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32.9k
| label
stringlengths 4
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⌀ | synonyms
list | __index_level_1__
int64 312
64.1k
⌀ | __index_level_0__
int64 0
2.4k
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"HTC–Highroad",
"topic's main category",
"Category:HTC–Highroad"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Makedonski Železnici",
"replaces",
"Yugoslav Railways"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Makedonski Železnici",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Rail transport in North Macedonia"
] |
Makedonski Železnici (MŽ; Macedonian: Македонски Железници (МЖ), "Macedonian Railways") is the public enterprise for railways in the Republic of North Macedonia. Railway operations are run by Železnici na Republika Severna Makedonija Transport and the infrastructure maintained by Makedonski Železnici Infrastruktura.
The Republic of North Macedonia is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for the Republic of North Macedonia is 65.
Macedonian Railways operates 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge rail tracks in North Macedonia and maintains 925 km (575 mi) of lines, 315 km (196 mi) of which are electrified with the 25 kV 50 Hz AC system.
| null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Swain–Lupton equation",
"replaces",
"Hammett equation"
] |
Redefining the equation
C. Gardner Swain and Elmer C. Lupton Jr. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology redefined the substituent parameter, σ, based on the idea that no more than two variables (resonance effects and field effects) are necessary to describe the effects of any given substituent. Field effects, F, are defined to include all effects (inductive and pure field). Likewise, effects due to resonance, R, are due to the average of electron-donating ability and electron-accepting ability. These two effects are assumed to be independent of each other and therefore can be written as a linear combination:
| null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Mac OS X 10.0",
"replaces",
"NeXTSTEP"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Mac OS X 10.0",
"follows",
"Mac OS X Public Beta"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Mac OS X 10.0",
"replaces",
"Mac OS 9"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Mac OS X 10.0",
"replaces",
"Classic Mac OS"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Mac OS X 10.0",
"followed by",
"Mac OS X 10.1"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Mac OS X 10.0",
"based on",
"Darwin"
] |
Architecture
Mac OS X is built on Darwin, a Unix-like operating system derived from FreeBSD. Darwin includes a new kernel, XNU, derived from Mach and BSD, as a replacement for the Mac OS nanokernel used in classic Mac OS.
Unlike Mac OS 9, Mac OS X has protected memory and preemptive multitasking. This means that if an application's memory becomes corrupted due to a bug, the application will crash without the entire system crashing and needing to be rebooted.
Mac OS X also had support for OpenGL, AppleScript, and the Carbon and Cocoa APIs.
| null | null | null | null | 12 |
[
"Lordship of Utrecht",
"replaces",
"Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht"
] |
The Lordship of Utrecht was formed in 1528 when Charles V of Habsburg conquered the Bishopric of Utrecht, during the Guelders Wars.
In 1528, at the demand of Henry of the Palatinate, Prince-Bishop of Utrecht, Habsburg forces under Georg Schenck van Toutenburg, liberated the Bishopric, which was occupied by the Duchy of Guelders since 1521–22. On October 20, 1528, Bishop Henry handed over power to Charles of Habsburg. The Bishopric of Utrecht came to an end and was divided into the Lordship of Utrecht and the Lordship of Overijssel, both ruled by a Habsburg Stadtholder.
Between 1528 and 1584 the Stadtholder of Utrecht was the same as the Stadtholder of the County of Holland. The Lordship became part of the Burgundian Circle by the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549, and one of the Seventeen Provinces.
During the Eighty Years' War, Utrecht joined the revolt against Charles's son Philip II of Spain from the beginning. It was at the center of the Union of Utrecht in 1579.When the Batavian Republic was created in 1795, the Lordship of Utrecht was abolished.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Ñuble Region",
"replaces",
"Ñuble Province"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Ñuble Region",
"different from",
"Ñuble"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Ñuble Region",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ñuble Region"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Marduk",
"said to be the same as",
"Baal"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Marduk",
"different from",
"Marduk"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Marduk",
"replaces",
"Asaru"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Marduk",
"replaces",
"Asarualimnunna"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Marduk",
"said to be the same as",
"Jupiter"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"National University of Singapore",
"replaces",
"Nanyang University"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"National University of Singapore",
"topic's main category",
"Category:National University of Singapore"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Louisiana Purchase",
"different from",
"Louisiana"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Louisiana Purchase",
"replaces",
"Louisiana (New France)"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Louisiana Purchase",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Louisiana Purchase"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"European Central Bank",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Eurozone"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"European Central Bank",
"owner of",
"Großmarkthalle"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"European Central Bank",
"owner of",
"Seat of the European Central Bank"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"European Central Bank",
"replaces",
"European Monetary Institute"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"European Central Bank",
"significant event",
"European Central Bank 2014 data breach"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
|
[
"European Central Bank",
"topic's main category",
"Category:European Central Bank"
] | null | null | null | null | 42 |
|
[
"Hong Kong Basic Law",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"People's Republic of China"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Hong Kong Basic Law",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Hong Kong"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Hong Kong Basic Law",
"replaces",
"Hong Kong Letters Patent"
] |
The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China is a national law of China that serves as the organic law for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). Comprising nine chapters, 160 articles and three annexes, the Basic Law was composed to implement Annex I of the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration.: 91 The Basic Law was enacted under the Constitution of China when it was adopted by the National People's Congress on 4 April 1990 and came into effect on 1 July 1997 when Hong Kong was transferred from the United Kingdom to China. It replaced Hong Kong's colonial constitution of the Letters Patent and the Royal Instructions.Drafted on the basis of the Joint Declaration, the Basic Law lays out the basic policies of China on Hong Kong, including the "one country, two systems" principle, such that the socialist governance and economic system then practised in mainland China would not be extended to Hong Kong. Instead, Hong Kong would continue its capitalist system and way of life until 2047. The Basic Law also sets out the sources of law, the relationship between Hong Kong and the Central Government (State Council), the fundamental rights and duties of Hong Kong residents and the branches of local government.
| null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Hong Kong Basic Law",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Hong Kong Basic Law"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Valka",
"replaces",
"Walk"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Valka",
"different from",
"Falca"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Valka",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Valka"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Heckler & Koch HK416",
"used by",
"Norwegian Armed Forces"
] |
The Heckler & Koch HK416 is a gas-operated assault rifle chambered for the 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge. It is designed and manufactured by the German company Heckler & Koch.
Although the design is based on the AR-15 class of firearm (specifically the Colt M4 carbine family issued to the U.S. military), it uses a proprietary short-stroke, gas piston system from Heckler & Koch's earlier G36 family of rifles.
The HK416 is the standard assault rifle of the Norwegian Armed Forces and the United States Marine Corps (named M27), and it has been selected by the French Armed Forces to replace the FAMAS. Other users of the HK416 include the German Army and the Irish Army Ranger Wing, as well as the US Navy's SEAL Team Six, who used it to kill Osama bin Laden in 2011.History
The United States Army's Delta Force, at the request of R&D NCO Larry Vickers, collaborated with Heckler & Koch to develop a new carbine in the 1990s for use in close quarters combat. At this point, they were equipped with the Heckler & Koch MP5, whose 9 mm bullet was considered too weak, and the M4 Carbine, which was considered too large. During development, Heckler & Koch capitalized on experience gained developing the Bundeswehr's Heckler & Koch G36 assault rifle, the U.S. Army's XM8 rifle project (cancelled in 2005) and the British Armed Forces SA80 A2 upgrade programme. The project was originally called the Heckler & Koch M4, but this was changed in response to a trademark infringement suit filed by Colt Defense.Delta Force replaced its M4s with the HK416D in March 2005, after tests revealed that the piston operating system significantly reduces malfunctions while increasing the life of parts. The HK416 has been tested by the United States military and is in use with some law enforcement agencies. It has been adopted as the standard rifle of the Norwegian Armed Forces (2008) and the French Armed Forces (2017) and is used by many special operations units worldwide.
A modified variant underwent testing by the United States Marine Corps as the M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle (IAR). After the Marine Corps Operational Test & Evaluation Activity supervised a round of testing at MCAGCC Twentynine Palms, Fort McCoy, and Camp Shelby (for dust, cold-weather, and hot-weather conditions, respectively). As of March 2012, fielding of 452 IARs had been completed of 4,748 ordered. Five infantry battalions: 1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion and 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines, out of Camp Pendleton; 1st Battalion, 3rd Marines, out of Marine Corps Base Hawaii; 1st Battalion, 9th Marines, out of Camp Lejeune; and 1st Battalion, 25th Marines, out of Fort Devens deployed the weapon. In December 2017, the Marine Corps revealed a decision to equip every Marine in an infantry squad with the M27.
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Heckler & Koch HK416",
"replaces",
"AG-3"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Heckler & Koch HK416",
"topic's main category",
"Category:HK416"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Wilhelmshaven",
"replaces",
"Rüstringen"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Wilhelmshaven",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Wilhelmshaven"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Wilhelmshaven",
"said to be the same as",
"Wilhelmshaven"
] | null | null | null | null | 53 |
|
[
"Friedrichshafen",
"replaces",
"Buchhorn"
] |
History
19th and early 20th century
Friedrichshafen was established in 1811 as part of the new Kingdom of Württemberg, an ally of France during the Napoleonic Wars. It was named for King Frederick I of Württemberg, who privileged it as a free port and transshipment point for the kingdom's Swiss trade. Friedrichshafen was created from the former city of Buchhorn, whose coat of arms it adopted. The new city also incorporated the former village of Hofen, whose monastery was refurbished to serve as the summer residence of the Württemberger kings.
King William I continued improving the city, including the purchase of the steamship Wilhelm. Ministers and senior officials built villas around the royal castle, and many foreign tourists visited the city as well, including Tsar Alexander II of Russia. The first track laid by the Royal Württemberg State Railways connected the port to Ravensburg in 1847. Heilbronn was connected in 1850, and a ferry to Romanshorn in Switzerland began operating in 1869. Despite their previous opposition to Prussia, under the federal structure of the German Empire, Württemberg and Friedrichshafen continued to enjoy some special privileges following their incorporation into Germany following the Franco-Prussian War.
| null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Friedrichshafen",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Friedrichshafen"
] | null | null | null | null | 23 |
|
[
"Hamburg Hauptbahnhof",
"owned by",
"Deutsche Bahn"
] |
Hamburg Hauptbahnhof (abbrev. Hamburg Hbf), or Hamburg Central Station in English, is the main railway station of the city of Hamburg, Germany. Opened in 1906 to replace four separate terminal stations, today Hamburg Hauptbahnhof is operated by DB Station&Service AG. With an average of 550,000 passengers a day, it is Germany's busiest railway station and the second-busiest in Europe after the Gare du Nord in Paris. It is classed by Deutsche Bahn as a category 1 railway station.The station is a through station with island platforms and is one of Germany's major transportation hubs, connecting long-distance Intercity Express routes to the city's U-Bahn and S-Bahn rapid transit networks. It is centrally located in Hamburg in the Hamburg-Mitte borough. The Wandelhalle shopping centre occupies the north side of the station building.
| null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Hamburg Hauptbahnhof",
"replaces",
"Bahnhof Hamburg Klosterthor"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Hamburg Hauptbahnhof",
"replaces",
"Hamburg Berliner Bahnhof"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Hamburg Hauptbahnhof",
"replaces",
"Hannoverscher Bahnhof"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Hamburg Hauptbahnhof",
"replaces",
"Hamburg Lübecker Bahnhof"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"Hamburg Hauptbahnhof",
"significant event",
"start of manufacturing or construction"
] | null | null | null | null | 64 |
|
[
"National Basketball Association",
"replaces",
"Basketball Association of America"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"National Basketball Association",
"owner of",
"Three-Point Contest"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"National Basketball Association",
"owner of",
"NBA TV"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"National Basketball Association",
"owner of",
"NBA Store"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"National Basketball Association",
"topic's main category",
"Category:National Basketball Association"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
|
[
"Marj",
"replaces",
"Barca"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Marj",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Marj"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Jungle Mahals",
"replaces",
"Bardhaman district"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Jungle Mahals",
"replaces",
"Birbhum district"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Jungle Mahals",
"replaces",
"Bankura district"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Jungle Mahals",
"replaces",
"Midnapore district"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Belgrade Centre railway station",
"significant event",
"start of manufacturing or construction"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Belgrade Centre railway station",
"replaces",
"Belgrade Main railway station"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Belgrade Centre railway station",
"different from",
"Belgrade Main railway station"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Diamond League",
"replaces",
"IAAF Golden League"
] |
The Diamond League is an annual series of elite track and field athletic competitions comprising fourteen of the best invitational athletics meetings. The series sits in the top tier of the World Athletics (formerly known as the IAAF) one-day meeting competitions.
The inaugural season was in 2010. It was designed to replace the IAAF Golden League, which had been held annually since 1998. The full sponsorship name is the Wanda Diamond League, the result of an agreement with Wanda Group that was announced in December 2019.While the Golden League was formed to increase the profile of the leading European athletics competitions, the Diamond League's aim is to "enhance the worldwide appeal of athletics by going outside Europe for the first time." In addition to the original Golden League members (except Berlin) and other traditional European competitions, the series now includes events in China, Qatar, Morocco, and the United States.
Beginning in March 2022, after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Diamond League excluded Russian and Belarusian athletes from all of its track and field meetings.
| null | null | null | null | 35 |
[
"Diamond League",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Diamond League"
] | null | null | null | null | 37 |
|
[
"ActivityPub",
"used by",
"Lemmy"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"ActivityPub",
"used by",
"Mobilizon"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"ActivityPub",
"topic's main category",
"Category:ActivityPub"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"ActivityPub",
"replaces",
"OStatus"
] |
ActivityPub is an open, decentralized social networking protocol based on Pump.io's ActivityPump protocol. It provides a client/server API for creating, updating, and deleting content, as well as a federated server-to-server API for delivering notifications and content.
| null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"ActivityPub",
"used by",
"Friendica"
] |
ActivityPub is an open, decentralized social networking protocol based on Pump.io's ActivityPump protocol. It provides a client/server API for creating, updating, and deleting content, as well as a federated server-to-server API for delivering notifications and content.Notable implementations
Federated (server-to-server) protocol
Friendica, social networking software; implemented ActivityPub in version 2019.01.
Kbin, a news aggregator and discussion forum similar to Reddit and Lemmy.
Lemmy, software for running Reddit-style news aggregators and discussion forums. Any instance can use ActivityPub to interact with other forums and form a federated social network.
Libervia (in beta as of 2022)
Mastodon, social networking software; implemented ActivityPub in version 1.6 and released in September 2017. It is intended that ActivityPub offers more security for private messages than the previous OStatus protocol.
Micro.blog, a microblogging social network, added support for ActivityPub in 2018 and was enabled by default for new users in October 2022.
Nextcloud, a federated file-hosting service.
PeerTube, a federated video-streaming service.
Pixelfed, a federated image-sharing service resembling Instagram.
Pleroma, a lightweight fediverse server implementing ActivityPub since its first release.
WordPress via a plug-in to post blogs from users
WriteFreely, an open source and hosted blogging platform.
| null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"ActivityPub",
"used by",
"Hubzilla"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"ActivityPub",
"used by",
"Nextcloud"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"ActivityPub",
"used by",
"Mastodon"
] |
ActivityPub is an open, decentralized social networking protocol based on Pump.io's ActivityPump protocol. It provides a client/server API for creating, updating, and deleting content, as well as a federated server-to-server API for delivering notifications and content.Project status
ActivityPub is a standard for the Internet in the Social Web Networking Group of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The standard was co-authored by Evan Prodromou, creator of StatusNet (now known as GNU social). At an earlier stage, the name of the protocol was "ActivityPump", but it was felt that ActivityPub better indicated the cross-publishing purpose of the protocol. It is the most widely supported standard (by some margin) in the Fediverse.In January 2018, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) published the ActivityPub standard as a Recommendation. Lead author Christine Lemmer-Webber notes that the team predominantly identified as queer, which led to features that help users and administrators protect against "undesired interaction." She also notes that the team authoring ActivityPub had no corporate participation.The W3C Social Community Group organizes a yearly free conference called ActivityPub Conf about the future of ActivityPub.Former Diaspora community manager Sean Tilley wrote an article that suggests ActivityPub protocols may eventually provide a way to federate Internet platforms.
| null | null | null | null | 12 |
[
"ActivityPub",
"used by",
"PeerTube"
] |
ActivityPub is an open, decentralized social networking protocol based on Pump.io's ActivityPump protocol. It provides a client/server API for creating, updating, and deleting content, as well as a federated server-to-server API for delivering notifications and content.
| null | null | null | null | 13 |
[
"ActivityPub",
"used by",
"Pleroma"
] |
ActivityPub is an open, decentralized social networking protocol based on Pump.io's ActivityPump protocol. It provides a client/server API for creating, updating, and deleting content, as well as a federated server-to-server API for delivering notifications and content.
| null | null | null | null | 14 |
[
"ActivityPub",
"used by",
"Misskey"
] |
ActivityPub is an open, decentralized social networking protocol based on Pump.io's ActivityPump protocol. It provides a client/server API for creating, updating, and deleting content, as well as a federated server-to-server API for delivering notifications and content.
| null | null | null | null | 15 |
[
"ActivityPub",
"used by",
"Pixelfed"
] |
ActivityPub is an open, decentralized social networking protocol based on Pump.io's ActivityPump protocol. It provides a client/server API for creating, updating, and deleting content, as well as a federated server-to-server API for delivering notifications and content.
| null | null | null | null | 16 |
[
"ActivityPub",
"used by",
"WriteFreely"
] |
ActivityPub is an open, decentralized social networking protocol based on Pump.io's ActivityPump protocol. It provides a client/server API for creating, updating, and deleting content, as well as a federated server-to-server API for delivering notifications and content.Notable implementations
Federated (server-to-server) protocol
Friendica, social networking software; implemented ActivityPub in version 2019.01.
Kbin, a news aggregator and discussion forum similar to Reddit and Lemmy.
Lemmy, software for running Reddit-style news aggregators and discussion forums. Any instance can use ActivityPub to interact with other forums and form a federated social network.
Libervia (in beta as of 2022)
Mastodon, social networking software; implemented ActivityPub in version 1.6 and released in September 2017. It is intended that ActivityPub offers more security for private messages than the previous OStatus protocol.
Micro.blog, a microblogging social network, added support for ActivityPub in 2018 and was enabled by default for new users in October 2022.
Nextcloud, a federated file-hosting service.
PeerTube, a federated video-streaming service.
Pixelfed, a federated image-sharing service resembling Instagram.
Pleroma, a lightweight fediverse server implementing ActivityPub since its first release.
WordPress via a plug-in to post blogs from users
WriteFreely, an open source and hosted blogging platform.See also
Activity Streams
Comparison of software and protocols for distributed social networking
Comparison of microblogging and similar services
Fediverse
MicropubReferences
Further reading
Pierce, David (2023-04-20). "Can ActivityPub save the internet?". The Verge. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
| null | null | null | null | 17 |
[
"Fiserv Forum",
"replaces",
"Bradley Center"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Kenmu Restoration",
"follows",
"Kamakura period"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Kenmu Restoration",
"founded by",
"Go-Daigo"
] |
The Kenmu Restoration (建武の新政, Kenmu no shinsei) was a three-year period of Imperial rule in Japanese history between the Kamakura period and the Muromachi period from 1333 to 1336. The Kenmu Restoration was an effort made by Emperor Go-Daigo to overthrow the ruling Kamakura Shogunate (de facto ruled by Hōjō clan) and restore the Imperial House to power in Japan, returning to civilian government after 148 years of de facto military government from Kamakura. Go-Daigo launched the Genkō War in 1331 against the Kamakura Shogunate but was defeated and forced to exile to the Oki Islands. Go-Daigo launched a second uprising, and with the assistance of the defected Kamakura general Ashikaga Takauji and rebel leader Nitta Yoshisada, defeated the Kamakura Shogunate at the siege of Kamakura in 1333. The Imperial House was restored to power but Go-Daigo's policies failed to satisfy his major samurai supporters and most Japanese people. The Kenmu Restoration was ultimately overthrown when Takauji became Shōgun and founded the Ashikaga Shogunate in 1336, beginning the "Northern and Southern Courts" period and the Muromachi period.The Kenmu Restoration was the last time the Emperor of Japan held significant power until the Meiji Restoration in 1868.
| null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Kenmu Restoration",
"followed by",
"Muromachi period"
] |
The Kenmu Restoration (建武の新政, Kenmu no shinsei) was a three-year period of Imperial rule in Japanese history between the Kamakura period and the Muromachi period from 1333 to 1336. The Kenmu Restoration was an effort made by Emperor Go-Daigo to overthrow the ruling Kamakura Shogunate (de facto ruled by Hōjō clan) and restore the Imperial House to power in Japan, returning to civilian government after 148 years of de facto military government from Kamakura. Go-Daigo launched the Genkō War in 1331 against the Kamakura Shogunate but was defeated and forced to exile to the Oki Islands. Go-Daigo launched a second uprising, and with the assistance of the defected Kamakura general Ashikaga Takauji and rebel leader Nitta Yoshisada, defeated the Kamakura Shogunate at the siege of Kamakura in 1333. The Imperial House was restored to power but Go-Daigo's policies failed to satisfy his major samurai supporters and most Japanese people. The Kenmu Restoration was ultimately overthrown when Takauji became Shōgun and founded the Ashikaga Shogunate in 1336, beginning the "Northern and Southern Courts" period and the Muromachi period.The Kenmu Restoration was the last time the Emperor of Japan held significant power until the Meiji Restoration in 1868.
| null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Kenmu Restoration",
"replaces",
"Kamakura shogunate"
] |
The Kenmu Restoration (建武の新政, Kenmu no shinsei) was a three-year period of Imperial rule in Japanese history between the Kamakura period and the Muromachi period from 1333 to 1336. The Kenmu Restoration was an effort made by Emperor Go-Daigo to overthrow the ruling Kamakura Shogunate (de facto ruled by Hōjō clan) and restore the Imperial House to power in Japan, returning to civilian government after 148 years of de facto military government from Kamakura. Go-Daigo launched the Genkō War in 1331 against the Kamakura Shogunate but was defeated and forced to exile to the Oki Islands. Go-Daigo launched a second uprising, and with the assistance of the defected Kamakura general Ashikaga Takauji and rebel leader Nitta Yoshisada, defeated the Kamakura Shogunate at the siege of Kamakura in 1333. The Imperial House was restored to power but Go-Daigo's policies failed to satisfy his major samurai supporters and most Japanese people. The Kenmu Restoration was ultimately overthrown when Takauji became Shōgun and founded the Ashikaga Shogunate in 1336, beginning the "Northern and Southern Courts" period and the Muromachi period.The Kenmu Restoration was the last time the Emperor of Japan held significant power until the Meiji Restoration in 1868.
| null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Kenmu Restoration",
"followed by",
"Southern Court"
] |
The Kenmu Restoration (建武の新政, Kenmu no shinsei) was a three-year period of Imperial rule in Japanese history between the Kamakura period and the Muromachi period from 1333 to 1336. The Kenmu Restoration was an effort made by Emperor Go-Daigo to overthrow the ruling Kamakura Shogunate (de facto ruled by Hōjō clan) and restore the Imperial House to power in Japan, returning to civilian government after 148 years of de facto military government from Kamakura. Go-Daigo launched the Genkō War in 1331 against the Kamakura Shogunate but was defeated and forced to exile to the Oki Islands. Go-Daigo launched a second uprising, and with the assistance of the defected Kamakura general Ashikaga Takauji and rebel leader Nitta Yoshisada, defeated the Kamakura Shogunate at the siege of Kamakura in 1333. The Imperial House was restored to power but Go-Daigo's policies failed to satisfy his major samurai supporters and most Japanese people. The Kenmu Restoration was ultimately overthrown when Takauji became Shōgun and founded the Ashikaga Shogunate in 1336, beginning the "Northern and Southern Courts" period and the Muromachi period.The Kenmu Restoration was the last time the Emperor of Japan held significant power until the Meiji Restoration in 1868.Background
The Emperor's role had been usurped by the Minamoto and Hōjō families ever since Minamoto no Yoritomo had obtained from the Emperor the title of shōgun in 1192, ruling thereafter from Kamakura.
For various reasons, the Kamakura shogunate decided to allow two contending imperial lines—known as the Southern Court or junior line, and the Northern Court or senior line—to alternate on the throne. The method worked for several successions until a member of the Southern Court ascended to the throne as Emperor Go-Daigo. Go-Daigo wanted to overthrow the shogunate and openly defied Kamakura by naming his own son his heir. In 1331 the shogunate exiled Go-Daigo but loyalist forces, including Kusunoki Masashige, rebelled and came to his support. They were aided by, among others, future shōgun Ashikaga Takauji, a samurai who had turned against Kamakura when dispatched to put down Go-Daigo's rebellion. At roughly the same time, Nitta Yoshisada, another eastern chieftain, attacked the shogunate's capital. The shogunate tried to resist his advance: Yoshisada and shogunate forces fought several times along the Kamakura Kaidō, for example at Kotesashigahara (小手差原), Kumegawa (久米河) (both near today's Tokorozawa, Saitama Prefecture), and Bubaigawara, in today's Fuchū, ever closer to Kamakura. The city was finally reached, besieged, and taken. Kamakura would remain for one century the political capital of the Kantō region, but its supremacy as political centre was over.
| null | null | null | null | 14 |
[
"FIA GT1 World Championship",
"replaces",
"FIA GT Championship"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"FIA GT1 World Championship",
"topic's main category",
"Category:FIA GT1 World Championship"
] |
The FIA GT1 World Championship was a world championship sports car racing series, developed by the SRO Group and regulated by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), that was held from 2010 to 2012. It featured multiple grand tourer race cars—based on production road cars and conforming with the GT1 (2010–2011) and GT3 (2012) regulations—that competed in one-hour races on multiple continents. All cars were performance balanced, with weight and restrictor adjustments, to artificially equalise their performance. Championships were awarded each season for drivers and teams.
The FIA GT1 World Championship started in 2010 as a successor to the FIA GT Championship, which had featured the GT1 category as well as a GT2 category. In 2012, the series originally planned to move away from exclusive use of GT1 cars by allowing 2009-spec GT2 cars from the former FIA GT Championship, as well as current performance-balanced GT3 specification cars, to compete alongside the series' GT1 cars. However, as there were no interested GT2 teams and only a handful of former GT1 runners were willing to participate, the SRO Group decided that the 2012 season would be contested with GT3-spec cars only (yet retaining GT1 in the series' title). The series folded after the 2012 season due to the high costs, shrinking car counts, and issues with the calendar, and morphed into the FIA GT Series for 2013.
| null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"GT World Challenge Europe Sprint Cup",
"replaces",
"FIA GT1 World Championship"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"GT World Challenge Europe Sprint Cup",
"topic's main category",
"Category:FIA GT Series"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"First Valls government",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"France"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"First Valls government",
"follows",
"Ayrault Cabinet II"
] | null | null | null | null | 22 |
|
[
"First Valls government",
"replaces",
"Ayrault Cabinet II"
] | null | null | null | null | 23 |
|
[
"First Valls government",
"followed by",
"Government of Manuel Valls II"
] | null | null | null | null | 37 |
|
[
"Bantam Presidency",
"located on terrain feature",
"Banten"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Bantam Presidency",
"replaces",
"Banten Sultanate"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt",
"follows",
"Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt",
"replaces",
"Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt",
"followed by",
"Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
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