ProfessorBob/relation_extraction · Datasets at Hugging Face

triplets list	passage stringlengths 0 32.9k	label stringlengths 4 48 ⌀	label_id int64 0 1k ⌀	synonyms list	__index_level_1__ int64 312 64.1k ⌀	__index_level_0__ int64 0 2.4k ⌀
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Saikyō Line" ]		null	null	null	null	36
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Hachikō Line" ]		null	null	null	null	37
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Jōban Rapid Line" ]		null	null	null	null	39
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Chichibu Main Line" ]		null	null	null	null	40
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Jōhana Line" ]		null	null	null	null	41
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Toyama Chihō Railway Fujikoshi Line" ]		null	null	null	null	42
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Toyama Chihō Railway Kamidaki Line" ]		null	null	null	null	43
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Toyama Chihō Railway Main Line" ]		null	null	null	null	44
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Toyama Chihō Railway Tateyama Line" ]		null	null	null	null	45
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Toyamakō Line" ]		null	null	null	null	46
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Bessho Line" ]		null	null	null	null	47
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "owned by", "Japan Railway Construction, Transport and Technology Agency" ]		null	null	null	null	50
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "replaces", "Nagano Shinkansen" ]		null	null	null	null	54
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Hibiya Line" ]		null	null	null	null	56
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Keihin-Tōhoku Line" ]		null	null	null	null	57
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Hokuriku Main Line" ]		null	null	null	null	58
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Takasaki Line" ]	The Hokuriku Shinkansen (北陸新幹線) is a high-speed Shinkansen railway line jointly operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and West Japan Railway Company (JR West), connecting Tokyo with Kanazawa in the Hokuriku region of Japan. The first section, between Takasaki and Nagano in Nagano Prefecture, opened on 1 October 1997 in time for the 1998 Winter Olympics, and was originally called the Nagano Shinkansen (長野新幹線). The extension to Toyama in Toyama Prefecture and Kanazawa in Ishikawa Prefecture opened on 14 March 2015. Construction of a further section onward to Fukui and Tsuruga in Fukui Prefecture commenced in 2012, with scheduled opening in Spring 2024. The route of the final section to Shin-Osaka was decided on 20 December 2016 as the Osaka–Kyoto route, with construction expected to begin in 2030 and take 15 years.	null	null	null	null	59
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Jōban Line" ]		null	null	null	null	60
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Nagano Line" ]		null	null	null	null	61
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Tōkaidō Line (JR East)" ]		null	null	null	null	62
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Hokuriku Railroad Asanogawa Line" ]		null	null	null	null	63
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Toyama Prefectural Road Route 14" ]		null	null	null	null	64
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Yokosuka–Sōbu Line" ]		null	null	null	null	65
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Gunma Prefectural Road Route 48" ]		null	null	null	null	66
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Kita-Shinano Line" ]		null	null	null	null	67
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Myōkō Haneuma Line" ]		null	null	null	null	68
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Nihonkai Hisui Line" ]		null	null	null	null	69
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "IR Ishikawa Railway Line" ]		null	null	null	null	70
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Ainokaze Toyama Railway Line" ]		null	null	null	null	71
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Hapi-Line" ]		null	null	null	null	73
[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "topic's main category", "Category:Hokuriku Shinkansen" ]		null	null	null	null	74
[ "Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway (1990)", "replaces", "Norfolk and Western Railway" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "Canal & River Trust", "replaces", "British Waterways" ]	The Canal & River Trust (CRT), branded as Glandŵr Cymru in Wales, holds the guardianship of 2,000 miles of canals and rivers, together with reservoirs and a wide range of heritage buildings and structures, in England and Wales. Launched on 12 July 2012, the Trust took over the responsibilities of the state-owned British Waterways in those two places.History The concept of a National Waterways Conservancy was first championed and articulated in the 1960s by Robert Aickman, the co-founder of the Inland Waterways Association, as a way to secure the future of Britain's threatened inland waterways network. The idea was revived by the management of British Waterways in 2008 in response to increasing cuts in grant-in-aid funding, a drop in commercial income after the financial crisis of 2007–2008 and growing calls by waterway users for a greater say in the running of the waterways. On 18 May 2009, launching 'Twenty Twenty – a vision for the future of our canals and rivers' on the terrace of the House of Commons, British Waterways proposed a radical overhaul of waterway management and a transfer from public corporation to not-for-profit organisation. The event was supported by speakers from each of the three main parties: Charlotte Atkins MP, Peter Ainsworth MP and Lembit Opik MP. British Waterways chairman, Tony Hales said: "The private sector built the canals, the public sector rescued them and I believe the third sector can be their future".In November 2009, British Waterways published another paper 'Setting a New Course: Britain's Inland Waterways in the Third Sector'. This promoted the original suggestion by British Waterways, that it should become a private company, inheriting all of the property and other waterway assets held in public ownership by British Waterways. On 24 March 2010, the Labour government announced its decision to mutualise British Waterways, a commitment which was repeated in Labour's 2010 manifesto: "To give more people a stake in a highly valued national asset, British Waterways will be turned into a mutually owned co-operative".Following the 2010 general election, the incoming coalition government reaffirmed its support for status change on the waterways, as an example of the Conservative Party's commitment to the so-called Big Society. Waterways Minister Richard Benyon MP stated on 21 June 2010 the government's "intention to move British Waterways to the civil society, subject to the outcome of the spending review."Between March and June 2011, Defra ran a public consultation 'A New Era for the Waterways' on the overall structure of the proposed new body, the potential inclusion of the river navigations under the management of the Environment Agency (another public body), and the abolition of the Inland Waterways Advisory Council.In October 2011, British Waterways announced a name and logo for a charitable trust which would inherit its English and Welsh operations: the Canal & River Trust, branded in Wales as Glandŵr Cymru (meaning Waterside Wales) — the Canal & River Trust in Wales. The Trust received charitable status in April and received parliamentary approval in June. In July 2012, all British Waterways' assets, liabilities and responsibilities in England and Wales were transferred to the Canal & River Trust, which was launched officially on 12 July. At the same time, the Canal & River Trust merged with the English and Welsh operations of The Waterways Trust, a charity previously affiliated to British Waterways, to avoid confusion and as both charities had similar aims.BWML, a private company limited by guarantee, was formerly owned by the Canal & River Trust and managed some 20 marinas. It was sold in December 2018 and subsequently rebranded Aquavista.	null	null	null	null	8
[ "Virginia House of Delegates", "applies to jurisdiction", "Virginia" ]	The Virginia House of Delegates is one of the two houses of the Virginia General Assembly, the other being the Senate of Virginia. It has 100 members elected for terms of two years; unlike most states, these elections take place during odd-numbered years. The House is presided over by the Speaker of the House, who is elected from among the House membership by the Delegates. The Speaker is usually a member of the majority party and, as Speaker, becomes the most powerful member of the House. The House shares legislative power with the Senate of Virginia, the upper house of the Virginia General Assembly. The House of Delegates is the modern-day successor to the Virginia House of Burgesses, which first met at Jamestown in 1619. The House is divided into Democratic and Republican caucuses. In addition to the Speaker, there is a majority leader, majority whip, majority caucus chair, minority leader, minority whip, minority caucus chair, and the chairs of the several committees of the House. Only Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia refer to their lower house as the House of Delegates.History and location The House of Burgesses was the first elected legislative body in the New World. Originally having 22 members, the House of Burgesses met from 1619 through 1632 in the choir of the church at Jamestown. From 1632 to 1699 the legislative body met at four different state houses in Jamestown. The first state house convened at the home of Colonial Governor Sir John Harvey from 1632 to 1656. The burgesses convened at the second state house from 1656 until it was destroyed in 1660. Historians have yet to precisely identify its location.The House of Burgesses had its final meeting in May 1776, and the House of Delegates took its place in October of that year. The House has met in Virginia's Capitol Building, designed by Thomas Jefferson, since 1788. The legislative body met from 1788 to 1904 in what is known as today the Old Hall of the House of Delegates or commonly referred to as the Old House Chamber. The Old House Chamber is part of the original Capitol building structure. It measures 76 feet in width and is filled today with furnishings that resemble what the room would have looked like during its time of use. There are many bronze and marble busts of historic Virginians on display in the Old House Chamber, including: George Mason, George Wythe, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, and Meriwether Lewis. From 1904 to 1906, University of Virginia graduate and architect John K. Peeples designed and built compatible classical wings to the west and east side of the Capitol building. The new wings added to provide more space and serve as the legislative chambers in the Virginia General Assembly, the Senate of Virginia resides in the west chamber and the House of Delegates resides in the east chamber. The General Assembly members and staff operate from offices in the General Assembly Building, located in Capitol Square. Prior to 1788 the House of Delegates met in the Colonial Capital of Williamsburg. In 1999, Republicans took control of the House of Delegates for the first time since Reconstruction (with the exception of a brief 2-year period in which the Readjuster Party was in the majority in the 1880s). The Republican Party held the majority until 2019, when the Democratic Party won a majority of the seats, thus regaining control of the House of Delegates. The majority was sworn in on January 8, 2020, after which Eileen Filler-Corn (D-Fairfax) was elected as the first female and Jewish Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates.On November 4, 2020, Virginia voters approved a constitutional amendment that removed the authority to redistrict congressional and state legislative districts from the General Assembly, and gave that power to a newly-established 16-member panel composed of eight lawmakers and eight non-lawmaker citizens. The maps created by this commission are subject to the approval of the General Assembly, but lawmakers cannot change the commission's lines.	null	null	null	null	2
[ "Virginia House of Delegates", "replaces", "House of Burgesses" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "Lego Mindstorms EV3", "replaces", "Lego Mindstorms NXT" ]	Overview The biggest change from the LEGO Mindstorms NXT and NXT 2.0 to the EV3 is the technological advances in the programmable brick. The main processor of the NXT was an ARM7 microcontroller, whereas the EV3 has a more powerful ARM9 CPU running Linux. A USB connector and Micro SD slot (up to 32GB) are new to the EV3. It comes with the plans to build 5 different robots: EV3RSTORM, GRIPP3R, R3PTAR, SPIK3R, and TRACK3R. LEGO has also released instructions online to build 12 additional projects: ROBODOZ3R, BANNER PRINT3R, EV3MEG, BOBB3E, MR-B3AM, RAC3 TRUCK, KRAZ3, EV3D4, EL3CTRIC GUITAR, DINOR3X, WACK3M, and EV3GAME. It uses a program called LEGO Mindstorms EV3 Home Edition, which is developed by LabVIEW, to write code using blocks instead of lines. However it can also be programmed on the actual robot and saved. MicroPython support has been recently added.The EV3 Home (31313) set consists of: 1 EV3 programmable brick, 2 Large Motors, 1 Medium Motor, 1 Touch Sensor, 1 Color Sensor, 1 Infrared Sensor, 1 Remote Control, cables, USB cable, and 585 TECHNIC elements.The Education EV3 Core Set (45544) set consists of: 1 EV3 programmable brick, 2 Large Motors, 1 Medium Motor, 2 Touch Sensors, 1 Color Sensor, 1 Gyroscope Sensor, 1 Ultrasonic Sensor, cables, USB cable, 1 Rechargeable battery and 547 TECHNIC elements.An expansion set for the Educational Core Set, which can be bought separately, contains 853 LEGO elements. However, the expansion set and the educational set combined do not contain enough components necessary to build most robots of the retail set. This contrasts with NXT; the educational set combined with the resource set could build any of the retail designs. The EV3 educational set was released a month earlier than the retail set, on August 1, 2013. Robots that can be built with the core education set are the EV3 educator robot, the GyroBoy, the Color Sorter, the Puppy and the Robot Arm H25. Robots that can be built with the expansion set are the Tank Bot, the Znap, the Stair Climber, the Elephant and a remote control. Another robot that can be built with a pair of core sets and an expansion set is the Spinner Factory. NXT's Hitechnic sensors Blocks can be used with EV3 & NXT. NXT's sensors can be used with the EV3. It can boot an alternative operating system from a microSD card, which makes it possible to run a modded firmware, ev3dev, a Debian Linux-based operating system.	null	null	null	null	1
[ "Swedish Transport Administration", "applies to jurisdiction", "Sweden" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "Swedish Transport Administration", "follows", "Swedish National Rail Administration" ]		null	null	null	null	7
[ "Swedish Transport Administration", "follows", "Swedish Road Administration" ]		null	null	null	null	8
[ "Swedish Transport Administration", "replaces", "Swedish Road Administration" ]		null	null	null	null	9
[ "Swedish Transport Administration", "follows", "Statens institut för kommunikationsanalys" ]		null	null	null	null	12
[ "Shanghai–Woosung railway", "replaces", "Woosung Road" ]	The Shanghai–Woosung or Songhu railway was a standard-gauge railway in Shanghai, China. It was opened on September 1, AD 1898, and ran between the Old North Railway Station in the modern city's Zhabei District and Woosung in the modern Baoshan District. It is sometimes conflated with the earlier Woosung Road, whose route it principally shared. That railway had been purchased from its foreign owners – principally the British firm Jardine, Matheson, & Company – in 1876 and dismantled for reuse in the Taiwanese coal fields. Sheng Xuanhuai established a new railroad generally along the same path as the old one, although the station was moved over a few streets to the Old North Station. The Songhu was also extended north into Woosung proper and additional stations opened. The line was badly damaged during World War II. The route was eventually incorporated in the Shanghai Metro's Line 3. The former North Station is now the site of the Shanghai Railway Museum and another memorial was placed at the site of the former terminus beside Line 3's Songbin Road station.	null	null	null	null	4
[ "International Court of Justice", "different from", "International Criminal Court" ]	Criticisms The International Court has been criticized with respect to its rulings, its procedures, and its authority. As with criticisms of the United Nations, many critics and opponents of the court refer to the general authority assigned to the body by member states through its Charter, rather than to specific problems with the composition of judges or their rulings. Major criticisms include the following: "Compulsory" jurisdiction is limited to cases where both parties have agreed to submit to its decision, and so instances of aggression tend to be automatically escalated to and adjudicated by the Security Council. According to the sovereignty principle of international law, no nation is superior or inferior against another. Therefore, there is no entity that could force the states into practice of the law or punish the states in case any violation of international law occurs. Therefore, the absence of binding force means that the 193 member states of the ICJ do not necessarily have to accept the jurisdiction. Moreover, membership in the UN and ICJ does not give the court automatic jurisdiction over the member states, but it is the consent of each state to follow the jurisdiction that matters. The International Court of Justice cannot hear the cases of organizations, private enterprises, and individuals. Furthermore, UN agencies are unable to raise a case except in the circumstance of a non-binding advisory opinion. The national states are the only ones who are able to bring cases for and act as defendants for these individuals. As a result, victims of war crimes, crimes against humanity and minority groups may not have the support of their national state. Other existing international thematic courts, such as the ICC, are not under the umbrella of the International Court. Unlike ICJ, international thematic courts like ICC work independently from United Nations. Such dualistic structure between various international courts sometimes makes it hard for the courts to engage in effective and collective jurisdiction. The International Court does not enjoy a full separation of powers, with permanent members of the Security Council being able to veto enforcement of cases, even those to which they consented to be bound. Because the jurisdiction does not have binding force itself, in many cases, the instances of aggression are adjudicated by Security Council by adopting a resolution, etc. There is, therefore, a likelihood for the permanent member states of Security Council to avoid the legal responsibility brought up by International Court of Justice, as shown in the example of Nicaragua v. United States. The court has been accused of judicial parsimony, with its rulings tending to dismiss submissions of parties on jurisdictional grounds and not resolving the underlying dispute between them.	null	null	null	null	7
[ "International Court of Justice", "replaces", "Permanent Court of International Justice" ]	Activities Established in 1945 by the UN Charter, the court began work in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice. The Statute of the International Court of Justice, similar to that of its predecessor, is the main constitutional document constituting and regulating the court.The court's workload covers a wide range of judicial activity. After the court ruled that the United States's covert war against Nicaragua was in violation of international law (Nicaragua v. United States), the United States withdrew from compulsory jurisdiction in 1986 to accept the court's jurisdiction only on a discretionary basis. Chapter XIV of the United Nations Charter authorizes the UN Security Council to enforce Court rulings. However, such enforcement is subject to the veto power of the five permanent members of the council, which the United States used in the Nicaragua case.	null	null	null	null	8
[ "International Court of Justice", "topic's main category", "Category:International Court of Justice" ]		null	null	null	null	16
[ "Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus", "founded by", "Amadeus VIII of Savoy" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus", "replaces", "Order of Saint Lazarus" ]		null	null	null	null	6
[ "Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus", "topic's main category", "Category:Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus" ]		null	null	null	null	11
[ "Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus", "replaces", "Order of Saint Maurice" ]		null	null	null	null	12
[ "Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences", "replaces", "Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry" ]		null	null	null	null	5
[ "Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences", "replaces", "Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine" ]		null	null	null	null	6
[ "Heddernheim", "replaces", "Nida" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "Heddernheim", "topic's main category", "Category:Frankfurt-Heddernheim" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "Hakugei (roller coaster)", "replaces", "White Cyclone" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "European Union Aviation Safety Agency", "replaces", "Joint Aviation Authorities" ]		null	null	null	null	8
[ "Tongmenghui", "founded by", "Sun Yat-sen" ]	History Revolutionary era The Tongmenghui was created through the unification of Sun Yat-sen's Xingzhonghui (Revive China Society), the Guangfuhui (Restoration Society) and many other Chinese revolutionary groups. Among the Tongmenghui's members were Huang Xing, Li Zongren, Zhang Binglin, Chen Tianhua, Wang Jingwei, Hu Hanmin, Tao Chengzhang, Cai Yuanpei, Li Shizeng, Zhang Renjie, and Qiu Jin. In 1906, a branch of the Tongmenghui was formed in Singapore, following Sun's visit there; this was called the Nanyang branch and served as headquarters of the organization for Southeast Asia. The members of the branch included Wong Hong-kui (黃康衢; Huang Kangqu), Tan Chor Lam (陳楚楠; Chen Chu'nan; 1884–1971) and Teo Eng Hock (張永福; Zhang Yongfu; originally a rubber shoe manufacturer). Tan Chor Lam, Teo Eng Hock and Chan Po-yin (陳步賢; Chen Buxian; 1883–1965) started the revolution-related Chong Shing Chinese Daily Newspaper (中興日報, 中興 meaning China revival), with the inaugural issue on 20 August 1907 and a daily distribution of 1,000 copies. The newspaper ended in 1910, presumably due to the Xinhai Revolution in 1911. Working with other Cantonese people, Tan, Teo and Chan opened the revolution-related Kai Ming Bookstore (開明書報社, 開明 meaning open wisdom) in Singapore. For the revolution, Chan Po-yin raised over 30,000 yuan for the purchase and shipment (from Singapore to China) of military equipment and for the support of the expenses of people travelling from Singapore to China for revolutionary work.In 1909, the headquarters of the Nanyang Tongmenghui was transferred to Penang. Sun Yat-Sen himself was based in Penang from July to December 1910. During this time, the 1910 Penang Conference was held to plan the Second Guangzhou Uprising. The high-powered Preparatory Meeting of Dr. Sun Yat Sen's supporters was subsequently held in Ipoh - at the villa of Teh Lay Seng, chairman of Tungmenghui Ipoh at Jalan Sungai Pari - to raise funds. The Ipoh leaders were Teh Lay Seng, Wong I Ek, Lee Guan Swee and Lee Hau Cheong. The leaders launched a major drive for donations across the Malay Peninsula. An amount of $47, 683 Straits Settlement Dollars was raised. The Tongmenghui also started a newspaper, the Kwong Wah Jit Poh, with the first issue published in December 1910 from 120 Armenian Street, Penang.In Henan, some Chinese Muslims were members of the Tongmenghui.	null	null	null	null	4
[ "Tongmenghui", "replaces", "Huaxinghui" ]		null	null	null	null	9
[ "Tongmenghui", "replaces", "Revive China Society" ]		null	null	null	null	10
[ "Tongmenghui", "topic's main category", "Category:Tongmenghui" ]		null	null	null	null	12
[ "Tongmenghui", "founded by", "Song Jiaoren" ]		null	null	null	null	13
[ "Bohai Strait tunnel project", "replaces", "Bohai Train Ferry" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "Ordem Militar de Cristo", "founded by", "John XXII" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "Ordem Militar de Cristo", "replaces", "Order of Christ" ]	The Ordem Militar de Cristo (Military Order of Christ), the full name of which is the Military Order of Our Knights of Lord Jesus Christ, is a Portuguese honorific Order which takes its name from the extinct Order of Christ (1834), which is given for distinguished service in the performance of functions in sovereign positions or public administration, and for the judiciary and diplomacy, which is seen as being particularly distinguished.	null	null	null	null	4
[ "Ordem Militar de Cristo", "different from", "Order of Christ" ]	The Ordem Militar de Cristo (Military Order of Christ), the full name of which is the Military Order of Our Knights of Lord Jesus Christ, is a Portuguese honorific Order which takes its name from the extinct Order of Christ (1834), which is given for distinguished service in the performance of functions in sovereign positions or public administration, and for the judiciary and diplomacy, which is seen as being particularly distinguished.	null	null	null	null	5
[ "Ordem Militar de Cristo", "different from", "Imperial Order of Christ" ]	The Ordem Militar de Cristo (Military Order of Christ), the full name of which is the Military Order of Our Knights of Lord Jesus Christ, is a Portuguese honorific Order which takes its name from the extinct Order of Christ (1834), which is given for distinguished service in the performance of functions in sovereign positions or public administration, and for the judiciary and diplomacy, which is seen as being particularly distinguished.	null	null	null	null	6
[ "Ordem Militar de Cristo", "founded by", "Denis I of Portugal" ]		null	null	null	null	7
[ "Ordem Militar de Cristo", "different from", "Supreme Order of Christ" ]		null	null	null	null	8
[ "Ordem Militar de Cristo", "significant event", "date of establishment" ]		null	null	null	null	9
[ "Ordem Militar de Cristo", "topic's main category", "Category:Military Order of Christ" ]		null	null	null	null	10
[ "Ordem Militar de Cristo", "significant event", "date of dissolution, abolition or demolition" ]		null	null	null	null	12
[ "Calabarzon", "replaces", "Southern Tagalog" ]		null	null	null	null	10
[ "Calabarzon", "topic's main category", "Category:Calabarzon" ]		null	null	null	null	13
[ "Mimaropa", "replaces", "Southern Tagalog" ]	Mimaropa (officially stylized in all caps), officially the Southwestern Tagalog Region, is an administrative region in the Philippines. It is one of two regions in the country having no land border with another region (the other being Eastern Visayas). The name is an acronym combination of its constituent provinces: Mindoro (divided into Occidental Mindoro and Oriental Mindoro), Marinduque, Romblon and Palawan. The region was part of the now-defunct Southern Tagalog region until May 17, 2002. On May 23, 2005, Palawan and the highly urbanized city of Puerto Princesa were moved to the region of Western Visayas by Executive Order No. 429. However, on August 19, 2005, President Arroyo issued Administrative Order No. 129 to put in abeyance Executive Order No. 429 pending a review. On July 17, 2016, Republic Act No. 10879 formally established the Southwestern Tagalog Region to be known as Mimaropa, discontinuing the Region IV-B designation; however, no boundary changes were involved.Calapan is Mimaropa's regional center. However, most regional government offices such as the Department of Public Works and Highways and the Department of Budget and Management are in Quezon City, Metro Manila.	null	null	null	null	12
[ "Mimaropa", "topic's main category", "Category:Mimaropa" ]		null	null	null	null	13
[ "Tcsh", "has use", "Unix shell" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "Tcsh", "based on", "C shell" ]	tcsh ( “tee-see-shell”, “tee-shell”, or as “tee see ess aitch”, tcsh) is a Unix shell based on and backward compatible with the C shell (csh).Shell It is essentially the C shell with programmable command-line completion, command-line editing, and a few other features. Unlike the other common shells, functions cannot be defined in a tcsh script and the user must use aliases instead (as in csh). It is the native root shell for BSD-based systems such as FreeBSD. tcsh added filename and command completion and command line editing concepts borrowed from the TENEX operating system, which is the source of the “t”. Because it only added functionality and did not change what was there, tcsh remained backward compatible with the original C shell. Though it started as a side branch from the original csh source tree that Bill Joy had created, tcsh is now the main branch for ongoing development. tcsh is very stable but new releases continue to appear roughly once a year, consisting mostly of minor bug fixes.On many systems, such as macOS and Red Hat Linux, csh is actually tcsh. Often one of the two files is either a hard link or a symbolic link to the other, so that either name refers to the same improved version of the C shell (although behavior may be altered depending on which name is used). On Debian and some derivatives (including Ubuntu), there are two different packages: csh and tcsh. The former is based on the original BSD version of csh and the latter is the improved tcsh.History The “t” in tcsh comes from the “T” in TENEX, an operating system which inspired Ken Greer at Carnegie Mellon University, the author of tcsh, with its command-completion feature. Greer began working on his code to implement Tenex-style file name completion in September 1975, finally merging it into the C shell in December 1981. Mike Ellis at Fairchild A.I. Labs added command completion in September 1983. On October 3, 1983, Greer posted source to the net.sources newsgroup.	null	null	null	null	6
[ "Tcsh", "follows", "C shell" ]	tcsh ( “tee-see-shell”, “tee-shell”, or as “tee see ess aitch”, tcsh) is a Unix shell based on and backward compatible with the C shell (csh).Shell It is essentially the C shell with programmable command-line completion, command-line editing, and a few other features. Unlike the other common shells, functions cannot be defined in a tcsh script and the user must use aliases instead (as in csh). It is the native root shell for BSD-based systems such as FreeBSD. tcsh added filename and command completion and command line editing concepts borrowed from the TENEX operating system, which is the source of the “t”. Because it only added functionality and did not change what was there, tcsh remained backward compatible with the original C shell. Though it started as a side branch from the original csh source tree that Bill Joy had created, tcsh is now the main branch for ongoing development. tcsh is very stable but new releases continue to appear roughly once a year, consisting mostly of minor bug fixes.On many systems, such as macOS and Red Hat Linux, csh is actually tcsh. Often one of the two files is either a hard link or a symbolic link to the other, so that either name refers to the same improved version of the C shell (although behavior may be altered depending on which name is used). On Debian and some derivatives (including Ubuntu), there are two different packages: csh and tcsh. The former is based on the original BSD version of csh and the latter is the improved tcsh.	null	null	null	null	7
[ "Tcsh", "replaces", "C shell" ]	tcsh ( “tee-see-shell”, “tee-shell”, or as “tee see ess aitch”, tcsh) is a Unix shell based on and backward compatible with the C shell (csh).Shell It is essentially the C shell with programmable command-line completion, command-line editing, and a few other features. Unlike the other common shells, functions cannot be defined in a tcsh script and the user must use aliases instead (as in csh). It is the native root shell for BSD-based systems such as FreeBSD. tcsh added filename and command completion and command line editing concepts borrowed from the TENEX operating system, which is the source of the “t”. Because it only added functionality and did not change what was there, tcsh remained backward compatible with the original C shell. Though it started as a side branch from the original csh source tree that Bill Joy had created, tcsh is now the main branch for ongoing development. tcsh is very stable but new releases continue to appear roughly once a year, consisting mostly of minor bug fixes.On many systems, such as macOS and Red Hat Linux, csh is actually tcsh. Often one of the two files is either a hard link or a symbolic link to the other, so that either name refers to the same improved version of the C shell (although behavior may be altered depending on which name is used). On Debian and some derivatives (including Ubuntu), there are two different packages: csh and tcsh. The former is based on the original BSD version of csh and the latter is the improved tcsh.	null	null	null	null	8
[ "District of Alaska", "replaces", "Department of Alaska" ]		null	null	null	null	6
[ "MAGIC (telescope)", "topic's main category", "Category:MAGIC" ]		null	null	null	null	1
[ "MAGIC (telescope)", "replaces", "High-Energy-Gamma-Ray Astronomy" ]		null	null	null	null	5
[ "UNICOS", "replaces", "Cray Operating System" ]		null	null	null	null	0
[ "Vojvodina", "topic's main category", "Category:Vojvodina" ]		null	null	null	null	17
[ "Vojvodina", "replaces", "Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina" ]	Croatian: Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина / Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina (pronunciation) Pannonian Rusyn: Автономна Покраїна Войводина (Avtonomna Pokrayina Voyvodina) Slovak: Autonómna pokrajina Vojvodina Romanian: Provincia Autonomă Voivodina Hungarian: Vajdaság Autonóm Tartomány	null	null	null	null	19
[ "Kontinental Hockey League", "replaces", "Russian Superleague" ]		null	null	null	null	6
[ "Kontinental Hockey League", "replaces", "Russian Professional Hockey League" ]		null	null	null	null	8
[ "Kontinental Hockey League", "topic's main category", "Category:Kontinental Hockey League" ]		null	null	null	null	10
[ "Greenwich Mean Time", "replaces", "UTC−00:25:21" ]		null	null	null	null	1
[ "Greenwich Mean Time", "followed by", "universal time" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "Gravitational metric system", "different from", "MKS system of units" ]		null	null	null	null	1
[ "Gravitational metric system", "replaces", "metre–tonne–second system of units" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "Microsoft Office 97", "follows", "Microsoft Office 95" ]		null	null	null	null	7
[ "Microsoft Office 97", "replaces", "Microsoft Office 95" ]		null	null	null	null	8
[ "Microsoft Office 97", "followed by", "Microsoft Office 2000" ]	Microsoft Office 97 (version 8.0) is the fifth major release for Windows of Microsoft Office, released by Microsoft on November 19, 1996. It succeeded Microsoft Office 95 and was replaced by Microsoft Office 2000 in 1999. A Mac OS equivalent, Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition, was released on January 6, 1998. Microsoft Office 97 became a major milestone release which includes hundreds of new features and improvements over its predecessor. The suite is officially compatible with Windows NT 3.51 SP5, Windows 95 or later. It is not officially supported on Windows XP or later versions of Windows. It is the last version of Microsoft Office to support Windows NT 3.51 SP5 and Windows NT 4.0 RTM–SP2; as the following version, Microsoft Office 2000 only supports Windows 95, Windows NT 4.0 SP3 or later. Two Service Releases (SR-1 and SR-2) were released for Office 97; SR-2 solved the year 2000 problem in Office 97.Mainstream hotfix support for Office 97 ended on August 31, 2001, while extended hotfix support ended on February 28, 2002. Assisted support options and security updates for Office 97 ended on January 16, 2004.Features Office 97 introduced "Command Bars," a paradigm in which menus and toolbars were made more similar in capability and visual design. It also featured natural language systems and sophisticated grammar checking. Microsoft Office 97 is the first version of Office to feature the Office Assistant, a feature designed to assist users by the way of an interactive animated character, which interfaced with the Office help content. The default assistant was "Clippit", nicknamed "Clippy", a paperclip. The Office Assistant feature was also included in its successor, Office 2000, as well as in Office XP (hidden by default) and 2003 (not installed by default), before being removed entirely in Office 2007. Office 97 is also the first Microsoft product to include product activation, albeit limited to the Brazilian editions of Office 97 Small Business Edition and Publisher.Two Office 97 applications featured easter eggs: Microsoft Word 97 contained a hidden pinball game and Microsoft Excel contained a hidden flight simulator.	null	null	null	null	9
[ "IBM System p", "replaces", "RS/6000" ]		null	null	null	null	1
[ "Rio Group", "replaces", "Contadora support group" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "Rio Group", "topic's main category", "Category:Rio Group" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "Rio Group", "replaces", "Contadora Group" ]		null	null	null	null	8
[ "MonoGame", "replaces", "Microsoft XNA" ]	History MonoGame is a derivative of XNA Touch (September 2009) started by Jose Antonio Farias and Silver Sprite by Bill Reiss. The first official release of MonoGame was version 2.0 with a downloadable version 0.7 that was available from CodePlex. These early versions only supported 2D sprite-based games. The last official 2D-only version was released as 2.5.1 in June 2012. Since mid-2013, the framework has begun to be extended beyond XNA4 with the addition of new features like RenderTarget3D, support for multiple GameWindows, and a new cross-platform command line content building tool.	null	null	null	null	6
[ "Microsoft Photo Editor", "replaces", "Microsoft PhotoDraw" ]		null	null	null	null	4

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Saikyō Line" ]

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36

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Hachikō Line" ]

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37

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Jōban Rapid Line" ]

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39

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Chichibu Main Line" ]

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40

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Jōhana Line" ]

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41

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Toyama Chihō Railway Fujikoshi Line" ]

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42

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Toyama Chihō Railway Kamidaki Line" ]

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43

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Toyama Chihō Railway Main Line" ]

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44

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Toyama Chihō Railway Tateyama Line" ]

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45

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Toyamakō Line" ]

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46

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Bessho Line" ]

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47

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "owned by", "Japan Railway Construction, Transport and Technology Agency" ]

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50

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "replaces", "Nagano Shinkansen" ]

null

54

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Hibiya Line" ]

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56

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Keihin-Tōhoku Line" ]

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57

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Hokuriku Main Line" ]

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58

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Takasaki Line" ]

The Hokuriku Shinkansen (北陸新幹線) is a high-speed Shinkansen railway line jointly operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and West Japan Railway Company (JR West), connecting Tokyo with Kanazawa in the Hokuriku region of Japan. The first section, between Takasaki and Nagano in Nagano Prefecture, opened on 1 October 1997 in time for the 1998 Winter Olympics, and was originally called the Nagano Shinkansen (長野新幹線). The extension to Toyama in Toyama Prefecture and Kanazawa in Ishikawa Prefecture opened on 14 March 2015. Construction of a further section onward to Fukui and Tsuruga in Fukui Prefecture commenced in 2012, with scheduled opening in Spring 2024. The route of the final section to Shin-Osaka was decided on 20 December 2016 as the Osaka–Kyoto route, with construction expected to begin in 2030 and take 15 years.

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59

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Jōban Line" ]

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60

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Nagano Line" ]

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61

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Tōkaidō Line (JR East)" ]

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62

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Hokuriku Railroad Asanogawa Line" ]

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63

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Toyama Prefectural Road Route 14" ]

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64

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Yokosuka–Sōbu Line" ]

null

65

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Gunma Prefectural Road Route 48" ]

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66

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Kita-Shinano Line" ]

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67

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Myōkō Haneuma Line" ]

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68

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Nihonkai Hisui Line" ]

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69

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "IR Ishikawa Railway Line" ]

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70

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Ainokaze Toyama Railway Line" ]

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71

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "connects with", "Hapi-Line" ]

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73

[ "Hokuriku Shinkansen", "topic's main category", "Category:Hokuriku Shinkansen" ]

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74

[ "Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway (1990)", "replaces", "Norfolk and Western Railway" ]

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4

[ "Canal & River Trust", "replaces", "British Waterways" ]

The Canal & River Trust (CRT), branded as Glandŵr Cymru in Wales, holds the guardianship of 2,000 miles of canals and rivers, together with reservoirs and a wide range of heritage buildings and structures, in England and Wales. Launched on 12 July 2012, the Trust took over the responsibilities of the state-owned British Waterways in those two places.History The concept of a National Waterways Conservancy was first championed and articulated in the 1960s by Robert Aickman, the co-founder of the Inland Waterways Association, as a way to secure the future of Britain's threatened inland waterways network. The idea was revived by the management of British Waterways in 2008 in response to increasing cuts in grant-in-aid funding, a drop in commercial income after the financial crisis of 2007–2008 and growing calls by waterway users for a greater say in the running of the waterways. On 18 May 2009, launching 'Twenty Twenty – a vision for the future of our canals and rivers' on the terrace of the House of Commons, British Waterways proposed a radical overhaul of waterway management and a transfer from public corporation to not-for-profit organisation. The event was supported by speakers from each of the three main parties: Charlotte Atkins MP, Peter Ainsworth MP and Lembit Opik MP. British Waterways chairman, Tony Hales said: "The private sector built the canals, the public sector rescued them and I believe the third sector can be their future".In November 2009, British Waterways published another paper 'Setting a New Course: Britain's Inland Waterways in the Third Sector'. This promoted the original suggestion by British Waterways, that it should become a private company, inheriting all of the property and other waterway assets held in public ownership by British Waterways. On 24 March 2010, the Labour government announced its decision to mutualise British Waterways, a commitment which was repeated in Labour's 2010 manifesto: "To give more people a stake in a highly valued national asset, British Waterways will be turned into a mutually owned co-operative".Following the 2010 general election, the incoming coalition government reaffirmed its support for status change on the waterways, as an example of the Conservative Party's commitment to the so-called Big Society. Waterways Minister Richard Benyon MP stated on 21 June 2010 the government's "intention to move British Waterways to the civil society, subject to the outcome of the spending review."Between March and June 2011, Defra ran a public consultation 'A New Era for the Waterways' on the overall structure of the proposed new body, the potential inclusion of the river navigations under the management of the Environment Agency (another public body), and the abolition of the Inland Waterways Advisory Council.In October 2011, British Waterways announced a name and logo for a charitable trust which would inherit its English and Welsh operations: the Canal & River Trust, branded in Wales as Glandŵr Cymru (meaning Waterside Wales) — the Canal & River Trust in Wales. The Trust received charitable status in April and received parliamentary approval in June. In July 2012, all British Waterways' assets, liabilities and responsibilities in England and Wales were transferred to the Canal & River Trust, which was launched officially on 12 July. At the same time, the Canal & River Trust merged with the English and Welsh operations of The Waterways Trust, a charity previously affiliated to British Waterways, to avoid confusion and as both charities had similar aims.BWML, a private company limited by guarantee, was formerly owned by the Canal & River Trust and managed some 20 marinas. It was sold in December 2018 and subsequently rebranded Aquavista.

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8

[ "Virginia House of Delegates", "applies to jurisdiction", "Virginia" ]

The Virginia House of Delegates is one of the two houses of the Virginia General Assembly, the other being the Senate of Virginia. It has 100 members elected for terms of two years; unlike most states, these elections take place during odd-numbered years. The House is presided over by the Speaker of the House, who is elected from among the House membership by the Delegates. The Speaker is usually a member of the majority party and, as Speaker, becomes the most powerful member of the House. The House shares legislative power with the Senate of Virginia, the upper house of the Virginia General Assembly. The House of Delegates is the modern-day successor to the Virginia House of Burgesses, which first met at Jamestown in 1619. The House is divided into Democratic and Republican caucuses. In addition to the Speaker, there is a majority leader, majority whip, majority caucus chair, minority leader, minority whip, minority caucus chair, and the chairs of the several committees of the House. Only Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia refer to their lower house as the House of Delegates.History and location The House of Burgesses was the first elected legislative body in the New World. Originally having 22 members, the House of Burgesses met from 1619 through 1632 in the choir of the church at Jamestown. From 1632 to 1699 the legislative body met at four different state houses in Jamestown. The first state house convened at the home of Colonial Governor Sir John Harvey from 1632 to 1656. The burgesses convened at the second state house from 1656 until it was destroyed in 1660. Historians have yet to precisely identify its location.The House of Burgesses had its final meeting in May 1776, and the House of Delegates took its place in October of that year. The House has met in Virginia's Capitol Building, designed by Thomas Jefferson, since 1788. The legislative body met from 1788 to 1904 in what is known as today the Old Hall of the House of Delegates or commonly referred to as the Old House Chamber. The Old House Chamber is part of the original Capitol building structure. It measures 76 feet in width and is filled today with furnishings that resemble what the room would have looked like during its time of use. There are many bronze and marble busts of historic Virginians on display in the Old House Chamber, including: George Mason, George Wythe, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, and Meriwether Lewis. From 1904 to 1906, University of Virginia graduate and architect John K. Peeples designed and built compatible classical wings to the west and east side of the Capitol building. The new wings added to provide more space and serve as the legislative chambers in the Virginia General Assembly, the Senate of Virginia resides in the west chamber and the House of Delegates resides in the east chamber. The General Assembly members and staff operate from offices in the General Assembly Building, located in Capitol Square. Prior to 1788 the House of Delegates met in the Colonial Capital of Williamsburg. In 1999, Republicans took control of the House of Delegates for the first time since Reconstruction (with the exception of a brief 2-year period in which the Readjuster Party was in the majority in the 1880s). The Republican Party held the majority until 2019, when the Democratic Party won a majority of the seats, thus regaining control of the House of Delegates. The majority was sworn in on January 8, 2020, after which Eileen Filler-Corn (D-Fairfax) was elected as the first female and Jewish Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates.On November 4, 2020, Virginia voters approved a constitutional amendment that removed the authority to redistrict congressional and state legislative districts from the General Assembly, and gave that power to a newly-established 16-member panel composed of eight lawmakers and eight non-lawmaker citizens. The maps created by this commission are subject to the approval of the General Assembly, but lawmakers cannot change the commission's lines.

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2

[ "Virginia House of Delegates", "replaces", "House of Burgesses" ]

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4

[ "Lego Mindstorms EV3", "replaces", "Lego Mindstorms NXT" ]

Overview The biggest change from the LEGO Mindstorms NXT and NXT 2.0 to the EV3 is the technological advances in the programmable brick. The main processor of the NXT was an ARM7 microcontroller, whereas the EV3 has a more powerful ARM9 CPU running Linux. A USB connector and Micro SD slot (up to 32GB) are new to the EV3. It comes with the plans to build 5 different robots: EV3RSTORM, GRIPP3R, R3PTAR, SPIK3R, and TRACK3R. LEGO has also released instructions online to build 12 additional projects: ROBODOZ3R, BANNER PRINT3R, EV3MEG, BOBB3E, MR-B3AM, RAC3 TRUCK, KRAZ3, EV3D4, EL3CTRIC GUITAR, DINOR3X, WACK3M, and EV3GAME. It uses a program called LEGO Mindstorms EV3 Home Edition, which is developed by LabVIEW, to write code using blocks instead of lines. However it can also be programmed on the actual robot and saved. MicroPython support has been recently added.The EV3 Home (31313) set consists of: 1 EV3 programmable brick, 2 Large Motors, 1 Medium Motor, 1 Touch Sensor, 1 Color Sensor, 1 Infrared Sensor, 1 Remote Control, cables, USB cable, and 585 TECHNIC elements.The Education EV3 Core Set (45544) set consists of: 1 EV3 programmable brick, 2 Large Motors, 1 Medium Motor, 2 Touch Sensors, 1 Color Sensor, 1 Gyroscope Sensor, 1 Ultrasonic Sensor, cables, USB cable, 1 Rechargeable battery and 547 TECHNIC elements.An expansion set for the Educational Core Set, which can be bought separately, contains 853 LEGO elements. However, the expansion set and the educational set combined do not contain enough components necessary to build most robots of the retail set. This contrasts with NXT; the educational set combined with the resource set could build any of the retail designs. The EV3 educational set was released a month earlier than the retail set, on August 1, 2013. Robots that can be built with the core education set are the EV3 educator robot, the GyroBoy, the Color Sorter, the Puppy and the Robot Arm H25. Robots that can be built with the expansion set are the Tank Bot, the Znap, the Stair Climber, the Elephant and a remote control. Another robot that can be built with a pair of core sets and an expansion set is the Spinner Factory. NXT's Hitechnic sensors Blocks can be used with EV3 & NXT. NXT's sensors can be used with the EV3. It can boot an alternative operating system from a microSD card, which makes it possible to run a modded firmware, ev3dev, a Debian Linux-based operating system.

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1

[ "Swedish Transport Administration", "applies to jurisdiction", "Sweden" ]

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2

[ "Swedish Transport Administration", "follows", "Swedish National Rail Administration" ]

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7

[ "Swedish Transport Administration", "follows", "Swedish Road Administration" ]

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8

[ "Swedish Transport Administration", "replaces", "Swedish Road Administration" ]

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9

[ "Swedish Transport Administration", "follows", "Statens institut för kommunikationsanalys" ]

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12

[ "Shanghai–Woosung railway", "replaces", "Woosung Road" ]

The Shanghai–Woosung or Songhu railway was a standard-gauge railway in Shanghai, China. It was opened on September 1, AD 1898, and ran between the Old North Railway Station in the modern city's Zhabei District and Woosung in the modern Baoshan District. It is sometimes conflated with the earlier Woosung Road, whose route it principally shared. That railway had been purchased from its foreign owners – principally the British firm Jardine, Matheson, & Company – in 1876 and dismantled for reuse in the Taiwanese coal fields. Sheng Xuanhuai established a new railroad generally along the same path as the old one, although the station was moved over a few streets to the Old North Station. The Songhu was also extended north into Woosung proper and additional stations opened. The line was badly damaged during World War II. The route was eventually incorporated in the Shanghai Metro's Line 3. The former North Station is now the site of the Shanghai Railway Museum and another memorial was placed at the site of the former terminus beside Line 3's Songbin Road station.

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4

[ "International Court of Justice", "different from", "International Criminal Court" ]

Criticisms The International Court has been criticized with respect to its rulings, its procedures, and its authority. As with criticisms of the United Nations, many critics and opponents of the court refer to the general authority assigned to the body by member states through its Charter, rather than to specific problems with the composition of judges or their rulings. Major criticisms include the following: "Compulsory" jurisdiction is limited to cases where both parties have agreed to submit to its decision, and so instances of aggression tend to be automatically escalated to and adjudicated by the Security Council. According to the sovereignty principle of international law, no nation is superior or inferior against another. Therefore, there is no entity that could force the states into practice of the law or punish the states in case any violation of international law occurs. Therefore, the absence of binding force means that the 193 member states of the ICJ do not necessarily have to accept the jurisdiction. Moreover, membership in the UN and ICJ does not give the court automatic jurisdiction over the member states, but it is the consent of each state to follow the jurisdiction that matters. The International Court of Justice cannot hear the cases of organizations, private enterprises, and individuals. Furthermore, UN agencies are unable to raise a case except in the circumstance of a non-binding advisory opinion. The national states are the only ones who are able to bring cases for and act as defendants for these individuals. As a result, victims of war crimes, crimes against humanity and minority groups may not have the support of their national state. Other existing international thematic courts, such as the ICC, are not under the umbrella of the International Court. Unlike ICJ, international thematic courts like ICC work independently from United Nations. Such dualistic structure between various international courts sometimes makes it hard for the courts to engage in effective and collective jurisdiction. The International Court does not enjoy a full separation of powers, with permanent members of the Security Council being able to veto enforcement of cases, even those to which they consented to be bound. Because the jurisdiction does not have binding force itself, in many cases, the instances of aggression are adjudicated by Security Council by adopting a resolution, etc. There is, therefore, a likelihood for the permanent member states of Security Council to avoid the legal responsibility brought up by International Court of Justice, as shown in the example of Nicaragua v. United States. The court has been accused of judicial parsimony, with its rulings tending to dismiss submissions of parties on jurisdictional grounds and not resolving the underlying dispute between them.

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7

[ "International Court of Justice", "replaces", "Permanent Court of International Justice" ]

Activities Established in 1945 by the UN Charter, the court began work in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice. The Statute of the International Court of Justice, similar to that of its predecessor, is the main constitutional document constituting and regulating the court.The court's workload covers a wide range of judicial activity. After the court ruled that the United States's covert war against Nicaragua was in violation of international law (Nicaragua v. United States), the United States withdrew from compulsory jurisdiction in 1986 to accept the court's jurisdiction only on a discretionary basis. Chapter XIV of the United Nations Charter authorizes the UN Security Council to enforce Court rulings. However, such enforcement is subject to the veto power of the five permanent members of the council, which the United States used in the Nicaragua case.

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8

[ "International Court of Justice", "topic's main category", "Category:International Court of Justice" ]

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16

[ "Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus", "founded by", "Amadeus VIII of Savoy" ]

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2

[ "Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus", "replaces", "Order of Saint Lazarus" ]

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6

[ "Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus", "topic's main category", "Category:Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus" ]

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11

[ "Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus", "replaces", "Order of Saint Maurice" ]

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12

[ "Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences", "replaces", "Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry" ]

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5

[ "Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences", "replaces", "Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine" ]

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6

[ "Heddernheim", "replaces", "Nida" ]

null

3

[ "Heddernheim", "topic's main category", "Category:Frankfurt-Heddernheim" ]

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4

[ "Hakugei (roller coaster)", "replaces", "White Cyclone" ]

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4

[ "European Union Aviation Safety Agency", "replaces", "Joint Aviation Authorities" ]

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8

[ "Tongmenghui", "founded by", "Sun Yat-sen" ]

History Revolutionary era The Tongmenghui was created through the unification of Sun Yat-sen's Xingzhonghui (Revive China Society), the Guangfuhui (Restoration Society) and many other Chinese revolutionary groups. Among the Tongmenghui's members were Huang Xing, Li Zongren, Zhang Binglin, Chen Tianhua, Wang Jingwei, Hu Hanmin, Tao Chengzhang, Cai Yuanpei, Li Shizeng, Zhang Renjie, and Qiu Jin. In 1906, a branch of the Tongmenghui was formed in Singapore, following Sun's visit there; this was called the Nanyang branch and served as headquarters of the organization for Southeast Asia. The members of the branch included Wong Hong-kui (黃康衢; Huang Kangqu), Tan Chor Lam (陳楚楠; Chen Chu'nan; 1884–1971) and Teo Eng Hock (張永福; Zhang Yongfu; originally a rubber shoe manufacturer). Tan Chor Lam, Teo Eng Hock and Chan Po-yin (陳步賢; Chen Buxian; 1883–1965) started the revolution-related Chong Shing Chinese Daily Newspaper (中興日報, 中興 meaning China revival), with the inaugural issue on 20 August 1907 and a daily distribution of 1,000 copies. The newspaper ended in 1910, presumably due to the Xinhai Revolution in 1911. Working with other Cantonese people, Tan, Teo and Chan opened the revolution-related Kai Ming Bookstore (開明書報社, 開明 meaning open wisdom) in Singapore. For the revolution, Chan Po-yin raised over 30,000 yuan for the purchase and shipment (from Singapore to China) of military equipment and for the support of the expenses of people travelling from Singapore to China for revolutionary work.In 1909, the headquarters of the Nanyang Tongmenghui was transferred to Penang. Sun Yat-Sen himself was based in Penang from July to December 1910. During this time, the 1910 Penang Conference was held to plan the Second Guangzhou Uprising. The high-powered Preparatory Meeting of Dr. Sun Yat Sen's supporters was subsequently held in Ipoh - at the villa of Teh Lay Seng, chairman of Tungmenghui Ipoh at Jalan Sungai Pari - to raise funds. The Ipoh leaders were Teh Lay Seng, Wong I Ek, Lee Guan Swee and Lee Hau Cheong. The leaders launched a major drive for donations across the Malay Peninsula. An amount of $47, 683 Straits Settlement Dollars was raised. The Tongmenghui also started a newspaper, the Kwong Wah Jit Poh, with the first issue published in December 1910 from 120 Armenian Street, Penang.In Henan, some Chinese Muslims were members of the Tongmenghui.

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4

[ "Tongmenghui", "replaces", "Huaxinghui" ]

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9

[ "Tongmenghui", "replaces", "Revive China Society" ]

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10

[ "Tongmenghui", "topic's main category", "Category:Tongmenghui" ]

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12

[ "Tongmenghui", "founded by", "Song Jiaoren" ]

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13

[ "Bohai Strait tunnel project", "replaces", "Bohai Train Ferry" ]

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4

[ "Ordem Militar de Cristo", "founded by", "John XXII" ]

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2

[ "Ordem Militar de Cristo", "replaces", "Order of Christ" ]

The Ordem Militar de Cristo (Military Order of Christ), the full name of which is the Military Order of Our Knights of Lord Jesus Christ, is a Portuguese honorific Order which takes its name from the extinct Order of Christ (1834), which is given for distinguished service in the performance of functions in sovereign positions or public administration, and for the judiciary and diplomacy, which is seen as being particularly distinguished.

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4

[ "Ordem Militar de Cristo", "different from", "Order of Christ" ]

The Ordem Militar de Cristo (Military Order of Christ), the full name of which is the Military Order of Our Knights of Lord Jesus Christ, is a Portuguese honorific Order which takes its name from the extinct Order of Christ (1834), which is given for distinguished service in the performance of functions in sovereign positions or public administration, and for the judiciary and diplomacy, which is seen as being particularly distinguished.

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5

[ "Ordem Militar de Cristo", "different from", "Imperial Order of Christ" ]

The Ordem Militar de Cristo (Military Order of Christ), the full name of which is the Military Order of Our Knights of Lord Jesus Christ, is a Portuguese honorific Order which takes its name from the extinct Order of Christ (1834), which is given for distinguished service in the performance of functions in sovereign positions or public administration, and for the judiciary and diplomacy, which is seen as being particularly distinguished.

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6

[ "Ordem Militar de Cristo", "founded by", "Denis I of Portugal" ]

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7

[ "Ordem Militar de Cristo", "different from", "Supreme Order of Christ" ]

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8

[ "Ordem Militar de Cristo", "significant event", "date of establishment" ]

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9

[ "Ordem Militar de Cristo", "topic's main category", "Category:Military Order of Christ" ]

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10

[ "Ordem Militar de Cristo", "significant event", "date of dissolution, abolition or demolition" ]

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12

[ "Calabarzon", "replaces", "Southern Tagalog" ]

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10

[ "Calabarzon", "topic's main category", "Category:Calabarzon" ]

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13

[ "Mimaropa", "replaces", "Southern Tagalog" ]

Mimaropa (officially stylized in all caps), officially the Southwestern Tagalog Region, is an administrative region in the Philippines. It is one of two regions in the country having no land border with another region (the other being Eastern Visayas). The name is an acronym combination of its constituent provinces: Mindoro (divided into Occidental Mindoro and Oriental Mindoro), Marinduque, Romblon and Palawan. The region was part of the now-defunct Southern Tagalog region until May 17, 2002. On May 23, 2005, Palawan and the highly urbanized city of Puerto Princesa were moved to the region of Western Visayas by Executive Order No. 429. However, on August 19, 2005, President Arroyo issued Administrative Order No. 129 to put in abeyance Executive Order No. 429 pending a review. On July 17, 2016, Republic Act No. 10879 formally established the Southwestern Tagalog Region to be known as Mimaropa, discontinuing the Region IV-B designation; however, no boundary changes were involved.Calapan is Mimaropa's regional center. However, most regional government offices such as the Department of Public Works and Highways and the Department of Budget and Management are in Quezon City, Metro Manila.

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12

[ "Mimaropa", "topic's main category", "Category:Mimaropa" ]

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13

[ "Tcsh", "has use", "Unix shell" ]

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4

[ "Tcsh", "based on", "C shell" ]

tcsh ( “tee-see-shell”, “tee-shell”, or as “tee see ess aitch”, tcsh) is a Unix shell based on and backward compatible with the C shell (csh).Shell It is essentially the C shell with programmable command-line completion, command-line editing, and a few other features. Unlike the other common shells, functions cannot be defined in a tcsh script and the user must use aliases instead (as in csh). It is the native root shell for BSD-based systems such as FreeBSD. tcsh added filename and command completion and command line editing concepts borrowed from the TENEX operating system, which is the source of the “t”. Because it only added functionality and did not change what was there, tcsh remained backward compatible with the original C shell. Though it started as a side branch from the original csh source tree that Bill Joy had created, tcsh is now the main branch for ongoing development. tcsh is very stable but new releases continue to appear roughly once a year, consisting mostly of minor bug fixes.On many systems, such as macOS and Red Hat Linux, csh is actually tcsh. Often one of the two files is either a hard link or a symbolic link to the other, so that either name refers to the same improved version of the C shell (although behavior may be altered depending on which name is used). On Debian and some derivatives (including Ubuntu), there are two different packages: csh and tcsh. The former is based on the original BSD version of csh and the latter is the improved tcsh.History The “t” in tcsh comes from the “T” in TENEX, an operating system which inspired Ken Greer at Carnegie Mellon University, the author of tcsh, with its command-completion feature. Greer began working on his code to implement Tenex-style file name completion in September 1975, finally merging it into the C shell in December 1981. Mike Ellis at Fairchild A.I. Labs added command completion in September 1983. On October 3, 1983, Greer posted source to the net.sources newsgroup.

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6

[ "Tcsh", "follows", "C shell" ]

tcsh ( “tee-see-shell”, “tee-shell”, or as “tee see ess aitch”, tcsh) is a Unix shell based on and backward compatible with the C shell (csh).Shell It is essentially the C shell with programmable command-line completion, command-line editing, and a few other features. Unlike the other common shells, functions cannot be defined in a tcsh script and the user must use aliases instead (as in csh). It is the native root shell for BSD-based systems such as FreeBSD. tcsh added filename and command completion and command line editing concepts borrowed from the TENEX operating system, which is the source of the “t”. Because it only added functionality and did not change what was there, tcsh remained backward compatible with the original C shell. Though it started as a side branch from the original csh source tree that Bill Joy had created, tcsh is now the main branch for ongoing development. tcsh is very stable but new releases continue to appear roughly once a year, consisting mostly of minor bug fixes.On many systems, such as macOS and Red Hat Linux, csh is actually tcsh. Often one of the two files is either a hard link or a symbolic link to the other, so that either name refers to the same improved version of the C shell (although behavior may be altered depending on which name is used). On Debian and some derivatives (including Ubuntu), there are two different packages: csh and tcsh. The former is based on the original BSD version of csh and the latter is the improved tcsh.

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7

[ "Tcsh", "replaces", "C shell" ]

tcsh ( “tee-see-shell”, “tee-shell”, or as “tee see ess aitch”, tcsh) is a Unix shell based on and backward compatible with the C shell (csh).Shell It is essentially the C shell with programmable command-line completion, command-line editing, and a few other features. Unlike the other common shells, functions cannot be defined in a tcsh script and the user must use aliases instead (as in csh). It is the native root shell for BSD-based systems such as FreeBSD. tcsh added filename and command completion and command line editing concepts borrowed from the TENEX operating system, which is the source of the “t”. Because it only added functionality and did not change what was there, tcsh remained backward compatible with the original C shell. Though it started as a side branch from the original csh source tree that Bill Joy had created, tcsh is now the main branch for ongoing development. tcsh is very stable but new releases continue to appear roughly once a year, consisting mostly of minor bug fixes.On many systems, such as macOS and Red Hat Linux, csh is actually tcsh. Often one of the two files is either a hard link or a symbolic link to the other, so that either name refers to the same improved version of the C shell (although behavior may be altered depending on which name is used). On Debian and some derivatives (including Ubuntu), there are two different packages: csh and tcsh. The former is based on the original BSD version of csh and the latter is the improved tcsh.

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8

[ "District of Alaska", "replaces", "Department of Alaska" ]

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6

[ "MAGIC (telescope)", "topic's main category", "Category:MAGIC" ]

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1

[ "MAGIC (telescope)", "replaces", "High-Energy-Gamma-Ray Astronomy" ]

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5

[ "UNICOS", "replaces", "Cray Operating System" ]

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0

[ "Vojvodina", "topic's main category", "Category:Vojvodina" ]

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17

[ "Vojvodina", "replaces", "Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina" ]

Croatian: Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина / Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina (pronunciation) Pannonian Rusyn: Автономна Покраїна Войводина (Avtonomna Pokrayina Voyvodina) Slovak: Autonómna pokrajina Vojvodina Romanian: Provincia Autonomă Voivodina Hungarian: Vajdaság Autonóm Tartomány

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19

[ "Kontinental Hockey League", "replaces", "Russian Superleague" ]

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6

[ "Kontinental Hockey League", "replaces", "Russian Professional Hockey League" ]

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8

[ "Kontinental Hockey League", "topic's main category", "Category:Kontinental Hockey League" ]

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10

[ "Greenwich Mean Time", "replaces", "UTC−00:25:21" ]

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1

[ "Greenwich Mean Time", "followed by", "universal time" ]

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2

[ "Gravitational metric system", "different from", "MKS system of units" ]

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1

[ "Gravitational metric system", "replaces", "metre–tonne–second system of units" ]

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3

[ "Microsoft Office 97", "follows", "Microsoft Office 95" ]

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7

[ "Microsoft Office 97", "replaces", "Microsoft Office 95" ]

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8

[ "Microsoft Office 97", "followed by", "Microsoft Office 2000" ]

Microsoft Office 97 (version 8.0) is the fifth major release for Windows of Microsoft Office, released by Microsoft on November 19, 1996. It succeeded Microsoft Office 95 and was replaced by Microsoft Office 2000 in 1999. A Mac OS equivalent, Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition, was released on January 6, 1998. Microsoft Office 97 became a major milestone release which includes hundreds of new features and improvements over its predecessor. The suite is officially compatible with Windows NT 3.51 SP5, Windows 95 or later. It is not officially supported on Windows XP or later versions of Windows. It is the last version of Microsoft Office to support Windows NT 3.51 SP5 and Windows NT 4.0 RTM–SP2; as the following version, Microsoft Office 2000 only supports Windows 95, Windows NT 4.0 SP3 or later. Two Service Releases (SR-1 and SR-2) were released for Office 97; SR-2 solved the year 2000 problem in Office 97.Mainstream hotfix support for Office 97 ended on August 31, 2001, while extended hotfix support ended on February 28, 2002. Assisted support options and security updates for Office 97 ended on January 16, 2004.Features Office 97 introduced "Command Bars," a paradigm in which menus and toolbars were made more similar in capability and visual design. It also featured natural language systems and sophisticated grammar checking. Microsoft Office 97 is the first version of Office to feature the Office Assistant, a feature designed to assist users by the way of an interactive animated character, which interfaced with the Office help content. The default assistant was "Clippit", nicknamed "Clippy", a paperclip. The Office Assistant feature was also included in its successor, Office 2000, as well as in Office XP (hidden by default) and 2003 (not installed by default), before being removed entirely in Office 2007. Office 97 is also the first Microsoft product to include product activation, albeit limited to the Brazilian editions of Office 97 Small Business Edition and Publisher.Two Office 97 applications featured easter eggs: Microsoft Word 97 contained a hidden pinball game and Microsoft Excel contained a hidden flight simulator.

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9

[ "IBM System p", "replaces", "RS/6000" ]

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1

[ "Rio Group", "replaces", "Contadora support group" ]

null

3

[ "Rio Group", "topic's main category", "Category:Rio Group" ]

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4

[ "Rio Group", "replaces", "Contadora Group" ]

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8

[ "MonoGame", "replaces", "Microsoft XNA" ]

History MonoGame is a derivative of XNA Touch (September 2009) started by Jose Antonio Farias and Silver Sprite by Bill Reiss. The first official release of MonoGame was version 2.0 with a downloadable version 0.7 that was available from CodePlex. These early versions only supported 2D sprite-based games. The last official 2D-only version was released as 2.5.1 in June 2012. Since mid-2013, the framework has begun to be extended beyond XNA4 with the addition of new features like RenderTarget3D, support for multiple GameWindows, and a new cross-platform command line content building tool.

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6

[ "Microsoft Photo Editor", "replaces", "Microsoft PhotoDraw" ]

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4