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⌀ | __index_level_0__
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2.4k
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Jacopo Contarini",
"replaces",
"Lorenzo Tiepolo"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Soyuz-2",
"replaces",
"Soyuz-U"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Soyuz-2",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-2 rockets"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Department of Alaska",
"replaces",
"Russian America"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph",
"replaces",
"Faint Object Spectrograph"
] |
The Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) is a spectrograph, also with a camera mode, installed on the Hubble Space Telescope. Aerospace engineer Bruce Woodgate of the Goddard Space Flight Center was the principal investigator and creator of the STIS. It operated continuously from 1997 until a power supply failure in August 2004. After repairs, it began operating again in 2009. The spectrograph has made many important observations, including the first spectrum of the atmosphere of an extrasolar planet, HD 209458b.
The STIS was installed on Hubble in 1997 during its second servicing mission (STS-82) by Mark Lee and Steven Smith, replacing the High Resolution Spectrograph and the Faint Object Spectrograph. It was designed to operate for five years. On August 3, 2004, an electronic failure rendered STIS inoperable, ending its use 2 years beyond its predicted lifespan. In order to bring it back to operational status, the instrument was repaired by space shuttle astronauts during STS-125, Servicing Mission 4, launched on May 11, 2009. The crew did a long (many hour) EVA to repair the instrument.
Congratulations, you brought STIS back to life.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"International Space Station",
"replaces",
"Space Station Freedom"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"International Space Station",
"has part(s) of the class",
"International Standard Payload Rack"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"International Space Station",
"has part(s) of the class",
"orbital replacement unit"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"International Space Station",
"has part(s) of the class",
"space station module"
] |
Bigelow Expandable Activity Module
The Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) is an experimental expandable space station module developed by Bigelow Aerospace, under contract to NASA, for testing as a temporary module on the International Space Station (ISS) from 2016 to at least 2020. It arrived at the ISS on 10 April 2016, was berthed to the station on 16 April at Tranquility Node 3, and was expanded and pressurized on 28 May 2016.
| null | null | null | null | 14 |
[
"International Space Station",
"has part(s) of the class",
"International Docking Adapter"
] |
International Docking Adapters
The International Docking Adapter (IDA) is a spacecraft docking system adapter developed to convert APAS-95 to the NASA Docking System (NDS). An IDA is placed on each of the ISS's two open Pressurized Mating Adapters (PMAs), both of which are connected to the Harmony module.
Two International Docking Adapters are currently installed aboard the Station. Originally, IDA-1 was planned to be installed on PMA-2, located at Harmony's forward port, and IDA-2 would be installed on PMA-3 at Harmony's zenith. After IDA 1 was destroyed in a launch incident, IDA-2 was installed on PMA-2 on 19 August 2016, while IDA-3 was later installed on PMA-3 on 21 August 2019.
| null | null | null | null | 16 |
[
"International Space Station",
"significant event",
"rocket launch"
] | null | null | null | null | 40 |
|
[
"International Space Station",
"topic's main category",
"Category:International Space Station"
] | null | null | null | null | 53 |
|
[
"Praetorian prefecture of Italy",
"replaces",
"Roman Italy"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Praetorian prefecture of Italy",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Praetorian prefecture of Italy"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Ontario Power Generation",
"replaces",
"Ontario Hydro"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Ontario Power Generation",
"owned by",
"Government of Ontario"
] |
Ontario Power Generation Inc. (OPG) is a Crown corporation and "government business enterprise" that is responsible for approximately half of the electricity generation in the province of Ontario, Canada. It is wholly owned by the government of Ontario. Sources of electricity include nuclear, hydroelectric, wind, gas and biomass. Although Ontario has an open electricity market, the provincial government, as OPG's sole shareholder, regulates the price the company receives for its electricity to be less than the market average, in an attempt to stabilize prices. Since 1 April 2008, the company's rates have been regulated by the Ontario Energy Board.
In June 2019, it was announced that a new corporate campus would be built in Clarington, Ontario, that will also house Ontario Power Generation's headquarters. In February 2023, it was announced that OPG would instead purchase the former head office building of General Motors Canada in Oshawa, Ontario, for their new headquarters, planning to open by 2024.
| null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Ontario Power Generation",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ontario Power Generation"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"U.S. International Development Finance Corporation",
"replaces",
"Overseas Private Investment Corporation"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"U.S. International Development Finance Corporation",
"replaces",
"Development Credit Authority"
] |
History
U.S. development finance efforts were consolidated under the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) in 1969 by President Richard Nixon, transferring responsibility from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The goal was to promote a more business-like management of development finance policy. In the 2010s, the Obama administration came to support a further consolidation of U.S. development finance in light of the increasing Chinese investment in the developing world (particularly through the Belt and Road Initiative).The Trump administration originally opposed OPIC, and its proposed 2018 budget had called for the elimination of OPIC altogether, but advocacy by some administration officials, senators, and others convinced the White House to support the consolidation of OPIC and development finance efforts in line with the President's policy priorities. Relevant legislation — the Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development (BUILD) Act — was introduced in Congress to establish the DFC shortly thereafter.
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"General Data Protection Regulation",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"European Economic Area"
] |
The General Data Protection Regulation (2016/679, "GDPR") is a Regulation in EU law on data protection and privacy in the EU and the European Economic Area (EEA). The GDPR is an important component of EU privacy law and of human rights law, in particular Article 8(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. It also addresses the transfer of personal data outside the EU and EEA areas. The GDPR's primary aim is to enhance individuals' control and rights over their personal data and to simplify the regulatory environment for international business. Superseding the Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC, the regulation contains provisions and requirements related to the processing of personal data of individuals, formally called "data subjects", who are located in the EEA, and applies to any enterprise—regardless of its location and the data subjects' citizenship or residence—that is processing the personal information of individuals inside the EEA.
The GDPR was adopted on 14 April 2016 and became enforceable beginning 25 May 2018. As the GDPR is a regulation, not a directive, it is directly binding and applicable, and provides flexibility for certain aspects of the regulation to be adjusted by individual member states.
The regulation became a model for many other laws across the world, including in Turkey, Mauritius, Chile, Japan, Brazil, South Korea, South Africa, Argentina and Kenya. As of 6 October 2022, the United Kingdom retains the law in identical form despite no longer being an EU member state. The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), adopted on 28 June 2018, has many similarities with the GDPR.General provisions
The regulation applies if the data controller (an organisation that collects information about living people, whether they are in the EU or not), or processor (an organisation that processes data on behalf of a data controller like cloud service providers), or the data subject (person) is based in the EU. Under certain circumstances, the regulation also applies to organisations based outside the EU if they collect or process personal data of individuals located inside the EU. The regulation does not apply to the processing of data by a person for a "purely personal or household activity and thus with no connection to a professional or commercial activity." (Recital 18)
According to the European Commission, "Personal data is information that relates to an identified or identifiable individual. If you cannot directly identify an individual from that information, then you need to consider whether the individual is still identifiable. You should take into account the information you are processing together with all the means reasonably likely to be used by either you or any other person to identify that individual." The precise definitions of terms such as "personal data", "processing", "data subject", "controller", and "processor" are stated in Article 4 of the Regulation.The regulation does not purport to apply to the processing of personal data for national security activities or law enforcement of the EU; however, industry groups concerned about facing a potential conflict of laws have questioned whether Article 48 of the GDPR could be invoked to seek to prevent a data controller subject to a third country's laws from complying with a legal order from that country's law enforcement, judicial, or national security authorities to disclose to such authorities the personal data of an EU person, regardless of whether the data resides in or out of the EU. Article 48 states that any judgement of a court or tribunal and any decision of an administrative authority of a third country requiring a controller or processor to transfer or disclose personal data may not be recognised or enforceable in any manner unless based on an international agreement, like a mutual legal assistance treaty in force between the requesting third (non-EU) country and the EU or a member state. The data protection reform package also includes a separate Data Protection Directive for the police and criminal justice sector that provides rules on personal data exchanges at State level, Union level, and international levels.A single set of rules applies to all EU member states. Each member state establishes an independent supervisory authority (SA) to hear and investigate complaints, sanction administrative offences, etc. SAs in each member state co-operate with other SAs, providing mutual assistance and organising joint operations. If a business has multiple establishments in the EU, it must have a single SA as its "lead authority", based on the location of its "main establishment" where the main processing activities take place. The lead authority thus acts as a "one-stop shop" to supervise all the processing activities of that business throughout the EU (Articles 46–55 of the GDPR). A European Data Protection Board (EDPB) co-ordinates the SAs. EDPB thus replaces the Article 29 Data Protection Working Party. There are exceptions for data processed in an employment context or in national security that still might be subject to individual country regulations (Articles 2(2)(a) and 88 of the GDPR).Applicability outside of the European Union
The GDPR also applies to data controllers and processors outside of the European Economic Area (EEA) if they are engaged in the "offering of goods or services" (regardless of whether a payment is required) to data subjects within the EEA, or are monitoring the behaviour of data subjects within the EEA (Article 3(2)). The regulation applies regardless of where the processing takes place. This has been interpreted as intentionally giving GDPR extraterritorial jurisdiction for non-EU establishments if they are doing business with people located in the EU.EU Representative
Under Article 27, non-EU establishments subject to GDPR are obliged to have a designee within the European Union, an "EU Representative", to serve as a point of contact for their obligations under the regulation. The EU Representative is the Controller's or Processor's contact person vis-à-vis European privacy supervisors and data subjects, in all matters relating to processing, to ensure compliance with this GDPR. A natural (individual) or moral (corporation) person can play the role of an EU Representative. The non-EU establishment must issue a duly signed document (letter of accreditation) designating a given individual or company as its EU Representative. The said designation can only be given in writing.An establishment's failure to designate an EU Representative is considered ignorance of the regulation and relevant obligations, which itself is a violation of the GDPR subject to fines of up to €10 million or up to 2% of the annual worldwide turnover of the preceding financial year in case of an enterprise, whichever is greater. The intentional or negligent (willful blindness) character of the infringement (failure to designate an EU Representative) may rather constitute aggravating factors.An establishment does not need to name an EU Representative if they only engage in occasional processing that does not include, on a large scale, processing of special categories of data as referred to in Article 9(1) of GDPR or processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences referred to in Article 10, and such processing is unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, taking into account the nature, context, scope and purposes of the processing. Non-EU public authorities and bodies are equally exempted.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"General Data Protection Regulation",
"replaces",
"Data Protection Directive"
] |
The General Data Protection Regulation (2016/679, "GDPR") is a Regulation in EU law on data protection and privacy in the EU and the European Economic Area (EEA). The GDPR is an important component of EU privacy law and of human rights law, in particular Article 8(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. It also addresses the transfer of personal data outside the EU and EEA areas. The GDPR's primary aim is to enhance individuals' control and rights over their personal data and to simplify the regulatory environment for international business. Superseding the Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC, the regulation contains provisions and requirements related to the processing of personal data of individuals, formally called "data subjects", who are located in the EEA, and applies to any enterprise—regardless of its location and the data subjects' citizenship or residence—that is processing the personal information of individuals inside the EEA.
The GDPR was adopted on 14 April 2016 and became enforceable beginning 25 May 2018. As the GDPR is a regulation, not a directive, it is directly binding and applicable, and provides flexibility for certain aspects of the regulation to be adjusted by individual member states.
The regulation became a model for many other laws across the world, including in Turkey, Mauritius, Chile, Japan, Brazil, South Korea, South Africa, Argentina and Kenya. As of 6 October 2022, the United Kingdom retains the law in identical form despite no longer being an EU member state. The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), adopted on 28 June 2018, has many similarities with the GDPR.
| null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Ashikaga shogunate",
"founded by",
"Ashikaga Takauji"
] |
The Ashikaga shogunate (足利幕府, Ashikaga bakufu), also known as the Muromachi shogunate (室町幕府, Muromachi bakufu), was the feudal military government of Japan during the Muromachi period from 1336 to 1573.The Ashikaga shogunate was established when Ashikaga Takauji was appointed Shōgun after overthrowing the Kenmu Restoration shortly after having overthrown the Kamakura shogunate in support of Emperor Go-Daigo. The Ashikaga clan governed Japan from the Imperial capital of Heian-kyō (Kyoto) as de facto military dictators along with the daimyō lords of the samurai class. The Ashikaga shogunate began the Nanboku-chō period between the Pro-Ashikaga Northern Court in Kyoto and the Pro-Go-Daigo Southern Court in Yoshino until the South conceded to the North in 1392. The Ashikaga shogunate collapsed upon outbreak of the Ōnin War in 1467, entering a state of constant civil war known as the Sengoku period, and was finally dissolved when Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshiaki was overthrown by Oda Nobunaga in 1573.
The Ashikaga shogunate's alternative name Muromachi and the Muromachi period are derived from the Muromachi district of Kyoto, where the third Shōgun, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, established his residence nicknamed the "Flower Palace" (花の御所, Hana no Gosho) on Muromachi Street in 1379.History
Beginning
From 1180 to 1185, the Genpei War was fought between the Taira and Minamoto clans longstanding violent rivalry for influence over the Emperor of Japan and his Imperial Court. The Genpei War ended with victory for the Minamoto under Minamoto no Yoritomo, establishing the Kamakura shogunate after being pronounced Shōgun and beginning the Kamakura period. The Hōjō clan rose to power and governed Japan from the city of Kamakura, while the Emperor and his Imperial Court remained in the official capital city of Heian-kyō as largely symbolic figures. The Hōjō monopoly of power, as well as the lack of a reward of lands after the defeat of the Mongol invasions, led to simmering resentment among Hōjō vassals. In 1333, the Emperor Go-Daigo ordered local governing vassals to oppose Hōjō rule, in favor of Imperial rule in the Kenmu Restoration. The Kamakura shogunate ordered Ashikaga Takauji to squash the uprising, but for reasons that are unclear, Takauji turned against Kamakura and fought on behalf of the Imperial court, successfully overthrowing the shogunate. It is possibly because Takauji was the unofficial leader of the powerless Minamoto clan while the Hōjō clan were from the Taira clan the Minamoto had previously defeated. Japan was returned to Imperial civilian rule, but Emperor Go-Daigo's policies were unpopular and failed to satisfy those who had fought for him. In 1336, Takauji established his own military government in Kyoto, effectively overthrowing the Kenmu Restoration and appointing himself as the new Shōgun.North and South Court
After Ashikaga Takauji established himself as the Shōgun, a dispute arose with Emperor Go-Daigo on the subject of how to govern the country. That dispute led Takauji to cause Prince Yutahito, the second son of Emperor Go-Fushimi, to be installed as Emperor Kōmyō while Go-Daigō fled Kyoto. Japan was subsequently divided between two Imperial courts: the Northern Court located in Kyoto, in favor of Kōmyō under Ashikaga influence, and Southern Court located in Yoshino, in favor of Go-Daigō. The Northern and Southern courts engaged in an ideological struggle for power that continued for 56 years, until the Southern Court gave up during the reign of Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu in 1392.
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Ashikaga shogunate",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ashikaga shogunate"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Ashikaga shogunate",
"replaces",
"Kenmu Restoration"
] |
History
Beginning
From 1180 to 1185, the Genpei War was fought between the Taira and Minamoto clans longstanding violent rivalry for influence over the Emperor of Japan and his Imperial Court. The Genpei War ended with victory for the Minamoto under Minamoto no Yoritomo, establishing the Kamakura shogunate after being pronounced Shōgun and beginning the Kamakura period. The Hōjō clan rose to power and governed Japan from the city of Kamakura, while the Emperor and his Imperial Court remained in the official capital city of Heian-kyō as largely symbolic figures. The Hōjō monopoly of power, as well as the lack of a reward of lands after the defeat of the Mongol invasions, led to simmering resentment among Hōjō vassals. In 1333, the Emperor Go-Daigo ordered local governing vassals to oppose Hōjō rule, in favor of Imperial rule in the Kenmu Restoration. The Kamakura shogunate ordered Ashikaga Takauji to squash the uprising, but for reasons that are unclear, Takauji turned against Kamakura and fought on behalf of the Imperial court, successfully overthrowing the shogunate. It is possibly because Takauji was the unofficial leader of the powerless Minamoto clan while the Hōjō clan were from the Taira clan the Minamoto had previously defeated. Japan was returned to Imperial civilian rule, but Emperor Go-Daigo's policies were unpopular and failed to satisfy those who had fought for him. In 1336, Takauji established his own military government in Kyoto, effectively overthrowing the Kenmu Restoration and appointing himself as the new Shōgun.
| null | null | null | null | 12 |
[
"Berlin Fortress",
"replaces",
"city wall of Berlin"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Wusong",
"replaces",
"Yangpu District"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt",
"follows",
"Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt",
"replaces",
"Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt",
"followed by",
"Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"CAN FD",
"replaces",
"CAN bus"
] |
CAN FD (Controller Area Network Flexible Data-Rate) is a data-communication protocol used for broadcasting sensor data and control information on 2 wire interconnections between different parts of electronic instrumentation and control system. This protocol is used in modern high performance vehicles.
CAN FD is an extension to the original CAN bus protocol that was specified in ISO 11898-1. The basic idea to overclock part of the frame and to oversize the payload dates back to 1999. Developed in 2011 and released in 2012 by Bosch, CAN FD was developed to meet the need to increase the data transfer rate up to 5 times faster and with larger frame/message sizes for use in modern automotive Electronic Control Units (ECUs).
As in the classic CAN, CAN FD protocol is designed to reliably transmit and receive sensor data, control commands and to detect data errors between electronic sensor devices, controllers and microcontrollers. Although CAN FD was primarily designed for use in high performance vehicle ECUs, the pervasiveness of classic CAN in the different industries will lead into inclusion of this improved data-communication protocol in a variety of other applications as well, such as in electronic systems used in robotics, defense, industrial automation, underwater vehicles, medical equipment, avionics, down-hole drilling sensors, etc.
| null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Tarija Department",
"replaces",
"United Provinces of the Río de la Plata"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Tarija Department",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Tarija Department"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt",
"follows",
"Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt",
"replaces",
"Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt",
"followed by",
"Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt"
] |
The Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt is also known as the Bubastite Dynasty, since the pharaohs originally ruled from the city of Bubastis. It was founded by Shoshenq I.
The Twenty-first, Twenty-second, Twenty-third, Twenty-fourth, and Twenty-fifth dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group designation of the Third Intermediate Period.Twenty-Third Dynasty
The so-called Twenty-Third Dynasty was an offshoot of this dynasty perhaps based in Upper Egypt, though there is much debate concerning this issue. All of its kings reigned in Middle and Upper Egypt including the Western Desert Oases.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"AMC Theatres",
"replaces",
"Loews Cineplex Entertainment"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"AMC Theatres",
"topic's main category",
"Category:AMC Theatres"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"AMC Theatres",
"owner of",
"Odeon Cinemas Group"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"X.Org Server",
"replaces",
"XFree86"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"X.Org Server",
"has use",
"windowing system"
] |
X.Org Server is the free and open-source implementation of the X Window System display server stewarded by the X.Org Foundation.
Implementations of the client-side X Window System protocol exist in the form of X11 libraries, which serve as helpful APIs for communicating with the X server. Two such major X libraries exist for X11. The first of these libraries was Xlib, the original C language X11 API, but another C language X library, XCB, was created later in 2001. Other smaller X libraries exist, both as interfaces for Xlib and XCB in other languages, and as smaller standalone X libraries.The services with which the X.Org Foundation supports X Server include the packaging of the releases; certification (for a fee); evaluation of improvements to the code; developing the web site, and handling the distribution of monetary donations. The releases are coded, documented, and packaged by global developers.
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"X.Org Server",
"different from",
"Xwayland"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Square Enix",
"replaces",
"Square"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Square Enix",
"follows",
"Enix"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Square Enix",
"owner of",
"IO Interactive"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Square Enix",
"owner of",
"DigiCube"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Square Enix",
"replaces",
"Enix"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Square Enix",
"owner of",
"Eidos Interactive"
] |
Square Enix Holdings Co., Ltd. is a Japanese multinational holding company, video game production enterprise and entertainment conglomerate. It releases role-playing game franchises, such as Final Fantasy, Dragon Quest, and Kingdom Hearts, among numerous others. Outside of video game publishing and development, it is also in the business of merchandise, arcade facilities, and manga publication under its Gangan Comics brand.
The original Square Enix Co., Ltd. was formed in April 2003 from a merger between Square and Enix, with the latter as the surviving company. Each share of Square's common stock was exchanged for 0.85 shares of Enix's common stock. At the time, 80% of Square Enix staff were made up of former Square employees. As part of the merger, former Square president Yoichi Wada was appointed the president of the new corporation, while former Enix president Keiji Honda was named vice president. Yasuhiro Fukushima, the largest shareholder of the combined corporation and founder of Enix, became chairman. In October 2008, Square Enix conducted a company split between its corporate business and video game operations, reorganizing itself as the holding company Square Enix Holdings Co., Ltd., while its internally domestic video game operations were formed under the subsidiary Square Enix Co., Ltd. The group operates American, Chinese, Indian, and European branches, based in Los Angeles, Beijing, Bangalore, and London respectively.
Several of Square Enix's franchises have sold over 10 million copies worldwide after 2020, with Final Fantasy selling 173 million, Dragon Quest selling 85 million, and Kingdom Hearts shipping 36 million. In 2005, Square Enix acquired arcade corporation Taito. In 2009, Square Enix acquired Eidos plc, the parent company of British game publisher Eidos Interactive, which was then absorbed into its European branch. Square Enix is headquartered at the Shinjuku Eastside Square Building in Shinjuku, Tokyo, and has over 5,000 employees worldwide through its base operations and subsidiaries.Post-merger and acquisitions (2003–2013)
To strengthen its wireless market, Square Enix acquired mobile application developer UIEvolution in March 2004, which was sold in December 2007, and the company instead founded its own Square Enix MobileStudio in January 2008 to focus on mobile products. In January 2005, Square Enix founded Square Enix China, expanding their interests in the People's Republic of China.In September 2005, Square Enix bought the gaming developer and publisher Taito, renowned for their arcade hits such as Space Invaders and the Bubble Bobble series; Taito's home and portable console games divisions were merged into Square Enix itself by March 2010. In August 2008, Square Enix made plans for a similar expansion by way of a friendly takeover of video game developer Tecmo by purchasing shares at a 30 percent premium, but Tecmo rejected the proposed takeover. Tecmo would later merge with Koei in April 2009 to form Koei Tecmo. In April 2007, Square Enix Ltd. CEO John Yamamoto also became CEO of Square Enix, Inc. In 2008–2009, Square Enix was reportedly working with Grin on a Final Fantasy spin-off codenamed Fortress. The project was allegedly canceled by Square Enix after introducing seemingly impossible milestones and without payments made, resulting in Grin declaring bankruptcy and its co-founders blaming Square Enix for being "betrayed".In February 2009, Square Enix announced a takeover deal for Eidos plc (briefly renamed from SCi Entertainment), the holding company for Eidos Interactive. The UK-based publisher's assets include Tomb Raider, Hitman, Deus Ex, Thief, and Legacy of Kain franchises, along with subsidiary development studios Crystal Dynamics, Eidos-Montréal and IO Interactive that developed the games. The acquisition of Eidos was completed in April 2009, and in November it was merged with Square Enix's European publishing organization, business unit Square Enix Europe. Eidos' US operations were merged with Square Enix Incorporated. In April 2010, a new Japanese label for Western games bearing CERO restrictions called Square Enix Extreme Edges was announced. In July 2010, Mike Fischer was appointed CEO of Square Enix, Inc. Square Enix founded the mobile development studio Hippos Lab in March 2011 and Square Enix Montréal in 2012. In June 2011, Stainless Games had purchased the rights to Carmageddon from Square Enix. In July 2011, it was reported that Square Enix closed their Los Angeles Studio. In January 2012, Square Enix North American office could pursue smaller niche, mobile and social media games due to its existing revenue streams. In October 2012, Square Enix was perceived as a "force in mobile" games by Kotaku. The price of Final Fantasy Dimensions and Demons' Score, $30 and $44 respectively, was criticized.
| null | null | null | null | 20 |
[
"Square Enix",
"owner of",
"Quest Corporation"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"Square Enix",
"owner of",
"PlayOnline"
] |
Online gaming
Before the merger, Enix published its first online game Cross Gate in Japan, mainland China, and Taiwan in 2001, and Square released Final Fantasy XI in Japan in 2002 for the PlayStation 2 and later the personal computer. With the huge success of Final Fantasy XI, the game was ported to the Xbox 360 two years later and was the first MMORPG on the console. All versions of the game used PlayOnline, a cross-platform internet gaming platform and internet service developed by Square Enix. The platform was used as the online service for many games Square Enix developed and published throughout the decade. Due to the success of their MMORPG, Square Enix began a new project called Fantasy Earth: The Ring of Dominion. GamePot, a Japanese game portal, received the license to publish Fantasy Earth in Japan, and it was released in Japan as "Fantasy Earth ZERO." In 2006, however, Square Enix dropped the Fantasy Earth Zero project and sold it to GamePot. Square Enix released Concerto Gate, the sequel to Cross Gate, in 2007.A next-gen MMORPG code named Rapture was developed by the Final Fantasy XI team using the company's Crystal Tools engine. It was unveiled at E3 2009 as Final Fantasy XIV for PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows and would be released on September 30, 2010. Dragon Quest X was announced in September 2011 as an MMORPG being developed for Nintendo's Wii and Wii U consoles, which released on August 2, 2012, and March 30, 2013, respectively. Like XIV, it used Crystal Tools.Square Enix also made browser games and Facebook games, like Legend World, Chocobo's Crystal Tower and Knights of the Crystals, and online games for Yahoo! Japan, such as Monster x Dragon, Sengoku Ixa, Bravely Default: Praying Brage, Star Galaxy, and Crystal Conquest.
| null | null | null | null | 22 |
[
"Square Enix",
"owner of",
"Final Fantasy"
] |
Square Enix Holdings Co., Ltd. is a Japanese multinational holding company, video game production enterprise and entertainment conglomerate. It releases role-playing game franchises, such as Final Fantasy, Dragon Quest, and Kingdom Hearts, among numerous others. Outside of video game publishing and development, it is also in the business of merchandise, arcade facilities, and manga publication under its Gangan Comics brand.
The original Square Enix Co., Ltd. was formed in April 2003 from a merger between Square and Enix, with the latter as the surviving company. Each share of Square's common stock was exchanged for 0.85 shares of Enix's common stock. At the time, 80% of Square Enix staff were made up of former Square employees. As part of the merger, former Square president Yoichi Wada was appointed the president of the new corporation, while former Enix president Keiji Honda was named vice president. Yasuhiro Fukushima, the largest shareholder of the combined corporation and founder of Enix, became chairman. In October 2008, Square Enix conducted a company split between its corporate business and video game operations, reorganizing itself as the holding company Square Enix Holdings Co., Ltd., while its internally domestic video game operations were formed under the subsidiary Square Enix Co., Ltd. The group operates American, Chinese, Indian, and European branches, based in Los Angeles, Beijing, Bangalore, and London respectively.
Several of Square Enix's franchises have sold over 10 million copies worldwide after 2020, with Final Fantasy selling 173 million, Dragon Quest selling 85 million, and Kingdom Hearts shipping 36 million. In 2005, Square Enix acquired arcade corporation Taito. In 2009, Square Enix acquired Eidos plc, the parent company of British game publisher Eidos Interactive, which was then absorbed into its European branch. Square Enix is headquartered at the Shinjuku Eastside Square Building in Shinjuku, Tokyo, and has over 5,000 employees worldwide through its base operations and subsidiaries.
| null | null | null | null | 24 |
[
"Square Enix",
"follows",
"Square"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
|
[
"Square Enix",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Square Enix"
] | null | null | null | null | 29 |
|
[
"Square Enix",
"owner of",
"Tokyo RPG Factory"
] | null | null | null | null | 33 |
|
[
"Square Enix",
"replaces",
"G-Craft"
] | null | null | null | null | 34 |
|
[
"Square Enix",
"owner of",
"SQUARE ENIX e-STORE"
] | null | null | null | null | 36 |
|
[
"Regeln für die alphabetische Katalogisierung",
"replaces",
"Paris Principles"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Regeln für die alphabetische Katalogisierung",
"replaces",
"International Standard Bibliographic Description"
] |
History
The first edition of the RAK appeared in 1976 in the German Democratic Republic (GDR/DDR) and a year later in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG/BRD). They formed the long-awaited replacement of the outdated Preußische Instruktionen (PI) (English: Prussian instructions), introduced in 1899 and expanded by DIN 1505 in 1932.The development of a fundamentally renewed revision called RAK2 was discontinued in the course of the discussion about switching to AACR2. The successor to AACR2 is the Resource Description and Access (RDA) set of rules.
| null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Lebanese National Resistance Front",
"replaces",
"Lebanese National Movement"
] |
The Lebanese National Resistance Front – LNRF (Arabic: جبهة المقاومة الوطنية اللبنانية, romanized: Jabhat al-Muqawama al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya) or Front National de la Résistance Libanaise (FNRL) in French, but best known by its Arabic acronym, ‘Jammoul’ (جمول), was an underground guerrilla alliance active in Lebanon in the 1980s. It acted as a successor to the Lebanese National Movement, which ceased to exist after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Lebanese National Resistance Front",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Lebanese National Resistance Front"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Orange S.A.",
"replaces",
"France Télécom"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Orange S.A.",
"different from",
"Orange"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Orange S.A.",
"follows",
"France Télécom"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"Orange S.A.",
"said to be the same as",
"Orange"
] | null | null | null | null | 50 |
|
[
"Orange S.A.",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Orange S.A."
] | null | null | null | null | 68 |
|
[
"Laschet cabinet",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"North Rhine-Westphalia"
] |
The Laschet cabinet was the state government of North Rhine-Westphalia between 2017 and 2021, sworn in on 30 June 2017 after Armin Laschet was elected as Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia by the members of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia. It was the 24th Cabinet of North Rhine-Westphalia.
It was formed after the 2017 North Rhine-Westphalia state election by the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and Free Democratic Party (FDP). Excluding the Minister-President, the cabinet comprised twelve ministers. Eight were members of the CDU, three were members of the FDP, and one was an independent politician.
After Laschet's resignation as Minister-President, the Laschet cabinet was succeeded by the Wüst cabinet on 28 October 2021.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Laschet cabinet",
"replaces",
"Cabinet Kraft II"
] |
Formation
The previous cabinet was a coalition government of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and The Greens led by Minister-President Hannelore Kraft.
The election took place on 14 May 2017, and resulted in substantial losses for both governing parties. The opposition CDU and FDP both recorded gains, with the former becoming the largest party. The AfD debuted at 7%.
Overall, the incumbent coalition lost its majority. The opposition coalition of the CDU and FDP won a slim majority of one seat. Also considered was a grand coalition of the CDU and SPD, but the SPD rejected this the day after the election. CDU leader Armin Laschet initially announced plans to held exploratory talks with the SPD, FDP, and Greens, but only the FDP accepted the offer.
On 22 May, the CDU and FDP boards unanimously voted to begin negotiations for a coalition. Meetings began the following day. They presented their coalition agreement in mid-June. The FDP held an online membership ballot to review the pact, with 97% voting in favour on about 50% turnout. The CDU congress unanimously approved the contract the next day, and it was formally signed on 26 June.Laschet was elected as Minister-President by the Landtag on 27 June, winning 100 votes out of 196 cast. His cabinet was sworn in on 30 June.
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Laschet cabinet",
"followed by",
"First Wüst cabinet"
] |
The Laschet cabinet was the state government of North Rhine-Westphalia between 2017 and 2021, sworn in on 30 June 2017 after Armin Laschet was elected as Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia by the members of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia. It was the 24th Cabinet of North Rhine-Westphalia.
It was formed after the 2017 North Rhine-Westphalia state election by the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and Free Democratic Party (FDP). Excluding the Minister-President, the cabinet comprised twelve ministers. Eight were members of the CDU, three were members of the FDP, and one was an independent politician.
After Laschet's resignation as Minister-President, the Laschet cabinet was succeeded by the Wüst cabinet on 28 October 2021.
| null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Basse (Gambia)",
"replaces",
"Upper River Division"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Inner London Education Authority",
"replaces",
"London County Council"
] |
History
The Inner London Education Authority was established when the Greater London Council (GLC) replaced the London County Council (LCC) as the principal local authority for London in 1965. The LCC had, in 1904, taken over from the London School Board responsibility for education in Inner London. In what was to become Outer London, education was during the first half of the twentieth century primarily administered by the relevant county councils and county boroughs, with some functions delegated to second-tier councils in the area.
The Herbert Commission report in 1960 recommended the establishment of the Greater London Council. It advocated a London-wide division of educational powers between the GLC and the London boroughs. The GLC would be responsible for strategic control of schools, and the boroughs for routine management. This part of the report was rejected by the government. Councils in the future Outer London area wanted greater control over education, preventing the creation of a London-wide local education authority (LEA), and there was strong opposition from teachers and other bodies to the idea of dividing up the LCC LEA. The London Government Act 1963 therefore created the ILEA to inherit the educational responsibilities of the LCC, and gave Outer London boroughs LEA status. The ILEA was originally conceived as a provisional body whose status would be reviewed before 1970, but the Labour government made its status permanent in 1965.
The ILEA did not cover the small area of North Woolwich, which was part of the County of London but was transferred to the new London Borough of Newham in outer London.
The ILEA had a somewhat anomalous legal status. Technically the GLC itself was the education authority for inner London, but it was both administratively difficult and politically questionable to allow outer London members of the GLC to have an input. Therefore, the GLC delegated responsibility to the ILEA as a 'special committee', consisting of the members of the GLC from the Inner London area, plus one member delegated from each of the inner London boroughs and the City of London. Those who were members of both the GLC and the ILEA tended to concentrate on one duty only, although they attended the meetings of both bodies.
| null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"East African florin",
"replaces",
"East African rupee"
] |
The Florin was the currency of the British colonies and protectorates of East Africa between 1920 and 1921. It was divided into 100 cents. It replaced the East African rupee at par, and was replaced in turn by the East African shilling at a rate of 2 shillings = 1 florin. The florin was equivalent to 2 shillings sterling.Coins
Because of its short period in existence, few of the coins minted were actually issued and are consequently scarce today. Coins were minted in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 cents and 1 florin but, according to the "Standard Catalog of World Coins" (C. L. Krause & C. Mishler, Krause Publications), the 50 cents coins were not released for circulation and only 30% of the 1, 5 and 10 cent coins produced were issued for circulation.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Tobu Urban Park Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Ryōmō Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Ōito Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Agatsuma Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Tōkaidō Shinkansen"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Tōhoku Main Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Yamanote Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Keiyō Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Shinonoi Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"New Shuttle"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Jōshin Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Shinano Railway Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Iiyama Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Tōhoku Shinkansen"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Jōetsu Shinkansen"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Shin'etsu Main Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Koumi Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Keisei Main Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Ginza Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Takayama Main Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 23 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Tōkaidō Main Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Chūō Line (Rapid)"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Sōbu Main Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 26 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Kawagoe Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 27 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Chūō Main Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 31 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Jōetsu Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 32 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Utsunomiya Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 33 |
|
[
"Hokuriku Shinkansen",
"connects with",
"Marunouchi Line"
] | null | null | null | null | 34 |
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