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[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Gateway Project"
] | null | null | null | null | 54 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Halethorpe"
] | null | null | null | null | 55 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Hammond–Whiting station"
] | null | null | null | null | 56 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Harrisburg Transportation Center"
] | null | null | null | null | 57 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Haverford"
] | null | null | null | null | 58 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Huntingdon"
] | null | null | null | null | 59 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Malvern"
] | null | null | null | null | 60 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Martin State Airport station"
] | null | null | null | null | 61 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Merion"
] | null | null | null | null | 62 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"AMTK Michigan Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 63 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Narberth"
] | null | null | null | null | 64 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"New Buffalo"
] | null | null | null | null | 65 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"New York Tunnel Extension"
] | null | null | null | null | 66 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Newark"
] | null | null | null | null | 67 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"North Jersey Coast Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 68 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"North River Tunnels"
] | null | null | null | null | 69 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Northeast Corridor Line"
] | Lines
Along the NEC and in several other areas, Amtrak owns 730 miles (1,170 km) including 17 tunnels consisting of 29.7 miles (47.8 km) of track, and 1,186 bridges (including the famous Hell Gate Bridge) consisting of 42.5 miles (68.4 km) of track. In several places, primarily in New England, Amtrak leases tracks, providing track maintenance and controlling train movements. Most often, these tracks are leased from state, regional, or local governments. The lines are further divided into services. Amtrak owns and operates the following lines:
Northeast Corridor: the Northeast Corridor between Washington, D.C., and Boston via Baltimore, Philadelphia, Newark, New York and Providence is largely owned by Amtrak (363 of 457 miles), working cooperatively with several state and regional commuter agencies. Between New Haven, Connecticut, and New Rochelle, New York, Northeast Corridor trains travel on the Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line, which is owned and operated by the Connecticut Department of Transportation and the Metropolitan Transportation Authority.
Keystone Corridor: Amtrak owns the 104.2-mile line from Philadelphia to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. As a result of an investment partnership with the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, signal and track improvements were completed in October 2006 that allow all-electric service with a top speed of 110 miles per hour (180 km/h) to run along the corridor.
Empire Corridor: Amtrak owns the 11 miles (18 km) between New York Penn Station and Spuyten Duyvil, New York. In 2012, Amtrak leased the 94 miles (151 km) between Poughkeepsie, New York, and Schenectady, New York, from owner CSX. In addition, Amtrak owns the tracks across the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge and short approach sections near it.
Michigan Line: Amtrak acquired the 98 miles of Porter, Indiana to Kalamazoo, Michigan section of the former Michigan Central main line from Conrail in 1976.
New Haven–Springfield Line: Amtrak purchased the 62 miles (100 km) between New Haven and Springfield from Penn Central in 1976.
Post Road Branch: 12.42 miles (19.99 km), Castleton-on-Hudson to Rensselaer, New YorkIn addition to these lines, Amtrak owns station and yard tracks in Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York City, Oakland (Kirkham Street Yard), Orlando, Portland, Oregon, Seattle, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. Amtrak leases station and yard tracks in Hialeah, near Miami, Florida, from the State of Florida.Amtrak owns New York Penn Station, Philadelphia 30th Street Station, Baltimore Penn Station and Providence Station. It also owns Chicago Union Station, formerly through a wholly owned subsidiary, the Chicago Union Station Company until absorbed by Amtrak in 2017. Through the Washington Terminal Company, in which it owns a 99.7 percent interest, it owns the rail infrastructure around Washington Union Station. It holds a 99% interest in 30th Street Limited, a partnership responsible for redeveloping the area in and around 30th Street Station. Amtrak also owns Passenger Railroad Insurance. | null | null | null | null | 70 |
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Odenton"
] | null | null | null | null | 71 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Overbrook"
] | null | null | null | null | 72 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Paoli"
] | null | null | null | null | 73 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Penn Line"
] | Lines
Along the NEC and in several other areas, Amtrak owns 730 miles (1,170 km) including 17 tunnels consisting of 29.7 miles (47.8 km) of track, and 1,186 bridges (including the famous Hell Gate Bridge) consisting of 42.5 miles (68.4 km) of track. In several places, primarily in New England, Amtrak leases tracks, providing track maintenance and controlling train movements. Most often, these tracks are leased from state, regional, or local governments. The lines are further divided into services. Amtrak owns and operates the following lines:
Northeast Corridor: the Northeast Corridor between Washington, D.C., and Boston via Baltimore, Philadelphia, Newark, New York and Providence is largely owned by Amtrak (363 of 457 miles), working cooperatively with several state and regional commuter agencies. Between New Haven, Connecticut, and New Rochelle, New York, Northeast Corridor trains travel on the Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line, which is owned and operated by the Connecticut Department of Transportation and the Metropolitan Transportation Authority.
Keystone Corridor: Amtrak owns the 104.2-mile line from Philadelphia to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. As a result of an investment partnership with the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, signal and track improvements were completed in October 2006 that allow all-electric service with a top speed of 110 miles per hour (180 km/h) to run along the corridor.
Empire Corridor: Amtrak owns the 11 miles (18 km) between New York Penn Station and Spuyten Duyvil, New York. In 2012, Amtrak leased the 94 miles (151 km) between Poughkeepsie, New York, and Schenectady, New York, from owner CSX. In addition, Amtrak owns the tracks across the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge and short approach sections near it.
Michigan Line: Amtrak acquired the 98 miles of Porter, Indiana to Kalamazoo, Michigan section of the former Michigan Central main line from Conrail in 1976.
New Haven–Springfield Line: Amtrak purchased the 62 miles (100 km) between New Haven and Springfield from Penn Central in 1976.
Post Road Branch: 12.42 miles (19.99 km), Castleton-on-Hudson to Rensselaer, New YorkIn addition to these lines, Amtrak owns station and yard tracks in Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York City, Oakland (Kirkham Street Yard), Orlando, Portland, Oregon, Seattle, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. Amtrak leases station and yard tracks in Hialeah, near Miami, Florida, from the State of Florida.Amtrak owns New York Penn Station, Philadelphia 30th Street Station, Baltimore Penn Station and Providence Station. It also owns Chicago Union Station, formerly through a wholly owned subsidiary, the Chicago Union Station Company until absorbed by Amtrak in 2017. Through the Washington Terminal Company, in which it owns a 99.7 percent interest, it owns the rail infrastructure around Washington Union Station. It holds a 99% interest in 30th Street Limited, a partnership responsible for redeveloping the area in and around 30th Street Station. Amtrak also owns Passenger Railroad Insurance. | null | null | null | null | 74 |
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Perryville"
] | null | null | null | null | 75 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Portal Bridge"
] | null | null | null | null | 76 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Providence/Stoughton Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 77 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Providence station"
] | null | null | null | null | 78 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Quaker Square"
] | null | null | null | null | 79 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Radnor"
] | null | null | null | null | 81 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Richmond Staples Mill Road station"
] | null | null | null | null | 83 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Route 128 station"
] | null | null | null | null | 84 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Seabrook"
] | null | null | null | null | 85 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"St. Davids"
] | null | null | null | null | 86 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Strafford"
] | null | null | null | null | 87 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Sunnyside Yard"
] | null | null | null | null | 88 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Taylor"
] | null | null | null | null | 89 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Thorndale"
] | null | null | null | null | 90 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"replaces",
"United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company"
] | null | null | null | null | 91 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Amtrak"
] | null | null | null | null | 93 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Pennsylvania Station"
] | null | null | null | null | 94 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"30th Street Station"
] | null | null | null | null | 95 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Cleveland Lakefront station"
] | null | null | null | null | 96 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Albion station"
] | null | null | null | null | 97 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Alliance"
] | null | null | null | null | 98 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Amtrak Old Saybrook – Old Lyme Bridge"
] | null | null | null | null | 99 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Ann Arbor station"
] | null | null | null | null | 100 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Ardmore"
] | null | null | null | null | 101 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"BWI Rail Station"
] | null | null | null | null | 102 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Beech Grove Shops"
] | null | null | null | null | 103 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Bowie State"
] | null | null | null | null | 104 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Bryn Mawr station"
] | null | null | null | null | 105 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Dade City Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Depot"
] | null | null | null | null | 107 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Daylesford"
] | null | null | null | null | 108 |
|
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Northeast Corridor"
] | Lines
Along the NEC and in several other areas, Amtrak owns 730 miles (1,170 km) including 17 tunnels consisting of 29.7 miles (47.8 km) of track, and 1,186 bridges (including the famous Hell Gate Bridge) consisting of 42.5 miles (68.4 km) of track. In several places, primarily in New England, Amtrak leases tracks, providing track maintenance and controlling train movements. Most often, these tracks are leased from state, regional, or local governments. The lines are further divided into services. Amtrak owns and operates the following lines:
Northeast Corridor: the Northeast Corridor between Washington, D.C., and Boston via Baltimore, Philadelphia, Newark, New York and Providence is largely owned by Amtrak (363 of 457 miles), working cooperatively with several state and regional commuter agencies. Between New Haven, Connecticut, and New Rochelle, New York, Northeast Corridor trains travel on the Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line, which is owned and operated by the Connecticut Department of Transportation and the Metropolitan Transportation Authority.
Keystone Corridor: Amtrak owns the 104.2-mile line from Philadelphia to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. As a result of an investment partnership with the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, signal and track improvements were completed in October 2006 that allow all-electric service with a top speed of 110 miles per hour (180 km/h) to run along the corridor.
Empire Corridor: Amtrak owns the 11 miles (18 km) between New York Penn Station and Spuyten Duyvil, New York. In 2012, Amtrak leased the 94 miles (151 km) between Poughkeepsie, New York, and Schenectady, New York, from owner CSX. In addition, Amtrak owns the tracks across the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge and short approach sections near it.
Michigan Line: Amtrak acquired the 98 miles of Porter, Indiana to Kalamazoo, Michigan section of the former Michigan Central main line from Conrail in 1976.
New Haven–Springfield Line: Amtrak purchased the 62 miles (100 km) between New Haven and Springfield from Penn Central in 1976.
Post Road Branch: 12.42 miles (19.99 km), Castleton-on-Hudson to Rensselaer, New YorkIn addition to these lines, Amtrak owns station and yard tracks in Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York City, Oakland (Kirkham Street Yard), Orlando, Portland, Oregon, Seattle, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. Amtrak leases station and yard tracks in Hialeah, near Miami, Florida, from the State of Florida.Amtrak owns New York Penn Station, Philadelphia 30th Street Station, Baltimore Penn Station and Providence Station. It also owns Chicago Union Station, formerly through a wholly owned subsidiary, the Chicago Union Station Company until absorbed by Amtrak in 2017. Through the Washington Terminal Company, in which it owns a 99.7 percent interest, it owns the rail infrastructure around Washington Union Station. It holds a 99% interest in 30th Street Limited, a partnership responsible for redeveloping the area in and around 30th Street Station. Amtrak also owns Passenger Railroad Insurance. | null | null | null | null | 136 |
[
"Amtrak",
"owner of",
"Hell Gate Bridge"
] | Lines
Along the NEC and in several other areas, Amtrak owns 730 miles (1,170 km) including 17 tunnels consisting of 29.7 miles (47.8 km) of track, and 1,186 bridges (including the famous Hell Gate Bridge) consisting of 42.5 miles (68.4 km) of track. In several places, primarily in New England, Amtrak leases tracks, providing track maintenance and controlling train movements. Most often, these tracks are leased from state, regional, or local governments. The lines are further divided into services. Amtrak owns and operates the following lines:
Northeast Corridor: the Northeast Corridor between Washington, D.C., and Boston via Baltimore, Philadelphia, Newark, New York and Providence is largely owned by Amtrak (363 of 457 miles), working cooperatively with several state and regional commuter agencies. Between New Haven, Connecticut, and New Rochelle, New York, Northeast Corridor trains travel on the Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line, which is owned and operated by the Connecticut Department of Transportation and the Metropolitan Transportation Authority.
Keystone Corridor: Amtrak owns the 104.2-mile line from Philadelphia to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. As a result of an investment partnership with the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, signal and track improvements were completed in October 2006 that allow all-electric service with a top speed of 110 miles per hour (180 km/h) to run along the corridor.
Empire Corridor: Amtrak owns the 11 miles (18 km) between New York Penn Station and Spuyten Duyvil, New York. In 2012, Amtrak leased the 94 miles (151 km) between Poughkeepsie, New York, and Schenectady, New York, from owner CSX. In addition, Amtrak owns the tracks across the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge and short approach sections near it.
Michigan Line: Amtrak acquired the 98 miles of Porter, Indiana to Kalamazoo, Michigan section of the former Michigan Central main line from Conrail in 1976.
New Haven–Springfield Line: Amtrak purchased the 62 miles (100 km) between New Haven and Springfield from Penn Central in 1976.
Post Road Branch: 12.42 miles (19.99 km), Castleton-on-Hudson to Rensselaer, New YorkIn addition to these lines, Amtrak owns station and yard tracks in Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York City, Oakland (Kirkham Street Yard), Orlando, Portland, Oregon, Seattle, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. Amtrak leases station and yard tracks in Hialeah, near Miami, Florida, from the State of Florida.Amtrak owns New York Penn Station, Philadelphia 30th Street Station, Baltimore Penn Station and Providence Station. It also owns Chicago Union Station, formerly through a wholly owned subsidiary, the Chicago Union Station Company until absorbed by Amtrak in 2017. Through the Washington Terminal Company, in which it owns a 99.7 percent interest, it owns the rail infrastructure around Washington Union Station. It holds a 99% interest in 30th Street Limited, a partnership responsible for redeveloping the area in and around 30th Street Station. Amtrak also owns Passenger Railroad Insurance. | null | null | null | null | 137 |
[
"Ames Research Center",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Ames Research Center",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ames Research Center"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Miss Universe",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Miss Universe",
"different from",
"Miss International"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Miss Universe",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Miss Universe"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"Miss Universe",
"owned by",
"JKN Global Group"
] | History
The title "Miss Universe" was first used by the International Pageant of Pulchritude in 1926. This contest was held annually until 1935, when the Great Depression and other events preceding World War II led to its demise.
The current Miss Universe pageant was founded in 1952 by Pacific Knitting Mills, a California-based clothing company and manufacturer of Catalina Swimwear, and has since been headquartered in the United States. The company was the sponsor of the Miss America pageant until 1951, when the winner, Yolande Betbeze, refused to pose for publicity pictures wearing one of their swimsuits. In 1952, Pacific Knitting Mills organized the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants, co-sponsoring them for decades to follow.
The first Miss Universe Pageant was held in Long Beach, California in 1952. It was won by Armi Kuusela from Finland, who gave up her title, though not officially, to get married shortly before her year was completed. Until 1958, the Miss Universe title, like that of Miss America, was dated by the year following the contest, so at the time Ms. Kuusela's title was Miss Universe 1953. Since its founding by Pacific Mills, the pageant has been organized and conducted by the Miss Universe Organization. Eventually, Pacific Mills and its subsidiaries were acquired by the Kayser-Roth Corporation, which was in turn acquired by Gulf and Western Industries.
The pageant was first televised in 1955. CBS began broadcasting the combined Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants in 1960, and as separate contests in 1965. More than 30 years later, Donald Trump bought the pageant in 1996 from ITT Corp, with a broadcasting arrangement with CBS until 2002. During this time, in 1998, Miss Universe, Inc. changed its name to the Miss Universe Organization, and moved its headquarters from Los Angeles to New York City. By late 2002, Trump entered into a joint venture with NBC, which in 2003 outbid the other markets for the TV rights. From 2003 to 2014, the pageant was broadcast in the United States on NBC.
In June 2015, NBC cancelled all business relationships with Trump and the Miss Universe Organization in response to controversial statements about illegal immigrants who crossed the border from Mexico. As part of the legal settlement, in September 2015, Trump bought out NBC's 50% stake in the company, making him the company's sole owner. Three days later, he sold the whole company to WME/IMG. Following the change of ownership, in October 2015, Fox and Azteca became the official broadcasters of the Miss Universe and Miss USA pageants. As of 2023, the president of the Miss Universe Organization was Paula Shugart, who held this position since 1997.During the CBS telecast era, John Charles Daly hosted the Miss Universe Pageant from 1955 to 1966, Bob Barker from 1967 to 1987, Alan Thicke in 1988, John Forsythe in 1989, Dick Clark from 1990 to 1993, Bob Goen from 1994 to 1996, and Jack Wagner in 1998 and 1999. During the NBC telecast era, multiple hosts shared the duties—Billy Bush hosted the Miss Universe Pageant from 2003 to 2005 and 2009, Mario Lopez in 2007, Andy Cohen in 2011 and 2012, and Thomas Roberts in 2013 and 2014. Prior to 2022, Daisy Fuentes, Nancy O'Dell, Mel B and Natalie Morales were the only other females to have hosted the event multiple times (from 2002 to 2004, 2005 and 2006, 2008 and 2013, and from 2010 to 2011 and 2014, respectively).
Between 2015 and 2019, Miss Universe is televised live by Fox and hosted annually by Steve Harvey. The backstage correspondents include Roselyn Sanchez in 2015, Ashley Graham from 2016 to 2018, and Olivia Culpo in 2019. In 2020, the Miss USA and Miss Teen USA brands were split from the Miss Universe Organization into their independent organization, run by Crystle Stewart, until her suspension in 2022, thus returning the said pageants to the Miss Universe Organization, while the broadcast rights to the Miss Universe Pageant was temporarily split between Telemundo and FYI. Lopez and Culpo then teamed up for co-hosting duties for the 2020 pageant after Harvey temporarily withdrew from the competition amidst COVID-19 pandemic restrictions at the time. The contract with Fox and Harvey was resumed for the 2021 edition, with Cheslie Kryst as the main correspondent.
On October 26, 2022, Thailand-based JKN Global Group acquired Miss Universe Organization (MUO) from Endeavor Group Holdings-owned IMG Worldwide at $14 million, making Anne Jakapong Jakrajutatip the first transgender woman to own the organization and marking the first time the organization expands its headquarters outside the U.S. From the 2022 edition onwards, NBC has re-acquired broadcast rights via The Roku Channel for the competition as a result of the ownership changes, marking the first time in Miss Universe history that the pageant has transitioned from traditional broadcast network coverage to full streaming service in the United States. 2022 marked the first time in the pageant's history that an all-female panel hosted the event, in Jeannie Mai and Olivia Culpo.Gallery of Miss Universe crowns
Recent titleholders
Gallery of winners
Miss Universe Organization
The Miss Universe Organization currently owns and runs the Miss Universe, Miss USA, and Miss Teen USA beauty pageants. Between 2020 and 2022, it stopped organizing the Miss USA and the Miss Teen USA competitions, when these franchises were operated by Crystle Stewart, until her suspension in October 2022, and as a result, the latter pageants returned to the Miss Universe Organization.Based in New York City and Bangkok, it is currently owned by the Thai JKN Global Group since 26 October 2022, when the former owners WME/IMG sold the pageant. The current president is Paula Shugart. The organization sells television rights to the pageants and pageant organizations in other countries. | null | null | null | null | 21 |
[
"Federal Employers Liability Act",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | The Federal Employers' Liability Act (FELA), 45 U.S.C. § 51 et seq. (1908), is a United States federal law that protects and compensates railroaders injured on the job.Background
In the years between 1889 and 1920, railroad use in the U.S. expanded six-fold. With this expansion, the dangers to the railroad worker increased.
President Benjamin Harrison addressed these dangers in a speech to the United States Congress in 1889, in which he compared the plight of the railroad worker to those of a soldier at war: | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"American juvenile justice system",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | The American juvenile justice system is the primary system used to handle minors who are convicted of criminal offenses. The system is composed of a federal and many separate state, territorial, and local jurisdictions, with states and the federal government sharing sovereign police power under the common authority of the United States Constitution. The juvenile justice system intervenes in delinquent behavior through police, court, and correctional involvement, with the goal of rehabilitation. Youth and their guardians can face a variety of consequences including probation, community service, youth court, youth incarceration and alternative schooling. The juvenile justice system, similar to the adult system, operates from a belief that intervening early in delinquent behavior will deter adolescents from engaging in criminal behavior as adults. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Alhurra",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Alhurra",
"owned by",
"Middle East Broadcasting Networks"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Alhurra",
"different from",
"Al-hurra"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Air Force Reserve Command",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Air Force Reserve Command",
"has use",
"military reserve force"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Air Force Reserve Command",
"topic's main category",
"Category:United States Air Force Reserves"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Federal Aviation Administration",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Federal Aviation Administration",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Federal Aviation Administration"
] | Regulating U.S. commercial space transportation
Regulating air navigation facilities' geometric and flight inspection standards
Encouraging and developing civil aeronautics, including new aviation technology
Issuing, suspending, or revoking pilot certificates
Regulating civil aviation to promote transportation safety in the United States, especially through local offices called Flight Standards District Offices
Developing and operating a system of air traffic control and navigation for both civil and military aircraft
Researching and developing the National Airspace System and civil aeronautics
Developing and carrying out programs to control aircraft noise and other environmental effects of civil aviation | null | null | null | null | 17 |
[
"Manifest destiny",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Manifest destiny",
"different from",
"intelligent design"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Manifest destiny",
"main subject",
"United States territorial acquisitions"
] | Era of continental expansion
The phrase "manifest destiny" is most often associated with the territorial expansion of the United States from 1812 to 1867. This era, from the War of 1812 to the acquisition of Alaska in 1867, has been called the "age of manifest destiny". During this time, the United States expanded to the Pacific Ocean—"from sea to shining sea"—largely defining the borders of the continental United States as they are today.The United States, while intending never to acquire lands from the Indians otherwise than peaceably, and with their free consent, are fully determined, in that manner, progressively, and in proportion as their growing population may require, to reclaim from the state of nature, and to bring into cultivation every portion of the territory contained within their acknowledged boundaries. In thus providing for the support of millions of civilized beings, they will not violate any dictate of justice or of humanity; for they will not only give to the few thousand savages scattered over that territory an ample equivalent for any right they may surrender, but will always leave them the possession of lands more than they can cultivate, and more than adequate to their subsistence, comfort, and enjoyment, by cultivation. If this be a spirit of aggrandizement, the undersigned are prepared to admit, in that sense, its existence; but they must deny that it affords the slightest proof of an intention not to respect the boundaries between them and European nations, or of a desire to encroach upon the territories of Great Britain... They will not suppose that that Government will avow, as the basis of their policy towards the United States a system of arresting their natural growth within their own territories, for the sake of preserving a perpetual desert for savages.
A shocked Henry Goulburn, one of the British negotiators at Ghent, remarked, after coming to understand the American position on taking the Indians' land:The whole continent of North America appears to be destined by Divine Providence to be peopled by one nation, speaking one language, professing one general system of religious and political principles, and accustomed to one general tenor of social usages and customs. For the common happiness of them all, for their peace and prosperity, I believe it is indispensable that they should be associated in one federal Union.
Adams did much to further this idea. He orchestrated the Treaty of 1818, which established the Canada–U.S. border as far west as the Rocky Mountains, and provided for the joint occupation of the region known in American history as the Oregon Country and in British and Canadian history as the New Caledonia and Columbia Districts. He negotiated the Transcontinental Treaty in 1819, transferring Florida from Spain to the United States and extending the U.S. border with Spanish Mexico all the way to the Pacific Ocean. And he formulated the Monroe Doctrine of 1823, which warned Europe that the Western Hemisphere was no longer open for European colonization.
The Monroe Doctrine and "manifest destiny" formed a closely related nexus of principles: historian Walter McDougall calls manifest destiny a corollary of the Monroe Doctrine, because while the Monroe Doctrine did not specify expansion, expansion was necessary in order to enforce the doctrine. Concerns in the United States that European powers were seeking to acquire colonies or greater influence in North America led to calls for expansion in order to prevent this. In his influential 1935 study of manifest destiny, done in conjunction with the Walter Hines Page School of International Relations, Albert Weinberg wrote: "the expansionism of the [1830s] arose as a defensive effort to forestall the encroachment of Europe in North America". | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"United States Secret Service",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | The United States Secret Service (USSS or Secret Service) is a federal law enforcement agency under the Department of Homeland Security charged with conducting criminal investigations and protecting U.S. political leaders, their families, and visiting heads of state or government. Until 2003, the Secret Service was part of the Department of the Treasury, as the agency was founded in 1865 to combat the then-widespread counterfeiting of U.S. currency. President Abraham Lincoln signed the legislation on the 14th April 1865, just a few hours before he was assassinated. In 1901, the Secret Service was also assigned to presidential protection duties. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"United States Secret Service",
"topic's main category",
"Category:United States Secret Service"
] | The United States Secret Service (USSS or Secret Service) is a federal law enforcement agency under the Department of Homeland Security charged with conducting criminal investigations and protecting U.S. political leaders, their families, and visiting heads of state or government. Until 2003, the Secret Service was part of the Department of the Treasury, as the agency was founded in 1865 to combat the then-widespread counterfeiting of U.S. currency. President Abraham Lincoln signed the legislation on the 14th April 1865, just a few hours before he was assassinated. In 1901, the Secret Service was also assigned to presidential protection duties. | null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"American exceptionalism",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"American exceptionalism",
"based on",
"Manifest destiny"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"American exceptionalism",
"based on",
"historical revisionism"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"American exceptionalism",
"different from",
"Americanism"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"American exceptionalism",
"topic's main category",
"Category:American exceptionalism"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Foreign corporation",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | Foreign corporation is a term used in the United States to describe an existing corporation (or other type of corporate entity, such as a limited liability company or LLC) that conducts business in a state or jurisdiction other than where it was originally incorporated. The term applies both to domestic corporations that are incorporated in another state and to corporations that are incorporated in a nation other than the United States (known as "alien corporations"). All states require that foreign corporations register with the state before conducting business in the state.For U.S. federal tax purposes, where "foreign corporation" means a corporation that is not created or organized in the United States. For tax purposes, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) treats all domestic companies in the same manner for tax purposes, without regard to where they were originally formed or organized within the United States, but applies different rules to companies that are formed or organized outside of the US. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Fugitive Slave Clause",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | The Fugitive Slave Clause in the United States Constitution, also known as either the Slave Clause or the Fugitives From Labor Clause, is Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3, which requires a "person held to service or labor" (usually a slave, apprentice, or indentured servant) who flees to another state to be returned to their master in the state from which that person escaped. The enactment of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which abolished slavery except as a punishment for criminal acts, has made the clause mostly irrelevant. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Presidential proclamation (United States)",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | The Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs is a position within the United States Department of State that leads the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs charged with implementing American foreign policy in Europe and Eurasia, and with advising the Under Secretary for Political Affairs on matters relating to diplomatic missions within that area.
Originally, the Department of State first established a Division of Western European Affairs in 1909, which handled European states primarily bordering on the Atlantic Ocean and their colonies. The Division of Near Eastern Affairs handled relations with most Central, Eastern, and Southern European countries until after World War I. During the interwar period, responsibility for much of Central and Eastern Europe shifted to the Division of European Affairs, although Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus were handled as part of the Near East until April 18, 1974. Following World War II, the Department completed the transfer of responsibility for the former colonies of European nations, except Canada, to the Bureaus of Near Eastern, South Asian, African Affairs, and Far Eastern Affairs.
The Department of State later established the Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs in 1949. This came after the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of Government, also known as the Hoover Commission, recommended that certain offices be upgraded to bureau level after Congress had increased the number of Assistant Secretaries of State from six to ten. On September 14, 1983, an administrative action changed the title of the incumbent to Assistant Secretary of State for European and Canadian Affairs. On January 12, 1999, the title was changed back to Assistant Secretary for European Affairs. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs",
"officeholder",
"Karen Donfried"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Appalachian Regional Commission",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Economic Policy",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Economic Policy",
"officeholder",
"Ben Harris"
] | The Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Economic Policy is the head of the Office of Economic Policy in the United States Department of the Treasury. The position is held by Ben Harris. President Joe Biden announced he would nominate Ben Harris to the role on March 11, 2021. Harris was confirmed by the Senate on November 3, 2021 and sworn-in on November 15, 2021According to U.S. statute, there are ten Assistant Secretaries of the Treasury appointed by the President of the United States with the advice and consent of the United States Senate. The Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Economic Policy reports directly to the United States Secretary of the Treasury and the United States Deputy Secretary of the Treasury. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 (Pub. L. 100–690, 102 Stat. 4181, enacted November 18, 1988, H.R. 5210) is a major law of the War on Drugs passed by the U.S. Congress which did several significant things:Created the policy goal of a drug-free America;
Established the Office of National Drug Control Policy; and
Restored the use of the death penalty by the federal government.The change from the Act of 1986 to the Act of 1988 concerns the mandatory minimum penalties to drug trafficking conspiracies and attempts that previously were applicable only to substantive completed drug trafficking offenses. The Act amended 21 U.S.C. 844 to make crack cocaine the only drug with a mandatory minimum penalty for a first offense of simple possession. The Act made possession of more than five grams of a mixture or substance containing cocaine base punishable by at least five years in prison. The five year minimum penalty also applies to possession of more than three grams of cocaine base if the defendant has a prior conviction for crack cocaine possession, and to possession of more than one gram of crack if the defendant has two or more prior crack possession convictions.The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 also offers several other amendments to the Act of 1986. First, the organization and coordination of Federal drug control efforts. Next, the reduction of drug demand through increased treatment and prevention efforts. Also, the reduction of illicit drug trafficking and production abroad. Lastly, sanctions designed to place added pressure on the drug user. The ADAA projected budget for the total federal drug control budget (if fully funded) was $6.5 billion for the 1989 fiscal year”. The result of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 was not foreseen. “After spending billions of dollars on law enforcement, doubling the number of arrests and incarcerations, and building prisons at a record pace, the system has failed to decrease the level of drug-related crime. Placing people in jail at increasing rates has had little long-term effect on the levels of crime”.The Act also re-established the federal death penalty.The H.R. 5210 legislation was passed by the 100th U.S. Congressional session, and signed into law by president Ronald Reagan on November 18, 1988.The media campaign mentioned in the act later became the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988",
"follows",
"Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"United States Africa Command",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Dred Scott v. Sandford",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. (19 How.) 393 (1857), was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that held the U.S. Constitution did not extend American citizenship to people of black African descent, and thus they could not enjoy the rights and privileges the Constitution conferred upon American citizens. The decision is widely considered the worst in the Supreme Court's history, being widely denounced for its overt racism, perceived judicial activism and poor legal reasoning, and for its crucial role in the start of the American Civil War four years later. Legal scholar Bernard Schwartz said that it "stands first in any list of the worst Supreme Court decisions". Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes called it the Court's "greatest self-inflicted wound".The decision involved the case of Dred Scott, an enslaved black man whose owners had taken him from Missouri, a slave-holding state, into Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory, where slavery was illegal. When his owners later brought him back to Missouri, Scott sued for his freedom and claimed that because he had been taken into "free" U.S. territory, he had automatically been freed and was legally no longer a slave. Scott sued first in Missouri state court, which ruled that he was still a slave under its law. He then sued in U.S. federal court, which ruled against him by deciding that it had to apply Missouri law to the case. He then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.
In March 1857, the Supreme Court issued a 7–2 decision against Scott. In an opinion written by Chief Justice Roger Taney, the Court ruled that people of African descent "are not included, and were not intended to be included, under the word 'citizens' in the Constitution, and can therefore claim none of the rights and privileges which that instrument provides for and secures to citizens of the United States". Taney supported his ruling with an extended survey of American state and local laws from the time of the Constitution's drafting in 1787 that purported to show that a "perpetual and impassable barrier was intended to be erected between the white race and the one which they had reduced to slavery". Because the Court ruled that Scott was not an American citizen, he was also not a citizen of any state and, accordingly, could never establish the "diversity of citizenship" that Article III of the U.S. Constitution requires for a U.S. federal court to be able to exercise jurisdiction over a case. After ruling on those issues surrounding Scott, Taney struck down the Missouri Compromise as a limitation on slave owners' property rights that exceeded the U.S. Congress's constitutional powers.
Although Taney and several other justices hoped the decision would settle the slavery controversy, which was increasingly dividing the American public, the decision only exacerbated interstate tension. Taney's majority opinion suited the slaveholding states, but was intensely decried in all the other states. The decision inflamed the national debate over slavery and deepened the divide that led ultimately to the American Civil War. In 1865, after the Union's victory, the Court's ruling in Dred Scott was superseded by the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which abolished slavery, and the Fourteenth Amendment, whose first section guaranteed citizenship for "[a]ll persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof".
Historians agree that the Court decision was a major disaster for the nation as it dramatically inflamed tensions leading to the Civil War. According to historian David W. Blight, 1857 was "the great pivot on the road to disunion...largely because of the Dred Scott case, which stoked the fear, distrust and conspiratorial hatred already common in both the North and the South to new levels of intensity." The ruling is widely considered a blatant act of judicial activism with the intent of bringing finality to the territorial crisis resulting from the Louisiana Purchase by creating a constitutional right to own slaves anywhere in the country while permanently disenfranchising all people of African descent. The court's decision to overturn the Missouri Compromise, which had already been replaced with the Kansas–Nebraska Act and thus was a legally moot issue, is cited as proof of this because the latter act was determined by the due process of popular sovereignty, and thus could not be overturned the same way the court did the Missouri compromise.During the United States election of 1860, abolitionists formed the new Republican Party, which rejected the ruling as being corrupted by partisanship and non-binding because the court had no jurisdiction. Their Presidential nominee, Abraham Lincoln, stated he would not permit slavery anywhere in the country except where it already existed, which directly contradicted the court's ruling. His election is considered the final event that led the Southern states to secede from the Union, igniting the American Civil War. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Architect of the Capitol",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Architect of the Capitol",
"said to be the same as",
"Architect of the Capitol"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Architect of the Capitol",
"owner of",
"Peace Monument"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"National Maximum Speed Law",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"White House Chief of Staff",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | The White House chief of staff is the head of the Executive Office of the President of the United States and a cabinet position, in the federal government of the United States.
The chief of staff is a political appointee of the president of the United States who does not require Senate confirmation, and who serves at the pleasure of the President. While not a legally required role, all presidents since Harry S. Truman have appointed a chief of staff.
In the administration of Joe Biden, the current chief of staff is Jeff Zients, who succeeded Ron Klain on February 8, 2023. The chief of staff is the most senior political appointee in the White House.
The position is widely recognized as one of great power and influence, owing to daily contact with the president of the United States and control of the Executive Office of the President of the United States. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"White House Chief of Staff",
"officeholder",
"Ron Klain"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"White House Chief of Staff",
"different from",
"Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"White House Chief of Staff",
"topic's main category",
"Category:White House Chiefs of Staff"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Social Security number",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | In the United States, a Social Security number (SSN) is a nine-digit number issued to U.S. citizens, permanent residents, and temporary (working) residents under section 205(c)(2) of the Social Security Act, codified as 42 U.S.C. § 405(c)(2). The number is issued to an individual by the Social Security Administration, an independent agency of the United States government. Although the original purpose for the number was for the Social Security Administration to track individuals, the Social Security number has become a de facto national identification number for taxation and other purposes.A Social Security number may be obtained by applying on Form SS-5, Application for a Social Security Number Card. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
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