triplets
sequence | passage
stringlengths 0
32.9k
| label
stringlengths 4
48
⌀ | label_id
int64 0
1k
⌀ | synonyms
sequence | __index_level_1__
int64 312
64.1k
⌀ | __index_level_0__
int64 0
2.4k
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Livonian campaign against Rus'",
"participant",
"Livonian Order"
] | The Livonian campaign against Rus' was a military campaign that lasted from 1240 to 1242, and was carried out by the Teutonic Knights of the Livonian Order with the aim to conquer the lands of Pskov and Novgorod and convert them to Catholicism. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Livonian campaign against Rus'",
"participant",
"Grand Duchy of Vladimir"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Livonian campaign against Rus'",
"participant",
"Novgorod Republic"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266",
"participant",
"Crown of Castile"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266",
"participant",
"Emirate of Granada"
] | The Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266 was a rebellion by the Muslim populations (Mudéjares) in the Lower Andalusia and Murcia regions of the Crown of Castile. The rebellion was in response to Castile's policy of relocating Muslim populations from these regions and was partially instigated by Muhammad I of Granada. The rebels were aided by the independent Emirate of Granada, while the Castilians were allied with Aragon. Early in the uprising, the rebels managed to capture Murcia and Jerez, as well as several smaller towns, but were eventually defeated by the royal forces. Subsequently, Castile expelled the Muslim populations of the reconquered territories and encouraged Christians from elsewhere to settle their lands. Granada became a vassal of Castile and paid an annual tribute. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266",
"participant",
"Order of Santiago"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266",
"participant",
"Order of Calatrava"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266",
"participant",
"Crown of Aragon"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Siege of Baghdad (1258)",
"participant",
"Hulagu Khan"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Siege of Baghdad (1258)",
"different from",
"Capture of Baghdad"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Siege of Baghdad (1258)",
"different from",
"Capture of Baghdad"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Siege of Baghdad (1258)",
"different from",
"Siege of Baghdad (1625)"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Siege of Baghdad (1258)",
"different from",
"Siege of Baghdad"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Siege of Baghdad (1258)",
"different from",
"Siege of Baghdad"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Siege of Baghdad (1258)",
"different from",
"Siege of Baghdad"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Barons' Crusade",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Barons' Crusade"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Barons' Crusade",
"follows",
"Sixth Crusade"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Barons' Crusade",
"followed by",
"Seventh Crusade"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"First Mongol invasion of Poland",
"participant",
"Holy Roman Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"First Mongol invasion of Poland",
"participant",
"Mongol Empire"
] | The Mongol Invasion of Poland from late 1240 to 1241 culminated in the Battle of Legnica, where the Mongols defeated an alliance which included forces from fragmented Poland and their allies, led by Henry II the Pious, the Duke of Silesia. The first invasion's intention was to secure the flank of the main Mongolian army attacking the Kingdom of Hungary. The Mongols neutralized any potential help to King Béla IV being provided by the Poles or any military orders. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"First Mongol invasion of Poland",
"participant",
"Bohemia"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"First Mongol invasion of Poland",
"participant",
"Knights Templar"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"First Mongol invasion of Poland",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Mongol invasion of Poland (1241)"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"First Mongol invasion of Poland",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Poland"
] | Battle of Legnica
While considering whether to besiege Wrocław, Baidar and Kadan received reports that the Bohemians were days away with a large army. The Mongols turned from Wrocław, not finishing the siege, in order to intercept Henry's forces before the European armies could meet. The Mongols caught up with Henry near Legnica at a place known later as Wahlstatt ("Battlefield" in Middle High German; now the village Legnickie Pole, "Field of Legnica"). Henry, in addition to his own forces, was aided by Mieszko II the Fat (Mieszko II Otyły), as well as remnants of Polish armies defeated at Tursk and Chmielnik, members of military orders, and small numbers of foreign volunteers.The decisive battle for Poland occurred at the Battle of Legnica on 9 April. A European knight charge appeared to cause that section of the Mongol line to rout, thus leading Henry II to commit his cavalry to chase them. However, the Mongols merely had lured the knights away from their supporting infantry and used a smokescreen to prevent the infantry and remaining cavalry from seeing their more advanced knights being surrounded and massacred. Once the Polish and German knights were killed, the remainder of the Polish army was vulnerable and easily encircled. The later Polish chronicler Jan Długosz claimed that the Mongols caused confusion in the Polish forces by yelling 'Flee!' in Polish through the smokescreen. The Mongols did not take Legnica castle but had a free rein to pillage and plunder Silesia before moving off to join their main forces in Hungary. | null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Siege of Faenza",
"participant",
"Holy Roman Empire"
] | The siege of Faenza occurred from August 1240 to April 14, 1241, during the course of the wars of the Guelphs and the Ghibellines. In this military confrontation, the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II aggressively laid siege to the town of Faenza and successfully captured the city.Background
In August 1237, Frederick II returned to the northern Italian domain of the Holy Roman Empire from northern Europe. He had just put his affairs in Germany and Austria in order, including electing his son Conrad as the King of Germany and vanquishing the rebellious Duke of Austria. With these accomplishments complete, the Emperor assembled an army and turned his attention to reasserting control over the rebellious northern Italian cities in his Empire. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Battle of Tursko",
"participant",
"Mongol Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Siege of Viterbo",
"participant",
"Holy Roman Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Kaidu–Kublai war",
"participant",
"Yuan dynasty"
] | The Kaidu–Kublai war was a war between Kaidu and Kublai (and his successor Temür) from 1268 to 1301. Kaidu was the leader of the House of Ögedei and the de facto khan of the Chagatai Khanate, while Kublai was the founder of the Yuan dynasty. The Kaidu–Kublai war followed the Toluid Civil War (1260–1264) and resulted in the permanent division of the Mongol Empire. By the time of Kublai's death in 1294, the Mongol Empire had fractured into four separate polities: the Golden Horde khanate in the northwest, the Chagatai Khanate in the middle, the Ilkhanate in the southwest, and the Yuan dynasty in the east based in modern-day Beijing. Although Temür later made peace with the three western khanates in 1304 after Kaidu's death, the four successor states of the Mongol Empire continued their own separate development and fell at different times. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Kaidu–Kublai war",
"participant",
"Golden Horde"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Kaidu–Kublai war",
"participant",
"Ilkhanate"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Kaidu–Kublai war",
"participant",
"House of Ögedei"
] | The Kaidu–Kublai war was a war between Kaidu and Kublai (and his successor Temür) from 1268 to 1301. Kaidu was the leader of the House of Ögedei and the de facto khan of the Chagatai Khanate, while Kublai was the founder of the Yuan dynasty. The Kaidu–Kublai war followed the Toluid Civil War (1260–1264) and resulted in the permanent division of the Mongol Empire. By the time of Kublai's death in 1294, the Mongol Empire had fractured into four separate polities: the Golden Horde khanate in the northwest, the Chagatai Khanate in the middle, the Ilkhanate in the southwest, and the Yuan dynasty in the east based in modern-day Beijing. Although Temür later made peace with the three western khanates in 1304 after Kaidu's death, the four successor states of the Mongol Empire continued their own separate development and fell at different times. | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Kaidu–Kublai war",
"participant",
"Chagatai Khanate"
] | The Kaidu–Kublai war was a war between Kaidu and Kublai (and his successor Temür) from 1268 to 1301. Kaidu was the leader of the House of Ögedei and the de facto khan of the Chagatai Khanate, while Kublai was the founder of the Yuan dynasty. The Kaidu–Kublai war followed the Toluid Civil War (1260–1264) and resulted in the permanent division of the Mongol Empire. By the time of Kublai's death in 1294, the Mongol Empire had fractured into four separate polities: the Golden Horde khanate in the northwest, the Chagatai Khanate in the middle, the Ilkhanate in the southwest, and the Yuan dynasty in the east based in modern-day Beijing. Although Temür later made peace with the three western khanates in 1304 after Kaidu's death, the four successor states of the Mongol Empire continued their own separate development and fell at different times. | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"War of the Antiochene Succession",
"participant",
"Bohemond III of Antioch"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"War of the Antiochene Succession",
"participant",
"Leo I, King of Armenia"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Battle of Ain Jalut",
"participant",
"Mongol Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Battle of Ain Jalut",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Georgia"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Battle of Ain Jalut",
"participant",
"Mamluk Sultanate"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Battle of Ain Jalut",
"participant",
"Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Battle of Benevento",
"participant",
"Holy Roman Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Battle of Benevento",
"participant",
"Manfred, King of Sicily"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Battle of Benevento",
"participant",
"Charles I of Naples"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Lord Edward's crusade",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Lord Edward's crusade"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Byzantine–Ottoman wars",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Byzantine–Ottoman wars"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Battle of Fossalta",
"participant",
"Holy Roman Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Battle of Fossalta",
"participant",
"Guelphs"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Battle of Fossalta",
"participant",
"Ghibellines"
] | The Battle of Fossalta was a battle of the War of the Guelphs and Ghibellines in Northern Italy. It took place in Fossalta, a small location on the Panaro River, and is especially remembered for the capture of Enzio of Sardinia, son of Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen.Prelude
In the spring of 1249, a Guelph Romagnol army of the Lombard League advanced to the Panaro. The army was composed of 3,000 knights and 2,000-foot soldiers from the Margrave Azzo VII d'Este and 1,000 knights and 800-foot soldiers of Bolognese militias from Porta Stieri, Porta San Procolo, and Porta Ravegnana. The army was led by the Brescian Filippo Ugoni, who had victoriously defended Milan while besieged by Emperor Frederick II, and accompanied by Ottaviano degli Ubaldini, the Cardinal of Bologna.
The Guelph army threatened the Ghibelline city of Modena and therefore the Modenese had requested help from Enzio of Sardinia, who was then imperial vicar in northern Italy, and resided at Cremona.
Enzio organised a massive army of 15,000 men, composed of Imperial Germans and Lombard Ghibellines from Cremona and Modena. He led the army across the Po by using his self-constructed bridge at Bugno. They arrived at the Fossalta stream, some 5 km north of Modena. | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Battle of Devina",
"participant",
"Byzantine Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Battle of Devina",
"participant",
"Second Bulgarian Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Battle of Mansurah (1250)",
"participant",
"Ayyubid dynasty"
] | The Battle of Mansurah was fought from 8 to 11 February 1250, between Crusaders led by Louis IX, King of France, and Ayyubid forces led by Sultana Shajar al-Durr, vizier Fakhr ad-Din ibn as-Shaikh, Faris ad-Din Aktai and Baibars al-Bunduqdari. It was fought in present-day Mansoura, Egypt. The Crusader force was enticed into entering the town where it was set upon by the Muslim force. The Crusaders withdrew in disorder to their encampment where they were besieged by the Muslims. The Crusaders broke-out and withdrew to Damietta in early April. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Seventh Crusade",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Seventh Crusade"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Seventh Crusade",
"follows",
"The Barons' Crusade"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Scottish–Norwegian War",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Scotland"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Scottish–Norwegian War",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Scottish–Norwegian War",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Scottish–Norwegian War"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Berke–Hulagu war",
"participant",
"Golden Horde"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Berke–Hulagu war",
"participant",
"Ilkhanate"
] | The Berke–Hulagu war was fought between two Mongol leaders, Berke Khan of the Golden Horde and Hulagu Khan of the Ilkhanate. It was fought mostly in the Caucasus mountains area in the 1260s after the destruction of Baghdad in 1258. The war overlaps with the Toluid Civil War in the Mongol Empire between two members of the Tolui family line, Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke, who both claimed the title of Great Khan (Khagan). Kublai allied with Hulagu, while Ariq Böke sided with Berke. Hulagu headed to Mongolia for the election of a new Khagan to succeed Möngke Khan, but the loss of the Battle of Ain Jalut to the Mamluks forced him to withdraw back to the Middle East. The Mamluk victory emboldened Berke to invade the Ilkhanate. The Berke–Hulagu war and the Toluid Civil War as well as the subsequent Kaidu–Kublai war marked a key moment in the fragmentation of the Mongol empire after the death of Möngke, the fourth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Battle of Llandeilo Fawr",
"participant",
"United Kingdom"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Battle of Llandeilo Fawr",
"participant",
"English people"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Battle of Llandeilo Fawr",
"participant",
"Welsh people"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"War of the Cow",
"participant",
"Prince-Bishopric of Liège"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"War of the Cow",
"participant",
"County of Namur"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Battle of Hausbergen",
"participant",
"Free Imperial City of Strasbourg"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Battle of Hausbergen",
"participant",
"Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Siege of Algeciras (1278–1279)",
"different from",
"Siege of Algeciras"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Siege of Algeciras (1278–1279)",
"different from",
"Siege of Algeciras"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Siege of Algeciras (1278–1279)",
"different from",
"Siege of Algeciras"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Battle of Parma",
"participant",
"Holy Roman Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Conquest of Murcia (1265–66)",
"participant",
"Crown of Aragon"
] | A conquest of Murcia took place in 1265–66 when James I of Aragon conquered the Muslim-held Taifa of Murcia on behalf of his ally Alfonso X of Castile.Previously, Murcia was a semi-independent vassal of Castile, but renounced its allegiance during the Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266. Aragon entered the war on Castile's side after Castile's Queen Violant—who was James' daughter—wrote a letter asking for her father's help.
After initial negotiations with his nobles, James marched from Valencia at the end of October 1265. Subsequently, Aragonese troops took multiple Murcian towns and defeated a reinforcement column sent by the Emirate of Granada. The siege of the city of Murcia started in January 1266, ending in its surrender on 31 January and James' entrance to the city on 3 February.
After the conquest, Murcia was returned to Castile and lost its semi-independent status. Subsequently, its Muslim population was moved to suburbs as Castile brought Christian settlers to populate the region.Aragonese offensive
Preparation
Initially the task to suppress the revolt passed to Alfonso's brother Manuel and Grand Master Paio Peres Correia of the Order of Santiago. Concerned that Castile was fighting on three fronts, Alfonso X asked his wife, Queen Violant to request help from her father, James I of Aragon. James I agreed and summoned his parliaments to support the war. The Catalan Courts agreed to raise taxes for the campaign in July 1264, but the parliament for his other dominion, Aragonese Corts initially rejected the campaign when they met in November. James I spent the next following months trying to convince the Aragonese lords. In May 1265, the Archbishop of Tarragon and the Bishop of Valencia began preaching for crusades. Pope Clement IV allowed James to collect tithe from his dominions for up to three years to fund the crusade. Infante Peter (future Peter III of Aragon) carried out initial raids against the rebels in late summer of 1265. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Conquest of Murcia (1265–66)",
"participant",
"Taifa of Murcia"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Conquest of Murcia (1265–66)",
"participant",
"Crown of Castile"
] | Invasion of Murcia
James I marched with his troops from Valencia at the end of October 1265. He kept his army close together and advanced through Muslim-held towns. In turn, the Muslims of Villena, Elda, Petrer, Orihuela surrendered to him, with terms that they were allowed to keep their lands and worship freely.James now prepared to march on the city of Murcia itself and was joined by Castilian troops under Infante Manuel. At the same time Granadan troops, numbering 800 cavalry and 2,000 men-at-arms, marched to relieve the city. James moved to intercept this column and the Granadans were routed in a battle.In early December, James met with Alfonso X in Alcaraz, on the border between Castile and James' Kingdom of Valencia, to coordinate their war efforts. On 2 January 1266 James marched from Orihuela and started the siege of the city of Murcia. Skirmishes broke out between the defenders and the besiegers. Outnumbered and cut off from reinforcements, the city defenders asked for terms. James offered to ask Alfonso to restore the Murcians' legal rights from before the rebellion: self-government under Castilian suzerainty, freedom of worship, and preservation of lands and properties. They agreed to this offer but requested Alfonso's explicit agreement rather than just James' promise to ask him. James refused to get Alfonso's agreement before the city surrendered.Finally the city surrendered on 31 January. James' standards were raised in the city and he was said to have kneeled down and kissed the ground to thank God when he saw this. James himself entered the city on 3 February, formally accepting the city's surrender from al-Wathiq. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Conquest of Murcia (1265–66)",
"participant",
"Order of Santiago"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Battle of Yassıçemen",
"participant",
"Kayqubad baraa I"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Battle of Yassıçemen",
"participant",
"Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Battle of Yassıçemen",
"participant",
"Al-Ashraf Musa"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Siege of Seville",
"participant",
"Knights Templar"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Siege of Seville",
"participant",
"Sovereign Military Order of Malta"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Siege of Seville",
"participant",
"Crown of Castile"
] | The siege of Seville (July 1247 – November 1248) was a 16-month successful investment during the Reconquista of Seville by forces of Ferdinand III of Castile. Although perhaps eclipsed in geopolitical importance by the rapid capture of Córdoba in 1236, which sent a shockwave through the Muslim world, the siege of Seville was nonetheless the most complex military operation undertaken by Fernando III. It is also the last major operation of the Early Reconquista. The operation also marked the appearance of indigenous naval forces of Castile-León of military significance. In effect, Ramón de Bonifaz was the first admiral of Castile, although he never held an official title of that kind.In 1246, after the conquest of Jaén, Seville and Granada were the only major cities in the Iberian Peninsula that had not acquiesced to Christian suzerainty. Of the two, Granada would remain semi-independent until 1492.
During the summer of 1247, Castilian armies isolated the city to the north and east. This paved the way for the siege, which started when Ramón de Bonifaz sailed with thirteen galleys, accompanied by some smaller ships, up the Guadalquivir and scattered some forty smaller vessels trying to oppose him. On 3 May the Castilian fleet broke the pontoon bridge linking Seville and Triana.St Albertus Magnus wrote that the Moorish defenders used artillery which was loaded with rocks in the siege, but this is not certain that is describing the type of firearms.
Due to a famine, the city capitulated on 23 November 1248. The terms specified that the Castillian troops would be allowed to enter the alcázar no later than a month later. Ferdinand made his triumphant entry into the city on 22 December 1248. Muslim chronicles record that some 300,000 inhabitants left the city. This number is considered exaggerated by O'Callaghan. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Siege of Seville",
"participant",
"Marinid dynasty"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Siege of Seville",
"participant",
"Order of Calatrava"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Siege of Seville",
"participant",
"Order of Santiago"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Eighth Crusade",
"different from",
"Siege of Tunis (238 BC)"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Eighth Crusade",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Eighth Crusade"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Eighth Crusade",
"different from",
"Siege of Tunis (1694)"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Eighth Crusade",
"different from",
"Siege of Tunis (1705)"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"First Mongol invasion of Burma",
"participant",
"Yuan dynasty"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"First Mongol invasion of Burma",
"participant",
"Pagan Kingdom"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Sicilian Vespers",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Sicilian Vespers"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Sicilian Vespers",
"different from",
"I vespri siciliani"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Siege of Acre (1291)",
"different from",
"Siege of Acre (1189-1191)"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Siege of Acre (1291)",
"different from",
"Siege of Acre"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Siege of Acre (1291)",
"different from",
"Siege of Acre"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Siege of Acre (1291)",
"different from",
"Siege of Acre( 1799)"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)",
"participant",
"Teutonic Order"
] | The city of Danzig (Gdańsk) was captured by the State of the Teutonic Order on 13 November 1308, resulting in a massacre of its inhabitants and marking the beginning of tensions between Poland and the Teutonic Order. Originally the knights moved into the fortress as an ally of Poland against the Margraviate of Brandenburg. However, after disputes over the control of the city between the Order and the King of Poland arose, the knights murdered a number of citizens within the city and took it as their own. Thus the event is also known as Gdańsk massacre or Gdańsk slaughter (rzeź Gdańska). Though in the past a matter of debate among historians, a consensus has been established that many people were murdered and a considerable part of the town was destroyed in the context of the takeover.
In the aftermath of the takeover, the order seized all of Pomerelia (Gdańsk Pomerania) and bought up the supposed Brandenburgian claims to the region in the Treaty of Soldin (1309). The conflict with Poland was temporarily settled in the Treaty of Kalisz (1343). The town was returned to Poland in the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466.Teutonic takeover
The Knights, under the leadership of Heinrich von Plotzke, agreed to aid Bogusza, and a force of 100 knights and 200 supporters, led by Günther von Schwarzburg, arrived at the castle around August.
While historians agree that the castle as well as the adjacent town were in the hands of the Teutonic Knights by late November 1308, the number of casualties and the extent of destruction is debated. Peter Oliver Loew writes that for a long time German historians accepted the version of events given by Teutonic Knights, and didn't accept a high number of people murdered, with the number given between 60 and 100 victims Błażej Śliwiński, based on several sources argues that the number of murdered was very high, even if not 10,000. According to Peter Oliver Loew the exact numbers can never be established, however he agrees that all available data confirms that the city was destroyed during the conquest. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)",
"participant",
"Margraviate of Brandenburg"
] | Under Swietopelk II, Gdańsk became an important trading site on the lower Vistula.The Margraviate of Brandenburg entered the scene after Mestwin II, son of Swietopolk, concluded the Treaty of Arnswalde with them, in order to receive aid against his brother, Wartislaw. The margraves took over the town in 1270/1 from Wartislaw, but did not hand it over to Mestwin until the latter was able to force them out by concluding an alliance with Boleslaw Pobozny, duke of Greater Poland. Under the rule of Brandenburg, conflicts erupted between the Slavic and German populations, which cost many lives. In the 1282 Treaty of Kępno Mestwin II promised his Pomerelian duchy to his ally Przemysł II, duke and later king of Poland, who succeeded to the duchy after Mestwin's death in 1294.The Margraves of Brandenburg also claimed the region and had Przemysł assassinated in early 1296. Władysław I the Elbow-high (Łokietek), Przemysł's successor, was only in loose control of Pomerelia and Gdańsk with the actual control of the area being in the hands of the local Swienca family who had come into power already under Mestwin II. In 1301, one year after Wenceslaus II of Bohemia had been crowned king of Poland, the princes of Rügen, who also claimed to be the heirs of Pomerelia, mounted an expedition. Wenceslaus, who with the Polish crown had also acquired the claim to Pomerelia, called the Teutonic Order for help. The Teutonic knights occupied Gdańsk, repelled the princes of Rügen, and left the town in 1302. While the Norwegian king Haakon backed Rügen's claims, his 1302 call to the Hanseatic cities for aid remained without answer.Wenceslaus II died in 1305 and was succeeded by Wenceslaus III, murdered in 1306. In a treaty of 8 August 1305, the margraves of Brandenburg promised to Wenceslaus III the Meissen (Miśnia) territory in exchange for Pomerelia, but that treaty was never finalized. The Teutonic Order had inherited Gniew (Mewe) from Sambor II, thus gaining a foothold on the left bank of the Vistula. Brandenburg occupied the west of the duchy after neutralizing another claimant to the area, the Cammin bishop, by burning down his see.Rebellion of 1308 and Brandenburgian siege
Meanwhile, Władysław I the Elbow-high had reestablished his power in Poland, but was occupied in the south of his realm. He appointed Bogusza as his Pomerelian governor in Gdańsk. In the summer of 1308, a rebellion was incited by the local Swienca family allied with Waldemar of Brandenburg, resulting in a Brandenburgian intervention which unseated the forces loyal to Łokietek, who later would become King of Poland. Bogusza and his men had retreated to the castle next to the town, and were besieged by the margraves.Bogusza, on the advice of the Dominican prior Wilhelm, appealed to the Teutonic Knights in Prussia for assistance. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)",
"participant",
"Piast dynasty"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Battle of Orewin Bridge",
"participant",
"United Kingdom"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Friso-Hollandic Wars",
"participant",
"Holy Roman Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Devonian",
"different from",
"Devon"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Devonian",
"follows",
"Silurian"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Devonian",
"followed by",
"Carboniferous"
] | The Devonian ( də-VOH-nee-ən, de-) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic era, spanning 60.3 million years from the end of the Silurian, 419.2 million years ago (Ma), to the beginning of the Carboniferous, 358.9 Ma. It is named after Devon, England, where rocks from this period were first studied.
The first significant adaptive radiation of life on dry land occurred during the Devonian. Free-sporing vascular plants began to spread across dry land, forming extensive forests which covered the continents. By the middle of the Devonian, several groups of plants had evolved leaves and true roots, and by the end of the period the first seed-bearing plants appeared. The arthropod groups of myriapods, arachnids and hexapods also became well-established early in this period, after starting their expansion to land at least from the Ordovician period.
Fish reached substantial diversity during this time, leading the Devonian to often be dubbed the Age of Fishes. The placoderms began dominating almost every known aquatic environment. The ancestors of all four-limbed vertebrates (tetrapods) began adapting to walk on land, as their strong pectoral and pelvic fins gradually evolved into legs, though they were not fully established until the Late Carboniferous. In the oceans, primitive sharks became more numerous than in the Silurian and Late Ordovician.
The first ammonites, a subclass of molluscs, appeared. Trilobites, the mollusc-like brachiopods, and the great coral reefs were still common. The Late Devonian extinction which started about 375 million years ago severely affected marine life, killing off all placodermi, and all trilobites, save for a few species of the order Proetida.
Devonian palaeogeography was dominated by the supercontinent of Gondwana to the south, the small continent of Siberia to the north, and the medium-sized continent of Laurussia to the east. Major tectonic events include the closure of the Rheic Ocean, the separation of South China from Gondwana, and the resulting expansion of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. The Devonian experienced several major mountain-building events as Laurussia and Gondwana approached; these include the Acadian Orogeny in North America and the beginning of the Variscan Orogeny in Europe. These early collisions preceded the formation of Pangaea in the Late Paleozoic. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
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