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[
"House of Commons of Canada",
"different from",
"House of Commons"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"House of Commons of Canada",
"different from",
"House of Commons"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"House of Commons of Canada",
"topic's main category",
"Category:House of Commons of Canada"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"House of Commons of Canada",
"different from",
"house of commons"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"House of Commons of Canada",
"follows",
"Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Monarchy of Canada",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Canada"
] | The monarchy of Canada is Canada's form of government embodied by the Canadian sovereign and head of state. It is one of the key components of Canadian sovereignty and sits at the core of Canada's constitutional federal structure and Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. The monarchy is the foundation of the executive (King-in-Council), legislative (King-in-Parliament), and judicial (King-on-the-Bench) branches of both federal and provincial jurisdictions. The current king of Canada is Charles III, who has reigned since 8 September 2022.Although the person of the sovereign is shared with 14 other independent countries within the Commonwealth of Nations, each country's monarchy is separate and legally distinct. As a result, the current monarch is officially titled King of Canada and, in this capacity, he and other members of the royal family undertake public and private functions domestically and abroad as representatives of Canada. However, the monarch is the only member of the royal family with any constitutional role. The monarch lives predominantly in the United Kingdom and, while several powers are the sovereign's alone, most of the royal governmental and ceremonial duties in Canada are carried out by the monarch's representative, the governor general of Canada. In Canada's provinces, the monarch in right of each is represented by a lieutenant governor. As territories fall under the federal jurisdiction, they each have a commissioner, rather than a lieutenant governor, who represents the federal Crown-in-Council directly.
As all executive authority is vested in the sovereign, royal assent is required to allow for bills to become law and for letters patent and orders-in-council to have legal effect. While the power for these acts stems from the Canadian people through the constitutional conventions of democracy, executive authority remains vested in the Crown and is only entrusted by the sovereign to the government on behalf of the people. This underlines the Crown's role in safeguarding the rights, freedoms, and democratic system of government of Canadians, reinforcing the fact that "governments are the servants of the people and not the reverse". Thus, within Canada's constitutional monarchy the sovereign's direct participation in any of these areas of governance is normally limited, with the sovereign typically exercising executive authority only with the advice and consent of the Cabinet of Canada, and the sovereign's legislative and judicial responsibilities largely carried out through the Parliament of Canada as well as judges and justices of the peace. There are, though, cases where the sovereign or their representative would have a duty to act directly and independently under the doctrine of necessity to prevent genuinely unconstitutional acts. In these respects, the sovereign and his viceroys are custodians of the Crown's reserve powers and represent the "power of the people above government and political parties". Put another way, the Crown functions as the guarantor of Canada's continuous and stable governance and as a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power. Despite its pivotal constitutional functions, the monarchy remains widely misunderstood by not only the Canadian public, but also many politicians.
Canada is one of the oldest extant monarchies in the world. Established in the 16th century, the monarchy has evolved through a continuous succession of initially French and later British sovereigns into the independent Canadian sovereigns of today. No part of Canada has been a republic or part of a republic; though, there have been isolated calls for the country to become one. The Crown, however, is considered to be "entrenched" into the governmental framework. The institution that is Canada's system of constitutional monarchy is sometimes colloquially referred to as the Maple Crown or Crown of Maples, Canada having developed a "recognizably Canadian brand of monarchy".Though not part of the Canadian monarchy, either past or present, Canada has an even older tradition of hereditary chieftainship in some First Nations, which has been likened to non-sovereign monarchy and today exists in parallel with the Canadian Crown and individual band governments. All three entities are components of the nation-to-nation relationship between the Crown and First Nations in upholding treaty rights and obligations developed over the centuries.International and domestic aspects
The person who is the Canadian sovereign is equally shared with 14 other monarchies (a grouping, including Canada, known informally as the Commonwealth realms) in the 56-member Commonwealth of Nations. The monarch resides predominantly in the oldest and most populous realm, the United Kingdom; viceroys (the governor general of Canada in the federal sphere and a lieutenant governor in each province) are the sovereign's representatives in Canada. The emergence of this arrangement paralleled the fruition of Canadian nationalism following the end of the First World War and culminated in the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931. Since then, the pan-national Crown has had both a shared and a separate character: the sovereign's role as monarch of Canada has been distinct from his or her position as monarch of any other realm, including the United Kingdom. Only Canadian federal ministers of the Crown may advise the sovereign on any and all matters of the Canadian state, of which the sovereign, when not in Canada, is kept abreast by weekly communications with the federal viceroy. The monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution and in Canada became a Canadian, or "domesticated", establishment, though it is still often denoted as "British" in both legal and common language, for reasons historical, political, and of convenience.Executive (King-in-Council)
The government of Canada—formally termed His Majesty's Government—is defined by the constitution as the King acting on the advice of his Privy Council; what is technically known as the King-in-Council, or sometimes the Governor-in-Council, referring to the governor general as the King's stand-in, though, a few tasks must be specifically performed by, or bills that require assent from, the King. One of the main duties of the Crown is to "ensure that a democratically elected government is always in place," which means appointing a prime minister to thereafter head the Cabinet—a committee of the Privy Council charged with advising the Crown on the exercise of the royal prerogative. The monarch is informed by his viceroy of the swearing-in and resignation of prime ministers and other members of the ministry, remains fully briefed through regular communications from his Canadian ministers, and holds audience with them whenever possible. By convention, the content of these communications and meetings remains confidential so as to protect the impartiality of the monarch and his representative. The appropriateness and viability of this tradition in an age of social media has been questioned.In the construct of constitutional monarchy and responsible government, the ministerial advice tendered is typically binding, meaning the monarch reigns but does not rule, the Cabinet ruling "in trust" for the monarch. This has been the case in Canada since the Treaty of Paris ended the reign of the territory's last absolute monarch, King Louis XV of France. However, the royal prerogative belongs to the Crown and not to any of the ministers and the royal and viceroyal figures may unilaterally use these powers in exceptional constitutional crisis situations (an exercise of the reserve powers), thereby allowing the monarch to make sure "the government conducts itself in compliance with the constitution"; he and the viceroys being guarantors of the government's constitutional, as opposed to democratic, legitimacy and must ensure the continuity of such. Use of the royal prerogative in this manner was seen when the Governor General refused his prime minister's advice to dissolve Parliament in 1926 and when, in 2008, the Governor General took some hours to decide whether or not to accept her Prime Minister's advice to prorogue Parliament to avoid a vote of non-confidence. The prerogative powers have also been used numerous times in the provinces.The royal prerogative further extends to foreign affairs, including the ratification of treaties, alliances, international agreements, and declarations of war, the accreditation of Canadian high commissioners and ambassadors and receipt of similar diplomats from foreign states, and the issuance of Canadian passports, which remain the sovereign's property. It also includes the creation of dynastic and national honours, though only the latter are established on official ministerial advice. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Monarchy of Canada",
"officeholder",
"Charles III of the United Kingdom"
] | The monarchy of Canada is Canada's form of government embodied by the Canadian sovereign and head of state. It is one of the key components of Canadian sovereignty and sits at the core of Canada's constitutional federal structure and Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. The monarchy is the foundation of the executive (King-in-Council), legislative (King-in-Parliament), and judicial (King-on-the-Bench) branches of both federal and provincial jurisdictions. The current king of Canada is Charles III, who has reigned since 8 September 2022.Although the person of the sovereign is shared with 14 other independent countries within the Commonwealth of Nations, each country's monarchy is separate and legally distinct. As a result, the current monarch is officially titled King of Canada and, in this capacity, he and other members of the royal family undertake public and private functions domestically and abroad as representatives of Canada. However, the monarch is the only member of the royal family with any constitutional role. The monarch lives predominantly in the United Kingdom and, while several powers are the sovereign's alone, most of the royal governmental and ceremonial duties in Canada are carried out by the monarch's representative, the governor general of Canada. In Canada's provinces, the monarch in right of each is represented by a lieutenant governor. As territories fall under the federal jurisdiction, they each have a commissioner, rather than a lieutenant governor, who represents the federal Crown-in-Council directly.
As all executive authority is vested in the sovereign, royal assent is required to allow for bills to become law and for letters patent and orders-in-council to have legal effect. While the power for these acts stems from the Canadian people through the constitutional conventions of democracy, executive authority remains vested in the Crown and is only entrusted by the sovereign to the government on behalf of the people. This underlines the Crown's role in safeguarding the rights, freedoms, and democratic system of government of Canadians, reinforcing the fact that "governments are the servants of the people and not the reverse". Thus, within Canada's constitutional monarchy the sovereign's direct participation in any of these areas of governance is normally limited, with the sovereign typically exercising executive authority only with the advice and consent of the Cabinet of Canada, and the sovereign's legislative and judicial responsibilities largely carried out through the Parliament of Canada as well as judges and justices of the peace. There are, though, cases where the sovereign or their representative would have a duty to act directly and independently under the doctrine of necessity to prevent genuinely unconstitutional acts. In these respects, the sovereign and his viceroys are custodians of the Crown's reserve powers and represent the "power of the people above government and political parties". Put another way, the Crown functions as the guarantor of Canada's continuous and stable governance and as a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power. Despite its pivotal constitutional functions, the monarchy remains widely misunderstood by not only the Canadian public, but also many politicians.
Canada is one of the oldest extant monarchies in the world. Established in the 16th century, the monarchy has evolved through a continuous succession of initially French and later British sovereigns into the independent Canadian sovereigns of today. No part of Canada has been a republic or part of a republic; though, there have been isolated calls for the country to become one. The Crown, however, is considered to be "entrenched" into the governmental framework. The institution that is Canada's system of constitutional monarchy is sometimes colloquially referred to as the Maple Crown or Crown of Maples, Canada having developed a "recognizably Canadian brand of monarchy".Though not part of the Canadian monarchy, either past or present, Canada has an even older tradition of hereditary chieftainship in some First Nations, which has been likened to non-sovereign monarchy and today exists in parallel with the Canadian Crown and individual band governments. All three entities are components of the nation-to-nation relationship between the Crown and First Nations in upholding treaty rights and obligations developed over the centuries. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Monarchy of Canada",
"owner of",
"24 Sussex Drive"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Monarchy of Canada",
"owner of",
"Citadelle of Quebec"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Monarchy of Canada",
"owner of",
"Rideau Hall"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Monarchy of Canada",
"owner of",
"Centre Block"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Monarchy of Canada",
"owner of",
"East Block"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Monarchy of Canada",
"owner of",
"Harrington Lake"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Monarchy of Canada",
"owner of",
"West Block"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Monarchy of Canada",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Monarchy in Canada"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Entertainment Consumers Association",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Canada"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Entertainment Consumers Association",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | Entertainment Consumers Association (ECA) is a United States-based non-partisan, non-government, non-profit organization dedicated to the interests of individuals who play computer and video games in the United States and Canada. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Entertainment Consumers Association",
"founded by",
"Hal Halpin"
] | History
Hal Halpin, a game industry veteran and former president of the Interactive Entertainment Merchants Association (IEMA) – now called the Entertainment Merchants Association (EMA) – founded ECA in July 2006. The concept of the ECA was born following an IEMA board of directors meeting, in which Halpin recognized a need for consumer representation. The association was launched as a means for consumer rights advocacy following a string of anti-games legislation aimed at criminalizing the sale of certain video games. Although publishers were effectively represented by Entertainment Software Association (ESA) and retailers by Entertainment Merchants Association (EMA), consumers of video games were virtually unrepresented until the launch of ECA. Halpin was still president of the association as of April 2021. | null | null | null | null | 18 |
[
"Federal Court of Canada",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Canada"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Federal Court of Canada",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Federal Court of Canada"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Federal Court of Canada",
"replaces",
"Exchequer Court of Canada"
] | Federal Court of Canada
In 1971, the Federal Court of Canada was established, consisting of two divisions (the "Federal Court – Trial Division" and the "Federal Court – Appeal Division"), inheriting much of the jurisdiction of the Exchequer Court. The Federal Court of Canada gained the jurisdiction to hear judicial reviews from federal agencies and tribunals. With respect to maritime jurisdiction, the Trial Division was declared to have: | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Federal Court of Canada",
"followed by",
"Federal Court of Appeal"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Federal Court of Canada",
"followed by",
"Federal Court"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Canada"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"2015 Canadian federal election",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Canada"
] | The 2015 Canadian federal election held on October 19, 2015, saw the Liberal Party, led by Justin Trudeau, win 184 seats, allowing it to form a majority government with Trudeau becoming the next prime minister.
The election was held to elect members to the House of Commons of the 42nd Canadian Parliament. In keeping with the maximum four year term under a 2007 amendment to the Canada Elections Act, the writs of election for the 2015 election were issued by Governor General David Johnston on August 4. The ensuing campaign was one of the longest in Canadian history. It was also the first time since the 1979 election that a prime minister attempted to remain in office into a fourth consecutive Parliament and the first time since the 1980 election that someone attempted to win a fourth term of any kind as prime minister.
The Liberal Party, led by Justin Trudeau, won 184 seats, allowing it to form a majority government with Trudeau becoming the next prime minister. Trudeau and the rest of his cabinet were sworn in on November 4, 2015. The Conservative Party, led by incumbent Prime Minister Stephen Harper, won 99 seats, becoming the Official Opposition after nearly a decade on the government benches. The New Democratic Party, led by Tom Mulcair, won 44 seats, becoming the third-largest party in the House of Commons, after having formed the Official Opposition following the 2011 election. The Bloc Québécois won 10 seats, the Green Party won 1 seat, and Strength in Democracy lost all its seats.
The Liberal Party's increase of 148 seats from the previous election was the largest-ever numerical increase by a party in a Canadian election. Prior to the campaign, the Liberals had held only 36 seats—the fewest seats ever held at dissolution by any federal party that won the following election. The Liberals also became the first federal party in Canadian history to win a majority of seats without having been either the governing party or the Official Opposition in the previous parliament, and this was only the second time a party went from having the third-most seats to the most seats (the first being in 1925). It was the second largest number of seats won in a federal election for the Liberals, the best being 191 in 1949. The election also had the highest voter turnout since 1993. Every party represented in the House of Commons except the Liberal Party recorded a decrease in its popular vote share.
Following the election, Harper conceded defeat to Trudeau and resigned as leader of the Conservative Party. Gilles Duceppe resigned as leader of the Bloc Québécois shortly after the election on October 22, 2015. Tom Mulcair announced his intention to remain leader of the NDP, but was forced to step down in October 2017, after losing a party vote on his leadership in the spring of 2016. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"2015 Canadian federal election",
"follows",
"2011 Canadian federal election"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"2015 Canadian federal election",
"topic's main category",
"Category:2015 Canadian federal election"
] | The 2015 Canadian federal election held on October 19, 2015, saw the Liberal Party, led by Justin Trudeau, win 184 seats, allowing it to form a majority government with Trudeau becoming the next prime minister.
The election was held to elect members to the House of Commons of the 42nd Canadian Parliament. In keeping with the maximum four year term under a 2007 amendment to the Canada Elections Act, the writs of election for the 2015 election were issued by Governor General David Johnston on August 4. The ensuing campaign was one of the longest in Canadian history. It was also the first time since the 1979 election that a prime minister attempted to remain in office into a fourth consecutive Parliament and the first time since the 1980 election that someone attempted to win a fourth term of any kind as prime minister.
The Liberal Party, led by Justin Trudeau, won 184 seats, allowing it to form a majority government with Trudeau becoming the next prime minister. Trudeau and the rest of his cabinet were sworn in on November 4, 2015. The Conservative Party, led by incumbent Prime Minister Stephen Harper, won 99 seats, becoming the Official Opposition after nearly a decade on the government benches. The New Democratic Party, led by Tom Mulcair, won 44 seats, becoming the third-largest party in the House of Commons, after having formed the Official Opposition following the 2011 election. The Bloc Québécois won 10 seats, the Green Party won 1 seat, and Strength in Democracy lost all its seats.
The Liberal Party's increase of 148 seats from the previous election was the largest-ever numerical increase by a party in a Canadian election. Prior to the campaign, the Liberals had held only 36 seats—the fewest seats ever held at dissolution by any federal party that won the following election. The Liberals also became the first federal party in Canadian history to win a majority of seats without having been either the governing party or the Official Opposition in the previous parliament, and this was only the second time a party went from having the third-most seats to the most seats (the first being in 1925). It was the second largest number of seats won in a federal election for the Liberals, the best being 191 in 1949. The election also had the highest voter turnout since 1993. Every party represented in the House of Commons except the Liberal Party recorded a decrease in its popular vote share.
Following the election, Harper conceded defeat to Trudeau and resigned as leader of the Conservative Party. Gilles Duceppe resigned as leader of the Bloc Québécois shortly after the election on October 22, 2015. Tom Mulcair announced his intention to remain leader of the NDP, but was forced to step down in October 2017, after losing a party vote on his leadership in the spring of 2016. | null | null | null | null | 22 |
[
"2015 Canadian federal election",
"followed by",
"2019 Canadian federal election"
] | null | null | null | null | 23 |
|
[
"Chief Public Health Officer of Canada",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Canada"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Chief Public Health Officer of Canada",
"officeholder",
"Theresa Tam"
] | Chief public health officers
Theresa Tam is the third and present CPHO. Initially taking on the role in an acting capacity on December 16, 2016 following the retirement of Gregory Taylor, Tam was formally appointed on June 26, 2017, and led the Government of Canada's COVID-19 response in 2020. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Canada"
] | The Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, or CADTH, is a Canadian national organisation that provides research and analysis to healthcare decision-makers.The organisation was established in 1989 by the country's federal government, and those of its provinces and territories. Before April 2006, CADTH was known as the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment (CCOHTA).See also
International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA, USA)
European Medicines Agency (EMEA, EU)
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan)
Health Canada | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Western Block Party",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Canada"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Charitable organization (Canada)",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Canada"
] | A charitable organization in Canada is regulated under the Canadian Income Tax Act through the Charities Directorate of the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA).
There are more than 85,600 registered charities in Canada. The charitable sector employs over 2 million people and accounts for about 7% of the GDP of Canada. Registered charities are registered under the Income Tax Act as either a "charitable organization", "public foundation" or "private foundation". Although these distinctions were more important in the past, there are now few practical differences between the three types of registered charities. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"King's Privy Council for Canada",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Canada"
] | The King's Privy Council for Canada (French: Conseil privé du Roi pour le Canada), sometimes called His Majesty's Privy Council for Canada or simply the Privy Council (PC), is the full group of personal consultants to the monarch of Canada on state and constitutional affairs. Practically, the tenets of responsible government require the sovereign or his viceroy, the governor general of Canada, to almost always follow only that advice tendered by the Cabinet: a committee within the Privy Council composed usually of elected members of Parliament. Those summoned to the KPC are appointed for life by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister of Canada, meaning that the group is composed predominantly of former Cabinet ministers, with some others having been inducted as an honorary gesture. Those in the council are accorded the use of an honorific style and post-nominal letters, as well as various signifiers of precedence. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Sanborn maps",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Canada"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Sanborn maps",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | History
In the late 18th century, insurance companies in London began to create detailed maps to give underwriters the information they needed to assess fire risk. The practice was adopted by American insurance companies in the mid-19th century. Demand for fire insurance mapping grew rapidly after the end of the Civil War. Factors such as the Homestead Act, railroad construction, the Second Industrial Revolution and massive immigration to the United States all fostered huge population growths, urbanization, and heightened demand for mapping.
Daniel Alfred Sanborn, a civil engineer and surveyor, began working on fire insurance maps in 1866. That year, he was contracted by the Aetna Insurance Company to prepare maps of areas in Tennessee. About the same time, he developed similar maps of Boston, published as Insurance Map of Boston, Volume 1, 1867. Seeing a lucrative market for this type of map, he established the D. A. Sanborn National Insurance Diagram Bureau in New York City to publish the Boston atlas and develop and sell maps of additional areas.Within several decades, the company became the largest and most successful American map company. This growth came about through savvy management and the buyout of competing firms. In 1889 Sanborn acquired Perris and Browne, an older firm, and can by virtue of this expansion date its origins to 1852. The firm name established by Sanborn in 1867 was changed in 1876 when the firm was incorporated under the name Sanborn Map and Publishing Company, which then became the Sanborn-Perris Map Company, Ltd. until 1902, when the name was shortened to the Sanborn Map Company.In 1916, Sanborn purchased its last major competitor, the E. Hexamer & Sons of Philadelphia, and became a monopoly. Company headquarters moved to 629 Fifth Avenue in northern Pelham, New York, but there were also regional offices in San Francisco, Chicago, and Atlanta. The Sanborn Company sent out legions of surveyors to map building footprints in all major urbanized areas, along with building details related to fire risk. At its peak in the 1920s, the company employed about 700 people, including about 300 field surveyors and 400 cartographers, printers, managers, salesmen, and support staff. Areas under intensive development were surveyed every six months.
Sanborn's monopoly was resented by some insurance companies for its high cost. The Underwriter's Association of the Pacific complained that an "Eastern monopoly" was giving service that was "very slow, expensive, and generally unsatisfactory." In the 1910s, the National Board of Fire Underwriters investigated the possibility of creating its own maps. However, many insurance companies opposed the proposal, citing the "very large expenditure" required and their satisfaction with Sanborn's "commendably satisfactory" service. Instead, the NBFU Map Committee took an active role in Sanborn's operations. In 1922, Sanborn agreed to add a member of the Map Committee to its Board of Directors, and a second seat was added by 1927. However, the onset of the Great Depression greatly curtailed construction activity in the United States. By 1936, Sanborn had reduced its publishing output from 60 to 20 volumes per year, a pace that would take over 50 years to update the entire map collection.Digital map collections
ProQuest Digital Sanborn Maps, 1867–1970 — pay site (free from some public and academic libraries)
Sanborn Maps, Environmental Data Resources — pay site
Sanborn Maps from over 15 states — Library of Congress
Sanborn Maps of Alabama, 1884–1950 — University of Alabama
Sanborn Maps of San Francisco, California, 1900 — SF Genealogy
Sanborn Maps of San Francisco, California, 1905 — David Rumsey
Sanborn Maps of San Jose, California – San Jose Public Library – Digital Sanborn Fire Maps of San Jose available to library card holders
Sanborn Maps of Colorado, 1883–1922 — University of Colorado Digital Library
Sanborn Maps of Florida, 1860–1923 — University of Florida Library
Sanborn Maps of Georgia, 1884–1922 — Digital Library of Georgia
Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps of Illinois — University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Map Library
Sanborn Maps of Indianapolis, Indiana, 1887–1941 — IUPUI University Library
Sanborn Maps of Muncie, Indiana, 1883–1911 — Ball State University Library
Sanborn Maps of Kansas, 1883–1922 — University of Kansas Libraries
Sanborn Maps of Kentucky, 1884–1922 — Kentuckiana Digital Library
Sanborn Maps of Frankfort, Kentucky, 1907 — David Rumsey
Sanborn Maps of Hallowell, Maine, 1890 — David Rumsey
Sanborn Maps of Maine – University of Maine Fogler Library, Orono
Sanborn Maps of Missouri, 1883–1951 — University of Missouri
Sanborn Maps of St. Louis, Missouri, 1870–1904 — Washington University in St. Louis
Sanborn Maps of Nevada, 1879–1923 — University of Nevada, Reno
Sanborn Maps of New Jersey, 1884–1950 — Princeton University Library
Sanborn Maps of New Hampshire, 1880s–1940s — Dartmouth College Library
Insurance Maps of New York — New York Public Library
Sanborn Maps of North Carolina, 1884–1922 — University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Sanborn Maps of Cincinnati, Ohio — The Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County
Sanborn Maps of Toledo, Ohio, 1902 — Toledo's Attic
Sanborn Maps of Pennsylvania, 1884–1958 — Pennsylvania State University Libraries
Sanborn Maps of Texas, 1877–1922 — University of Texas Libraries
Sanborn Maps of South Carolina, 1884–1960 — University of South Carolina Library
Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps at University of Utah Digital Library, Marriott Library Special Collections
Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps of Wisconsin Communities – Wisconsin Historical Society
Sanborn Maps of Kenosha, Wisconsin, 1918 — UW Milwaukee, AGS Library
Sanborn Maps of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1894 and 1910 — UW Milwaukee, AGS Library | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Sanborn maps",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Mexico"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Sanborn maps",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Cuba"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"National Occupational Classification",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Canada"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"National Do Not Call List",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Canada"
] | The National Do Not Call List (DNCL) (French: Liste nationale de numéros de télécommunication exclus) is a list administered by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) that enables residents of Canada to decide whether or not to receive telemarketing calls. It was first announced by the Government of Canada on 13 December 2004.The DNCL has been labelled a "disaster" and over a decade after the law's creation, many telemarketers are either unaware or do not follow the rules imposed by the DNCL.The DNCL continues to receive heavy criticism, the latest being from Senator Percy Downe who referred to it as "totally useless", due to the costly but totally ineffective enforcement, the large number of exempt groups and the ability for anyone from anywhere in the world to purchase sets of phone numbers for relatively low fees, and then abuse the Do Not Call List as a calling list. Senator Downe cited multiple examples of constituents, whom he had personally added to the list, receiving a sudden increase in telemarketing calls three months later.On 20 April 2009, the CRTC announced that telephone and fax numbers on the list would be listed on the DNCL for five years, extended from the three years at the list's inception. Numbers are now on the list indefinitely.Overview
Legislation entitled Bill C-37, An Act to amend the Telecommunications Act, introduced in the House of Commons, was given first reading on 13 December 2004. It addressed telemarketing calls in Canada and would allow people to sign up to prevent certain telemarketers from contacting them. It received royal assent on 25 November 2005 and came into force on 30 June 2006.The legislation gives the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) authority to establish a national do not call list, to establish procedures to administer the Act and to levy penalties for violations.Starting 30 September 2008, residents of Canada were able to register their telephone numbers on the list online, or by telephone, fax or teletype.Exemptions
The Do Not Call List exempts Canadian registered charities, political parties, riding associations, candidates, pollsters and newspapers of general circulation for the purpose of soliciting subscriptions. Telemarketing calls from organizations with whom residents have an existing business relationship are also exempt. Telemarketers may also still call if a resident gave them permission in a written form or verbally. This law also does not extend its protections to non-Canadian phone numbers.
Paragraph 41.7(4) of The Telecommunications Act requires that every exempted telemarketer "shall maintain their own do not call list and shall ensure that no telecommunication is made on their behalf to any person who has requested that they receive no telecommunication...". Unlike the DNCL Rules, the Act itself makes no provision for a grace period or expiry, so all do not call requests must be honoured immediately and permanently.
In letters dated 27 June 2008, to the Canadian Marketing Association (CMA) and the Canadian Bankers Association (CBA), CRTC Chairman Konrad von Finckenstein personally ruled that do not call requests from third parties, such as iOptOut.ca, are to be considered "...as valid requests and must be honoured." Due to its overwhelming popularity, iOptOut.ca is currently being upgraded and improved.On 13 November 2008, the CRTC declined a request from telecommunications provider Rogers Wireless to permit Canadian wireless customers to block unsolicited SMS text messages through the DNCL. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Western Independence Party",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Canada"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Public Services and Procurement Canada",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Canada"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Rising Sun Flag",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Japan"
] | The Rising Sun Flag (旭日旗, Kyokujitsu-ki) is a Japanese flag that consists of a red disc and sixteen red rays emanating from the disc. Like the Japanese national flag, the Rising Sun Flag symbolizes the sun.
The flag was originally used by feudal warlords in Japan during the Edo period (1603–1868 CE). On May 15, 1870, as a policy of the Meiji government, it was adopted as the war flag of the Imperial Japanese Army, and on October 7, 1889, it was adopted as the naval ensign of the Imperial Japanese Navy.At present, the flag is flown by the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, and an eight-ray version is flown by the Japan Self-Defense Forces and the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force. The rising sun design is also seen in numerous scenes in daily life in Japan, such as in fishermen's banners hoisted to signify large catches of fish, flags to celebrate childbirth, and in flags for seasonal festivities.The flag is controversial in Korea and China, where it is associated with Japanese militarism and imperialism. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Rising Sun Flag",
"depicts",
"Sun"
] | History and design
The flag of Japan and the symbolism of the rising Sun has held symbolic meaning in Japan since the Asuka period (538–710 CE). The Japanese archipelago is east of the Asian mainland, and is thus where the Sun "rises". In 607 CE, an official correspondence that began with "from the Emperor of the rising sun" was sent to Chinese Emperor Yang of Sui. Japan is often referred to as "the land of the rising sun". In the 12th century work The Tale of the Heike, it was written that different samurai carried drawings of the Sun on their fans.The Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced 'Nihon' or 'Nippon', and literally means "the origin of the sun". The character nichi (日) means "sun" or "day"; hon (本) means "base" or "origin". The compound therefore means "origin of the sun" and is the source of the popular Western epithet "Land of the Rising Sun". The red disc symbolizes the Sun and the red lines are light rays shining from the rising sun.The design of the Rising Sun Flag (Asahi) has been widely used since ancient times, and a part of it was called "Hiashi" (日足/ひあし) and used as the samurai's crest ("Hiashimon" (日足紋)). The flag was especially used by samurai in the Kyushu region. Examples include the "twelve sun-rays" (変わり十二日足) of the Ryūzōji clan (1186–1607 CE) in Hizen Province and the Kusano clan (草野氏) in Chikugo Province, and the "eight sun-rays" (八つ日足紋) of the Kikuchi clan (1070–1554 CE) in Higo Province. There is a theory that in many parts of the Kyushu region, Hizen and Higo are related to what was called "the country of Japan (Hi)".There have been many types of Asahi flags since ancient times, and the design in which light rays spread in all directions without clouds expresses honored day or auspicious events, and was a design that was used for celebrate a good catch, childbirth and seasonal festivities. A well-known variant of the flag of the sun disc design is the sun disc with 16 red rays in a Siemens star formation. The Rising Sun Flag (旭日 旗, Kyokujitsu-ki) has been used as a traditional national symbol of Japan since at least the Edo period (1603 CE). It is featured in artwork such as ukiyo-e prints, one example being the Lucky Gods' visit to Enoshima ukiyo-e print by Utagawa Yoshiiku in 1869 and the One Hundred Views of Osaka, Three Great Bridges print by Utagawa Kunikazu in 1854. The Fujiyama Tea Co. used it as a wooden box label of Japanese green tea for export in the Meiji period (1880s).The Rising Sun Flag was historically used by the daimyō (大名) and Japan's military, particularly the Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy. The ensign, known in Japanese as the Jyūrokujō-Kyokujitsu-ki (十六条旭日旗), was first adopted as the war flag on May 15, 1870, and was used until the end of World War II in 1945. It was re-adopted on June 30, 1954, and is now used by the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF). The Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) and Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF) use a variation of the Rising Sun Flag with red, white and gold colors.The design is similar to the flag of Japan, which has a red circle in the center signifying the Sun. The difference compared to the flag of Japan is that the Rising Sun Flag has extra sun rays (16 for the ensign) exemplifying the name of Japan as "The Land of the Rising Sun". The Imperial Japanese Army first adopted the Rising Sun Flag in 1870. The Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy both had a version of the flag; the naval ensign was off-set, with the red sun closer to the lanyard side, while the army's version (which was part of the regimental colors) was centered. The flags were used until Japan's surrender in World War II during August 1945. After the establishment of the Japan Self-Defense Forces in 1954, the off-set Rising Sun Flag was re-adopted for the JMSDF and a new 8-rays Rising Sun Flag with a yellow border for the JGSDF and JSDF was approved by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP/GHQ). The flag with the off-set sun and 16 rays is the ensign of the Maritime Self-Defense Force, but it was modified with a different color red. The old flag is darker red (RGB #b12d3d) and the post-WW2 modified version is brighter red (RGB #bd0029).The Imperial Japanese Army flag with symmetrical 16 rays and a 2:3 ratio was abolished. The Japan Self-Defense Forces and the Ground Self-Defense Force use a significantly different Rising Sun Flag with 8-rays and an 8:9 ratio. The edges of the rays are asymmetrical since they form angles 19, 21, 26 and 24 degrees. It also has indentations for the yellow (golden) irregular triangles along borders. The JSDF Rising Sun Flag was adopted by a law/order/decree published in the Official Gazette of June 30, 1954.Regardless of the military flag, before the Meiji period, the design of Asahi was used for prayers, festivals, celebration events, reconstruction, logos of companies and products, big catch flags (Tairyō-bata), corporate and product logos and sports. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Rising Sun Flag",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Empire of Japan"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Rising Sun Flag",
"depicts",
"sunlight"
] | History and design
The flag of Japan and the symbolism of the rising Sun has held symbolic meaning in Japan since the Asuka period (538–710 CE). The Japanese archipelago is east of the Asian mainland, and is thus where the Sun "rises". In 607 CE, an official correspondence that began with "from the Emperor of the rising sun" was sent to Chinese Emperor Yang of Sui. Japan is often referred to as "the land of the rising sun". In the 12th century work The Tale of the Heike, it was written that different samurai carried drawings of the Sun on their fans.The Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced 'Nihon' or 'Nippon', and literally means "the origin of the sun". The character nichi (日) means "sun" or "day"; hon (本) means "base" or "origin". The compound therefore means "origin of the sun" and is the source of the popular Western epithet "Land of the Rising Sun". The red disc symbolizes the Sun and the red lines are light rays shining from the rising sun.The design of the Rising Sun Flag (Asahi) has been widely used since ancient times, and a part of it was called "Hiashi" (日足/ひあし) and used as the samurai's crest ("Hiashimon" (日足紋)). The flag was especially used by samurai in the Kyushu region. Examples include the "twelve sun-rays" (変わり十二日足) of the Ryūzōji clan (1186–1607 CE) in Hizen Province and the Kusano clan (草野氏) in Chikugo Province, and the "eight sun-rays" (八つ日足紋) of the Kikuchi clan (1070–1554 CE) in Higo Province. There is a theory that in many parts of the Kyushu region, Hizen and Higo are related to what was called "the country of Japan (Hi)".There have been many types of Asahi flags since ancient times, and the design in which light rays spread in all directions without clouds expresses honored day or auspicious events, and was a design that was used for celebrate a good catch, childbirth and seasonal festivities. A well-known variant of the flag of the sun disc design is the sun disc with 16 red rays in a Siemens star formation. The Rising Sun Flag (旭日 旗, Kyokujitsu-ki) has been used as a traditional national symbol of Japan since at least the Edo period (1603 CE). It is featured in artwork such as ukiyo-e prints, one example being the Lucky Gods' visit to Enoshima ukiyo-e print by Utagawa Yoshiiku in 1869 and the One Hundred Views of Osaka, Three Great Bridges print by Utagawa Kunikazu in 1854. The Fujiyama Tea Co. used it as a wooden box label of Japanese green tea for export in the Meiji period (1880s).The Rising Sun Flag was historically used by the daimyō (大名) and Japan's military, particularly the Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy. The ensign, known in Japanese as the Jyūrokujō-Kyokujitsu-ki (十六条旭日旗), was first adopted as the war flag on May 15, 1870, and was used until the end of World War II in 1945. It was re-adopted on June 30, 1954, and is now used by the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF). The Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) and Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF) use a variation of the Rising Sun Flag with red, white and gold colors.The design is similar to the flag of Japan, which has a red circle in the center signifying the Sun. The difference compared to the flag of Japan is that the Rising Sun Flag has extra sun rays (16 for the ensign) exemplifying the name of Japan as "The Land of the Rising Sun". The Imperial Japanese Army first adopted the Rising Sun Flag in 1870. The Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy both had a version of the flag; the naval ensign was off-set, with the red sun closer to the lanyard side, while the army's version (which was part of the regimental colors) was centered. The flags were used until Japan's surrender in World War II during August 1945. After the establishment of the Japan Self-Defense Forces in 1954, the off-set Rising Sun Flag was re-adopted for the JMSDF and a new 8-rays Rising Sun Flag with a yellow border for the JGSDF and JSDF was approved by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP/GHQ). The flag with the off-set sun and 16 rays is the ensign of the Maritime Self-Defense Force, but it was modified with a different color red. The old flag is darker red (RGB #b12d3d) and the post-WW2 modified version is brighter red (RGB #bd0029).The Imperial Japanese Army flag with symmetrical 16 rays and a 2:3 ratio was abolished. The Japan Self-Defense Forces and the Ground Self-Defense Force use a significantly different Rising Sun Flag with 8-rays and an 8:9 ratio. The edges of the rays are asymmetrical since they form angles 19, 21, 26 and 24 degrees. It also has indentations for the yellow (golden) irregular triangles along borders. The JSDF Rising Sun Flag was adopted by a law/order/decree published in the Official Gazette of June 30, 1954.Regardless of the military flag, before the Meiji period, the design of Asahi was used for prayers, festivals, celebration events, reconstruction, logos of companies and products, big catch flags (Tairyō-bata), corporate and product logos and sports. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Bank of Japan",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Japan"
] | The Bank of Japan (日本銀行, Nippon Ginkō, BOJ, JASDAQ: 8301) is the central bank of Japan. The bank is often called Nichigin (日銀) for short. It has its headquarters in Chūō, Tokyo. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Bank of Japan",
"founded by",
"Matsukata Masayoshi"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Bank of Japan",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Bank of Japan"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Independent Administrative Institution",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Japan"
] | An Incorporated Administrative Agency (独立行政法人, Dokuritsu gyōsei hōjin, Dokugyo in abbreviation), or Independent Administrative Institution, is a type of legal corporation formulated by the Government of Japan under the Act on General Rules for Incorporated Administrative Agencies (Act no. 103 of 1999, revised in 2014). The independent agencies are not under the National Government Organization Act that provides for the ministries and agencies of Japan.
Originally proposed by the Administrative Reform Council, the independent agencies are created based on the concept of separating the ministries and agencies of the government into planning functions and operation functions. Planning functions remain within government-based ministries and agencies while operating functions are transferred to the independent agencies.
Incorporated Administrative Agencies utilize management methods of private-sector corporations and are given considerable autonomy in their operations and how to use their given budgets. In April 2001, the government first designated 59 bodies as the independent agencies, among which were many research institutions and some museums.Classification
Independent Administrative Agencies are classified into three agency types according to Article 1 of Act no. 103 of 1999.
Agency Managed under the Medium-Term Objectives (中期目標管理法人, Chūki Mokuhyō Kanri Hōjin)
National Research and Development Agency (国立研究開発法人, Kokuritsu Kenkyū Kaihatsu Hōjin)
Agency Engaged in Administrative Execution (行政執行法人, Gyōsei Shikkō Hōjin) | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Independent Administrative Institution",
"different from",
"National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Independent Administrative Institution",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Independent Administrative Institutions of Japan"
] | An Incorporated Administrative Agency (独立行政法人, Dokuritsu gyōsei hōjin, Dokugyo in abbreviation), or Independent Administrative Institution, is a type of legal corporation formulated by the Government of Japan under the Act on General Rules for Incorporated Administrative Agencies (Act no. 103 of 1999, revised in 2014). The independent agencies are not under the National Government Organization Act that provides for the ministries and agencies of Japan.
Originally proposed by the Administrative Reform Council, the independent agencies are created based on the concept of separating the ministries and agencies of the government into planning functions and operation functions. Planning functions remain within government-based ministries and agencies while operating functions are transferred to the independent agencies.
Incorporated Administrative Agencies utilize management methods of private-sector corporations and are given considerable autonomy in their operations and how to use their given budgets. In April 2001, the government first designated 59 bodies as the independent agencies, among which were many research institutions and some museums. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Financial Services Agency",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Japan"
] | The Financial Services Agency (金融庁, Kin'yū-chō, FSA) is a Japanese government agency and an integrated financial regulator responsible for overseeing banking, securities and exchange, and insurance sectors in order to ensure the stability of the financial system of Japan. The agency operates with a Commissioner and reports to the Minister of State for Financial Services. It oversees the Securities and Exchange Surveillance Commission and the Certified Public Accountants and Auditing Oversight Board. Its main office is located in Tokyo. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Financial Services Agency",
"replaces",
"Ministry of the Treasury"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Financial Services Agency",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Financial Services Agency"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Agency for Cultural Affairs",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Japan"
] | The Agency for Cultural Affairs (Japanese: 文化庁, Hepburn: Bunka-chō) is a special body of the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). It was set up in 1968 to promote Japanese arts and culture.
The agency's budget for FY 2018 rose to ¥107.7 billion.Overview
The agency's Cultural Affairs Division disseminates information about the arts within Japan and internationally, and the Cultural Properties Protection Division protects the nation's cultural heritage. The Cultural Affairs Division is concerned with such areas as art and culture promotion, art copyrights, and improvements in the national language. It also supports both national and local arts and cultural festivals, and it funds traveling cultural events in music, theater, dance, art exhibitions, and film-making. Special prizes are offered to encourage young artists and established practitioners, and some grants are given each year to enable them to train abroad. The agency funds national museums of modern art in Kyoto and Tokyo and The National Museum of Western Art in Tokyo, which exhibit both Japanese and international shows. The agency also supports the Japan Art Academy, which honors eminent persons of arts and letters, appointing them to membership and offering ￥3.5 million in prize money. Awards are made in the presence of the Emperor, who personally bestows the highest accolade, the Order of Culture. In 1989, for the first time two women — a writer and a costume designer — were nominated for the Order of Cultural Merit, another official honor carrying the same stipend.
The Cultural Properties Protection Division originally was established to oversee restorations after World War II. As of April 2018, it was responsible for 1,805 historic sites, including the ancient capitals of Asuka, Heijokyo, and Fujiwara, 410 scenic places, and 1,027 national monuments, and for such indigenous fauna as ibis and storks. In addition, over 10,000 items had the lesser designation of Important Cultural Properties, with fine arts and crafts accounting for the largest share, with over 10,000 so designated.The government protects buried properties, of which some 300,000 had been identified. During the 1980s, many important prehistoric and historic sites were investigated by the archaeological institutes that the agency funded, resulting in about 2,000 excavations in 1989. The wealth of material unearthed shed new light on the controversial period of the formation of the Japanese state.
A 1975 amendment to the Cultural Properties Protection Act of 1897 enabled the Agency for Cultural Affairs to designate traditional areas and buildings in urban centers for preservation. From time to time, various endangered traditional artistic skills are added to the agency's preservation roster, such as the 1989 inclusion of a kind of ancient doll making.
One of the most important roles of the Cultural Properties Protection Division is to preserve the traditional arts and crafts and performing arts through their living exemplars. Individual artists and groups, such as a dance troupe or a pottery village, are designated as mukei bunkazai (intangible cultural assets) in recognition of their skill. Major exponents of the traditional arts have been designated as ningen kokuho (living national treasures). About seventy persons are so honored at any one time; in 1989 the six newly designated masters were a kyogen (comic) performer, a chanter of bunraku (puppet) theater, a performer of the nagauta shamisen (a special kind of stringed instrument), the head potter making Nabeshima decorated porcelain ware, the top pictorial lacquer-ware artist, and a metal-work expert. Each was provided a lifetime annual pension of ￥2 million and financial aid for training disciples.
A number of institutions come under the aegis of the Agency for Cultural Affairs: the national museums of Japanese and Asian art in Tokyo, Kyoto, Nara, Osaka and Fukuoka, the cultural properties research institutes at Tokyo and Nara, and the national theaters. During the 1980s, the National Noh Theatre and the National Bunraku Theater were constructed by the government.
As of April 2021, it is led by the Commissioner for Cultural Affairs, Shunichi Tokura.
The agency is based in the Kamigyo Ward of Kyoto. Main parts of the agency moved to Kyoto in 2023, while other parts remained in Tokyo. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Agency for Cultural Affairs",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Agency for Cultural Affairs"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Agency for Cultural Affairs",
"owner of",
"Media Arts Database"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Imperial Seal of Japan",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Japan"
] | The Imperial Seal of Japan or National Seal of Japan, also called the Chrysanthemum Seal (菊紋, kikumon), Chrysanthemum Flower Seal (菊花紋, 菊花紋章, kikukamon, kikukamonshō) or Imperial chrysanthemum emblem (菊の御紋, kikunogomon) is the mon used by the Emperor of Japan and members of the Imperial Family.
It is one of the national seals of Japan and is used in a manner similar to a national coat of arms of Japan, e.g., on Japanese passports. The Japanese government uses a different emblem, the Paulownia seal. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Imperial Seal of Japan",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Empire of Japan"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"National Personnel Authority",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Japan"
] | The National Personnel Authority (人事院, Jinji-in), also abbreviated NPA, is a Japanese administrative agency. In order to ensure fairness, neutrality and uniformity in the personnel management of national civil servants and fulfill the function of compensating for restrictions on basic labor rights, it is an administrative committee that enacts, amends and abolishes rules of the National Personnel Authority, judges adverse disposition reviews, and makes recommendations regarding salaries.
It is a "Central Personnel Administration Agency" established through the National Public Service Act. In order to maintain the fairness of personnel administration, although the National Personnel Authority itself belongs to the Cabinet, its authority is exercised independently of the Cabinet. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"National Personnel Authority",
"topic's main category",
"Category:National Personnel Authority"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Cannabis Control Law",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Japan"
] | The Cannabis Control Law (大麻取締法, Taima torishimari hō) of Japan, aka 1948 Law No. 124, is the national law of Japan concerning cannabis possession, cultivation, and transfer.Enforcement target
According to Article 1 of the same Act, the term "hemp" in this Act means "hemp grass (Cannabis Sativa el) and its products, resins are included therein, mature stems and seeds and their products are excluded It is stipulated. It is because hemp seed is used for shichimi because it is not regulated.
Article 2 of the same law is a provision on handlers of cannabis and Article 3 prohibits production, distribution, "use for research" other than cannabis handlers.
Article 4, paragraph 1, item 2 of the law prohibits the use and application of medicines manufactured from "marijuana" to any person. This point is different from the fact that morphine designated as a drug in the drug and cosmetic drug regulation is approved for medical use only, as methamphetamine designated as a stimulant in the Stimulant Drug Control Law is approved.
Article 4, paragraph 1, item 4 of the same law prohibits cannabis advertising except in specific cases.
However, unlike other drug control laws, "possession and use" together will be subject to control, whereas the Cannabis Control Law can not punish for "cannabis use only". This is because hemp is growing in nature and there is a possibility that hemp may be aspirated without knowing it.Enactment and amendment of law
At the first International Opium Convention in 1912, a resolution was made prohibiting the abuse of opium, morphine and cocaine, but the ratification of the First World War had extended to 1919.In this case, it was said that it was desirable for India cannabis to be researched from a scientific standpoint.Then, in 1925 (Taisho 14), in the Second Opium Convention, the international Regulation of cannabis began as "India cannabis", with the provision of restrictions on the use of India cannabis preparations for medical and academic purposes only, and regulations on import and export and illegal trade. In Japan, in 1930 (Showa 5), "Drug Control Regulations (Interior Ordinance 17)" was enacted, and cannabis was designated as a drug.
The provisions of those days were related to the manufacture of cannabis (notification to the Interior Minister), import and export and transfer procedures, etc.
After that, the drug control rule was integrated into the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act of enactment in 1943, but cannabis was still subject to drug designation and was regulated. After World War II, the crackdown on cannabis "drug raw plant cultivation, drug production" was enacted as a Potsdam ordinance based on the so-called Potsdam Emergency Decree (Imperial Decree No. 542, 1945, "Orders to be Issued in Consequence of the Acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration").
It was started by Import and export Prohibition (No. 46 of the Ministry of Health and Welfare), and hemp was designated as a narcotic and the cultivation of hemp grass was completely prohibited. Then, also, as the Ministry of the Potsdam Ordinance "Cannabis Regulation (Welfare and Agriculture Ordinance No. 1 of Showa 22)" has been enacted to regulate the cannabis independent from the drug, allowing the cultivation of hemp by permission.The import, export, possession, and the sale of hemp were restricted. In 1948 (Showa 23), the drug control law that unified the opium method (Law No. 123 in 1947) was enacted, hemp cultivation is mainly due to differences between farmers and morphine, which are mainly related to medical institutions, apart from the drug control law. The Cannabis Control Law was newly enacted and the rules for cannabis control were abolished. In the Cannabis Control Law, the treatment of cannabis was limited only to academic research and collection of textiles and seeds, and the handling of cannabis was a license system.
In addition, we prohibit the possession, cultivation, import and export of cannabis by unlicensed, and stipulate the penalty. The cannabis Control Law has been amended dozens of times. In 1953, the definition of cannabis was revised as "large hemp and its products," and hemp grass seeds were excluded from the regulations. In 1963, a legal sentence for penalties was raised in the amendment.
In 1990, the amendment was the provision of weighted punishment for profit-making, such as cultivation, import, export, transfer, acquisition, possession, etc. and the newly established crime, intermediation, and other crimes for the attempted crimes, cultivation, import and export. In recent years, the international public opinion that the regulation should be strengthened because of the increasing number of international illicit transactions such as narcotics, in 1984, the United Nations General Assembly began a study of the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.
It was adopted in Vienna, 1988. In response to this Treaty, the amendment of the drug-related law, including the Cannabis Control Law, was made in 1991. In this, expansion of the range of punishment of the crime of provision of funds, expansion of the scope of confiscation to vehicles, etc. that were used for the transportation of cannabis, and the establishment of the rules for the deportation. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Imperial Household Law",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Japan"
] | The Imperial Household Law of 1947 (皇室典範, Kōshitsu Tenpan) is a Japanese law that governs the line of imperial succession, the membership of the imperial family, and several other matters pertaining to the administration of the Imperial Household.
In 2017, the National Diet changed the law to enable the Emperor to abdicate within three years. With this change, Emperor Akihito abdicated on 30 April 2019. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Imperial Household Law",
"replaces",
"Imperial Household Law"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Imperial Household Law",
"different from",
"Imperial Household Law"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Imperial Household Law",
"main subject",
"Imperial House of Japan"
] | The Imperial Household Law of 1947 (皇室典範, Kōshitsu Tenpan) is a Japanese law that governs the line of imperial succession, the membership of the imperial family, and several other matters pertaining to the administration of the Imperial Household.
In 2017, the National Diet changed the law to enable the Emperor to abdicate within three years. With this change, Emperor Akihito abdicated on 30 April 2019.Passage of the law
The Imperial Household Law was passed during the Shōwa era on January 16, 1947, by the last session of the Imperial Diet. This law superseded the Imperial Household Law of 1889, which had enjoyed co-equal status with the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and could only be amended by the Emperor. The revised statute is subordinate to the Constitution of Japan, which went into effect on May 3, 1947. It develops Chapter 1: Article 2 of the Constitution of Japan, which states: "The Imperial Throne shall be dynastic and succeeded to in accordance with the Imperial House Law passed by the Diet".The chapters of the Imperial Household Law addresses the following: | null | null | null | null | 11 |
[
"Japan Association of Athletics Federations",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Japan"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Japan Patent Office",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Japan"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Taikun",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Japan"
] | Actually spelled "tycoon" during its brief usage in English language diplomatic notes in the 1860s, Taikun (大君) is an archaic Japanese term of respect derived from Chinese I Ching, which once referred to an independent ruler who did not have an imperial lineage. Its literal meaning is "Great Lord/Prince" or "Supreme Commander". In the Edo period, this word was used as a diplomatic title designating the shōgun of Japan in relations with foreign countries, as an attempt to convey that in fact not the Japanese Emperor, but rather the shōgun was the point of call in relations with foreign countries. The official name is "Nihon-koku Taikun" (日本国大君, Tycoon of Japan).
For purposes of foreign relations, the term was first used by the Tokugawa shogunate in an attempt to extricate Japan from the Sino-centric system of relations. The shōgun certainly could not call himself the Emperor of Japan (天皇, Tennō), but he also could not use the term "king" (国王, kokuō). As formal language is extremely important in diplomacy, the connotations of most alternative terms were found to be inappropriate, and so taikun was chosen to best represent the shōgun in formal diplomatic communications.
Still going back 1,000 years and more in history, Empress Kōgyoku (皇極天皇, Kōgyoku-tennō, 594–661) of Japan and predecessors are said to have had the title (大和大君), read "Yamato Taikun".
The word has entered the English language as tycoon, where it has assumed the meaning of "a person of great wealth, influence or power". The term is notable as a Japanese word in English that comes from a different meaning in Japanese culture. Still, a "tycoon" is a person of great influence without formal title, whereas a "taikun" was a ruler without imperial lineage. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Taikun",
"follows",
"King of Japan"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Taikun",
"cause",
"Yanagawa Incident"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Taikun",
"said to be the same as",
"Tokugawa shogun"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Cabinet Legislation Bureau",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Japan"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Cabinet Legislation Bureau",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Cabinet Legislation Bureau"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Living National Treasure (Japan)",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Japan"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Living National Treasure (Japan)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Living National Treasures of Japan"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Government of Japan",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Japan"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Government of Japan",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Government of Japan"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"2019 Canadian federal election",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Canada"
] | The 2019 Canadian federal election was held on October 21, 2019. Members of the House of Commons were elected to the 43rd Canadian Parliament. In keeping with the maximum four-year term under a 2007 amendment to the Canada Elections Act, the writs of election for the 2019 election were issued by Governor General Julie Payette on September 11, 2019.
With 33.12% of the vote for the Liberal Party, led by incumbent Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, the 2019 election ranked second (with the 2021 federal election ranking first) for the lowest vote share for a party that would go on to form a single-party minority government. The Liberals lost the popular vote to the Conservative Party by one per cent, marking only the second time in Canadian history that a governing party formed a government while receiving less than 35 per cent of the national popular vote, the first time being the inaugural 1867 Canadian federal election after Confederation.
The Conservatives, led by Andrew Scheer, won 121 seats and remained the Official Opposition. The Bloc Québécois, led by Yves-François Blanchet, won 32 seats to regain official party status and became the third party for the first time since 2008. The New Democratic Party, led by Jagmeet Singh, won 24 seats, its worst result since 2004. The Green Party, led by Elizabeth May, saw its best election results with three seats and for the first time received over one million votes. The Greens also elected their first MP outside of British Columbia, Jenica Atwin in Fredericton, New Brunswick. Independent MP Jody Wilson-Raybould won her seat and was the first independent to win a seat in over a decade. In their first election, the People's Party failed to win any seats, as leader Maxime Bernier lost his own seat in Beauce, a seat he won as a Conservative in the previous four elections before forming his own party following his unsuccessful bid for the Conservative Party's leadership. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"2019 Canadian federal election",
"participant",
"Liberal Party of Canada"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"2019 Canadian federal election",
"participant",
"New Democratic Party"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"2019 Canadian federal election",
"participant",
"Conservative Party of Canada"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"2019 Canadian federal election",
"participant",
"Bloc Québécois"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"2019 Canadian federal election",
"participant",
"Green Party of Canada"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"2019 Canadian federal election",
"follows",
"2015 Canadian federal election"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"2019 Canadian federal election",
"participant",
"People's Party of Canada"
] | null | null | null | null | 22 |
|
[
"2019 Canadian federal election",
"topic's main category",
"Category:2019 Canadian federal election"
] | The 2019 Canadian federal election was held on October 21, 2019. Members of the House of Commons were elected to the 43rd Canadian Parliament. In keeping with the maximum four-year term under a 2007 amendment to the Canada Elections Act, the writs of election for the 2019 election were issued by Governor General Julie Payette on September 11, 2019.
With 33.12% of the vote for the Liberal Party, led by incumbent Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, the 2019 election ranked second (with the 2021 federal election ranking first) for the lowest vote share for a party that would go on to form a single-party minority government. The Liberals lost the popular vote to the Conservative Party by one per cent, marking only the second time in Canadian history that a governing party formed a government while receiving less than 35 per cent of the national popular vote, the first time being the inaugural 1867 Canadian federal election after Confederation.
The Conservatives, led by Andrew Scheer, won 121 seats and remained the Official Opposition. The Bloc Québécois, led by Yves-François Blanchet, won 32 seats to regain official party status and became the third party for the first time since 2008. The New Democratic Party, led by Jagmeet Singh, won 24 seats, its worst result since 2004. The Green Party, led by Elizabeth May, saw its best election results with three seats and for the first time received over one million votes. The Greens also elected their first MP outside of British Columbia, Jenica Atwin in Fredericton, New Brunswick. Independent MP Jody Wilson-Raybould won her seat and was the first independent to win a seat in over a decade. In their first election, the People's Party failed to win any seats, as leader Maxime Bernier lost his own seat in Beauce, a seat he won as a Conservative in the previous four elections before forming his own party following his unsuccessful bid for the Conservative Party's leadership. | null | null | null | null | 24 |
[
"2019 Canadian federal election",
"followed by",
"2021 Canadian federal election"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
|
[
"2021 Canadian federal election",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Canada"
] | The 2021 Canadian federal election was held on September 20, 2021, to elect members of the House of Commons to the 44th Canadian Parliament. The writs of election were issued by Governor General Mary Simon on August 15, 2021, when Prime Minister Justin Trudeau requested the dissolution of parliament for a snap election.Trudeau won a third term as prime minister, his second minority government. Though the Liberals were hoping to win a majority government to govern alone, the results were mostly unchanged from the 2019 Canadian federal election. The Liberals won the most seats at 160; as this fell short of the 170 seats needed for a majority in the House of Commons, they formed a minority government with support from other parties. The Liberals set a record for the lowest vote share of a party that would go on to form government, winning 32.6 per cent of the popular vote, while losing the popular vote to the Conservatives as they did in 2019.The Conservatives led by Erin O'Toole won 119 seats, two fewer than their result in 2019, and continued as the Official Opposition. The Bloc Québécois led by Yves-François Blanchet won 32 seats, unchanged from the prior election. The New Democratic Party led by Jagmeet Singh won 25 seats, a net increase of one seat, but nonetheless fell short of expectations. The Green Party maintained two seats but party leader Annamie Paul was defeated for the third time in her riding of Toronto Centre. The party received 2.3 per cent of the popular vote, approximately a third of what they won in 2019. The People's Party did not win any seats, despite winning nearly 5 per cent of the popular vote, and party leader Maxime Bernier was defeated for the second time in his riding of Beauce.
Following the election, Paul resigned as Green Party leader two months after the election, and O'Toole was ousted as leader by his party's caucus in February 2022 over the poor showing in the election and other controversies ongoing at the time. In March 2022, the NDP formed a confidence and supply agreement with the Liberals.Background
The 2019 Canadian federal election resulted in the Liberals, led by incumbent Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, losing both their parliamentary majority and the popular vote but nevertheless winning the most seats and remaining in office as a minority government. The Conservatives, who had gained seats and won the popular vote, continued as the Official Opposition. The Bloc Québécois regained official party status and became the third party, replacing the New Democrats in that role, with the latter party losing seats but maintaining official party status as the fourth party. Although the Greens increased their seats in the House of Commons, they ultimately failed to achieve the required number of MPs (twelve) for official party status, and no other party won any seats.In the immediate aftermath of the 2019 federal election, all leaders initially announced that they would continue as the heads of their respective parties into the 43rd Canadian Parliament. Elizabeth May said that she might not lead the Greens into the 44th federal election, and ultimately resigned as Green Party leader on November 4, 2019. On November 6, 2019, the members of the Conservative caucus decided to not adopt a measure which would have given them the ability to remove Andrew Scheer as leader; his leadership would still have been reviewed at the party's next convention, which was scheduled for April 2020. On December 12, Scheer announced his intention to resign as leader. He stayed on until his successor Erin O'Toole was chosen and remains as the MP for Regina—Qu'Appelle.On August 15, 2021, after a request from Prime Minister Trudeau, the governor general dissolved parliament and called an election for September 20. The election was called on the same day as the fall of Kabul. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"2021 Canadian federal election",
"follows",
"2019 Canadian federal election"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"2021 Canadian federal election",
"topic's main category",
"Category:2021 Canadian federal election"
] | The 2021 Canadian federal election was held on September 20, 2021, to elect members of the House of Commons to the 44th Canadian Parliament. The writs of election were issued by Governor General Mary Simon on August 15, 2021, when Prime Minister Justin Trudeau requested the dissolution of parliament for a snap election.Trudeau won a third term as prime minister, his second minority government. Though the Liberals were hoping to win a majority government to govern alone, the results were mostly unchanged from the 2019 Canadian federal election. The Liberals won the most seats at 160; as this fell short of the 170 seats needed for a majority in the House of Commons, they formed a minority government with support from other parties. The Liberals set a record for the lowest vote share of a party that would go on to form government, winning 32.6 per cent of the popular vote, while losing the popular vote to the Conservatives as they did in 2019.The Conservatives led by Erin O'Toole won 119 seats, two fewer than their result in 2019, and continued as the Official Opposition. The Bloc Québécois led by Yves-François Blanchet won 32 seats, unchanged from the prior election. The New Democratic Party led by Jagmeet Singh won 25 seats, a net increase of one seat, but nonetheless fell short of expectations. The Green Party maintained two seats but party leader Annamie Paul was defeated for the third time in her riding of Toronto Centre. The party received 2.3 per cent of the popular vote, approximately a third of what they won in 2019. The People's Party did not win any seats, despite winning nearly 5 per cent of the popular vote, and party leader Maxime Bernier was defeated for the second time in his riding of Beauce.
Following the election, Paul resigned as Green Party leader two months after the election, and O'Toole was ousted as leader by his party's caucus in February 2022 over the poor showing in the election and other controversies ongoing at the time. In March 2022, the NDP formed a confidence and supply agreement with the Liberals.Background
The 2019 Canadian federal election resulted in the Liberals, led by incumbent Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, losing both their parliamentary majority and the popular vote but nevertheless winning the most seats and remaining in office as a minority government. The Conservatives, who had gained seats and won the popular vote, continued as the Official Opposition. The Bloc Québécois regained official party status and became the third party, replacing the New Democrats in that role, with the latter party losing seats but maintaining official party status as the fourth party. Although the Greens increased their seats in the House of Commons, they ultimately failed to achieve the required number of MPs (twelve) for official party status, and no other party won any seats.In the immediate aftermath of the 2019 federal election, all leaders initially announced that they would continue as the heads of their respective parties into the 43rd Canadian Parliament. Elizabeth May said that she might not lead the Greens into the 44th federal election, and ultimately resigned as Green Party leader on November 4, 2019. On November 6, 2019, the members of the Conservative caucus decided to not adopt a measure which would have given them the ability to remove Andrew Scheer as leader; his leadership would still have been reviewed at the party's next convention, which was scheduled for April 2020. On December 12, Scheer announced his intention to resign as leader. He stayed on until his successor Erin O'Toole was chosen and remains as the MP for Regina—Qu'Appelle.On August 15, 2021, after a request from Prime Minister Trudeau, the governor general dissolved parliament and called an election for September 20. The election was called on the same day as the fall of Kabul. | null | null | null | null | 16 |
[
"2021 Canadian federal election",
"followed by",
"2025 Canadian federal election"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"42nd Canadian Parliament",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Canada"
] | The 42nd Canadian Parliament was in session from December 3, 2015, to September 11, 2019, with the membership of its lower chamber, the House of Commons of Canada, having been determined by the results of the 2015 federal election held on October 19, 2015, and thirty new appointees to its Upper House, the Senate of Canada. Parliament officially resumed on December 3, 2015, with the election of a new Speaker, Geoff Regan, followed by a Speech from the Throne the following day. The Speaker of the Senate of Canada was George Furey, who was appointed Speaker of the Canadian Senate on the advice of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, to replace Leo Housakos, on December 3, 2015. On September 11, 2019, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau advised Governor General Julie Payette to dissolve Parliament and issue the writ of election, leading to a 5-week election campaign period for the 2019 federal election. Significant legislation adopted during the 42nd Parliament included the Cannabis Act, the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act, the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement Implementation Act, the Trans-Pacific Partnership Implementation Act, the Canada Infrastructure Bank Act, the Impact Assessment Act and Canadian Energy Regulator Act, as well as the legalizing of medical assistance in dying and adding gender identity and expression to the list of prohibited grounds of discrimination in the Canadian Human Rights Act. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"42nd Canadian Parliament",
"follows",
"41st Canadian Parliament"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"42nd Canadian Parliament",
"significant event",
"2015 Canadian federal election"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"42nd Canadian Parliament",
"topic's main category",
"Category:42nd Canadian Parliament"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"42nd Canadian Parliament",
"followed by",
"43rd Canadian Parliament"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"International Fuel Tax Agreement",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Canada"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"International Fuel Tax Agreement",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
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