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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Sphere",
"different from",
"three-ball"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Sphere",
"different from",
"ball"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Sphere",
"followed by",
"torus"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Sphere",
"follows",
"circle"
] |
Curves on a sphere
Circles
Circles on the sphere are, like circles in the plane, made up of all points a certain distance from a fixed point on the sphere. The intersection of a sphere and a plane is a circle, a point, or empty. Great circles are the intersection of the sphere with a plane passing through the center of a sphere: others are called small circles.
More complicated surfaces may intersect a sphere in circles, too: the intersection of a sphere with a surface of revolution whose axis contains the center of the sphere (are coaxial) consists of circles and/or points if not empty. For example, the diagram to the right shows the intersection of a sphere and a cylinder, which consists of two circles. If the cylinder radius were that of the sphere, the intersection would be a single circle. If the cylinder radius were larger than that of the sphere, the intersection would be empty.
| null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Sphere",
"said to be the same as",
"Riemann sphere"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Sphere",
"said to be the same as",
"complex projective line"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Sphere",
"followed by",
"3-sphere"
] |
Dimensionality
Spheres can be generalized to spaces of any number of dimensions. For any natural number n, an n-sphere, often denoted Sn, is the set of points in (n + 1)-dimensional Euclidean space that are at a fixed distance r from a central point of that space, where r is, as before, a positive real number. In particular:S0: a 0-sphere consists of two discrete points, −r and r
S1: a 1-sphere is a circle of radius r
S2: a 2-sphere is an ordinary sphere
S3: a 3-sphere is a sphere in 4-dimensional Euclidean space.Spheres for n > 2 are sometimes called hyperspheres.
The n-sphere of unit radius centered at the origin is denoted Sn and is often referred to as "the" n-sphere. The ordinary sphere is a 2-sphere, because it is a 2-dimensional surface which is embedded in 3-dimensional space.
In topology, the n-sphere is an example of a compact topological manifold without boundary. A topological sphere need not be smooth; if it is smooth, it need not be diffeomorphic to the Euclidean sphere (an exotic sphere).
The sphere is the inverse image of a one-point set under the continuous function ‖x‖, so it is closed; Sn is also bounded, so it is compact by the Heine–Borel theorem.
| null | null | null | null | 19 |
[
"Sphere",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Spheres"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"History of South Africa (1910–1948)",
"followed by",
"apartheid"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"History of South Africa (1910–1948)",
"follows",
"history of South Africa"
] |
This is the history of South Africa from 1910 to 1948.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Saint Sylvester's Day",
"followed by",
"New Year"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"WWE Armageddon",
"followed by",
"2000 Royal Rumble"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"WWE Armageddon",
"follows",
"Survivor Series (1999)"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"WWE Armageddon",
"topic's main category",
"Category:WWE Armageddon"
] |
WWE Armageddon was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), a professional wrestling promotion based in Connecticut. The event was created in 1999, when the promotion was still called the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, renamed to WWE in 2002). It was held every December except in 2001, as that year, Vengeance replaced Armageddon as the event's name was thought to be insensitive following the September 11 attacks, although Armageddon was reinstated in 2002 with Vengeance moving up to July.
To coincide with the brand extension introduced in 2002, the event was made exclusive to the Raw brand in 2003 before becoming SmackDown-exclusive from 2004 to 2006. Following WrestleMania 23 in 2007, brand-exclusive PPVs were discontinued. The final event was held in 2008, with TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs replacing Armageddon in 2009.
| null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Cameralism",
"followed by",
"political science"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Cameralism",
"said to be the same as",
"Cameralism"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Cameralism",
"followed by",
"political science and government"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Schlagwortnormdatei",
"followed by",
"Gemeinsame Normdatei"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Ural Ocean",
"followed by",
"Ural Mountains"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Personennamendatei",
"followed by",
"Gemeinsame Normdatei"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Anglo-Norman language",
"follows",
"Norman"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Anglo-Norman language",
"followed by",
"Middle English"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Anglo-Norman language",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Anglo-Norman"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Koine Greek",
"follows",
"Ancient Greek"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Koine Greek",
"different from",
"Ancient Greek"
] |
Name
The English-language name Koine is derived from the Koine Greek term ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος (hē koinḕ diálektos), meaning "the common dialect". The Greek word κοινή (koinḗ) itself means "common". The word is pronounced , , or in US English and in UK English. The pronunciation of the word koine itself gradually changed from [koinéː] (close to the Classical Attic pronunciation [koi̯.nɛ̌ː]) to [cyˈni] (close to the Modern Greek [ciˈni]). In Modern Greek, the language is referred to as Ελληνιστική Κοινή, "Hellenistic Koiné", in the sense of "Hellenistic supraregional language").Ancient scholars used the term koine in several different senses. Scholars such as Apollonius Dyscolus (second century AD) and Aelius Herodianus (second century AD) maintained the term koine to refer to the Proto-Greek language, while others used it to refer to any vernacular form of Greek speech which differed somewhat from the literary language.When Koine Greek became a language of literature by the first century BC, some people distinguished two forms: written as the literary post-classical form (which should not be confused with Atticism), and vernacular as the day-to-day vernacular. Others chose to refer to Koine as "the dialect of Alexandria" or "Alexandrian dialect" (ἡ Ἀλεξανδρέων διάλεκτος), or even the universal dialect of its time. Modern classicists have often used the former sense.Origins and history
Koine Greek arose as a common dialect within the armies of Alexander the Great. Under the leadership of Macedon, their newly formed common variety was spoken from the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt to the Seleucid Empire of Mesopotamia. It replaced existing ancient Greek dialects with an everyday form that people anywhere could understand. Though elements of Koine Greek took shape in Classical Greece, the post-Classical period of Greek is defined as beginning with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, when cultures under Greek sway in turn began to influence the language.
The passage into the next period, known as Medieval Greek, is sometimes dated from the foundation of Constantinople by Constantine the Great in 330 AD, but often only from the end of late antiquity. The post-Classical period of Greek thus refers to the creation and evolution of Koine Greek throughout the entire Hellenistic and Roman eras of history until the start of the Middle Ages.The linguistic roots of the Common Greek dialect had been unclear since ancient times. During the Hellenistic period, most scholars thought of Koine as the result of the mixture of the four main Ancient Greek dialects, "ἡ ἐκ τῶν τεττάρων συνεστῶσα" (the composition of the Four). This view was supported in the early twentieth century by Paul Kretschmer in his book Die Entstehung der Koine (1901), while Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff and Antoine Meillet, based on the intense Ionic elements of the Koine – σσ instead of ττ and ρσ instead of ρρ (θάλασσα – θάλαττα, 'sea'; ἀρσενικός – ἀρρενικός, 'potent, virile') – considered Koine to be a simplified form of Ionic.The view accepted by most scholars today was given by the Greek linguist Georgios Hatzidakis, who showed that despite the "composition of the Four", the "stable nucleus" of Koine Greek is Attic. In other words, Koine Greek can be regarded as Attic with the admixture of elements especially from Ionic, but also from other dialects. The degree of importance of the non-Attic linguistic elements on Koine can vary depending on the region of the Hellenistic world.In that respect, the varieties of Koine spoken in the Ionian colonies of Anatolia (e.g. Pontus, cf. Pontic Greek) would have more intense Ionic characteristics than others and those of Laconia and Cyprus would preserve some Doric and Arcadocypriot characteristics, respectively. The literary Koine of the Hellenistic age resembles Attic in such a degree that it is often mentioned as Common Attic.Types
Biblical Koine
Biblical Koine refers to the varieties of Koine Greek used in Bible translations into Greek and related texts. Its main sources are:Differences in grammar
Phonology
During the period generally designated as Koine Greek, a great deal of phonological change occurred. At the start of the period, the pronunciation was virtually identical to Ancient Greek phonology, whereas in the end, it had much more in common with Modern Greek phonology.
The three most significant changes were the loss of vowel length distinction, the replacement of the pitch accent system by a stress accent system, and the monophthongization of several diphthongs:The ancient distinction between long and short vowels was gradually lost, and from the second century BC all vowels were isochronic (having equal length).
From the second century BC, the Ancient Greek pitch accent was replaced with a stress accent.
Psilosis: loss of rough breathing, /h/. Rough breathing had already been lost in the Ionic Greek varieties of Anatolia and the Aeolic Greek of Lesbos.
The diphthongs ᾱͅ, ῃ, ῳ /aːi eːi oːi/ were respectively simplified to the long vowels ᾱ, η, ω /aː eː oː/.
The diphthongs αι, ει, and οι became monophthongs. αι, which had already been pronounced as /ɛː/ by the Boeotians since the 4th century BC and written η (e.g. πῆς, χῆρε, μέμφομη), became in Koine, too, first a long vowel /ɛː/ and then, with the loss of distinctive vowel length and openness distinction /e/, merging with ε. The diphthong ει had already merged with ι in the 5th century BC in Argos, and by the 4th century BC in Corinth (e.g. ΛΕΓΙΣ), and it acquired this pronunciation also in Koine. The diphthong οι fronted to /y/, merging with υ. The diphthong υι came to be pronounced [yj], but eventually lost its final element and also merged with υ. The diphthong ου had been already raised to /u/ in the 6th century BC, and remains so in Modern Greek.
The diphthongs αυ and ευ came to be pronounced [av ev] (via [aβ eβ]), but are partly assimilated to [af ef] before the voiceless consonants θ, κ, ξ, π, σ, τ, φ, χ, and ψ.
Simple vowels mostly preserved their ancient pronunciations. η /e/ (classically pronounced /ɛː/) was raised and merged with ι. In the 10th century AD, υ/οι /y/ unrounded to merge with ι. These changes are known as iotacism.
The consonants also preserved their ancient pronunciations to a great extent, except β, γ, δ, φ, θ, χ and ζ. Β, Γ, Δ, which were originally pronounced /b ɡ d/, became the fricatives /v/ (via [β]), /ɣ/, /ð/, which they still are today, except when preceded by a nasal consonant (μ, ν); in that case, they retain their ancient pronunciations (e.g. γαμβρός > γαμπρός [ɣamˈbros], ἄνδρας > άντρας [ˈandras], ἄγγελος > άγγελος [ˈaŋɟelos]). The latter three (Φ, Θ, Χ), which were initially pronounced as aspirates (/pʰ tʰ kʰ/ respectively), developed into the fricatives /f/ (via [ɸ]), /θ/, and /x/. Finally ζ, which is still metrically categorised as a double consonant with ξ and ψ because it may have initially been pronounced as σδ [zd] or δσ [dz], later acquired its modern-day value of /z/.New Testament Greek phonology
The Koine Greek in the table represents a reconstruction of New Testament Koine Greek, deriving to some degree from the dialect spoken in Judea and Galilee during the first century and similar to the dialect spoken in Alexandria, Egypt. The realizations of certain phonemes differ from the more standard Attic dialect of Koine.Γ has spirantized, with palatal allophone before front-vowels and a plosive allophone after nasals, while β is beginning to develop a fricative articulation intervocalically. φ, θ and χ still preserve their ancient aspirated plosive values, while the unaspirated stops π, τ, κ have perhaps begun to develop voiced allophones after nasals. Initial aspiration has also likely become an optional sound for many speakers of the popular variety. Monophthongization (including the initial stage in the fortition of the second element in the αυ/ευ diphthongs) and the loss of vowel-timing distinctions are carried through, but there is still a distinction between the four front vowels /e̞/, /e̝/, /i/, and /y/ (which is still rounded).
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Koine Greek",
"followed by",
"Medieval Greek"
] |
Origins and history
Koine Greek arose as a common dialect within the armies of Alexander the Great. Under the leadership of Macedon, their newly formed common variety was spoken from the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt to the Seleucid Empire of Mesopotamia. It replaced existing ancient Greek dialects with an everyday form that people anywhere could understand. Though elements of Koine Greek took shape in Classical Greece, the post-Classical period of Greek is defined as beginning with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, when cultures under Greek sway in turn began to influence the language.
The passage into the next period, known as Medieval Greek, is sometimes dated from the foundation of Constantinople by Constantine the Great in 330 AD, but often only from the end of late antiquity. The post-Classical period of Greek thus refers to the creation and evolution of Koine Greek throughout the entire Hellenistic and Roman eras of history until the start of the Middle Ages.The linguistic roots of the Common Greek dialect had been unclear since ancient times. During the Hellenistic period, most scholars thought of Koine as the result of the mixture of the four main Ancient Greek dialects, "ἡ ἐκ τῶν τεττάρων συνεστῶσα" (the composition of the Four). This view was supported in the early twentieth century by Paul Kretschmer in his book Die Entstehung der Koine (1901), while Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff and Antoine Meillet, based on the intense Ionic elements of the Koine – σσ instead of ττ and ρσ instead of ρρ (θάλασσα – θάλαττα, 'sea'; ἀρσενικός – ἀρρενικός, 'potent, virile') – considered Koine to be a simplified form of Ionic.The view accepted by most scholars today was given by the Greek linguist Georgios Hatzidakis, who showed that despite the "composition of the Four", the "stable nucleus" of Koine Greek is Attic. In other words, Koine Greek can be regarded as Attic with the admixture of elements especially from Ionic, but also from other dialects. The degree of importance of the non-Attic linguistic elements on Koine can vary depending on the region of the Hellenistic world.In that respect, the varieties of Koine spoken in the Ionian colonies of Anatolia (e.g. Pontus, cf. Pontic Greek) would have more intense Ionic characteristics than others and those of Laconia and Cyprus would preserve some Doric and Arcadocypriot characteristics, respectively. The literary Koine of the Hellenistic age resembles Attic in such a degree that it is often mentioned as Common Attic.
| null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Koine Greek",
"different from",
"Coenus"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Koine Greek",
"different from",
"koiné language"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Koine Greek",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Koine Greek"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Gemeinsame Körperschaftsdatei",
"followed by",
"Gemeinsame Normdatei"
] |
The Gemeinsame Körperschaftsdatei or GKD (translated as Corporate Bodies Authority File) is a German authority control for the organisation of corporation names (corporate bodies) from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries. Like the Schlagwortnormdatei (SWD) (English: Subject Headings Authority File) and the Personennamendatei (PND) (English: Name Authority File), the GKD is looked after and updated by the German National Library (DNB), the Bavarian State Library, the Berlin State Library and, since 1997, the Austrian National Library, several library networks taking part. The responsible editor is the State Library in Berlin. The GKD was created in the 1970s from the catalogue data of the Zeitschriftendatenbank (ZDB). In April 2004 it contained more than 915,000 records.
Since April 2012 GKD, SWD and PND are part of the Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) (English: Integrated Authority File).
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Gododdin",
"followed by",
"Kingdom of Northumbria"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Mercia",
"followed by",
"Kingdom of Wessex"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Mercia",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Mercia"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Mercia",
"follows",
"Kingdom of the Hwicce"
] | null | null | null | null | 22 |
|
[
"Rheged",
"followed by",
"Kingdom of Northumbria"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Malmöhus County",
"followed by",
"Skåne County"
] |
Malmöhus County (Swedish: Malmöhus län) was a county of Sweden from 1719 to 1996. On 1 January 1997 it was merged with Kristianstad County to form Skåne County. It had been named after Malmöhus, a castle in Malmö, which was also where the governor originally lived.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Malmöhus County",
"follows",
"Helsingborg County"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Malmöhus County",
"follows",
"Landskrona County"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Malmöhus County",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Malmöhus County"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Barber surgeon",
"followed by",
"barber"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Barber surgeon",
"different from",
"barber"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Barber surgeon",
"followed by",
"surgeon"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"May 1924 German federal election",
"followed by",
"December 1924 German federal election"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"May 1924 German federal election",
"follows",
"1920 German federal election"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"May 1924 German federal election",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Weimar Republic"
] |
Federal elections were held in Germany on 4 May 1924, after the Reichstag had been dissolved on 13 March. The Social Democratic Party remained the largest party, winning 100 of the 472 seats. Voter turnout was 77.4%.Electoral system
The members of the Reichstag were elected by two methods. A total of 35 multi-member constituencies were to have representatives elected via party-list proportional representation. A party was entitled to a seat via this method for every 60,000 votes they obtained in a constituency. At the second level, the 35 constituencies were combined into 16 constituency associations. A party could claim an additional seat if its vote remainder in the electoral district after distribution of seats by the first method was more than 30,000. As seats were allocated based on vote count, there was not a set number of seats in the chamber.People who were under the age of 25, incapacitated according to the Civil Code, who were under guardianship or provisional guardianship, or who had lost their civil rights of honour after a criminal court ruling were not eligible to vote.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"1928 German federal election",
"follows",
"December 1924 German federal election"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"1928 German federal election",
"followed by",
"1930 German federal election"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"1928 German federal election",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Weimar Republic"
] |
Federal elections were held in Germany on 20 May 1928. The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) remained the largest party in the Reichstag after winning 153 of the 491 seats. Voter turnout was 75.6%.The only two parties to gain significantly were the SPD, which received almost a third of the vote, and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), which completed a thorough victory of the left wing. However, the SPD still failed to win a clear majority, resulting in another coalition government, led by Hermann Müller. Following his appointment as Chancellor, Müller, who had previously held the post for four months in 1920, created a grand coalition of members of the SPD, the German Democratic Party, the Centre Party, the German People's Party and the Bavarian People's Party. However, the coalition was plagued by internal divisions right from the beginning, with each party more concerned with their own interests than the interests of the government. As a result, Müller asked German President Paul von Hindenburg for emergency powers, but when Hindenburg refused, he resigned, marking the end of the "last genuinely democratic government of the Weimar Republic" on 27 March 1930.The recently reformed Nazi Party contested the elections after the ban on the party had been lifted in 1925. However, the party received less than 3% of the vote and won only 12 seats in the Reichstag. Adolf Hitler, who had been incarcerated in Landsberg prison for his involvement in the Beer Hall Putsch until Christmas 1924, had concentrated on re-establishing himself as the leader of the Nazi Party after his release rather than on his party's electability.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Duchy of Amalfi",
"followed by",
"Byzantine Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Duchy of Amalfi",
"followed by",
"Kingdom of Sicily"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Duchy of Amalfi",
"follows",
"Duchy of Naples"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Duchy of Amalfi",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Duchy of Amalfi"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Province of Alsace",
"different from",
"Alsace"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Province of Alsace",
"followed by",
"Bas-Rhin"
] |
Government
Following the governmental reforms of 1773, the Province of Alsace formed part of the Government of Alsace (Gouvernement d'Alsace). The province itself was further divided into two 'regions': Lower Alsace (North) and Upper Alsace (South).Following the Decree dividing France into departments announced on 22 December 1789, the Province of Alsace was disestablished and formed the departments of Bas-Rhin (Lower Rhine), Haut-Rhin (Upper Rhine), and part of Moselle.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Province of Alsace",
"followed by",
"Haut-Rhin"
] |
The Province of Alsace (Province d'Alsace) was an administrative region of the Kingdom of France and one of the many provinces formed in the late 1600s. In 1648, the Landgraviate of Upper-Alsace was absorbed into the Kingdom of France and subsequently became the Province of Alsace, which it remain an integral part of for almost 150 years. In 1790, as a result of the Decree dividing France into departments, the province was disestablished and split into three departments: Bas-Rhin (Lower Rhine), Haut-Rhin (Upper Rhine), and part of Moselle.Government
Following the governmental reforms of 1773, the Province of Alsace formed part of the Government of Alsace (Gouvernement d'Alsace). The province itself was further divided into two 'regions': Lower Alsace (North) and Upper Alsace (South).Following the Decree dividing France into departments announced on 22 December 1789, the Province of Alsace was disestablished and formed the departments of Bas-Rhin (Lower Rhine), Haut-Rhin (Upper Rhine), and part of Moselle.Culture
Alsace historically was part of the Holy Roman Empire and the German realm of culture. Since the 17th century, the region has passed between German and French control numerous times, resulting in a cultural blend. German traits remain in the more traditional, rural parts of the culture, such as the cuisine and architecture, whereas modern institutions are totally dominated by French culture.
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Province of Alsace",
"follows",
"County of Dagsburg"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Province of Alsace",
"follows",
"Hanau-Lichtenberg"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Province of Alsace",
"follows",
"Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg"
] |
This situation prevailed until 1639, when most of Alsace was conquered by France to keep it out of the hands of the Spanish Habsburgs, who by secret treaty in 1617 had gained a clear road to their valuable and rebellious possessions in the Spanish Netherlands, the Spanish Road. Beset by enemies and seeking to gain a free hand in Hungary, the Habsburgs sold their Sundgau territory (mostly in Upper Alsace) to France in 1646, which had occupied it, for the sum of 1.2 million Thalers. When hostilities were concluded in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia, most of Alsace was recognized as part of France, although some towns remained independent. The treaty stipulations regarding Alsace were complex. Although the French king gained sovereignty, existing rights and customs of the inhabitants were largely preserved. France continued to maintain its customs border along the Vosges mountains where it had been, leaving Alsace more economically oriented to neighbouring German-speaking lands. The German language remained in use in local administration, in schools, and at the (Lutheran) University of Strasbourg, which continued to draw students from other German-speaking lands. The 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau, by which the French king ordered the suppression of French Protestantism, was not applied in Alsace. France did endeavour to promote Catholicism. Strasbourg Cathedral, for example, which had been Lutheran from 1524 to 1681, was returned to the Catholic Church. However, compared to the rest of France, Alsace enjoyed a climate of religious tolerance.
France consolidated its hold with the 1679 Treaties of Nijmegen, which brought most remaining towns under its control. France seized Strasbourg in 1681 in an unprovoked action. These territorial changes were recognised in the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick that ended the War of the Grand Alliance. But Alsace still contained islands of territory nominally under the sovereignty of German princes and an independent city-state at Mulhouse. These enclaves were established by law, prescription and international consensus.
| null | null | null | null | 15 |
[
"Province of Alsace",
"follows",
"Habsburg Hereditary Lands"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Province of Alsace",
"follows",
"Free City of Landau"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Province of Alsace",
"follows",
"Free City of Colmar"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"Province of Alsace",
"follows",
"Free City of Haguenau"
] | null | null | null | null | 22 |
|
[
"Province of Alsace",
"follows",
"Free City of Kaysersberg"
] | null | null | null | null | 23 |
|
[
"Province of Alsace",
"follows",
"Free City of Turckheim"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"Province of Alsace",
"follows",
"Free City of Wissembourg"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
|
[
"Province of Alsace",
"follows",
"Free City of Munster"
] | null | null | null | null | 26 |
|
[
"Province of Alsace",
"different from",
"CdZ-Gebiet Elsaß"
] | null | null | null | null | 28 |
|
[
"Province of Alsace",
"follows",
"Prince-Bishopric of Murbach"
] | null | null | null | null | 31 |
|
[
"Province of Alsace",
"follows",
"landgraviate of Upper Alsace"
] |
The Province of Alsace (Province d'Alsace) was an administrative region of the Kingdom of France and one of the many provinces formed in the late 1600s. In 1648, the Landgraviate of Upper-Alsace was absorbed into the Kingdom of France and subsequently became the Province of Alsace, which it remain an integral part of for almost 150 years. In 1790, as a result of the Decree dividing France into departments, the province was disestablished and split into three departments: Bas-Rhin (Lower Rhine), Haut-Rhin (Upper Rhine), and part of Moselle.
| null | null | null | null | 33 |
[
"Province of Alsace",
"follows",
"Free City of Obernai"
] | null | null | null | null | 34 |
|
[
"Province of Alsace",
"follows",
"Free City of Rosheim"
] | null | null | null | null | 35 |
|
[
"Province of Alsace",
"follows",
"landgraviate of Lower Alsace"
] | null | null | null | null | 36 |
|
[
"Province of Alsace",
"follows",
"Free Imperial City of Strasbourg"
] | null | null | null | null | 37 |
|
[
"Province of Alsace",
"follows",
"Free City of Sélestat"
] | null | null | null | null | 38 |
|
[
"Province of Alsace",
"different from",
"duchy of Alsace"
] | null | null | null | null | 40 |
|
[
"Ancient history",
"follows",
"prehistory"
] |
Prehistory
Prehistory is the period before written history. Most of our knowledge of that period comes from the work of archaeologists. Prehistory is often known as the Stone Age, and is divided into the Paleolithic (earliest), Mesolithic, and Neolithic.The early human migrations in the Lower Paleolithic saw Homo erectus spread across Eurasia 1.8 million years ago. Evidence for the use of fire has been dated as early as 1.8 million years ago, a date which is contested, with generally accepted evidence for the controlled use of fire dating to 780,000 years ago. Actual use of hearths first appears 400,000 years ago. Dates for the emergence of Homo sapiens (modern humans) range from 250,000 to 160,000 years ago, with the varying dates being based on DNA studies and fossils respectively. Some 50,000 years ago, Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa. They reached Australia about 45,000 years ago, southwestern Europe about the same time, southeastern Europe and Siberia around 40,000 years ago, and Japan about 30,000 years ago. Humans migrated to the Americas about 15,000 years ago.Evidence for agriculture emerges in about 9000 BC in what is now eastern Turkey and spread through the Fertile Crescent. Settlement at Göbekli Tepe began around 9500 BC and may have the world's oldest temple. The Nile River Valley has evidence of sorghum and millet cultivation starting around 8000 BC and agricultural use of yams in Western Africa perhaps dates to the same time period. Cultivation of millet, rice, and legumes began around 7000 BC in China. Taro cultivation in New Guinea dates to about 7000 BC also with squash cultivation in Mesoamerica perhaps sharing that date. Animal domestication began with the domestication of dogs, which dates to at least 15,000 years ago, and perhaps even earlier. Sheep and goats were domesticated around 9000 BC in the Fertile Crescent, alongside the first evidence for agriculture. Other animals, such as pigs and poultry, were later domesticated and used as food sources. Cattle and water buffalo were domesticated around 7000 BC and horses, donkeys, and camels were domesticated by about 4000 BC. All of these animals were used not only for food, but to carry and pull people and loads, greatly increasing human ability to do work. The invention of the simple plough by 6000 BC further increased agricultural efficiency.Metal use in the form of hammered copper items predates the discovery of smelting of copper ores, which happened around 6000 BC in western Asia and independently in eastern Asia before 2000 BC. Gold and silver use dates to between 6000 and 5000 BC. How to make metal alloys began with bronze in about 3500 BC in Mesopotamia and was developed independently in China by 2000 BC. Pottery developed independently throughout the world, with fired pots appearing first among the Jomon of Japan and in West Africa at Mali. Sometime between 5000 and 4000 BC the potter's wheel was invented. By 3000 BC, the pottery wheel was adapted into wheeled vehicles which could be used to carry loads further and easier than with human or animal power alone.Writing developed separately in five different locations in human history: Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, and Mesoamerica. By 3400 BC, "proto-literate" cuneiform spread in the Middle East. Egypt developed its own system of hieroglyphs by about 3200 BC. By 2800 BC the Indus Valley civilization had developed its Indus script, which remains undeciphered. Writing in China was developed in the Shang Dynasty dating to the period 1600 to 1100 BC. Writing in Mesoamerica dates to 600 BC with the Zapotec civilization.
| null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Ancient history",
"followed by",
"Middle Ages"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Ancient history",
"different from",
"classical antiquity"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Ancient history",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ancient history"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Ancient history",
"different from",
"earliness"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Ancient history",
"followed by",
"Postclassical Era"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"Cuban War of Independence",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Cuban War of Independence"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Cuban War of Independence",
"followed by",
"Spanish–American War"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Cuban War of Independence",
"follows",
"Little War"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Het Volk (newspaper)",
"followed by",
"Het Nieuwsblad"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Het Volk (newspaper)",
"owned by",
"Mediahuis"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Prehistoric Egypt",
"followed by",
"Ancient Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Prehistoric Egypt",
"followed by",
"Early Dynastic Period of Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Prehistoric Egypt",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Prehistoric Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Johannes Kepler ATV",
"followed by",
"Edoardo Amaldi ATV"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Johannes Kepler ATV",
"follows",
"Jules Verne ATV"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Johannes Kepler ATV",
"significant event",
"rocket launch"
] |
Mission summary
Launch
On 16 February 2011 UTC, Johannes Kepler was launched on an Ariane 5ES rocket from the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana. The launch was conducted by Arianespace on behalf of the ESA.The first launch attempt, on 15 February 2011, was halted four minutes before lift-off, due to an erroneous signal from one of the rocket's fuel tanks.
| null | null | null | null | 10 |
[
"Johannes Kepler ATV",
"significant event",
"atmospheric entry"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Johannes Kepler ATV",
"significant event",
"docking and berthing of spacecraft"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"MessagePad",
"followed by",
"iPad (1st generation)"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Federal Counterintelligence Service",
"followed by",
"Federal Security Service"
] |
The Federal Counterintelligence Service of the Russian Federation (FSK RF; Russian: Федеральная служба контрразведки Российской Федерации, romanized: Federal'naya sluzhba kontrrazvedki Rossiskoy Federatsii) was the main security agency of Russia. The FSK was the main successor agency to the Soviet Union's KGB. It existed from 1993 to 1995, when it was reorganized into the Federal Security Service (FSB).
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Federal Counterintelligence Service",
"follows",
"Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Federal Counterintelligence Service",
"replaces",
"Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation"
] |
Origin
On November 26, 1991, the President of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin issued a decree on the transformation of the republican State Security Committee (KGB) into the Federal Security Agency of the RSFSR (AFB). On January 24, 1992, by decree of the President of Russia, the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation was created on the basis of the abolished Federal Security Agency of the RSFSR and the Inter-Republican Security Service of the USSR.On December 21, 1993, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Security was abolished and the Federal Counterintelligence Service of the Russian Federation (FSK) was created in its place.
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Federal Counterintelligence Service",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"President of Russia"
] |
Origin
On November 26, 1991, the President of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin issued a decree on the transformation of the republican State Security Committee (KGB) into the Federal Security Agency of the RSFSR (AFB). On January 24, 1992, by decree of the President of Russia, the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation was created on the basis of the abolished Federal Security Agency of the RSFSR and the Inter-Republican Security Service of the USSR.On December 21, 1993, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Security was abolished and the Federal Counterintelligence Service of the Russian Federation (FSK) was created in its place.
| null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"1508 Kemi",
"followed by",
"1509 Esclangona"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
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