triplets
list | passage
stringlengths 0
32.9k
| label
stringlengths 4
48
⌀ | label_id
int64 0
1k
⌀ | synonyms
list | __index_level_1__
int64 312
64.1k
⌀ | __index_level_0__
int64 0
2.4k
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Västra Götaland County",
"owner of",
"Västtrafik"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Västra Götaland County",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Västra Götaland County"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Västra Götaland County",
"follows",
"Skaraborg County"
] |
Administration
Västra Götaland was created in 1998 by a merger of the three former counties of Gothenburg and Bohus County, Älvsborg County and Skaraborg County. The seat of residence for the Governors or Landshövding is Gothenburg, while the seat of political administration and power is Vänersborg. The Governor is the head of the County Administrative Board or Länsstyrelse.
| null | null | null | null | 60 |
[
"Istanbul nostalgic tramways",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Istanbul Tram"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Istanbul nostalgic tramways",
"replaces",
"Trams in Istanbul"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Istanbul nostalgic tramways",
"different from",
"Trams in Istanbul"
] |
The Istanbul nostalgic tramways are two heritage tramlines in the city of Istanbul, Turkey. The city has two completely separate heritage tram systems, one on the European side (the Taksim-Tünel Nostalgia Tramway, aka. T2 line), the other on the Asian side (T3 line, aka. the Kadıköy-Moda Nostalgia Tramway).
Istanbul, the former capital of Turkey, once had a large tramway network on both the Asian and European sides. These started as horse trams in 1871, but gradually changed to electric. Many routes were built step by step, and the network reached its greatest extent in 1956 with 108 million passengers in 270 cars on 56 lines. But as happened in most cities around the world, tram service in Istanbul began to close in 1956, and ended completely in 1966.
Trams returned to Istanbul in 1990, with the opening of the Taksim-Tünel Nostalgia Tramway (T2 line). The city is divided between Asia and Europe, and while the Asian side has a heritage tram system (T3 line, which opened in 2003), the European side has both a heritage tram (T2 line) and a modern tram system (T1 and T4 lines, which opened in 1992 and 2007, respectively).History
After closing the tram network in the mid-1960s, the people of Istanbul thought that transport within the city would move faster than before, but this proved false some years later. The uncontrolled increase of petrol vehicles such as buses, taxis, and private cars started choking the streets of Istanbul. Turkey suffered many of the problems of developing countries, including pollution, traffic jams, illegal migration, low literacy, and rapid increase of population. A growing population increased the urbanization of Istanbul, and with it more motor vehicles which increased air and sound pollution, traffic jams and smog.From the early 1970s, these problems increased and by the mid-1980s Istanbulians realized that lack of control of motor vehicles and the closure of the tram network were great mistakes. Due to constantly increasing traffic jams and air pollution, Istanbul became one of the most polluted Eurasian cities during the mid-1980s. Many cities around the world like Tunis, Sydney, Buenos Aires etc. also understood that error, and like them, Istanbul also planned for the return of trams.Looking at examples in other cities around the world (e.g. Lima and Buenos Aires), the authorities planned to bring trams back to Istanbul. By then, the number of cars and buses had increased so much that starting a completely new tramway was not possible at that time. Instead they planned an experimental heritage tramway, mindful of the lower installation cost, mainly as tourist attraction, and as a test system to see how trams would be accepted by the younger generations in Istanbul.The original Istanbul tram network was almost completely destroyed, including depots, termini, electric power stations, etc., except for some of the rolling stock which had been preserved in transport museums. The Authority wished to re-introduce heritage trams in Istanbul using the same type of rolling stock which was running in the European part until 1962, and in the Asian part until 1966. Using old photographs, people's memories, and other sources, some rolling stock was built for the European side resembling pre-1962 European-side tram stock, including the size, shape, interior, color scheme etc. The prototypes had originally been built in 1915.Around 1990, the Istiklal Caddesi became a pedestrian zone, and the tram was restored and revived in 1990, in the form of the Taksim-Tünel Nostalgia Tramway. After a 24-year absence, trams returned to Istanbul. The length of the line is 1.64 kilometers (1.02 mi) and there are 5 stops.
After the Taksim-Tünel Nostalgia Tramway gained in popularity, mainly among tourists, another heritage tramway opened in 2003 on the Asian side of Istanbul, as what is now known as the T3 line (or the Kadıköy-Moda Nostalgia Tramway). In the case of the T3 line, first-generation trams were not re-installed along the route. Instead, secondhand trams from Germany were acquired, mostly from the Jena tram system, which were built in the Berlin area or in Gotha (see Rolling stock section, below).
Trams on the T3 line run on a clockwise circular loop, following roughly the old tram Route 20. The length of the line is 2.6 kilometers (1.6 mi) and there are 10 stops.
| null | null | null | null | 12 |
[
"Istanbul nostalgic tramways",
"owned by",
"Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Istanbul nostalgic tramways",
"different from",
"Istanbul Tram"
] |
The Istanbul nostalgic tramways are two heritage tramlines in the city of Istanbul, Turkey. The city has two completely separate heritage tram systems, one on the European side (the Taksim-Tünel Nostalgia Tramway, aka. T2 line), the other on the Asian side (T3 line, aka. the Kadıköy-Moda Nostalgia Tramway).
Istanbul, the former capital of Turkey, once had a large tramway network on both the Asian and European sides. These started as horse trams in 1871, but gradually changed to electric. Many routes were built step by step, and the network reached its greatest extent in 1956 with 108 million passengers in 270 cars on 56 lines. But as happened in most cities around the world, tram service in Istanbul began to close in 1956, and ended completely in 1966.
Trams returned to Istanbul in 1990, with the opening of the Taksim-Tünel Nostalgia Tramway (T2 line). The city is divided between Asia and Europe, and while the Asian side has a heritage tram system (T3 line, which opened in 2003), the European side has both a heritage tram (T2 line) and a modern tram system (T1 and T4 lines, which opened in 1992 and 2007, respectively).History
After closing the tram network in the mid-1960s, the people of Istanbul thought that transport within the city would move faster than before, but this proved false some years later. The uncontrolled increase of petrol vehicles such as buses, taxis, and private cars started choking the streets of Istanbul. Turkey suffered many of the problems of developing countries, including pollution, traffic jams, illegal migration, low literacy, and rapid increase of population. A growing population increased the urbanization of Istanbul, and with it more motor vehicles which increased air and sound pollution, traffic jams and smog.From the early 1970s, these problems increased and by the mid-1980s Istanbulians realized that lack of control of motor vehicles and the closure of the tram network were great mistakes. Due to constantly increasing traffic jams and air pollution, Istanbul became one of the most polluted Eurasian cities during the mid-1980s. Many cities around the world like Tunis, Sydney, Buenos Aires etc. also understood that error, and like them, Istanbul also planned for the return of trams.Looking at examples in other cities around the world (e.g. Lima and Buenos Aires), the authorities planned to bring trams back to Istanbul. By then, the number of cars and buses had increased so much that starting a completely new tramway was not possible at that time. Instead they planned an experimental heritage tramway, mindful of the lower installation cost, mainly as tourist attraction, and as a test system to see how trams would be accepted by the younger generations in Istanbul.The original Istanbul tram network was almost completely destroyed, including depots, termini, electric power stations, etc., except for some of the rolling stock which had been preserved in transport museums. The Authority wished to re-introduce heritage trams in Istanbul using the same type of rolling stock which was running in the European part until 1962, and in the Asian part until 1966. Using old photographs, people's memories, and other sources, some rolling stock was built for the European side resembling pre-1962 European-side tram stock, including the size, shape, interior, color scheme etc. The prototypes had originally been built in 1915.Around 1990, the Istiklal Caddesi became a pedestrian zone, and the tram was restored and revived in 1990, in the form of the Taksim-Tünel Nostalgia Tramway. After a 24-year absence, trams returned to Istanbul. The length of the line is 1.64 kilometers (1.02 mi) and there are 5 stops.
After the Taksim-Tünel Nostalgia Tramway gained in popularity, mainly among tourists, another heritage tramway opened in 2003 on the Asian side of Istanbul, as what is now known as the T3 line (or the Kadıköy-Moda Nostalgia Tramway). In the case of the T3 line, first-generation trams were not re-installed along the route. Instead, secondhand trams from Germany were acquired, mostly from the Jena tram system, which were built in the Berlin area or in Gotha (see Rolling stock section, below).
Trams on the T3 line run on a clockwise circular loop, following roughly the old tram Route 20. The length of the line is 2.6 kilometers (1.6 mi) and there are 10 stops.Tram lines
There are two heritage tramways in Istanbul – the European side tramway, Taksim-Tünel Nostalgia Tramway (also sometimes called the T2 line), runs from Taksim to Tünel; the Asian side tramway, the T3 line (also called the Kadıköy-Moda Nostalgia Tramway), runs as a clockwise circular route from Kadıköy to Moda and back to Kadıköy. The European side T2 tramline follows an alignment of Istanbul's previous historic tram network, which was served by Routes 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17. The Asian side T3 tramline uses the previous Route 20 (operating on a portion of that route).
| null | null | null | null | 15 |
[
"Infant",
"replaces",
"neonate"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Infant",
"different from",
"Bébé"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Infant",
"different from",
"Baba"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Infant",
"different from",
"Baby"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Infant",
"different from",
"Bebe"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Infant",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Infancy"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Infant",
"follows",
"nasciturus"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Infant",
"followed by",
"one-year-old"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"KaiOS",
"uses",
"XPConnect"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"KaiOS",
"uses",
"Web IDL"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"KaiOS",
"uses",
"Gecko"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"KaiOS",
"based on",
"Firefox OS"
] |
KaiOS is a mobile Linux distribution for keypad feature phones based on the Firefox OS open-source project. It is developed by KaiOS Technologies (Hong Kong) Limited; a company based in Hong Kong, whose largest shareholder is Chinese electronics conglomerate TCL Corporation. KaiOS runs on feature phones made with low-power hardware and low power consumption (and therefore long battery life). KaiOS supports modern connectivity technologies like 4G LTE E, VoLTE, GPS, and Wi-Fi. KaiOS runs HTML5-based apps. KaiOS supports over-the-air updates and has a dedicated app marketplace called KaiStore. Some applications are preloaded, including Facebook and YouTube. As of 1 April 2020, there are 500+ apps in KaiStore. The mobile operating system is comparatively lightweight on hardware resource usage, and is able to run on devices with just 256 megabytes (MB) of memory.
| null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"KaiOS",
"replaces",
"Firefox OS"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"KaiOS",
"uses",
"XPCOM"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"KaiOS",
"uses",
"SpiderMonkey"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Pragma once",
"replaces",
"#include guard"
] |
In the C and C++ programming languages, #pragma once is a non-standard but widely supported preprocessor directive designed to cause the current source file to be included only once in a single compilation. Thus, #pragma once serves the same purpose as include guards, but with several advantages, including: less code, avoidance of name clashes, and sometimes improvement in compilation speed. On the other hand, #pragma once is not necessarily available in all compilers and its implementation is tricky and might not always be reliable.
| null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Unter den Linden (Berlin U-Bahn)",
"owned by",
"Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Unter den Linden (Berlin U-Bahn)",
"replaces",
"Französische Straße metro station"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Gaudiya Mission",
"replaces",
"Gaudiya Math"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Gaudiya Mission",
"founded by",
"sannyasi"
] |
The Gaudiya Mission (Bengali: গৌড়ীয় মিশন) is a Gaudiya Vaishnava monastic and missionary organization whose founder acharya is Srila Prabhupad (6 Feb 1874 — 3 Jan 1937) alias Srimad Bhakti Siddhanta Sarasvati Goswami Maharaja. The organisation has been registered since March 1940 in Calcutta, British India under the supervision of the then Acharya Srila Acharyadev (25 Aug 1895 — 8 March 1958) alias Srimad Bhakti Prasad Puri Goswami Maharaj after accepting sannyasa in 1939/1941.
| null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Bavarian gulden",
"replaces",
"Conventionsthaler"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Mercosur Parliament",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Mercosur"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Mercosur Parliament",
"replaces",
"Joint Parliamentary Commission"
] |
History
The creation of the Mercosur Parliament traces back to a 2002 process of establishing bodies and procedures aimed at the institutionalization and political autonomy of the bloc.
During the XXVII Meeting of Mercosur Heads of State on 17 December 2004, at Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, the Common Market Council (CMC) instructed the Joint Parliamentary Commission (CPC) to write a protocol establishing the Mercosur Parliament, recommending its completion until the end of 2006. The CPC created the project in advance and on 9 December 2005, the presidents of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay signed the Constitutive Protocol of the Mercosur Parliament, creating the new body.
The first session of the Parliament should have been held before 31 December 2006, but it was only held on 7 May 2007, replacing the CPC. In June 2008, the MPs held their first parliamentary session outside the Mercosur headquarters in Montevideo, on the city of San Miguel de Tucumán, where the XXXV Meeting of Mercosur Heads of State was also being held.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Mercosur Parliament",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Mercosur Parliament"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Langenlonsheim-Stromberg",
"replaces",
"Stromberg"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Langenlonsheim-Stromberg",
"replaces",
"Langenlonsheim"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Sankt Stefan-Afiesl",
"replaces",
"Afiesl"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Sankt Stefan-Afiesl",
"replaces",
"Sankt Stefan am Walde"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Sankt Stefan-Afiesl",
"topic's main category",
"Category:St. Stefan-Afiesl"
] |
== References ==
| null | null | null | null | 13 |
[
"Keelung",
"different from",
"New Taipei"
] |
Keelung ( kee-LUUNG; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ke-lâng), Chilung or Jilong ( jee-LUUNG; pinyin: Jīlóng), officially known as Keelung City, is a major port city situated in the northeastern part of Taiwan. The city is a part of the Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area, along with its neighbors, New Taipei City and Taipei, respectively. Nicknamed the Rainy Port for its frequent rain and maritime role, the city is Taiwan's second largest seaport (after Kaohsiung).
| null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Keelung",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Keelung"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Keelung",
"replaces",
"Kīrun"
] |
Name
According to early Chinese accounts, this northern coastal area was originally called Pak-kang (Chinese: 北港; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Pak-káng). By the early 20th century, the city was known to the Western world as Kelung, as well as the variants Kiloung, Kilang and Keelung. In his 1903 general history of Taiwan, US Consul to Formosa (1898–1904) James W. Davidson related that "Kelung" was among the few well-known names, thus warranting no alternate Japanese romanization.However, the Taiwanese people have long called the city Kelang (Chinese: 雞籠; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ke-lâng/Koe-lâng; lit. '“rooster cage", "hencoop” or “chicken coop”'). While it has been proposed that this name was derived from the local mountain that took the shape of a rooster cage, it is more likely that the name was derived from the first inhabitants of the region, as are the names of many other Taiwanese cities. In this case, the Ketagalan people were the first inhabitants, and early Han settlers probably approximated "Ketagalan" with Ke-lâng (Ketagalan: ke-, "domain marker prefix" + Taiwanese Hokkien Chinese: 儂 / 人; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lâng; lit. 'person'), the noun root being replaced with the common Taiwanese Hokkien term for people, while the domain marker circumfix "ke- -an" being reduced to just the prefix.
In 1875, during the late Qing era, a new official name was given (Chinese: 基隆; pinyin: Jīlóng; lit. 'base prosperous'). In Mandarin, probably the working language of Chinese government at the time, both the old and new names were likely pronounced Gīlóng (hence "Keelung").
Under Japanese rule (1895–1945), the city was also known to the west by the Japanese romanization Kīrun (also written as Kiirun).
In Taiwanese Hokkien, native language of the area, the city is called Ke-lâng. In Hanyu Pinyin, a system created for Mandarin Chinese in Mainland China, the name of Keelung is written as Jīlóng (the shift from initial K to J is a recent development in the Beijing dialect, see Old Mandarin).
| null | null | null | null | 13 |
[
"Keelung",
"replaces",
"Taihoku Prefecture"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
|
[
"North Hwanghae Province",
"replaces",
"Hwanghae"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"North Hwanghae Province",
"topic's main category",
"Category:North Hwanghae"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"South Hwanghae Province",
"replaces",
"Hwanghae"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"South Hwanghae Province",
"topic's main category",
"Category:South Hwanghae"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"A18 autostrada (Poland)",
"connects with",
"Bundesautobahn 15"
] |
Autostrada A18 is a short, planned motorway in southwestern Poland which is to run from the Polish/German border at Olszyna/Forst-Bademeusel (connecting with the German Bundesautobahn 15) to the Polish Autostrada A4. The highway is part of the European route E36 and the Pan-European corridor IIIA from Berlin to Wrocław.
As of December 2021, 7 km (4.3 mi) is opened and signed as A18. The main part (69.5 km (43.2 mi)) is undergoing an upgrade: the motorway quality northern carriageway (constructed 2004 – 2006) carries bidirectional traffic. The southern carriageway is being reconstructed, with the concrete surface from the 1930s getting demolished. The road should be opened as dual carriageway on the full length in 2023.After completion, A18 should be 76.5 km (47.5 mi) long.
| null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"A18 autostrada (Poland)",
"different from",
"A18"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"A18 autostrada (Poland)",
"connects with",
"A4 autostrada"
] |
Autostrada A18 is a short, planned motorway in southwestern Poland which is to run from the Polish/German border at Olszyna/Forst-Bademeusel (connecting with the German Bundesautobahn 15) to the Polish Autostrada A4. The highway is part of the European route E36 and the Pan-European corridor IIIA from Berlin to Wrocław.
As of December 2021, 7 km (4.3 mi) is opened and signed as A18. The main part (69.5 km (43.2 mi)) is undergoing an upgrade: the motorway quality northern carriageway (constructed 2004 – 2006) carries bidirectional traffic. The southern carriageway is being reconstructed, with the concrete surface from the 1930s getting demolished. The road should be opened as dual carriageway on the full length in 2023.After completion, A18 should be 76.5 km (47.5 mi) long.
| null | null | null | null | 11 |
[
"A18 autostrada (Poland)",
"replaces",
"A12 autostrada"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"A18 autostrada (Poland)",
"said to be the same as",
"National road 18"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Republic of Dahomey",
"replaces",
"French Dahomey"
] |
The Republic of Dahomey (French: République du Dahomey; pronounced [daɔmɛ]), simply known as Dahomey (Fon: Danhomè), was established on 4 December 1958, as a self-governing colony within the French Community. Prior to attaining autonomy, it had been French Dahomey, part of the French Union. On 1 August 1960, it attained full independence from France.
In 1975, the country was renamed Benin after the Bight of Benin (which was in turn named after the Benin Empire which had its seat of power in Benin City, modern-day Nigeria), since "Benin" was deemed politically neutral for all ethnic groups in the state, whereas "Dahomey" recalled the Fon-dominated Kingdom of Dahomey.
| null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Republic of Dahomey",
"follows",
"French Dahomey"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Republic of Dahomey",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Republic of Dahomey"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Auxílio Brasil",
"replaces",
"Bolsa Família"
] |
History
In July 2020, the Minister of Economy Paulo Guedes proposed a new program to replace Bolsa Família and other social programs. The program, called "Renda Brasil", would be the sole cash transfer program, unifying several existing social programs, such as the financial assistance given during the COVID-19 pandemic. His proposal also provided for an increase in the value of the benefits paid by Bolsa Família. However, on September 15 of the same year, President Bolsonaro announced that the "Renda Brasil" proposal was cancelled due to difficulties in finding ways to fund it.On September 28, 2020, "Renda Cidadã" was proposed. Its funds would come from the use of financial resources used to pay precatórios – government debts after a court decision – and allocate part of the funds of Fundeb to the new cash transfer program.On August 9, 2021, the provisional measure 1061–21 is published on Diário Oficial da União, which meant it would go into effect 90 days after its publication, replacing Bolsa Família. On October 20, 2021, Auxílio Brasil was announced by the federal government, promising monthly payments of 400 reais until 2022, and a permanent adjustment of 20% compared to the amount paid by Bolsa Família. The MP was approved in Congress on November 25, 2021 and on December 2, 2021, in the Senate. The approval of the constitutional amendment to reform the payment of precatórios allowed the government an estimated R$106 billion to pay the R$400 monthly payments to the recipients of the program until the end of 2022.The efforts to replace Bolsa Família were criticized by opposition parties, accusing Bolsonaro of boosting social spending to boost his re-election chances in the 2022 Brazilian general election. In the press, The Economist criticized the new program because it "added complexity and uncertainty", and criticized the constitutional amendment that reformed the payment of precatórios. In an editorial, Folha de S.Paulo mentioned that the program focuses on the poor – a demographic with whom Bolsonaro polls poorly – but does not address the financial difficulties of large families. In an opinion poll by Datafolha, 43% of Brazilians reacted negatively to the changes, and 41% reacting positively.
| null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Amami Guntō National Park",
"located on terrain feature",
"Amami Islands"
] |
Amami Guntō National Park (奄美群島国立公園, Amami Guntō Kokuritsu Kōen) is a national park in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. Established in 2017, the park comprises a land area of 42,181 ha (104,230 acres) and
a sea area of 33,082 ha (81,750 acres). The national park includes areas of these islands: Tokunoshima, Kikai, Amami, Yoron, Okinoerabujima, Uke Island, Kakeromajima and Yoroshima.History
On 15 February 1974 the Amami Guntō Quasi-National Park was founded on Amami Ōshima. On 7 March 2017 the Amami Guntō National Park was established and it subsumed the former Amami Guntō Quasi-National Park. The Amami Guntō National Park includes parts of the municipalities of Amagi, Amami, China, Isen, Kikai, Setouchi, Tatsugō, Tokunoshima, Uken, Wadomari, Yamato, and Yoron.
The designation of the new National Park, alongside that of Yanbaru National Park, is part of the movement to have Amami-Oshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, the northern part of Okinawa Island and Iriomote Island inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.The Amami Wildlife Center is managed by Japan's Ministry of the Environment to protect and preserve the natural ecosystem of the Amami Islands.
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Amami Guntō National Park",
"replaces",
"Amami Guntō Quasi-National Park"
] |
History
On 15 February 1974 the Amami Guntō Quasi-National Park was founded on Amami Ōshima. On 7 March 2017 the Amami Guntō National Park was established and it subsumed the former Amami Guntō Quasi-National Park. The Amami Guntō National Park includes parts of the municipalities of Amagi, Amami, China, Isen, Kikai, Setouchi, Tatsugō, Tokunoshima, Uken, Wadomari, Yamato, and Yoron.
The designation of the new National Park, alongside that of Yanbaru National Park, is part of the movement to have Amami-Oshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, the northern part of Okinawa Island and Iriomote Island inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.The Amami Wildlife Center is managed by Japan's Ministry of the Environment to protect and preserve the natural ecosystem of the Amami Islands.
| null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"OFD Ostfriesischer-Flug-Dienst",
"owned by",
"Ems"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"OFD Ostfriesischer-Flug-Dienst",
"replaces",
"OLT Express Germany"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Regenkreis",
"replaces",
"Principality of Regensburg"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Untermainkreis",
"replaces",
"Grand Duchy of Würzburg"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Tokyo Detention House",
"replaces",
"Sugamo Prison"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Max & Moritz (roller coaster)",
"replaces",
"Bobbaan"
] |
History
Announcement
In October 2018, the park simultaneously announced the intention to close the Bob Track and the replacement by Max & Moritz. The by then 34 year old roller coaster was enduring frequent breakdowns, and Intamin was no longer producing this type of attraction. The park delayed an expansion near Vogel Rok and moved up the Bob's replacement. The ride would officially close for good in September 2019. Max & Moritz was announced to be intended as a family coaster, with a required height of 100 centimeters. Costs were estimated to be €15,000,000.
| null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Reich Chancellor",
"replaces",
"Bundeskanzler (Norddeutscher Bund)"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Reich Chancellor",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"German Reich"
] |
Chancellor of the German Reich
Under the Emperor (1871–1918)
In the 1871 German Empire, the Reichskanzler ("Imperial Chancellor") served both as the emperor's first minister and as presiding officer of the Bundesrat, the upper chamber of the German parliament. He was neither elected by nor responsible to Parliament (the Reichstag). Instead, the chancellor was appointed by the emperor.
The federal level had four organs:the king of Prussia in his federal constitutional role as bearer of the Bundespräsidium, since 1871 with the title of emperor
the federal council (Bundesrat), consisting of representatives of the federal states and presided over by the chancellor
the parliament, called der Reichstag
the federal executive, first led by Otto von Bismarck, the Minister President of Prussia, as chancellor.Technically, the foreign ministers of the empire's states instructed their states' deputies to the Bundesrat and therefore outranked the chancellor. For this reason, Prince Bismarck (as he was from 1871 onwards) continued to serve as both minister president and foreign minister of Prussia for virtually his entire tenure as chancellor of the empire, since he wanted to continue to exercise the power. Because Prussia controlled seventeen votes in the Bundesrat, Bismarck could effectively control the proceedings by making deals with the smaller states.
The term chancellor signalled the seemingly low priority of this institution compared to the governments of the German states, because the new chancellor of the federal empire should not be a full-fledged prime minister, in contrast to the heads of the states. The title of chancellor additionally symbolized a strong monarchist, bureaucratic, and ultimately antiparliamentary component, as in the Prussian tradition of, for instance, Hardenberg.
In both of these aspects, the executive of the federation, and then empire, as it was formed in 1867 and 1871, was deliberately different from the Imperial Ministry of the revolutionary years 1848–49, which had been led by a prime minister elected by the National Assembly.
In 1871, the concept of the federal chancellor was transferred to the executive of the newly formed German Empire, which now also contained the South German states. Here too, the terms of "chancellor" and "federal agency" (as opposed to "ministry" or "government") suggested an (apparent) lower priority of the federal executive as compared to the governments of the federal states. For this reason, neither the chancellor nor the leaders of the imperial departments under his command used the title of Minister until 1918.
The constitution of Germany was altered on 29 October 1918, when the parliament was given the right to dismiss the chancellor. However, the change could not prevent the outbreak of a revolution a few days later.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Reich Chancellor",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Reichskanzler"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Greußen (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft)",
"replaces",
"Kyffhäuser Administrative Community"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Muslim conquest of Transoxiana",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Muslim conquest of Transoxiana",
"replaces",
"Muslim conquest of Persia"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Großbreitenbach",
"different from",
"Grossbreitenbach"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Großbreitenbach",
"replaces",
"Großbreitenbach"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Großbreitenbach",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Großbreitenbach"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Sind Province (1936–1955)",
"replaces",
"Bombay Presidency"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Brandenburg an der Havel",
"different from",
"Brannenburg"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Brandenburg an der Havel",
"replaces",
"Branderburg Gord"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"Brandenburg an der Havel",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Brandenburg an der Havel"
] | null | null | null | null | 49 |
|
[
"Governing Senate",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Governing Senate"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Governing Senate",
"replaces",
"Boyar duma"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Governing Senate",
"replaces",
"Supreme Privy Council"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"MS-DOS Editor",
"replaces",
"Edlin"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Hyper-Kamiokande",
"replaces",
"Super-Kamiokande"
] |
Hyper-Kamiokande is a neutrino observatory being constructed on the site of the Kamioka Observatory, near Kamioka, Japan.
The project started in 2010 as a successor to Super-Kamiokande. It was ranked as among the 28 top priority projects of the Japanese government. Thirteen countries from three continents were involved in the program at that time.Construction was given final approval on 13 December 2019. Mass production of the photomultiplier tube detectors began in 2021. Construction of the access tunnel was completed on February 25, 2022. The beginning of data-taking is planned for 2027.Hyper-Kamiokande will have a tank with a billion litres of ultrapure water (UPW), 20 times larger than the tank for Super-Kamiokande. This increased capacity will be accompanied by a proportional increase in the number of sensors. The tank for Hyper-Kamiokande will be a cylinder 71 meters tall with 68 meter diameter, and buried 650 meters deep to reduce interference from cosmic radiation.
Among the scientific objectives will be the search for proton decays. Super-Kamiokande put a lower bound on the proton's half life of around 1034 years, which is enough to rule out some Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) such as SU(5); Hyper-Kamiokande will allow for a lower bound of around 1035, enabling other GUT candidates to be tested.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"KU Leuven",
"different from",
"Université catholique de Louvain"
] |
KU Leuven (or Katholieke Universiteit Leuven)B is a Catholic research university in the city of Leuven, Belgium. It conducts teaching, research, and services in computer science, engineering, natural sciences, theology, humanities, medicine, law, canon law, business, and social sciences.In addition to its main campus in Leuven, it has satellite campuses in Kortrijk, Antwerp, Ghent, Bruges, Ostend, Geel, Diepenbeek, Aalst, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, and in Belgium's capital Brussels. KU Leuven is the largest university in Belgium and the Low Countries. In 2021–22, more than 65,000 students were enrolled, with 21% being international students. Its primary language of instruction is Dutch, although several programs are taught in English, particularly graduate and postgraduate degrees.KU Leuven consistently ranks among the top 100 universities in the world by major ranking tables. As of 2023, it ranks 42nd in the Times Higher Education rankings, 70th according QS World University Rankings, 87th according to the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities. For four consecutive years starting in 2016, Thomson Reuters ranked KU Leuven as Europe's most innovative university, with its researchers having filed more patents than any other university in Europe; its patents are also the most cited by external academics.
Although Catholic in theology and heritage, KU Leuven operates independently from the Church. KU Leuven previously only accepted baptized Catholics, but is now open to students from different faiths or life-stances.While nowadays only the acronymic name KU Leuven is used, the university's legal name is Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, officially Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven,A which translates in English as Catholic University of Leuven.B However, the acronymic name is not translated in official communications, like its similarly named French-language sister university Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain).
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"KU Leuven",
"replaces",
"Catholic University of Leuven"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"KU Leuven",
"different from",
"Catholic University of Leuven"
] |
Footnotes
A.^ According to the university's style guidelines(in Dutch), KU Leuven is the university's name in all languages. However, according to the university's statutes, the university's legal name by the law of 28 May 1970 issuing legal personality to the institution is Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven, which is used in the university's own official publications, with a variant Katholieke Universiteit Leuven according to the Flemish Community of Belgium.
B.^ Dutch pronunciation: [katoˈlikə ʔynivɛrsiˈtɛit ˈløːvə(n)], listen
C.^ The Old University of Leuven (1425–1797) is the oldest university in the low countries, and the Catholic University of Leuven (1834) is generally, yet controversially, identified as a continuation of it. In the mid-1800s, Belgium's highest court, the Court of Cassation, ruled that the 1834 "Catholic University of Leuven" was a different institution created under a different charter and thus cannot be regarded as continuing the 1425 "University of Leuven". See also: History of the Old University of Leuven.
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"KU Leuven",
"different from",
"Old University of Leuven"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"KU Leuven",
"owner of",
"Heilige Geestcollege"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"KU Leuven",
"owner of",
"American College of the Immaculate Conception"
] | null | null | null | null | 28 |
|
[
"KU Leuven",
"different from",
"State University of Leuven"
] | null | null | null | null | 29 |
|
[
"KU Leuven",
"topic's main category",
"Category:KU Leuven"
] | null | null | null | null | 34 |
|
[
"Rochester Knighthawks",
"replaces",
"Rochester Knighthawks"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Rochester Knighthawks",
"owned by",
"Pegula Sports and Entertainment"
] |
The Rochester Knighthawks (also known as the K-Hawks) are a professional box lacrosse team in the North Division of the National Lacrosse League. They play in Rochester, New York at the Blue Cross Arena at the War Memorial.
The Knighthawks are owned by Pegula Sports and Entertainment who purchased the intellectual property of the team from former owner Curt Styres who moved the previous version of the team to Halifax, Nova Scotia as the Halifax Thunderbirds at the end of the 2018–2019 season. As an expansion team they are not a continuation of the previous Knighthawks. All records and championships followed the original franchise to Halifax.
| null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Electorate of Baden",
"located on terrain feature",
"Baden"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Electorate of Baden",
"replaces",
"Margraviate of Baden"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Politics of Argentina",
"replaces",
"National Reorganization Process"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Politics of Argentina",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Politics of Argentina"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Osijek Oblast",
"replaces",
"Bjelovar-Križevci County"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Candela",
"replaces",
"candlepower"
] |
Definition
The 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) redefined the candela in 2018. The new definition, which took effect on 20 May 2019, is:History
Prior to 1948, various standards for luminous intensity were in use in a number of countries. These were typically based on the brightness of the flame from a "standard candle" of defined composition, or the brightness of an incandescent filament of specific design. One of the best-known of these was the English standard of candlepower. One candlepower was the light produced by a pure spermaceti candle weighing one sixth of a pound and burning at a rate of 120 grains per hour. Germany, Austria and Scandinavia used the Hefnerkerze, a unit based on the output of a Hefner lamp.A better standard for luminous intensity was needed. In 1884, Jules Violle had proposed a standard based on the light emitted by 1 cm2 of platinum at its melting point (or freezing point). The resulting unit of intensity, called the "violle", was roughly equal to 60 English candlepower. Platinum was convenient for this purpose because it had a high enough melting point, was not prone to oxidation, and could be obtained in pure form. Violle showed that the intensity emitted by pure platinum was strictly dependent on its temperature, and so platinum at its melting point should have a consistent luminous intensity.
In practice, realizing a standard based on Violle's proposal turned out to be more difficult than expected. Impurities on the surface of the platinum could directly affect its emissivity, and in addition impurities could affect the luminous intensity by altering the melting point. Over the following half century various scientists tried to make a practical intensity standard based on incandescent platinum. The successful approach was to suspend a hollow shell of thorium dioxide with a small hole in it in a bath of molten platinum. The shell (cavity) serves as a black body, producing black-body radiation that depends on the temperature and is not sensitive to details of how the device is constructed.
In 1937, the Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (International Commission on Illumination) and the CIPM proposed a "new candle" based on this concept, with value chosen to make it similar to the earlier unit candlepower. The decision was promulgated by the CIPM in 1946:The value of the new candle is such that the brightness of the full radiator at the temperature of solidification of platinum is 60 new candles per square centimetre.
It was then ratified in 1948 by the 9th CGPM which adopted a new name for this unit, the candela. In 1967 the 13th CGPM removed the term "new candle" and gave an amended version of the candela definition, specifying the atmospheric pressure applied to the freezing platinum:
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Candela",
"said to be the same as",
"new candle"
] |
The value of the new candle is such that the brightness of the full radiator at the temperature of solidification of platinum is 60 new candles per square centimetre.
It was then ratified in 1948 by the 9th CGPM which adopted a new name for this unit, the candela. In 1967 the 13th CGPM removed the term "new candle" and gave an amended version of the candela definition, specifying the atmospheric pressure applied to the freezing platinum:
| null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"European Banking Authority",
"replaces",
"Committee of European Banking Supervisors"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Swern oxidation",
"replaces",
"Pfitzner–Moffatt oxidation"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"HTC–Highroad",
"replaces",
"T-Mobile"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.