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32.9k
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stringlengths 4
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int64 0
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sequence | __index_level_1__
int64 312
64.1k
⌀ | __index_level_0__
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2.4k
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Umpqua National Forest",
"separated from",
"Cascade National Forest"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Umpqua National Forest",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Umpqua National Forest"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"National Sports Tribunal",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Australia"
] | The National Sports Tribunal was established by the National Sports Tribunal Act 2019 to hear and resolve sports-related disputes in Australia. It provides national sporting organisations (and other sporting bodies), athletes and athlete support personnel with "a cost-effective, efficient, and independent forum for resolving sports-related disputes, consistent, transparent and accountable services and a range of resolution methods: arbitration, mediation, conciliation or case appraisal".The Tribunal was a recommendation of the Report of the Review of Australia's Sports Integrity Arrangements (the Wood review). Previously appeals from the Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA) had been heard by the Administrative Appeals Tribunal. As part of the same package of reforms ASADA was replaced by a new body, Sport Integrity Australia.John Boultbee was appointed the inaugural Chief Executive Officer on 2 March 2020. The Tribunal began operations on 19 March 2020. The National Sports Tribunal will initially be established as a two-year trial to develop capability against demand, and refine operations and services. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"National Sports Tribunal",
"separated from",
"Administrative Appeals Tribunal"
] | The National Sports Tribunal was established by the National Sports Tribunal Act 2019 to hear and resolve sports-related disputes in Australia. It provides national sporting organisations (and other sporting bodies), athletes and athlete support personnel with "a cost-effective, efficient, and independent forum for resolving sports-related disputes, consistent, transparent and accountable services and a range of resolution methods: arbitration, mediation, conciliation or case appraisal".The Tribunal was a recommendation of the Report of the Review of Australia's Sports Integrity Arrangements (the Wood review). Previously appeals from the Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA) had been heard by the Administrative Appeals Tribunal. As part of the same package of reforms ASADA was replaced by a new body, Sport Integrity Australia.John Boultbee was appointed the inaugural Chief Executive Officer on 2 March 2020. The Tribunal began operations on 19 March 2020. The National Sports Tribunal will initially be established as a two-year trial to develop capability against demand, and refine operations and services. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Ohara-ryū",
"separated from",
"Ikenobō"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Ohara-ryū",
"founded by",
"Unshin Ohara"
] | Styles
The school has various own styles as well as from other schools:
Hana-ishō (花意匠) is a basic free style.Moribana (盛り花) was developed by Ohara Unshin and quickly became popular among other schools.Hanakanade (花奏) has two lines crossing each other.Hanamai (花舞) is a three-dimensional arrangement.Heika (瓶花) is another term for the traditional nageirebana (抛入花).Rimpa (琳派) is influenced by the Rinpa school of Japanese art.Bunjinbana (文人花) is a Chinese-influenced style. | null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Behavioral Neuroscience (journal)",
"separated from",
"Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Behavioral Neuroscience (journal)",
"replaces",
"Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Behavioral Neuroscience (journal)",
"main subject",
"behavioral neuroscience"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Urbino–Urbania–Sant'Angelo in Vado",
"separated from",
"Diocese of Urbania-Sant'Angelo in Vado"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Urbino–Urbania–Sant'Angelo in Vado",
"replaces",
"Diocese of Urbania-Sant'Angelo in Vado"
] | Archbishops of Urbino–Urbania–Sant'Angelo in Vado
United: 30 September 1986 with the Archdiocese of UrbinoLatin Name: Urbinatensis–Urbaniensis–Sancti Angeli in VadoMetropolitan: Archdiocese of Pesaro (no longer a metropolitan see) | null | null | null | null | 13 |
[
"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Urbino–Urbania–Sant'Angelo in Vado",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Urbino-Urbania-Sant'Angelo in Vado"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Urbino–Urbania–Sant'Angelo in Vado",
"replaces",
"Archdiocese of Urbino"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Cool FM",
"owned by",
"Bauer Radio"
] | Cool FM is an Independent Local Radio station based in Newtownards, Northern Ireland. The station is owned and operated by Bauer and forms part of Bauer's Hits Radio Network.
The station began broadcasting in 1990 when its parent station Downtown Radio ceased simulcasting and split its AM and FM frequencies into two separate services. Downtown Radio continued on 1026 kHz AM and FM frequencies outside Belfast–and Cool FM was created to broadcast on 97.4 MHz. Initially broadcasting to the Greater Belfast area only, Cool FM can now be received across Northern Ireland on DAB.
As of March 2023, the station broadcasts to a weekly audience of 489,000, according to RAJAR.Programming
Cool FM plays a broad mix of popular, youth-orientated Pop and Dance music. Some of the stations most popular shows are Pete Snodden in the Morning with Pete, Paulo and Rebeeca and the Cool Saturday Show with Stuart Robinson and Deputy Dave. Cool FM features some specialised music such as Cool of Rock on weekday mornings, classic hits in The Cool Years on Sunday afternoons and Cool Goes Quiet, love songs on Sunday–Thursday nights.
Although station owner, Bauer Radio, packages Cool FM as part of the Hits Radio Network for selling advertising, Cool FM does not broadcast any Hits Radio networked programmes. All of Cool FM shows are locally-presented and produced from its Newtownards studios.
Local news bulletins air on the hour between 6am and 10pm every day. On weekdays, there are extended bulletins at 1pm and 5pm and headlines on the half hour during breakfast and drivetime. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Cool FM",
"separated from",
"Downtown Radio"
] | Cool FM is an Independent Local Radio station based in Newtownards, Northern Ireland. The station is owned and operated by Bauer and forms part of Bauer's Hits Radio Network.
The station began broadcasting in 1990 when its parent station Downtown Radio ceased simulcasting and split its AM and FM frequencies into two separate services. Downtown Radio continued on 1026 kHz AM and FM frequencies outside Belfast–and Cool FM was created to broadcast on 97.4 MHz. Initially broadcasting to the Greater Belfast area only, Cool FM can now be received across Northern Ireland on DAB.
As of March 2023, the station broadcasts to a weekly audience of 489,000, according to RAJAR. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Manchester (Pittsburgh)",
"separated from",
"Reserve Township"
] | History
Manchester began as a village along the shore of the river, providing supplies and services to the surrounding farms. On November 2, 1843, by act of the Pennsylvania Assembly, the borough of Manchester was created out of the surrounding Ross Township. By 1868 there was a well-used wharf in the borough that needed repair. On 12 March 1867, the State Legislature enacted a statute to allow Allegheny City to annex the Borough of Manchester, adding a 9 April 1867 supplement to also annex the southern portions of M'Clure and Reserve townships. Until 1907, Manchester was a ward of Allegheny, Pennsylvania. Thereafter it is a neighborhood of Pittsburgh with boundaries that are still clearly known. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Miyake Subprefecture",
"located on terrain feature",
"Izu Islands"
] | Miyake Subprefecture (三宅支庁, Miyake-shichō) is a subprefecture of Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. The organization belongs to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau Of General Affairs.
It includes the following villages on the Izu Islands:Miyake (village on Miyakejima)
Mikurajima (village on Mikurajima)Its area is 76.08 square km and 3184 people.
Because of the eruptions of the main volcano, Miyakejima was completely evacuated from September 2000. After a four-year period of volcanic emissions, residents were allowed to return permanently on February 1, 2005. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Miyake Subprefecture",
"separated from",
"Ōshima Subprefecture"
] | History
1920: The island halls of Miyakejima and Mikurajima were abolished. Ōshima Island Government Office took control of the islands. The branch office was founded on Miyakejima.
1926: Changed to Ōshima Subprefecture.
1943: Miyakejima Branch Office was split as Miyake Subprefecture. | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Myōkō-Togakushi Renzan National Park",
"separated from",
"Jōshin'etsu-kōgen National Park"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Tokugawa clan",
"founded by",
"Tokugawa Ieyasu"
] | History
Minamoto no Yoshishige (1135–1202), grandson of Minamoto no Yoshiie (1041–1108), was the first to take the name of Nitta. He sided with his cousin Minamoto no Yoritomo against the Taira clan (1180) and accompanied him to Kamakura. Nitta Yoshisue, 4th son of Yoshishige, settled at Tokugawa (Kozuke province) and took the name of that place. Their provincial history book did not mention Minamoto clan or Nitta clan.The nominal originator of the Matsudaira clan was reportedly Matsudaira Chikauji, who was originally a poor Buddhist monk. He reportedly descended from Nitta Yoshisue in the 8th generation and witnessed the ruin of the Nitta in their war against the Ashikaga. He settled at Matsudaira (Mikawa province) and was adopted by his wife's family. Their provincial history book claimed that this original clan was Ariwara clan. Because this place is said to have been reclaimed by Ariwara Nobumori, one theory holds that Matsudaira clan was related to Ariwara no Narihira.Matsudaira Nobumitsu (15th century), son of Chikauji, was in charge of Okazaki Castle, and strengthened the authority of his family in the Mikawa province. Nobumitsu's great-great-grandson Matsudaira Kiyoyasu made his clan strong, but was assassinated. In 1567, Matsudaira Motonobu – then known as Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542–1616) – grandson of Kiyoyasu, was recognized by Emperor Ōgimachi as a descendant of Seiwa Genji; he also started the family name Tokugawa.
The clan rose to power at the end of the Sengoku period. To the end of the Edo period they ruled Japan as shōguns. There were fifteen Tokugawa shōguns. Their dominance was so strong that some history books use the term "Tokugawa era" instead of "Edo period". Their principal family shrine is the Tōshō-gū in Nikkō, and their principal temples (bodaiji) are Kan'ei-ji and Zōjō-ji, both in Tokyo. Heirlooms of the clan are partly administered by the Tokugawa Memorial Foundation.
After the death of Ieyasu, in 1636, the heads of the gosanke (the three branches with fiefs in Owari, Kishū, and Mito) also bore the Tokugawa surname, so did the three additional branches, known as the gosankyō: the Tayasu (1731), Hitotsubashi (1735), and Shimizu (1758) family, after the ascension of Tokugawa Yoshimune. Once a shōgun died without a living heir, both the heads of gosanke (except Mito-Tokugawa family) and gosankyō had priority to succeed his position. Many daimyōs descended from cadet branches of the clan, however, retained the surname Matsudaira; examples include the Matsudaira of Fukui and Aizu. Members of the Tokugawa clan intermarried with prominent daimyo and the Imperial family.
On November 9, 1867, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the 15th and the last shōgun of Tokugawa, tendered his resignation to Emperor Meiji. He formally stepped down ten days later, returning governing power to the Emperor, marking the end of the ruling power of the Tokugawa shogunate. In 1868, Tokugawa Iesato (1863–1940, from Tayasu family) was chosen as the heir to Yoshinobu as the head of Tokugawa clan. On July 7, 1884, Iesato became a prince, just like the heads of some of other notable Japanese noble families, known as Kazoku.The 1946 Constitution of Japan abolished the kazoku and the noble titles, making Iesato's son, Iemasa Tokugawa, no longer a prince. Iemasa had a son Iehide, who died young, so he was succeeded by one of his grandsons, Tsunenari.
Tsunenari is the second son of Toyoko (eldest daughter of Iemasa) and Ichirō Matsudaira (son of Tsuneo Matsudaira), and he is also a patrilineal descendant of Tokugawa Yorifusa, the youngest son of Tokugawa Ieyasu.In 2007, Tsunenari published a book entitled Edo no idenshi (江戸の遺伝子), released in English in 2009 as The Edo Inheritance, which seeks to counter the common belief among Japanese that the Edo period was like a Dark Age, when Japan, cut off from the world, fell behind. On the contrary, he argues, the roughly 250 years of peace and relative prosperity saw great economic reforms, the growth of a sophisticated urban culture, and the development of the most urbanized society on the planet. Tsunenari formed the Tokugawa Memorial Foundation in 2003 to preserve and administer the historical objects, art, armor and documents that have been passed down in the Tokugawa family over the generations, display them for the general public and provide assistance to academic research on topics concerning historical Japan. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Tokugawa clan",
"separated from",
"Matsudaira clan"
] | The Tokugawa clan (Shinjitai: 徳川氏, Kyūjitai: 德川氏, Tokugawa-shi or Tokugawa-uji) is a Japanese dynasty which produced the Tokugawa shoguns who ruled Japan from 1603 to 1867 during the Edo period. It was formerly a powerful daimyō family. They nominally descended from Emperor Seiwa (850–880) and were a branch of the Minamoto clan (Seiwa Genji) through the Matsudaira clan. The early history of the clan remains a mystery.History
Minamoto no Yoshishige (1135–1202), grandson of Minamoto no Yoshiie (1041–1108), was the first to take the name of Nitta. He sided with his cousin Minamoto no Yoritomo against the Taira clan (1180) and accompanied him to Kamakura. Nitta Yoshisue, 4th son of Yoshishige, settled at Tokugawa (Kozuke province) and took the name of that place. Their provincial history book did not mention Minamoto clan or Nitta clan.The nominal originator of the Matsudaira clan was reportedly Matsudaira Chikauji, who was originally a poor Buddhist monk. He reportedly descended from Nitta Yoshisue in the 8th generation and witnessed the ruin of the Nitta in their war against the Ashikaga. He settled at Matsudaira (Mikawa province) and was adopted by his wife's family. Their provincial history book claimed that this original clan was Ariwara clan. Because this place is said to have been reclaimed by Ariwara Nobumori, one theory holds that Matsudaira clan was related to Ariwara no Narihira.Matsudaira Nobumitsu (15th century), son of Chikauji, was in charge of Okazaki Castle, and strengthened the authority of his family in the Mikawa province. Nobumitsu's great-great-grandson Matsudaira Kiyoyasu made his clan strong, but was assassinated. In 1567, Matsudaira Motonobu – then known as Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542–1616) – grandson of Kiyoyasu, was recognized by Emperor Ōgimachi as a descendant of Seiwa Genji; he also started the family name Tokugawa.
The clan rose to power at the end of the Sengoku period. To the end of the Edo period they ruled Japan as shōguns. There were fifteen Tokugawa shōguns. Their dominance was so strong that some history books use the term "Tokugawa era" instead of "Edo period". Their principal family shrine is the Tōshō-gū in Nikkō, and their principal temples (bodaiji) are Kan'ei-ji and Zōjō-ji, both in Tokyo. Heirlooms of the clan are partly administered by the Tokugawa Memorial Foundation.
After the death of Ieyasu, in 1636, the heads of the gosanke (the three branches with fiefs in Owari, Kishū, and Mito) also bore the Tokugawa surname, so did the three additional branches, known as the gosankyō: the Tayasu (1731), Hitotsubashi (1735), and Shimizu (1758) family, after the ascension of Tokugawa Yoshimune. Once a shōgun died without a living heir, both the heads of gosanke (except Mito-Tokugawa family) and gosankyō had priority to succeed his position. Many daimyōs descended from cadet branches of the clan, however, retained the surname Matsudaira; examples include the Matsudaira of Fukui and Aizu. Members of the Tokugawa clan intermarried with prominent daimyo and the Imperial family.
On November 9, 1867, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the 15th and the last shōgun of Tokugawa, tendered his resignation to Emperor Meiji. He formally stepped down ten days later, returning governing power to the Emperor, marking the end of the ruling power of the Tokugawa shogunate. In 1868, Tokugawa Iesato (1863–1940, from Tayasu family) was chosen as the heir to Yoshinobu as the head of Tokugawa clan. On July 7, 1884, Iesato became a prince, just like the heads of some of other notable Japanese noble families, known as Kazoku.The 1946 Constitution of Japan abolished the kazoku and the noble titles, making Iesato's son, Iemasa Tokugawa, no longer a prince. Iemasa had a son Iehide, who died young, so he was succeeded by one of his grandsons, Tsunenari.
Tsunenari is the second son of Toyoko (eldest daughter of Iemasa) and Ichirō Matsudaira (son of Tsuneo Matsudaira), and he is also a patrilineal descendant of Tokugawa Yorifusa, the youngest son of Tokugawa Ieyasu.In 2007, Tsunenari published a book entitled Edo no idenshi (江戸の遺伝子), released in English in 2009 as The Edo Inheritance, which seeks to counter the common belief among Japanese that the Edo period was like a Dark Age, when Japan, cut off from the world, fell behind. On the contrary, he argues, the roughly 250 years of peace and relative prosperity saw great economic reforms, the growth of a sophisticated urban culture, and the development of the most urbanized society on the planet. Tsunenari formed the Tokugawa Memorial Foundation in 2003 to preserve and administer the historical objects, art, armor and documents that have been passed down in the Tokugawa family over the generations, display them for the general public and provide assistance to academic research on topics concerning historical Japan. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Tokugawa clan",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Tokugawa clan"
] | History
Minamoto no Yoshishige (1135–1202), grandson of Minamoto no Yoshiie (1041–1108), was the first to take the name of Nitta. He sided with his cousin Minamoto no Yoritomo against the Taira clan (1180) and accompanied him to Kamakura. Nitta Yoshisue, 4th son of Yoshishige, settled at Tokugawa (Kozuke province) and took the name of that place. Their provincial history book did not mention Minamoto clan or Nitta clan.The nominal originator of the Matsudaira clan was reportedly Matsudaira Chikauji, who was originally a poor Buddhist monk. He reportedly descended from Nitta Yoshisue in the 8th generation and witnessed the ruin of the Nitta in their war against the Ashikaga. He settled at Matsudaira (Mikawa province) and was adopted by his wife's family. Their provincial history book claimed that this original clan was Ariwara clan. Because this place is said to have been reclaimed by Ariwara Nobumori, one theory holds that Matsudaira clan was related to Ariwara no Narihira.Matsudaira Nobumitsu (15th century), son of Chikauji, was in charge of Okazaki Castle, and strengthened the authority of his family in the Mikawa province. Nobumitsu's great-great-grandson Matsudaira Kiyoyasu made his clan strong, but was assassinated. In 1567, Matsudaira Motonobu – then known as Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542–1616) – grandson of Kiyoyasu, was recognized by Emperor Ōgimachi as a descendant of Seiwa Genji; he also started the family name Tokugawa.
The clan rose to power at the end of the Sengoku period. To the end of the Edo period they ruled Japan as shōguns. There were fifteen Tokugawa shōguns. Their dominance was so strong that some history books use the term "Tokugawa era" instead of "Edo period". Their principal family shrine is the Tōshō-gū in Nikkō, and their principal temples (bodaiji) are Kan'ei-ji and Zōjō-ji, both in Tokyo. Heirlooms of the clan are partly administered by the Tokugawa Memorial Foundation.
After the death of Ieyasu, in 1636, the heads of the gosanke (the three branches with fiefs in Owari, Kishū, and Mito) also bore the Tokugawa surname, so did the three additional branches, known as the gosankyō: the Tayasu (1731), Hitotsubashi (1735), and Shimizu (1758) family, after the ascension of Tokugawa Yoshimune. Once a shōgun died without a living heir, both the heads of gosanke (except Mito-Tokugawa family) and gosankyō had priority to succeed his position. Many daimyōs descended from cadet branches of the clan, however, retained the surname Matsudaira; examples include the Matsudaira of Fukui and Aizu. Members of the Tokugawa clan intermarried with prominent daimyo and the Imperial family.
On November 9, 1867, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the 15th and the last shōgun of Tokugawa, tendered his resignation to Emperor Meiji. He formally stepped down ten days later, returning governing power to the Emperor, marking the end of the ruling power of the Tokugawa shogunate. In 1868, Tokugawa Iesato (1863–1940, from Tayasu family) was chosen as the heir to Yoshinobu as the head of Tokugawa clan. On July 7, 1884, Iesato became a prince, just like the heads of some of other notable Japanese noble families, known as Kazoku.The 1946 Constitution of Japan abolished the kazoku and the noble titles, making Iesato's son, Iemasa Tokugawa, no longer a prince. Iemasa had a son Iehide, who died young, so he was succeeded by one of his grandsons, Tsunenari.
Tsunenari is the second son of Toyoko (eldest daughter of Iemasa) and Ichirō Matsudaira (son of Tsuneo Matsudaira), and he is also a patrilineal descendant of Tokugawa Yorifusa, the youngest son of Tokugawa Ieyasu.In 2007, Tsunenari published a book entitled Edo no idenshi (江戸の遺伝子), released in English in 2009 as The Edo Inheritance, which seeks to counter the common belief among Japanese that the Edo period was like a Dark Age, when Japan, cut off from the world, fell behind. On the contrary, he argues, the roughly 250 years of peace and relative prosperity saw great economic reforms, the growth of a sophisticated urban culture, and the development of the most urbanized society on the planet. Tsunenari formed the Tokugawa Memorial Foundation in 2003 to preserve and administer the historical objects, art, armor and documents that have been passed down in the Tokugawa family over the generations, display them for the general public and provide assistance to academic research on topics concerning historical Japan. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)",
"separated from",
"Irish Volunteers"
] | The Irish Republican Army (IRA; Irish: Óglaigh na hÉireann) was an Irish republican revolutionary paramilitary organisation. The ancestor of many groups also known as the Irish Republican Army, and distinguished from them as the "Old IRA", it was descended from the Irish Volunteers, an organisation established on 25 November 1913 that staged the Easter Rising in April 1916. In 1919, the Irish Republic that had been proclaimed during the Easter Rising was formally established by an elected assembly (Dáil Éireann), and the Irish Volunteers were recognised by Dáil Éireann as its legitimate army. Thereafter, the IRA waged a guerrilla campaign against the British occupation of Ireland in the 1919–1921 Irish War of Independence.
Following the signing in 1921 of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, which ended the War of Independence, a split occurred within the IRA. Members who supported the treaty formed the nucleus of the Irish National Army. However, the majority of the IRA was opposed to the treaty. The anti-treaty IRA fought a civil war against the Free State Army in 1922–23, with the intention of creating a fully independent all-Ireland republic. Having lost the civil war, this group remained in existence, with the intention of overthrowing the governments of both the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland and achieving the Irish Republic proclaimed in 1916.Origins
The Irish Volunteers, founded in 1913, staged the Easter Rising, which aimed at ending British rule in Ireland, in 1916. Following the suppression of the Rising, thousands of Volunteers were imprisoned or interned, leading to the break-up of the organisation. It was reorganised in 1917 following the release of first the internees and then the prisoners. At the army convention held in Dublin in October 1917, Éamon de Valera was elected president, Michael Collins Director for Organisation and Cathal Brugha Chairman of the Resident Executive, which in effect made him Chief of Staff.
Following the success of Sinn Féin in the general election of 1918 and the setting up of the First Dáil (the legislature of the Irish Republic), Volunteers commenced military action against the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), the paramilitary police force in Ireland, and subsequently against the British Army. It began with the Soloheadbeg Ambush, when members of the Third Tipperary Brigade led by Séumas Robinson, Seán Treacy, Dan Breen and Seán Hogan, seized a quantity of gelignite, killing two RIC constables in the process.
The Dáil leadership worried that the Volunteers would not accept its authority, given that, under their own constitution, they were bound to obey their own executive and no other body. In August 1919, Brugha proposed to the Dáil that the Volunteers be asked to swear allegiance to the Dáil, but one commentator states that another year passed before the movement took an oath of allegiance to the Irish Republic and its government in "August 1920". In sharp contrast, a contemporary in the struggle for Irish independence notes that by late 1919, the term "Irish Republican Army (IRA)" was replacing "Volunteers" in everyday usage. This change is attributed to the Volunteers, having accepted the authority of the Dáil, being referred to as the "army of the Irish Republic", popularly known as the "Irish Republican Army". Already in September 1917, a group of men from counties Clare and Tipperary charged with illegal drilling were claiming to soldiers of the "Irish Republican Army" and refused to recognise the legitimacy of the court, and insisted they should be treated as prisoners of war.A power struggle continued between Brugha and Collins, both cabinet ministers, over who had the greater influence. Brugha was nominally the superior as Minister for Defence, but Collins's power base came from his position as Director of Organisation of the IRA and from his membership on the Supreme Council of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB). De Valera resented Collins's clear power and influence, which he saw as coming more from the secretive IRB than from his position as a Teachta Dála (TD) and minister in the Aireacht. Brugha and de Valera both urged the IRA to undertake larger, more conventional military actions for the propaganda effect but were ignored by Collins and Mulcahy. Brugha at one stage proposed the assassination of the entire British cabinet. This was also discounted due to its presumed negative effect on British public opinion. Moreover, many members of the Dáil, notably Arthur Griffith, did not approve of IRA violence and would have preferred a campaign of passive resistance to the British rule. The Dáil belatedly accepted responsibility for IRA actions in April 1921, just three months before the end of the Irish War of Independence.
In practice, the IRA was commanded by Collins, with Richard Mulcahy as second in command. These men were able to issue orders and directives to IRA guerrilla units around the country and at times to send arms and organisers to specific areas. However, because of the localised and irregular character of the war, they were only able to exert limited control over local IRA commanders such as Tom Barry, Liam Lynch in Cork and Seán Mac Eoin in Longford.
The IRA claimed a total strength of 70,000, but only about 3,000 were actively engaged in fighting against the Crown. The IRA distrusted those Irishmen who had fought in the British Army during the First World War as potential informers, but there were a number of exceptions such as Emmet Dalton, Tom Barry and Martin Doyle. The IRA divided its members into three classes, namely "unreliable", "reliable" and "active". The "unreliable" members were those who were nominally IRA members but did not do very much for the struggle, "reliable" members played a supporting role in the war while occasionally fighting and the "active" men those who were engaged in full-time fighting. Of the IRA brigades only about one to two-thirds were considered to be "reliable" while those considered "active" were even smaller. A disproportionate number of the "active" IRA men were teachers, medical students, shoemakers and bootmakers; those engaged in building trades like painters, carpenters and bricklayers; draper's assistants and creamery workers. The Canadian historian Peter Hart wrote "...the guerrillas were disproportionately skilled, trained and urban". Farmers and fishermen tended to be underrepresented in the IRA. Those Irishmen engaged in white-collar trades or working as skilled labourers were much more likely to be involved in cultural nationalist groups like the Gaelic League than farmers or fishermen, and thus to have a stronger sense of Irish nationalism. Furthermore, the authority of the Crown tended to be stronger in towns and cities than in the countryside. Thus, those engaged in Irish nationalist activities in urban areas were much more likely to come into conflict with the Crown, leading to a greater chance of radicalisation. Finally, the British tactic of blowing up the homes of IRA members had the effect of discouraging many farmers from joining the struggle as the destruction of the family farm could easily reduce a farmer and his family to destitution. Of the "active" IRA members, three-quarters were in their late teens or early 20s and only 5% of the "active" men were in the age range of 40 or older. The "active" members were overwhelmingly single men with only 4% being married or engaged in a relationship. The life of an "active" IRA man with the stress of living on the run and constantly being in hiding tended to attract single men who could adjust to this lifestyle far more easily than a man in a relationship. Furthermore, the IRA preferred to recruit single men as it was found that singles could devote themselves more wholeheartedly to the struggle.Women were active in the republican movement, but almost no women fought with the IRA whose "active" members were almost entirely male. The IRA was not a sectarian group and went out of its way to proclaim it was open to all Irishmen, but its membership was largely Catholic with virtually no Protestants serving as "active" IRA men. Hart wrote that in his study of the IRA membership that he found only three Protestants serving as "active" IRA men between 1919 and 1921. Of the 917 IRA men convicted by British courts under the Defence of the Realm Act in 1919, only one was a Protestant. The majority of those serving in the IRA were practising Catholics, but there was a large minority of "pagans" as atheists or non-practising Catholics who were known in Ireland. The majority of the IRA men serving in metropolitan Britain were permanent residents with very few sent over from Ireland. The majority of the IRA men operating in Britain were Irish-born, but there was a substantial minority who were British-born, something that made them especially insistent on asserting their Irish identity. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Irish Republican Army"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Nanyang Model High School",
"separated from",
"Nanyang College"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Nanyang Model High School",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Nanyang Model High School"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Nanyang Model High School",
"founded by",
"Sheng Xuanhuai"
] | History
In 1896, Nanyang Public School (Chinese: 南洋公學) was founded by an imperial edict issued by Guangxu Emperor, under the Business and Telegraphs Office of the imperial government. Four schools were then established: the Normal School, the School of Foreign Studies, a middle school and a high school.
In 1901, Sheng Xuanhuai, the first president of the school, also the Minister of Transportation responsible for proposing the idea to the Guangxu Emperor, then founded the predecessor of today's Shanghai Nanyang Model High School as an elementary school affiliated to the growing Nanyang Public School, which has now become Shanghai Jiao Tong University, a prestigious school renowned as one of the oldest and most selective universities in China.
The Elementary school affiliated to Nanyang Public School was one of the oldest new type schools in China found by Chinese. In 1927, the school was independent from the university and became private Nanyang Model Elementary/Middle School. Three years later, the senior department of the school was opened. In 1931, the school moved into Tianping campus. This campus is now the junior department of Nanyang Model High School which was separated from the school in 2000.
In April 1950, Chairman Mao Zedong inscribed “Qing Feng” (Young Pioneer) for the wall-newspaper of senior one students. In 1956, the school became public school again and was renamed as Shanghai No. 71 High School.
In 1958, the name of the school was changed to Nanyang Model High School. In 1959, the school was appointed as one of the key schools in Shanghai.In 2000, following the reform of the education system in Shanghai, the junior department of the school was closed and separated from the original campus and the school then became Shanghai Nanyang Model High School. | null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Oregon National Forest",
"replaces",
"Bull Run National Forest"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Oregon National Forest",
"separated from",
"Cascade National Forest"
] | History
Mount Hood National Forest was first established as the Bull Run Forest Reserve in 1892. It was expanded in 1893. It was merged with part of Cascade National Forest on July 1, 1908, and named Oregon National Forest with 1,787,280 acres (7,232.9 km2). It extended from the Columbia River to the South Fork of the Santiam River until 1911 when the Santiam National Forest was proclaimed and the southern border of the Oregon National Forest was moved north to the divide between the Santiam River and Clackamas River. The name was changed again to Mount Hood National Forest in 1924.In 1940 it was under consideration to become Mount Hood National Park, but this proposal did not materialize. A modern campaign opposed to logging in the national forest revived the push for national park status along with the Columbia River Gorge.The 1952 film Bend of the River was partly shot in Mount Hood National Forest.In 2010, Mount Hood National Forest was honored with its own quarter under the America the Beautiful Quarters program. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Safavid order",
"different from",
"Safavid dynasty"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Safavid order",
"separated from",
"Zahediyeh"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Safavid order",
"replaces",
"Zahediyeh"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Safavid order",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Safaviyeh order"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Safavid order",
"founded by",
"Safi-ad-din Ardabili"
] | The Safavid order, also called the Safaviyya (Persian: صفویه), was a tariqa (Sufi order) founded by the Kurdish mystic Safi-ad-din Ardabili (1252–1334). It held a prominent place in the society and politics of northwestern Iran in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, but today it is best known for having given rise to the Safavid dynasty. While initially founded under the Shafi'i school of Sunni Islam, later adoptions of Shi'i concepts such as the notion of the Imamate by the children and grandchildren of Safi-ad-din Ardabili resulted in the order ultimately becoming associated with Twelverism. | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History",
"main subject",
"Earth"
] | The Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History (神奈川県立生命の星・地球博物館, Kanagawa kenritsu seimei no hoshi chikyū hakubutsukan) is a natural history museum in the city of Odawara in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. The museum has an extensive geology section, and focuses on the flora and fauna of Kanagawa prefecture.The museum is open from 9:00 to 4:30, and closed on Mondays and the second Tuesdays of the month (except national holidays, when they close the day after), and during the New Year's period. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History",
"separated from",
"Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Cultural History"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Liverpool",
"separated from",
"Vicar Apostolic of the Northern District"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Liverpool",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Liverpool"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Liverpool",
"replaces",
"Roman Catholic diocese of Liverpool"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Ontario Court of Justice",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Ontario"
] | The Ontario Court of Justice is the provincial court of record for the Canadian province of Ontario. The court sits at more than 200 locations across the province and oversees matters relating to family law, criminal law, and provincial offences. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Ontario Court of Justice",
"follows",
"Court of Ontario"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Ontario Court of Justice",
"separated from",
"Court of Ontario"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Ontario Court of Justice",
"replaces",
"Court of Ontario"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Ontario Superior Court of Justice",
"replaces",
"Court of Ontario"
] | The Superior Court of Justice (French: Cour supérieure de justice) is a superior court in Ontario. The Court sits in 52 locations across the province, including 17 Family Court locations, and consists of over 300 federally appointed judges.In 1999, the Superior Court of Justice was renamed from the Ontario Court (General Division). The Superior Court is one of two divisions of the Court of Ontario. The other division is the lower court, the Ontario Court of Justice. The Superior Court has three specialized branches: Divisional Court, Small Claims Court, and Family Court.
The Superior Court has inherent jurisdiction over civil, criminal, and family law matters at common law. Although the Court has inherent jurisdiction, the authority of the Court has been entrenched in the Canadian Constitution. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Ontario Superior Court of Justice",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Ontario"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Ontario Superior Court of Justice",
"follows",
"Court of Ontario"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Ontario Superior Court of Justice",
"separated from",
"Court of Ontario"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Court of King's Bench of Alberta",
"separated from",
"Supreme Court of the Northwest Territories"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Court of King's Bench of Alberta",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Alberta"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"German Taekwondo Union",
"different from",
"DTU"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"German Taekwondo Union",
"separated from",
"German Judo Federation"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Fujiwara clan",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Fujiwara clan"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Fujiwara clan",
"founded by",
"Fujiwara no Kamatari"
] | Asuka/Nara period
The Fujiwara clan's political influence was initiated during the Asuka period. Nakatomi no Kamatari, a member of the lower-nobility Nakatomi family led a coup against the Soga in 645 and initiated a series of sweeping government reforms that would be known as the Taika Reform. In 668 Emperor Tenji (reigned 668–671), bestowed the kabane Fujiwara no Ason (藤原朝臣) on Kamatari. The surname passed to the descendants of Fujiwara no Fuhito (659–720), the second son and heir of Kamatari, who was prominent at the court of several emperors and empresses during the early Nara period. He made his daughter Miyako a concubine of Emperor Monmu. Her son, Prince Obito became Emperor Shōmu. Fuhito succeeded in making another of his daughters, Kōmyōshi, the empress consort of Emperor Shōmu. She was the first empress consort of Japan who was not a daughter of the imperial family itself. Fuhito had four sons; and each of them became the progenitor of a cadet branch of the clan: | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Fujiwara clan",
"separated from",
"Nakatomi clan"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Gendarmerie (Belgium)",
"separated from",
"Royal Marechaussee"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Mariamite Maronite Order",
"separated from",
"Lebanese Maronite Order"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Sabina–Poggio Mirteto",
"separated from",
"Forum Novum"
] | History
Sabina has been the seat of such a bishopric since the 6th century, though the earliest names in the list of bishops may be apocryphal.
The ancient cathedral of San Salvatore of Sabina was located in Forum Novum (Vescovio).
The official papal province of Sabina was established under Pope Paul V in 1605.
Since 1842 the Cardinal Bishop of Sabina also bears the title of Territorial Abbot of Farfa.
Since 1925, the cardinalatial Titular Church of Sabina has been united to that of Poggio Mirteto, and officially named Sabina e Poggio Mirteto, since 1986 Sabina–Poggio Mirteto. The current Cardinal-Bishop is Giovanni Battista Re, while the Ordinary of the Diocese is Bishop Ernesto Mandara. | null | null | null | null | 10 |
[
"Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Sabina–Poggio Mirteto",
"replaces",
"Diocese of Poggio Mirteto"
] | History
Sabina has been the seat of such a bishopric since the 6th century, though the earliest names in the list of bishops may be apocryphal.
The ancient cathedral of San Salvatore of Sabina was located in Forum Novum (Vescovio).
The official papal province of Sabina was established under Pope Paul V in 1605.
Since 1842 the Cardinal Bishop of Sabina also bears the title of Territorial Abbot of Farfa.
Since 1925, the cardinalatial Titular Church of Sabina has been united to that of Poggio Mirteto, and officially named Sabina e Poggio Mirteto, since 1986 Sabina–Poggio Mirteto. The current Cardinal-Bishop is Giovanni Battista Re, while the Ordinary of the Diocese is Bishop Ernesto Mandara. | null | null | null | null | 13 |
[
"Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Sabina–Poggio Mirteto",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Sabina–Poggio Mirteto",
"replaces",
"Roman Catholic Diocese of Sabina"
] | History
Sabina has been the seat of such a bishopric since the 6th century, though the earliest names in the list of bishops may be apocryphal.
The ancient cathedral of San Salvatore of Sabina was located in Forum Novum (Vescovio).
The official papal province of Sabina was established under Pope Paul V in 1605.
Since 1842 the Cardinal Bishop of Sabina also bears the title of Territorial Abbot of Farfa.
Since 1925, the cardinalatial Titular Church of Sabina has been united to that of Poggio Mirteto, and officially named Sabina e Poggio Mirteto, since 1986 Sabina–Poggio Mirteto. The current Cardinal-Bishop is Giovanni Battista Re, while the Ordinary of the Diocese is Bishop Ernesto Mandara. | null | null | null | null | 17 |
[
"Royal Meteorological Institute",
"separated from",
"Royal Observatory of Belgium"
] | History
In 1823, Adolphe Quetelet obtains from the Minister of Public Education the creation of an astronomical Observatory in Brussels. Meanwhile, are the first meteorological observations done with rudimentary instruments.
In 1876, Jean-Charles Houzeau de Lehaie becomes the new director of the Observatory. Quickly, he plans to move the Observatory from the site of Sint-Joost-ten-Node to Ukkel, as well as making from astronomy and meteorology two separate departments.
On September 1, 1876, the first Belgian weather forecast was edited, based on the analysis of a synoptic map.
In April 1903, the first weather balloon was launched, in order to obtain meteorological observations at a higher altitude.
On July 31, 1913, the meteorological service of the Observatory becomes an autonomous institute under the name of Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI). Jean Vincent is its first director.
From 1914 until 1918, during the German occupation, the RMI stops all activities. It was bombed on August 20, 1914, and rebuilt at the beginning of 1919.
In 1919, Jules Jaumotte, astronomer, aviator from World War I and pioneer in the aerial photography, becomes director of the RMI and focuses on the possibility to realize atmospheric soundings in real time. Those new approaches in the study of atmosphere lead to a new science, the synoptic Aerology. In this context, during Belgium's participation to the International Polar Year in 1932–1933, Jules Jaumotte performs automatic cloud photographs at high altitude by balloons, with a method that links the functioning of instruments to their altitude level.
During World War II, the institute was used by the Nazis as a military observatory and was destroyed by the English troops in 1944.
In 1956, the RMI inaugurates the Geophysical Center of Dourbes, which studies magnetism and atmospheric electricity among other fields of research. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"The Starlighters",
"separated from",
"Six Hits and a Miss"
] | The Starlighters were an American singing group of the mid 20th century.
The group was formed in 1946, the members being Pauline Byrns, Vince Degen, Tony Paris, Howard Hudson, and future star Andy Williams, all alumni of Six Hits and a Miss. Williams soon left and was replaced by Jerry Duane. Byrns retired from singing in 1947. Imogene Lynn became the Starlighters' female vocalist in 1949.The group performed mainly as backing vocalists, frequently backing Jo Stafford as well as many other artists on a number of singles. They also performed songs in cartoon and live short films and the feature films Song of Idaho (1948) and (uncredited) in Honeychile (1951) and With a Song in My Heart (1952). The Starlighters appeared on radio on The Chesterfield Supper Club and on television on The Jo Stafford Show. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Westminster St James",
"separated from",
"St Martin in the Fields"
] | Westminster St James (or St James Piccadilly) was a civil parish in the metropolitan area of London, England. The creation of the parish followed the building of the Church of St James, Piccadilly, in 1684. After several failed attempts, the parish was formed in 1685 from part of the ancient parish of St Martin in the Fields in the Liberty of Westminster and county of Middlesex. It included part of the West End of London, taking in sections of Soho, Mayfair and St James's. Civil parish administration was in the hands of a select vestry until the parish adopted the Vestries Act 1831. The vestry was reformed again in 1855 by the Metropolis Management Act. In 1889 the parish became part of the County of London and the vestry was abolished in 1900, replaced by Westminster City Council. The parish continued to have nominal existence until 1922. | null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Kyoto machi-bugyō",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Kyōto"
] | Kyoto machi-bugyō (京都町奉行) were officials of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo period Japan. Appointments to this prominent office were usually fudai daimyō, but this was amongst the senior administrative posts open to those who were not daimyō. Conventional interpretations have construed these Japanese titles as "commissioner", "overseer" or "governor."
This bakufu title identifies a magistrate or municipal administrator with responsibility for governing and maintaining order in the shogunal city of Kyoto.The Kyoto machi-bugyō were the central public authorities in this significant urban center. These men were bakufu-appointed officials fulfilling a unique role. They were an amalgam of chief of police, judge, and mayor. The machi-bugyō were expected to manage a full range of administrative and judicial responsibilities. As in Edo, there were two bugyō-sho offices in Kyoto, higashi machi-bugyō-sho on the east and nishi machi-bugyō-sho on the west of the city; in Kyoto they were called higashi o-yakusho and nishi o-yakusho. In Kyoto as well as in Edo they worked on a monthly rotating schedule. The duties of Kyoto machi-bugyō had been administered by Osaka gundai before 1669, when machi-bugyō system was introduced to Kyoto under the supervision of Kyoto shoshidai.
Each machi-bugyō was involved in tax collection, policing, and firefighting; and at the same time, each played a number of judicial roles –- hearing and deciding both ordinary civil cases and criminal cases.In this period, the machi-bugyō were considered equal in status to the minor daimyō. At any one time, there were as many as 16 machi-bugyō located throughout Japan; and there was always at least one in Kyoto. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Kyoto machi-bugyō",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Yamashiro Province"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Kyoto machi-bugyō",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Ōmi Province"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Kyoto machi-bugyō",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Settsu Province"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Kyoto machi-bugyō",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Harima Province"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Kyoto machi-bugyō",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Yamato Province"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Kyoto machi-bugyō",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Tamba Province"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Kyoto machi-bugyō",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Izumi Province"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Kyoto machi-bugyō",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Kawachi Province"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Court of King's Bench for Saskatchewan",
"separated from",
"Supreme Court of the Northwest Territories"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Court of King's Bench for Saskatchewan",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Saskatchewan"
] | The Court of King's Bench for Saskatchewan (Court of Queen's Bench for Saskatchewan during the reign of female monarchs) is the superior trial court for the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Pallas University of Applied Sciences",
"separated from",
"Tartu Art School"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Munich Secession",
"followed by",
"Vienna Secession"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Munich Secession",
"follows",
"Die Elf"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Plymouth Brethren Christian Church",
"separated from",
"Exclusive Brethren"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Ådal",
"separated from",
"Norderhov Municipality"
] | Ådal is a valley in the municipality of Ringerike and was a former municipality in Buskerud County, Norway.The municipality was created in 1857 by a split from Norderhov. At that time Ådal had a population of 2,382. On 1 January 1964 Ådal was merged with Hønefoss, Tyristrand, Hole and Norderhov to form the new municipality Ringerike. Prior to the merger Ådal had a population of 3,442.Traditionally the Ådal parish has been divided three ways. Ytre Ådal includes the village of Hallingby and is the site of Hallingby school and Hval Church (Hval kirke). Øvre Ådal includes the village of Nes, Ådal and is the site of Nes school, Ringmoen school and Nes Church (Nes kirke). Vestre Ådal is the site of Viker Church and the Ådal Mountains (Ådalsfjellene), a small mountain range which stretches from Ådal to Vassfarfoten on the border with Vassfaret and Sør-Aurdal in Oppland. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Ådal",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ådal, Ringerike"
] | Ådal is a valley in the municipality of Ringerike and was a former municipality in Buskerud County, Norway. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Robert Gordon's College",
"separated from",
"The Robert Gordon University"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Catholic German student corporation Saarland (Saarbrücken) Jena",
"separated from",
"KDStV Carolus Magnus Saarbrücken"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Bacalar Municipality",
"different from",
"Bacalar"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Bacalar Municipality",
"separated from",
"Othón P. Blanco Municipality"
] | Bacalar is one of the ten municipalities of the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. The municipal seat and most populous town is the eponymous Bacalar. The municipality was formed on February 2, 2011, when it separated from the Municipality of Othón P. Blanco. | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"County of Besalú",
"replaces",
"Spanish march"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"County of Besalú",
"separated from",
"County of Girona"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"County of Besalú",
"topic's main category",
"Category:County of Besalú"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai"
] | The Archdiocese of Cambrai (Latin: Archdiocesis Cameracensis; French: Archidiocèse de Cambrai) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in France, comprising the arrondissements of Avesnes-sur-Helpe, Cambrai, Douai, and Valenciennes within the département of Nord, in the region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais. The current archbishop is Vincent Dollmann, appointed in August 2018. Since 2008 the archdiocese has been a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Lille. | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai",
"founded by",
"Vedulphus"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai",
"separated from",
"Roman Catholic Diocese of Arras"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"ISSN 0085-5820",
"separated from",
"Australian Zoologist"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Amlicites",
"separated from",
"Nephites"
] | According to the Book of Mormon, the Amlicites () were a break-off group of Nephites in the Book of Alma, in 87 B.C.Origins
After the murder of Gideon mentioned in the book of Alma and the execution of Nehor, the man who introduced priestcraft to the Nephites, there arose one after the order of Nehor whose name was Amlici.
According to Chapter two of the Book of Alma, he was very cunning and wise according to the wisdom of the world (verse one) In verse two, he had gathered a great following of people.
His people endeavored to make him King over the Nephites (Alma 2:3). Now this was very alarming to the church and also to those who had not been persuaded by Amlici, because they knew according to the law that these things must be established by the voice of the people. It was especially alarming to the church which had been established by Alma because they feared that Amlici would "deprive them of their rights and privileges..., for it was his intent to destroy the church of God" (Alma 2:4).
When the people assembled to cast their voices on the matter, the whole debate became contentious between the two camps (Alma 2:5). Further, the matter was laid before the judges of the land in the various assemblies of the people (Alma 2:6).
The voice of the people came back against Amlici and he was not made king over the Nephites (Alma 2:7). Not content, Amlici stirred up his followers against those who were not in his favor (Alma 2:8).
He was consecrated king over his followers and he commanded that they take up their weapons of war against the Nephites to subject them to him. After this time his followers were known as Amlicites. (Alma 2:9-11) | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Amlicites",
"said to be the same as",
"Amalekites"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Russian Council of Muftis",
"founded by",
"Rawil Ğäynetdin"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Russian Council of Muftis",
"separated from",
"Central Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Russia"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"World government",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Earth"
] | World government is the concept of a single political authority with jurisdiction over all of Earth and humanity. It is conceived in a variety of forms, from tyrannical to democratic, which reflects its wide array of proponents and detractors.A world government with executive, legislative, and judicial functions and an administrative apparatus has never existed.
The inception of the United Nations (UN) in the mid-20th century remains the closest approximation to a world government, as it is by far the largest and most powerful international institution. However, the UN is mostly limited to an advisory role, with the stated purpose of fostering cooperation between existing national governments, rather than exerting authority over them. Nevertheless, the organization is commonly viewed as either a model for, or preliminary step towards, a global government.The concept of universal governance has existed since antiquity and been the subject of discussion, debate, and even advocacy by some kings, philosophers, religious leaders, and secular humanists. Some of these have discussed it as a natural and inevitable outcome of human social evolution, and interest in it has coincided with the trends of globalization. Opponents of world government, who come from a broad political spectrum, view the concept as a tool for violent totalitarianism, unfeasible, or simply unnecessary, and in the case of some sectors of fundamentalist Christianity, as a vehicle for the Antichrist to bring about the end-times.
World government for Earth is frequently featured in fiction, particularly within the science fiction genre; well-known examples include the "World State" in Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, the "Dictatorship of the Air" in H. G. Wells' The Shape of Things to Come, the United Nations in James S. A Corey's The Expanse, and United Earth (amongst other planetary sovereignties and even larger polities) in the Star Trek franchise. This concept also applies to other genres, while not as commonly, including well known examples such as One Piece. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"World government",
"topic's main category",
"Category:World government"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Marijuana Party (Canada)",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Canada"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Canada"
] | The Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA; French: Loi sur la protection des
renseignements personnels et
les documents électroniques) is a Canadian law relating to data privacy. It governs how private sector organizations collect, use and disclose personal information in the course of commercial business. In addition, the Act contains various provisions to facilitate the use of electronic documents. PIPEDA became law on 13 April 2000 to promote consumer trust in electronic commerce. The act was also intended to reassure the European Union that the Canadian privacy law was adequate to protect the personal information of European citizens. In accordance with section 29 of PIPEDA, Part I of the Act ("Protection of Personal Information in the Private Sector") must be reviewed by Parliament every five years. The first Parliamentary review occurred in 2007.PIPEDA incorporates and makes mandatory provisions of the Canadian Standards Association's Model Code for the Protection of Personal Information, developed in 1995. However, there are a number of exceptions to the Code where information can be collected, used and disclosed without the consent of the individual. Examples include reasons of national security, international affairs, and emergencies. Under the Act, personal information can also be disclosed without knowledge or consent to investigations related to law enforcement, whether federal, provincial or foreign. There are also exceptions to the general rule that an individual shall be given access to his or her personal information. Exceptions may include information that would likely reveal personal information about a third party, information that cannot be disclosed for certain legal, security, or commercial proprietary reasons, and information that is subject to solicitor-client privilege.Personal Health Information Protection Act (Ontario)
The Personal Health Information Protection Act, known by its acronym PHIPA (typically pronounced 'pee-hip-ah'), established in 2004, outlines privacy regulations for health information custodians in Ontario, Canada. Breaches of PHIPA are directed to the Ontario Information and Privacy Commissioner.The Personal Health Information Protection Act serves three important functions: | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"House of Commons of Canada",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Canada"
] | The House of Commons of Canada (French: Chambre des communes du Canada) is the lower house of the Parliament of Canada. Together with the Crown and the Senate of Canada, they comprise the bicameral legislature of Canada.
The House of Commons is a democratically elected body whose members are known as members of Parliament (MPs). There have been 338 MPs since the most recent electoral district redistribution for the 2015 federal election, which saw the addition of 30 seats. Members are elected by simple plurality ("first-past-the-post" system) in each of the country's electoral districts, which are colloquially known as ridings. MPs may hold office until Parliament is dissolved and serve for constitutionally limited terms of up to five years after an election. Historically, however, terms have ended before their expiry and the sitting government has typically dissolved parliament within four years of an election according to a long-standing convention. In any case, an act of Parliament now limits each term to four years. Seats in the House of Commons are distributed roughly in proportion to the population of each province and territory. However, some ridings are more populous than others, and the Canadian constitution contains provisions regarding provincial representation. As a result, there is some interprovincial and regional malapportionment relative to the population.
The British North America Act 1867 (now called the Constitution Act, 1867) created the House of Commons, modeling it on the British House of Commons. The lower of the two houses making up the parliament, the House of Commons, in practice holds far more power than the upper house, the Senate. Although the approval of both chambers is necessary for legislation to become law, the Senate very rarely rejects bills passed by the House of Commons (though the Senate does occasionally amend bills). Moreover, the Cabinet is responsible solely to the House of Commons. The prime minister stays in office only so long as they retain the support, or "confidence", of the lower house.
The House of Commons currently meets in a temporary chamber in the West Block of the parliament buildings on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, while the Centre Block, which houses the traditional Commons chamber, undergoes renovation.History
The House of Commons came into existence in 1867, when the British Parliament passed the British North America Act 1867, uniting the Province of Canada (which was divided into Quebec and Ontario), Nova Scotia and New Brunswick into a single federation called Canada. The new Parliament of Canada consisted of the monarch (represented by the governor general, who also represented the Colonial Office), the Senate and the House of Commons. The Parliament of Canada was based on the Westminster model (that is, the model of the Parliament of the United Kingdom). Unlike the UK Parliament, the powers of the Parliament of Canada were limited in that other powers were assigned exclusively to the provincial legislatures. The Parliament of Canada also remained subordinate to the British Parliament, the supreme legislative authority for the entire British Empire. Greater autonomy was granted by the Statute of Westminster 1931, after which new acts of the British Parliament did not apply to Canada, with some exceptions. These exceptions were removed by the Canada Act 1982.From 1867, the Commons met in the chamber previously used by the Legislative Assembly of Canada until the building was destroyed by fire in 1916. It relocated to the amphitheatre of the Victoria Memorial Museum — what is today the Canadian Museum of Nature, where it met until 1922. Until the end of 2018, the Commons sat in the Centre Block chamber. Starting with the final sitting before the 2019 federal election, the Commons sits in a temporary chamber in the West Block until at least 2028, while renovations are undertaken in the Centre Block of Parliament. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
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