ProfessorBob/relation_extraction · Datasets at Hugging Face

triplets sequence	passage stringlengths 0 32.9k	label stringlengths 4 48 ⌀	label_id int64 0 1k ⌀	synonyms sequence	__index_level_1__ int64 312 64.1k ⌀	__index_level_0__ int64 0 2.4k ⌀
[ "Ordenamiento de Alcalá", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]		null	null	null	null	1
[ "Historical Memory Law", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]		null	null	null	null	1
[ "Spanish National Research Council", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]		null	null	null	null	0
[ "Spanish National Research Council", "follows", "Junta para Ampliación de Estudios" ]		null	null	null	null	34
[ "Spanish National Research Council", "replaces", "Junta para Ampliación de Estudios" ]	Origins The CSIC was created in 1939 by the recently victorious Francoist regime from the assets of the Junta para la Ampliación de Estudios (JAE) (1907–1939), born within the Institución Libre de Enseñanza and inspired in the Krausist philosophy. The initial mandate of the CSIC was to restore the classical and Christian unity of the sciences that was destroyed in the 18th century ("la restauración de la clásica y cristiana unidad de las ciencias destruida en el siglo XVIII"). From its 1939 foundation to his 1966 death, its head was José María Albareda, one of the first members of the Opus Dei and a close friend of its founder, Josemaría Escrivá. José María Albareda was ordained a priest in 1959, and at his death was succeeded as head of CSIC by Manuel Lora-Tamayo, then the Education minister of Franco.	null	null	null	null	86
[ "Spanish National Research Council", "topic's main category", "Category:Spanish National Research Council" ]		null	null	null	null	88
[ "Buchanan v. Warley", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]		null	null	null	null	1
[ "Spanish real", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]		null	null	null	null	1
[ "Spanish real", "topic's main category", "Category:Real español" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "Court of Auditors (Spain)", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]	The Court of Auditors (Spanish: Tribunal de Cuentas) is the supreme governmental accounting body of Spain responsible of the comptrolling of the public accounts and the auditing of the accountancy of the political parties, in accordance with the Constitution and its Organic Act. The Court of Auditors is composed by the President and 12 counsellors. The Counsellors are appointed by the Cortes Generales, six of them by the Congress and the other six by the Senate. To be appointed Counsellor of the Court it is needed to be a person with knowledge in audit, judge, prosecutor, university teacher or a public servant in an office that requires superior studies, lawyer, economist or trade professor, all of them with recognized experience and with fifteen years of professional activity. The Court Account Counselors are independent and irremovable. Their term is 9 years.	null	null	null	null	1
[ "Court of Auditors (Spain)", "topic's main category", "Category:Tribunal de Cuentas de España" ]		null	null	null	null	7
[ "Conjunto histórico", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]	Conjunto means "group", and as a group listing, the Conjunto histórico is comparable with the British concept of a Conservation Area.Conjunto histórico is a sub-category within a broader category of Bien de Interés Cultural, which protects Spain's cultural heritage and is regulated by the country's Ministry of Culture. As well as conjuntos históricos, the category of Bien de Interés Cultural includes the following sub-categories of non-movable heritage:	null	null	null	null	1
[ "Conjunto histórico", "topic's main category", "Category:Bienes de Interés Cultural (Spain)" ]	Conjunto means "group", and as a group listing, the Conjunto histórico is comparable with the British concept of a Conservation Area.Conjunto histórico is a sub-category within a broader category of Bien de Interés Cultural, which protects Spain's cultural heritage and is regulated by the country's Ministry of Culture. As well as conjuntos históricos, the category of Bien de Interés Cultural includes the following sub-categories of non-movable heritage:	null	null	null	null	7
[ "Consejo Superior de Deportes", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]		null	null	null	null	1
[ "Spanish 1977 Amnesty Law", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]		null	null	null	null	0
[ "Royal Order of Sports Merit", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]		null	null	null	null	1
[ "Royal Order of Sports Merit", "follows", "Order of Arts and Letters" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "Royal Order of Sports Merit", "topic's main category", "Category:Spanish royal order of the sports merit" ]		null	null	null	null	6
[ "1936 Spanish general election", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]	Election Vatican Fascism offered you work and brought hunger; it offered you peace and brought five thousands tombs; it offered you order and raised a gallows. The Popular Front offers no more and no less than it will bring: Bread, Peace and Liberty! There was significant violence during the election campaign, most of which initiated by the political left, though a substantial minority was by the political right. In total, some thirty-seven people were killed in various incidents throughout the campaign, ten of which occurred on the election day itself. Certain press restrictions were lifted. The political right repeatedly warned of the risk of a 'red flag' – communism – over Spain; the Radical Republican Party, led by Lerroux, concentrated on besmirching the Centre Party. CEDA, which continued to be the main party of the political right, struggled to gain the support of the monarchists, but managed to. Posters, however, had a distinctly fascist appeal, showing leader Gil-Robles alongside various autocratic slogans and he allowed his followers to acclaim him with cries of "Jefe!" (Spanish for "Chief!") in an imitation of "Duce!" or "Führer!". Whilst few campaign promises were made, a return to autocratic government was implied. Funded by considerable donations from large landowners, industrialists and the Catholic Church – which had suffered under the previous Socialist administration – the Right printed millions of leaflets, promising a 'great Spain'. In terms of manifesto, the Popular Front proposed going back to the sort of reforms its previous administration had advocated, including important agrarian reforms, and reforms relating to strikes. It would also release political prisoners, including those from the Asturian rebellion (though this provoked the right), helping to secure the votes of the CNT and FAI, although as organisations they remained outside the growing Popular Front; the Popular Front had the support of votes from anarchists. The Communist Party campaigned under a series of revolutionary slogans; however, they were strongly supportive of the Popular Front government. "Vote Communist to save Spain from Marxism" was a Socialist joke at the time. Devoid of strong areas of working class support, already taken by syndicalism and anarchism, they concentrated on their position within the Popular Front. The election campaign was heated; the possibility of compromise had been destroyed by the left's Asturian rebellion and its cruel repression by the security forces. Both sides used apocalyptic language, declaring that if the other side won, civil war would follow.34,000 members of the Civil Guards and 17,000 Assault Guards enforced security on election day, many freed from their regular posts by the carabineros. The balloting on the 16th of February ended with a draw between the left and right, with the center effectively obliterated. In six provinces left-wing groups apparently interfered with registrations or ballots, augmenting leftist results or invalidating rightist pluralities or majorities. In Galicia, in north-west Spain, and orchestrated by the incumbent government; there also, in A Coruña, by the political left. The voting in Granada was forcibly (and unfairly) dominated by the government. In some villages, the police stopped anyone not wearing a collar from voting. Wherever the Socialists were poorly organised, farm workers continued to vote how they were told by their bosses or caciques. Similarly, some right-wing voters were put off from voting in strongly socialist areas. However, such instances were comparatively rare. By the evening, it looked like the Popular Front might win and as a result in some cases crowds broke into prisons to free revolutionaries detained there.	null	null	null	null	1
[ "1936 Spanish general election", "followed by", "1977 Spanish general election" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "1936 Spanish general election", "follows", "1933 Spanish general election" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "1936 Spanish general election", "topic's main category", "Category:General elections in Spain, 1936" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "Cajal Institute", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]		null	null	null	null	1
[ "Cortes Españolas", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]		null	null	null	null	1
[ "National Labor Relations Act of 1935", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]	The National Labor Relations Act of 1935, also known as the Wagner Act, is a foundational statute of United States labor law that guarantees the right of private sector employees to organize into trade unions, engage in collective bargaining, and take collective action such as strikes. Central to the act was a ban on company unions. The act was written by Senator Robert F. Wagner, passed by the 74th United States Congress, and signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The National Labor Relations Act seeks to correct the "inequality of bargaining power" between employers and employees by promoting collective bargaining between trade unions and employers. The law established the National Labor Relations Board to prosecute violations of labor law and to oversee the process by which employees decide whether to be represented by a labor organization. It also established various rules concerning collective bargaining and defined a series of banned unfair labor practices, including interference with the formation or organization of labor unions by employers. The act does not apply to certain workers, including supervisors, agricultural employees, domestic workers, government employees, and independent contractors. The NLRA was strongly opposed by conservatives and members of the Republican Party, but it was upheld in the Supreme Court case of NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., decided April 12, 1937. The 1947 Taft–Hartley Act amended the NLRA, establishing a series of labor practices for unions and granting states the power to pass right-to-work laws.	null	null	null	null	1
[ "Lee Resolution", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]		null	null	null	null	0
[ "Junta Electoral Central", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]		null	null	null	null	1
[ "Junta Electoral Central", "topic's main category", "Category:Junta Electoral Central" ]		null	null	null	null	7
[ "United States Botanic Garden", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]		null	null	null	null	1
[ "Internal Revenue Code", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]	The Internal Revenue Code (IRC), formally the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, is the domestic portion of federal statutory tax law in the United States, published in various volumes of the United States Statutes at Large, and separately as Title 26 of the United States Code (USC). It is organized topically, into subtitles and sections, covering income tax in the United States, payroll taxes, estate taxes, gift taxes, and excise taxes; as well as procedure and administration. The Code's implementing federal agency is the Internal Revenue Service.	null	null	null	null	1
[ "Internal Revenue Code", "topic's main category", "Category:Internal Revenue Code" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "National Guard Bureau", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]		null	null	null	null	1
[ "National Guard Bureau", "topic's main category", "Category:National Guard Bureau" ]		null	null	null	null	6
[ "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]	Timeline 1639: First American Post Office set up in Boston 1672: New York City mail service to Boston 1674: Mail service in Connecticut 1683: William Penn begins weekly service to Pennsylvania and Maryland villages and towns 1693: Service between colonies begins in Virginia 1775: First postmaster general appointed: Benjamin Franklin 1799: U.S. Congress passes law authorizing death penalty for mail robbery 1813: First mail carried by steamboat 1832: First official railroad mail service 1847: First U.S. postage stamps issued 1857: Perforated stamps introduced 1860: Pony Express started 1861: Mailing of post cards authorized 1873: Prestamped "postal cards" introduced 1879: Postage due stamps introduced 1885: Special Delivery service introduced 1893: First commemorative event stamps: World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago 1913: Domestic parcel post delivery began 1918: First airmail stamps introduced; Inverted Jenny stamp error 1920: Transcontinental mail between New York City and San Francisco 1955: Certified Mail service introduced 1958: Well-known artists begin designing stamps 1963: 5-digit ZIP Codes introduced 1983: ZIP + 4 code introduced 1989: Priority Mail introduced 1992: Microprint introduced and first commemorative stamp developed entirely by offset lithography 1994: Legends of the West stamp error 1997: Special Delivery discontinued 2007: Forever stamps introduced	null	null	null	null	1
[ "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States", "topic's main category", "Category:Postage stamps of the United States" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "United States Senate Committee on Finance", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]	The United States Senate Committee on Finance (or, less formally, Senate Finance Committee) is a standing committee of the United States Senate. The Committee concerns itself with matters relating to taxation and other revenue measures generally, and those relating to the insular possessions; bonded debt of the United States; customs, collection districts, and ports of entry and delivery; deposit of public moneys; general revenue sharing; health programs under the Social Security Act (notably Medicare and Medicaid) and health programs financed by a specific tax or trust fund; national social security; reciprocal trade agreements; tariff and import quotas, and related matters thereto; and the transportation of dutiable goods. It is considered to be one of the most powerful committees in Congress.	null	null	null	null	1
[ "United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]		null	null	null	null	0
[ "Grand Union Flag", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]	The "Grand Union Flag", or the "Continental Colours", (also known as the "Congress Flag", the "Cambridge Flag", and the "First Navy Ensign") was the first national flag of the United States of America. First hoisted on December 3, 1775 by naval officer John Paul Jones, the flag was used heavily by the Second Continental Congress of the United States, as well as by Commander George Washington in his Continental Army during the early years of the American Revolutionary War.Similar to the current U.S. flag, the Grand Union Flag has 13 alternating red and white stripes, representative of the Thirteen Colonies. The upper inner corner, or canton, features the Union Jack, or flag of the Kingdom of Great Britain, of which the colonies were subjects.	null	null	null	null	1
[ "Grand Union Flag", "followed by", "13-star flag of the United States" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "Grand Union Flag", "depicts", "field" ]	History By the end of 1775, during the first year of the American Revolutionary War, the Second Continental Congress operated as a de facto war government, who had authorized the creation of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, and even a small contingent of Continental Marines. A new flag was needed to represent both the Congress and the United Colonies, with a banner distinct from the British Red Ensign flown from civilian and merchant vessels, the White Ensign of the British Royal Navy, and the Flag of Great Britain carried on land by the British army. The emerging states had been using their own independent flags, with Massachusetts using the Taunton Flag, and New York using the George Rex Flag, prior to the adoption of united colors.Americans first hoisted the Grand Union Flag on the colonial warship Alfred, in the harbor on the western shore of the Delaware River at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 3 December 1775, under the command of the new appointed Lieutenant John Paul Jones of the formative Continental Navy. The event was documented in letters to Congress and eyewitness accounts. The flag was also used by the Continental Army forces as both a naval ensign, and as a garrison flag throughout 1776 and early 1777.It was widely believed that the flag was raised by George Washington's army on the 2 January 1776, at Prospect Hill in Charlestown (now part of Somerville), near his headquarters at Cambridge, Massachusetts, (across the Charles River to the north from Boston), which was then surrounding and laying siege to the British forces then occupying the city. It is also stated that the flag was interpreted by British military observers in the city under commanding General Thomas Gage, as a sign of surrender. However, some scholars dispute the traditional account and conclude that the flag raised at Prospect Hill was probably the flag of Great Britain, though subsequent research supports the contrary.The flag has had several names, at least five of which have been popularly remembered. The more recent moniker, "Grand Union Flag", was first applied in the 19th-century Reconstruction era by George Henry Preble, in his 1872 History of the American Flag.The Grand Union Flag became obsolete following the passing of the Flag Act of 1777 by the Continental Congress. The new national flag replaced the Union Jack in the canton with thirteen stars (representing the thirteen States) on a field of blue. The resolution describes only a "new constellation" for the arrangement of the white stars in the blue canton, so overall designs were later interpreted and made with rows, columns, a square with one star in the center, a circle, and various other designs.	null	null	null	null	5
[ "Grand Union Flag", "depicts", "flag of Great Britain" ]		null	null	null	null	6
[ "Grand Union Flag", "different from", "flag of the East India Company" ]		null	null	null	null	7
[ "SEPBLAC", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]		null	null	null	null	1
[ "Coordinator for Counterterrorism", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]	The Coordinator for Counterterrorism heads the Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism, which coordinates U.S. government efforts to fight terrorism. As the head of the counterterrorism bureau, the coordinator for counterterrorism has the rank of both ambassador-at-large and assistant secretary.The current acting coordinator is Christopher A. Landberg.List of coordinators The role of Coordinator for Combating Terrorism has often rotated throughout a presidential administration, only presidents Gerald Ford and Donald Trump have maintained a single coordinator throughout their term of office.	null	null	null	null	1
[ "Coordinator for Counterterrorism", "officeholder", "Nathan Sales" ]	List of coordinators The role of Coordinator for Combating Terrorism has often rotated throughout a presidential administration, only presidents Gerald Ford and Donald Trump have maintained a single coordinator throughout their term of office.	null	null	null	null	5
[ "Independent Authority for Fiscal Responsibility", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]	The Independent Authority for Spanish Fiscal Responsibility (Autoridad Independiente de Responsabilidad Fiscal española, AIReF) is an independent agency for fiscal control in Spain. It was created in 2013 by the Spanish Government, on the initiative of the European Union and to implement a constitutional mandate. The purpose of the Authority for Fiscal Responsibility is to oversee the sustainability of public finances as a means for ensuring economic growth and the wellbeing of Spanish society in the medium and long-term. It has its own legal personality and full public and private capacity. It carries out its functions autonomously and independently from the General Government and acts objectively, transparently and impartially. AIReF was set up in 2013 (2013) in implementation of the constitutional mandate set out in Article 135. On November 14, 2013, Organic Law 6/2013, on the establishment of the Spanish Independent Authority for Fiscal Responsibility, was approved. In June 2014, it began its activity. Its mission is to ensure that the General Government effectively complies with the budget stability principle set out in Article 135 of the Spanish Constitution through ongoing monitoring of the budget cycle, public borrowing and the analysis of economic forecasts. In 2021, it incorporated the evaluation of public expenditure as one of its permanent functions, with the aim of assisting in the development of more effective and efficient policies in favour of citizens.	null	null	null	null	1
[ "1910 United States census", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "1910 United States census", "followed by", "1920 United States Census" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "1910 United States census", "follows", "1900 United States Census" ]		null	null	null	null	6
[ "1920 United States census", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]	The United States census of 1920, conducted by the Census Bureau during one month from January 5, 1920, determined the resident population of the United States to be 106,021,537, an increase of 15.0 percent over the 92,228,496 persons enumerated during the 1910 census. Despite the constitutional requirement that House seats be reapportioned to the states respective of their population every ten years according to the census, members of Congress failed to agree on a reapportionment plan following this census, and the distribution of seats from the 1910 census remained in effect until 1933. In 1929, Congress passed the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which provided for a permanent method of reapportionment and fixed the number of Representatives at 435. This was the first census in which the United States recorded a population of more than 100 million. It was also the first census in which a state—New York—recorded a population of more than ten million. This census also marked a significant population shift from rural to urban. According to the Census Bureau, "Beginning in 1910, the minimum population threshold to be categorized as an urban place was set at 2,500. "Urban" was defined as including all territory, persons, and housing units within an incorporated area that met the population threshold. The 1920 census marked the first time in which over 50 percent of the U.S. population was defined as "urban."	null	null	null	null	2
[ "1920 United States census", "follows", "1910 United States Census" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "1920 United States census", "followed by", "1930 United States Census" ]		null	null	null	null	5
[ "Energy policy of the United States", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]	The energy policy of the United States is determined by federal, state, and local entities. It addresses issues of energy production, distribution, consumption, and modes of use, such as building codes, mileage standards, and commuting policies. Energy policy may be addressed via include legislation, regulation, court decisions, public participation, and other techniques. Federal energy policy acts were passed in 1974, 1992, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009,2020, 2021, and 2022, although energy-related policies have appeared in many other bills. State and local energy policies typically relate to efficiency standards and/or transportation.Federal energy policies since the 1973 oil crisis have been criticized over an alleged crisis-mentality, promoting expensive quick fixes and single-shot solutions that ignore market and technology realities.Americans constitute less than 5% of the world's population, but consume 26% of the world's energy to produce 26% of the world's industrial output. Technologies such as fracking and horizontal drilling allowed the United States in 2014 to become the world's top oil fossil fuel producer. In 2018, US exports of coal, natural gas, crude oil and petroleum products exceeded imports, achieving a degree of energy independence for the first time in decades. In the second half of 2019, the US was the world's top producer of oil and gas. This energy surplus ended in 2020. Various multinational groups have attempted to establish goals and timetables for energy and other climate-related policies, such as the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, and the 2015 Paris Agreement.History In the early days of the Republic energy policy allowed free use of standing timber for heating and industry. Wind and water provided energy for tasks such as milling grain. In the 19th century, coal became widely used. Whales were rendered into lamp oil. Coal gas was fractionated for use as lighting and town gas. Natural gas was first used in America for lighting in 1816. It has grown in importance, especially for electricity generation, but US natural gas production peaked in 1973 and the price has risen significantly since then. Coal provided the bulk of the US energy needs well into the 20th century. Most urban homes had a coal bin and a coal-fired furnace. Over the years these were replaced with oil furnaces that were easier and safer to operate.From the early 1940s, the US government and oil industry entered into a mutually beneficial collaboration to control global oil resources. By 1950, oil consumption exceeded that of coal. Abundant oil in California, Texas, Oklahoma, as well as in Canada and Mexico, coupled with its low cost, ease of transportation, high energy density, and use in internal combustion engines, led to its increasing use.Following World War II, oil heating boilers took over from coal burners along the Eastern Seaboard; diesel locomotives took over from coal-fired steam engines; oil-fired power plants dominated; petroleum-burning buses replaced electric streetcars, and citizens bought gasoline-powered cars. Interstate Highways helped make cars the major means of personal transportation. As oil imports increased, US foreign policy was drawn into Middle East politics, seeking to maintain steady supply via actions such as protcting Persian Gulf sea lanes.Hydroelectricity was the basis of Nikola Tesla's introduction of the US electricity grid, starting at Niagara Falls, New York, in 1883. Electricity generated by major dams such as the TVA Project, Grand Coulee Dam and Hoover Dam still produce some of the lowest-priced ($0.08/kWh) electricity. Rural electrification strung power lines to many more areas.A National Maximum Speed Limit of 55 mph (88 km/h) was imposed in 1974 (and repealed in 1995) to help reduce consumption. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (aka CAFE) standards were enacted in 1975 and progressively tightened over time to compel manufacturers to improve vehicle mileage. Year-round Daylight Saving Time was imposed in 1974 and repealed in 1975. The United States Strategic Petroleum Reserve was created in 1975. The Weatherization Assistance Program was enacted in 1977. This program has provided services to more than 5.5 million low-income families. On average, low-cost weatherization reduces heating bills by 31% and overall energy bills by $358 per year at 2012 prices. Increased energy efficiency and weatherization spending has a high return on investment.On August 4, 1977, President Jimmy Carter signed into law The Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977 (Pub. L. 95–91, 91 Stat. 565, enacted August 4, 1977), which created the United States Department of Energy (DOE). The new agency, which began operations on October 1, 1977, consolidated the Federal Energy Administration, the Energy Research and Development Administration, the Federal Power Commission, and programs of various other agencies. Former Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger, who served under Presidents Nixon and Ford during the Vietnam War, was appointed as the first secretary. On June 30, 1980, Congress passed the Energy Security Act, which reauthorized the Defense Production Act of 1950 and enabled it to cover domestic energy supplies. It also obligated the federal government to promote and reform the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, biofuels, geothermal power, acid rain prevention, solar power, and synthetic fuel commercialization. The Defense Production Act was further reauthorized in 2009, with modifications requiring the federal government to promote renewable energy, energy efficiency, and improved grid and grid storage installations with its defense procurements.The federal government provided substantially larger subsidies to fossil fuels than to renewables in the 2002–2008 period. Subsidies to fossil fuels totaled approximately $72 billion over the study period, a direct cost to taxpayers. Subsidies for renewable fuels, totaled $29 billion over the same period.In some cases, the US used energy policy to pursue other international goals. Richard Heinberg claimed that a declassified CIA document showed that the US used oil prices as leverage against the economy of the Soviet Union by working with Saudi Arabia during the Reagan administration to keep oil prices low, thus decreasing the value of the USSR's petroleum export industry.The 2005 Energy Policy Act (EPA) addressed (1) energy efficiency; (2) renewable energy; (3) oil and gas; (4) coal; (5) tribal energy; (6) nuclear matters; (7) vehicles and motor fuels, including ethanol; (8) hydrogen; (9) electricity; (10) energy tax incentives; (11) hydropower and geothermal energy; and (12) climate change technology. The Act also started the Department of Energy's Loan Guarantee Program.The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 provided funding to help improve building codes, and outlawed the sale of incandescent light bulbs, in favor of fluorescents and LEDs. It also includes funding to increase photovoltaics, and a solar air conditioning program and set the CAFE standard to 35 mpg by 2020. In December 2009, the United States Patent and Trademark Office announced the Green Patent Pilot Program. The program was initiated to accelerate the examination of patent applications relating to certain green technologies, including the energy sector. The pilot program was initially designed to accommodate 3,000 applications related to certain green technology categories, and the program was originally set to expire on December 8, 2010. In May 2010, the USPTO announced that it would expand the pilot program.In 2016, federal government energy-specific subsidies and support for renewables, fossil fuels, and nuclear energy amounted to $6,682 million, $489 million and $365 million, respectively.On June 1, 2017, then-President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation agreed to under the President Barack Obama administration. On November 3, 2020, incoming President Joe Biden announced that the U.S. would resume its participation.The Energy Information Administration (EIA) predicted that the reduction in energy consumption in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic would take many years to recover. The US imported much of its oil for many decades but in 2020 became a net exporter.In December 2020, Trump signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, which contained the Energy Act of 2020, the first major revision package to U.S. energy policy in over a decade. The bill contains increased incentives for energy efficiency particularly in federal government buildings, improved funding for weatherization assistance, standards to phase out the use of hydrofluorocarbons, plans to rebuild the nation's energy research sector including fossil fuel research, and $7 billion in demonstration projects for carbon capture and storage.Under President Joe Biden, one-third of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve was tapped to reduce energy prices during the COVID-19 pandemic. He also invoked the Defense Production Act to boost manufacturing of solar cells and other renewable energy generators, fuel cells and other electricity-dependent clean fuel equipment, building insulation, heat pumps, critical power grid infrastructure, and electric vehicle batteries.Biden also signed the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act to invest $73 billion in the energy sector. $11 billion of that amount will be invested in power grid infrastructure. (In November 2022 the Biden administration announced the first $550 million in a new grant program for clean energy generators for low-income and minority communities.) $6 billion of the former amount will go to domestic nuclear power. From the $73 billion, the IIJA invests $45 billion in innovation and industrial policy for key emerging technologies in energy; $430 million–21 billion in new demonstration projects at the DOE; and nearly $24 billion in onshoring, supply chain resilience, and bolstering competitive advantages in energy, divided into an $8.6 billion investment in carbon capture and storage, $3 billion in battery material reprocessing, $3 billion in battery recycling, $1 billion in rare-earth minerals stockpiling, and $8 billion in new research hubs for green hydrogen. $4.7 billion will go to plugging orphan wells abandoned by oil and gas companies.In August 2022, Biden signed the CHIPS and Science Act to boost DOE and National Science Foundation research activities by $174 billion and the Inflation Reduction Act to create assistance programs for utility cooperatives and a $27 billion green bank, including $6 billion to lower the cost of solar power in low-income communities and $7 billion to capitalize smaller green banks, and appropriate $270-663 billion in clean energy and energy efficiency tax credits, including at least $158 billion for investments in clean energy, and $36 billion for home energy upgrades from public utilities. The Biden administration claims the IIJA, the CHIPS and Science Act, and the Inflation Reduction Act, together catalyzed $503 billion in private investment (including $219 billion in electronics, $149 billion in EVs and batteries, and $88 billion in clean energy generators) and over $225 billion in public infrastructure spending as of July 5, 2023."Catalyze timely, material, and efficient transformation of the nation's energy system and secure US leadership in clean energy technologies. "Maintain a vibrant US effort in science and engineering as a cornerstone of our economic prosperity with clear leadership in strategic areas. "Enhance nuclear security through defense, nonproliferation, and environmental efforts. "Establish an operational and adaptable framework that combines the best wisdom of all Department stakeholders to maximize mission success."	null	null	null	null	1
[ "Energy policy of the United States", "topic's main category", "Category:Energy policy of the United States" ]	History In the early days of the Republic energy policy allowed free use of standing timber for heating and industry. Wind and water provided energy for tasks such as milling grain. In the 19th century, coal became widely used. Whales were rendered into lamp oil. Coal gas was fractionated for use as lighting and town gas. Natural gas was first used in America for lighting in 1816. It has grown in importance, especially for electricity generation, but US natural gas production peaked in 1973 and the price has risen significantly since then. Coal provided the bulk of the US energy needs well into the 20th century. Most urban homes had a coal bin and a coal-fired furnace. Over the years these were replaced with oil furnaces that were easier and safer to operate.From the early 1940s, the US government and oil industry entered into a mutually beneficial collaboration to control global oil resources. By 1950, oil consumption exceeded that of coal. Abundant oil in California, Texas, Oklahoma, as well as in Canada and Mexico, coupled with its low cost, ease of transportation, high energy density, and use in internal combustion engines, led to its increasing use.Following World War II, oil heating boilers took over from coal burners along the Eastern Seaboard; diesel locomotives took over from coal-fired steam engines; oil-fired power plants dominated; petroleum-burning buses replaced electric streetcars, and citizens bought gasoline-powered cars. Interstate Highways helped make cars the major means of personal transportation. As oil imports increased, US foreign policy was drawn into Middle East politics, seeking to maintain steady supply via actions such as protcting Persian Gulf sea lanes.Hydroelectricity was the basis of Nikola Tesla's introduction of the US electricity grid, starting at Niagara Falls, New York, in 1883. Electricity generated by major dams such as the TVA Project, Grand Coulee Dam and Hoover Dam still produce some of the lowest-priced ($0.08/kWh) electricity. Rural electrification strung power lines to many more areas.A National Maximum Speed Limit of 55 mph (88 km/h) was imposed in 1974 (and repealed in 1995) to help reduce consumption. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (aka CAFE) standards were enacted in 1975 and progressively tightened over time to compel manufacturers to improve vehicle mileage. Year-round Daylight Saving Time was imposed in 1974 and repealed in 1975. The United States Strategic Petroleum Reserve was created in 1975. The Weatherization Assistance Program was enacted in 1977. This program has provided services to more than 5.5 million low-income families. On average, low-cost weatherization reduces heating bills by 31% and overall energy bills by $358 per year at 2012 prices. Increased energy efficiency and weatherization spending has a high return on investment.On August 4, 1977, President Jimmy Carter signed into law The Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977 (Pub. L. 95–91, 91 Stat. 565, enacted August 4, 1977), which created the United States Department of Energy (DOE). The new agency, which began operations on October 1, 1977, consolidated the Federal Energy Administration, the Energy Research and Development Administration, the Federal Power Commission, and programs of various other agencies. Former Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger, who served under Presidents Nixon and Ford during the Vietnam War, was appointed as the first secretary. On June 30, 1980, Congress passed the Energy Security Act, which reauthorized the Defense Production Act of 1950 and enabled it to cover domestic energy supplies. It also obligated the federal government to promote and reform the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, biofuels, geothermal power, acid rain prevention, solar power, and synthetic fuel commercialization. The Defense Production Act was further reauthorized in 2009, with modifications requiring the federal government to promote renewable energy, energy efficiency, and improved grid and grid storage installations with its defense procurements.The federal government provided substantially larger subsidies to fossil fuels than to renewables in the 2002–2008 period. Subsidies to fossil fuels totaled approximately $72 billion over the study period, a direct cost to taxpayers. Subsidies for renewable fuels, totaled $29 billion over the same period.In some cases, the US used energy policy to pursue other international goals. Richard Heinberg claimed that a declassified CIA document showed that the US used oil prices as leverage against the economy of the Soviet Union by working with Saudi Arabia during the Reagan administration to keep oil prices low, thus decreasing the value of the USSR's petroleum export industry.The 2005 Energy Policy Act (EPA) addressed (1) energy efficiency; (2) renewable energy; (3) oil and gas; (4) coal; (5) tribal energy; (6) nuclear matters; (7) vehicles and motor fuels, including ethanol; (8) hydrogen; (9) electricity; (10) energy tax incentives; (11) hydropower and geothermal energy; and (12) climate change technology. The Act also started the Department of Energy's Loan Guarantee Program.The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 provided funding to help improve building codes, and outlawed the sale of incandescent light bulbs, in favor of fluorescents and LEDs. It also includes funding to increase photovoltaics, and a solar air conditioning program and set the CAFE standard to 35 mpg by 2020. In December 2009, the United States Patent and Trademark Office announced the Green Patent Pilot Program. The program was initiated to accelerate the examination of patent applications relating to certain green technologies, including the energy sector. The pilot program was initially designed to accommodate 3,000 applications related to certain green technology categories, and the program was originally set to expire on December 8, 2010. In May 2010, the USPTO announced that it would expand the pilot program.In 2016, federal government energy-specific subsidies and support for renewables, fossil fuels, and nuclear energy amounted to $6,682 million, $489 million and $365 million, respectively.On June 1, 2017, then-President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation agreed to under the President Barack Obama administration. On November 3, 2020, incoming President Joe Biden announced that the U.S. would resume its participation.The Energy Information Administration (EIA) predicted that the reduction in energy consumption in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic would take many years to recover. The US imported much of its oil for many decades but in 2020 became a net exporter.In December 2020, Trump signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, which contained the Energy Act of 2020, the first major revision package to U.S. energy policy in over a decade. The bill contains increased incentives for energy efficiency particularly in federal government buildings, improved funding for weatherization assistance, standards to phase out the use of hydrofluorocarbons, plans to rebuild the nation's energy research sector including fossil fuel research, and $7 billion in demonstration projects for carbon capture and storage.Under President Joe Biden, one-third of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve was tapped to reduce energy prices during the COVID-19 pandemic. He also invoked the Defense Production Act to boost manufacturing of solar cells and other renewable energy generators, fuel cells and other electricity-dependent clean fuel equipment, building insulation, heat pumps, critical power grid infrastructure, and electric vehicle batteries.Biden also signed the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act to invest $73 billion in the energy sector. $11 billion of that amount will be invested in power grid infrastructure. (In November 2022 the Biden administration announced the first $550 million in a new grant program for clean energy generators for low-income and minority communities.) $6 billion of the former amount will go to domestic nuclear power. From the $73 billion, the IIJA invests $45 billion in innovation and industrial policy for key emerging technologies in energy; $430 million–21 billion in new demonstration projects at the DOE; and nearly $24 billion in onshoring, supply chain resilience, and bolstering competitive advantages in energy, divided into an $8.6 billion investment in carbon capture and storage, $3 billion in battery material reprocessing, $3 billion in battery recycling, $1 billion in rare-earth minerals stockpiling, and $8 billion in new research hubs for green hydrogen. $4.7 billion will go to plugging orphan wells abandoned by oil and gas companies.In August 2022, Biden signed the CHIPS and Science Act to boost DOE and National Science Foundation research activities by $174 billion and the Inflation Reduction Act to create assistance programs for utility cooperatives and a $27 billion green bank, including $6 billion to lower the cost of solar power in low-income communities and $7 billion to capitalize smaller green banks, and appropriate $270-663 billion in clean energy and energy efficiency tax credits, including at least $158 billion for investments in clean energy, and $36 billion for home energy upgrades from public utilities. The Biden administration claims the IIJA, the CHIPS and Science Act, and the Inflation Reduction Act, together catalyzed $503 billion in private investment (including $219 billion in electronics, $149 billion in EVs and batteries, and $88 billion in clean energy generators) and over $225 billion in public infrastructure spending as of July 5, 2023.	null	null	null	null	3
[ "Doctrine of Exchange", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]		null	null	null	null	0
[ "ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]		null	null	null	null	0
[ "ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code", "main subject", "pressure vessel" ]	The ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) is an American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) standard that regulates the design and construction of boilers and pressure vessels. The document is written and maintained by volunteers chosen for their technical expertise . The ASME works as an accreditation body and entitles independent third parties (such as verification, testing and certification agencies) to inspect and ensure compliance to the BPVC.	null	null	null	null	3
[ "ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code", "main subject", "boiler" ]		null	null	null	null	5
[ "Revised Statutes of the United States", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]	The Revised Statutes of the United States (in citations, Rev. Stat.) was the first official codification of the Acts of Congress. It was enacted into law in 1874. The purpose of the Revised Statutes was to make it easier to research federal law without needing to consult the individual Acts of Congress published in the United States Statutes at Large. After problems were quickly identified in the first edition, a second edition of the Revised Statutes was issued in 1878 that remedied some of those problems. However, for the next 50 years, subsequent Acts of Congress were not regularly incorporated into the Revised Statutes, once again requiring researchers to use the Statutes at Large or unofficial codes. This eventually led to the creation of the United States Code in 1926, which is now regularly maintained and updated.	null	null	null	null	1
[ "Revised Statutes of the United States", "replaces", "An act to regulate the time and manner of administering certain oaths" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "Realization (tax)", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]		null	null	null	null	0
[ "President of the United States", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "President of the United States", "officeholder", "Joe Biden" ]		null	null	null	null	10
[ "President of the United States", "topic's main category", "Category:Presidents of the United States" ]		null	null	null	null	30
[ "City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]		null	null	null	null	1
[ "City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.", "significant event", "oral argument" ]		null	null	null	null	6
[ "National Do Not Call Registry", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]	The National Do Not Call Registry is a database maintained by the United States federal government, listing the telephone numbers of individuals and families who have requested that telemarketers not contact them. Certain callers are required by federal law to respect this request. Separate laws and regulations apply to robocalls in the United States. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) opened the National Do Not Call Registry in order to comply with the Do-Not-Call Implementation Act of 2003 (Pub. L. 108–10 (text) (PDF), was H.R. 395, and codified at 15 U.S.C. § 6101 et seq.), sponsored by Representatives Billy Tauzin and John Dingell and signed into law by President George W. Bush on March 11, 2003. The law established the FTC's National Do Not Call Registry in order to facilitate compliance with the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991. A guide by FTC addresses a number of cases.Registration for the Do-Not-Call list began on June 27, 2003, and enforcement started on October 1, 2003. Since January 1, 2005, telemarketers covered by the registry have up to 31 days (initially the period was 90 days) from the date a number is registered to cease calling that number. Originally, phone numbers remained on the registry for a period of five years, but are now permanent because of the Do-Not-Call Improvement Act of 2007, effective February 2008.Consumers may add landline or cellular numbers to the registry, but FCC regulations prohibit telemarketers from calling a cellular phone number with an automatic dialer under almost all circumstances. In 2005, a rumor began circulating via e-mail that cell phone providers were planning on making their number directories available to telemarketers. The FTC responded by clarifying that cell phones cannot legally be called by telemarketers. Similarly, fax numbers do not need to be included in the registry due to existing federal laws and regulations that prohibit the sending of unsolicited faxes. If a person does not want to register a number on the national registry, they can still prohibit individual telemarketers from calling by asking the caller to put the called number on the company's do-not-call list.	null	null	null	null	0
[ "Net income attributable", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]		null	null	null	null	0
[ "United States Border Patrol", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]		null	null	null	null	1
[ "United States Border Patrol", "topic's main category", "Category:United States Border Patrol" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "United States Border Patrol", "different from", "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement" ]		null	null	null	null	7
[ "Amtrak", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]	The National Railroad Passenger Corporation, doing business as Amtrak () (reporting marks AMTK, AMTZ), is the national passenger railroad company of the United States. It operates inter-city rail service in 46 of the 48 contiguous U.S. states and three Canadian provinces. Amtrak is a portmanteau of the words America and trak, the latter itself a sensational spelling of track. Founded in 1971 as a quasi-public corporation to operate many U.S. passenger rail routes, Amtrak receives a combination of state and federal subsidies but is managed as a for-profit organization. The company's headquarters is located one block west of Union Station in Washington, D.C. Amtrak is headed by a Board of Directors, two of whom are the Secretary of Transportation and CEO of Amtrak, while the other eight members are nominated to serve a term of five years.Amtrak's network includes over 500 stations along 21,400 miles (34,000 km) of track. It directly owns approximately 623 miles (1,003 km) of this track and operates an additional 132 miles of track. Some track sections allow trains to run as fast as 150 mph (240 km/h). In fiscal year 2022, Amtrak served 22.9 million passengers and had $2.1 billion in revenue, with more than 17,100 employees as of fiscal year 2021. Nearly 87,000 passengers ride more than 300 Amtrak trains daily. Nearly two-thirds of passengers come from the 10 largest metropolitan areas; 83% of passengers travel on routes shorter than 400 miles (645 km).	null	null	null	null	0
[ "Amtrak", "uses", "DeLand" ]		null	null	null	null	8
[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Union Station" ]		null	null	null	null	10
[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Villanova" ]		null	null	null	null	12
[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Wayne" ]		null	null	null	null	13
[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Whitford" ]		null	null	null	null	14
[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Wilmington station" ]		null	null	null	null	15
[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Windsor station" ]		null	null	null	null	16
[ "Amtrak", "uses", "Winter Park" ]		null	null	null	null	17
[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Wynnewood" ]		null	null	null	null	18
[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Berwyn" ]		null	null	null	null	19
[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Rosemont" ]		null	null	null	null	20
[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Westchester Avenue station" ]		null	null	null	null	21
[ "Amtrak", "replaces", "Penn Central Transportation Company" ]		null	null	null	null	37
[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Morristown Line" ]		null	null	null	null	38
[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "North Philadelphia station" ]		null	null	null	null	39
[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "New Haven–Springfield Line" ]	Lines Along the NEC and in several other areas, Amtrak owns 730 miles (1,170 km) including 17 tunnels consisting of 29.7 miles (47.8 km) of track, and 1,186 bridges (including the famous Hell Gate Bridge) consisting of 42.5 miles (68.4 km) of track. In several places, primarily in New England, Amtrak leases tracks, providing track maintenance and controlling train movements. Most often, these tracks are leased from state, regional, or local governments. The lines are further divided into services. Amtrak owns and operates the following lines: Northeast Corridor: the Northeast Corridor between Washington, D.C., and Boston via Baltimore, Philadelphia, Newark, New York and Providence is largely owned by Amtrak (363 of 457 miles), working cooperatively with several state and regional commuter agencies. Between New Haven, Connecticut, and New Rochelle, New York, Northeast Corridor trains travel on the Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line, which is owned and operated by the Connecticut Department of Transportation and the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Keystone Corridor: Amtrak owns the 104.2-mile line from Philadelphia to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. As a result of an investment partnership with the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, signal and track improvements were completed in October 2006 that allow all-electric service with a top speed of 110 miles per hour (180 km/h) to run along the corridor. Empire Corridor: Amtrak owns the 11 miles (18 km) between New York Penn Station and Spuyten Duyvil, New York. In 2012, Amtrak leased the 94 miles (151 km) between Poughkeepsie, New York, and Schenectady, New York, from owner CSX. In addition, Amtrak owns the tracks across the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge and short approach sections near it. Michigan Line: Amtrak acquired the 98 miles of Porter, Indiana to Kalamazoo, Michigan section of the former Michigan Central main line from Conrail in 1976. New Haven–Springfield Line: Amtrak purchased the 62 miles (100 km) between New Haven and Springfield from Penn Central in 1976. Post Road Branch: 12.42 miles (19.99 km), Castleton-on-Hudson to Rensselaer, New YorkIn addition to these lines, Amtrak owns station and yard tracks in Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York City, Oakland (Kirkham Street Yard), Orlando, Portland, Oregon, Seattle, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. Amtrak leases station and yard tracks in Hialeah, near Miami, Florida, from the State of Florida.Amtrak owns New York Penn Station, Philadelphia 30th Street Station, Baltimore Penn Station and Providence Station. It also owns Chicago Union Station, formerly through a wholly owned subsidiary, the Chicago Union Station Company until absorbed by Amtrak in 2017. Through the Washington Terminal Company, in which it owns a 99.7 percent interest, it owns the rail infrastructure around Washington Union Station. It holds a 99% interest in 30th Street Limited, a partnership responsible for redeveloping the area in and around 30th Street Station. Amtrak also owns Passenger Railroad Insurance.	null	null	null	null	40
[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Oakland Coliseum station" ]		null	null	null	null	41
[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Louise M. Slaughter Rochester Station" ]		null	null	null	null	42
[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "San Clemente Pier station" ]		null	null	null	null	43
[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Baltimore Penn Station" ]		null	null	null	null	44
[ "Amtrak", "replaces", "Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington Railroad" ]		null	null	null	null	45
[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Devon" ]		null	null	null	null	47
[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Downingtown" ]		null	null	null	null	48
[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "East River Tunnels" ]		null	null	null	null	49
[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Edgewood station" ]		null	null	null	null	50
[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Elyria" ]		null	null	null	null	51
[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Exton" ]		null	null	null	null	52
[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "First Street Tunnel" ]		null	null	null	null	53

[ "Ordenamiento de Alcalá", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]

null

1

[ "Historical Memory Law", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]

null

1

[ "Spanish National Research Council", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]

null

0

[ "Spanish National Research Council", "follows", "Junta para Ampliación de Estudios" ]

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34

[ "Spanish National Research Council", "replaces", "Junta para Ampliación de Estudios" ]

Origins The CSIC was created in 1939 by the recently victorious Francoist regime from the assets of the Junta para la Ampliación de Estudios (JAE) (1907–1939), born within the Institución Libre de Enseñanza and inspired in the Krausist philosophy. The initial mandate of the CSIC was to restore the classical and Christian unity of the sciences that was destroyed in the 18th century ("la restauración de la clásica y cristiana unidad de las ciencias destruida en el siglo XVIII"). From its 1939 foundation to his 1966 death, its head was José María Albareda, one of the first members of the Opus Dei and a close friend of its founder, Josemaría Escrivá. José María Albareda was ordained a priest in 1959, and at his death was succeeded as head of CSIC by Manuel Lora-Tamayo, then the Education minister of Franco.

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86

[ "Spanish National Research Council", "topic's main category", "Category:Spanish National Research Council" ]

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88

[ "Buchanan v. Warley", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]

null

1

[ "Spanish real", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]

null

1

[ "Spanish real", "topic's main category", "Category:Real español" ]

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4

[ "Court of Auditors (Spain)", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]

The Court of Auditors (Spanish: Tribunal de Cuentas) is the supreme governmental accounting body of Spain responsible of the comptrolling of the public accounts and the auditing of the accountancy of the political parties, in accordance with the Constitution and its Organic Act. The Court of Auditors is composed by the President and 12 counsellors. The Counsellors are appointed by the Cortes Generales, six of them by the Congress and the other six by the Senate. To be appointed Counsellor of the Court it is needed to be a person with knowledge in audit, judge, prosecutor, university teacher or a public servant in an office that requires superior studies, lawyer, economist or trade professor, all of them with recognized experience and with fifteen years of professional activity. The Court Account Counselors are independent and irremovable. Their term is 9 years.

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1

[ "Court of Auditors (Spain)", "topic's main category", "Category:Tribunal de Cuentas de España" ]

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7

[ "Conjunto histórico", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]

Conjunto means "group", and as a group listing, the Conjunto histórico is comparable with the British concept of a Conservation Area.Conjunto histórico is a sub-category within a broader category of Bien de Interés Cultural, which protects Spain's cultural heritage and is regulated by the country's Ministry of Culture. As well as conjuntos históricos, the category of Bien de Interés Cultural includes the following sub-categories of non-movable heritage:

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1

[ "Conjunto histórico", "topic's main category", "Category:Bienes de Interés Cultural (Spain)" ]

Conjunto means "group", and as a group listing, the Conjunto histórico is comparable with the British concept of a Conservation Area.Conjunto histórico is a sub-category within a broader category of Bien de Interés Cultural, which protects Spain's cultural heritage and is regulated by the country's Ministry of Culture. As well as conjuntos históricos, the category of Bien de Interés Cultural includes the following sub-categories of non-movable heritage:

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7

[ "Consejo Superior de Deportes", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]

null

1

[ "Spanish 1977 Amnesty Law", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]

null

0

[ "Royal Order of Sports Merit", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]

null

1

[ "Royal Order of Sports Merit", "follows", "Order of Arts and Letters" ]

null

3

[ "Royal Order of Sports Merit", "topic's main category", "Category:Spanish royal order of the sports merit" ]

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6

[ "1936 Spanish general election", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]

Election Vatican Fascism offered you work and brought hunger; it offered you peace and brought five thousands tombs; it offered you order and raised a gallows. The Popular Front offers no more and no less than it will bring: Bread, Peace and Liberty! There was significant violence during the election campaign, most of which initiated by the political left, though a substantial minority was by the political right. In total, some thirty-seven people were killed in various incidents throughout the campaign, ten of which occurred on the election day itself. Certain press restrictions were lifted. The political right repeatedly warned of the risk of a 'red flag' – communism – over Spain; the Radical Republican Party, led by Lerroux, concentrated on besmirching the Centre Party. CEDA, which continued to be the main party of the political right, struggled to gain the support of the monarchists, but managed to. Posters, however, had a distinctly fascist appeal, showing leader Gil-Robles alongside various autocratic slogans and he allowed his followers to acclaim him with cries of "Jefe!" (Spanish for "Chief!") in an imitation of "Duce!" or "Führer!". Whilst few campaign promises were made, a return to autocratic government was implied. Funded by considerable donations from large landowners, industrialists and the Catholic Church – which had suffered under the previous Socialist administration – the Right printed millions of leaflets, promising a 'great Spain'. In terms of manifesto, the Popular Front proposed going back to the sort of reforms its previous administration had advocated, including important agrarian reforms, and reforms relating to strikes. It would also release political prisoners, including those from the Asturian rebellion (though this provoked the right), helping to secure the votes of the CNT and FAI, although as organisations they remained outside the growing Popular Front; the Popular Front had the support of votes from anarchists. The Communist Party campaigned under a series of revolutionary slogans; however, they were strongly supportive of the Popular Front government. "Vote Communist to save Spain from Marxism" was a Socialist joke at the time. Devoid of strong areas of working class support, already taken by syndicalism and anarchism, they concentrated on their position within the Popular Front. The election campaign was heated; the possibility of compromise had been destroyed by the left's Asturian rebellion and its cruel repression by the security forces. Both sides used apocalyptic language, declaring that if the other side won, civil war would follow.34,000 members of the Civil Guards and 17,000 Assault Guards enforced security on election day, many freed from their regular posts by the carabineros. The balloting on the 16th of February ended with a draw between the left and right, with the center effectively obliterated. In six provinces left-wing groups apparently interfered with registrations or ballots, augmenting leftist results or invalidating rightist pluralities or majorities. In Galicia, in north-west Spain, and orchestrated by the incumbent government; there also, in A Coruña, by the political left. The voting in Granada was forcibly (and unfairly) dominated by the government. In some villages, the police stopped anyone not wearing a collar from voting. Wherever the Socialists were poorly organised, farm workers continued to vote how they were told by their bosses or caciques. Similarly, some right-wing voters were put off from voting in strongly socialist areas. However, such instances were comparatively rare. By the evening, it looked like the Popular Front might win and as a result in some cases crowds broke into prisons to free revolutionaries detained there.

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1

[ "1936 Spanish general election", "followed by", "1977 Spanish general election" ]

null

2

[ "1936 Spanish general election", "follows", "1933 Spanish general election" ]

null

3

[ "1936 Spanish general election", "topic's main category", "Category:General elections in Spain, 1936" ]

null

4

[ "Cajal Institute", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]

null

1

[ "Cortes Españolas", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]

null

1

[ "National Labor Relations Act of 1935", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]

The National Labor Relations Act of 1935, also known as the Wagner Act, is a foundational statute of United States labor law that guarantees the right of private sector employees to organize into trade unions, engage in collective bargaining, and take collective action such as strikes. Central to the act was a ban on company unions. The act was written by Senator Robert F. Wagner, passed by the 74th United States Congress, and signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The National Labor Relations Act seeks to correct the "inequality of bargaining power" between employers and employees by promoting collective bargaining between trade unions and employers. The law established the National Labor Relations Board to prosecute violations of labor law and to oversee the process by which employees decide whether to be represented by a labor organization. It also established various rules concerning collective bargaining and defined a series of banned unfair labor practices, including interference with the formation or organization of labor unions by employers. The act does not apply to certain workers, including supervisors, agricultural employees, domestic workers, government employees, and independent contractors. The NLRA was strongly opposed by conservatives and members of the Republican Party, but it was upheld in the Supreme Court case of NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., decided April 12, 1937. The 1947 Taft–Hartley Act amended the NLRA, establishing a series of labor practices for unions and granting states the power to pass right-to-work laws.

null

1

[ "Lee Resolution", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]

null

0

[ "Junta Electoral Central", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]

null

1

[ "Junta Electoral Central", "topic's main category", "Category:Junta Electoral Central" ]

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7

[ "United States Botanic Garden", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]

null

1

[ "Internal Revenue Code", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]

The Internal Revenue Code (IRC), formally the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, is the domestic portion of federal statutory tax law in the United States, published in various volumes of the United States Statutes at Large, and separately as Title 26 of the United States Code (USC). It is organized topically, into subtitles and sections, covering income tax in the United States, payroll taxes, estate taxes, gift taxes, and excise taxes; as well as procedure and administration. The Code's implementing federal agency is the Internal Revenue Service.

null

1

[ "Internal Revenue Code", "topic's main category", "Category:Internal Revenue Code" ]

null

3

[ "National Guard Bureau", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]

null

1

[ "National Guard Bureau", "topic's main category", "Category:National Guard Bureau" ]

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6

[ "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]

Timeline 1639: First American Post Office set up in Boston 1672: New York City mail service to Boston 1674: Mail service in Connecticut 1683: William Penn begins weekly service to Pennsylvania and Maryland villages and towns 1693: Service between colonies begins in Virginia 1775: First postmaster general appointed: Benjamin Franklin 1799: U.S. Congress passes law authorizing death penalty for mail robbery 1813: First mail carried by steamboat 1832: First official railroad mail service 1847: First U.S. postage stamps issued 1857: Perforated stamps introduced 1860: Pony Express started 1861: Mailing of post cards authorized 1873: Prestamped "postal cards" introduced 1879: Postage due stamps introduced 1885: Special Delivery service introduced 1893: First commemorative event stamps: World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago 1913: Domestic parcel post delivery began 1918: First airmail stamps introduced; Inverted Jenny stamp error 1920: Transcontinental mail between New York City and San Francisco 1955: Certified Mail service introduced 1958: Well-known artists begin designing stamps 1963: 5-digit ZIP Codes introduced 1983: ZIP + 4 code introduced 1989: Priority Mail introduced 1992: Microprint introduced and first commemorative stamp developed entirely by offset lithography 1994: Legends of the West stamp error 1997: Special Delivery discontinued 2007: Forever stamps introduced

null

1

[ "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States", "topic's main category", "Category:Postage stamps of the United States" ]

null

2

[ "United States Senate Committee on Finance", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]

The United States Senate Committee on Finance (or, less formally, Senate Finance Committee) is a standing committee of the United States Senate. The Committee concerns itself with matters relating to taxation and other revenue measures generally, and those relating to the insular possessions; bonded debt of the United States; customs, collection districts, and ports of entry and delivery; deposit of public moneys; general revenue sharing; health programs under the Social Security Act (notably Medicare and Medicaid) and health programs financed by a specific tax or trust fund; national social security; reciprocal trade agreements; tariff and import quotas, and related matters thereto; and the transportation of dutiable goods. It is considered to be one of the most powerful committees in Congress.

null

1

[ "United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]

null

0

[ "Grand Union Flag", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]

The "Grand Union Flag", or the "Continental Colours", (also known as the "Congress Flag", the "Cambridge Flag", and the "First Navy Ensign") was the first national flag of the United States of America. First hoisted on December 3, 1775 by naval officer John Paul Jones, the flag was used heavily by the Second Continental Congress of the United States, as well as by Commander George Washington in his Continental Army during the early years of the American Revolutionary War.Similar to the current U.S. flag, the Grand Union Flag has 13 alternating red and white stripes, representative of the Thirteen Colonies. The upper inner corner, or canton, features the Union Jack, or flag of the Kingdom of Great Britain, of which the colonies were subjects.

null

1

[ "Grand Union Flag", "followed by", "13-star flag of the United States" ]

null

3

[ "Grand Union Flag", "depicts", "field" ]

History By the end of 1775, during the first year of the American Revolutionary War, the Second Continental Congress operated as a de facto war government, who had authorized the creation of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, and even a small contingent of Continental Marines. A new flag was needed to represent both the Congress and the United Colonies, with a banner distinct from the British Red Ensign flown from civilian and merchant vessels, the White Ensign of the British Royal Navy, and the Flag of Great Britain carried on land by the British army. The emerging states had been using their own independent flags, with Massachusetts using the Taunton Flag, and New York using the George Rex Flag, prior to the adoption of united colors.Americans first hoisted the Grand Union Flag on the colonial warship Alfred, in the harbor on the western shore of the Delaware River at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 3 December 1775, under the command of the new appointed Lieutenant John Paul Jones of the formative Continental Navy. The event was documented in letters to Congress and eyewitness accounts. The flag was also used by the Continental Army forces as both a naval ensign, and as a garrison flag throughout 1776 and early 1777.It was widely believed that the flag was raised by George Washington's army on the 2 January 1776, at Prospect Hill in Charlestown (now part of Somerville), near his headquarters at Cambridge, Massachusetts, (across the Charles River to the north from Boston), which was then surrounding and laying siege to the British forces then occupying the city. It is also stated that the flag was interpreted by British military observers in the city under commanding General Thomas Gage, as a sign of surrender. However, some scholars dispute the traditional account and conclude that the flag raised at Prospect Hill was probably the flag of Great Britain, though subsequent research supports the contrary.The flag has had several names, at least five of which have been popularly remembered. The more recent moniker, "Grand Union Flag", was first applied in the 19th-century Reconstruction era by George Henry Preble, in his 1872 History of the American Flag.The Grand Union Flag became obsolete following the passing of the Flag Act of 1777 by the Continental Congress. The new national flag replaced the Union Jack in the canton with thirteen stars (representing the thirteen States) on a field of blue. The resolution describes only a "new constellation" for the arrangement of the white stars in the blue canton, so overall designs were later interpreted and made with rows, columns, a square with one star in the center, a circle, and various other designs.

null

5

[ "Grand Union Flag", "depicts", "flag of Great Britain" ]

null

6

[ "Grand Union Flag", "different from", "flag of the East India Company" ]

null

7

[ "SEPBLAC", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]

null

1

[ "Coordinator for Counterterrorism", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]

The Coordinator for Counterterrorism heads the Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism, which coordinates U.S. government efforts to fight terrorism. As the head of the counterterrorism bureau, the coordinator for counterterrorism has the rank of both ambassador-at-large and assistant secretary.The current acting coordinator is Christopher A. Landberg.List of coordinators The role of Coordinator for Combating Terrorism has often rotated throughout a presidential administration, only presidents Gerald Ford and Donald Trump have maintained a single coordinator throughout their term of office.

null

1

[ "Coordinator for Counterterrorism", "officeholder", "Nathan Sales" ]

List of coordinators The role of Coordinator for Combating Terrorism has often rotated throughout a presidential administration, only presidents Gerald Ford and Donald Trump have maintained a single coordinator throughout their term of office.

null

5

[ "Independent Authority for Fiscal Responsibility", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]

The Independent Authority for Spanish Fiscal Responsibility (Autoridad Independiente de Responsabilidad Fiscal española, AIReF) is an independent agency for fiscal control in Spain. It was created in 2013 by the Spanish Government, on the initiative of the European Union and to implement a constitutional mandate. The purpose of the Authority for Fiscal Responsibility is to oversee the sustainability of public finances as a means for ensuring economic growth and the wellbeing of Spanish society in the medium and long-term. It has its own legal personality and full public and private capacity. It carries out its functions autonomously and independently from the General Government and acts objectively, transparently and impartially. AIReF was set up in 2013 (2013) in implementation of the constitutional mandate set out in Article 135. On November 14, 2013, Organic Law 6/2013, on the establishment of the Spanish Independent Authority for Fiscal Responsibility, was approved. In June 2014, it began its activity. Its mission is to ensure that the General Government effectively complies with the budget stability principle set out in Article 135 of the Spanish Constitution through ongoing monitoring of the budget cycle, public borrowing and the analysis of economic forecasts. In 2021, it incorporated the evaluation of public expenditure as one of its permanent functions, with the aim of assisting in the development of more effective and efficient policies in favour of citizens.

null

1

[ "1910 United States census", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]

null

2

[ "1910 United States census", "followed by", "1920 United States Census" ]

null

3

[ "1910 United States census", "follows", "1900 United States Census" ]

null

6

[ "1920 United States census", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]

The United States census of 1920, conducted by the Census Bureau during one month from January 5, 1920, determined the resident population of the United States to be 106,021,537, an increase of 15.0 percent over the 92,228,496 persons enumerated during the 1910 census. Despite the constitutional requirement that House seats be reapportioned to the states respective of their population every ten years according to the census, members of Congress failed to agree on a reapportionment plan following this census, and the distribution of seats from the 1910 census remained in effect until 1933. In 1929, Congress passed the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which provided for a permanent method of reapportionment and fixed the number of Representatives at 435. This was the first census in which the United States recorded a population of more than 100 million. It was also the first census in which a state—New York—recorded a population of more than ten million. This census also marked a significant population shift from rural to urban. According to the Census Bureau, "Beginning in 1910, the minimum population threshold to be categorized as an urban place was set at 2,500. "Urban" was defined as including all territory, persons, and housing units within an incorporated area that met the population threshold. The 1920 census marked the first time in which over 50 percent of the U.S. population was defined as "urban."

null

2

[ "1920 United States census", "follows", "1910 United States Census" ]

null

4

[ "1920 United States census", "followed by", "1930 United States Census" ]

null

5

[ "Energy policy of the United States", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]

The energy policy of the United States is determined by federal, state, and local entities. It addresses issues of energy production, distribution, consumption, and modes of use, such as building codes, mileage standards, and commuting policies. Energy policy may be addressed via include legislation, regulation, court decisions, public participation, and other techniques. Federal energy policy acts were passed in 1974, 1992, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009,2020, 2021, and 2022, although energy-related policies have appeared in many other bills. State and local energy policies typically relate to efficiency standards and/or transportation.Federal energy policies since the 1973 oil crisis have been criticized over an alleged crisis-mentality, promoting expensive quick fixes and single-shot solutions that ignore market and technology realities.Americans constitute less than 5% of the world's population, but consume 26% of the world's energy to produce 26% of the world's industrial output. Technologies such as fracking and horizontal drilling allowed the United States in 2014 to become the world's top oil fossil fuel producer. In 2018, US exports of coal, natural gas, crude oil and petroleum products exceeded imports, achieving a degree of energy independence for the first time in decades. In the second half of 2019, the US was the world's top producer of oil and gas. This energy surplus ended in 2020. Various multinational groups have attempted to establish goals and timetables for energy and other climate-related policies, such as the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, and the 2015 Paris Agreement.History In the early days of the Republic energy policy allowed free use of standing timber for heating and industry. Wind and water provided energy for tasks such as milling grain. In the 19th century, coal became widely used. Whales were rendered into lamp oil. Coal gas was fractionated for use as lighting and town gas. Natural gas was first used in America for lighting in 1816. It has grown in importance, especially for electricity generation, but US natural gas production peaked in 1973 and the price has risen significantly since then. Coal provided the bulk of the US energy needs well into the 20th century. Most urban homes had a coal bin and a coal-fired furnace. Over the years these were replaced with oil furnaces that were easier and safer to operate.From the early 1940s, the US government and oil industry entered into a mutually beneficial collaboration to control global oil resources. By 1950, oil consumption exceeded that of coal. Abundant oil in California, Texas, Oklahoma, as well as in Canada and Mexico, coupled with its low cost, ease of transportation, high energy density, and use in internal combustion engines, led to its increasing use.Following World War II, oil heating boilers took over from coal burners along the Eastern Seaboard; diesel locomotives took over from coal-fired steam engines; oil-fired power plants dominated; petroleum-burning buses replaced electric streetcars, and citizens bought gasoline-powered cars. Interstate Highways helped make cars the major means of personal transportation. As oil imports increased, US foreign policy was drawn into Middle East politics, seeking to maintain steady supply via actions such as protcting Persian Gulf sea lanes.Hydroelectricity was the basis of Nikola Tesla's introduction of the US electricity grid, starting at Niagara Falls, New York, in 1883. Electricity generated by major dams such as the TVA Project, Grand Coulee Dam and Hoover Dam still produce some of the lowest-priced ($0.08/kWh) electricity. Rural electrification strung power lines to many more areas.A National Maximum Speed Limit of 55 mph (88 km/h) was imposed in 1974 (and repealed in 1995) to help reduce consumption. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (aka CAFE) standards were enacted in 1975 and progressively tightened over time to compel manufacturers to improve vehicle mileage. Year-round Daylight Saving Time was imposed in 1974 and repealed in 1975. The United States Strategic Petroleum Reserve was created in 1975. The Weatherization Assistance Program was enacted in 1977. This program has provided services to more than 5.5 million low-income families. On average, low-cost weatherization reduces heating bills by 31% and overall energy bills by $358 per year at 2012 prices. Increased energy efficiency and weatherization spending has a high return on investment.On August 4, 1977, President Jimmy Carter signed into law The Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977 (Pub. L. 95–91, 91 Stat. 565, enacted August 4, 1977), which created the United States Department of Energy (DOE). The new agency, which began operations on October 1, 1977, consolidated the Federal Energy Administration, the Energy Research and Development Administration, the Federal Power Commission, and programs of various other agencies. Former Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger, who served under Presidents Nixon and Ford during the Vietnam War, was appointed as the first secretary. On June 30, 1980, Congress passed the Energy Security Act, which reauthorized the Defense Production Act of 1950 and enabled it to cover domestic energy supplies. It also obligated the federal government to promote and reform the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, biofuels, geothermal power, acid rain prevention, solar power, and synthetic fuel commercialization. The Defense Production Act was further reauthorized in 2009, with modifications requiring the federal government to promote renewable energy, energy efficiency, and improved grid and grid storage installations with its defense procurements.The federal government provided substantially larger subsidies to fossil fuels than to renewables in the 2002–2008 period. Subsidies to fossil fuels totaled approximately $72 billion over the study period, a direct cost to taxpayers. Subsidies for renewable fuels, totaled $29 billion over the same period.In some cases, the US used energy policy to pursue other international goals. Richard Heinberg claimed that a declassified CIA document showed that the US used oil prices as leverage against the economy of the Soviet Union by working with Saudi Arabia during the Reagan administration to keep oil prices low, thus decreasing the value of the USSR's petroleum export industry.The 2005 Energy Policy Act (EPA) addressed (1) energy efficiency; (2) renewable energy; (3) oil and gas; (4) coal; (5) tribal energy; (6) nuclear matters; (7) vehicles and motor fuels, including ethanol; (8) hydrogen; (9) electricity; (10) energy tax incentives; (11) hydropower and geothermal energy; and (12) climate change technology. The Act also started the Department of Energy's Loan Guarantee Program.The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 provided funding to help improve building codes, and outlawed the sale of incandescent light bulbs, in favor of fluorescents and LEDs. It also includes funding to increase photovoltaics, and a solar air conditioning program and set the CAFE standard to 35 mpg by 2020. In December 2009, the United States Patent and Trademark Office announced the Green Patent Pilot Program. The program was initiated to accelerate the examination of patent applications relating to certain green technologies, including the energy sector. The pilot program was initially designed to accommodate 3,000 applications related to certain green technology categories, and the program was originally set to expire on December 8, 2010. In May 2010, the USPTO announced that it would expand the pilot program.In 2016, federal government energy-specific subsidies and support for renewables, fossil fuels, and nuclear energy amounted to $6,682 million, $489 million and $365 million, respectively.On June 1, 2017, then-President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation agreed to under the President Barack Obama administration. On November 3, 2020, incoming President Joe Biden announced that the U.S. would resume its participation.The Energy Information Administration (EIA) predicted that the reduction in energy consumption in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic would take many years to recover. The US imported much of its oil for many decades but in 2020 became a net exporter.In December 2020, Trump signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, which contained the Energy Act of 2020, the first major revision package to U.S. energy policy in over a decade. The bill contains increased incentives for energy efficiency particularly in federal government buildings, improved funding for weatherization assistance, standards to phase out the use of hydrofluorocarbons, plans to rebuild the nation's energy research sector including fossil fuel research, and $7 billion in demonstration projects for carbon capture and storage.Under President Joe Biden, one-third of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve was tapped to reduce energy prices during the COVID-19 pandemic. He also invoked the Defense Production Act to boost manufacturing of solar cells and other renewable energy generators, fuel cells and other electricity-dependent clean fuel equipment, building insulation, heat pumps, critical power grid infrastructure, and electric vehicle batteries.Biden also signed the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act to invest $73 billion in the energy sector. $11 billion of that amount will be invested in power grid infrastructure. (In November 2022 the Biden administration announced the first $550 million in a new grant program for clean energy generators for low-income and minority communities.) $6 billion of the former amount will go to domestic nuclear power. From the $73 billion, the IIJA invests $45 billion in innovation and industrial policy for key emerging technologies in energy; $430 million–21 billion in new demonstration projects at the DOE; and nearly $24 billion in onshoring, supply chain resilience, and bolstering competitive advantages in energy, divided into an $8.6 billion investment in carbon capture and storage, $3 billion in battery material reprocessing, $3 billion in battery recycling, $1 billion in rare-earth minerals stockpiling, and $8 billion in new research hubs for green hydrogen. $4.7 billion will go to plugging orphan wells abandoned by oil and gas companies.In August 2022, Biden signed the CHIPS and Science Act to boost DOE and National Science Foundation research activities by $174 billion and the Inflation Reduction Act to create assistance programs for utility cooperatives and a $27 billion green bank, including $6 billion to lower the cost of solar power in low-income communities and $7 billion to capitalize smaller green banks, and appropriate $270-663 billion in clean energy and energy efficiency tax credits, including at least $158 billion for investments in clean energy, and $36 billion for home energy upgrades from public utilities. The Biden administration claims the IIJA, the CHIPS and Science Act, and the Inflation Reduction Act, together catalyzed $503 billion in private investment (including $219 billion in electronics, $149 billion in EVs and batteries, and $88 billion in clean energy generators) and over $225 billion in public infrastructure spending as of July 5, 2023."Catalyze timely, material, and efficient transformation of the nation's energy system and secure US leadership in clean energy technologies. "Maintain a vibrant US effort in science and engineering as a cornerstone of our economic prosperity with clear leadership in strategic areas. "Enhance nuclear security through defense, nonproliferation, and environmental efforts. "Establish an operational and adaptable framework that combines the best wisdom of all Department stakeholders to maximize mission success."

null

1

[ "Energy policy of the United States", "topic's main category", "Category:Energy policy of the United States" ]

History In the early days of the Republic energy policy allowed free use of standing timber for heating and industry. Wind and water provided energy for tasks such as milling grain. In the 19th century, coal became widely used. Whales were rendered into lamp oil. Coal gas was fractionated for use as lighting and town gas. Natural gas was first used in America for lighting in 1816. It has grown in importance, especially for electricity generation, but US natural gas production peaked in 1973 and the price has risen significantly since then. Coal provided the bulk of the US energy needs well into the 20th century. Most urban homes had a coal bin and a coal-fired furnace. Over the years these were replaced with oil furnaces that were easier and safer to operate.From the early 1940s, the US government and oil industry entered into a mutually beneficial collaboration to control global oil resources. By 1950, oil consumption exceeded that of coal. Abundant oil in California, Texas, Oklahoma, as well as in Canada and Mexico, coupled with its low cost, ease of transportation, high energy density, and use in internal combustion engines, led to its increasing use.Following World War II, oil heating boilers took over from coal burners along the Eastern Seaboard; diesel locomotives took over from coal-fired steam engines; oil-fired power plants dominated; petroleum-burning buses replaced electric streetcars, and citizens bought gasoline-powered cars. Interstate Highways helped make cars the major means of personal transportation. As oil imports increased, US foreign policy was drawn into Middle East politics, seeking to maintain steady supply via actions such as protcting Persian Gulf sea lanes.Hydroelectricity was the basis of Nikola Tesla's introduction of the US electricity grid, starting at Niagara Falls, New York, in 1883. Electricity generated by major dams such as the TVA Project, Grand Coulee Dam and Hoover Dam still produce some of the lowest-priced ($0.08/kWh) electricity. Rural electrification strung power lines to many more areas.A National Maximum Speed Limit of 55 mph (88 km/h) was imposed in 1974 (and repealed in 1995) to help reduce consumption. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (aka CAFE) standards were enacted in 1975 and progressively tightened over time to compel manufacturers to improve vehicle mileage. Year-round Daylight Saving Time was imposed in 1974 and repealed in 1975. The United States Strategic Petroleum Reserve was created in 1975. The Weatherization Assistance Program was enacted in 1977. This program has provided services to more than 5.5 million low-income families. On average, low-cost weatherization reduces heating bills by 31% and overall energy bills by $358 per year at 2012 prices. Increased energy efficiency and weatherization spending has a high return on investment.On August 4, 1977, President Jimmy Carter signed into law The Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977 (Pub. L. 95–91, 91 Stat. 565, enacted August 4, 1977), which created the United States Department of Energy (DOE). The new agency, which began operations on October 1, 1977, consolidated the Federal Energy Administration, the Energy Research and Development Administration, the Federal Power Commission, and programs of various other agencies. Former Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger, who served under Presidents Nixon and Ford during the Vietnam War, was appointed as the first secretary. On June 30, 1980, Congress passed the Energy Security Act, which reauthorized the Defense Production Act of 1950 and enabled it to cover domestic energy supplies. It also obligated the federal government to promote and reform the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, biofuels, geothermal power, acid rain prevention, solar power, and synthetic fuel commercialization. The Defense Production Act was further reauthorized in 2009, with modifications requiring the federal government to promote renewable energy, energy efficiency, and improved grid and grid storage installations with its defense procurements.The federal government provided substantially larger subsidies to fossil fuels than to renewables in the 2002–2008 period. Subsidies to fossil fuels totaled approximately $72 billion over the study period, a direct cost to taxpayers. Subsidies for renewable fuels, totaled $29 billion over the same period.In some cases, the US used energy policy to pursue other international goals. Richard Heinberg claimed that a declassified CIA document showed that the US used oil prices as leverage against the economy of the Soviet Union by working with Saudi Arabia during the Reagan administration to keep oil prices low, thus decreasing the value of the USSR's petroleum export industry.The 2005 Energy Policy Act (EPA) addressed (1) energy efficiency; (2) renewable energy; (3) oil and gas; (4) coal; (5) tribal energy; (6) nuclear matters; (7) vehicles and motor fuels, including ethanol; (8) hydrogen; (9) electricity; (10) energy tax incentives; (11) hydropower and geothermal energy; and (12) climate change technology. The Act also started the Department of Energy's Loan Guarantee Program.The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 provided funding to help improve building codes, and outlawed the sale of incandescent light bulbs, in favor of fluorescents and LEDs. It also includes funding to increase photovoltaics, and a solar air conditioning program and set the CAFE standard to 35 mpg by 2020. In December 2009, the United States Patent and Trademark Office announced the Green Patent Pilot Program. The program was initiated to accelerate the examination of patent applications relating to certain green technologies, including the energy sector. The pilot program was initially designed to accommodate 3,000 applications related to certain green technology categories, and the program was originally set to expire on December 8, 2010. In May 2010, the USPTO announced that it would expand the pilot program.In 2016, federal government energy-specific subsidies and support for renewables, fossil fuels, and nuclear energy amounted to $6,682 million, $489 million and $365 million, respectively.On June 1, 2017, then-President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation agreed to under the President Barack Obama administration. On November 3, 2020, incoming President Joe Biden announced that the U.S. would resume its participation.The Energy Information Administration (EIA) predicted that the reduction in energy consumption in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic would take many years to recover. The US imported much of its oil for many decades but in 2020 became a net exporter.In December 2020, Trump signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, which contained the Energy Act of 2020, the first major revision package to U.S. energy policy in over a decade. The bill contains increased incentives for energy efficiency particularly in federal government buildings, improved funding for weatherization assistance, standards to phase out the use of hydrofluorocarbons, plans to rebuild the nation's energy research sector including fossil fuel research, and $7 billion in demonstration projects for carbon capture and storage.Under President Joe Biden, one-third of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve was tapped to reduce energy prices during the COVID-19 pandemic. He also invoked the Defense Production Act to boost manufacturing of solar cells and other renewable energy generators, fuel cells and other electricity-dependent clean fuel equipment, building insulation, heat pumps, critical power grid infrastructure, and electric vehicle batteries.Biden also signed the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act to invest $73 billion in the energy sector. $11 billion of that amount will be invested in power grid infrastructure. (In November 2022 the Biden administration announced the first $550 million in a new grant program for clean energy generators for low-income and minority communities.) $6 billion of the former amount will go to domestic nuclear power. From the $73 billion, the IIJA invests $45 billion in innovation and industrial policy for key emerging technologies in energy; $430 million–21 billion in new demonstration projects at the DOE; and nearly $24 billion in onshoring, supply chain resilience, and bolstering competitive advantages in energy, divided into an $8.6 billion investment in carbon capture and storage, $3 billion in battery material reprocessing, $3 billion in battery recycling, $1 billion in rare-earth minerals stockpiling, and $8 billion in new research hubs for green hydrogen. $4.7 billion will go to plugging orphan wells abandoned by oil and gas companies.In August 2022, Biden signed the CHIPS and Science Act to boost DOE and National Science Foundation research activities by $174 billion and the Inflation Reduction Act to create assistance programs for utility cooperatives and a $27 billion green bank, including $6 billion to lower the cost of solar power in low-income communities and $7 billion to capitalize smaller green banks, and appropriate $270-663 billion in clean energy and energy efficiency tax credits, including at least $158 billion for investments in clean energy, and $36 billion for home energy upgrades from public utilities. The Biden administration claims the IIJA, the CHIPS and Science Act, and the Inflation Reduction Act, together catalyzed $503 billion in private investment (including $219 billion in electronics, $149 billion in EVs and batteries, and $88 billion in clean energy generators) and over $225 billion in public infrastructure spending as of July 5, 2023.

null

3

[ "Doctrine of Exchange", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]

null

0

[ "ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]

null

0

[ "ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code", "main subject", "pressure vessel" ]

The ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) is an American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) standard that regulates the design and construction of boilers and pressure vessels. The document is written and maintained by volunteers chosen for their technical expertise . The ASME works as an accreditation body and entitles independent third parties (such as verification, testing and certification agencies) to inspect and ensure compliance to the BPVC.

null

3

[ "ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code", "main subject", "boiler" ]

null

5

[ "Revised Statutes of the United States", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]

The Revised Statutes of the United States (in citations, Rev. Stat.) was the first official codification of the Acts of Congress. It was enacted into law in 1874. The purpose of the Revised Statutes was to make it easier to research federal law without needing to consult the individual Acts of Congress published in the United States Statutes at Large. After problems were quickly identified in the first edition, a second edition of the Revised Statutes was issued in 1878 that remedied some of those problems. However, for the next 50 years, subsequent Acts of Congress were not regularly incorporated into the Revised Statutes, once again requiring researchers to use the Statutes at Large or unofficial codes. This eventually led to the creation of the United States Code in 1926, which is now regularly maintained and updated.

null

1

[ "Revised Statutes of the United States", "replaces", "An act to regulate the time and manner of administering certain oaths" ]

null

3

[ "Realization (tax)", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]

null

0

[ "President of the United States", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]

null

3

[ "President of the United States", "officeholder", "Joe Biden" ]

null

10

[ "President of the United States", "topic's main category", "Category:Presidents of the United States" ]

null

30

[ "City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]

null

1

[ "City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.", "significant event", "oral argument" ]

null

6

[ "National Do Not Call Registry", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]

The National Do Not Call Registry is a database maintained by the United States federal government, listing the telephone numbers of individuals and families who have requested that telemarketers not contact them. Certain callers are required by federal law to respect this request. Separate laws and regulations apply to robocalls in the United States. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) opened the National Do Not Call Registry in order to comply with the Do-Not-Call Implementation Act of 2003 (Pub. L. 108–10 (text) (PDF), was H.R. 395, and codified at 15 U.S.C. § 6101 et seq.), sponsored by Representatives Billy Tauzin and John Dingell and signed into law by President George W. Bush on March 11, 2003. The law established the FTC's National Do Not Call Registry in order to facilitate compliance with the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991. A guide by FTC addresses a number of cases.Registration for the Do-Not-Call list began on June 27, 2003, and enforcement started on October 1, 2003. Since January 1, 2005, telemarketers covered by the registry have up to 31 days (initially the period was 90 days) from the date a number is registered to cease calling that number. Originally, phone numbers remained on the registry for a period of five years, but are now permanent because of the Do-Not-Call Improvement Act of 2007, effective February 2008.Consumers may add landline or cellular numbers to the registry, but FCC regulations prohibit telemarketers from calling a cellular phone number with an automatic dialer under almost all circumstances. In 2005, a rumor began circulating via e-mail that cell phone providers were planning on making their number directories available to telemarketers. The FTC responded by clarifying that cell phones cannot legally be called by telemarketers. Similarly, fax numbers do not need to be included in the registry due to existing federal laws and regulations that prohibit the sending of unsolicited faxes. If a person does not want to register a number on the national registry, they can still prohibit individual telemarketers from calling by asking the caller to put the called number on the company's do-not-call list.

null

0

[ "Net income attributable", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]

null

0

[ "United States Border Patrol", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]

null

1

[ "United States Border Patrol", "topic's main category", "Category:United States Border Patrol" ]

null

3

[ "United States Border Patrol", "different from", "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement" ]

null

7

[ "Amtrak", "applies to jurisdiction", "United States of America" ]

The National Railroad Passenger Corporation, doing business as Amtrak () (reporting marks AMTK, AMTZ), is the national passenger railroad company of the United States. It operates inter-city rail service in 46 of the 48 contiguous U.S. states and three Canadian provinces. Amtrak is a portmanteau of the words America and trak, the latter itself a sensational spelling of track. Founded in 1971 as a quasi-public corporation to operate many U.S. passenger rail routes, Amtrak receives a combination of state and federal subsidies but is managed as a for-profit organization. The company's headquarters is located one block west of Union Station in Washington, D.C. Amtrak is headed by a Board of Directors, two of whom are the Secretary of Transportation and CEO of Amtrak, while the other eight members are nominated to serve a term of five years.Amtrak's network includes over 500 stations along 21,400 miles (34,000 km) of track. It directly owns approximately 623 miles (1,003 km) of this track and operates an additional 132 miles of track. Some track sections allow trains to run as fast as 150 mph (240 km/h). In fiscal year 2022, Amtrak served 22.9 million passengers and had $2.1 billion in revenue, with more than 17,100 employees as of fiscal year 2021. Nearly 87,000 passengers ride more than 300 Amtrak trains daily. Nearly two-thirds of passengers come from the 10 largest metropolitan areas; 83% of passengers travel on routes shorter than 400 miles (645 km).

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[ "Amtrak", "uses", "DeLand" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Union Station" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Villanova" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Wayne" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Whitford" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Wilmington station" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Windsor station" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "uses", "Winter Park" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Wynnewood" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Berwyn" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Rosemont" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Westchester Avenue station" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "replaces", "Penn Central Transportation Company" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Morristown Line" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "North Philadelphia station" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "New Haven–Springfield Line" ]

Lines Along the NEC and in several other areas, Amtrak owns 730 miles (1,170 km) including 17 tunnels consisting of 29.7 miles (47.8 km) of track, and 1,186 bridges (including the famous Hell Gate Bridge) consisting of 42.5 miles (68.4 km) of track. In several places, primarily in New England, Amtrak leases tracks, providing track maintenance and controlling train movements. Most often, these tracks are leased from state, regional, or local governments. The lines are further divided into services. Amtrak owns and operates the following lines: Northeast Corridor: the Northeast Corridor between Washington, D.C., and Boston via Baltimore, Philadelphia, Newark, New York and Providence is largely owned by Amtrak (363 of 457 miles), working cooperatively with several state and regional commuter agencies. Between New Haven, Connecticut, and New Rochelle, New York, Northeast Corridor trains travel on the Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line, which is owned and operated by the Connecticut Department of Transportation and the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Keystone Corridor: Amtrak owns the 104.2-mile line from Philadelphia to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. As a result of an investment partnership with the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, signal and track improvements were completed in October 2006 that allow all-electric service with a top speed of 110 miles per hour (180 km/h) to run along the corridor. Empire Corridor: Amtrak owns the 11 miles (18 km) between New York Penn Station and Spuyten Duyvil, New York. In 2012, Amtrak leased the 94 miles (151 km) between Poughkeepsie, New York, and Schenectady, New York, from owner CSX. In addition, Amtrak owns the tracks across the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge and short approach sections near it. Michigan Line: Amtrak acquired the 98 miles of Porter, Indiana to Kalamazoo, Michigan section of the former Michigan Central main line from Conrail in 1976. New Haven–Springfield Line: Amtrak purchased the 62 miles (100 km) between New Haven and Springfield from Penn Central in 1976. Post Road Branch: 12.42 miles (19.99 km), Castleton-on-Hudson to Rensselaer, New YorkIn addition to these lines, Amtrak owns station and yard tracks in Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York City, Oakland (Kirkham Street Yard), Orlando, Portland, Oregon, Seattle, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. Amtrak leases station and yard tracks in Hialeah, near Miami, Florida, from the State of Florida.Amtrak owns New York Penn Station, Philadelphia 30th Street Station, Baltimore Penn Station and Providence Station. It also owns Chicago Union Station, formerly through a wholly owned subsidiary, the Chicago Union Station Company until absorbed by Amtrak in 2017. Through the Washington Terminal Company, in which it owns a 99.7 percent interest, it owns the rail infrastructure around Washington Union Station. It holds a 99% interest in 30th Street Limited, a partnership responsible for redeveloping the area in and around 30th Street Station. Amtrak also owns Passenger Railroad Insurance.

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[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Oakland Coliseum station" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Louise M. Slaughter Rochester Station" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "San Clemente Pier station" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Baltimore Penn Station" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "replaces", "Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington Railroad" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Devon" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Downingtown" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "East River Tunnels" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Edgewood station" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Elyria" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "Exton" ]

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[ "Amtrak", "owner of", "First Street Tunnel" ]

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