triplets
sequence | passage
stringlengths 0
32.9k
| label
stringlengths 4
48
⌀ | label_id
int64 0
1k
⌀ | synonyms
sequence | __index_level_1__
int64 312
64.1k
⌀ | __index_level_0__
int64 0
2.4k
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Devonian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Devonian"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Permian",
"different from",
"Perm"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Permian",
"followed by",
"Triassic"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Permian",
"significant event",
"Permian-Triassic extinction event"
] | The Permian ( PUR-mee-ən) is a geologic period and stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period 298.9 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.902 Mya. It is the last period of the Paleozoic Era; the following Triassic Period belongs to the Mesozoic Era. The concept of the Permian was introduced in 1841 by geologist Sir Roderick Murchison, who named it after the region of Perm in Russia.The Permian witnessed the diversification of the two groups of amniotes, the synapsids and the sauropsids (reptiles). The world at the time was dominated by the supercontinent Pangaea, which had formed due to the collision of Euramerica and Gondwana during the Carboniferous. Pangaea was surrounded by the superocean Panthalassa. The Carboniferous rainforest collapse left behind vast regions of desert within the continental interior. Amniotes, which could better cope with these drier conditions, rose to dominance in place of their amphibian ancestors.
Various authors recognise at least three, and possibly four extinction events in the Permian. The end of the Early Permian (Cisuralian) saw a major faunal turnover, with most lineages of primitive "pelycosaur" synapsids becoming extinct, being replaced by more advanced therapsids. The end of the Capitanian Stage of the Permian was marked by the major Capitanian mass extinction event, associated with the eruption of the Emeishan Traps. The Permian (along with the Paleozoic) ended with the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the largest mass extinction in Earth's history (which is the last of the three or four crises that occurred in the Permian), in which nearly 81% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial species died out, associated with the eruption of the Siberian Traps. It took well into the Triassic for life to recover from this catastrophe; on land, ecosystems took 30 million years to recover.Permian–Triassic extinction event
The Permian ended with the most extensive extinction event recorded in paleontology: the Permian–Triassic extinction event. 90 to 95% of marine species became extinct, as well as 70% of all land organisms. It is also the only known mass extinction of insects. Recovery from the Permian–Triassic extinction event was protracted; on land, ecosystems took 30 million years to recover. Trilobites, which had thrived since Cambrian times, finally became extinct before the end of the Permian. Nautiloids, a subclass of cephalopods, surprisingly survived this occurrence.
There is evidence that magma, in the form of flood basalt, poured onto the Earth's surface in what is now called the Siberian Traps, for thousands of years, contributing to the environmental stress that led to mass extinction. The reduced coastal habitat and highly increased aridity probably also contributed. Based on the amount of lava estimated to have been produced during this period, the worst-case scenario is the release of enough carbon dioxide from the eruptions to raise world temperatures five degrees Celsius.Another hypothesis involves ocean venting of hydrogen sulfide gas. Portions of the deep ocean will periodically lose all of its dissolved oxygen allowing bacteria that live without oxygen to flourish and produce hydrogen sulfide gas. If enough hydrogen sulfide accumulates in an anoxic zone, the gas can rise into the atmosphere. Oxidizing gases in the atmosphere would destroy the toxic gas, but the hydrogen sulfide would soon consume all of the atmospheric gas available. Hydrogen sulfide levels might have increased dramatically over a few hundred years. Models of such an event indicate that the gas would destroy ozone in the upper atmosphere allowing ultraviolet radiation to kill off species that had survived the toxic gas. There are species that can metabolize hydrogen sulfide.
Another hypothesis builds on the flood basalt eruption theory. An increase in temperature of five degrees Celsius would not be enough to explain the death of 95% of life. But such warming could slowly raise ocean temperatures until frozen methane reservoirs below the ocean floor near coastlines melted, expelling enough methane (among the most potent greenhouse gases) into the atmosphere to raise world temperatures an additional five degrees Celsius. The frozen methane hypothesis helps explain the increase in carbon-12 levels found midway in the Permian–Triassic boundary layer. It also helps explain why the first phase of the layer's extinctions was land-based, the second was marine-based (and starting right after the increase in C-12 levels), and the third land-based again. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Permian",
"follows",
"Carboniferous"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Permian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Permian"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Wuliuan",
"follows",
"Cambrian Stage 4"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Wuliuan",
"followed by",
"Drumian"
] | The Wuliuan stage is the fifth stage of the Cambrian, and the first stage of the Miaolingian Series of the Cambrian. It was formally defined by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in 2018.
Its base is defined by the first appearance of the trilobite species Oryctocephalus indicus; it ends with the beginning of the Drumian Stage, marked by the first appearance of the trilobite Ptychagnostus atavus around 504.5 million years ago.The 'golden spike' that formally defines the base of the period is driven into the Wuliu-Zengjiayan(乌溜-曾家崖)section of the Kaili formation, near Balang Village in the Miaoling Mountains, Guizhou, China. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Ordovician",
"followed by",
"Silurian"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Ordovician",
"follows",
"Cambrian"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Ordovician",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ordovician"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Ludlow Epoch",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ludlow epoch"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Ludlow Epoch",
"followed by",
"Pridoli"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Ludlow Epoch",
"follows",
"Wenlock"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Furongian",
"followed by",
"Early Ordovician"
] | The Furongian is the fourth and final epoch and series of the Cambrian. It lasted from 497 to 485.4 million years ago. It succeeds the Miaolingian series of the Cambrian and precedes the Lower Ordovician Tremadocian Stage. It is subdivided into three stages: the Paibian, Jiangshanian and the unnamed 10th stage of the Cambrian. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Furongian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Furongian"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Furongian",
"follows",
"Miaolingian"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Miaolingian",
"followed by",
"Furongian"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Miaolingian",
"follows",
"Cambrian Series 2"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Miaolingian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Cambrian Series 3"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Early Devonian",
"followed by",
"Middle Devonian"
] | The Early Devonian is the first of three epochs comprising the Devonian period, corresponding to the Lower Devonian series. It lasted from 419.2 ± 3.2 to 393.3 ± 1.2 and began with the Lochkovian Stage 419.2 ± 3.2 to 410.8 ± 1.2, which was followed by the Pragian from 410.8 ± 3.2 to 407.6 ± 1.2 and then by the Emsian, which lasted until the Middle Devonian began, 393.3± 1.2 million years ago.
During this time, the first ammonoids appeared, descending from bactritoid nautiloids. Ammonoids during this time period were simple and differed little from their nautiloid counterparts. These ammonoids belong to the order Agoniatitida, which in later epochs evolved to new ammonoid orders, for example Goniatitida and Clymeniida. This class of cephalopod molluscs would dominate the marine fauna until the beginning of the Mesozoic Era. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Early Devonian",
"follows",
"Pridoli"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Silurian",
"followed by",
"Devonian"
] | Climate and sea level
The Silurian period was once believed to have enjoyed relatively stable and warm temperatures, in contrast with the extreme glaciations of the Ordovician before it and the extreme heat of the ensuing Devonian; however, it is now known that the global climate underwent many drastic fluctuations throughout the Silurian, evidenced by numerous major carbon and oxygen isotope excursions during this geologic period. Sea levels rose from their Hirnantian low throughout the first half of the Silurian; they subsequently fell throughout the rest of the period, although smaller scale patterns are superimposed on this general trend; fifteen high-stands (periods when sea levels were above the edge of the continental shelf) can be identified, and the highest Silurian sea level was probably around 140 metres (459 ft) higher than the lowest level reached.During this period, the Earth entered a warm greenhouse phase, supported by high CO2 levels of 4500 ppm, and warm shallow seas covered much of the equatorial land masses. Early in the Silurian, glaciers retreated back into the South Pole until they almost disappeared in the middle of Silurian. Layers of broken shells (called coquina) provide strong evidence of a climate dominated by violent storms generated then as now by warm sea surfaces. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Silurian",
"follows",
"Ordovician"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Silurian",
"different from",
"cerulean"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Silurian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Silurian"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Paleozoic",
"followed by",
"Mesozoic"
] | The Paleozoic comes after the Neoproterozoic Era of the Proterozoic Eon and is followed by the Mesozoic Era.
The Paleozoic was a time of dramatic geological, climatic, and evolutionary change. The Cambrian witnessed the most rapid and widespread diversification of life in Earth's history, known as the Cambrian explosion, in which most modern phyla first appeared. Arthropods, molluscs, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and synapsids all evolved during the Paleozoic. Life began in the ocean but eventually transitioned onto land, and by the late Paleozoic, great forests of primitive plants covered the continents, many of which formed the coal beds of Europe and eastern North America. Towards the end of the era, large, sophisticated synapsids and diapsids were dominant and the first modern plants (conifers) appeared.
The Paleozoic Era ended with the largest extinction event of the Phanerozoic Eon, the Permian–Triassic extinction event. The effects of this catastrophe were so devastating that it took life on land 30 million years into the Mesozoic Era to recover.
Recovery of life in the sea may have been much faster. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Paleozoic",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Paleozoic"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Paleozoic",
"follows",
"Neoproterozoic"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Pridoli Epoch",
"followed by",
"Early Devonian"
] | In the geologic timescale, the Přídolí Epoch (Czech pronunciation: [ˈpr̝̊iːdoliː]) is the uppermost subdivision of the Silurian Period, dated at between 423 ± 2.3 and 419.2 ± 3.2 mya (million years ago). The Přídolí Epoch succeeds the Ludfordian Stage and precedes the Lochkovian, the lowest of three stages within the Lower Devonian geological epoch. It is named after one locality at the Homolka a Přídolí nature reserve near the Prague suburb, Slivenec, in the Czech Republic. The GSSP is located within the Požáry Formation, overlying the Kopanina Formation. Přídolí is the old name of a cadastral field area.The Šilalė Event, a negative carbon isotope excursion corresponding to an extinction event of conodonts, occurred during the early Pridoli. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Pridoli Epoch",
"follows",
"Ludfordian"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Pridoli Epoch",
"follows",
"Ludlow"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Pridoli Epoch",
"followed by",
"Lochkovian"
] | In the geologic timescale, the Přídolí Epoch (Czech pronunciation: [ˈpr̝̊iːdoliː]) is the uppermost subdivision of the Silurian Period, dated at between 423 ± 2.3 and 419.2 ± 3.2 mya (million years ago). The Přídolí Epoch succeeds the Ludfordian Stage and precedes the Lochkovian, the lowest of three stages within the Lower Devonian geological epoch. It is named after one locality at the Homolka a Přídolí nature reserve near the Prague suburb, Slivenec, in the Czech Republic. The GSSP is located within the Požáry Formation, overlying the Kopanina Formation. Přídolí is the old name of a cadastral field area.The Šilalė Event, a negative carbon isotope excursion corresponding to an extinction event of conodonts, occurred during the early Pridoli. | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Pridoli Epoch",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Pridoli epoch"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Wenlock Epoch",
"followed by",
"Ludlow"
] | The Wenlock (sometimes referred to as the Wenlockian) is the second epoch of the Silurian. It is preceded by the Llandovery Epoch and followed by the Ludlow Epoch. Radiometric dates constrain the Wenlockian between 433.4 and 427.4 million years ago. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Wenlock Epoch",
"follows",
"Llandovery"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Wenlock Epoch",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Wenlock epoch"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Llandovery Epoch",
"followed by",
"Wenlock"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Llandovery Epoch",
"follows",
"Late Ordovician"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Llandovery Epoch",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Llandovery epoch"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Guadalupian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Guadalupian"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Guadalupian",
"follows",
"Cisuralian"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Guadalupian",
"followed by",
"Lopingian"
] | The Guadalupian is the second and middle series/epoch of the Permian. The Guadalupian was preceded by the Cisuralian and followed by the Lopingian. It is named after the Guadalupe Mountains of New Mexico and Texas, and dates between 272.95 ± 0.5 – 259.1 ± 0.4 Mya. The series saw the rise of the therapsids, a minor extinction event called Olson's Extinction and a significant mass extinction called the end-Capitanian extinction event.
The Guadalupian was previously known as the Middle Permian. | null | null | null | null | 10 |
[
"Carboniferous",
"follows",
"Devonian"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Carboniferous",
"different from",
"carbon fibers"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Carboniferous",
"followed by",
"Permian"
] | The Carboniferous ( KAHR-bə-NIF-ər-əs) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period 358.9 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Permian Period, 298.9 million years ago. The name Carboniferous means "coal-bearing", from the Latin carbō ("coal") and ferō ("bear, carry"), and refers to the many coal beds formed globally during that time.The first of the modern 'system' names, it was coined by geologists William Conybeare and William Phillips in 1822, based on a study of the British rock succession. The Carboniferous is often treated in North America as two geological periods, the earlier Mississippian and the later Pennsylvanian.Terrestrial animal life was well established by the Carboniferous Period. Tetrapods (four limbed vertebrates), which had originated from lobe-finned fish during the preceding Devonian, became pentadactylous in and diversified during the Carboniferous, including early amphibian lineages such as temnospondyls, with the first appearance of amniotes, including synapsids (the group to which modern mammals belong) and reptiles during the late Carboniferous. The period is sometimes called the Age of Amphibians, during which amphibians became dominant land vertebrates and diversified into many forms including lizard-like, snake-like, and crocodile-like.Insects would undergo a major radiation during the late Carboniferous. Vast swaths of forest covered the land, which would eventually be laid down and become the coal beds characteristic of the Carboniferous stratigraphy evident today.
The later half of the period experienced glaciations, low sea level, and mountain building as the continents collided to form Pangaea. A minor marine and terrestrial extinction event, the Carboniferous rainforest collapse, occurred at the end of the period, caused by climate change. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Carboniferous",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Carboniferous"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Lopingian",
"followed by",
"Early Triassic"
] | The Lopingian is the uppermost series/last epoch of the Permian. It is the last epoch of the Paleozoic. The Lopingian was preceded by the Guadalupian and followed by the Early Triassic.
The Lopingian is often synonymous with the informal terms late Permian or upper Permian.
The name was introduced by Amadeus William Grabau in 1931 and derives from Leping, Jiangxi in China. It consists of two stages/ages. The earlier is the Wuchiapingian and the later is the Changhsingian.The International Chronostratigraphic Chart (v2018/07) provides a numerical age of 259.1 ±0.5 Ma. If a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) has been approved, the lower boundary of the earliest stage determines numerical age of an epoch. The GSSP for the Wuchiapingian has a numerical age of 259.8 ± 0.4 Ma.Evidence from Milankovitch cycles suggests that the length of an Earth day during this epoch was approximately 22 hours.The Lopingian ended with the Permian–Triassic extinction event. | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Lopingian",
"follows",
"Guadalupian"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Cambrian Series 2",
"follows",
"Terreneuvian"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Cambrian Series 2",
"followed by",
"Miaolingian"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Cambrian Series 2",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Cambrian Series 2"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Middle Paleolithic",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Middle Paleolithic"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Middle Paleolithic",
"followed by",
"Upper Paleolithic"
] | The Middle Paleolithic (or Middle Palaeolithic) is the second subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. The term Middle Stone Age is used as an equivalent or a synonym for the Middle Paleolithic in African archeology. The Middle Paleolithic broadly spanned from 300,000 to 30,000 years ago. There are considerable dating differences between regions. The Middle Paleolithic was succeeded by the Upper Paleolithic subdivision which first began between 50,000 and 40,000 years ago. Pettit and White date the Early Middle Paleolithic in Great Britain to about 325,000 to 180,000 years ago (late Marine Isotope Stage 9 to late Marine Isotope Stage 7), and the Late Middle Paleolithic as about 60,000 to 35,000 years ago. The Middle Paleolithic was in the geological Chibanian (Middle Pleistocene) and Late Pleistocene ages.
According to the theory of the recent African origin of modern humans, anatomically modern humans began migrating out of Africa during the Middle Stone Age/Middle Paleolithic around 125,000 years ago and began to replace earlier pre-existent Homo species such as the Neanderthals and Homo erectus. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Middle Paleolithic",
"follows",
"Lower Paleolithic"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Middle Stone Age",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Middle Stone Age"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Triassic",
"followed by",
"Jurassic"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Triassic",
"follows",
"Permian"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Triassic",
"significant event",
"Permian-Triassic extinction event"
] | The Triassic ( try-ASS-ik; sometimes symbolized 🝈) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.5 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.4 Mya. The Triassic is the first and shortest period of the Mesozoic Era. Both the start and end of the period are marked by major extinction events. The Triassic Period is subdivided into three epochs: Early Triassic, Middle Triassic and Late Triassic.
The Triassic began in the wake of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, which left the Earth's biosphere impoverished; it was well into the middle of the Triassic before life recovered its former diversity. Three categories of organisms can be distinguished in the Triassic record: survivors from the extinction event, new groups that flourished briefly, and other new groups that went on to dominate the Mesozoic Era. Reptiles, especially archosaurs, were the chief terrestrial vertebrates during this time. A specialized subgroup of archosaurs, called dinosaurs, first appeared in the Late Triassic but did not become dominant until the succeeding Jurassic Period. Archosaurs that became dominant in this period were primarily pseudosuchians, ancestors of modern crocodilians, while some archosaurs specialized in flight, the first time among vertebrates, becoming the pterosaurs.
Therapsids, the dominant vertebrates of the preceding Permian period, declined throughout the period. The first true mammals, themselves a specialized subgroup of therapsids, also evolved during this period. The vast supercontinent of Pangaea existed until the mid-Triassic, after which it began to gradually rift into two separate landmasses, Laurasia to the north and Gondwana to the south.
The global climate during the Triassic was mostly hot and dry, with deserts spanning much of Pangaea's interior. However, the climate shifted and became more humid as Pangaea began to drift apart. The end of the period was marked by yet another major mass extinction, the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, that wiped out many groups, including most pseudosuchians, and allowed dinosaurs to assume dominance in the Jurassic. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Triassic",
"different from",
"Trias"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Triassic",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Triassic"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Upper Paleolithic",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Upper Paleolithic"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Upper Paleolithic",
"follows",
"Middle Paleolithic"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Magdalenian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Magdalenian"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Magdalenian",
"followed by",
"Ahrensburg culture"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Magdalenian",
"followed by",
"Azilian"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Magdalenian",
"follows",
"Solutrean"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Late Triassic",
"followed by",
"Early Jurassic"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Late Triassic",
"follows",
"Middle Triassic"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Late Triassic",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Late Triassic"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Solutrean",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Solutrean"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Solutrean",
"follows",
"Aurignacian"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Solutrean",
"followed by",
"Magdalenian"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Anisian",
"followed by",
"Ladinian"
] | In the geologic timescale, the Anisian is the lower stage or earliest age of the Middle Triassic series or epoch and lasted from 247.2 million years ago until 242 million years ago. The Anisian Age succeeds the Olenekian Age (part of the Lower Triassic Epoch) and precedes the Ladinian Age. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Anisian",
"follows",
"Olenekian"
] | In the geologic timescale, the Anisian is the lower stage or earliest age of the Middle Triassic series or epoch and lasted from 247.2 million years ago until 242 million years ago. The Anisian Age succeeds the Olenekian Age (part of the Lower Triassic Epoch) and precedes the Ladinian Age. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Anisian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Anisian"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Acheulean",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Acheulean"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Calabrian (stage)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Calabrian"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Calabrian (stage)",
"follows",
"Gelasian"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Calabrian (stage)",
"followed by",
"Chibanian"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Gravettian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Gravettian"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Mousterian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Mousterian"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Mousterian",
"followed by",
"Baradostian culture"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Chibanian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Middle Pleistocene"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Chibanian",
"said to be the same as",
"Middle Pleistocene"
] | The Chibanian, widely known as the Middle Pleistocene, is an age in the international geologic timescale or a stage in chronostratigraphy, being a division of the Pleistocene Epoch within the ongoing Quaternary Period. The Chibanian name was officially ratified in January 2020. It is currently estimated to span the time between 0.770 Ma (770,000 years ago) and 0.126 Ma (126,000 years ago), also expressed as 770–126 ka. It includes the transition in palaeoanthropology from the Lower to the Middle Paleolithic over 300 ka.
The Chibanian is preceded by the Calabrian and succeeded by the proposed Tarantian. The beginning of the Chibanian is the Brunhes–Matuyama reversal, when the Earth's magnetic field last underwent reversal. It ends with the onset of the Eemian interglacial period (Marine Isotope Stage 5).The term Middle Pleistocene was in use as a provisional or "quasi-formal" designation by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). While the three lowest ages of the Pleistocene, the Gelasian, Calabrian and Chibanian have been officially defined, the Late Pleistocene has yet to be formally defined, along with consideration of a proposed Anthropocene sub-division of the Holocene. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Chibanian",
"followed by",
"Late Pleistocene"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Chibanian",
"follows",
"Calabrian"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Late Pleistocene",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Late Pleistocene"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Late Pleistocene",
"followed by",
"Greenlandian"
] | The Late Pleistocene is an unofficial age in the international geologic timescale in chronostratigraphy, also known as Upper Pleistocene from a stratigraphic perspective. It is intended to be the fourth division of the Pleistocene Epoch within the ongoing Quaternary Period. It is currently defined as the time between c. 129,000 and c. 11,700 years ago. The Late Pleistocene equates to the proposed Tarantian Age of the geologic time scale, preceded by the officially ratified Chibanian (commonly known as Middle Pleistocene) and succeeded by the officially ratified Greenlandian. The estimated beginning of the Tarantian is the start of the Eemian interglacial period (Marine Isotope Stage 5). It is held to end with the termination of the Younger Dryas, some 11,700 years ago when the Holocene Epoch began.The term Upper Pleistocene is currently in use as a provisional or "quasi-formal" designation by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). Although the three oldest ages of the Pleistocene (the Gelasian, the Calabrian and the Chibanian) have been officially defined, the Late Pleistocene has yet to be formally defined, along with consideration of a proposed Anthropocene sub-division of the Holocene.The main feature of the Late Pleistocene was glaciation, for example the Würm glaciation in the Alps of Europe, to 14 ka, and the subsequent Younger Dryas. Many megafaunal animals became extinct during this age as part of the Quaternary extinction event, a trend that continued into the Holocene. In palaeoanthropology, the Late Pleistocene contains the Upper Palaeolithic stage of human development, including many of the early human migrations and the extinction of the last remaining archaic human species. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Late Pleistocene",
"follows",
"Chibanian"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Rhaetian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Rhaetian"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Rhaetian",
"followed by",
"Hettangian"
] | Rhaetian-Hettangian boundary
The end date of the Rhaetian currently in use by the ICS (201.3 ±0.2 Ma) is based on a study by Schoene et al. (2010) involving ammonite-bearing strata in Peru. They used CA-ID-TIMS Uranium-Lead dating to date ash beds slightly below and slightly above the first appearance of Psiloceras in the Pucará Basin. The overlying ash bed was dated to 201.29 ±0.16 Ma while the underlying was 201.36 ±0.13 Ma. This allowed the first appearance of Psiloceras to be given a date of 201.31 ±0.18/0.43 Ma (assuming minimum/maximum uncertainty).Blackburn et al. (2013) instead estimated a slightly older end date. They used a combination of radiometric dates and astrochronology (via Triassic Milankovitch cycles) to constrain the end-Triassic extinction to 201.564 ±0.015/0.22 Ma. The biostratigraphically-defined Triassic-Jurassic (Rhaetian-Hettangian) boundary is considered to lie approximately 60-140 thousand years after the extinction by most sources, and therefore the Rhaetian ended in the range of 201.5 to 201.4 Ma under the methodology of Blackburn et al. (2013). | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Rhaetian",
"follows",
"Norian"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Norian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Norian"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Norian",
"followed by",
"Rhaetian"
] | The Norian is a division of the Triassic Period. It has the rank of an age (geochronology) or stage (chronostratigraphy). It lasted from ~227 to 208.5 million years ago. It was preceded by the Carnian and succeeded by the Rhaetian.Stratigraphic definitions
The Norian was named after the Noric Alps in Austria. The stage was introduced into scientific literature by Austrian geologist Edmund Mojsisovics von Mojsvar in 1869.
The Norian Stage begins at the base of the ammonite biozones of Klamathites macrolobatus and Stikinoceras kerri, and at the base of the conodont biozones of Metapolygnathus communisti and Metapolygnathus primitius. A global reference profile for the base (a GSSP) had in 2009 not yet been appointed.
The top of the Norian (the base of the Rhaetian) is at the first appearance of ammonite species Cochloceras amoenum. The base of the Rheatian is also close to the first appearance of conodont species Misikella spp. and Epigondolella mosheri and the radiolarid species Proparvicingula moniliformis.
In the Tethys domain, the Norian Stage contains six ammonite biozones: | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Norian",
"follows",
"Carnian"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Aurignacian",
"followed by",
"Solutrean"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Aurignacian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Aurignacian"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Cisuralian",
"follows",
"Pennsylvanian"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Cisuralian",
"followed by",
"Guadalupian"
] | The Cisuralian is the first series/epoch of the Permian. The Cisuralian was preceded by the Pennsylvanian and followed by the Guadalupian. The Cisuralian Epoch is named after the western slopes of the Ural Mountains in Russia and Kazakhstan and dates between 298.9 ± 0.15 – 272.3 ± 0.5 Mya.The Cisuralian is often synonymous with the informal terms early Permian or lower Permian. It corresponds approximately with the Wolfcampian in southwestern North America.The series saw the appearance of beetles and flies and was a relatively stable warming period of about 21 million years. | null | null | null | null | 6 |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.