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32.9k
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stringlengths 4
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64.1k
⌀ | __index_level_0__
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2.4k
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"State of Mecklenburg (1945–1952)",
"replaces",
"Western Pomerania"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"State of Mecklenburg (1945–1952)",
"replaces",
"Amt Neuhaus"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"State of Mecklenburg (1945–1952)",
"followed by",
"Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Saxony-Anhalt (1945–1952)",
"followed by",
"Saxony-Anhalt"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Saxony-Anhalt (1945–1952)",
"follows",
"Province of Saxony-Anhalt"
] |
The State of Saxony-Anhalt (German: Land Sachsen-Anhalt) was a subdivision of the Soviet occupation zone (until 1949) and state of East Germany (from 1949) which corresponds widely to the present-day German state Saxony-Anhalt. After the retreat of the US troops from the Western parts - following the agreements of the Yalta Conference - it was formed as administrative division called Province of Saxony (German: Provinz Sachsen) by the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SMAD) in July 1945. The province was a re-establishment of the Province of Saxony which existed in Prussia from 1816 to 1944. On 1 July 1944, the Province of Saxony was divided along the lines of its three government districts of Halle-Merseburg (became province), Magdeburg (became province) and Erfurt (became part of Thuringia). The two provinces became part of the new state including small parts of Thuringia (Allstedt) and Soviet-occupied parts of Anhalt (Dessau) and Brunswick (surrounding areas of Calvörde and Blankenburg). Following the first election for the Landtag in October 1946, the state was renamed to Province of Saxony-Anhalt (German: Provinz Sachsen-Anhalt) on the same day. With the abolition of Prussia in February 1947, it was named State of Saxony-Anhalt. Compared to the administrative divisions of Nazi Germany, it comprised the Gaue Magdeburg-Anhalt, Halle-Merseburg and small parts of Southern Hanover-Brunswick and Thuringia.
| null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Saxony-Anhalt (1945–1952)",
"replaces",
"Province of Saxony-Anhalt"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Sheikhdom of Diriyah",
"followed by",
"Saudi Arabia"
] |
The Sheikhdom of Dir'iyah (Arabic: مشيخة الدرعية), was a polity in central Arabia from 1446 to 1744 and the predecessor to the First Saudi State. Its capital was Al-Turaif District, and it was based around the banks of Wadi Hanifa. It was ruled by the Muani'a dynasty (also known as the Marada) from the Durou' clan, and later under its two branches, Muqrin and Watban, with the former becoming the sole house and the house from which the House of Saud descends.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Sheikhdom of Diriyah",
"different from",
"First Saudi State"
] |
The Sheikhdom of Dir'iyah (Arabic: مشيخة الدرعية), was a polity in central Arabia from 1446 to 1744 and the predecessor to the First Saudi State. Its capital was Al-Turaif District, and it was based around the banks of Wadi Hanifa. It was ruled by the Muani'a dynasty (also known as the Marada) from the Durou' clan, and later under its two branches, Muqrin and Watban, with the former becoming the sole house and the house from which the House of Saud descends.Under Mohammed bin Muqrin Al-Maridi
Muhammad bin Muqrin bin Markhan bin Ibrahim bin Musa bin Rabi’a bin Mani al-Muraidi is one of the rulers of Diriyah and he ruled in two reigns. He is the grandfather of Muhammad bin Saud, founder of the first Saudi state.
| null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Sheikhdom of Diriyah",
"founded by",
"Mani' ibn Rabi'a al-Muraydi"
] |
History
Background
The town of al-Diriyah was founded by Mani' bin Rabi'a Al-Muraidi, which he called al-Diriyah after the town from which they came from, al-Diriyah (a town or a small village located near al-Qatif), and it is attributed to their grandfather Dara'. An area near Wadi Hanifa are Ghusaybah and Al-Mulaybid. When Mani' died, his son, Rabi'a bin Mani', succeeded him, and he headed the people of the country, and the population of Al-Dir'iya multiplied. His neighbors, the Yazid family, evacuated them from their villages and attached them to the lands of Diriyah, and after him his son Ibrahim bin Musa ruled after him, then his son Markhan bin Ibrahim, and after the death of Markhan, his two sons Rabi’a and Muqrin were jointly together, and the emirate exchanged after them, their sons, Wataban bin Rabi’a bin Markhan, and Markhan bin Muqrin bin Markhan. Then Nasser bin Muhammad bin Watban, then Muhammad bin Muqrin, then Ibrahim bin Watban, and Idris bin Watban, until the days of Musa bin Rabi’a bin Watban were in the year 1121 AH / 1709; It was taken over by Saud Al-Awwal bin Muhammad bin Muqrin and he died in 1137 AH / 1726 and after his death, the oldest man in the family, Zaid bin Markhan bin Watban, was succeeded and killed in 1139 AH / 1726. Muhammad bin Saud bin Muhammad bin Muqrin assumed the emirate of Diriyah, who later became the first imam of the first Saudi state.
| null | null | null | null | 13 |
[
"JD Edwards",
"owned by",
"Oracle"
] |
See also
Oracle Corporation – The parent corporation that acquired JD Edwards and PeopleSoft in 2004
Oracle Fusion Applications – envisioned and pitched as an Enterprise resource planning suite: a combination of features and functionalities taken from Oracle E-Business Suite, JD Edwards, PeopleSoft and Siebel product lines
Configurable Network Computing – JD Edwards' CNC architecture allows heterogeneous systems combining mixed hardware, operating systems and back-end databases to work together seamlessly.
C. Edward McVaney
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"JD Edwards",
"followed by",
"Oracle"
] |
Acquisition by PeopleSoft and Oracle
In June 2003, the JD Edwards board agreed to an offer in which PeopleSoft, a former competitor of JD Edwards, would acquire JD Edwards. The takeover was completed in July. OneWorld was added to PeopleSoft's software line, along with PeopleSoft's flagship product Enterprise, and was renamed JD Edwards EnterpriseOne.Within days of the PeopleSoft announcement, Oracle Corporation mounted a hostile takeover bid of PeopleSoft. Although the first attempts to purchase the company were rebuffed by the PeopleSoft board of directors, by December 2004 the board decided to accept Oracle's offer. The final purchase went through in January 2005; Oracle now owned both PeopleSoft and JD Edwards. Most JD Edwards customers, employees, and industry analysts predicted Oracle would kill the JD Edwards products. However, Oracle saw a position for JDE in the medium-sized company space that was not filled with either its e-Business Suite or its newly acquired PeopleSoft Enterprise product.EnterpriseOne and World software in Oracle portfolio
Oracle's JD Edwards products are known as JD Edwards EnterpriseOne and JD Edwards World. Oracle announced that JD Edwards support would continue until at least 2033.Support for the older releases such as the Xe product were to expire by 2013, spurring the acceptance of upgrades to newer application releases. By 2015, the latest offering of EnterpriseOne was application version 9.2, released October 2015. The latest version of World (now with a web-based interface) was version A9.4, released in April 2015.Shortly after Oracle acquired PeopleSoft and JD Edwards in 2005, Oracle announced the development of a new product called Oracle Fusion Applications. Fusion was designed to co-exist or replace JD Edwards EnterpriseOne and World, as well as Oracle E-Business Applications Suite and other products acquired by Oracle, and was finally released in September 2010. Despite the release of Fusion apps, JD Edwards EnterpriseOne and World is still sold and supported by Oracle and runs numerous businesses worldwide.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg",
"followed by",
"Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg",
"owner of",
"ARD"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Sender Freies Berlin",
"followed by",
"Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg"
] |
Merger
Having co-operated on many of services, SFB and ORB merged on 1 May 2003 to form Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (RBB).
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Sender Freies Berlin",
"follows",
"Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk"
] |
Post-war
In the post-war four-power occupation of Germany, the British Control Commission appointed Hugh Greene to restart German broadcasting in the British Zone. The first station on-air was Radio Hamburg. This was followed by the setting up of Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk (NWDR) as the broadcasting corporation for the entire British Zone and for Berlin. Similarly, the United States created Rundfunk im amerikanischen Sektor (RIAS) for their zone in Berlin.
In 1948, NWDR was transferred to German control (RIAS remained American-controlled).
In 1950, NWDR began two second radio services in its area on FM, NDR2 in the north and WDR2 in the west. In 1952, NWDR pioneered the launching of 625-line television broadcasting in (West) Germany.
| null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Sender Freies Berlin",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Sender Freies Berlin"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Organisation of African Unity",
"followed by",
"African Union"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Organisation of African Unity",
"replaces",
"African and Malagasy Union"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Organisation of African Unity",
"replaces",
"Casablanca Group"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Organisation of African Unity",
"replaces",
"Monrovia Group"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Zhou dynasty",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Zhou dynasty"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Zhou dynasty",
"followed by",
"Qin dynasty"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Zhou dynasty",
"follows",
"Shang dynasty"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Netherlands Antilles",
"located on terrain feature",
"Caribbean"
] |
The Netherlands Antilles (Dutch: Nederlandse Antillen, pronounced [ˈneːdərlɑntsə ʔɑnˈtɪlə(n)] (listen); Papiamento: Antia Hulandes) was a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The country consisted of several island territories located in the Caribbean Sea. The islands were also informally known as the Dutch Antilles. The country came into being in 1954 as the autonomous successor of the Dutch colony of Curaçao and Dependencies. The Antilles were dissolved in 2010. The Dutch colony of Surinam, although it was relatively close by on the continent of South America, did not become part of the Netherlands Antilles but became a separate autonomous country in 1954. All the island territories that belonged to the Netherlands Antilles remain part of the kingdom today, although the legal status of each differs. As a group they are still commonly called the Dutch Caribbean, regardless of their legal status. People from this former territory continue to be called Antilleans (Antillianen) in the Netherlands.
| null | null | null | null | 16 |
[
"Netherlands Antilles",
"followed by",
"Aruba"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Netherlands Antilles",
"followed by",
"Caribbean Netherlands"
] |
The Netherlands Antilles (Dutch: Nederlandse Antillen, pronounced [ˈneːdərlɑntsə ʔɑnˈtɪlə(n)] (listen); Papiamento: Antia Hulandes) was a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The country consisted of several island territories located in the Caribbean Sea. The islands were also informally known as the Dutch Antilles. The country came into being in 1954 as the autonomous successor of the Dutch colony of Curaçao and Dependencies. The Antilles were dissolved in 2010. The Dutch colony of Surinam, although it was relatively close by on the continent of South America, did not become part of the Netherlands Antilles but became a separate autonomous country in 1954. All the island territories that belonged to the Netherlands Antilles remain part of the kingdom today, although the legal status of each differs. As a group they are still commonly called the Dutch Caribbean, regardless of their legal status. People from this former territory continue to be called Antilleans (Antillianen) in the Netherlands.
| null | null | null | null | 20 |
[
"Netherlands Antilles",
"followed by",
"Curaçao"
] |
The Netherlands Antilles (Dutch: Nederlandse Antillen, pronounced [ˈneːdərlɑntsə ʔɑnˈtɪlə(n)] (listen); Papiamento: Antia Hulandes) was a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The country consisted of several island territories located in the Caribbean Sea. The islands were also informally known as the Dutch Antilles. The country came into being in 1954 as the autonomous successor of the Dutch colony of Curaçao and Dependencies. The Antilles were dissolved in 2010. The Dutch colony of Surinam, although it was relatively close by on the continent of South America, did not become part of the Netherlands Antilles but became a separate autonomous country in 1954. All the island territories that belonged to the Netherlands Antilles remain part of the kingdom today, although the legal status of each differs. As a group they are still commonly called the Dutch Caribbean, regardless of their legal status. People from this former territory continue to be called Antilleans (Antillianen) in the Netherlands.Political grouping
Constitutional grouping at time of dissolution
The Island Regulation had divided the Netherlands Antilles into four island territories: Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao (ABC), and the islands in the Leeward Islands. In 1983, the island territory of the Leeward was split up to form the new island territories of Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius (SSS). In 1986, Aruba seceded from the Netherlands Antilles, reducing the number of island territories to five. After the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles in 2010, Curaçao and Sint Maarten became autonomous countries within the Kingdom and Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (BES) became special municipalities of the Netherlands.Current constitutional grouping
The islands of the former country of the Netherlands Antilles are currently divided in two main groups for political and constitutional purposes:
| null | null | null | null | 25 |
[
"Netherlands Antilles",
"different from",
"Dutch Caribbean"
] |
The Netherlands Antilles (Dutch: Nederlandse Antillen, pronounced [ˈneːdərlɑntsə ʔɑnˈtɪlə(n)] (listen); Papiamento: Antia Hulandes) was a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The country consisted of several island territories located in the Caribbean Sea. The islands were also informally known as the Dutch Antilles. The country came into being in 1954 as the autonomous successor of the Dutch colony of Curaçao and Dependencies. The Antilles were dissolved in 2010. The Dutch colony of Surinam, although it was relatively close by on the continent of South America, did not become part of the Netherlands Antilles but became a separate autonomous country in 1954. All the island territories that belonged to the Netherlands Antilles remain part of the kingdom today, although the legal status of each differs. As a group they are still commonly called the Dutch Caribbean, regardless of their legal status. People from this former territory continue to be called Antilleans (Antillianen) in the Netherlands.Geographical grouping
The islands of the Netherlands Antilles are all part of the Lesser Antilles island chain. Within this group, the country was spread over two smaller island groups: a northern group (part of Leeward Islands) and a western group (part of the Leeward Antilles). No part of the country was in the southern Windward Islands.those islands that have the status of constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
those islands that have the status of special municipality of the Netherlands alone, as distinct from the Kingdom in its entirety.There are also several smaller islands, like Klein Curaçao and Klein Bonaire, that belong to one of the island countries or special municipalities.
| null | null | null | null | 26 |
[
"Netherlands Antilles",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Netherlands Antilles"
] | null | null | null | null | 30 |
|
[
"Netherlands Antilles",
"followed by",
"Sint Maarten"
] |
Current constitutional grouping
The islands of the former country of the Netherlands Antilles are currently divided in two main groups for political and constitutional purposes:
| null | null | null | null | 40 |
[
"Netherlands Antilles",
"follows",
"Curaçao and Dependencies"
] |
The Netherlands Antilles (Dutch: Nederlandse Antillen, pronounced [ˈneːdərlɑntsə ʔɑnˈtɪlə(n)] (listen); Papiamento: Antia Hulandes) was a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The country consisted of several island territories located in the Caribbean Sea. The islands were also informally known as the Dutch Antilles. The country came into being in 1954 as the autonomous successor of the Dutch colony of Curaçao and Dependencies. The Antilles were dissolved in 2010. The Dutch colony of Surinam, although it was relatively close by on the continent of South America, did not become part of the Netherlands Antilles but became a separate autonomous country in 1954. All the island territories that belonged to the Netherlands Antilles remain part of the kingdom today, although the legal status of each differs. As a group they are still commonly called the Dutch Caribbean, regardless of their legal status. People from this former territory continue to be called Antilleans (Antillianen) in the Netherlands.
| null | null | null | null | 46 |
[
"On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection",
"main subject",
"evolution"
] |
"On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection" is the title of a journal article, comprising and resulting from the joint presentation of two scientific papers to the Linnean Society of London on 1 July 1858: On The Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type by Alfred Russel Wallace and an Extract from an unpublished Work on Species from Charles Darwin's Essay of 1844. The article also includes an Abstract of a Letter from Darwin to Asa Gray, and an introductory letter by Joseph Dalton Hooker and Charles Lyell. The article was the first announcement of the Darwin–Wallace theory of evolution by natural selection; and appeared in print on 20 August 1858. The presentation of the papers spurred Darwin to write a condensed "abstract" of his "big book" on Natural Selection. This was published in November 1859 as On the Origin of Species.Events leading up to the publication
On the voyage of the Beagle the young Charles Darwin took a break between graduating and starting his career as a clergyman to study the natural history of South America, an interest he had developed at the University of Edinburgh and the University of Cambridge. Influenced by Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology, he became an able geologist as well as collecting plant and animal specimens, and fossils of gigantic extinct mammals. By the return journey, he was connecting patterns of geographical and historical distribution, and starting to doubt the stability of Species. In September 1838 he conceived his theory of natural selection as the cause of evolution, then as well as developing his career as a geologist and writer worked privately on finding evidence and answering possible objections. He wrote out his ideas in an 1842 "pencil sketch", then in an essay written in 1844. He discussed transmutation with his friend Joseph Dalton Hooker, who read the essay in 1847. After turning his attention to biology and completing eight years of work on barnacles, Darwin intensified work on his theory of species in 1854.
Alfred Russel Wallace, a naturalist working in Borneo, had a paper on the "introduction" of species published in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. This made guarded comments about evolution, and in the spring of 1856 it was noticed by Lyell who drew it to the attention of Darwin who was then working out a strategy for presenting his theory. Darwin apparently mistook Wallace's meaning, writing "nothing very new ... Uses my simile of tree, [but] it seems all creation with him". However, he spelt out the details of Natural Selection to Lyell, who found the idea hard to accept but urged Darwin to publish to establish priority. On 14 May 1856 Darwin began what became his draft for a book titled Natural Selection.
Wallace collected specimens and corresponded with Darwin from Borneo. In December 1857, he wrote to ask if Darwin's book would delve into human origins, to which Darwin responded that "I think I shall avoid the whole subject, as so surrounded with prejudices, though I fully admit that it is the highest & most interesting problem for the naturalist". He encouraged Wallace's theorising, saying "without speculation there is no good & original observation", adding that "I go much further than you".
Wallace wrote his paper On The Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type at Ternate in February 1858 and sent it to Darwin with a request to send it on to Lyell. Darwin received it on 18 June 1858, and wrote to Lyell that "your words have come true with a vengeance,... forestalled" and "If Wallace had my MS. sketch written out in 1842, he could not have made a better short abstract!" While Wallace had not asked for publication, Darwin would, "of course, at once write and offer to send [it] to any journal" that Wallace chose. He sadly added that "all my originality, whatever it may amount to, will be smashed". Lyell's immediate response urged Darwin to publish his own ideas, and in his reply of 25 June Darwin agreed that he could point to his own Essay of 1844 which Hooker had read in 1847, and a letter to Asa Gray of 1857 showing that he was still developing the ideas, "so that I could most truly say and prove that I take nothing from Wallace. I should be extremely glad now to publish a sketch of my general views in about a dozen pages or so. But I cannot persuade myself that I can do so honourably... I would far rather burn my whole book than that he or any man should think that I had behaved in a paltry spirit", also requesting that Hooker be invited to give a second opinion. Darwin was overwrought by a deepening crisis of illness of his baby son Charles Waring Darwin, who died of scarlet fever on 28 June. On the morning of the 29th he acknowledged Hooker's letters, writing "I cannot think now", then that night he read the letters, and though "quite prostrated", got his servant to take to Hooker Wallace's essay, the letter to Asa Gray and the Essay of 1844, leaving matters in the hands of Lyell and Hooker.Lyell and Hooker had decided on a joint publication at the Linnean Society of London of Wallace's paper together with an extract from Darwin's essay and his letter to Asa Gray. The last meeting of the society before the summer recess had been postponed following the death of former president the botanist Robert Brown on 10 June 1858, and was to be held on 1 July.
On the afternoon of 30 June Mrs. Hooker copied out extracts from the handwritten documents they had just received from Darwin, then that evening Lyell and Hooker handed them in to the secretary with a covering letter.
| null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection",
"followed by",
"On the Origin of Species"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection",
"main subject",
"speciation"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection",
"main subject",
"natural selection"
] |
"On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection" is the title of a journal article, comprising and resulting from the joint presentation of two scientific papers to the Linnean Society of London on 1 July 1858: On The Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type by Alfred Russel Wallace and an Extract from an unpublished Work on Species from Charles Darwin's Essay of 1844. The article also includes an Abstract of a Letter from Darwin to Asa Gray, and an introductory letter by Joseph Dalton Hooker and Charles Lyell. The article was the first announcement of the Darwin–Wallace theory of evolution by natural selection; and appeared in print on 20 August 1858. The presentation of the papers spurred Darwin to write a condensed "abstract" of his "big book" on Natural Selection. This was published in November 1859 as On the Origin of Species.Events leading up to the publication
On the voyage of the Beagle the young Charles Darwin took a break between graduating and starting his career as a clergyman to study the natural history of South America, an interest he had developed at the University of Edinburgh and the University of Cambridge. Influenced by Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology, he became an able geologist as well as collecting plant and animal specimens, and fossils of gigantic extinct mammals. By the return journey, he was connecting patterns of geographical and historical distribution, and starting to doubt the stability of Species. In September 1838 he conceived his theory of natural selection as the cause of evolution, then as well as developing his career as a geologist and writer worked privately on finding evidence and answering possible objections. He wrote out his ideas in an 1842 "pencil sketch", then in an essay written in 1844. He discussed transmutation with his friend Joseph Dalton Hooker, who read the essay in 1847. After turning his attention to biology and completing eight years of work on barnacles, Darwin intensified work on his theory of species in 1854.
Alfred Russel Wallace, a naturalist working in Borneo, had a paper on the "introduction" of species published in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. This made guarded comments about evolution, and in the spring of 1856 it was noticed by Lyell who drew it to the attention of Darwin who was then working out a strategy for presenting his theory. Darwin apparently mistook Wallace's meaning, writing "nothing very new ... Uses my simile of tree, [but] it seems all creation with him". However, he spelt out the details of Natural Selection to Lyell, who found the idea hard to accept but urged Darwin to publish to establish priority. On 14 May 1856 Darwin began what became his draft for a book titled Natural Selection.
Wallace collected specimens and corresponded with Darwin from Borneo. In December 1857, he wrote to ask if Darwin's book would delve into human origins, to which Darwin responded that "I think I shall avoid the whole subject, as so surrounded with prejudices, though I fully admit that it is the highest & most interesting problem for the naturalist". He encouraged Wallace's theorising, saying "without speculation there is no good & original observation", adding that "I go much further than you".
Wallace wrote his paper On The Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type at Ternate in February 1858 and sent it to Darwin with a request to send it on to Lyell. Darwin received it on 18 June 1858, and wrote to Lyell that "your words have come true with a vengeance,... forestalled" and "If Wallace had my MS. sketch written out in 1842, he could not have made a better short abstract!" While Wallace had not asked for publication, Darwin would, "of course, at once write and offer to send [it] to any journal" that Wallace chose. He sadly added that "all my originality, whatever it may amount to, will be smashed". Lyell's immediate response urged Darwin to publish his own ideas, and in his reply of 25 June Darwin agreed that he could point to his own Essay of 1844 which Hooker had read in 1847, and a letter to Asa Gray of 1857 showing that he was still developing the ideas, "so that I could most truly say and prove that I take nothing from Wallace. I should be extremely glad now to publish a sketch of my general views in about a dozen pages or so. But I cannot persuade myself that I can do so honourably... I would far rather burn my whole book than that he or any man should think that I had behaved in a paltry spirit", also requesting that Hooker be invited to give a second opinion. Darwin was overwrought by a deepening crisis of illness of his baby son Charles Waring Darwin, who died of scarlet fever on 28 June. On the morning of the 29th he acknowledged Hooker's letters, writing "I cannot think now", then that night he read the letters, and though "quite prostrated", got his servant to take to Hooker Wallace's essay, the letter to Asa Gray and the Essay of 1844, leaving matters in the hands of Lyell and Hooker.Lyell and Hooker had decided on a joint publication at the Linnean Society of London of Wallace's paper together with an extract from Darwin's essay and his letter to Asa Gray. The last meeting of the society before the summer recess had been postponed following the death of former president the botanist Robert Brown on 10 June 1858, and was to be held on 1 July.
On the afternoon of 30 June Mrs. Hooker copied out extracts from the handwritten documents they had just received from Darwin, then that evening Lyell and Hooker handed them in to the secretary with a covering letter.
| null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Bezirk Dresden",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Bezirk Dresden"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Bezirk Dresden",
"replaces",
"Saxony"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Bezirk Dresden",
"followed by",
"Dresden Government Region"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Dresden (region)",
"followed by",
"State Administration of Saxony"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Dresden (region)",
"follows",
"Dresden Government Region"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Dresden Government Region",
"followed by",
"Dresden Directorate District"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Dresden Government Region",
"follows",
"Kreishauptmannschaft Dresden-Bautzen"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Gare d'Orsay",
"followed by",
"Musée d'Orsay"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Gare d'Orsay",
"owned by",
"SNCF"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Gare d'Orsay",
"owned by",
"Chemin de fer de Paris à Orléans et du Midi"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Gare d'Orsay",
"owned by",
"Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Orléans"
] | null | null | null | null | 22 |
|
[
"Perseus Arm",
"followed by",
"Norma Arm"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Perseus Arm",
"follows",
"Carina–Sagittarius Arm"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Perseus Arm",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Perseus Arm"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Norma Arm",
"follows",
"Perseus Arm"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Norma Arm",
"followed by",
"Scutum–Centaurus Arm"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Carina–Sagittarius Arm",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Carina–Sagittarius Arm"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Carina–Sagittarius Arm",
"followed by",
"Perseus Arm"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Carina–Sagittarius Arm",
"follows",
"Scutum–Centaurus Arm"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Scutum–Centaurus Arm",
"follows",
"Norma Arm"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Scutum–Centaurus Arm",
"followed by",
"Carina–Sagittarius Arm"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Scutum–Centaurus Arm",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Scutum–Centaurus Arm"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"La Baye",
"followed by",
"Green Bay"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Oulunsalo",
"followed by",
"Oulu"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Oulunsalo",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Oulunsalo"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"DVD",
"owned by",
"Sony"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"DVD",
"follows",
"compact disc"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"DVD",
"followed by",
"Blu-ray Disc"
] |
DVD-Video
DVD-Video is a standard for distributing video/audio content on DVD media. The format went on sale in Japan on November 1, 1996, in the United States on March 24, 1997, to line up with the 69th Academy Awards that day; in Canada, Central America, and Indonesia later in 1997, and in Europe, Asia, Australia, and Africa in 1998. DVD-Video became the dominant form of home video distribution in Japan when it first went on sale on November 1, 1996, but it shared the market for home video distribution in the United States for several years; it was June 15, 2003, when weekly DVD-Video in the United States rentals began outnumbering weekly VHS cassette rentals.
DVD-Video is still the dominant form of home video distribution worldwide except for in Japan where it was surpassed by Blu-ray Disc when Blu-ray first went on sale in Japan on March 31, 2006.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"DVD",
"follows",
"VHS"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"DVD",
"follows",
"LaserDisc"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"DVD",
"topic's main category",
"Category:DVD"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Protofeminism",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Protofeminism"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Protofeminism",
"followed by",
"feminism"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"List of candidates in the 2013 Zimbabwean parliamentary election",
"followed by",
"2018"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"List of candidates in the 2013 Zimbabwean parliamentary election",
"follows",
"2005 Zimbabwean parliamentary election"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Soviet empire",
"follows",
"Russian Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Soviet empire",
"followed by",
"Commonwealth of Independent States"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"International Championship for Manufacturers",
"followed by",
"World Rally Championship"
] |
The FIA International Championship for Manufacturers (IMC) was a rally series culminating in a champion manufacturer. The championship was run from 1970 to 1972 and it was replaced by the FIA World Rally Championship in 1973. All the nine rallies of the 1972 IMC season were part of the 1973 World Rally Championship season.
In the inaugural season, Porsche's Björn Waldegård drove his 911 S to victory at the Monte Carlo Rally, the Swedish Rally and the Österreichische Alpenfahrt. With Porsche leading Alpine-Renault by only three points before the season-ending RAC Rally, the championship went down to the wire. Alpine-Renault recruited Ove Andersson for the event, but he had an accident and retired. Alpine-Renault's best result was then Andrew Cowan's fifth place, and Porsche took the title. Porsche's Gérard Larrousse also picked up a point for sixth place.
In 1971, Alpine-Renault ran away with the title as Andersson won four of the eight events in the Alpine A110 1600. The Alpine-Renault, driven by Bernard Darniche, also won the last Coupe des Alpes, but because the event ran with an insufficient number of starters (36 when the FIA minimum was 50), no points were awarded towards the championship.The final IMC title went to Lancia. The Fulvia 1.6 Coupé HF was driven by Simo Lampinen (35 points), Harry Källström (22) Sandro Munari (20) and Amilcare Ballestrieri (20). Fiat finished second in the standings with their 124 Sport Spider.
| null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"International Championship for Manufacturers",
"topic's main category",
"Category:International Championship for Manufacturers"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Proclamation of Indonesian Independence",
"followed by",
"Indonesian National Revolution"
] |
The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence (Indonesian: Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia, or simply Proklamasi) was read at 10:00 on Friday, 17 August 1945 in Jakarta. The declaration marked the start of the diplomatic and armed resistance of the Indonesian National Revolution, fighting against the forces of the Netherlands and pro-Dutch civilians, until the latter officially acknowledged Indonesia's independence in 1949. The document was signed by Sukarno (who signed his name "Soekarno" using the Van Ophuijsen orthography) and Mohammad Hatta, who were appointed president and vice-president respectively the following day.The date of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence was made a public holiday by a government decree issued on 18 June 1946.Aftermath
Indonesian youths spread news of the proclamation across Java almost immediately using Japanese news and telegraph facilities, and in Bandung the news was broadcast by radio. However many ordinary Indonesians either did not believe the reports or saw them as a Japanese deception. In Sumatra, only the republican elite in major cities knew about the proclamation by the middle of September.The day after the proclamation, the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence met and elected Sukarno as president and Hatta as vice-president. It also ratified the Constitution of Indonesia. The Dutch, as the former colonial power, viewed the republicans as collaborators with the Japanese, and desired to restore their colonial rule, as they still had political and economic interests in the former Dutch East Indies. The result was a four-year war for Indonesian independence. Indonesian youths had played an important role in the proclamation, and they played a central role in the Indonesian National Revolution. One of the other changes that had also taken place during the Japanese occupation included the population in Indonesia undertaking military training. Conflict occurred not only with the Dutch, but also when the Japanese tried to re-establish control in October 1945 in Bandung, and furthermore when the British tried to establish control. After a long struggle for independence, the freedom of Indonesia from the Dutch was gained in 1949 as a part of a period of decolonization in Asia.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Proclamation of Indonesian Independence",
"followed by",
"Constitution of Indonesia"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"First Intifada",
"participant",
"Iraq"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"First Intifada",
"participant",
"Israel"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"First Intifada",
"followed by",
"Second Intifada"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"First Intifada",
"participant",
"Fatah"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"First Intifada",
"participant",
"Hamas"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"First Intifada",
"participant",
"Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"First Intifada",
"participant",
"Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"First Intifada",
"participant",
"Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"First Intifada",
"participant",
"Palestinian People's Party"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"First Intifada",
"participant",
"Unified National Leadership of the Uprising"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"First Intifada",
"topic's main category",
"Category:First Intifada"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager",
"followed by",
"CHIPSat"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager",
"follows",
"Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager",
"significant event",
"atmospheric entry"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager",
"significant event",
"rocket launch"
] |
Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI, originally High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager or HESSI or Explorer 81) was a NASA solar flare observatory. It was the sixth mission in the Small Explorer program (SMEX), selected in October 1997 and launched on 5 February 2002, at 20:58:12 UTC. Its primary mission was to explore the physics of particle acceleration and energy release in solar flares.
Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere at 8:21 p.m. EDT on April 19, 21 years after its launch.
| null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager",
"significant event",
"service retirement"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Wiesbaden (region)",
"followed by",
"Darmstadt Government Region"
] |
The Wiesbaden Region (German: Regierungsbezirk Wiesbaden) was one of three administrative regions (along with Darmstadt Region and Kassel Region) from which the state of Hesse was formed in 1945.Regierungsbezirk (government region)
Following the Prussian annexations after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, the administrative region of Wiesbaden was founded on February 22, 1867, comprising the formerly independent Duchy of Nassau, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg and the formerly Free City of Frankfurt, previously states of the German Confederation. The Wiesbaden Region was one of the two political subdivisions (along with Kassel Region) within the province of Hesse-Nassau (the Prussian province formed in 1868 including, besides the Wiesbaden Region, further the former Electorate of Hesse, previously another member of the German Confederation).
In 1945 the northwestern part of region was dissected, when the Wiesbaden Region was divided between the American and the French zone of occupation in Germany. The bulk of region with the city of Wiesbaden continued to exist as a region within the new state of Hesse. The dissected northwest formed a new region, the Montabaur Region within Rhineland-Palatinate.
In 1968, the region was dissolved, and its territory was merged in the Darmstadt Region.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Wiesbaden (region)",
"replaces",
"Nassau Province"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Wiesbaden (region)",
"follows",
"Hesse-Homburg"
] |
Regierungsbezirk (government region)
Following the Prussian annexations after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, the administrative region of Wiesbaden was founded on February 22, 1867, comprising the formerly independent Duchy of Nassau, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg and the formerly Free City of Frankfurt, previously states of the German Confederation. The Wiesbaden Region was one of the two political subdivisions (along with Kassel Region) within the province of Hesse-Nassau (the Prussian province formed in 1868 including, besides the Wiesbaden Region, further the former Electorate of Hesse, previously another member of the German Confederation).
In 1945 the northwestern part of region was dissected, when the Wiesbaden Region was divided between the American and the French zone of occupation in Germany. The bulk of region with the city of Wiesbaden continued to exist as a region within the new state of Hesse. The dissected northwest formed a new region, the Montabaur Region within Rhineland-Palatinate.
In 1968, the region was dissolved, and its territory was merged in the Darmstadt Region.
| null | null | null | null | 11 |
[
"Wiesbaden (region)",
"follows",
"Free City of Frankfurt"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Wiesbaden (region)",
"follows",
"Duchy of Nassau"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Wiesbaden (region)",
"followed by",
"Montabaur Government Region"
] |
Regierungsbezirk (government region)
Following the Prussian annexations after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, the administrative region of Wiesbaden was founded on February 22, 1867, comprising the formerly independent Duchy of Nassau, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg and the formerly Free City of Frankfurt, previously states of the German Confederation. The Wiesbaden Region was one of the two political subdivisions (along with Kassel Region) within the province of Hesse-Nassau (the Prussian province formed in 1868 including, besides the Wiesbaden Region, further the former Electorate of Hesse, previously another member of the German Confederation).
In 1945 the northwestern part of region was dissected, when the Wiesbaden Region was divided between the American and the French zone of occupation in Germany. The bulk of region with the city of Wiesbaden continued to exist as a region within the new state of Hesse. The dissected northwest formed a new region, the Montabaur Region within Rhineland-Palatinate.
In 1968, the region was dissolved, and its territory was merged in the Darmstadt Region.
| null | null | null | null | 15 |
[
"Southern Russian dialects",
"followed by",
"Ukrainian"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"British Hong Kong",
"topic's main category",
"Category:British Hong Kong"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
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