to various poisons from taking tiny doses of all available poisons throughout his life to guard against assassination. According to Appian's Roman History, he then ordered his Gallic bodyguard and friend, Bituitus, to kill him by the sword: Mithridates' body was buried in either Sinope or Amaseia, on the orders of Pompey. | null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Third Mithridatic War",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Cappadocia"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Battle of Ilerda",
"participant",
"populares"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Second Celtiberian War",
"participant",
"Ancient Rome"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem (1244)"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jebus"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem (1834)"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem (1099)"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)",
"different from",
"Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)",
"different from",
"Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Bellum Batonianum",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Great Illyrian Revolt"
] | The Bellum Batonianum (Latin for 'War of the Batos') was a military conflict fought in the Roman province of Illyricum in the 1st century AD, in which an alliance of native peoples of the two regions of Illyricum, Dalmatia and Pannonia, revolted against the Romans. The rebellion began among native peoples who had been recruited as auxiliary troops for the Roman army. They were led by Bato the Daesitiate, a chieftain of the Daesitiatae in the central part of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, and were later joined by the Breuci, a tribe in Pannonia led by Bato the Breucian. Many other tribes in Illyria also joined the revolt.
The Romans referred to the conflict as Bellum Batonianum ("Batonian War") after these two leaders with the same name; Velleius Paterculus called it the Pannonian and Dalmatian War because it involved both regions of Illyricum, and in English it has also been called the Great Illyrian Revolt, Pannonian–Dalmatian uprising, and Bato uprising.
The four-year war lasted from AD 6 to AD 9 and witnessed a large deployment of Roman forces in the province, with whole armies operating across the western Balkans and fighting on more than one front. In AD 8, the Breuci of the Sava valley surrendered, but it took a winter blockade and another season of fighting before the surrender in Dalmatia in AD 9. The Roman historian Suetonius described the uprising as the most difficult conflict faced by Rome since the Punic Wars two centuries earlier. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Roman–Parthian Wars",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Iberia"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Roman–Parthian Wars",
"participant",
"Galatia"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Roman–Parthian Wars",
"participant",
"Judea"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Roman–Parthian Wars",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Armenia"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Roman–Parthian Wars",
"participant",
"Osroene"
] | Roman Republic vs Parthia
When Pompey took charge of the war in the East, he re-opened negotiations with Phraates III; they came to an agreement and Roman–Parthian troops invaded Armenia in 66/65 BC, but soon a dispute arose over Euphrates boundary between Rome and Parthia. Pompey refused to recognize the title of "King of Kings" for Phraates, and offered arbitration between Tigranes and the Parthian king over Corduene. Finally, Phraates asserted his control over Mesopotamia, except for the western district of Osroene, which became a Roman dependency. | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Roman–Parthian Wars",
"participant",
"Atropatene"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Roman–Parthian Wars",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Commagene"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Roman–Parthian Wars",
"participant",
"Sophene"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Roman–Parthian Wars",
"participant",
"Ancient Rome"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Roman–Parthian Wars",
"participant",
"Parthian Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Roman–Parthian Wars",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Chalcis"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Roman–Parthian Wars",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Roman–Parthian Wars"
] | null | null | null | null | 22 |
|
[
"Roman–Parthian Wars",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Cappadocia"
] | null | null | null | null | 23 |
|
[
"Roman–Parthian Wars",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Araba"
] | null | null | null | null | 26 |
|
[
"Roman–Parthian Wars",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Pontus"
] | null | null | null | null | 27 |
|
[
"Roman–Parthian Wars",
"participant",
"Nabataean kingdom"
] | null | null | null | null | 28 |
|
[
"Gothic War (376–382)",
"participant",
"Byzantine Empire"
] | Between 376 and 382 the Gothic War against the Eastern Roman Empire, and in particular the Battle of Adrianople, is commonly seen as a major turning point in the history of the Roman Empire, the first of a series of events over the next century that would see the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, although its ultimate importance to the Empire's eventual fall is still debated. It was one of the many Gothic Wars with the Roman Empire. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Gothic War (376–382)",
"participant",
"Western Roman Empire"
] | Between 376 and 382 the Gothic War against the Eastern Roman Empire, and in particular the Battle of Adrianople, is commonly seen as a major turning point in the history of the Roman Empire, the first of a series of events over the next century that would see the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, although its ultimate importance to the Empire's eventual fall is still debated. It was one of the many Gothic Wars with the Roman Empire.Background
In the summer of 376, a massive number of Goths arrived on the Danube River, the border of the Roman Empire, requesting asylum from the Huns. There were two groups: the Thervings led by Fritigern and Alavivus and the Greuthungi led by Alatheus and Saphrax. Eunapius states their number as 200,000 including civilians but Peter Heather estimates that the Thervings may have had only 10,000 warriors and 50,000 people in total, with the Greuthungi about the same size. The Cambridge Ancient History places modern estimates at around 90,000 people.The Goths sent ambassadors to Valens, the Eastern Roman emperor, requesting permission to settle their people inside the Empire. It took them some time to arrive, for the Emperor was in Antioch preparing for a campaign against the Sasanian Empire over control of Armenia and Iberia. The bulk of his forces were stationed in the East, far away from the Danube. Ancient sources are unanimous that Valens was pleased at the appearance of the Goths, as it offered the opportunity of new soldiers at low cost. With Valens committed to action on the Eastern frontier, the appearance of a large number of barbarians meant his skeleton force in the Balkans were outnumbered. Valens must have appreciated the danger when he gave the Thervings permission to enter the empire and the terms he gave them were highly favorable. This was not the first time barbarian tribes had been settled; the usual course was that some would be recruited into the army and the rest would be broken up into small groups and resettled across the empire at the Emperor's discretion. This would keep them from posing a unified threat and assimilate them into the greater Roman population. The agreement differed with the Thervings by allowing them to choose the place of their settlement, Thrace, and allowed them to remain united. During the negotiations, the Thervings also expressed a willingness to convert to Christianity. As for the Greuthungi, Roman army and naval forces blocked the river and denied their crossing.The Thervings were probably allowed to cross at or near the fortress of Durostorum. They were ferried by the Romans in boats, rafts and in hollowed tree-trunks; "diligent care was taken that no future destroyer of the Roman state should be left behind, even if he were smitten by a fatal disease," according to Ammianus Marcellinus. Even so, the river swelled with rain and many drowned. The Goths were to have their weapons confiscated but, whether because the Romans in charge accepted bribes, the Romans did not have the manpower to check all of the incoming warriors, or warriors recruited into the Roman army would need their own arms, many Goths were allowed to retain their weapons. The Romans placed the Thervings along the southern bank of the Danube in Lower Mœsia as they waited for the land allocations to begin. In the interim, the Roman state was to provide them food. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Gothic War (376–382)",
"participant",
"Huns"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Gothic War (376–382)",
"participant",
"Alans"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Gothic War (376–382)",
"participant",
"Thervingi"
] | Background
In the summer of 376, a massive number of Goths arrived on the Danube River, the border of the Roman Empire, requesting asylum from the Huns. There were two groups: the Thervings led by Fritigern and Alavivus and the Greuthungi led by Alatheus and Saphrax. Eunapius states their number as 200,000 including civilians but Peter Heather estimates that the Thervings may have had only 10,000 warriors and 50,000 people in total, with the Greuthungi about the same size. The Cambridge Ancient History places modern estimates at around 90,000 people.The Goths sent ambassadors to Valens, the Eastern Roman emperor, requesting permission to settle their people inside the Empire. It took them some time to arrive, for the Emperor was in Antioch preparing for a campaign against the Sasanian Empire over control of Armenia and Iberia. The bulk of his forces were stationed in the East, far away from the Danube. Ancient sources are unanimous that Valens was pleased at the appearance of the Goths, as it offered the opportunity of new soldiers at low cost. With Valens committed to action on the Eastern frontier, the appearance of a large number of barbarians meant his skeleton force in the Balkans were outnumbered. Valens must have appreciated the danger when he gave the Thervings permission to enter the empire and the terms he gave them were highly favorable. This was not the first time barbarian tribes had been settled; the usual course was that some would be recruited into the army and the rest would be broken up into small groups and resettled across the empire at the Emperor's discretion. This would keep them from posing a unified threat and assimilate them into the greater Roman population. The agreement differed with the Thervings by allowing them to choose the place of their settlement, Thrace, and allowed them to remain united. During the negotiations, the Thervings also expressed a willingness to convert to Christianity. As for the Greuthungi, Roman army and naval forces blocked the river and denied their crossing.The Thervings were probably allowed to cross at or near the fortress of Durostorum. They were ferried by the Romans in boats, rafts and in hollowed tree-trunks; "diligent care was taken that no future destroyer of the Roman state should be left behind, even if he were smitten by a fatal disease," according to Ammianus Marcellinus. Even so, the river swelled with rain and many drowned. The Goths were to have their weapons confiscated but, whether because the Romans in charge accepted bribes, the Romans did not have the manpower to check all of the incoming warriors, or warriors recruited into the Roman army would need their own arms, many Goths were allowed to retain their weapons. The Romans placed the Thervings along the southern bank of the Danube in Lower Mœsia as they waited for the land allocations to begin. In the interim, the Roman state was to provide them food. | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Gothic War (376–382)",
"participant",
"Greuthungi"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Gothic War (376–382)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Gothic War (376–382)"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Jewish–Roman wars",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Jewish–Roman wars"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"First Council of Constantinople",
"main subject",
"Trinity"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"First Council of Constantinople",
"follows",
"First Council of Nicaea"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"First Council of Constantinople",
"followed by",
"First Council of Ephesus"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"First Council of Constantinople",
"different from",
"Council of Constantinople"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"First Council of Constantinople",
"participant",
"Ulfilas"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"First Council of Constantinople",
"participant",
"Acacius of Beroea"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"First Council of Constantinople",
"main subject",
"Arian controversy"
] | Background
When Theodosius ascended to the imperial throne in 380, he began on a campaign to bring the Eastern Church back to Nicene Christianity. Theodosius wanted to further unify the entire empire behind the orthodox position and decided to convene a church council to resolve matters of faith and discipline.: 45 Gregory Nazianzus was of similar mind, wishing to unify Christianity. In the spring of 381 they convened the second ecumenical council in Constantinople. | null | null | null | null | 12 |
[
"First Council of Constantinople",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Council of Constantinople"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"First Council of Constantinople",
"different from",
"Council of Constantinople"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
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