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Forced migration due to environmental reasons. Forced migration induced by elements related to climate change and environmental degradation has always existed in the history of mankind. However, in recent years these displacements have gained prominence in the media as well as in social and political debates.
Climate change, plunder of resources, environmental pollution, armed conflicts are configured as determining processes in human displacement. And they are closely related to each other, sometimes making it difficult to separate one cause from another in a migratory process.
In the report “Forced migration for environmental reasons. A socio-political approach” explores the relationship between characteristics of the current social, political and economic system, ecosystem change and migration.
The first part of the study addresses the complexity and multiple forms that the concepts of migration, asylum and forced displacement take, as well as the difficulty in defining the causes that generate these migratory processes, which are sometimes invisible aspects. Also reflected in: Involuntary immobility.
In the second part, the main systemic causes of forced displacement are analyzed, ranging from the description of the features of the current capitalist-exclusionist system to climate change and natural disasters, looting of natural resources, armed conflicts. or environmental pollution.
Similarly, gender and social class are elements that curtail human mobility, determining difficulties and inequalities when migrating, which is why the report dedicates a chapter to this topic. A chapter that ends with an interview with two people – one Colombian and the other Senegalese – who have experienced forced migration for the reasons cited in the study.
Francesca Ricciardi, spokeswoman for Ecologistas en Accion and co-author of the report, has declared: “Without wishing to reduce the complexity of the migratory phenomenon to a closed definition, which does not allow migration to be understood as a network of multiple causes We approach “forced migration for socio-environmental reasons such as the expulsion of people from their regions due to social, political, economic and cultural factors related to environmental degradation”. Forced migration for environmental reasons. | <urn:uuid:eacf1e66-81e5-4110-8600-f5d10a43a8b6> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://timesofnational.com/forced-migration-due-to-environmental-reasons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653183.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606214755-20230607004755-00786.warc.gz | en | 0.946499 | 422 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Winston Churchill: Biography
Winston Churchill is one of the great statesmen of the 20th Century. His life was filled with drama and excitement as well as personal defeat and triumph.
Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill was born at Bleinheim Palace in Oxfordshire on the 30th of November, 1874. Though undoubtedly loved by both his parents he spent most of his childhood cared for by nannies and governesses. Both his father and mother remained remote and affectionless toward him during his life. This probably explains his self doubt and depression at times during his later life.
In April of 1888 he was sent to a boarding school at Harrow. Here he performed adequately academically while socially he was something of an outcast due to his shy nature and speech impediment. His father, rather than encouraging him, thought that he never did enough. It was an unhappy time for the future leader. However, he did show an aptitude for military tactics and awareness. As result of this he went on to Sandhurst, a military academy.
Churchill found a niche for himself at Sandhurst and performed far better here. He studied tactics, fortifications, musketry, riding and military administration. Of the 130 in his class he finished twentieth. It was also around this time in 1895, that his father, Randolph, died. Thus, perhaps, lifting a weight off his young shoulders. He entered the 4th Huzzars and embarked on a military life.
During his time in the military Churchill supplemented his soldier's wages by writing for newspapers. While in Cuba he chronicled the war of independence from Spain for the "Daily Graphic". In India he sent back weekly dispatches, "The Story of the Malakand Field Force". While attached to Lord Kitchener's Nile Expeditionary Force, in 1899, he penned the "The River War" which brilliantly describes the campaign. In the same year he resigned his commission. He returned to Britain and a life of politics
Early Political Life
He fought the 1899 by-election in Oldham but lost. Briefly resuming his journalistic life he travelled to South Africa to cover the Boer War for the "The Morning Post". A month after his arrival the train he was travelling on was attacked. He fought bravely but was captured. The young Churchill decided that this was not good enough and escaped captivity. He returned home to Britain a hero.
In 1900 he ran for election again in Oldham and won. He was 25 years old. During this part of his political life he served in several posts - Home Secretary in 1910, First Lord of the Admiralty in 1911, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in 1915. The only black mark on his career was his questionable handling of Navy in the Dardanelles in 1915. While he was First Lord of the Admiralty he ordered a navel expedition to free up the passage between the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Marmara so that the stalemate on the Western Front would be broken and direct communication with Russia would be gained. The attacked failed dismally and Churchill was blamed by many.
After the war there was a brief interlude in his political life. He returned to Parliament in 1924 as M.P. for Epping and was appointed Chancellor for the Exchequer. However the National Government of 1931, a coalition of the Conservatives, the Liberals and Labour, left Churchill in the political wilderness again. The rise of Hitler and the coming of World War Two would ultimately be his finest hour
On the afternoon of May 9, 1940, Neville Chamberlain (who had stepped down as Prime Minister), Edward Wood, Earl of Halifax, Churchill and David Margesson met at 10 Downing Street. Wood was offered the Prime Ministership but turning it down saying that he felt he did not have the qualities to lead a county at war. The task fell to Churchill who rose to the challenge. He also made himself Minister for Defense and went about taking on Hitler.
The Middle East and the Mediterranean dominated his early strategic thinking. This, combined with his later fixation with Italy, would cause a severe drain of troops and resources. It became clear to him that he needed strong allies. To this extent he looked toward the USSR and the USA. In June 1941 he proclaimed the Stalin would be recognised as a full partner in the war and two months later he met with Franklin Delano Roosevelt. On August 9, 1941, at Placentia Bay off the coast of Newfoundland, Roosevelt and Churchill cemented Anglo-American solidarity. In December of that same year Japan bombed Pearl Harbour. American joined the Allies in fighting the Axis powers.
The strategy used was one of bombing, blockade and subversion. The final goal being a large-scale invasion of mainland Europe. It was to prove successful. Germany and Japan capitulated in 1945.
Post war Britain
Despite the triumph in the war the British people thought Churchill not up to the task of rebuilding their dismantled country. Churchill was defeated in the general election. Labour took power for the first time in their own right. Churchill went into opposition. In 1946 at Fulton, Missouri, he coined the phrase, "the iron curtain" which was to later to become a more tangible reality with the construction of the Berlin Wall. Thus proving Churchill to be a shrewd political observer. However failing health was to spell the end of his political career.
Although Churchill laid down the burdens of office he stayed on in the House of commons. He also published "A History of the English-Speaking Peoples", four volumes between 1956 and 1958. On April 9, 1963, he was accorded the distinction of having an honourary U.S. citizenship conferred on him by an act of congress. He died in London, January 24, 1965. He was given a state funeral at which almost the entire world gave tribute. Winston Churchill is buried in the family grave in Blandon Churchyard, Oxfordshire. | <urn:uuid:e4f7bbe4-506c-432e-b49c-e3759dd3c75a> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.allsands.com/history/people/history/people/churchillwinsto_vfa_gn.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095346.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00093-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98682 | 1,208 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Direction of future development of alloy wheels
1. casting aluminum wheel: 1.1 casting aluminum wheel of material casting aluminum wheel used A356 casting aluminum grades, by melting casting, will solid of aluminum ingots into liquid of aluminum water, by pouring to mold type cavity, get aluminum wheel shape, again by solid dissolved quenching artificial limitation of heat treatment, makes manufacturing aluminum wheel of material mechanical performance strength can meet General passenger cars on wheel products of requirements. Cast aluminum-alloy wheels are the material requirements: tensile strength 260mpa 180mpa yield strength and elongation of 7% However, for casting reasons, due to cooling of castings have different will have mechanical properties vary greatly in different parts. Spoke of extending only below 4%, and the elongation of the rim is about 10%. Casting production of aluminum alloy wheel can only be used in passenger cars. | <urn:uuid:460388bb-16f5-42a0-9ee8-ee854cd98d81> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://m.china-forgedwheels.com/info/direction-of-future-developmen-1024800.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655887319.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200705090648-20200705120648-00330.warc.gz | en | 0.890228 | 179 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Odyssey Marine Exploration uses the latest sonar technology and robotic divers to unearth historic vessels from the ocean floor.
7 Ways To Create E-Portfolios
(click image for larger view)
Approximately 3 million shipwrecks litter the ocean floor, according to the United Nations. Hundreds already have been discovered by Odyssey Marine Exploration. The team of researchers, scientists, technicians and archaeologists is dedicated to discovering shipwrecks and bringing their stories to the surface.
"It's like working in the world's largest museum," Ellen Gurth, archaeological curator for Odyssey Marine Exploration, of the company's missions, said in an interview. In Odyssey's traveling exhibit, currently located in New York's Times Square, visitors can view over 500 shipwreck artifacts, operate a robotic "arm" to pick up coins, or zoom in on a "photomosaic" of a wreck site.
Odyssey currently is 300 miles off the coast of Ireland, excavating the SS Gairsoppa. The steel-hulled British cargo steamship sank on Feb. 17, 1941 after being attacked by a German U-Boat. So far, 48 tons of silver have been uncovered from the wreck, which is submerged at 15,000 feet below sea level.
Excavations like these are possible only with cutting-edge technology. Mark Gordon, president and chief operational officer for Odyssey Marine Exploration, described how modern technological innovations have been crucial to Odyssey's success. "It has been an evolutionary process. We take bits and pieces [of new technology] and adapt them to our specific needs," Gordon said.
The advances in sonar software, which the team uses to find shipwrecks, has proven invaluable. After determining a 300-square-mile estimate of a shipwreck's location, the team sets out on the Odyssey Explorer recovery vessel to do a preliminary search using side-scanning sonar technology. The sonar is encased in a metal body, called the towfish, which is attached to the Explorer by cable and hovers 60-200 feet over the seabed.
As the towfish moves, the sonar emits "pings" that echo back when an object is detected. The echo data is transmitted to the surface, where a technician monitors the sonogram images. "The improvement of sonar allows us to get better images at higher rates and speed," explained Gordon. With previous technology, technicians had to examine every sonar target that could possibly be significant. With the most recent software, artificial intelligence determines which objects are of interest, speeding up the broad-scanning process.
Piloting the robotic explorer.
Once the wreck is found, it is inspected with a high-resolution sonar pass. If the ship is still not deemed worthy of inspection, the team can deploy a remotely-operated vehicle (ROV), a small robot that explores with cameras and lighting in deep water to give a better view. If the site is ready for excavation then a working-class ROV is deployed.
InformationWeek Elite 100Our data shows these innovators using digital technology in two key areas: providing better products and cutting costs. Almost half of them expect to introduce a new IT-led product this year, and 46% are using technology to make business processes more efficient.
The UC Infrastructure TrapWorries about subpar networks tanking unified communications programs could be valid: Thirty-one percent of respondents have rolled capabilities out to less than 10% of users vs. 21% delivering UC to 76% or more. Is low uptake a result of strained infrastructures delivering poor performance? | <urn:uuid:259cf773-5c7e-4854-a9ab-3790257cb3db> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.informationweek.com/mobile/sonar-robots-help-salvage-ancient-shipwrecks/d/d-id/1110736?cid=sbx_iwk_related_news_mobility_education&itc=sbx_iwk_related_news_mobility_education | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095346.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00282-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93025 | 742 | 3.34375 | 3 |
by Chris Woodford. Last updated: May 20, 2019.
Think back to what medicine was like only a hundred years ago.
Suppose you're a 19th-century physician and a patient knocks on your door
complaining of acute pains in their abdomen. You can ask them
questions and examine their body with your hands. You can prescribe
them drugs and watch how they respond over days, weeks, or months.
But ultimately, unless you cut their body open and examine it
directly, you have no way of knowing with complete confidence what's
wrong. So do you take a risk, do nothing, and wait to see how things
turn out? Or do you operate immediately, potentially wasting time and
money and putting your patient through disruptive and traumatic
surgery? Thanks to medical imaging devices such as endoscopes,
decisions like this are a thing of the past: physicians can see
exactly what's going on inside your body without cutting it open. Let's take
a closer look at how they work!
Photo: Endoscopes not only allow physicians to see into your body, they can also be used
to carry out delicate, minor surgery. You can see the three key tubes in an endoscope at work here. The big black tube in the middle carries the image of the patient's body into the doctor's eye. The smaller black tube on the right, coming down at an angle, is where light shines into the endoscope from a lamp (not shown) in the operating room. The tube on the upper left at the top (with the silver crown) is where tiny surgical tools can be inserted. The doctor is pressing on a cable that enters the patient's body through this tube to take a tissue sample. Photo by courtesy of National Institutes of Health (NIH).
What is an endoscope?
An endoscope is a bit like a bendy telescope a physician can use
for seeing inside one of the body's cavities. Unlike a telescope, which is a very rigid tube, the part of an endoscope that enters a person's body is relatively flexible. It consists of two or three main optical cables, each of which comprises up to 50,000 separate
optical fibers (made from optical-quality glass or plastic). One or two of the cables carry light down into the patient's body; another one carries reflected light (the image of the patient's body) back up to the physician's eyepiece (or into a camera, which can display it on a TV monitor), as illustrated in the box below.
The optics of an endoscope are similar to those in a telescope. At the remote (distal) end, there's an objective lens, which links
to one or more bendy sections of fiber-optic cable (sometimes called relays) that carry the light back out of the patient's body to a second lens in the eyepiece (or to a monitor or CCD), which can be swiveled from side to side to adjust the focus (much like the eyepieces on
binoculars). Typically the lenses and cables are about 0.5cm (1/5 inch) in diameter (sometimes slightly bigger, sometimes slightly smaller).
Artwork: An endoscope "clip" like this can be used to stop bleeding during minimally invasive
surgery. Clips like this were invented in the 1970s, though they became popular in the mid-1990s with the development
of better endoscope tools. Image from Clip device for endoscope and clip for endoscope for use therein by Haruhiko Masuda and Shinetsu Harada, Sumitomo Bakelite Co Ltd, courtesy of US Patent and Trademark Office.
Most modern endoscopes aren't limited to piping light in and out of a patient's body: they can also be used to carry out small
surgical operations and other minor, medical procedures. Typically, the remote end of the endoscope can be moved around by turning knobs or pulling on cables, which swivel and bend it from side to side. A secondary tube attached to the main optical cables can be used for sucking out obstructing material (for example, obstacles that block the bronchial tubes in the lungs) or carrying out biopsies (removing small tissue samples for testing) with tiny forceps. Surgeons can also shine powerful, precision lasers down endoscopes to destroy diseased tissue, make accurate incisions, or heal wounds, all the time watching what they're doing through the eyepiece or on the TV monitor. This type of procedure is called minimally invasive surgery and it's simpler, quicker, less expensive, and far less traumatic than conventional operations. However, it still generally needs the patient to have an anesthetic and it's not always without drawbacks and complications.
What are the different kinds of endoscopes?
Photo: Images of stomach cancer seen through a gastroscope.
Photo by courtesy of National Institutes of Health (NIH) Image Bank.
"Endoscope" is the generic name for an instrument used to look inside any part of the body in this way.
Endoscopes used for specific forms of examination have the following names:
- Arthroscope: Joints
- Bronchoscope: Esophagus and lung
- Colonoscope: Colon and bowel
- Coloposcope: Vagina and cervix
- Cystoeurethroscope: Bladder and urethra
- Cytoscope: Bladder
- Duodenoscope: Small intestine
- Esophagogastroduodenoscope: Esophagus, stomach and small intestine
- Fetoscope: Womb
- Gastroscope: Stomach
- Hysteroscope: Womb
- Laparoscope: Abdomen
- Laryngoscope: Larynx
- Peritoneoscope: Peritoneum
- Proctosigmoidoscope: Lower part of the large intestine
- Sigmoidoscope: Large intestine
- Thoracoscope: Thorax
- Ureteroscope: Pelvis and ureter
Endoscopes aren't just used for medical diagnosis: they're incredibly useful for inspecting inaccessible
areas of buildings or parts of machines where people can't easily see. Industrial endoscopes used in this way are called borescopes and fiberscopes.
How are fiber-optic cables different in endoscopes?
You might be wondering what's the difference between fiber-optic cables used in endoscopes and those
used for carrying telephone calls, cable TV, and Internet data.
Telecommunications cables are designed to carry data in digital form over very long distances; by contrast, the cables used in endoscopes carry pictures over much shorter distances and in analog form. In other words,
while telecoms cables carry binary data (long strings of zeros and ones)
that represent everything from MP3 music tracks to digital photos of rock stars,
endoscope cables carry the actual pictures of someone's insides!
Who invented endoscopes?
Artwork: The highly flexible fiber-optic gastroscope designed by Hirschowitz et al in
the 1950s. The right-hand end is inserted into the patient; the left-hand end is the bit the doctor looks into.
Some of the key bits include 1) Light source (interestingly, still positioned inside the patient); 2) Prism; 3) Focusing
lenses; 4) Gear-driven focusing mechanism (shown in more detail in the pullout illustration); 5) Optical fibers surrounded by protective waterproof and air-proof membrane; 6) Metal shell that transmits forces down the tube, allowing it to be manipulated along its entire length by twisting
and turning; 7) Air tube allows the body cavity to be inflated; 8) Eyepiece lenses.
Original artwork courtesy of US Patent and Trademark Office (with colors and new numbering added for explanatory purposes). For more details, please see US Patent 3,010,357: Flexible light-transmitting tube.
Attempts to see inside the body with crude endoscopes go back to the late 19th century;
the earliest US patent I've found using the term is dated 1911.
These early medical endoscopes were crude and bulky by modern standards, because they placed the light source
itself inside the body cavity that needed to be examined. Typically, that meant using tiny bulbs, which produced
little light and burned out quite quickly (because they had to be turned up so brightly).
They also produced quite a lot of heat, which meant they risked burning or drying out the body tissue
under examination. In the early 1950s, Max Fourestier and colleagues at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique in
Paris, France developed an endoscope using rods made of quartz or Plexiglas, which enabled light from a source outside
the patient's body to be shone down inside a body cavity.
It was an important breakthrough—and a major stepping stone to the fiber-optic endoscope.
The basic technology behind the modern endoscope was developed in the early 1950s by English
physicist Harold Hopkins (1918–1994) and his Indian-born student
Narinder Kapany (1927–), who'd been asked for help by a group of surgeons.
After a great deal of research, Hopkins and Kapany developed a way
of making flexible pieces of glass that became known as optical
fibers—thicker versions of modern fiber-optic cables that are now so
widely used in telecommunications.
By the mid-1950s, three University of Michigan scientists (Basil
Hirschowitz, Lawrence Curtiss, and C. Wilbur Peters) had used optical-fiber technology (which they neatly
defined as "long, thin, highly flexible, rope-like tube for use in transmitting light")
to build an instrument called a gastroscope that could be used to see
inside a patient's stomach. The same technology was later used to
study other body cavities.
Pill cam: the endoscope of the future?
Endoscopes are brilliant inventions, but no-one really enjoys having a camera tube stuffed inside them!
What's the alternative? In the future, doctors hope to shrink endoscopes to the size of a tiny pill you can swallow. Inside
the pill, a miniature camera will pick up images of your insides and a radio transmitter will beam them out to
a monitor nearby.
The top part of the artwork shows how much technology is packed in a pill-cam. Does it sound impossible? Not really!
LEDs are smaller than pills and have lenses built into them. CCDs are not much thinner than a piece of card. Watch and calculator batteries are pretty tiny too. And even complex electronic circuits can be made very small and thin. So the whole thing sounds
And here's how it works:
- You swallow the pill-cam and it tumbles through your body, taking pictures of damaged or diseased tissue.
- The LEDs at the front of the pill-cam fire out enough light to generate an image.
- The CCD chip picks up the reflected light and generates a digital image.
- The radio transmitter sends digital images to a computer outside your body.
Find out more
On this website
- Medical Imaging by Victoria Sherrow. Marshall Cavendish, 2006. A very good school library text for teenage readers that describes the varied advances in imaging over the 20th century, including X rays, endoscopes, MRI scans, and CT scans.
- City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics by Jeff Hecht. Oxford University Press, 2004. A more general book about how fiber optics has changed our world (mainly in telecommunications).
For much more technical detail, take a look at these three key patents:
- US Patent 2,699,770: Endoscope by Max Fourestier, et al, patented January 18, 1955. A pioneering endoscope that put the light source outside the body.
- US Patent 3,010,357: Flexible light-transmitting tube by Basil I. Hirschowitz, C. Wilbur Peters, and Lawrence E. Curtiss, patented November 28, 1961. The basic technology behind the modern, flexible, fiber-optic gastroscope.
- US Patent 3,016,785: Method and means for transmitting images through a bundle of transparent fibers by Narinder Kapany, patented January 16, 1962. One of Kapany's original fiber-optic patents.
- US Patent 20160184032A1: Configurable robotic surgical system with virtual rail and flexible endoscope by Enrique Romo et al, Auris Surgical Robotics Inc, patented August 22, 2017. A robot surgeon based on endoscopy techniques.
- First Surgical Robot from Secretive Startup Auris Cleared for Use by Mark Harris. IEEE Spectrum, June 7, 2016. Introducing a robot surgeon that inserts tools through natural body openings, using techniques similar to endoscopy.
- Endoscope gives close up look at Jeremy Vine's voice box: BBC News, April 17, 2013. A BBC broadcaster goes on an endoscopic voyage through his own nose and throat!
- How Do You Design a Medical Gadget That Costs 95 Percent Less Than Before? by Joseph Flaherty. Wired, July 23, 2013. How EvoTech radically redesigned the endoscope to make it cheaper and more accessible.
- Waking Up to Major Colonoscopy Bills by Roni Caryn Rabin. The New York Times, May 28, 2012. Why endoscopy can turn into a very expensive procedure.
- Pentax Offering HD Endoscopes by Rob Beschizza. Wired, May 11, 2007. A brief look at a Pentax high-definition endoscope. | <urn:uuid:e2ca4596-4fc0-4af2-980f-739e8db05836> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.explainthatstuff.com/endoscopes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232262029.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527065651-20190527091651-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.91999 | 2,869 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Felton Library Friends Restoration Team members visited Linda Skeff’s house to understand best methods for removing invasive English ivy and restoring the beauty and health of the native redwood forest. Linda restored the ivy ensnared forest around her home to a place of renewed life and native redwood forest beauty. Over coffee and muffins she described to us how her forest has, over the years, come from being infested and choked with ivy to burgeoning with new life of native species like big leaf maple, tan oak, wild ginger, sorrel, leopard lilies, young redwoods and Douglas fir (not to mention native fauna like birds, newts, and salamanders).
“It was more open when we first bought it our property,” Linda explained. “But since removing the ivy and going through the restoration process, the forest had regrown. There isn’t one tree out there that I haven’t touched in some way.” Linda explained to us how ivy, the kind that many people allow to grow in their yards because it is easy to grow and low maintenance, is NOT native to this area, in fact it is a terribly INVASIVE species.
“The ivy kills trees, it chokes them, causes fungus to grow and causes the trees to rot and die while they are standing.”
Not only does the ivy kill trees, it blocks out any form of native life in its path. The birds can’t scratch in the duff for bugs and seeds because they can’t get past the ivy. And many insects don’t like ivy either. The ivy chokes all the nutrients out of the forest for itself. In essence, anywhere ivy is growing, the forest is suffocating.
“When you take out the ivy, you bring back the birds”
Linda explained to us the process of removing ivy, a daunting but ultimately rewarding task. She described how to pull out the ivy, which many may think is a Sisyphean task. “You start from the edges,” she explained. “Not where it is thickest and most dense, but where the native plants are still alive, they may be choking, but they are still alive and you can rescue them by pulling out the ivy at these edges first.”
She went on to explain that you need to do more than just pull the surface roots of the ivy. “If you don’t pull those deeper roots, you will be pulling it up again and again.” Each of those smaller vines is fed by a larger, stronger (and tougher to pull) rooted vine underneath that also needs to be pulled out. “I don’t consider the ivy pulled out until three years after I have started, I go back every year and pull out whatever comes up where I previously pulled it out.”
Linda explained that the biggest problems with ivy occur when it “goes aerial”. Once it has climbed a tree and produced berries it has more means of spreading, with berries getting eaten by birds but also by berries (hence seeds) dropping to the soil. This is when the ivy really takes off and starts growing everywhere, wreaking havoc with native ecosystems.
Linda explained to us that one of the most important components to take care of when restoring the forest after ivy removal is the forest floor itself. After removal of the ivy, the soil is bare and the ivy, which is full of allelopathic chemicals, has deterred any other kind of plant growth and inhibited the growth life in the soil and the buildup of duff (duff is the partly decayed organic matter found on the forest floor). Linda learned the importance of duff in restoring the forest.
“Keep the duff to retain the moisture and repel the weeds.”
Linda regularly feeds her forest with supplements of wood chips and redwood needles. She is a passionate advocate of forest duff and explained to us the importance of maintaining the duff for micro-organisms that exist and help break down the wood and return nutrients to the soil. She described how she aerates the soil and creates habitat for newts and salamanders (some of which are endangered) and other forest organisms by weaving together branches and needles, leaves and twigs, and wood chips to create pockets of air and moisture and mimic processes found in the understory of an old growth forest. She also helps this aeration process along by combing the duff by hand. Air is a critical component of soil. In fact, like a skin, soil has pores, which play a major role in water and air movement through the soil, all of which are essential for healthy root and plant growth. Furthermore, soil microorganisms reside in these pores where they help to break down plant material and release nutrients back to the forest. The forest floor around Linda’s house feels spongy and moist, protected and alive.
Linda prunes the trees around her home to maintain the canopy height and width of trees as they fill in the forest. Some trees are kept small to keep the forest from becoming overcrowded. Some are pruned so that they grow taller and provide the right kind of shade that she is seeking. She also shakes her trees to remove debris and reduce potential fire hazards from the canopy.
Linda also pointed out to us the importance of keeping fallen dead wood or “nurse logs” on the ground as they allow for microbial growth and shelter and support young trees and other fragile plants as they grow. Snags, or standing dead wood, full of insects, are important sources of food for birds.
A Few Words About Fire and Fences
Fire is a natural process in the redwood forest. It isn’t a matter if it happens, but when it happens, Linda explained to us. When Linda was in the initial phases of restoring her property she nearly lost it to the Brookdale Lodge fire in 2009. In fact, the old wooden fence around her property almost became a death trap but she was lucky to have some help. One of the first things the fire crew did was take down the fence around her property and put it in the dirt to keep it from acting like a ladder of flames for the canopy above. The Santa Cruz Mountains are full of fences, Linda reminded us. All of these fences will act as fuel to any fire, and they will bring it higher into the canopy and closer to our dwellings.
We wrapped up our visit with Linda’s encouragement that restoring the land around her home has been well worth the effort. Through her efforts, she has seen wildlife return in bounty. She expressed concern that with climate change, the wooded corridors between parks, where many of our houses are, are not open or inviting enough for wildlife to make use of to be able to move about in order to adapt to change. But, she said, “Backyard gardeners can do so much to restore the land and make it better for birds and other wildlife to move through and thrive in, making it a healthier place not just for them but for all of us.”
- Mycelium Running: How Mushrooms Can Help Save the World by Paul Stamets
- The Landscaping Ideas of Jays: A Natural History of the Backyard Restoration Garden by Judith Larner Lowry | <urn:uuid:e4d2347b-ffeb-438e-9741-10f2bd957e45> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.feltonlibraryfriends.org/restoration-talk-and-walk-with-linda-skeff/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267162809.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180926002255-20180926022655-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.961549 | 1,542 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Mathematical Modelling for Thermal and Mechanical Design of Shell and Tube Type Gas Cooler Used in Transcritical CO2 Refrigeration System
International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics
Volume 2, Issue 3, May 2017, Pages: 64-69
Received: May 15, 2017;
Accepted: May 25, 2017;
Published: Jul. 12, 2017
Views 1677 Downloads 68
Sandip Patil, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Govt. College of Engineering, Karad, India
Madhu Kasturi, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Govt. College of Engineering, Karad, India
Anil Acharya, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Govt. College of Engineering, Karad, India
Ashok Pise, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Govt. College of Engineering, Karad, India
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This paper is about Mathematical Modelling for Thermal and Mechanical Design of Shell and Tube type Gas Cooler used in Transcritical CO2 Refrigeration system. Transcritical refrigeration system refers to system whose condenser temperature is above critical temperature of refrigerant. To achieve it, the condenser in conventional refrigeration system is replaced by Gas Cooler where Refrigerant vapour is cooled sensibly without condensation. The gas cooler is used for cooling of refrigerant by using water as coolant. The temperature of refrigerant vapour coming out of compressor in transcritical system is more as compared to conventional refrigerant system. So gas cooler can be effectively used for heating of water. This paper describes a mathematical model that can be used in predicting the heat transfer performance of a shell and tube type Gas Cooler used in transcritical CO2 refrigeration system. The model uses Kern Method of Heat exchanger design. Given the fluid inlet and outlet temperatures flow rates of fluid & fluid properties the model determines (a) the necessary heat transfer surface area, (b) Outside and inside heat transfer coefficient, (c) overall heat transfer coefficient, (d) Pressure drop on shell and tube side, (e) It also determines mechanical design parameters such as shell O. D, Shell thickness, Tube sheet thickness, Flange thickness.
Gas Cooler, Transcritical, CO2, Refrigeration, Tube Sheet Thickness
To cite this article
Mathematical Modelling for Thermal and Mechanical Design of Shell and Tube Type Gas Cooler Used in Transcritical CO2 Refrigeration System, International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics.
Vol. 2, No. 3,
2017, pp. 64-69.
Copyright © 2017 Authors retain the copyright of this article.
This article is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Shigeharu TAIRA “The Development of Heat Pump Water Heaters Using CO2 Refrigerant” DAIKIN Industries, Ltd., 1000-2 Aza-Ohtani, Okamoto-cho, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8526.
Charles R. Taylor, P. E. “Carbon Dioxide-Based Refrigerant Systems” ASHRAE Journal September 2002.
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C. P. Arora, Refrigeration and Air conditioning, Tata McGraw Hill Publication, New Delhi, 2009. | <urn:uuid:eb39701c-2fb3-4d77-8a56-05449b47146a> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://membership.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo?journalid=245&doi=10.11648/j.ijssam.20170203.11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986668569.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016113040-20191016140540-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.722078 | 1,148 | 2.578125 | 3 |
National Teacher Day is observed on the first Tuesday of the first full week of May (May 4) and we’re more than ready to show our appreciation to those who have taught us. Everyone has had that favorite teacher that has helped inspire them. This day meant to honor them was actually made by a teacher. None other than First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt herself. Eleanor Roosevelt was more than Franklin D. Roosevelt’s wife, she has a history of civic duty and was an advocate for fellow teachers. Her love for education began at a young age when she was privately tutored and encouraged by her aunt Anna “Barnie” Roosevelt. No matter how high she rose on the social ladder, she never forgot where she came from. | <urn:uuid:43d955d5-b117-4d88-afae-0f5c97164c4d> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.acutaboveflorals.com/blogs/news/national-teacher-day-is-observed-may-4th | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152144.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210726152107-20210726182107-00211.warc.gz | en | 0.990848 | 150 | 2.75 | 3 |
Domestic Violence is a pattern of coercive behavior used to maintain power and control in a relationship. This abuse can be physical, sexual, or emotional. Besides relatives, a "relationship" can include anyone you currently live with, have lived within the past, or anyone you are or used to be intimately involved with.
Facts About Domestic Violence
- In a national survey of over 6,000 American families, 50 % of the men who frequently assaulted their wives also frequently abuse their children.
- Child abuse is 15 times more likely to occur in families where Domestic Violence is present.
- Men who have witnesses their parent's Domestic Violence are three times more likely to abuse their own wives than children of non-violent parents. The sons of the most violent parents are 1000 times more likely to become wife beaters.
- Children who witness violence at home display emotional and behavioral disturbances as diverse as withdrawal, low self esteem, nightmares, self blame, and aggression against peers, family members and property.
- A comparison of delinquent youth found that a history of family violence or abuse is the most significant difference between the two groups.
- Over 3 million children are at risk of exposure to parental violence each year.
- Older persons are battered also. Two/Thirds of elder domestic abuse and neglect are women with more than half of all reported elder abuse reportedly caused by a family member.
- In West Virginia, a domestic homicide occurs every ten days.
- In West Virginia, one woman is raped every day.
- In West Virginia, thirty-three percent of all murders are Domestic Violence related.
- The State of West Virginia ranks second highest in the nation for Domestic Violence incidents.
- No one has the right to batter or abuse you.
Domestic Violence Protection Order
If you are a victim of Domestic Violence, one action you may consider is to file a Protection Order in Magistrate Court. A Domestic Violence Protection Order is a civil order that can:
- Order the abuser not to hurt or harass you;
- Give you temporary custody of your children;
- Give you temporary possession of your residence;
- Order child and spouse support;
- Order the abuser to stay away from your place of employment and away from your children's school.
How to get an Emergency Protection Order
- Go to the Marshall County Magistrate Court (511 Sixth St., Moundsville) and tell the clerk that you want to file a petition for an Emergency Domestic Violence Protection Order.
- Explain your need for protection to the clerk and ask for help in completing the forms required. You do not need witnesses, an attorney, or a police report to file. Filing for a Family Protection Order is free.
- You will be expected to initial all statements that are true; describe the violence you abuser threatened to do or did; and initial what action you want the court to take.
- After completing the forms, you will meet with a Magistrate. Try to explain the exact time, date, and extent of your injuries and why you fear the abuser. If an Emergency Order is granted you will receive a copy of the order, and the abuser will be served with an order to appear before the Family Court Judge within 10 days.
- At the second hearing, the Family Court Judge will listen and question both you and the abuser. Be
- prepared to tell the judge when, where and with what you were beaten and why you are afraid of the abuser.
- If you have any witnesses, take then to court with you. The judge will then decide whether to issue a Final Family Protection Order that could last up to 180 days. (This may be extended if you file for divorce before the order expires)
- Keep a certified copy of the Family Protection Order with you at all times. A valid protection order is effective in every county in West Virginia and every state in the United States.
- If the abuser breaks the Family Protection Order, call the police to file a complaint charge.
The police can file criminal charges of either Domestic Assault (threats or attempts of physical abuse) or Domestic Battery (actual physical contact) when probable cause exists that a crime has occurred. The police do not have to witness the crime to file said charges. This is a separate proceeding from that of a Domestic Violence Petition and can only be dismissed prior to a hearing by a motion from the Office of the Prosecuting Attorney. | <urn:uuid:ff33e552-becd-4998-8f80-bbba1a65140d> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://marshallcountywv.gov/services/domestic-violence-assistance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506320.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922002008-20230922032008-00660.warc.gz | en | 0.94113 | 902 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Helping the community has always been an excellent way for young people to learn from positive mentors about leadership, along with other valuable life skills.
But, this generation of teens already is passionate about improving their community – to the tune of 2.4 billion hours annually. They rank volunteering, the environment and eating healthy as their top 3 favorite activities.
Here are some positive results of teens volunteering and how to get them involved:
How Teens Benefit
– learn how to be helpful and kind
– understand people who differ from them
– develop leadership skills
– connect with their community
– do well in school, graduate and vote | <urn:uuid:8853ec50-e601-4f02-8896-ae7f60465fe2> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://raisinghealthyteens.org/what-teens-need-to-succeed/giving-back/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987822458.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022155241-20191022182741-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.969074 | 129 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Project Ideas for Math 480
- See Lecture 11 -- Combinatorics, Part 1. There is a notion of generalized Bernoulli numbers associated to Dirichlet characters and I co-authored an unfinished paper to efficiently compute them. Implementing that algorithm and/or helping finish that paper is possible student project. Another project would be just to reimplement in Cython the PARI algorithm Sage uses to compute bernoulli(n), since honestly the comments in that code do not inspire confidence. Contact William Stein for more details.
Do all the challenges at The Computer Language Benchmarks Game in Cython. See if we can get Cython listed with the other languages.
- Write a notebook-based *debugger*, i.e., an interface to the Python pdb debugger that is fully usable through the Sage notebook, and resembles the command line Python debugger:
sage: %pdb Automatic pdb calling has been turned ON sage: factor(0) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <type 'exceptions.ArithmeticError'> Traceback (most recent call last) /Users/was/edu/2007-2008/sage/book/<ipython console> in <module>() ... <type 'exceptions.ArithmeticError'>: Prime factorization of 0 not defined. > /Users/was/build/sage-3.0.alpha1/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/sage/rings/arith.py(1675)factor() 1674 if n == 0: -> 1675 raise ArithmeticError, "Prime factorization of 0 not defined." 1676 if n == 1: ipdb> [many cool commands are available]
Implement plotting of 2d graphs (you know "networks", with vertices and edges). Currently Sage uses networkx for this, but networkx plotting is ugly. One could do much better directly in Sage. Note -- the layout part is not needed -- we already have a fast "spring layout" implementation. All you have to do is draw vertices and edges (and loops and multiedges). If you wanted to go further, you could then pretty easily address the issues at http://trac.sagemath.org/sage_trac/ticket/2817 and http://trac.sagemath.org/sage_trac/ticket/2684/.
- Install and configure a minimal graphical interface in the vmware image. This is inspired by this question, which I got twice today:
> Hello, how do i copy and paste from the sage command line in Vmware? Thanks The command-line vmware image doesn't have copy and paste between Windows and Linux. However, you can use putty or some other ssh client to the virtual machine as explained in the readme then cut and paste would work. This is something somebody who knew linux could easily fix by installing a minimal graphical interface into the vmware image. Unfortunately, I haven't had time to do this and haven't found a volunteer. | <urn:uuid:d51aa512-3723-44a4-9bba-0a40cd18dee5> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://share.cocalc.com/share/5d54f9d642cd3ef1affd88397ab0db616c17e5e0/www/wiki/2008(2f)480a(2f)projects.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145621.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221233354-20200222023354-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.885289 | 634 | 2.71875 | 3 |
"What does it mean to be an American? What is it that
we Americans have in common in this pluralistic age?
The study of diverse American lives, presented first hand by those who lived them, is an excellent way to become more thoughtful about our own lives as American citizens. This anthology-reader seeks to serve this end. It is comprised of substantial excerpts from eleven deeply moving autobiographies, written by distinguished men and women from diverse ethnic, racial and socioeconomic backgrounds: Benjamin Franklin, Frederick Douglass, Jacob Riis, Mary Antin, Booker T. Washington, Dick Gregory, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Richard Rodriguez, Maxine Hong Kingston, Theodore Roosevelt, and Malcolm X.
The excerpted lives are presented in pairs, allowing lives, which at first glance seem vastly different, to illustrate similar themes, such as the internal requirements for freedom, the meaning of active citizenship or living between two cultures. For each life, the excerpts present the author’s parochial beginnings, his or her coming to individual self-consciousness, and the distinctive life he or she subsequently lived in the light of such self-awareness.
Students Improve Their Awareness of Others and Themselves
An introductory essay opens up the question of American identity, shows why it is important, and tells why studying American lives through autobiography is well-suited to the inquiry. An introduction to each narrative provides an overview of the autobiographer and his or her life story and presents a set of questions the autobiography invites us to consider. Along with the overall introduction, these questions guide teachers and students in examining the meaning of living an American life, including their own.
Ideal for Social Studies & Literature Curriculums
This book is ideal for a supplementary text in American Studies, as a primary text in American Literature, or as a resource for character and moral education.
About the Author: Amy A. Kass, Ph.D., is a Senior Lecturer in Humanities at the Univ. of Chicago. She has earned recognition as a teacher, author and lecturer in the classical literature, philosophy and women’s studies, and as an advocate of using autobiographies to teach cultural literacy and civic education. | <urn:uuid:57f06093-1e38-48fb-a80d-84de862c6b09> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://www.jackdaw.com/p-339-american-lives-icultural-differences-individual-idistinction.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144111.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219092153-20200219122153-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.952701 | 445 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Powerful Health Through Vegetarian Diet
World-renowned figures as diverse as philosophers Plato and Nietzsche, political leaders Benjamin Franklin and Gandhi, and pop icons Paul McCartney and Bob Marley have all advocated a vegetarian diet. Science is also on the side of vegetarianism. Multitudes of studies have demonstrated the remarkable health benefits of a vegetarian diet.
“Vegetarian” is defined as avoiding all animal flesh, including fish and poultry. Vegetarians who avoid flesh, but do eat animal products such as cheese, milk, and eggs, are ovo-lacto-vegetarians (ovo = egg; lacto = milk, cheese, etc.). The ranks of those who abstain from all animal products are rapidly growing; these people are referred to as pure vegetarians or vegans. Scientific research shows that health benefits increase as the amount of food from animal sources in the diet decreases, so vegan diets are the healthiest overall.
Vegetarian diets—naturally low in saturated fat, high in fiber, and replete with cancer-protective phytochemicals—help to prevent cancer. Large studies in England and Germany have shown that vegetarians are about 40 percent less likely to develop cancer compared to meat-eaters.
Vegetarians avoid the animal fat linked to cancer and get abundant fiber, vitamins, and phytochemicals that help to prevent cancer. In addition, blood analysis of vegetarians reveals a higher level of “natural killer cells,” specialized white blood cells that attack cancer cells.14
Beating Heart Disease
Vegetarian diets also help prevent heart disease. Animal products are the main source of saturated fat and the only source of cholesterol in the diet. Vegetarians avoid these risky products. Additionally, fiber helps reduce cholesterol levels and animal products contain no fiber. Studies have demonstrated that a low-fat, high-fiber, vegetarian or vegan diet combined with stress reduction techniques, smoking cessation, and exercise, or combined with prudent drug intervention, could actually reverse atherosclerosis—hardening of the arteries
Lowering Blood Pressure
In the early 1900s, nutritionists noted that people who ate no meat had lower blood pressure.They also discovered that vegetarian diets could, within two weeks, significantly reduce a person’s blood pressure. These results were evident regardless of the sodium levels in the vegetarian diets. People who follow vegetarian diets typically have lower blood pressure.
Preventing and Reversing Diabetes
Non-insulin-dependent (adult-onset) diabetes can be better controlled and sometimes even eliminated through a low-fat, vegetarian diet along with regular exercise. Such a diet, low in fat and high in fiber and complex carbohydrates, allows insulin to work more effectively. The diabetic person can more easily regulate glucose levels. While a vegetarian diet cannot eliminate the need for insulin in people with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes, it can often reduce the amounts of insulin used. Some scientists believe that insulin-dependent diabetes may be caused by an auto-immune reaction to dairy proteins.
Gallstones, Kidney Stones, and Osteoporosis
Vegetarian diets have been shown to reduce one’s chances of forming kidney stones and gallstones. Diets that are high in protein, especially animal protein, tend to cause the body to excrete more calcium, oxalate, and uric acid. These three substances are the main components of urinary tract stones.
Vegetarians are at a lower risk for osteoporosis. Since animal products force calcium out of the body, eating meat can promote bone loss. In nations with mainly vegetable diets (and without dairy product consumption), osteoporosis is less common than in the U.S., even when calcium intake is also less than in the U.S. Calcium is important, but there is no need to get calcium from dairy products.
A 1985 Swedish study demonstrated that individuals with asthma practicing a vegan diet for a full year have a marked decrease in the need for medications and in the frequency and severity of asthma attacks. Twenty-two of the 24 subjects reported improvement by the end of the year.
Some people still worry about whether a vegetarian diet can provide all essential nutrients. However, it is very easy to have a well-balanced diet with vegetarian foods, since these foods provide plenty of protein. Careful combining of foods is not necessary. Any normal variety of plant foods provides more than enough protein for the body’s needs. Although there is somewhat less protein in a vegetarian diet than a meat-eater’s diet, this is actually an advantage. Excess protein has been linked to kidney stones, osteoporosis, and possibly heart disease and some cancers. A diet focused on beans, whole grains, and vegetables contains adequate amounts of protein without the “overdose” most meat-eaters get.
Vitamin B12 is a genuine issue for vegans, although very easy to deal with. Found mainly in animal products, small amounts may be found in plant products due to bacterial contamination. However, these plant and fermented foods, such as spirulina, sea vegetables, tempeh, and miso, do not provide an active and reliable source, so vitamin B12 must be obtained elsewhere in the diet. Regular intake of vitamin B12 is important to meet nutritional needs. Good sources include all common multiple vitamins (including vegetarian vitamins), fortified cereals, nutritional yeast, and fortified soymilk. It is especially important for pregnant women, breast-feeding mothers, and children to get enough vitamin B12.
Special Concerns: Pregnancy, Infants, and Children
During pregnancy, nutritional needs increase. The American Dietetic Association has found vegan diets adequate for fulfilling nutritional needs during pregnancy, but pregnant women and nursing mothers should supplement their diets with vitamins B12 and D. Most doctors also recommend that pregnant women supplement their diet with iron and folic acid, although
Vegetarian children also have high nutritional needs, but these are met within a vegetarian diet. A vegetarian menu is life extending. As young children, vegetarians may grow more gradually, reach puberty somewhat later, and live substantially longer than do meat-eaters. | <urn:uuid:f3128bc8-0163-448a-981a-208d055ae2ce> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.dhs-adventist.com/dhs-sda-blog/powerful-health-through-vegetarian-diet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511361.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004052258-20231004082258-00020.warc.gz | en | 0.938891 | 1,285 | 2.953125 | 3 |
I am spending the month of December talking about one of my favorite 2011 books, Hound Dog True, with my friend Jen from Teach Mentor Texts.
Jen and I had this conversation in a Google Doc. Her text is pink and mine is black.
When I read the part about the girl named Star reading Mattie’s notebook, I felt like I was right there with all the hanging-up coats beside Mattie as she watched Star with her notebook and didn’t know what to do. I’ve had that feeling of being so distraught but not being able to say anything. Just being frozen. It reminds me of when someone is mean and then hours later you think of the perfect come back and you wish you could go back in time and respond how you want to respond. I can’t think of a specific time that this has happened, but I know it has.
I like how Mattie says even though it’s only Star saying “og-ree” to her, just that one word, it still counts as bullying. I think that’s important for adults to recognize and for kids to recognize, too. Sometimes we don’t think about our actions and even something so teeny, tiny little can still make someone feel so small. This reminds me of Jay Asher’s Thirteen Reasons Why. All those little negative interactions can add up to make someone feel so horrible about him or herself. Plus, everyone perceives things differently. What may seem trivial to one person is the opposite to someone else.
A few weeks ago a classroom teacher shared a bullying activity with me. Students are asked to take out a piece of paper and crumple it up, squish it as tight as can be, stomp on it and then open it back up and look at the piece of paper. Now imagine that piece of paper represents a person. It shows how when we bully someone it makes an impact on them – that piece of paper is still a piece of paper, but it doesn’t look the same after someone has attacked it and it can never go back to the way it was before. That’s the same way with a person, it may not seem like one word that you say to a person can make a difference, but that one word can stick with them forever and does change who they are.
I think reading Hound Dog True, or even just the parts about Star and Mattie and doing the crumpled-up-paper activity would be a great way to start a discussion about bullying. We need to recognize that there are different levels of bullying but that none of it acceptable.
That piece of paper activity sounds intense, but I guess bullying can be pretty intense. It is nice to see a book portray bullying in non lunch money stealing sort of way. I think that people on the outside have a picture of what bullying is in their mind, and they don’t realize that bullying like what took place in this book is a huge issue. The type of bullying that Mattie faced, I feel, is also harder to identify and stop.
I wasn’t ever really bullied in school. I feel very lucky. How about you?
I wasn’t bullied either but there was one girl who was always super mean. I have no idea why this girl didn’t like me, but it seemed like ever since our elementary schools combined in 4th grade, she just never liked me. All through high school she was just rude. I’m not a fan of people who aren’t polite. I’m not saying she had to be my best friend, but she didn’t have to be rude. She would make unkind comments or make weird faces and was just really snotty.
There is a teacher at one of the schools I work at now who acts like I don’t even exist when he sees me in the hall. It might be just him and I passing each other in the hallway and he acts like I’m not even in the hall. I have no idea why it’s so hard for him to even acknowledge that I exist but it reminds me of that same girl from when I was in school. I try not to let it bother me now but sometimes I find myself just wondering why. If I had done something awful to him, I would get it but I can’t think of anything I have done to warrant that kind of treatment.
It’s weird, look how these people can make me feel icky without even having to do anything. Just by ignoring me they make me feel inferior.
I find it interesting how adults deal with bullies differently than kids. You feel icky and maybe inferior, but you don’t react the same way that Mattie does to being bullied. I guess it helps that as adults we get to have a little more control over the people we Internet with. I can’t imagine being a 10 year old and feeling tortured by having to spend 7 hours a day in a classroom with someone that makes your feel so sad. | <urn:uuid:f3db321c-0827-447d-bfce-6fe00adace3d> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | https://sharpread.wordpress.com/2011/12/16/hound-dog-true-part-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398445142.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205405-00216-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981369 | 1,059 | 2.859375 | 3 |
A weekly look at the latest news you need to live a healthier life
Heartburn poses a risk of malignancy
Frequent heartburn increases the risk for throat cancer, a new study has found, and over-the-counter antacids might provide protection.
Researchers studied heartburn incidence and medication use in 631 patients with squamous-cell cancers of the throat and vocal cords who were not heavy smokers or drinkers, matching them with 1,234 healthy controls. The study was published in the journal Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention.
After controlling for age, sex, race, smoking, alcohol consumption, HPV 16 infection, education and body mass index, they found that people who had reported a history of frequent heartburn were 78 percent more likely to have cancer than those who did not.
Those with frequent heartburn who took antacids reduced their risk for cancer by 41 percent, compared with those whose heartburn was untreated.
There was no reduced risk among those taking classes of drugs known as proton pump inhibitors (Prilosec and others) or histamine H2 receptor antagonists (Zantac, for example) — but this might be because people taking such drugs are likely to have the most severe cases of acid reflux, not because those drugs are ineffective, the researchers said.
LEARN MORE: nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartburn.html
The New York Times
With targeted ultrasound process, pain eases quickly
Patients with painful bone metastases are finding fast relief with a targeted high-dose ultrasound, according to new research.
The MRI-guided focused ultrasound sends concentrated energy to the nerve endings that cause the pain from bone metastases, providing relief within days. The procedure itself is painful, though patients are given local anesthesia.
Of 107 patients who had the procedure, 67 percent afterward described their pain as “much improved.” Relief, which in some cases came the next day, lasted through the 90-day study’s end, with reports from patients of a year or more of abatement.
The researchers from Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia presented their findings at the 49th annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology in Chicago.
LEARN MORE: fccc.edu/information/news, click on the link under News Releases
SOURCE: Fox Chase Cancer Center
Salt levels have risen in many fast foods
Despite recommendations to reduce sodium content, amounts have risen or stayed the same in many fast-food restaurants’ fare, a new study reports.
The American Heart association advises consuming no more than 1,500 milligrams daily, which is about three-fifths of a teaspoon, though Americans typically consume an average of almost two teaspoons. Most of that salt, roughly 80 percent, comes from eating processed or restaurant food.
Salt content in 78 items from fast-food restaurants went up by 2.6 percent from 2005 to 2011, researchers found.
This is of grave concern because too much dietary salt is the major culprit in high blood pressure, which almost 90 percent of people in the U.S. develop. Hypertension is a risk factor for strokes and heart attacks.
The researchers say the only way to avoid this is to cook at home from scratch without adding salt. They urge government intervention to regulate sodium levels in the food industry. The findings appear in JAMA Internal Medicine.
LEARN MORE: heart.org, search “sodium”
SOURCE: Northwestern University;
JAMA Internal Medicine | <urn:uuid:a0037ace-07fb-4ee1-a9f2-84022b82221f> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.dallasnews.com/lifestyles/health-and-fitness/health/20130603-health-alerts-heartburn-linked-to-throat-cancer.ece | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398461390.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205421-00173-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942107 | 735 | 2.609375 | 3 |
There are various forms of diabetes, and the family history and its association differ for each type. Diabetes can generally be divided into types 1 and 2. Type 1 diabetes is caused by an absolute deficiency of insulin in the body, and requires insulin treatment. Type 2 diabetes has various causes, including insulin resistance, insulin secretory dysfunction, and increased gluconeogenesis. It is often known as adult-type diabetes. There are other types of diabetes, an example of which is MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young).
|(Illustration by Park Gee-young)|
Genetic factors are thought to contribute to both types 1 and 2 diabetes, but they are not the only cause. Other factors such as environmental factors and autoimmunity can also work together to cause diabetes. In terms of family history, the majority of patients with type 1 diabetes do not have immediate family members with the condition. However, those who have an immediate family member with type 1 diabetes have increased risk of developing diabetes.
Family history is more commonly seen in type 2 diabetes than in type 1. Those with one parent with type 2 diabetes have approximately 10-30 percent risk of developing diabetes, and those with siblings with type 2 diabetes have 10-40 percent risk of developing diabetes. It is also known that a person with both parents that have type 2 diabetes have a 40 percent risk of developing diabetes. MODY, which is seen in a small number of diabetic patients, is caused by dominant genetic defects and is inherited.
Cases of patients with a family history of diabetes who have been treated
Many patients have family histories of diabetes. However, the current treatment direction and method does not differ greatly between those with family histories of diabetes and those without. Insulin levels are the main factor that directs the treatment. Future research comparing diabetic patients with and without family histories is needed to establish a clear difference in the mechanism of the disease in these two groups. This may suggest appropriate treatments for the two groups of patients in the future.
How can diseases with family histories be prevented?
As stated above, diabetes is not only caused by genetic factors, but also by other factors such as immunological and environmental factors. Environmental factors include lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise. Even if you have a family history of diabetes, managing other factors can help to prevent the disease. Unhealthy lifestyles can cause diabetes in people even without a family history of diabetes. Therefore, it is important to have regular meals and exercise, a balanced diet of appropriate calories, and a balanced life. It is also helpful to have regular blood glucose measurements before and after meals at least once a year for prevention and early diagnosis of diabetes.
It is expected that future investigation into the development of different types of diabetes and the severity in relation to family history can help with the prevention of complications as well as the treatment.
By Lee Moon-kyu
The author is a doctor at the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism at Samsung Medical Center and a professor of Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine. ― Ed. | <urn:uuid:780816b4-9012-4417-b19c-421261f96e77> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130613000939 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860127407.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161527-00033-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965338 | 623 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Contact: Ted Slowik, Director of PR and Media Relations, 630-637-5307, [email protected]
Oct. 12, 2010—Public school administrators learned how to enact strategies to better serve children from diverse populations during a workshop presented at North Central College.
The daylong workshop on cultural diversity Oct. 8 brought together officials from school districts serving Naperville, Aurora, Plainfield and other communities to discuss cultural diversity in elementary, middle and high schools. Goals included increasing awareness about diversity and equality issues, and identifying ways for administrators and teachers to help children from diverse backgrounds.
“There is a lot of inequality in our public school systems,” said workshop co-presenter Kristine Servais, an associate professor of education at North Central College. “There are social issues of hunger, poverty and homelessness. We can tap into the expertise of the people in this room to increase collaboration, enhance knowledge about diversity and equality and move from knowing to doing.”
Educators should know how to act and what steps to take when confronted with diversity issues involving children, participants said.
“We value the diversity in our schools. Sometimes we’re so focused on achievement we forget about the kids,” said Kathleen Kosteck, principal of Naperville’s Scullen Middle School in Indian Prairie School District 204.
Others said they hoped to implement ideas from the workshop for addressing situations involving diversity or equality issues of race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation and other areas.
“I’ve worked in school districts that are very diverse, and I’ve worked in school districts where diversity is just beginning to occur,” said workshop presenter Kellie Sanders, principal of Walkers Grove Elementary School in Plainfield. “In places where diversity is just beginning to occur, a lot of people can feel that they are not part of the community and their voices are not heard. Principals need to know how to talk about those issues with their teachers and staffs.”
North Central College frequently sponsors workshops for educators, though this was the first devoted exclusively to the topics of diversity and equality in schools.
North Central College is committed to preparing teachers and school leaders to serve in high-need schools. Teacher and leadership candidates conduct field projects and curriculum projects that increase cultural proficiency and awareness to better address achievement gaps often found in high-need schools.
North Central College is a leader in education, offering undergraduate degrees in elementary education, secondary education, reading and English language learning, as well as art education, music education, health education and physical education. The College offers a master of arts degree in education, with emphasis in curriculum and instruction or educational leadership and administration.
North Central’s rigorous education program exceeds state standards by requiring 150 hours of classroom field study at all levels while the state requires just 100 hours. North Central’s department of education is fully accredited by the Illinois State Board of Education, which uses National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) standards to assess the programs offered at North Central College.
Founded in 1861, North Central College is an independent, comprehensive college of the liberal arts and sciences that offers more than 55 undergraduate majors and graduate programming in six areas. Located in the Historic District of Naperville, Illinois—rated by Money magazine as among the nation’s “Best Places to Live”—North Central College is just 30 minutes from Chicago’s Loop. With more than 2,900 undergraduate and graduate students, North Central College is committed to academic excellence, a climate that emphasizes leadership, ethics, values and service, a curriculum that balances job-related knowledge with a liberal arts foundation and a caring environment with small classes. | <urn:uuid:b4a327ce-fb55-4ea8-aab4-29a78d041b58> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | https://northcentralcollege.edu/news/educators-attend-north-central-workshop-diversity-equality-schools | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049276415.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002116-00114-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95626 | 774 | 2.625 | 3 |
In Indonesia's easternmost province of Irian Jaya, independence rallies held Dec. 1 last year often lead to the arrests of key independence-movement activists and skirmishes between local residents and riot police. However, not many people know about the historical background of the independence and separation movement that again flared up in the region around Dec. 1.
Like other regions of Indonesia, Irian Jaya, formerly called West New Guinea, is a former Dutch colony.
After officially colonizing the region in 1828, the Dutch government declared in 1910 that it would cut off Netherlands-held New Guinea from the rest of present-day Indonesia, then called the Netherlands Indies, and would make Irian Jaya a separate colony.
Because of this development, Netherlands-ruled New Guinea remained the only Dutch colony in the region when sovereignty was transferred from the Netherlands to Indonesia in 1949.
During the 1950s, the Indonesian government tried to ``recover'' Netherlands-possessed New Guinea through the United Nations. This attempt was not only unsuccessful, but it also prompted the Netherlands to place West New Guinea under the jurisdiction of the United Nations in 1961 with the aim of making ``Papua'' an independent nation.
In response to such moves by the Dutch government, local pro-independence activists instituted a national flag of Papua carrying ``the morning star'' and the national anthem Hai Tanahku Papua (our homeland Papua) on Oct. 19, 1961.
On Dec. 1, the Dutch government instructed West New Guinea to hoist the Dutch and Papua flags together, thereby indicating that it had granted Papua its independence.
As a result, people calling for Irian Jaya's independence regard Dec. 1 as ``Independence Day'' and again last year citizens staged demonstrations for independence and separation from Indonesia.
Conflicts over control of the region continued to flare up even after Dec. 1, 1961. First, in mid-December of that same year, then-Indonesian President Sukarno initiated a military offensive to annex West New Guinea.
In 1963, the Netherlands transferred the sovereignty of West New Guinea to the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority with the United States acting as an intermediary.
From July 14, 1969 to Aug. 2, 1969, a referendum was held under U.N. monitoring to determine whether West New Guinea would belong to Indonesia. In accordance with the results of the referendum, the United Nations adopted resolution No. 2504, which led to Irian Jaya's annexation by Indonesia at the end of the year.
Although supporters of Irian Jaya independence still question the legitimacy of the referendum, it is clear that the administration of this region has always been toyed with by major countries to suit the needs of those countries.
This trend also can be seen in the province's name. In annexing West New Guinea, Indonesia avoided the name New Guinea, which the Netherlands used, and called it Irian, which means "sun" or "red hot" in the local language. However, the name was also given a political connotation during the operation to recapture West New Guinea during the early 1960s as the acronym for Ikut Republik Indonesia, Anti Nederland (annexation to Indonesia, anti-Netherlands).
In light of this political context, locals today prefer the name "Papua." In fact, in his New Year address earlier last year, Indonesian President Abdurrahman Wahid proposed to change the province's name from Irian Jaya to Papua. However, since the name change requires the approval of the national assembly, the proposal has yet to materialize.
Theys Eluay, representative for Dewan Presidium Papua (Papuan Presidium Council), said Papuans became independent Dec. 1, 1961, but he also said he would welcome a dialogue with the national government.
Considering the history of suffering by the people of Irian Jaya, the Wahid administration is urged to take a conciliatory stance that gives priority to dialogue in dealing with the separation movement. | <urn:uuid:9ba3e4b0-6568-42b5-b614-cb091ecb69ab> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.asahi.com/english/asianet/column/eng_010108.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122127848.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175527-00188-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947895 | 829 | 3.5 | 4 |
These are the remains of a "desert kite", a giant animal corral built out of stones some 5,500 years ago. They were effectively the world's first slaughterhouses, as dozens of animals at a time were herded inside and killed.
Desert kites are just one of a number of archaeological sites that modern people only noticed when they flew high above them, realizing there were giant geometric structures on the ground below.
Researchers have since been able to tie these desert kites in with various historical accounts and artistic representations that reveal their animal-centric purpose. However, it appears that they weren't used to protect animals, as earlier theories held, but rather to kill them as efficiently as possible.
We can actually deduce a lot about these kites and the people who made them. The corrals all lie along migration routes that ran from Syria to Saudi Arabia, suggesting the people who built them were well-versed in animal behavior. At the same time, these were no longer the skilled hunters of earlier, nomadic generations.
Instead, these were built long after the Middle East had begun practicing agriculture, and game animals were so common anyway that, in all likelihood, these kites were just a leisure activity for the idle rich. This may partially explain why their preferred game, such as wild asses and gazelles, are now all but gone in places like northeastern Syria, where a lot of these kites were found.
The sheer scale of these ancient slaughters is hard to imagine. There's strong evidence that as many as 93 gazelles were killed in a single session, and even more incredible is an archaeological layer in the ancient town of Tell Kuran, where over 2,600 Persian gazelle bones were found clumped together. Most of those bones were feet, suggesting that several hundred gazelles may have been killed over a very short period. | <urn:uuid:297b6b04-e90a-4306-add0-f9992412fd29> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://gizmodo.com/mysterious-desert-kites-were-the-ancient-worlds-slaught-5793733 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499790.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130003215-20230130033215-00764.warc.gz | en | 0.989322 | 388 | 3.546875 | 4 |
MORRISTOWN, N.J., March 21, 2017 /PRNewswire/ — The North American Butterfly Association’s Butterfly Garden Certification program is a wonderful way to let everyone know that your garden provides resources that increase the world’s butterfly populations. Thousands of individual homeowners and institutions are already involved! Butterflies are not only important pollinators, their caterpillars, along with those of moths, are the major food of nesting songbirds – no butterflies and moths = no songbirds. Providing garden resources such as caterpillar host plants and adult nectar sources will not only attract but increase the production of butterflies, bees and other wildlife. You’ll be amazed by the sheer number and uniqueness of wildlife that will visit the vegetation you steward and remain to reproduce there. Increasing development and excessive pesticide use has made creation of oases for pollinators critical. Encourage municipal officials to maintain and certify additional habitats. Incorporate schools, businesses, civic groups and others in butterfly management. Together, we can make the world a better place for butterflies and human beings at the same time. If we can save butterflies, we can save ourselves ® is more than a slogan – it’s the understanding that keeping sufficient space for wildlife will sustain people as well.
Specific requirements for certification include:
– At least three different native caterpillar food plants must be grown, preferably more than one plant of each selected species.
– At least three different native butterfly nectar sources must be grown, preferably more than one plant of each selected species.
– The use of pesticides is discouraged. Pesticides can kill butterflies as well as other important pollinators.
For a map of where North American Butterfly Association Certified Gardens are saving habitat for butterflies, click HERE. To certify your garden, please complete this FORM.
The North American Butterfly Association (NABA) is a 501 c(3) non-profit membership-based entity headquartered in Morristown, NJ. The organization’s largest project is the National Butterfly Center in Mission, TX. Through an active Chapter system and engaged membership, NABA works locally to promote on-the-ground conservation work and institutes policy initiatives to further its mission. For more information visit http://www.naba.org. Connect with us on social media @NABAButterfly.
(Cloudless Sulphur caterpillar hanging out on its host plant Chamaecrista fasciculata)
Also known as Showy Partridge Pea, Sensitive Plant, and Sleepingplant, Patridge Pea is native from southern Florida to northern Minnesota, It looks best when planted in groups and is easy to include in most medium to large size gardens. A short-lived perennial that is grown as an annual, partridge pea has bright yellow flowers that incorporate easily into many garden border combinations. Try pairing with liatris for contrasting colors and plant forms.
Partridge pea also provides pollen for a number of other insects and birds relish the seed pods that follow the flowers.
(Via bonap.org, dark green areas represent where Partridge Pea is native, while light green areas represent where it is not native but common.)
Importance as a caterpillar food source: Cloudless Sulphur, Sleepy Orange, and Little Yellow caterpillars all use partridge pea as a food source. All three of these butterflies range widely over the southern U.S., with Little Yellow’s range being restricted eastward.
Partridge pea is also used as a food source by Ceraunus Blue caterpillars which are common in far southern regions, usually late in the summer; found all year long in southern Florida and the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas.
Gray Hairstreak caterpillars also include partridge pea as a caterpillar food plant in addition to countless other plants.
Importance as a butterfly nectar source: A good nectar source that also attracts many pollinators in addition to butterflies.
Partridge Pea Cultural Requirements
USDA Hardiness Zone: Plant annually
Bloom Period: Summer to fall
Bloom Color: Yellow
Plant Height: 24 to 40 inches
Plant Spread:18 inches
Light Exposure: Full sun to part shade
Soil Moisture: Medium to dry
Animal/Pest Problems: None
Monarda didyma ‘Jacob Cline’
Part of the mint family, oswego tea plants produce tufted red flowers concentrated primarily at the end of each stem with a bloom period of at least a month. Deadheading (the removal of dying flowers) can extend the bloom period even longer. For gardeners who appreciate hot (some might say clashing) color in the garden, plant oswego tea next to butterfly milkweed.
(Via bonap.org, dark green areas represent where Oswego Tea is native, while light green areas represent where it is not native but common. Yellow areas represent where it is present but rare.)
Powdery mildew can be a serious problem with oswego tea. A natural cross M. didyma ‘Jacob Cline’ is a mildew and rust resistant cultivar of oswego tea. It also has the potential to grow much taller than the species, up to six feet in some cases. The cultivar ‘Raspberry Wine’ also gets a call-out in some of our butterfly gardening guides. You can find them here: http://nababutterfly.com/regional-butterfly-garden-guides/
Oswego Tea Cultural Requirements
USDA Hardiness Zone: 3- 8
Bloom Period: June to August
Bloom Color: Red
Plant Height: 36 to 48 inches
Plant Spread: 24 to 36 inches
Light Exposure: Sun to light shade
Soil Moisture: Average
Animal/Disease Problems: Deer resistant, powdery mildew may be a problem (see the ‘Jacob Cline’ cultivar as noted above) | <urn:uuid:716052d9-cccc-4aee-9688-335920d39c88> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://butterflies.naba.org/tag/butterfly-gardening/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319902.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622201826-20170622221826-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.896258 | 1,255 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Leader, as the word obviously suggests is one who shows others the way and guides them to achieve their common objective. Anyone cannot be a leader. Only the person who has certain qualities and the ability to guide others to complete a set task can be a leader. The qualities that he possesses or rather the qualities that are required to do this job can be called leadership qualities.
The terms leader, leadership and leadership qualities are so broad in their meaning and scope that they cannot be put into a definition that would completely or fully describe them. However, the major qualities or characteristics can be put as physical and mental strength, high moral character, knowledge required in some particular field, power or authority, innovation or the ability to find new solutions to sudden or emergent problems and the charisma that forces others to accept him as a leader.
Different qualities are required in different fields to lead others, and different attributes are required in different situations for a leader. Some scholars put the ability to inspire others as the biggest or the most important leadership qualities. A leader may not possess all the qualities mentioned above. There may be a combination of qualities in his personality with some qualities more dominated than the others.
Leaders may be of different kinds or rather we should say that each field of human existence in a civil society demands specific leaders. There are political leaders, community leaders, sports leaders including the captains in particular sports, and military leaders. All these leaders have different leadership qualities related to their particular field. For a political leader the qualities necessary are statesmanship, oratory, full knowledge of the state of affairs of his region as well as the nation, ability to access the political situation that may develop in the short run and the long run, ability to have understandings and alliances with other political parties.
With all these qualities they are not only able to win the confidence of the people and win elections, but also earn a dominant position in the state assembly or the parliament at the centre. Accordingly, there are state leaders and the national leaders. The former dominate the state scene while the latter the national scene. Those national leaders which have some extraordinary abilities to take the right decisions to bring about socio-economic development of the country are chosen as ministers.
The important among these are the home minister, the agriculture minister, the finance minister and the minister of foreign affairs and the most important among them is the prime minister. He is the leader of the majority party which forms the government. In the present days of coalition governments he is the leader of that political party which wins the maximum number of votes in the elections and who is projected as the likely prime minister during the elections if the party forms the government. He should have the ability to carry the other parties in the coalition in realising the goal of the country during the term of the government.
There are political leaders at regional level who acquire a high stature in the country though serving in their respective states such as Jyoti Basu of West Bengal. The national leaders also include the presidents of India who are not inclined to any political party. They are the constitutional heads and uphold the highest values of democracy. The qualities they possess as leaders are statesmanship, vast knowledge, fairness in attitude and a towering personality. India’s presidents like S. Radhakrishnan, Dr. Rajinder Prasad possessed these qualities. Former President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam is also a writer and a scientist besides being an inspiring and respected leader.
Apart from political leaders there are community leaders who primarily work for the development of the community. If the community they aspire to serve is comprised of people belonging to a single religion, the leader should have complete knowledge of the customs, traditions and beliefs thereof. If the community is a melting pot of people of different religious faiths, the leader should have a respect for the sentiments of each ethnic group. He should be secular in the best traditions of our country. The biggest quality that a community leader should have is the enthusiasm to work for the common welfare. He should be able to garner the assurance and support of a majority of people within the community. It should be his earnest endeavour to maintain communal harmony.
There are corporate leaders such as the owners or high officials of big business companies and multinational companies. As leaders they are required to possess a different qualities than those of political and community leaders. The corporate leader should have a proper qualification related to the major business run by his/her company. He should have adequate experience in business and management. There should be an insatiable spirit to achieve newer heights in business and profession. Perhaps the most important quality of a corporate leader is decision making.
He should be able to take right decisions and then implement them in business. Taking calculated risks is the forte of any business professional. A corporate leader should dream big and should have the ability to handle huge human capital and other sources. A corporate leader knows that he cannot achieve his objectives without the support of various types of professionals related to business.
Therefore, he chooses a team of qualified personnel, develops them as per the requirements of his business, trusts them and pays them adequately so that they do not desert him. A corporate leader is, in other words, knowledge of human resource management. Since the basic objective of each company is to earn profit, the corporate leader ensures that with a shrewd pricing and marketing policies. He makes plan for expansion and goes for acquisitions of other companies doing a similar business to create bigger company called conglomeration. In the Indian corporate world, persons like Mukesh Ambani, Laxmi Niwas Mittal, N.R. Narayanamurthy, Azim Premji and J.R.D. Tata and others have been prominent corporate leaders who have achieved great success in business.
There are military leaders who have a different set of qualities. They may be high-ranking officers of like Generals, Air Marshals or even heads of state. A military leader invariably has an imposing personality. Dressed in proper military uniform, he is awe-inspiring and commands respect. He is physically strong and mentally tough. His courage knows no bounds. A military leader does not acquire all these qualities in a day. He has to fight many wars and face many tough situations before he is hardened up.
Discipline is the most important quality of every military leader. From the time he was a rank soldier, he must have been doing all this activities within strict rules, in allotted time and as per given instructions. A military leader has to be highly ambitious. How can he rise to the highest rank otherwise? A military leader has the ability of controlling all below his rank so that they perform their job dutifully. He leads by example and is not afraid of facing extremely dangerous situations himself. Defence of his motherland is foremost in his mind and he is always ready to lay down his life for it. A military leader is at times ruthless. He has to be. He does not hesitate to crush opponents mercilessly and give harsh punishments to traitors.
A military leader has a healthy respect for his enemies. In the battlefield he is willing to decimate them, but on peaceful occasions he bears no enmity against them. Another attribute of a military leader is that he always remains vigilant about the moves an manoeuvres of his opponents so that he is not caught unawares if they spring a surprise.
There are also leaders in sports. In a match or game like cricket, football or hockey the captain guides the team to victory. He should himself have the qualities of a versatile player and perform well as a player to lift the spirit of the team. He should be a shrewd planner and ask his team to exploit the weak points of the opposite team. He should have the ability of changing his tactics to keep the opponents guessing. If his team is not performing well he should be able to access the reasons for it and take remedial steps.
He should be able to maintain the spirit and morale of players in bad patches so that they regain their form. If his team is down or losing, he should be able to lead by example and turn the tables on the opponents. He should be able to keep the fighting spirit intact. What leadership can achieve is evident from the fact that under the captaincy of M.S. Dhoni, our young cricket team was able to win the Twenty-20 Cricket World Cup in September 2007 defeating highly rated teams of Australia, South Africa and Pakistan. The captain should also have the qualities of grooming his deputy to enable him to assume the role of the captain in due course of time.
The leadership qualities cannot be acquired in a few days or months. They have to be developed over the years by dint of hard work under the guidance of the seniors and the more experienced. Some people feel that the leaders are bora, not developed. Certain qualities are inborn and cannot be achieved by any training or education. But this theory is not accepted these days. It is felt that with dedication, determination and earnest efforts anything can be achieved, even leadership qualities. | <urn:uuid:498739bd-93fa-4d96-a4a7-387feadf2309> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.shareyouressays.com/2877/1600-words-essay-on-qualities-of-a-good-leader | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737940794.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221900-00204-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976263 | 1,839 | 3.6875 | 4 |
In Chapter 8 of the book, Terryberry, (2005) explains the process of evaluating source material. This may also be termed as the process of research and gathering sources for writing a research paper or article. The aim of this section of the book is to shed light on the process of data gathering and some of the sources where one can obtain information for writing an article. This book will be extremely useful to my research and process of writing the art article because it will serve as a guide to evaluating and gathering reliable information sources. Among the key limitation of this book is that the authors have given general information for writing an article on health. They have failed to take into account the fact that different articles on different topics and disciplines may require unique format and process of gathering data and information.
According to the findings and conclusions drawn by Terryberry, (2005) among the various sources available for research are reference cartoon porn videos works, library books, government documents, periodicals, interviews, and electronic sources such as databases. It is essential for any professional and academic writers to understand the process of evaluating the source material to find for reliability and authority. Therefore, future research should focus more on the process of evaluating information sources for reliability. This work will fit into my research because it will give direction to gathering of reliable information sources. It will also serve as a guide to evaluating different information sources to bee used for writing the art article. | <urn:uuid:0ef25629-4a46-44dc-b95f-f53c5ade1407> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.customwritingtips.com/component/k2/item/11288-terryberry.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297172.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00217-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938874 | 286 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Geographical Index > United States > Texas > Webb County > Article # 150
Media Article # 150
Article submitted by Richard Noll
Thursday, January 11, 1979
Wanted: buyer for 228 monkeys at $1,000 a head
By K. Mack Sisk
San Antonio, Tex. -
The only free-foraging troop of monkeys in the United States - studied by anthropologists for better understanding of animal behavior and human evolution - is being disbanded and offered for sale to zoos and research centers.
Though researchers are dismayed, they cannot afford to buy the unique 228-member troop as a whole, at $1,000 a monkey. The owner no longer can afford to keep the troop intact, and the troop is in disarray because of two changes in leadership and the sale of some monkeys.
Existence of the troop of 228 Japanese macaques in South Texas was not widely publicized, to avoid human visitors who could infect the animals with disease.
But dozens of university students and experts have traveled from as far away as Canada to observe the monkeys in a natural state on a 108-acre ranch near the Texas-Mexico border, about 30 miles from Laredo.
SOME OF THE students are concerned that the troop will be totally disbanded, jeopardizing their past work and opportunities for further studies.
The monkeys were brought to Texas in February, 1972, from Arashiyama, on the western edge of the Japanese city of Kyoto, where researchers from the University of Kyoto began studying the original troop of 47 in 1954 at the Iwatayama monkey sanctuary. Since that time, detailed records of monkey families of the troop have been kept by students who earned their graduate degrees by studying the troop.
By 1966, the Japanese troop had grown to 125 monkeys and spilt along family lines into two distinct groups of about equal size with their own leaders. And by 1968 the two troops had outgrown the forests of the sanctuary and were enroaching on neighboring areas. The Japanese began looking for a home for the one troop.
A LAREDO businessman and philanthropist, Edward Dryden, in conjunction with the Universities of Texas and Maryland, fenced his former La Moca Ranch 30 miles northwest of Laredo, built climbing towers for the monkeys, and provided a dietary supplement of monkey chow to ensure against malnutrition, hoping to sell the monkeys' offspring for research. He named the complex Arahivama Primate Research Center.
The monkeys adjusted quickly from the temperate-to-cold environment of Mount Arashiyama in Japan to the warm Texas border environment. They learned to eat mesquite, acacia, prickly pear cactus, fruits, flowers, grasses and barks, grasshoppers, snails and birds eggs. They have learned to work in concert to fight off coyotes, bobcats and other Texas predators.
But Dryden died not long after the monkeys arrived and his widow, Clementina G. Dryden, says she no longer can afford the $18,000 to $20,000 a year needed to maintain the troop.
ELECTRICITY to a fence that keeps the monkeys on the ranch has been shut off and the selling of 30 monkeys to zoos has disrupted the internal affairs of the troop, which the researchers say was highly structured with each monkey having his or her rank within the troop.
Mrs. Dryden said she would like to keep the troop intact if a buyer could be found, but she will sell them individually if she must.
"I don't have any scientific objective or goal," Mrs. Dryden said, in offering to sell the monkeys for $1,000 apiece to zoos or research centers. "To my husband, it was a business and to me it is business. So I would like to recover the money I've invested and that would be about $1,000 each. That's what I've been getting, but of course, I would be willing to negotiate any price if someone wants the whole troop."
She said trouble began in the troop about 18 months ago when the No.2 monkey, after several days of fighting, escaped from the compound. It traveled across the brushland to Carrizo Springs, Tex., where a deputy finally subdued, handcuffed and transported it to a San Antonio research center. It now has been exiled to a Minnesota zoo.
THEN LAST MAY, Mrs. Dryden said, "the No1. monkey abdicated and took off with two of his nephews. One of the nephews was hit by a car and the other I ordered shot on sight. I don't carry any liability insurance and it was danger for me (to have the monkeys running free in Webb County)."
She said the king monkey decided to flee the compound after she sold off a group of 16 monkeys. "It seems he went in there and looked for them (missing monkeys) and then he could not face the crowd because he had lost some of his men. So he was either ashamed or he was tired of being leader and abdicated."
He still has not been found, although his tracks occasionally are seen at rural watering holes in the county.
Now the troop has been in disarray, she said, because the younger monkey who took over as the king does not have the control over the troop that the older abdicated monarch did.
"The young one is not a very good leader and not very popular with the ladies, either. He doesn't know what a leader means. The other leader would break up the fights, but the young one doesn't seem to be interested whether there's a fight."
Sarah Manly Gouzoules, who spent nearly two years observing the monkeys on the Texas range while working on her doctoral research in anthropology at the University of Chicago, said researchers were concerned about the future of the troop.
But a shortage of research money in the United States has made it difficult to find a home for all of the troop.
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The unit’s focus will be on the rise of women’s movements beginning in the late seventeen and eighteen hundreds. The thinkers of the age of reason questioned the established political and religious authority and stressed the importance of reason, equality, liberty, and women in the workplace as well as the political arena.
Included in the unit are lesson plans, activities for students, a suggested bibliography and reading list, for the students and teachers alike. The different women’s organizations such as Women’s Bureau, Women’s ORT, Women’s Equal Rights Amendment, and the amendment that gave women the right to vote, also Women’s Relief Corps, and various others will be considered.
The more contemporary women’s movements have had an impact on several levels of society in the United States. Women’s groups have changed many people’s views about male and female roles. The changes have affected their roles in the workplace and the family, and the way women live their lives. Through their vote, women’s groups have influenced election results and government. They have also been instrumental in influencing legislation.
The most notable single change in women’s lives was their growing participation in the paid labor force. In the United States, the percentage of employed women surveyed over a fifty year period rose from 28 percent to 57 percent. This contemporary women’s movement contributed to an increasing acceptance of careers for all women, including mothers with young children. Such changes were incorporated with a growing expectation that women would combine employment with their roles as wives and mothers.
The road for equality for women has been an arduous one. They have had to fight their way through legislatures and congressional obstacles, face ridicule and indifference. Without the resources of money and political power women found their way blocked, and only through determination and perseverance did they make impressive achievements.
The struggle for equal rights in not only a part of the past, but has continued throughout the entire fabric of American history. There is still a long road ahead and many obstacles to overcome. Women must band together and continue.
For more than a century women have tried to achieve full citizenship, the right to take part in the political and social life of their time and to stand on equal human dignity with men in their relationship. Many will not claim that these goals have been fully achieved. The women’s movement has come far enough for them to look back and see where they started, and how they reached their present status.
The alterations in the status of women arose from the efforts of a small but very active group of feminists. These feminist groups were the recipients of the forces that transformed the country in a comparatively short space of time from a small, undeveloped country into one with wealth, industrialization, and international responsibilities. Women played various roles in the transformation, not as inventors, generals, business leaders, presidents, but as homemakers, producers, reformers, and eventually as citizens. Women were deprived of a vital step toward achieving human dignity, and the recognition that they too were endowed with the faculty of reason, the power of judgement, and the capacity for social responsibility.
Over the past 150 years, women in the United States and around the world have organized political movements in order to obtain the same social, economic, and political rights that men have traditionally enjoyed. These feminist movements have sought to change the laws to prevent discrimination against women and to provide them with equal opportunities in all aspects of life, including education, employment, and representation in the government.
Women’s struggle for equal rights is not just a part of the past. It is a cord that runs through the entire fabric of our history. From early settlements throughout our nation’s development, its political changes, its wars, its industrial growth, and labor movements women have fought for their rights, and the rights of others. Women had to fight, fight, fight.
When the Plymouth Colony of 1620 established itself it was one of families, who brought with them the traditions of their English backgrounds.
In the colonial society, women had no standing in the eyes of the law. They did not have the right to own or inherit property. They could not vote or hold any office in government. Married women, under English common law, could not sign contracts, have their own money, or sue for divorce. Women had no political or legal rights and were without political representation. Women often could not speak out, their husbands spoke for them.
In addition to bearing and caring for the children, some women worked long hours in the field, raising food for their families. They tended the cattle. They spun the wool that they later used to make clothing and bedding. They made the soap, the candles and many of the medicines.
Some women shared with their husbands in such occupations as retailing, printmaking, shipbuilding, innkeeping, ferry boat operations, and prison management. They acted as nurses for their communities, and even some as teachers. Women were rarely found in such esteemed professions as law and medicine, although no formal education was required for either profession until the end of the eighteenth century. Women who were able to work outside the home were the exceptions, not the rule.
Indian and black women fared even worse than their white sisters in the early days of American History. The Indian woman was considered inferior, and an enemy, and the black woman was a slave. About one-third of the slaves forcibly brought to America were women and they had no rights at all. They did field labor on the plantations, performed household duties, raised children, and were often married to slaves. Marriage did not prevent slave women from being separated from their husbands and children.
During the colonial revolution men and women worked together to bring about a new nation. Women generally did not venture onto the battlefields but there were exceptions to be found among nurses, cooks, and aides. Women in these positions received half of the pay that men did. In some instances women took over the duties or combat replacing wounded soldiers.
During the seventeen and eighteen hundreds women were employed in various fields, such as Marguerite Hastner of New York, a silversmith, and Ann Franklin, a newspaper editor in Rhode Island, Mary Salmon of Boston ran a blacksmith shop, Mary Wilson of Norfolk, Virginia was a shoe maker, Mary Katherine Goddard was a printer in Baltimore and she was authorized by the Continental Congress to print the first copy of the Declaration of Independence with the names of the signers attached, and Anna Zenger, wife of John Peter Zenger continued to publish her husband’s newspaper while he was in jail for publishing an article opposing the New York Colonial government in 1735.
Women such as Abigail Adams, Martha Curtis Washington, and Mercy Otis Warren gave valuable counsel to their husbands. “The Daughters of Liberty” banded together to protest taxes on teas and imported fabrics. They also protested about the English laws under which they were forced to live. Many women acted as spies for the revolutionaries aiding in victories against the British soldiers. Women’s mobility began when they took over men’s roles.
The home in Colonial America was the place where the family labored to feed, house and clothe themselves. A new established government brought industrialization, growth of cities, with factories, mercantile establishments and a group of working class people. Men began to compete in the marketplace so they could earn money to purchase the products and merchandise that were previously produced at their homes by their wives. The roles of the wives then changed. They were to maintain their homes, set an example of virtue and religious piety and raise their children to be morally upright and industrious and become productive members of their society.
Many young, poor and unmarried women from the farms or newly immigrated from Europe went to work in textile mills in New England. The south was largely agricultural but in the industrialized south, women whether poor farmer’s wives or mistresses of plantations with the slaves were also expected to be virtuous, religious and devoted to the care of their families.
The Civil War brought new responsibilities for women, for some, opportunities as well. While the men fought, women became heads of households, farms, business managers, and income earners. There was a shortage of nurses; women in both the south and north rendered their services. At first there was prejudice against women but they were needed and they rallied to the cause with thousands volunteering to assist on the battlefields and in care of the wounded, including working in the operating rooms.
Although women were discriminated against they continued to struggle, work, and take on difficult roles. As women took on more and more responsibilities and discovered that they could function they began to look at their roles and status and they wanted change.
In ancient societies the lives of most women centered around their households. For example, in the Greek city of Athens, women raised children and managed the spinning, weaving and cooking in the household. Wealthy women surpervised slaves in these tasks, but they also did some of the work themselves. Respectable Athenian women seldom left their homes. Only men could purchase goods, or engage in soldering, lawmaking, and public speaking. The societies of ancient Egypt and of the Greek city of Sparta provided a rare contrast. Both Egyptian and Spartan women could own property and engage in business.
In ancient Rome, women’s primary role was to manage household affairs. Women could not hold public office. Men dominated as head of the household. But the Romans developed a system of government based on the authority and leadership of a noble class that included not only statesmen and military leaders, but also the married women of leading Roman families. The Roman matron Cornelia, achieved fame and respect for her managerial skill, patriotism, and good works. In time, such upper-class women, gained greater control over their property and over marriage decisions. However, even these women could not vote or hold public office.
During the middles ages, women’s lives continued much as before, like the Roman matrons, medieval noblewomen managed large households and supervised servants, oversaw gardens, attended to clothing and the household furnishings. Many other women worked as cooks, servants, or worked in the pastures and fields of large estates.
Two new roles for women did appear in the Middle Ages, the nun and the woman active in trade, either as an artist or as a merchant. Convents flourished during the early Middle Ages. They offered primarily upper-class women an alternative to marriage and provided education, spiritual development, and control over extensive land. Women found increasing opportunities for independence as artisans and merchants.
From the Renaissance to the eighteen hundreds, fundamental changes in religious and political outlook took root, as leading thinkers began to emphasize the rights of the individual. The Renaissance was a period of great cultural and intellectual activity that spread throughout Europe. The most significant intellectual movement was humanism, which stressed the importance of human beings and their nature and place in the universe. Some humanists questioned certain traditional ideas about women, and favored better education and a more responsible family role for women.
The Reformation, the religious movement that gave rise to Protestantism, also encouraged reassessment of women’s roles. Protestant leaders permitted ministers to marry and began to picture marriage as a mutual relationship of spiritually equal partners. Husbands had less control over the lives of their wives. Protestants also began to view marriage and divorce as matters of individual choice rather than as a fulfillment of obligations to such authorities as parents and the church.
The Age of Reason was another period of great intellectual activity and change. In Europe, in the seventeen hundreds, during this era, educated women participated in intellectual and political debates. In Paris for instance, gatherings called salons promoted conversation and discussion among learned men and women. The salons widened these fortunate women’s view of society and their possible roles in it.
Women’s roles as workers also expanded during this Age of Reason. In western Europe and the American colonies, women worked as innkeepers, landowners, midwives, printers, servants, teachers and textile workers. But rural occupations continued to employ the largest group of female and male workers. Rural women toiled as laborers on large farms and in their own small gardens and cottages. Both urban and rural women engaged in knitting, sewing, and other home industries that made crucial contributions to household income.
The forces of change that made several developments during the late seventeen and eighteen hundreds set the stage for the rise of women’s movements. Those thinkers of that Age of Reason questioned established political and religious authority and stressed the importance of reason, equality and liberty. This new intellectual atmosphere helped to justify women’s rights to full citizenship. On the eve of the French Revolution, the Marquis de Condorcet spoke in favor of women’s right to vote. The British author Mary Wollstonecraft argued for women’s rights and equality with men.
The spread of industrialization during the eighteen hundreds also had an effect on the woman’s place in society. The Industrial Revolution moved not only women’s work, but also men’s and children’s as well, out of the home and into the factories. Factory jobs offered middle-class women the opportunity to earn wages. But, if a woman was married, her husband legally controlled her earnings.
Industrialization had a different effect on the middle-class women in small towns and cities. With this new separation of work and home life, these women lost a sense of useful involvement in productive work. They became regarded as “ladies” whose place was in the home, while their husbands provided the family income. Many of these women turned to such pursuits as needlework and craftwork, and to religious and charitable activities as well.
There is no end in the list of things that women began to do.
They took part in strikes. In 1877, men, women and children took part in the railroad strike in Pittsburgh. The strike began because the railroad announced that worker’s wages were to be cut by ten percent. These workers already were not earning enough to meet their financial obligations. National guard soldiers were sent in to quell the strike but it continued and spread rapidly. The most important part of the disturbance was the active role taken by women. They developed methods, techniques, and strategies to deal with scabs, a name for workers that the companies brought in to do the work. Because of this railroad cars and their contents were burned, including property along the railroad tracks. The guard troops were no match for the people. The people met them with sticks, stones and bullets alike.
Women played an important part in the workers’ wars. In the coalfields of the east, miners’ wives developed a special technique in order to deal with “scabs”, workers who were called in by the mining companies to dig coal, when the miners went on strike. The scabs would take mule-carts down the mine with them to bring the coal up in. But crowds of women, armed with mops, metal dishpans and washtubs, would run down the hillside toward them, screaming, shouting, and banging their dishpans, thereby setting the mules to flight afraid of the noise and racket they made.
The law usually took the side of the employers, but both employers and law enforcement officers came to dread the pots and pans raids and their leaders. Early one morning, at one dawn raid at Arnot in Pennsylvania, an Irish woman in her nightgown hurriedly bundled up and was pushed into action by her husband who was on strike. When the local sheriff told her not to frighten the mules, she decided not to let him get away with it. She took up the old tin pan and she hit him in the head with it, and she yelled, “To hell with you and the mules!”. He fell over and dropped into a creek. Then the mules began to rebel against the scabbers. They bucked and kicked the scab drivers and started off for the barn.
This woman was Mary Harris Jones, the Irish widow who had watched the roundhouse burn in Pittsburgh in eighteen seventy-seven. Known everywhere as “Mother Jones”, she spent her life traveling through the mining areas urging workers to join a union and to strike for better pay and treatment. It was Mother Jones who sent the miner’s wives at Arnot careering downhill after the scabs, and led the miners themselves to victory.
The union Mother Jones worked for was the United Mine Workers of America. A young trade union, it was soon to become one of the most powerful protectors of worker’s rights in the whole United States.
More and more workers were realizing that they would have to fight hard to win concessions from their bosses and that union organization was essential.
The metal workers of the western states now had their own union too, so did the railway workers, the tailors, printers, carpenters, dockers and many others. Most employers, and many of the other people in authority, hated and feared the unions that forced them to pay workers more. They did all they could to harass unions that forced them to pay workers more.
Mother Jones was a pioneer. But soon, women all over the states were following her into trade unions. Taking the militancy of the coalfield wives a stage further, they set up their own trade union league. Some male unionists doubted how well women could fight in the workers’ war, they received a hard lesson, very similar to the one taught to the Arnot sheriff.
Women were on the move and fighting for equality. But it wasn’t always a forward move. Let’s backtrack for a moment to eighteen forty, when abolitionists in London, England decided to hold a world conference on the importance on antislavery. People came from all over the world to attend this meeting, among them two American abolitionists, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. They had made the long transatlantic trip in order to speak out against the evils of slavery, rampant here in America. Mott and Stanton were forced to take seats in the balcony and were told to sit quietly. These women were fighting for the rights of slaves, citizens who had less than they did, and this is the treatment they received. Of course this was an era when almost everyone believed that women should not play any active role in society. Mott and Stanton had the courage to disagree. They returned home determined to make changes.
One of the most important incidents in the history of women took place in the summer of 1848, in upstate New York. It was the Seneca Falls Convention, the official beginning of the women’s movement in the United States. At that time, women had few rights. They were routinely denied admission to colleges and to the trades and professions. Most found work in four areas: teaching, sewing, factory jobs, or domestic service. Their wages, if married, belonged to their husbands. Indeed, a wife herself was then considered as her husbands’ personal property.
On July 19, 1848, the organizers of that convention; Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Martha Coffin Wright, Jane Hunt, and Mary Ann Mclintock, stood before 300 people and presented a Declaration of Rights and Sentiments. That document, modeled after the Declaration of Independence, declared that all men and women are created equal. It demanded equal access to all means of employment and the ministry, and it insisted that women had “the duty.. to secure the themselves their sacred right to franchise,” or suffrage(the right to vote).
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Lucy Stone quickly became the movement’s undisputed leaders. They and their followers tirelessly petitioned the nation’s state legislatures for women’s suffrage and for the reform of property and child custody laws. Many of them worked simultaneously as abolitionists to end slavery. Many male abolitionists also supported their female colleagues’ new demands.
As far as women were concerned, there was plenty for Mott and Stanton to change. Since the beginning of American history, women had only limited rights. Although they were citizens, they were second-class citizens compared to men. As previously stated, they could not vote, most university positions were closed to them. If they were married, they could not own property, control whatever money they might earn, even though they earned it, they could not bring cases to court, they were unable to sue for divorce, and even when that changed, they rarely received the right to keep their children. In their daily lives, women were expected to spend their time on home, children and church.
After Mott and Stanton returned from London in 1840, they began organizing the women’s rights movement. Their primary goal was to gain women equal rights with men. Among the early women’s rights leaders were famous abolitionists, such as Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison. As the Abolition Movement raised questions about the status and rights of individuals, women began to look at their own position and to speak out.
In 1848 Mott, Stanton, and others held a women’s rights convention at Seneca Falls, New York. Stanton lived in Seneca Falls with her husband and their seven children. Women and some men traveled many miles by horse and wagon to meet at this small town. Sojourner Truth, a well-known abolitionist, took part in the fight. There the delegates approved a “Declaration of Sentiments” based on the American Declaration of Independence. They resolved that women should no longer be “satisfied with their present position.” The Seneca Falls meeting was important for two reasons. First, it was the first women’s rights convention. Second, the declaration summed up women’s many complaints in one program for action.
The Seneca Falls Declaration, like the Declaration of Independence, first attacked the treatment of women that made the document necessary. Whereas the colonists blamed the British, the women at Seneca Falls blamed men. Then, also like the Declaration of Independence, the Seneca Falls Declaration listed specific complaints. The feminists listed many “injuries” that man had done to women in trying to establish “an absolute tyranny” over them. Here are some of them:
Although the women’s rights movement made few gains at first, many individual women were able to achieve success. Even before the Seneca Falls meeting, educator Mary Lyon had established Mount Holyoke, the first women’s college in the United States. Several women writers gained wide audiences. They included Louisa May Alcott, who wrote Little Women, and Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Against all odds, a few women were able to succeed in fields usually closed to them. For instance, many people were against Elizabeth Blackwell’s effort to become the first American woman physician. Maria Mitchell, an astronomer, was the first woman, and the only one for one hundred years, to be elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
- He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise.
- He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns.
- He has monopolized the profitable employments.
- He has denied her the facilities for obtaining a thorough education.
- He has tried in every way he could to destroy her confidence in her own powers, to lessen her self-respect, and to make her willing to lead a dependent and abject life.
More important than such individual successes were changes that affected thousands of women. One change was education. Beginning in the eighteen sixties, several new state universities accepted both women and men. These were called coeducational schools. In 1870, only about twenty percent of college students were women.
Before women’s movements emerged, women began to form many kinds of groups based upon common interests. After the French Revolution, various women’s political clubs took shape in both France and Great Britain. In the United States, women formed temperance societies.
In the United States and Britain, two major types of women’s movements gradually developed; (1) social or domestic women’s movements, and (2) equal rights feminist groups. Women’s social movements carried out religious charitable, and social activities. Equal rights feminists primarily worked to remove educational and political barriers to women and to change women’s roles.
Before our American Civil War, many American woman’s movements were of the benevolent social type. These included societies to promote temperance, to aid poor women and orphans, and to send missionaries to the Indians. Women also formed similar religious and charitable associations in Britain before eighteen sixty and in other Western countries during the late eighteen hundreds.
Few groups were centered on gaining equal rights for women. But such groups had a clear goal to improve women’s situation through such reforms as better education for girls, support for women’s property rights, and voting rights for women.
Women’s educational opportunities gradually expanded throughout the eighteen hundreds. In 1821, American teacher Emma Willard founded the Troy Female Seminary in Troy, New York. Willard’s school was one of the first institutions to offer girls a high school education. In 1833, Oberlin Collegiate Institute opened as the first coeducational college in the United States.
Women’s efforts to secure legal rights, particularly property rights, also brought reform. In America, many states enacted property laws during the 1840’s and 1850’s. Such laws allowed married women to make contracts, to own property, to control their own earnings, and to have joint custody of their children.
In 1848, a New York law gave married women the right to retain control of their own real estate and personal property. The new laws, especially aided widowed, deserted, and mistreated wives. Similar legislation passed in Britain and other Western countries during the middle and late 1800’s. Also in 1848, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton convention in Seneca Falls, prompted other women’s conventions. National ones met almost every year from 1850 until the onset of the Civil War in 1861. The delegates discussions regarding the rights of women would lead to the afore-mentioned laws and reforms.
The issue of suffrage also became increasingly important to women during the 1800’s. In the United States, the cause of women suffrage was championed by two key organizations; the National Woman Suffrage Association, and the American Woman Suffrage Association. Stanton and women’s rights leader Susan B. Anthony led the NWSA, founded in 1869. The more radical organization of the two, the NWSA demanded equal education, equal employment opportunities, and voting rights for women immediately. Women’s rights leader Lucy Stone, her husband, Henry Blackwell, and other reformers formed the AWSA, also in 1869. The more moderate AWSA supported gradual advances, such as suffrage for women.
In 1890, the two organizations joined to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). Suffragists held conventions, waged state-by-state campaigns, and distributed literature to win support for their cause. New methods of campaigning used by British women suffragists-especially parades and outdoor speeches spurred the drive for suffrage. Support from both social and equal rights women’s movements proved necessary to the final suffrage victory. Women’s social movements, temperance organizations, missionary societies, and progressive reformers realized that they needed the vote to reach their goals.
Suffrage movements also arose in other Western countries during the 1800’s. In 1893, New Zealand became the first nation to grant women full voting rights. Australia gave women the right to vote in federal election in 1902. Swedish women with property could vote in city elections in 1862. Sweden granted women full suffrage in 1921. In Britain, the suffrage movement began in in the 1860’s, though women did not win full voting rights until 1928.
While mankind has been slow to grant women full recognition, her influence on the course of human progress has been great. The thread of women’s influence stands out in the unraveling of all recorded history. Women have exerted greater and more influence on the course of history than any of the so called “great women” of the ages. Women were vital factors in all the great movements of mankind.
The pilgrim women who endured the hardships of the first winter in New England provided death-defying proof of the courage and endurance of women. The American West could not have been settled without the skill and bravery of the pioneer women who labored and improvised to make homes in the wilderness, and even took up arms to fight beside their men when hostile adversaries attacked.
Beginning with the Industrial Revolution in th 1760’s, women began taking their place in industrial life. Constantly increasing numbers of women have entered into activities that were once exclusively the domain of men. Today, there are no fields of enterprise which women have not entered, and where the best of them have not made outstanding success. It is true that many of them have found serious conflicts between a career and the fundamental desires for love and marriage. Women have also found that their participation in trades and professions has been marked by unfairness in wage rates or salaries, and in the same vein opportunities to advance themselves. But many of these difficulties have been overcome by women in the democracies, and there is confidence among women that their remaining goals are attainable.
From the first offering, women’s entrance into the arts and sciences was marked by outstanding contributions to the knowledge and culture of humanity. These contributions were made in such field as science, medicine, government, nursing, welfare, education, literature, journalism, sculpture, architecture, engineering, drama, international relations, labor organization, and aviation. Women have become governors of states, been elected to Congress, as well as having been appointed to diplomatic posts.
In social advancement, women have been particularly active. The number of outstanding women social workers is large, and constantly increasing. One of the greatest social workers was Jane Addams, founder of Hull-House, the famous international settlement house in Chicago. Miss Addams inspired other leaders in social welfare, such as Florence Kelley, who became the first factory inspector in Illinois, and Julia Lathrop, the first chief of the Children’s Bureau of the United States Department of Labor. In the field of welfare, Florence Nightingale, pioneer nurse, and Clara Barton, founder and first president of the American Red Cross, are deserving of special recognition.
Leaders in the movement to improve woman’s lot included Sarah Margaret Fuller, one of the most learned women of the 1800’s; Lucretia Coffin Mott, a minister in the Society of Friends and promoter of many social and domestic reforms; Elizabeth Cady Stanton, one of the earliest women lawyers and founder of the suffragist movement.
In the field of education, many women rose above the ranks of their sister teachers. Anna Garlin Spencer, instructor in leading American universities during the early 1900’s, first brought to public attention the need for women’s participation in broad cultural activities. The Russell Sage Foundation for the improvement of social and living conditions was founded by a woman, Margaret Olivia Slocum. Mary Van Kleeck, a director of the foundation, conducted valuable studies on industry and the problems of employees. Edith Abott and Sophonisba Breckenridge founded the first school of social service administration at the University of Chicago.
In the sciences, women have met their greatest test of their ability to demonstrate equality with men. During the 1890’s Dr. M. Carey Thomas, later president of Bryn Mawr College, asked to attend a class at Johns Hopkins University school of medicine in Baltimore. No woman had ever before been permitted to attend the lectures, and Dr. Thomas was granted her request only on condition that she sit behind a screen. Today the “screen” has disappeared, and women have not only witnessed and studied new discoveries of science, but many of them have also made discoveries of their own.
When Madam Marie Curie and her husband announced the discovery of radium in 1898, the woman scientist won immediate fame. She was awarded the Nobel prize in 1903 and again in 1911 for her studies in chemistry and physics. Annie J. Cannon, winner of the Draper Medal for her work in Astrophysics at the National Academy of Sciences, won recognition as one of the world’s leading astronomers. She and her feminine associates at Harvard University discovered nearly five thousand new stars in a period of forty years. Florence Rena Sabin became one of the world’s outstanding scientists in the study of blood and blood diseases. The work of Lise Meitner in atomic physics played an important part in the development of the atomic bomb. Other women who rank high in the annals of science include Katherine Burr Blodgett and Alice Hamilton.
Women have regularly been given research fellowships or scholarships such as are offered men in almost every field of science. Often women have had to work hard in order to pay for the scientific study they wanted. But today there are few research laboratories which do not employ large numbers of women workers.
In the arts, women have shown the greatest variety of natural gifts. Because of the feeling for personal and concrete matters, women have accomplished the most in literature. Such novelists as Jane Austen, Charlotte and Emily Bronte, Pearl Buck, Edith Wharton, and Virginia Woolf rank with the great male authors. Women make up more than half of the successful writers of fiction in contemporary literature. Agatha Christie and Mary Roberts Rinehart won fame for their mystery and detective stories. Such authors as Sara Orne Jewett and Katherine Ann Porter wrote outstanding short stories.
Women have ranked especially high in writing books for children and young people. Louisa May Alcott, Frances Hidgson Burnett, Selma Lagerlof, Beatrix Potter wrote books that many generations of children have cherished.
They have been many good women poets, from Sappho in ancient times to Edna St Vincent Millay, Marianne Moore and Edith Sitwell. Women seem to have been less successful playwrights, although many popular plays have come from women authors. However, there have been many famous and successful actresses, such as Sarah Siddons, Eleanor Duse, Sara Bernhardt Ethel Barrymore and Helen Hayes. In music, there have been outstanding instrumentalists, and a few composers, but the women singers rank among the leading artists in the field. Marian Anderson, Maria Callas and Lotte Lehman are among the opera singers who have achieved greatness. Great dancers and choreography include Agnes De Mille, Martha Graham and Ruth St. Dennis. There have also been many talented women artists, such as painters Mary Cassatt and Georgia O’Keefe, and sculptor Malvine Hoffman.
Last but not least, many women have also made outstanding records in the field of sports. Althea Gibson, Alice Marble, and Helen Willis won many prizes for tennis. In golf, “Patty” Berg and Mildred “Babe Didricksen set many course records. Florence Chadwick and Gertrude Ederle excelled in swimming, and Tenley Albright and Barbara Ann Scott were outstanding as figure-skaters.
- 1.To make students aware of the women’s struggle for equality and justice.
- 2. To increase students written and oral communication and to develop reading comprehension and interpretive evaluation skills.
- 3. To build pride and self-esteem within themselves especially the females.
- 4. An important objective is to develop a goal for yourself.
- ____a. Set a goal that you would like to accomplish.
- ____b. Select and describe your first step.
- ____c. Devise the major steps based upon your ability and skills.
- ____d. Discover where to obtain helpful and or necessary information.
- ____e. Select places and individuals who could possibly assist in your achievement.
- How did women’s opportunities increase in the eighteen hundreds?
- How and why did women finally win the right to vote?
- If you were a woman in 1848 which injustice meted out to women would bother you the most?
- In todays working world do women earn more money, less money, or money equal to that of men in some professions? Please elaborate as to why or why not.
- Please complete the following sentence in an explanatory manner,
- During the seventeen and eighteen hundreds men earned more money than women because . . .
- In what year was the book by the famous abolitionist, Harriet Beecher Stowe, published?
- How many years after African Americans were granted the right to vote, did these women earn their same right?
- Which preceding event may have influenced Susan B.Anthony to vote although it was against the law? And,what kind of statement was she trying to make?
1. At the beginning of the women’s movement, women were expected to devote most of their time to home, family and church. Men did most of the work and held most of the jobs because society’s view was that a woman’s place was in the home. 2. Two years after the end of World War 1, women earned the right to vote. During World War 1, women filled many jobs previously held only by men, showing that they were capable of equal responsibility.
- In what ways did American education improve in the eighteen hundreds?
- What progress did women make in the participation of the professional fields? Such as medicine, the arts and sciences., etc.
- Make a list of the conditions and laws that made women second-class citizens in the 1840’s.
- Then indicate how and when inequality was corrected.
- What two types of women’s groups emerged in America during the 1960’s?
- What is the double burden that most women carry?
- How did the Civil Rights Act of 1963 and 1964 effect women?
Possible Films for Viewing:
One Woman, One Vote
Rosie The Riveter
from PBS The American Experience
This book suggests the presence of increasing numbers of women in office may lead to greater representation of women’s interests in the policy making process.
Christnensen, Kathleen, Women and Home-Based Work: Henry Holt and Company, New York 1988.
This book tells the story of home- based work for all types of women.
Depauw, Linda, Remember The Ladies, Viking Press. New York, 1976.
This book tells the story of women’s situation at the time of the American Revolution.
Flexner, Eleanor, Century of Struggle: Beeknot, Massachusetts, 1976.
This work is based on the struggle for equality that women have had for over a century.
Mason, Mary Ann, The Equality Trap: Simon & Schuster, New York, 1988.
This book draws in both social and legal history and it explains the move away from women’s rights to equal rights.
Matthaei, Julie A., An Economic History of Women in America: Schockin Books, New York, 1982.
This volume examines women’s role in labor within the broad sweep of American economic history from colonial times.
Oneill, William, Everyone Was Brave, Quadrangle Books, Chicago 1969.
The bravery of the women in this work was extraordinary. They stood for what they believed in.
Evans, Sara M., Born For Liberty, Collier The Three Press, New York, 1989.
This book brings to center stage the richness and diversity of women’s lives.
Suggested Reading List and Bibliography for Students
Boynick, David K., Women who led the Way, Eight Pioneers for Equal Rights: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, New York, 1959.
This work discusses the women who began to lead the way for women’s rights, equality and justice.
Fisher Canfield, Dorothy, A Fair world for All: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. 1952
This work is about the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and legal rights for all.
Fisher Marianne P., Women in the Third World: Franklin Watts, New York.
The roles of women are discussed with regards to the family, education, marriage, motherhood, agriculture, industry, business, the professions, and politics.
Green, Rayna, Women in American Indian Society: Chelsea House Publishers, Philadelphia, 1992.’
In this book problems develop when people of different cultures come together. For the American Indians, the consequences of their interaction with different people were both productive and tragic. I recommend this book highly.
McKissack, Frederick & Patricia, Sojourner Truth Ain’t I A Woman, Scholastic, Inc., New York, 1992.
Meticulously researched, this book is a chronicle of not just one, but many courageous individuals battles against justice.
Peterson, Helen Stone, Susan B. Anthony Pioneer in Women’s Rights: Garrad Publishing Company, Champaign, Illinois, 1972.
Specific abilities, character and accomplishments are emphasized in this work.
Rooke, Patrick, Women’s Rights: Wayland Publishers, London, 1972.
This book contains information about the struggle for women’s rights.
Contents of 1997 Volume III | Directory of Volumes | Index | Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute | <urn:uuid:f6cf697b-4d3c-434a-8049-ba385e01b892> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://pclt.cis.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1997/3/97.03.02.x.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982290442.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195810-00233-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976561 | 8,693 | 4.15625 | 4 |
One of the differences between Protestants and Catholics is the way they view bread and wine during religious services. Catholics believe that the bread and wine actually turns into the body and blood of Christ. Protestants believe it stays bread and wine and only represents Christ.
How is Catholicism different from Protestant Christianity?
Catholics believe that the Catholic Church is the original and first Christian Church. Protestants follow the teachings of Jesus Christ as transmitted through the Old & New Testament. … Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Protestants believe that there is only one God and that be has revealed himself as the Trinity.
Which of the following describes a major difference between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism?
Which of the following describes a major difference between roman catholicism and Protestantism? A. Catholicism is based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, while Protestantism is not. … Catholicism requires Christians to follow a single leader while, Protestantism does not.
What do Protestants believe about Jesus?
The Nature of Salvation: Protestants believe that all that is necessary for salvation is faith in Jesus Christ and acceptance of his crucifixion as payment for our sins.
Why do Protestants not believe in Mary?
The Roman Catholic Church reveres Mary, the mother of Jesus, as “Queen of Heaven.” However, there are few biblical references to support the Catholic Marian dogmas — which include the Immaculate Conception, her perpetual virginity and her Assumption into heaven. This is why they are rejected by Protestants.
What is the difference between Catholics and Christians?
Catholics also follow the teachings of Jesus Christ but do so through the church, whom they consider as the path to Jesus. They believe in the special authority of the Pope which other Christians may not believe in, whereas Christians are free to accept or reject individual teachings and interpretations of the bible.
Can a Protestant marry a Catholic?
The Catholic Church recognizes as sacramental, (1) the marriages between two baptized Protestant Christians or between two baptized Orthodox Christians, as well as (2) marriages between baptized non-Catholic Christians and Catholic Christians, although in the latter case, consent from the diocesan bishop must be …
Do Protestants believe in saints?
The original Protestant movement did discard the Catholic tradition of worshiping the saints. This comes from two beliefs. The first belief, and the strongest, is that Protestants believe in a direct connection with God. … Veneration of the saints is for intercession between God and the saint on the person’s behalf.
Do Protestants believe in purgatory?
In general, Protestant churches reject the Catholic doctrine of purgatory although some teach the existence of an intermediate state. Many Protestant denominations, though not all, teach the doctrine of sola scriptura (“scripture alone”) or prima scriptura (“scripture first”).
Why did Protestants remove 7 books from the Bible?
The chief reason why Protestants rejected these biblical books was because they did not support their Protestant doctrines, e.g., 2 Maccabees supports prayer for the dead. The 7-deuterocanonical books are: Tobit, Judith, Wisdom, Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), Baruch, and 1 and 2 Maccabees.
What are the basic beliefs of Protestants?
The Protestant Heritage, Protestantism originated in the 16th-century Reformation, and its basic doctrines, in addition to those of the ancient Christian creeds, are justification by grace alone through faith, the priesthood of all believers, and the supremacy of Holy Scripture in matters of faith and order.
Do Protestants believe in angels?
Protestants believe in angels, but they are not a focus for most denominations. Meanwhile, the view of Satan differs among denominations. Some believe Satan is a real, evil being, and other see him as a metaphor.
Why do Protestants not believe in saints?
Many Protestants consider intercessory prayers to the saints to be idolatry, since an application of divine worship that should be given only to God himself is being given to other believers, dead or alive. Within some Protestant traditions, “saint” is also used to refer to any born-again Christian.
Do Protestants believe in Virgin Mary?
Protestant theologians. The Protestant Reformers curbed and limited the veneration of Mary. Martin Luther said of Mary: I would allow a high regard for Mary and her praise, just so long as you do not get carried away and consider making a law out of it so that she must be honoured as a condition for your salvation.
Why do Catholic believe in Mary?
Roman Catholics believe the doctrine of the Assumption, which teaches that at the end of her life, Mary, the mother of Christ, was taken body and soul (i.e. both physically and spiritually) into heaven to live with her son (Jesus Christ) for ever. | <urn:uuid:1e8c3dfc-a74d-432f-85e1-d1941a1b75af> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://lambswar.com/protestantism/what-are-the-key-differences-between-protestants-and-catholics-in-christianity.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057687.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925142524-20210925172524-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.951091 | 1,008 | 3.15625 | 3 |
CBSE Class XIIFunctional English(SET-1) Sample Paper – 2011
Time: 3 hrs
1. The paper contains four sections; Sections A, B, C and D. All the sections are compulsory.
2. Read the questions carefully before answering.
3. Marks will be deducted for exceeding word limit and for illegible, untidy presentation.
4. There are six printed pages.
SECTION A: READING
Q.1. Read the passage given below and then answer the questions which follow:
Indians, it seems, are becoming more aware of the positive side to staying fit. What exactly is being fit all about: a good body or stamina? More than ten years ago, when Jane Fonda and her aerobics hit the world, the refrain was losing weight and having a Fonda figure – trim thighs, taut belly and shapely arms and hips.
Fitness then meant being slim. Today the word has taken on a wider connotation. A body with hard, firm muscles and no fat can be one of the signs of being fit, but it’s no longer just about looking good. Feeling good is equally important. “Do understand,” explains Dr. Prabha Sanghi of Pulse Impulse, a fitness and health centre, “that all overweight are not obese and vice-versa.”
Obesity stems from other reasons than just eating too much. “In India eating is a matter of habit. If the family has been eating cereals four times a day or four bananas every morning, they will continue to do so without bothering to find out about the calories they’re taking in. When you visit someone and are offered food, your refusal may offend the host. So you eat. Over indulgent mothers think ghee-soaked paranthas is what their children need. People also eat when they’re stressed,” Then, when they become overweight, they resort to fat suction and weight loss through machines, fad diets, protein powders, etc.
However, says Dr. Anjali Mukherjee of Health Total, people are realizing the harmful effect of these techniques. They are now moving towards long-term and healthy ways of remaining fit. And these ways are increasingly becoming personalized.
“Holistic health plans, corrective dietary / nutritive patterns and moderation in everything is becoming the new age mind-set, which is the correct attitude to fitness,” she says. “The only healthy way to stay fit is to follow an individual-specific diet lifestyle and exercise pattern. Each individual is unique in terms of body constitution and assessed on different parameters. For instance, diabetes, which is commonly understood as hereditary, occur due to eating excessive sweets. An abusive lifestyle, drinking and stress prepones the incidence by 20 years.”
The past few years have thrown up a lot of new options – in both exercising and nutrition, both of which go hand in hand. If nutrition is inadequate, the body doesn’t reap the benefits of exercise. “You are what you eat,’ said Hippocrates. That explains it all, says Dr. Mukherjee. “Diet forms a basic pillar of support for correcting and preventing most medical problems.”
“The selection of food makes a lot of difference,” adds Dr.Mukherjee… “If you’re body-building, you need to have more protein and carbohydrates to get enough energy for workouts. You also need multivitamins to transport these nutrients properly. Different diets are needed to derive the full benefit of different sports.”
For instance, those into weight training should have a banana, whole-wheat bread sandwich, fruit and milk shake before going to the gym, as carbohydrates before exercising are used as fuel so that the muscle protein is conserved. Those into aerobics and swimming should eat a carbohydrate diet like bran bread / bran roti, banana, pasta and fruits. It’s just a question of forming the right food habits to complement the exercises you do.
The options in exercise are many – walking, sport, the gym or even working out at home. Also, no single exercise takes care of all aspects of fitness equally. So having the option of more than one activity to turn to keeps exercise from becoming monotonous.
The once-trendy aerobics has given way to the well-equipped gym. People prefer the treadmill or the stepper and the younger lot like the weights for muscle building. Of course there is a whole set of people who swear by their daily walks. “The fresh air and the time one gets alone to introspect cannot happen while working on the treadmill or the stepper,” says Suresh Chaudhary, a corporate executive. “It is an addiction. Even when I am travelling, I refuse to miss my daily walk.”
Yoga, too, is a big fitness movement as it takes care of physical, mental and spiritual fitness. “Yoga is a wholesome exercise,” says Bharat Thakur who’s been teaching it for several years now, both in-groups and individually. “It works on all aspects of fitness like strength, endurance, flexibility, coordination ability and agility. It reduces weight, tones the body, makes the skin glow, improves memory and concentration, rids joints pain, and keeps you fresh the whole day.”
Good hair, great skin, a toned body, high energy levels and a balanced mind all are indicators of a fit person. That, and the absence of any medical problems. For, at the end of the day, quality of life is what we are all looking for. And fitness is an inseparable part of the quality of life.way2freshers.com
1.1 Based on your understanding of the passage answer the following questions:
(a) How has the concept of fitness changed over the years?
(b) How are overweight and obesity related?
(c) What techniques do overweight people adopt to shed weight?
(d) What alternative is preferable? Why?
(e) How is the selection of food vital for fitness?
(f) Why is Yoga preferred to other exercises?
(g) Enumerate the indicators of a fit person?
1.2 Find words from the passage which mean the same as each of the following:
(i) Often repeated comment. (para 1)
(ii) An idea suggested by a word in addition to its main meaning. (para 6)
(iii) Something that decides or limits the way in which something can be done (para 7)
Q. 2. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
Do children really need such long summer breaks, was a question posed by some experts recently. Apparently, such a long break disrupts their development and comes in the way of their learning process. Let’s get them back to their books, is perhaps the expert view, if not in so many words. One would have thought the children are doing too much during their vacations and not too little, given the plethora of classes, camps and workshops involving swimming, art, personality development, music, computers and the like that seem to cram their calendar. Even the trips taken in the name of holidays seem laden with exotic destinations and customized experience packed into a short period of time. We can do Europe in ten days and Australia in a week and come back armed with digital memories and overflowing suitcases. Holidays are in some ways, no longer a break but an intensified search for experience not normally encountered in everyday life.way2freshers.com
It is a far cry from summer holidays one experienced while growing up. For holidays every year meant one thing and one thing alone—— you went back to your native place logged in with the emotional headquarters of your extended family and spent two months with a gaggle of uncles, aunts and first and second cousins. The happiest memories of the childhood of a whole generation seem to be centered around this annual ritual of homecoming and of affirmation. We tendered tacit apologies for the separateness entailed in being individuals even as we scurried back into the cauldron of community represented by family. Summer vacation was a time sticky with oneness, as who we were and what we owned oozed out from our individual selves into a collective pot.
Summer was not really a break, but a joint. It was the bridge used to reaffirm one’s connectedness with one’s connectedness with one’s larger community. One did not travel, one returned. It was not an attempt to experience the new and the extraordinary but one that emphatically underlined the power of the old and the ordinary. As times change, what we seek from our summer breaks too has changed in a fundamental way. Today, we are attached much more to work and summer helps us temporarily detach from this new source of identity. We refuel our individual selves now; and do so with much more material than we did in the past. But for those who grew up in different times, summer was the best time of their lives. (418 words)
Source: The Times of India
2.1 Make notes of the above passage using an acceptable format including abbreviations, with suitable titles.
2.2 Make a summary of the above passage in not more than 80 words.
SECTION B: ADVANCED WRITING SKILLS
3. Write a factual description of a healthy meal to be served at a youth hostel. You are a nutritionist working at a reputed Hospital. Do not use more than 80 words.
You are Geetu Singh, the Incharge of your school “Painting Club”. You have received an invitation from the nearby DAV School to participate in the activities of the Painting Club during the winter break. Write a reply declining the offer giving a valid reason. (Word limit 50-80)
4. Doaba Book House has brought out a comprehensive book on ‘Effective Creative Writing Skills in English.’ Write a letter to a well known and highly frequented bookshop in the capital offering 25% discount on the above book on the purchase of minimum 150 copies of the book. You are the Administrative Officer, British School, Delhi.
You are a resident of Saket Pocket C. The sweepers of MCD neither clean the streets nor pick up the garbage regularly. Write a letter of complaint to the Commissioner, MCD, bringing to his notice both the problem and the outcome of such callous attitude. Request him to take necessary steps.(Word limit- 125)
5. Treading a cautious path on the unauthorized places of worship springing up in public places——- including roads——- the Supreme Court ruled that while the existing structures may remain, the government must prevent such encroachment in the future. As the Cultural Club In charge of Pathways School, Hisar, prepare a speech for the morning assembly in about 125-150 words.
Superstitions, they say, are the manifest weakness of the human mind and were created mainly to spread fear. In the wake of the recent Solar Eclipse proved the truth of this when superstition came to dominate the lives of many. Write a speech on the superstitions, myth and irrationality which is prevalent in today’s time.
SECTION C: GRAMMAR
6. The following passage has not been edited and there is one error in each line. Write the incorrect word and the correction in your answer sheet against the correct number:
Not in the mood to eg. The a
(a) wastes time the University reopens early. __________________________________________
(b) The Dyal Nand College, affiliate to The Delhi ________________________________________
(c) University is organize an orientation _______________________________________________
(d) program to the Freshers on Monday. ______________________________________________
(e) The session was being organized _________________________________________________
(f) two day before the new _________________________________________________________
(g) session kicking in. The college ___________________________________________________
(h) wants to organize the orientationing session ________________________________________
(i) because they want to start of _____________________________________________________
(j) regular classes in the very first day. ________________________________________________
7. Look at the words and phrases below. Rearrange them to form meaningful sentences.
(a) put into/ as the/ at low/ baby can/ he is/ as soon/ water/ toddle/ tide/
(b) water/ the baby/ in the/ here/ plays/ site and/
(c) long enough/ the mother/ him/ does not/ to weary/ there/ leave him/
(d) older/ at low tide/ as/ wade about/ allowed to/ he is/ he grows/
(d) look out/ water/ keep a/ into deep/ sharp/ does not stray/ so that he/ his elders/
8. Rohit’s father has to go to Dehradun on an official tour by train. Since he is very busy he asked Rohit to get a ticket. As Rohit has never bought a ticket before, his father gives him instructions. Frame 5 sets of meaningful dialogue between Rohit and his father based on the above inputs.
9. You come across your friend Sumit in the busy cloth market of Chandni Chowk, Delhi. You have met him after five years. During these years he has launched a travel and tourism company and is running it successfully. You have a number of questions to ask him. Frame ten questions you would like to ask him.
SECTION D — LITERATURE
10. Read the following extract and answer any one of the following:
“I know why the caged bird beats his wings
Till its blood is red on the cruel bars.”
(a) Name the poet.
(b) Explain the line, ‘Till its blood is red on the cruel bars.’
(c) What does the bird symbolize?
(d) Identify the figure of speech in the second line.
(e) Who does the bird appeal to for help?
As old medallions to the thumb,
Silent as the sleeve-worn stone
Of casement ledges where the moss has grown——
A poem should be wordless
As the flight of birds.
(a) Name the poet and the poet.
(b) What do ‘dumb’ and ‘thumb signify?
(c) What are the two words used in the extract which expresses the meaning of a poem without saying anything? 1m
(d) Which literary device is used in the poem? Give an example.
(e) What are the qualities of a good poem according to the above lines?
11. Answer any two of the following in about 40 – 50 words each:
(a) In the poem ‘Of Mothers, Among Other Things’, why does the Narrator say, ‘my cold parchment tongue licks bark’?
(b) How should a poem bring out grief and love, according to Archibald MacLeish?
(c) In the lines, ‘season of mists and mellow fruitfulness’, who is the poet describing? Who is its close friend? And why have they been described so?
12. Answer any one of the following in about 80 – 100 words:
Who is the Master of the World
Who shall I condemn to death
(a) Name the play and the author.
(b) Who speaks these words and to whom?
(c) Who does ‘Master of the World’ refer to?
(d) What is his dilemma?
(e) Why does he call it ‘his last act of mercy’?
In the play Alexander has been portrayed as a man of action and at the same time as a man of emotion also. Elucidate.
13. Answer any two of the following in about 40-50 words each: (4×2=8)
a) What were the drawbacks in the plan that the two comedians had devised to meet the conditions of the challenge put forth by Suzanne?
(b) Explain: But do not take from any man his song.
(c) Why does the writer conclude that the bee was morally higher in the scale than the mosquito?
(d) In what context does Einstein say: Knowledge is dead; the school, however, serves the living? What does he imply by it?
14. Answer any one of the following in about 100-125 words:
You are one of Lisa’s devoted admirers who have followed her career with great interest. You have witnessed the performance she gives after Doronin’s death. You are so moved that you write a letter to congratulate her on her brilliant performance and to express your sympathy at the news of the major’s death which you have learnt from the other actors. Write the letter within 100 – 125 words.
The story, “A Room 10′ × 8′ ” is one full of ironical instances. Discuss them within 100 – 125 words
Click Here To CBSE Class XII Sample and Previous Papers | <urn:uuid:1711f849-565b-4107-b8cb-4edc63fb56f4> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://way2freshers.com/cbse/cbse-papers-cbse/cbse-class-xii-english-subject-sample-paper-2011-cbse-class-xii-sample-papers-cbse-class-12th-sample-papers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051268601.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005428-00201-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952382 | 3,625 | 3 | 3 |
Deep in the Amazon rainforest, wild Beniano cocoa trees grow, and have done so for centuries. Once a year the cocoa pickers of Baures, Bolivia travel into the dense jungle to gather the ripe yellow cocoa pods.
He sits on the forest floor in his rubber boots. His head is covered by a turquoise scarf and he’s wearing a heavy jacket – in the rainforest it’s better to be too hot than exposed to mosquitoes. His cheek is bulging from a generous wad of coca leaves.
A couple of precise chops from the machete cracks open a cocoa pod. A pair of burly hands dig out the beans and throw away the empty pod.
The coca-chewing man is just one of the roughly 200 cocoa pickers that inhabit the jungle in Beni, Bolivia during the harvest season. They spend two months finding and picking the wild cocoa. The hard psychical labour is reserved for the men, while the women stay in Baures and handle the cocoa once it is harvested.
Fermentation keeps cocoa from spoiling, and preserves the fruity flavour. The sweet, white flesh melts away and leaves behind a naked bean.
In a humid and warm jungle everything rots exceptionally fast. That goes for cocoa too. In order to preserve the beans and enhance their flavour, they are fermented immediately after harvest. 20 to 30 kilos are placed in a suspended basket and covered by banana or palm leaves.
During fermentation, the white flesh covering the cocoa slowly melts away, exposing the naked bean.
Beniano beans are small and fatty and the fermentation is therefore shorter – only 3 days compared to 4-5 days for larger beans. A shorter fermentation preserves fruity aromas and gives Oialla its distinct notes of berries and red fruit.
Drying cocoa lowers the moisture content and makes it virtually imperishable. But beware of the heat.
The female workers spread out the freshly fermented beans on a black nylon tarp suspended on wooden pillars. Traditionally the beans dry on cow hide in direct sunlight, but the suspension ensures that water evaporates from both sides. Another tarp hangs above to protect them from direct sunlight and overheating. The workers turn the beans and monitor the temperature. If the beans get too hot, they begin to roast and develop off-flavours. If they dry too fast or roast, the beans become too acidic.
Hard to stay dry in the rainforest
Fermented beans contain roughly 60% water and are still very susceptible to mould. The moisture content needs to be lowered to around 7%. If they dry too much, they become brittle and break, if they dry too little, they rot. In the final stages, the beans are transferred to straw mats in direct sunlight. The workers rake cocoa frequently so they dry evenly. It takes 3-4 days to dry the beans depending on the weather. It’s called a rainforest for a reason and keeping the beans dry isn’t an easy task. The rain comes hard and fast. The workers cover the beans and wait it out.
Roasting cocoa takes skill and a great deal of patience
There isn’t a right or a wrong way to roast cocoa – It all depends on the beans and the chocolatier. This is where the chocolate maker shows his artistic abilities and sense of flavour. There are many variables – temperature, roasting time, the bean’s fat content and the type of roaster. It’s basically trial and error when learning to roast a new bean, or making a new type of chocolate.
“I spent 8 months roasting and tasting beans when we developed Oialla 78%. And the roast is very different from Oialla 72%,” says Rasmus Bo Bojesen. Oialla 72% has a rounded curve – slowly heated and slowly cooled, while Oialla 78% has a more dramatic roasting profile with several quick heating and cooling cycles.
Cocoa is sensitive
While coffee is roasted at high temperatures, around 200°C, cocoa is much more sensitive. The temperatures for Oialla span from 100°C to 160°C. Oialla is roasted in a ball roaster – a rotating metal cylinder that tumbles the beans while roasting them with hot air. Although there are many different types of roasters, the ball roaster is the best choice for quality cocoa.
Preserving all the flavours in high quality beans such as Criollo and Beniano requires constant attention. They are tasted continuously during the roasting process – especially during the final stages. Because of the high fat content, the beans continue to roast even after the machine stops. Most cocoa beans contain 48-52% fat, while Beniano beans hold 63-65%. Therefore the oils cook much longer and the roast has to be stopped long before peak flavour is reached. It requires great skill and a lot of samples to determine whether the beans are ready or not. After roasting, the beans are unloaded and cooled by large fans.
The conch transforms roasted cocoa and sugar into shiny, fragrant chocolate. A process that usually takes more than 24 hours
Renowned Swiss chocolatier Rodolphe Lindt invented conching in 1879. According to legend he left his chocolate mixer running for an entire weekend by mistake. Monday morning he realised his blunder. But 48 hours of mixing hadn’t burned or ruined the chocolate. It was shiny, fragrant and tasted like no other chocolate. He had unintentionally invented conching.
Whether the story is true or not, is inconsequential. Today conching is a crucial step in chocolate making. The name refers to the first conching machines that resembled conches in shape.
Enter the conch
The roasted beans are crushed and then mixed with sugar in the conch. It grinds and kneads the nibs and sugar until the mass becomes liquid. The friction heats the chocolate mass to around 45°C. It is a fairly time consuming process – Oialla is conched for 28-32 hours straight. So why spend all that time kneading chocolate?
Conching removes bitterness, enhances flavours and improves texture. Cocoa butter melts at body temperature, but conching binds the fat crystals with the cocoa solids. Well-conched chocolate won’t melt in your hand and delivers a sharp snap when you bite into it.
Tempering is the process of heating chocolate to a series of precisely defined temperatures in order to get perfectly crisp chocolate with a glossy finish. It is a must when making pralines or coating cakes. Poorly tempered chocolate is grainy, pale and not very appetizing. | <urn:uuid:3e51e4de-91d0-4b9e-af99-bb12e0191285> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://oialla.com/bean-to-bar/making-oialla/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516194.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023132213-20181023153713-00165.warc.gz | en | 0.927195 | 1,382 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Exercise programs improve MSDs among poultry workers: study
Bologna, Italy – A preventive exercise program may help poultry slaughterhouse workers reduce pain from musculoskeletal disorders, according to a study from the University of Bologna in Italy.
Forty workers participated in the project: 20 workers exercised at home, and the other 20 agreed to meet regularly with a physical therapist in addition to taking part in home exercises. The physical therapy sessions lasted about an hour and took place twice a week for five weeks. Interventions included postural exercises, relaxation, and stretching the lumbar spine and lower limbs.
Both groups showed improvement, researchers said. The group who took part in physical therapy sessions along with home sessions exhibited slightly better improvement.
“The significant improvement of low back pain suggests that these exercises have a potential impact on reducing low back pain and disability in slaughterhouse workers,” the researchers stated.
The findings could help workers with MSDs to recover more quickly from back pain caused by repetitive motion activities, they said.
NIOSH recommends that employers implement OSHA’s Guidelines for Poultry Processing.
The study was published in the March issue of Occupational Therapy International. | <urn:uuid:6789aed2-f99f-43b2-951d-63dd71bd7e73> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/11829-exercise-programs-improve-msds-among-poultry-workers-study | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583700012.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120042010-20190120064010-00592.warc.gz | en | 0.952952 | 247 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Have you heard of preventive dental care? The emphasis is on the word preventive. Keeping your regular dental appointments can prevent dental issues from developing. This is true for all ages. When you see your dentist on a regular basis, he or she can keep an eye on your oral health. Any issues that may be on the horizon can be identified and addressed in their earliest stages. Except for trauma that can occur in an accident of some kind, most dental problems can be halted before they have an opportunity to fully develop.
Stop Dental Decay in Its Tracks
One of the most prevalent issues affecting oral health is dental decay. The process doesn’t occur overnight. In fact, dental decay takes a while to fully develop. It starts on the surface of a tooth. Decay begins to eat away at the enamel of the tooth. It takes some time for this outer layer of the tooth to be breached.
Children’s teeth have deep grooves and fissures that can readily trap food debris and bacteria leading to tooth decay. Sealants can be applied to the surface of the teeth protecting them from the buildup of bacteria that eat away at enamel. Regular dental appointments ensure that the sealants are doing the job.
A thorough examination of adult teeth can reveal any areas which may be problematic. Identifying these areas early in the process is critical. Cleaning out the decay and filling the cavity before it has an opportunity to get worse can save you the pain, time, and expense of dealing with an infected tooth and root canal therapy or extraction.
Regular Dental Appointments for Clean Healthy Teeth
As adults get older, cavities take second place to periodontal disease as the number one reason for tooth loss. Regular dental appointments can keep this silent disease in check. Plaque buildup is eliminated with thorough professional cleaning. If any gingivitis is present, it can be addressed properly. Ignoring it can lead to tooth loss as gums recede and bone loss ensues.
Cavities and periodontal disease not only affect your oral health, they can also impact your overall health. This is especially true if infection should get into the blood stream. Your self-confidence also may be impacted as your smile deteriorates due to decayed or missing teeth. Regular dental appointments can prevent these things from happening. Additionally, taking care of your oral health before problems develop will also save you time and money.
Keep your mouth healthy and your teeth sparkling with regular dental appointments at Mission Bend. Contact us today to schedule your next dental appointment. | <urn:uuid:4adae139-001f-4a01-982e-4aed0da18a75> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.missionbendfamilydentistry.com/keeping-regular-dental-appointments-can-save-your-teeth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710698.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129132340-20221129162340-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.947434 | 521 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Introduction to S T A C S
The demand for domestic air conditioning is growing in Wales. Based on current climate change scenarios Wales is expected to experience a rise in average annual daily temperature of between 2°C and 4°C by 2080 (UKCIP). Therefore the demand for domestic air conditioning systems is likely to continue to rise over this century.
All air conditioning systems require an energy input to function. Most standard vapour compression chillers are motor or engine driven, deriving their energy inputs mainly from fossil fuel sources. In order to mitigate the potential contribution to climate change of increased numbers of air conditioning units in Wales it is necessary to seek alternative energy sources to provide the energy input required for cooling.
Absorption chillers have been used on a large scale for industrial scale cooling since the 1950’s. Generally they are run using low-grade waste heat from other industrial processes to provide chilled water for space cooling. A number of different refrigerant cycles exist, the most common being lithium / bromide and ammonia / water. Most chillers fall into 2 categories: single effect or double effect, with double effect chillers being the more efficient while requiring a higher grade heat input. Triple effect chillers are currently under development.
Solar thermal collectors can provide renewable heat sources of over 100°C in summer. Most domestic systems comprise either a flat plate collector or a series of evacuated tubes connected to a fluid circulation loop. Evacuated tube systems (also known as vacuum tubes) produce steam that rises in the tube and warms a carrier fluid via a heat exchanger. Evacuated tubes offer the advantage over flat plate collectors that they work efficiently with high absorber temperatures and with lower solar radiation. They are also more efficient at capturing the available solar energy.
Solar thermal systems can be installed on domestic dwellings where orientation and shading conditions are favourable (for example roof mounted). The heat produced by such systems is usually used to provide domestic hot water but could also be used to drive a small absorption chiller. The potential benefit of such a system would be that peak cooling demand in summer would exactly coincide with peak solar radiation available. Hot water would still be available throughout the year (as with a standard solar thermal system) and the solar thermal could further be used to provide space heating during the winter months if surplus heat were available. Such a system could potentially produce a significantly lower carbon emission than a standard air conditioning system. With rising fuel costs such systems could help to alleviate fuel poverty particularly in social housing.
Currently no domestic scale solar thermal absorption chiller systems exist in Wales. This project will involve the design, installation and performance monitoring of such a system. Further to this the implications for building design will be assessed both in terms of new build and retrofit through a review of Welsh housing stock to determine the suitability of the system for use in existing dwellings. Aesthetic and planning considerations will also be examined and computer modelling will be employed with real data from the test system to assess performance for a range of dwelling types.
This work commenced in August 2006 and is due for completion in June 2008 | <urn:uuid:74fdb318-3084-4936-8365-bb0f2dfb6f1b> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.cf.ac.uk/archi/research/stacs/STACS.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645264370.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031424-00280-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932854 | 629 | 3.734375 | 4 |
CASPIAN SHORELINES NEAR BAKU. 31
in the ravine, and thus shows that the high-water stand when the silt was deposited had been preceded by a time of less high water. A few miles east of Baku, a flat hill-top (B, fig. I7) was sparsely strewn with water-worn cobbles at a height of 43o feet ; and here we found a well-formed pothole, about 3 feet in diameter, and of
somewhat less depth, with a round stone lying in it. Southwest of Baku, near the southern end of the monoclinal ridge beyond the oil-wells of Bibi-Eibat, a small patch of cemented cob
bles, pebbles, and broken shells lay at a height of about 46o feet ; but it may be that this is simply a remnant of a Pliocene deposit.
The most interesting records of the modern high-level Caspian near Baku were found in three cobble spits at about 600 feet altitude above the present water level. As no accounts of the Baku district that I have read make mention of shore records
Fig. 18.—The Oil-Wells of Bibi-Eibat, two miles south of Baku, looking south.
at so great an altitude, these spits will be described in some detail. The first one was found at S, fig. 15, on the top of the horseshoe ridge of the late Tertiary Aralo-Caspian (Pontic) sandstones that incloses the anticlinal valley of the Bibi-Eibat oil-wells. The spit was somewhat east of the apex of the ridge curve. The anticline is figured in section in the little handbook, " Guide VII des Excursions du VII
Fig. 17.—Three-mile section of Ridge, six miles northeast of Baku, | <urn:uuid:26275da1-5091-4d6d-911a-615a8530db09> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-A-a-2/V-1/page/0055.html.en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438043062635.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002422-00260-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942711 | 407 | 2.71875 | 3 |
from The Century Dictionary.
- Acting as a means of warding off disease; acting as a remedy; prophylactic.
- Having the power of warding off the effects of poison taken inwardly; antidotal.
- noun An antidote to poison or infection, especially an internal antidote.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English.
- noun (Med.) An antidote against poison or infection; a counterpoison.
- adjective (Med.) Expelling or counteracting poison; antidotal.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
- noun An
- adjective Acting against
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
The medicine mithridate forms a part of many of these prescriptions; it does not seem to be regarded as an alexipharmic, but as a soporific.
"Is that some new alexipharmic?" he asked with a sudden rational air, which was almost as startling as if a dead man had spoken.
One was an alexipharmic draught, to be taken the last thing at night, another a sudorific, to be administered once in every hour.
The roots of the different species are subacid and mucilaginous when fresh; and a decoction of them has been employed as a domestic remedy in sore mouth and in affections of the throat; also considered as alexipharmic in snake bites.
Resources of the Southern Fields and Forests, Medical, Economical, and Agricultural. Being also a Medical Botany of the Confederate States; with Practical Information on the Useful Properties of the Trees, Plants, and Shrubs
The roots, and to some extent the leaves, are used in medicine; the inner bark and all the herbaceous parts are nauseously bitter; it is regarded as a purgative, emetic, and alexipharmic; in overdoses it is an acrid poison.
-- A native of the East Indies, where the roots are used in medicine as a febrifuge and alexipharmic.
In after years, however, I was enabled to classify his "charm," which was no other than the _Aristolochia serpentaria_ -- a species closely allied to the "bejuco de guaco," that alexipharmic rendered so celebrated by the pens of Mutis and Humboldt.
To this question, he replied, that venesection had been three times performed; that a vesicatory had been applied inter scapulas; that the patient had taken occasionally of a cathartic apozem, and between whiles, alexipharmic boluses and neutral draughts.
To this question, he replied, that venesection had been three times performed; that a vesicatory had been applied inter scapulas; that the patient had taken occasionally of a cathartic apozem, and between whiles, alexipharmic boluses and neutral draughts. — “Neutral, indeed,” said the doctor; “so neutral, that I’ll be crucified if ever they declare either for the patient or the disease.”
[* Among the interesting plants of the valley of Caripe, we found for the first time a calidium, the trunk of which was twenty feet high (C. arboreum); the Mikania micrantha, which may probably possess some of the alexipharmic properties of the famous guaco of the Choco; the | <urn:uuid:d95afcee-6c0a-4b0f-bbc1-b85ebef872b4> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.wordnik.com/words/alexipharmic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670559.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20191120134617-20191120162617-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.941307 | 756 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Before and After School Programs | 5 to 12 Years
School-Age Programs to Start or End the School Day
Designed for the interests of today’s active students, our school-age program offers a safe, fun and supervised environment to start or end the school day.
In our school-age classroom, we’ve created a before and after school space that supports your child’s experience in school – without making them feel like they’re still in school. And during school holidays and summer months, we offer a full-day program rich in hands-on activities and exciting field trips!
Our School-Age Program focuses on:
- Homework support
- Student-guided programming
- Hands-on STEAM projects
- Engaging, innovative technology
In our School-Age classroom:
- Your student will participate in fun, educational experiences in language, math, science, social studies, music and art.
- Your child will receive homework assistance from our teachers to give you more family time each evening!
- Your student will take an active role in shaping their time — from forming clubs to putting on a play to working on a community project to designing their classroom space.
- Outside time is important after a long day in school. We include outside play and physical activity daily so your child has the chance to cut loose and expend energy before heading home.
- Our cutting-edge STEAM curriculum provides your student with hands-on, interactive experiences in all aspects of a STEAM education.
- Our Character Counts program uses literature to teach literacy concepts, including phonemic and phonetic awareness, letter recognition, and writing. The program helps builds character as children explore positive character traits.
Before School Program
Skip the morning traffic and the school drop-off line! In our before school program, we provide a nutritious breakfast to ensure the school day gets off to a great start and transport your student to school in the morning.
After School Program
After school, we transport your student to our center and serve a healthy afternoon snack. Your child will participate in a blend of learning and fun in a supervised environment, while receiving daily homework support from our teachers.
Care for School Breaks | Winter Break & Spring Break
Our learning programs are open when the public school is closed! If you need school-age child care during teacher workdays, spring break, winter break or summer, we offer exciting, themed camps full of field trips, special guests and unique experiences to keep your child interested and having fun.
For the summer we create a not-to-miss summer camp experience — with exciting field trips, hands-on activities, and special guests. Each week is a new theme with a new STEAM project! Learn more.
STEAM learning tools in the School-Age classroom:
- Inspire touch-screen interactive learning table
- Mechanical engineering robotic arms kit
- Desert hothouse kit
What is my School-Ager learning?
- Balance responsibilities in completing tasks
- Maintain friendships in different social settings
- Enter into characters and stories through the dramatic arts
- Design complex worlds and storylines in creative writing
All Foundations schools provide:
- Security cameras in all classrooms
- Complimentary transportation to/from local elementary schools
- Innovative technology for early childhood classrooms
- Photo and video updates with our mobile app
- Nationally-recognized curriculum with STEAM emphasis
- School-readiness, literacy, Spanish and sign language programs
- Inviting classrooms with state-of-the-art playgrounds | <urn:uuid:b976af9d-abfc-4dec-ad4d-412fdbd26d11> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://foundationsearlylearningcenter.com/our-programs/school-age-program/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347439928.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604094848-20200604124848-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.928882 | 734 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The Laboratory of Evolutionary and Functional Genomics (González Lab) at the Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF) of Barcelona invites you to be part of the European citizen science project “Melanogaster: Catch the Fly!” (#MelanogasterCTF), in which a number of scientists, students, and high school teachers from various countries and Spanish regions already participate.
We have been developing this citizen science project since 2016, with the initial participation of two Spanish high schools. In 2018, the project reached around 15 high schools across six Spanish provinces, and in 2019, we were joined by the Justus von Liebig school in Germany (Baden-Württemberg).
You can find more information about the project here: https://melanogaster.eu.
What do you need in order to participate in the project?
1. ONLINE TRAINING.
You’ll need to participate in “Teach and Fly” prior to sampling.
2. CONDUCT AN INFORMATION SESSION WITH THE STUDENTS WHO WILL PARTICIPATE IN THE PROJECT.
You’ll need to carry out a short information session with the students participating in the project (1 hour) about its objectives and the scientific concepts necessary to understand it. We will provide you with the necessary educational material. The goal is for the students to understand the project they’ll be participating in.
3. COLLECT FLIES WITH YOUR STUDENTS
Collect fruit fly samples in fruit fields near your high school with a maximum group size of 20 high school students, and then classify them in your high school’s laboratory. We will provide you with the guides, protocols, and other necessary material needed in order to carry out sampling and classification.
4. SEND THE SAMPLES TO THE DrosEU RESEARCHER IN CHARGE.
We will put you in contact with the DrosEU researcher in charge in your country.
If you think that your high school might be interested in participating in the project, please fill out the following form:
(Lisez cette page et formulaire en FRANÇAIS ici).
#MelanogasterCTF provides guidelines and School Teaching Materials in English, Spanish, and French. You can find them in the Resources section.
If you need advice on how to translate them into your country’s language, contact us. | <urn:uuid:96f276c8-22fd-4a5e-92e3-1a9706b90e73> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://melanogaster.eu/participate-in-the-melanogasterctf-2020-campaign/?lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662521883.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518083841-20220518113841-00563.warc.gz | en | 0.896437 | 511 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Solutions: Inclusion - Digital Literacy
Facilitate Digital Literacy Training in Partnership With Communication Organizations for Vulnerable Populations
GOAL: Overcome the skills barrier to broadband adoption.
DESCRIPTION: Create a partnership between libraries, schools, senior centers, broadband providers, and other community organizations to offer basic digital or leverage training resources currently available.
These training resources consist of computer labs where in-person training can be hosted and training courses are already being provided.
Additionally, the training programs can leverage free content widely available online for deriving curriculum or new learners that are able to handle self-paced training. Training facilities can also be used to support local community technology advances. For example, as more and more services become automated, the training program can be used to update residents on technological changes that impact them.
Reach out to neighborhood influencers including churches, community centers, schools, libraries, after-school programs, and other neighborhood community organizations’ leadership to garner support for the program.
Identify and/or outfit a suitable training facility with a sufficient number of computers, software, and broadband connectivity. It is important to ensure that the facility has hours of operation that are conducive for the target audience.
Identify training instructors. There are three potential sources for instructors: volunteers, hired instructors; and local instructors from existing programs. Once identified, instructors must be provided adequate resources and training in order to effectively train others.
Training should include online safety and cybersecurity measures in order to protect children and sensitive information.
Facilitate and support outreach and awareness efforts. It is very important to understand the target population because failure to reach them with appropriate messaging about the training may result in minimal interest and low attendance at the training sessions.
Non-profit organizations; Libraries and schools; Community and senior centers; Private-sector technology companies, (e.g., web developers, device repair, etc.)
The Drive digital learning hub provides ready access to a variety of digital literacy training programs: http://driveyourlearning.org/.
Online portal to digital literacy training: digitalliteracy.gov.
Harbor, Inc. launches digital training: http://bit.ly/2daIuG1. | <urn:uuid:e6f660e8-a161-4117-a2d2-d25cc66e44c3> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://connectednation.org/press-releases/solutions-inclusion-digital-literacy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511053.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003024646-20231003054646-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.919572 | 472 | 3.015625 | 3 |
For more pics and instructions, see our Letter V blog post!
Learn what sound the letter V makes!
V is for vroom! Create this fun activity by cutting cardstock into strips. Write letters on the ends of each strip (with the same letter on both ends of each strip). With a piece of tape at each end, tape the strips to the floor to make cool tunnels! As your child “vrooms” their car through the tunnel, have them practice the sounds of the letters they pass!
Trouble convincing your kids to eat their vegetables? Then paint with them instead! Start by grabbing a variety of veggies from your fridge or pantry. Then cut some up or leave them whole, depending on your preference. Arm your child with a piece of paper, paint, and the vegetables, and watch them stamp, dip, roll, and get creative as they make their own vegetable painting!
How to Make the Vulture from ABC See, Hear, Do
This vulture craft, inspired by ABC See, Hear, Do, is a fun way to reinforce the letter V sound with your kids or students!
Letter V Valentine
This cute letter V valentine craft is a LOVE-ly way to reinforce the letter V sound with your kids or students. Plus, it can make a fun gift for a loved one!
Letter V Snack Idea: Volcano
Mold chocolate cereal treats and marshmallow creme (or melted marshmallows) into a volcano. Then let it erupt with pull-n-peel candy “lava” down the sides. | <urn:uuid:b02b6a06-939d-49cf-b619-a4d5c425711c> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.abcseeheardo.com/letter-v | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912205163.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326115319-20190326141319-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.923582 | 328 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Mitzvah/Concept 92 Yom Kippur Part Two
A Day of Teshuva
The word Ach is generally used by the Torah to limit the discussion. The Ach of Yom Kippur means that it brings atonement
to those who repent and does not for those who refuse to do Teshuva.1 This also relates to the phrase, Shabbat Shabbaton, which compares Yom Kippur to the Sabbath. Shabbat shares the same root as Teshuva. They share more than the root; the Sabbath is actually a day of Teshuva.
When Adam first saw Cain after the murder of Abel, he was shocked. Adam knew that he was punished with death for eating from the Tree of Knowledge and he could not imagine that Cain would receive anything other than immediate death as punishment for his terrible sin. He asked his son; “How can you possibly still be alive? Why did God not kill you?” Cain answered, “I did Teshuva.” Adam was shocked, “Is that the power of Teshuva?” He immediately broke out in song to God and sang, “A Psalm for the Sabbath day.2”3 Adam was so moved by Cain, that he did Teshuva, and that day was Yom Kippur!4
Why would Adam sing about the Sabbath upon learning the power of Teshuva? They both serve the same purpose and function in the same way. The point of Judaism is to become independent, powerful and in touch with the unlimited potential of being a human being. The more independent we become the more distant we are from God. We begin to believe that we are our own masters. This is why creation culminated in the Shabbat.5 Creation became more independent with each stage. Each form of creation was higher than the preceding until it culminated in the most independent being; man. There is a terrible tension. The snake accurately described us as, “and you will be as powers6.” The Shabbat is the restoration of the connection between the creation and its Creator. This is why Shabbat shares the same root as Teshuva, to return. Our relationship with God is restored. We run around all work earning a living and being in control. On Shabbat we cease all creative work, the greatest expression of our independence, and remember that God is the only source of Power.7
When we sin we have not only damaged our souls, we have created distance between God and us. We went against God’s will. We are similar to a child who has ignored his parents’ wishes for a long time and is now distant. God always called to us from the distance through His prophets; “Seek God when He can be found; call upon him when He is near.8 Let the wicked one forsake his way, and the iniquitous man his thoughts; let him return to God and He will show him mercy; to our Lord, for He is abundantly forgiving.”9 “And now come near to here.”10 “Peace, peace, for the far and near, said God.”11 God calls to us from across the distance to return to Him. He actually assists in the Teshuva process; “One who comes to purify is helped by heaven.”12 “Open up your hearts the space of the eye of a needle and I will expand it to help you return to Me.”13 We may experience distance from God, yet God is calling to us to return to Him and is also offering His help. He is not distant from us. The distance is only in our minds, it is imaginary. He loves us and cares for us and helps us no matter how distant we imagine ourselves to be.
Teshuva and the Sabbath remind us that the distance is imaginary; God is always present and accessible.14 God is most available on Yom Kippur. It was on Yom Kippur15 that God taught Moses the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy16 that allow us to maintain a relationship with Him no matter how distant we perceive ourselves to be, and allow God to maintain His presence among us despite our sins.17
1 Rashi Leviticus 23:27. See footnote 5 above for the debate regarding whether it is necessary to do Teshuva in order for Yom Kippur to effect atonement.
2 Psalm 92
3 Bereishit Rabbah 22:13
4 Abravanel Leviticus 23:27
5 My rebbi, Rabbi Yochanan Zweig. This is my recollection of an oral discourse.
6 Genesis 3:5 The snake did not lie. He is criticized by the Sages for speaking evil but not for lying.
7 Mitzvah/Concept 86
8 According to the Sages God can be found, and He is near, during the Ten Days of Teshuva.
9 Isaiah 55:6-7
10 Ibid 57:3
11 ibid verse 19
12 TB Yoma 38b
13 Kotzker Rebbe
14 This is based on the Mabit, Beit Elokim; The Gate of Teshuva, Chapter 1
15 Abravanel Leviticus 23:2716 Appendix 1
17 Leviticus 16:16 “Who dwells among them even in their impurity.” | <urn:uuid:3685b816-cdd3-447e-af6e-31bc880acd8e> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://thefoundationstone.org/mitzvahconcept-92-yom-kippur-part-two-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703549416.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124141945-20210124171945-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.972895 | 1,148 | 3.59375 | 4 |
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The North Carolina Historical ReviewMorel has produced a solid, useful addition to the Lincoln literature.
— Michael Burlingame
Lucas Morel examines what the public life of Abraham Lincoln teaches about the role of religion in a self-governing society. Lincoln's understanding of the requirements of republican government led him to accommodate and direct religious sentiment toward responsible self-government. As a successful republic requires a moral or self-controlled people, Lincoln believed, the moral and religious sensibilities of a society should be nurtured.
Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Religious Politics and Political Religion Chapter 3 The Political Utility of Religion Chapter 4 The Political Accommodation of Religion Chapter 5 The Political Vices of Religion: An Interpretation of the Temperance Address Chapter 6 The Political Limits of Reason and Religion: An Interpretation of the Second Inaugural Address | <urn:uuid:69f7ce19-1f3c-4cb8-af71-2c4063862da6> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/lincolns-sacred-effort-lucas-e-morel/1101349859?ean=9780739101063&itm=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1404776438940.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20140707234038-00011-ip-10-180-212-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.867608 | 176 | 3.15625 | 3 |
There are very few examples, one of which is Aeneas:
a Trojan hero, the son of the prince Anchises and the goddess Aphrodite.
The Wikipedia article on demigods gives a good cultural explanation as to why there were not many:
The fact that male deities of Greek myth had far more notable children with mortals than the female goddesses can be attributable to the Greek male-dominated society being reflected in their religion. Zeus, primarily, and also Poseidon, both had a multitude of affairs with mortal women, with Zeus having to shield them from his wife Hera after she was alerted to the infidelity. The females were expected to remain loyal to their husbands, while the males were almost expected to take multiple lovers, meaning that far more of the demigods in Greek myths were born on earth to human mothers than on Olympus to divine mothers. | <urn:uuid:2ce411b7-fa30-4873-8cd6-561be8b54dff> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/24480/were-there-any-greek-mythology-heroes-born-of-goddesses/24495 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663021405.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528220030-20220529010030-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.991096 | 177 | 2.5625 | 3 |
World Mental Health Day is October 10th and is the perfect time to check-in on your own emotional, psychological, and mental well-being. It is hard sometimes to know if things are going well or shifting for the worse in the moment. Only when you look back are you able to see patterns of behavior.
You can develop self-awareness by working on it like you would a muscle. Take a deep breath and think about how you are feeling. Do any areas of your body feel tense? Try to release the tension and consider if you are holding on to any negative feelings.
Searching for answers to your mental health questions can lead you to better personal and professional development. There are 5 key traits of positive mental health:
1. Ability to adapt to change.
When plans change, how do you react? Do you express frustration that your day is ruined or do you shut down and refuse to make adjustments? The ability to adapt to change with a positive attitude and a creative solution to the change is a sign of strong mental health.
2. Interest in something or someone outside of yourself.
Joining a club or religious organization can provide some external stimulation and needed interaction in the community. Developing an interest in a hobby or thinking of others instead of just yourself can lead to positive mental wellness.
3. Lasting and satisfying personal relationships.
Are you in a committed romantic relationship? The length and satisfaction that you have with your relationships, both romantic and platonic, can usually demonstrate a lot about your mental well-being. If you have recently withdrawn from your group of friends, it may be time to check on your mental fitness.
4. Ability to let go of mistakes, both others’ and your own.
Do you remember the last time you made a mistake? It could have been at home or at work. How did you handle it? How do you handle the mistakes of others? If you are kind to yourself and others, that is a sign your mental health is doing well.
5. Feel good about yourself.
There’s an old saying that how you look impacts how you feel. While there is some truth to that, there is more scientific backing to how you feel dictates how well you take care of yourself. If you recently suffered a loss, try to still go through the motions of getting ready in the morning and dress as though not much has changed. You will still feel sad but you will also signal to your brain that it is ok to move throughout the day.
Which traits do you feel the most confident about? Which ones do you need to improve?
Your level of mental health will fluctuate over time and through different seasons of your life. If you need a hand or someone to talk to, I am available. Please contact me at (904) 737-7242 to make an appointment. | <urn:uuid:08741128-b75a-4612-b17f-8407f329cc60> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://paulmcraelmhc.com/2018/10/10/5-key-traits-of-well-being-for-mental-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655902377.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709224746-20200710014746-00138.warc.gz | en | 0.965327 | 585 | 2.9375 | 3 |
NASA's Mars rover Curiosity took this self-portrait, composed of more than 50 images using its robotic arm-mounted MAHLI camera, on Feb. 3. The image shows Curiosity at the John Klein drill site.
The risk of radiation exposure is not a show-stopper for a long-term manned mission to Mars, new results from NASA's Curiosity rover suggest.
A mission consisting of a 180-day cruise to Mars, a 500-day stay on the Red Planet and a 180-day return flight to Earth would expose astronauts to a cumulative radiation dose of about 1.01 sieverts, measurements by Curiosity's Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) instrument indicate.
To put that in perspective: The European Space Agency generally limits its astronauts to a total career radiation dose of 1 sievert, which is associated with a 5 percent increase in lifetime fatal cancer risk. [Mars Radiation Threat to Astronauts Explained (Infographics)]
"It's certainly a manageable number," said RAD principal investigator Don Hassler of the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colo., lead author of a study that reported the results Monday in the journal Science.
A 1-sievert dose from radiation on Mars would violate NASA's current standards, which cap astronauts' excess-cancer risk at 3 percent. But those guidelines were drawn up with missions to low-Earth orbit in mind, and adjustments to accommodate trips farther afield may be in the offing, Hassler said.
"NASA is working with the National Academies' Institute of Medicine to evaluate what appropriate limits would be for a deep-space mission, such as a mission to Mars," Hassler told Space.com. "So that's an exciting activity."
Related story: Ancient Mars lake could have held life
The new results represent the most complete picture yet of the radiation environment en route to Mars and on the Red Planet's surface. They incorporate data that RAD gathered during Curiosity's eight-month cruise through space and the rover's first 300 days on Mars, where it touched down in August 2012.
The RAD measurements cover two different types of energetic-particle radiation — galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), which are accelerated to incredible speeds by far-off supernova explosions, and solar energetic particles (SEPs), which are blasted into space by storms on our own sun.
RAD's data show that astronauts exploring the Martian surface would accumulate about 0.64 millisieverts of radiation per day. The dose rate is nearly three times greater during the journey to Mars, at 1.84 millisieverts per day.
But Mars' radiation environment is dynamic, so Curiosity's measurements thus far should not be viewed as the final word, Hassler stressed. For example, RAD's data have been gathered near the peak of the sun's 11-year activity cycle, a time when the GCR flux is relatively low (because solar plasma tends to scatter galactic cosmic rays).
Curiosity's radiation measurements should help NASA plan out a manned mission to Mars, which the space agency hopes to pull off by the mid-2030s, Hassler said. And they should also inform the search for signs of past or present life on the Red Planet — another top NASA priority.
For example, the new RAD results suggest that microbial life is unlikely to exist right at the Martian surface, Hassler said. But future missions may not have to drill too deeply underground to find pockets of Mars life, if it ever existed.
"These measurements do tell us that we think it could be viable to find signs of possible extant or past life as shallow as 1 meter deep," Hassler said.
The new study is one of six papers published in Science Monday that report new results from Curiosity. Most of the other studies present evidence that the rover has found an ancient freshwater lake that could have supported microbial life for tens of thousands, and perhaps millions, of years.
Follow Mike Wall on Twitter @michaeldwall and Google+. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook or Google+. Originally published on Space.com.
First published December 9 2013, 10:29 AM | <urn:uuid:f8487a1b-6609-45a1-b507-b4762d607900> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/radiation-mars-manageable-manned-mission-curiosity-finds-f2D11716674 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507443869.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005723-00250-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938719 | 844 | 3.53125 | 4 |
The History of the Mir Community Before the Holocaust
The ancient village of Mir was founded in the mid-14th century. The first Jews settled in Mir in the 17th century. In his book, A Voyage of Mission from Moscow to Poland (1678), the diplomat Bernard Tanner wrote, "Mir is populated with a great many Jews."
In the 17th and 18th centuries, Mir became a commercial town with many fairs and horse and fur trading centers – including a station for merchants and travelers from across eastern and central Europe to switch horses and carts. The merchants included many Jews. The Jews of Mir traded in furs, produce, livestock, grains, wine, soap and tobacco. In the 18th century, the traders from Mir attended fairs as far away as Leipzig, and administered business in Koenigsberg, Klaipeda and Liepaja.
The Jews of Mir were protected by the town's proprietors, the family of the Radziwiłł princes, but despite this privilege they occasionally suffered from abuse by Prince Radziwiłł himself. Shlomo Maimon, a Jewish philosopher and author born in the 18th century in a village close to Mir, wrote:
"One time [Radziwiłł] came to the synagogue with his entire entourage… he smashed the windows and the heaters, broke all the dishes, threw the Sefer Torah out of the Holy Ark, among other things. One God-fearing Torah scholar who was present went to pick up one of the scrolls from the ground – and was rewarded with being wounded by a rifle bullet shot by His Highness the Prince himself. The procession then left for the second synagogue, where they carried out similar actions, and then to the Jewish cemetery, where they destroyed the buildings and burnt the tombstones." Shlomo Maimon, Hayei Shlomo Maimon: Katuv Beydei Atzmo, pp. 67-68
In the mid-18th century, some 600 Jews lived in Mir, and the community grew rapidly. Alongside the traders were weavers, tailors and silversmiths, and by the end of the 19th century, 3,319 Jews were living in Mir – more than half the settlement's total population. In 1815, the famous Mir Yeshiva was established and the Jews of the town earned their living renting rooms to the yeshiva students.
Until WWI, Mir was under Russian rule. Afterwards, with the establishment of Poland, Mir was included in the territory allocated to Poland. | <urn:uuid:75ef3d48-a50e-4539-8978-770a7d66814b> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/communities/mir/before_holocaust.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488262046.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210621025359-20210621055359-00314.warc.gz | en | 0.980807 | 531 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Darth Plagueis facts for kids
Darth Plagueis is a Sith in the Star Wars universe. He was the teacher of Palpatine. He was first mentioned in Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith by Palpatine to Anakin Skywalker and became a character in various novels.
Darth Plagueis the Wise was a feared Sith Lord who wanted to bring people back to life, including his own. He was killed in his sleep by his apprentice, Darth Sidious.
After the release of Revenge of the Sith, the Tragedy of Darth Plagueis the Wise became one of the most memorable scenes of the Star Wars prequel trilogy.
Darth Plagueis Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia. | <urn:uuid:7c8619a5-adb5-4e40-833e-3dc90914fbb9> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://kids.kiddle.co/Darth_Plagueis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178368608.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304051942-20210304081942-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.979677 | 147 | 2.640625 | 3 |
After living many years in Russia the Maudes spent the rest of their life in England translating Tolstoy's writing and promoting public interest in his work. Aylmer Maude was also involved in a number of early 20th century progressive and idealistic causes. Maude, and his wife Lucy, who came from a Quaker background. Maude's preaching helped draw a large congregation.
War and Peace (Norton Critical Editions) - AbeBooks - Tolstoy, Leo: X
The editor has made revisions where appropriate; the annotations have also been revised and expanded. Among the great novels of the world, 'War and Peace' has long held pride of place because it fulfills, in its seamless interweaving of the historical and the personal, and its genius in registering the entire scale of human life, all the promise latent in the art of fiction itself. Leo Tolstoy , a giant of world literature, is the author of many classics, including War and Peace and Anna Karenina. Convert currency. Add to Basket. | <urn:uuid:3e31907c-8a01-42bb-b2fe-33cc80fe3c07> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://andaluciapodemos.info/write-dates/aylmer-maude-war-and-peace-critical-essay-24766.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056890.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919125659-20210919155659-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.964163 | 217 | 2.671875 | 3 |
How Science & Technology Are Related
The potentialities for bettering the human situation through these developments are vast. Consider the field of medicine, where our burgeoning grasp of synthetic biology might someday help physicians tailor treatments to the needs of individual patients with extraordinary precision. This growing understanding is mirrored in outer house, the place technology allows us a glimpse of distant worlds, even because it binds us closer collectively via our communication and transportation infrastructures back on Earth.
Does Science Drive Technology? Why Or Why Not?
The crisis has long-standing roots; the phrase was coined in the early 2010s as a part of a rising awareness of the issue. The replication crisis represents an important physique of research in metascience, which goals to enhance the standard of all scientific research while lowering waste.
But whereas reinforcing the European pole by deeper integration, it should also be extra open externally. Students be taught to make use of humanities and social science methodologies to deal with up to date ethical, political and social issues in engineering and technology. Our program is devoted to using STS thinking in collaborating with science and engineering to produce professionals who would be the subsequent era and effective technological innovators. Although totally different fields of ethical reflection on specific applied sciences would possibly properly elevate their own philosophical and moral issues, it can be questioned whether this justifies the development of separate subfields or even subdisciplines.
Many new academic know-how tools are actually available for science academics. However, integrating know-how into instruction is still challenging for many lecturers (Norris, Sullivan, Poirot, & Soloway, 2003; Office of Technology Assessment [OTA], 1995). The current studies reveal that know-how integration is a protracted-time period course of requiring dedication (Doering, Hughes, & Huffman, 2003; Hughes, Kerr, & Ooms, 2005; Sandholtz, Ringstaff, & Dwyer, 1997).
However, all of the academics had been found to wrestle with management issues through the school 12 months. Brenna, for instance, had a hard time managing her classroom when she confronted problems with her pc. Since she was not capable of troubleshoot the pc-associated drawback, she panicked and couldn’t set up classroom order. In addition to idea mapping and on-line student dialogue boards, Matt additionally carried out probeware a number of occasions in his instructing after he participated in this system. He used motion detector probes in his physical science classroom when he taught about Newton’s laws, and pH and temperature probeware in his life science classroom. | <urn:uuid:852b0366-a9b6-4887-8670-a81d66d8fc19> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.genios64.com/plastics-in-technology-science-10.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141718314.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20201203031111-20201203061111-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.939754 | 525 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Get stories and expert advice on all things related to college and parenting.
Navigating Student Privacy Within FERPADavid Tuttle
The first semester of college can be intimidating to any student for so many reasons. It's often difficult for students to voice their concerns to anyone, but it’s necessary — not just for their adjustment but for their social and academic success.
This voice is known as self-advocacy.
The dictionary defines self-advocacy as “the action of representing oneself or one’s views or interests.” While in the past parents/guardians may have spoken on behalf of their students, college is a soft training ground for students to engage in new skill sets including speaking on their own behalf.
Self-advocacy looks like a student knowing which type of communication works best for their needs (i.e., phone call, email and/or schedule a meeting virtually or in person) and using it to reach out for assistance.
Self-advocacy looks like a student proactively having a conversation with their roommate about boundaries to ensure they both have a good housing experience.
Self-advocacy is a student recognizing they will need tutoring and setting up a session immediately.
Some parents/guardians assume that college staff will provide the same level of support that students received in high school, but this is not the case. At the college level, students are treated as adults (or in the case of my work in Residence Life, beginning adults). This means students are given the expectations, resources and guidelines for life in the classroom and on campus.
Working in higher education has allowed me to see the many sides of self-advocacy. When I worked in Admissions, I was shocked the first time I witnessed a parent completing the admissions application for their student in front of me and answering questions for the student. I developed a tactic to teach the parents/guardians and the student to help the student find their voice. I would address the parent as the student. When the parent would correct me, I’d explain how it’s essential for the student to participate in the process because they are going to school for their own personal future. Parents appreciated the effort to get their student involved.
My experience in Student Housing has been even more interesting as I encounter parents attempting to deal with roommate issues on behalf of their student and calling about repairs needed in a student’s room when the student can simply complete a form requesting the needed repair. Students are receptive when I tell them that I'm going to treat them as they want their parents to treat them…like an adult. I remind them that this treatment means they will have to communicate what's going on.
How can parents/guardians help their student engage in self-advocacy?
There are a variety of ways to encourage self-advocacy. Here are a few based on my experience in higher education. While it's best to start this process early, the transition from high school to college/university or another post-secondary option is also a perfect time!
A student must be aware of their needs. A conversation with a student about their needs is the foundation of self-advocacy. A student can only speak for themselves if they know why they are speaking.
Self-awareness is empowering. When a person acknowledges a challenge, they can become aware of how to overcome it with the resources available.
Students need to know their parents/guardians believe they are capable. Communication can dispel any doubts they have about not being capable of engaging in college life.
While the student is still learning, communicating with them about speaking for themselves and using their resources is important.
For decades some parents/guardians have done all the paperwork, engaging with college officials, and even reading the emails on the student’s college email account. When a parent does everything for their student it can send the message that they don’t believe the student is capable.
Participating in this process will give a sense of ownership and allow the student to see what is at stake when it comes to cost and time investment. Also, when the semester begins, the college/university will contact the student about most issues and it will be a great feeling when they are familiar with what they’re being asked to address. They may still need help but it’s much better to have a level of familiarity rather than a student saying, “I don’t know, let me call my parent/guardian.”
You’re still needed! You can help teach your student how to navigate their new environment.
Instead of calling the college/university on your student's behalf, encourage your student to contact the proper offices/staff themselves. College staff and faculty understand the desire of parents/guardians to know what is going on but the student is the key contact person and the final decision on anything belongs to the student.
Your guidance in the background will be empowering to your student because it shows you support them and trust them to do what is necessary.
While it can be easier for a parent to set up the use of resources for a student, it’s not the best solution for the student. Using campus resources is a great opportunity for a student to engage in self-advocacy and learn what support is available for them on campus.
A student who learns about and uses campus resources is more likely to be successful in their higher education journey. Encourage your student to use the resources and follow through when setting up appointments — this will boost the confidence they need to pursue anything needed for their success.
It can be scary to observe the growing process for your student. It can feel as if they no longer need you. But that is far from the truth. Teaching your student self-advocacy is one of the most beneficial lessons a student can learn. Using our voices allows us to receive assistance, create healthy boundaries and share our experiences to create a teachable moment for others as well as for ourselves.
Parents/guardians, allow me to give you peace of mind. You will always be needed by your student. The need may change but they will call on you for support and advice. Give them the most powerful tool of success…their voice.
A note for parents/guardians of students with an Individualized Education Program (I.E.P.) in high school: Students are expected to provide the college/university with information and documentation needed for their success. The college/university cannot interact based on assumptions about a student. An I.E.P. from a student’s last attended high school or college/university will not be sent automatically by the institution. It is the student's responsibility to complete all the forms required to send the information. Self-advocacy in this situation can be a tool to create a foundation of success for a student’s academic career. | <urn:uuid:919b762b-c9ef-487a-aa05-8f9229343a56> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.collegiateparent.com/student-life/self-advocacy-a-tool-for-success/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945030.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323065609-20230323095609-00752.warc.gz | en | 0.968955 | 1,434 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Meridian (schooner) Shipwreck Site
|Location||Lake Michigan off the coast of Sister Bay, Wisconsin|
|NRHP Reference #||96000294|
|Added to NRHP||March 21, 1996|
The Meridian was built in Ohio in 1848. In 1849, it was reported by the Milwaukee Sentinel that the ship's second mate, James Bain, was killed aboard the vessel in an ensuing fight after he had attacked the captain and thrown the first mate overboard.
In October of 1873, the Meridian left Milwaukee, Wisconsin and was bound for Oconto, Wisconsin. She was carrying no cargo at the time and it is presumed that it was intended for her to pick up lumber in Oconto. Along the way, the ship hit a violent storm that drove her off course. The vessel suffered extensive damage and eventually sank. Multiple attempts were made to recover the Meridian, but were unsuccessful.
In 1991, the Maritime Preservation and Archaeology Program of the Wisconsin Historical Society began surveying the site. The remnants of the Meridian are owned by the State of Wisconsin and the site is managed by the Wisconsin Historical Society and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
- "Weekly List of Actions Taken On Properties". National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
- "Service History". Wisconsin Shipwrecks.org. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
- "Final Voyage". Wisconsin Shipwrecks.org. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
- "Final Voyage page 2". Wisconsin Shipwrecks.org. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
- "Today page 5". Wisconsin Shipwrecks.org. Retrieved 2012-02-11. | <urn:uuid:3cc4e537-4e2b-4064-b159-47b3e8aae4d5> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_(schooner)_Shipwreck_Site | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539447.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00180-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93422 | 354 | 2.875 | 3 |
Convert pond to joule per meter
Selected category: force.
Definition and details for pond:
Pond (p) is a unit of force equal to gram force unit.
Definition and details for joule per meter:
Joule is defined to be the work done by a force of one newton acting to move an object through a distance of one meter in the direction in which the force is applied. So joule per meter is equal to newton. | <urn:uuid:9756f32e-aa4f-492a-b38e-b2a7ec841ba2> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.conversioncenter.net/force-conversion/from-pond-to-joule-per-meter | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141737946.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204131750-20201204161750-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.860587 | 102 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Dangerfield Earley came to Cincinnati before the Civil War. He and Georgiana Jones married here in 1845. In 1860 they had four children and Dangerfield worked as a cook downtown. He also had a house on Willow Street in Walnut Hills. In 1870 it was worth $7000. That was a lot of money! Dangerfield Earley was also a preacher and a teacher. He started a school in his house on Willow Street beginning in about 1855. Many of his children and later descendants also served on the School Board and worked as teachers at Frederick Douglass School. There is a stained glass window in Bethel Baptist Church on Alms Place that remembers the Earleys.
Robert Gordon was born into slavery in Virginia. He had the opportunity to do some business on his own in his master’s coal yard. He saved a lot of money and bought his freedom. He moved to Cincinnati in 1847 and opened a coal business downtown. He made a lot of money. After the Civil War he moved to Walnut Hills to a mansion on Elm Street. After Walnut Hills joined Cincinnati in 1870 Gordon served on the School Board. He sold the bricks used to build the Elm Street Colored School. He made friends with many African American teachers. This sketch shows Robert Gordon working at his coal yard.
The African American educator Peter Clark lived in Walnut Hills. He helped organize the Brown Chapel African Methodist Episcopal Church. The City of Cincinnati collected taxes from Black residents. By law, the city was supposed to provide education to Black students. But the city refused to but refused to pay their teachers. Peter Clark became the first Black teacher in Cincinnati in 1856. The community had to sue the city to force them to pay him. Clark first taught and then became Principal at a School downtown and later at the Gaines School, a Black High School and Teachers College. Clark Montessori School in Cincinnati is named after Peter Clark.
In 1891, Frederick Alms bought a mansion next door to Robert Gordon. He built a large apartment building on McMillan, just across Elmwood Place (later renamed Alms Place, now Victory Parkway) from his home. He intended the place as a home for families who “could have the fine air of a hill-top.” The new building also shared with his residence a magnificent view down the ravine (since filled in by Victory Parkway), beyond Francis Lane and past the Emery mansion Edgecliff to the Kentucky hills in the distance. Samuel Hannaford designed the hotel. The Frederick Douglass School built a few blocks north in 1911 looks something like the Alms building with different materials and colors and the big square tower .
In 1883, three Episcopalian women determined to open a new hospital in Cincinnati to care for sick children. The idea originated with a Mrs. Robert Dayton. Mrs. Dayton wanted to save sick children from the frightening and dangerous environments in adult hospitals at the time. She approached the Episcopal bishop Thomas Jaggar with her idea; he suggested that she might speak to other women in the diocesan churches. Mrs. Dayton enlisted Isabella Hopkins, who in turn recruited her sister Mary Emery. Mary Emery was recognized (at least by her wealthy husband) as the founder. The hospital started out in a rented house that still stands at the corner of Yale and Park, between today’s Douglass and Spencer Schools.
For more biographies and related information, see our Douglass School Black History Month Project 2019 | <urn:uuid:d8ad65ef-db0e-4fbd-9a14-be5c77effcee> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://walnuthillsstories.org/projects/fourth-grade-history-club-biographies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154042.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731011529-20210731041529-00219.warc.gz | en | 0.983457 | 717 | 3.28125 | 3 |
- The GI Generation population total was 76,094,000 in 1901, at the start of the generation and ended at 114,109,000 in 1924 for a percentage change of 36.53.
- Traditionalists’ population in 1925 was 115,829,000 and ended at 139,928,166 in 1945 for a percentage change of 24.1.
- Boomers’ population started at 141,388,566 in 1946 and ended at 191,888,791 in 1964 for a percentage change of 50.5.
Due to the programs that President Roosevelt had established by way of the New Deal, the job market began to open up. Baby Boomers were able to enter the job market. As money began to flow more freely, Boomers, who had spent their formative years scrimping and living extremely frugally, wanted to get out and experience life. Enter Civil Rights, women’s movements, street drugs, sit-ins, flower children, hippies, etc.
The challenge that this has caused is that the majority of Baby Boomers will not be able to retire and “enjoy their heyday” because they never saved enough money. This will not only cause an issue for Boomers, but also is beginning to cause problems for the younger generations, who have begun to enter the job market. For the first time in history, five generations are in the workforce simultaneously. Some Boomers are finding it possible to retire, which causing another problem: current expectations are that Social Security will go bankrupt by 2039 and the government will be faced with budgetary issues.
- Major Influencers: Korean & Vietnam Wars, TV, protests, human rights, psychedelic drugs, Beginning of “Space Race”:, Extensive Space Exploration
- Motivators: Salary
- Values: Money, career, keeping up with the Joneses, Freedom, to be Me
- Financial: Buy now, pay later
- Characteristics: Idealistic, Hippies, psychedelic drugs, competitive, questioning, did not lock their doors when they went away from home or even at night as they slept
- Communication: Likes being asked for input
- School and Learning Styles: Birthright, Classrooms, Took Notes, Homework approx.: 1-2 hours
- Communication Devices: Electric typewriter, Touch tone phones, One-on-one, 1st fax machine, main frame computer, 1st photo copier
- Types of Entertainment: Radio, Drive In Movies, Go-Karts, Dances, Music, Introduction to Television, Drugs, coffee shops
- Inventions: Space observatory, cable TV, video game, bar code, carbonless paper, radar gun, nuclear sub, weather satellite, GPS, glucose meter, BASIC software, 8-track cartridge. Harry Truman was the first president to be seen on television
World War I – 1914 – 1918 (4 years) (GI Generation)
World War II – 1941 – 1945 (4 years) (Traditionalists)
Korean War – 1950 – 1953 (3 years) (Baby Boomers)
Vietnam War – 1956 – 1975 (19 years) (Baby Boomers)
Prices: Cost of living in 1951
I began comparing prices with my Mother’s generation (Traditionalist) and continued tracking the same 7 items across all generations. With Baby Boomers, I was able to also pull information from my Grandmother’s “Day Book”. I copied several pages of her Day Book and inserted them into this section.
Below is my Grandmother’s Day Book page from 9/9/1953 thru 9/15/1953. These entries are examples of items she bought (not in the table above). They really had to watch their “pennies” in those early years.
Grandma’s Day Book: 9/9/1953
Grandma’s Day Book: 6/12/1953
Grandma’s Day Book: 9/10-15/1953
Grandma’s Day Book: 6/20-22/1953
How to Communicate with Baby Boomers
- This group likes rewards and recognition
- Expect that they will need time to get used to an upcoming change
- Provide well-defined goals, state objectives and desired results, what is expected of them, and clearly described steps
- Keep them involved in all stages of changes and decisions, keep teamwork at the very forefront of all tasks; baby boomers are team oriented
- Keep thing positive and optimistic
- Explain how their contributions are important to the overall success
- In face-to-face communication, ask for their input based on their experience
- Provide lots of pep talks
- 1946: Because many men had been rejected from entering the military due to diet-related issues, President Harry Truman signed the National School Lunch Program Act to make it a law that nutritionally balanced lunches would be served to school children.
- 1946 – 1964: This generation experienced the beginning of the technology era from the very first television, the beginning of computers (starting with main frames that needed an entire room for the computer to work, to Personal Computers, to Laptops, iPads, etc.), GPS, iPhones, iPads, etc.
- 1946: Department stores begin selling Tupperware® in 1946 (US Census).
- 1947: The United States has conducted intelligence activities even since George Washington was in office; however, with the event of World War II, President Roosevelt established the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Its three driving tasks were to gather info about foreign governments and companies, analyze information that it received, and to carry out overseeing tactical operations as mandated by the President of the United States.
- 1947: The beginning of the end for trading stamps happened when Lloyd J. King’s supermarket that he launched in 1947 (King Soopers), began offering S&H Green Stamps. That caused local competition that already offered S&H Green Stamps offer double stamps and then triple stamps and finally quadruple stamps on certain days of the week, which caused S&H Green Stamps to deflate in value. As a result, companies that were offering the trading stamps signed a joint statement that all merchants were prohibited from giving more than one stamp for every 10¢ spent.
- 1947: Charles Yeager becomes the first man to break the sound barrier on October 14, 1947, flying the experimental Bell X-1 at Mach 1 at an altitude of 45,000 ft. (US Census).
- 1947: Doomsday Clock was created to symbolize countdown to a potential nuclear war. It was created after the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The minute hand, which was initially set at 7 minutes before midnight, which is moved depending on the global potential catastrophe at hand. For example, in 1949 after Russia conducted a nuclear test. The minute hand is currently (as of 2014) at 5 minutes to midnight due to the number of potential catastrophes such as nuclear war or other weapons of mass destruction, climate change, etc.
- 1948: NASCAR® holds its first modified stock car race in Daytona Beach, FL, in 1948 (US Census).
- 1949: George Orwell publishes Nineteen Eighty-Four in 1949 (US Census).
- 1950 – 1953: Korean War: Facts of the Korean War from Asian History and CNN.com
- 1950s and 1960s Coupon promotions grew immensely, which made it necessary to process the coupons. However, companies found it necessary to use manufacturers’ coupons to get customers to buy name brands over generic brands.
- 1950s: In the early 1950s Kellogg’s added two new advertising techniques that helped them to continue being successful: reaching out to the postwar baby boom and as more families acquired televisions, to use advertising campaigns to reach youngsters. To appeal to the new younger market, cereal manufacturers introduced pre-sweetened cereals. To be sure to capture the attention of kids, they even included the word “sugar” in the title of their cereals such as: Sugar Frosted Flakes, Sugar Smacks, and Sugar Corn Pops. They continued to target children with their marketing techniques and to that end, invented Tony the Tiger in 1953. Tony was named by a contest, which also helped to capture the interest of young kids. Click here to hear one of the first ads on television.
- 1951: RCA broadcasts the first color television program on June 25, 1951 (US Census).
- 1953: Francis Crick and James Watson discover the spiral structure of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) on February 28, 1953, and report the findings in Nature on April 25, 1953 (US Census).
- 1953: Memphis DJ Dewey Phillips introduced radio listeners to Elvis Presley on July 8, 1953, when he played “That’s All Right” on his “Red, Hot, and Blue show” (US Census).
- 1954: Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea receives a 1953 Pulitzer Prize. In 1954, the author is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature (US Census).
- 1954: The USS Nautilus, the first nuclear submarine, launches on January 21, 1954 (US Census).
- 1955: On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks refuses to vacate her seat aboard a Montgomery, AL, bus (US Census).
- 1955: Quaker launched one of the first prize promotions. Because other cereals had talking tigers, Quaker had to find a way to sell their cereals. This promo was one of the greatest promotions; however, it also ended up being a bust for Quaker. They sponsored the television show titled: Sgt. Preston of the Yukon to their promotion that they called: “The Klondike Big Inch”. They inserted a land deed for one inch of land in Dawson in the Canadian Yukon in every box of Puffed Rice and Puffed Wheat! Dawson was the area where Sergeant Preston of the Northwest Mounted Police and his trusty dog: Yukon King. The boxes of cereal flew off supermarket shelves! However, as great as this promo was, it ended up being a huge flop for Quaker because the land was never registered and the Canadian government repossessed the property for non-payment of taxes, so the deeds held no value at all.
- 1957: Nielsen Coupon Clearing House was launched and devoted totally to process coupon reimbursement because manufacturers’ coupons were used by so many households. Nielsen later changed its name to Manufacturers Coupon Control Center, or MC3).
- 1957: Fred Gipson publishes the novel, Old Yeller in 1956 and receives a Newbury Honor in 1957 (US Census).
- 1957: CBS debuts Leave It to Beaver on October 4, 1957 (US Census).
- 1958: Brazil wins its first Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup, beating Sweden 5-2, on June 29, 1958 (US Census).
- 1958: Richard Tompkins founded the Green Shield Trading Stamp Company after acquiring the name “Green Shield” from a luggage manufacturer, and began offering their trading stamps in the United Kingdom and Ireland filling stations, Tesco supermarkets (a British multinational grocery and general merchandise retail store).
- 1959: General Mills sponsored the Rocky and His Friends television show on which a variety of ads for General Mills were run.
- 1959: Alaska and Hawaii become the 49th and 50th states, respectively, in 1959 (US Census).
- 1959: Rod Serling’s Twilight Zone begins airing October 2, 1959 (US Census).
- 1960: The S&H Green Stamp Company began offering S&H Pink Stamps in England following the Green Shield Trading Stamp Company and remain competitive.
- 1960s: at least half of all US households regularly clipped coupons, and
some household began to receive coupons through the mail. The power of customers caused even retailers who had been opposed previously to use trading stamps to use them in order to remain competitive.
- 1960s: the S&H Green Stamps grew so popular that the company printed more stamps than the US Post Office! In fact, they printed more of their rewards catalogs than any other publication in the USA. Customers collected trading stamps at grocery stores and gas stations and pasted their stamps into collector’s books. When their books were filled, they could take the books to the trading stamp redemption center and exchange the filled collector’s books for a variety of merchandise. In fact, this was one way that families could get large items such as television sets and other furniture!
- 1960s: Discount stores such as Shopper’s Fair, Target, Zayr’s (also known as Shopper’s City), Big K (which became Kmart), and GEM (acronym for Government Employees Market), and Treasure City became key and they competed directly with trading stamps by offering low price items without stamps.
- 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis: On October 16, 1962, a U-2 Spy plane flew overCuba and spotted missile sites with missiles that were aimed at the United
States that were capable of carrying a nuclear payload that could kill up to 80 million people. Therefore, the USA formed a naval blockade surrounding Cuba to prevent Russia from delivering more missiles to Cuba to be used to bomb the United States. On October 22nd, military forces went to DEFCON3 (acronym for Defense Readiness Condition), which is when the military remains at alert so they can mobilize within 15 minutes.
On October 24th, our military forces went to DEFCON2, (also known as Fast
Pace), which means that we are one step closer to a nuclear war and the US Armed Forces must remain at a ready state so they can ship out in six hours or less.
- 1963: England’s Tesco was an avid S&H Pink Stamps (cousin of S&H Green Stamps in the USA) customer and also Green Shield Stamps until the Silver Jubilee weekend in 1977. During that weekend, Tesco created a strategy called Operation Checkout, they completely overhauled the store; and got rid of window displays, created a new logo, and got rid of all trading stamps that they had used for the previous 14 years.
- 1965: Supermarkets discovered that claiming lower prices in advertising campaigns brought in bigger profits than utilizing trading stamps and therefore; many supermarkets gathered together and unilaterally began phasing out trading stamps, both their own individual trading stamps (such as Plaid stamps, Top Value stamps, King Korn stamps, Blue Chip stamps, etc.) as well as S&H Green Stamps and began a series of loyalty programs.
- 1965: Gatorade was invented when the assistant coach at the University of Florida asked researchers in their science department to develop a beverage that could be given to the football team to keep players hydrated during hot weather or extreme workouts. The next football season, due to the dramatic increase in performance in the football team, the beverage was shared with other sports teams at University of Florida.
- 1956 – 1975: Vietnam War was from November 1, 1955 and ended on April 30, 1975. There are many, many websites that talk about the Vietnam War. Therefore, rather than listing many of them, I chose to provide the links for Time.com/Vietnam and History 1900s links to get you started.
Science & Technology
- 1946: First compact cassette, which replaced the tapes that were previously available from reel-to-reels.
- 1947: The transistor was one of the most important electronics creations of this era that led to integrated circuits and microprocessors and was the basis of all modern day electronics. This was faster than the other types of storage that was in use such as the hard disk, floppy disk, and CD-ROMs.
- 1947 to 1991: The Cold War began at the conclusion of World War II.
NOTE: it was called the “Cold War” because there was no large scale fighting
during this time. Although tension between the USSR and the United States were always tethered; however, that changed when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957 that was capable of carrying a nuclear payload on ballistic missiles that could reach the United States. This started what became known as the Space Race (which ended on November 19, 1969 when the United States performed the 1st lunar landing, thereby successfully meeting President John F. Kennedy’s challenge of landing a man on the moon before the end of the decade). That caused the United States to refocus from launching an Earth orbiting satellite. About three months later, the United States launched Explorer 1 (January 31, 1958) and the tide changed. This satellite carried a small scientific payload that eventually discovered the magnetic radiation belts around the Earth, named after principal investigator James Van Allen. The Explorer program continued as a successful ongoing series of lightweight, scientifically useful spacecraft. The Cold War ended in 1991 with the superpowers agreeing to reduce their stockpiles of nuclear weapons; however, other countries were not in the agreement such as Iran, Afghanistan, Korea, or China.
- 1948: The instant camera was first introduced by Polaroid and it developed the
picture inside the camera immediately after the picture was taken.
- 1948: Charles (“Chuck”) Yeager, a test pilot, broke the sound barrier on October 14, 1947 for the first time. His mission was to fly a Bell X-1 experimental rocket on behalf of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the US Army Air Forces, and the US Air Force.
- Note: exactly 65 years later, to the minute, Chuck Yeager (he was 89 years old) reenacted his historic flight on October 15, 2012. Additionally, he flew over the Mojave Desert over the exact same location that he first broke the sound barrier.
- Additional Note: on the same day, Austrian Felix Baumgartner became the first person to break the sound barrier as a skydiver, jumping from a balloon at the edge of space to make the 23-mile journey.
- 1948: Bar codes, which later became known as Universal Product Code (UPC),
evolved from “punch cards” that shop owners put by each of the products in their store. Customers would bring the punch card to the store clerk, who calculated the customer’s invoice amount and inserted the punch card into a “punch card reader”. Clerks in the back would put the appropriate products onto a conveyor belt that brought the item to the front of the store and the clerk gave it to the customer. Shop owners then used the info from the punch cards for inventory control. [Bar codes] have moved on and are now Radio Frequency ID cards (RFID)].
- 1948 – 1949: Shellac record were replaced by vinyl records. Prior to World War II, records were made of shellac resin. During World War II, shellac had to be used for a variety of military equipment so, the material used to make records switched to vinyl. The new medium to be used was vinyl. Additionally, the playing speed and size of records changed. Up until this time, the speed was 78 revolutions per minute (RPM) which could only play for five minutes or less per side. The new size record was 33 1/3 RPM was 12 inches in diameter and played for 22 minutes on each side, became referred to as Long Play (LP) records. Initially, LPs were primarily appropriate for classical music due to the extended playing time. However, as pop music became more popular, multiple short songs were added to LPs. Up until LPs, individual songs were sold on 78s.
- 1949: Random Access Storage (RAM), a storage unit for operating systems, application programs, and data that is currently in use, so it can be accessed quickly while the computer is in use. RAM is much faster to read from and write to than the other kinds of storage in a computer, the hard disk, floppy disk, and CD-ROM. However, the data in RAM stays there only as long as your computer is running.
- 1950 – 1953: The Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953).
- 1951: Direct Distance Dial: Post World War II, it was obvious that telephone service was going to grow exponentially. Research was done and the result was a series of steps phased in with the end result of direct dialing that we use today. Up until that time, telephone calls were connected by connecting to a switchboard operator who connected a call to another person by connecting telegraph networks. Each telegraph grid could hand up to 10,000 unique 4-digit numbers followed by another 10,000 5-digit numbers. In preparation for each person to be able to dial a telephone number directly, each exchange was named (to make it easier for people to remember the exchange) and the first two letters of the exchange would be used with the 4 digits and 5 digits. Locations that included more telephone subscribers had multiple exchanges to increase the
capacity. Rotary dial telephones were issued with the numbers being associated with 3 letters: 1=no letters, 2=ABC, 3=DEF, 4=GHI, 5=JKL, 6=MNO, 7=PRS (no Q), 8=TUV, 9=WXY, 0 was used for the Operator. Examples of exchange names were: 22 = ACademy, BAldwin, CApital, CAstle, 23 = ADams, BElmont, BEverly, CEdar, CEnter, CEntral, 36 = EMerson, EMpire, ENdicott, FOrest, FOxcroft, 38 = DUdley, DUnkirk, DUpont, EVergreen, FUlton, and 65 = OLdfield, OLive, OLiver, OLympia, OLympic. Therefore, a telephone number would look something like: EM-1234 (until the 10,000 unique numbers were used) or EM8-5000. Area codes were eventually added to the telegraph network exchanges and unique numbers 302-EM8-1234 until finally, telephone numbers were switched to all numbers: 302-368-1234.
- 1952 Dec. 4–7, London, England: Great Smog of 1952: high-pressure system settled over London, trapping pollution near the ground. Initial stats showed that approximately 4,000 people died in “Great Smog,” mostly from respiratory and cardiac distress. However, recent research shows that more than 12,000 people died.
- 1952: Polio Vaccine: Poliomyelitis is a highly contagious and extremely infectious disease that causes crippling of the nervous system and can cause paralysis. Polio is spread by poor sanitation which permitted the virus to pass from the host of the infected person to an oral cavity of another person. Although children were the most affected disease that, adults also were infected. President Franklin Roosevelt contracted polio in 1921 and died in 1945 of a stroke. Hundreds of thousands of people contracted polio and of those who contracted it, one-half percent led to irreversible paralysis with 5-10% of those dying when their lungs became immobilized. In 1953, Dr. Jonas Salk, a medical researcher, discovered the vaccine for polio! The World Health Organization (WHO) has been working diligently to completely eradicate polio. Reported cases decreased from an estimated 350,000 cases to 223 reported in 2012 and currently, polio remains a concern in only three countries.
- 1954: First transistor radio was invented.
- 1956: Television remote controls: Although various types of remote controls were already in existence such as Germans used remote controlled boats during World War I and in the late 1940s, remote controls were available to open and close garage doors. However, the first television remote control was created by using ultrasonic technology that utilized high frequency sound waves. Technology increased and remote control units for television used infrared light to control the pulses of light emanating from television sets.
- 1957: Nuclear Arms Race was a type of competition for supremacy of nuclear military weapons between what was later dubbed as the two superpowers: United States and the Soviet Union. After Russian launched Sputnik and detonated of an atomic bomb, the United States expedited its research and testing and developed the hydrogen bomb, which was more than 1,000 times as powerful as the atomic bombs that were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. In 1954, according to AtomCentral.com, US Secretary of State announced a policy, known as “Massive Retaliation” would be followed in response to any attack by the Soviets would be met with a massive nuclear response.
- 1957: Shippingport Atomic Power Station was the world’s first commercial full scale atomic electric power plant and used exclusively for peacetime uses was located on the Ohio River in Shippingport, Pennsylvania.
- 1955 – 1975: The Space Race began in during the Baby Boomer generation and ended in Generation X generation (1955 to 1975). The term “Space Age” began to be used with the launching of Sputnik 1. Some documents state that the “space race” began as an informal competition of space exploration between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) because of the belief that the ‘winner’ would hold the upper hand (no pun intended) of military supremacy, beginning on 8/21/1957 when the USSR sent the first intercontinental ballistic missile into space: R-7 Semyorka. The “space race” ended in 1975.
- 1958: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was established by President Dwight D. Eisenhower with the anticipated goal of causing the various players in space exploration to work amicably with each other.
NOTE: I read that interest in space exploration was inspired by two great fiction authors (Jules Verne and H. G. Wells) and their smash hits (From the Earth to the Moon (1958) and War of the Worlds).
- 1953: Zenit: Anticipated launch date was 7/2/1957: Intercontinental ballistic missile was almost completed until detection that the module must be significantly larger in order to include thermonuclear warhead
- 1957: R-7 Semyorka: First intercontinental ballistic missile
- 1957: Sputnik 1: First satellite to orbit Earth (complete surprise for USA) burned on reentry
- 1957: Sputnik 2: First animal (dog) to enter orbit
- 1958: Sputnik 3: A variety of tools, research equipment and instruments
- 1959: Luna 1: First lunar flyby
- 1959: Luna 2: First impact into the moon
- 1960: Sputnik 5: First animals and plants to be returned alive from space.
- 1961: Vostok 1: First pilot controlled spaceflight
- 1961: Venera 1: First spaceship to fly by Venus
- 1957: Vanguard: Blew up on the pad in full view of nationwide TV
- 1958: Explorer 1: 1st American spaceship to project real-time data to Earth
- 1958: Vanguard 1: First solar powered satellite (still in orbit)
- 1958: Pioneer 1: Guidance system error caused an early shutdown
- 1958: Pioneer 2: 3rd stage engine failed to ignite, caused it to rise only 963 miles up before falling to Earth
- 1958: Pioneer 3: First-stage engine stalled at 63,500 miles, and fell to Earth
- 1958: Project SCORE: Communications satellite: President Dwight Eisenhower broad casted Christmas message using short wave frequency through an on board tape recorder
- 1959: Explorer 6: First Earth photograph from orbit
- 1960: Pioneer 1: Successful interplanetary space exploration between Earth and Venus. Last data transmission received at record distance of 22.5 million miles June 26, 1960
- 1960: GRAB-1: First spy satellite to successfully return intelligence data
- 1960: Echo 1A: First inactive communications satellite
- 1961: Freedom 1: First American to reach space (Alan Shepard)
- 1961 USA: Ranger 1: Unmanned spacecraft that only completed part of its mission. Failed to leave orbit
- 1962 USA: Ranger 3: Robotic spacecraft missed lunar impact due to malfunctions
- 1962 USA: Friendship 7: Third manned orbital spaceflight: John Glenn made 3 orbits.
- 1962 UK: Ariel 1: Third country to launch a satellite. Constructed in USA by NASA. Destroyed by accident
- 1962 USSR: Vostok 3 & 4: First launch of two piloted spacecraft simultaneously. First ship-to-ship radio contact
- 1962 USSR Sputnik 19, Venera 2MV: Attempted to land on Venus; failed to escape Earth’s orbit
- 1962 USA: Mariner 2: First to receive communications from spacecraft near Venus and conduct temperature measurements (last contact: 1/3/1963)
- 1962 Canada: Alouette 1: First artificial satellite to study the ionosphere, constructed by a non-superpower.
- 1962 USA: Ranger 5: Ran out of power and ceased operation and missed the moon
- 1962 USA: Mariner 2: First USA Venus flyby
- 1963 USSR: Luna 4: Mission to land on the moon failed when it missed the moon
- 1963 USA: Six Project Mercury astronauts logged 34 Earth orbits and 51 hours in space
- 1963 USSR: Vostok 6: First woman in space
- 1963 USA Syncom 2: First satellite to permanently remain in same area of the sky by synchronizing rotation w/ Earth’s orbit
- 1963 USA: Mariner 10: Mission: to observe the surface, atmosphere, and physical features of Mercury & Venus
- 1963 USA: NAVSAT (NAVigational system of SATellites) First navigation satellite system to provide global coverage. As of April 2013, only USA and Russia have global operational systems. China expects to have one 2020
- 1964 USA: Ranger 7: First completely successful flight of the program: transmitted close lunar images back to Earth
- 1964 USA: Syncom 3: First geostationary satellite (rotates in sync w/the Earth so it appears to be stationary. These are used by communications and weather satellites
- 1964 USSR Voskhod 1: USSR’s response to USA’s Gemini and Apollo projects. First 3-man crew (however due to their urgency, there was no room for both men and space suits
- 1964 USA: Mariner 4: First spacecraft to fly by Mars on 7/14/1965
- 7/20/1969: Neil Armstrong successfully met President Kennedy’s challenge when he became the first human to step foot on the moon and he said: That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.
Bill Haley & the Comets
Dave Clark Five
Gerry and the Pacemakers
Jan & Dean
Jay & the Americans
Jerry Lee Lewis
Martha & The Vandells
Miss America Pageant
Nat King Cole
Paul & Paula
Peter & Gordon
Peter, Paul & Mary
Ray Charles Singers
Rhythm and Blues
Sammy Davis, Jr.
Smokey Robinson & the Miracles
Tennessee Ernie Ford
Television Types and Popular Shows
As Television sets became more affordable, television programs began to target children and kids shows became popular
Alfred Hitchcock Show
Andy Griffith Show
Car 54 Where Are You?
Death Valley Days
Dennis the Menace
Donna Reed Show
Face the Nation
Felix the Cat
George Burns & Gracie Allen
Hallmark Hall of Fame
I’ve Got a Secret
Judy Garland Show
Kraft Television Series
Leave it to Beaver
Life of Riley
Mickey Mouse Playhouse
Mickey Rooney Show
Mike Douglas Show
Miss America Pageant
Mutual of Omaha’s Wild Kingdom
My Three Sons
Original Amateur Hour
Patty Duke Show
Phyllis Diller Show
Price is Right
Queen for a Day
Rocky & Bullwinkle
Saturday Night at the Movies
Texaco Star Theater
Toast of the Town
Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson
Walt Disney Presents
Walt Disney’s Wonderful World of Color (1961–1969)
Wanted: Dead or Alive
What’s My Line?
Wide World of Sports
Wild Bill Hickock
Wonderful World of Disney
Games and entertainment
Betsy McCall Doll
Chutes & Ladders
Mouse in the Maze
Casper the Ghost in the Box (Music Box)
Chewing gum wrapper chains
Dennis the Menace Doll
Dick Tracy Siren Squad Car
Doctor and Nurse Kits
Farm Yard Set
Hangman (done with paper and pencil)
Howdy Doody’s TV Game
Iron shaving sketches
Little Golden books
Magic 8 Ball
Mr. Potato Head
Paint by Numbers
Play Doh (Originally invented in the 1930’s as a wallpaper cleaner)
Portable Electric Phonograph
Wind Up Plastic Speedboat (bathtub toy)
Drive-In Movies, popped popcorn to cut costs
Made batches of popcorn and had “movie nights” at drive in theaters
Picked fruits and veggies at pick-your-own farms
Picnics everywhere: in the park, back yard, local parks
Played croquet and Jarts
We always seemed to be able to incorporate laughing and having fun into tasks and chores that we did
Blind Man’s Bluff
Built snow forts
Button, button, who’s got the button?
Cloud watching; and cloud shapes we saw
Created skits in our back yards
Croquet and Jarts
Flew homemade kites
Fox & the goose
Hide n Seek
Jump rope, Chinese jump rope, Cross over
King of the Mountain
Mother May I?
Picked fruits & veggies at pick your own farms
Played in piles of raked leaves
Played on swing sets
Popped popcorn and went to drive in movies
Raked the lawn and took turns jumping into the leaves
Red Light Green Light
Roller skating (metal skates clamped to shoes
Run around in the yard
Skipped rope (single and double) (using the clothes line)
Skits, we created skits in our back yards
Snow Forts and Snowball Fights
Stargazing at night, found Big and Little Dipper and other constellations
Tic Tac Toe
Slang Terms of Baby Boomers
Every generation has its own favorite terms and slang. Below are some. Please let us know if you have other terms or slang that your generation used so we can grow our list.
Acid – LSD (acronym for the chemical name of the psychedelic drug)
Bananas – someone who is acting weird
Blast – to have a great time
Boob tube – television (because of the cathode ray tube or picture tube)
Book – Leave the scene
Bookin’ – Going really fast
Boss – Really great
Bread – Money
Brown Nose – to get on someone’s good side with the sole intention of getting ahead at work
Bummed Out – Disheartened or dejected
Burn Rubber – Leave so quickly you leave some of the tire on the tar
Can You Dig It – do you understand?
Catch some Z’s – Go to sleep
Chauvinist – feminist movement term for someone’s behavior
Chick – girl or woman
Chinese Fire Drill – People in a car at a traffic light all get out, run around the car and get back in
Cool – anything fashionable that was really very good and a term meaning awesome
Cop out – back out or take the easy way out
Cowabunga – term used by surfers to mean an excellent wave and quickly spread
Dibs – Meaning ownership as in ‘I’ve got dibs on the ice cream’
Dig – Do you understand?
Don’t Flip Your Wig – Stay calm
Don’t Have A Cow – Stay calm
Don’t Sweat The Small Stuff – Don’t let it bother you
Dork – socially inept person
Drag – Race for a short distance or someone who is no fun
Dude – term used to address another person
Fab – Fantastic
Far Out – approving statement, anything extraordinary or awesome
Flip The Bird – a visible way to ‘cuss someone out’
Flower Child – a Hippie
Freaked out – exclamation used by hippies to mean something great
Funky – stylish
Fuzz – Police
Going Steady – Dating only one person
Groovy – anything that was fun or exciting
Groupies – were people who followed rock stars and partied with them
Hang 10 – surfer term to move to the front of the surfboard and hang all of your toes off the front
Hang Loose – Take it easy
Hickey – the mark an enthusiastic lover left, usually on the neck
Hip – Very Cool
Hippie – people who wore wild colors & beads, had long hair, and wore bell bottom & Nehru collars.
Hunk – What girls call a good looking guy
Jive – Black American jazz musicians
Joint – term used for the finished product when marijuana was rolled into a cigarette
Make Out – Kissing
Moo Juice – milk
Nerd – description of those who were extremely studious
Nimrod – someone who was inept
Nitty-Gritty – inside information
Old Lady or Old Man – Term used for mother or father or boyfriend or girlfriend
On the Rag – In a really bad mood
Outta sight – exclamation of something great
Outta Sight – something that was amazing or over the top remarkably
Paparazzi – Freelance photographers
Passion Pit – Drive-in Movie
Pedal Pushers – pants known today as capris
Peel Out – Burn or leave rubber with your car
Pig Out – Overeat
Pot – marijuana
Preppy – someone who dressed conservatively
Psychedelic – mind-altering drugs
Rap – Black street culture term for talking
Rave – admiration
Real McCoy – Genuine or the real thing
Score – to win
Shades – Sunglasses
Sharp – Good looking
Shrink – psychiatrist
Sit on it – exclamation of insult to someone
Skinny dipping – swimming in the nude
Slow on the Uptake – someone who is slow to “get” a joke punch line or catches on slowly
Smokey/10-4, good buddy – citizens’ band radio (CB) term to flag others behind you of a speed trap
Spaced-out – got a buzz from smoking pot/marijuana
Split – to leave
Square – Somebody not cool
Stacked – A girl with a big bust
Stoke – add fuel to the coal fire
Stoned – drank too much alcohol
Stood Up – A no-show for a date
Stuck Up – Conceited
Submarine Races – Parking next to a body of water to make out
Ten-Four – do you copy?
Threads – clothes
Toss Your Cookies – to vomit or throw up
What’s your Twenty? – Where are you?
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‘Fewer but better fed animals can make livestock production more efficient.’ This was said by Mario Herrero at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in Nairobi. Herrero was speaking on 13 November 2012 in the fourth of a series of science seminars organized by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food security (CCAFS). The presentation was live-streamed to an online audience of 220 people.
Herrero, an agricultural systems analyst at ILRI, gave an up-to-date overview of ways the livestock sector in developing countries can help mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, which are causing global warming. `We face the challenge of feeding an increasing human population, estimated to reach 9 billion by 2050, and doing so in ways that are socially just, economically profitable and environmental friendly,’ he said.
This matters a lot. There are about 17 billion domestic animals in the world, with most of these in developing countries. The raising of these animals generates greenhouse gases such as methane (emitted through enteric fermentation and some manure management practices). And the number of livestock in the developing world will only increase in future decades.
Livestock benefit many of the world’s poorest people, with at least 1 billion of them depending either directly or indirectly on livestock for nourishment and income and livelihoods. But most of the inefficiencies in livestock production occur in developing countries, where people lack the resources to refine their production practices.
The good news is that livestock production in poor countries can be improved dramatically to close big yield gaps there. Herrero gave some examples:
- Discourage and reduce over-consumption of animal-source foods in communities where this occurs,
- Encourage and provide incentives to small-scale farmers to keep fewer but better fed and higher producing animals, and
- Promote ways of managing manure from domestic animals that reduce methane emissions.
Herrero leads ILRI’s climate change research and a Sustainable Livestock Futures group, which reviews interactions between livestock systems, poverty and the environment. He says, `In the coming decades, the livestock sector will require as much grain as people. That’s why there’s great need to keep fewer but more productive farm animals. We need to find ways to produce enough food for the world’s growing human population while reducing global warming and sustaining livelihoods of the poor.’
That, says Herrero, will involve some hard thinking about hard trade-offs.
For instance, while reducing the number of animals kept by poor food producers, and intensifying livestock production systems, could reduce global methane emissions by livestock, we’ll have to find efficient and sustainable ways for small-scale farmers and herders to better feed their animal stock. And while raising pigs and poultry generates lower levels of greenhouse gas emissions than raising cattle and other ruminant animals, pigs and poultry cannot, like ruminants, convert grass to meat.
‘There’s no single option that’s best,’ cautions Herrero. ‘Any solution will need to meet a triple bottom line: building livelihoods while feeding more people and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.’
Click on this link to view Mario Herrero’s full presentation: Mitigation potentials of the livestock sector, http://www.slideshare.net/cgiarclimate/livestock-mitigation-mario-herrero-nov-2012 | <urn:uuid:94f6fa19-4342-4077-b930-eff30902ccec> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.ilri.org/ilrinews/index.php/archives/10007 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578605555.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423154842-20190423180842-00135.warc.gz | en | 0.910489 | 719 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Learn what those dental words mean.
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The goal of minimally invasive dentistry, or microdentistry, is to conserve healthy tooth structure. It focuses on prevention, remineralization, and minimal dentist intervention. Using scientific advances, minimally invasive dentistry allows dentists to perform the least amount of dentistry needed while never removing more of the tooth structure than is required to restore teeth to their normal condition. In addition, in minimally invasive dentistry, dentists use long-lasting dental materials that conserve the maximum tooth structure so the need for future repairs is reduced.
First your dentist will evaluate your risk for tooth decay. The presence of bacteria, quality and quantity of saliva, and your diet are all contributors to decay. Your dentist will then use strategies to prevent or reduce your risk for tooth decay. For instance, if you have a high level of oral bacteria, you might be advised to use mouthwash daily, limit the intake of certain carbohydrates, and practice good oral hygiene.
Which techniques are used?
Remineralization: Remineralization is the process of restoring minerals. Remineralization can repair the damage created by the demineralization process. Fluoride plays a very important role in remineralization.
Air abrasion: When a tooth cannot be remineralized and decay is present, your dentist may use air abrasion to remove the decay. Air abrasion is used instead of a traditional drill and may not require anesthesia. It resembles microscopic sand blasting and uses a stream of air combined with a super-fine abrasive powder.
Sealants: Usually made of plastic resin, dental sealants protect teeth from bacteria that cause decay. Sealants fit into the grooves and depressions of the tooth and act as a barrier, protecting against acid and plaque. Sealants do not require any cutting of the tooth and can be placed on teeth that might be susceptible for decay at any time.
Inlays and onlays: Usually dentists use crowns to restore a tooth, but inlays and onlays do not require them to remove as much of the tooth structure. Inlays are similar to fillings except that they are custom-made to fit the cavity in your tooth and are typically the same color as the tooth or gold colored. Onlays are used for more substantial reconstruction and also do not require your dentist to remove as much of the tooth as would a crown.
Bite splints: Many people grind their teeth at night. Grinding, or bruxism, may cause serious damage to the teeth, and may require you to need crowns. Grinding, which often begins in your teenage years or early 20s, can be detected and corrected before much damage has been done. Dentists can create bite splints for you to wear at night or during stressful times when most teeth-grinding occurs.
Where can I find a dentist who practices minimally invasive dentistry?
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Railroad Growth and Development, 1830s-1850s
Drawing of the Lancaster Philadelphia & Columbia Railroad Depot,
Pioneer Line (Philadelphia to Pittsburgh) in 1842
Courtesy of the PA State Archives; MG 219;
Box 25, Image 1144
"Comparatively speaking, the railroad industry started late in Pennsylvania, in part due to the huge investment sunk by the Commonwealth and private investors into the turnpikes and then the Main Line Canal system. After the slow start of the 1830s, Pennsylvania became a national leader in railroad development in the 1840s and 1850s. By 1860 it had surpassed all states in total railroad mileage, a position it would hold into the 20th century.
Railroads initially developed as a means of more economically moving commodities such as minerals and farm goods to market. Yet they were also a function of, and a catalyst for, the state’s industrial-based economy. The new dependable, all-weather transportation, in turn, spurred further industrial growth. Freed from dependence upon water-borne transportation, industries grew up in all corners of the state. With new industries, small towns with rail connections grew to urban centers, and other smaller rail towns were founded overnight wherever a railroad company decided to place a depot. Other towns such as Altoona grew specifically to service the railroads with car shops and maintenance yards. The most dramatic growth occurred in iron making and in coal extraction. Iron was spurred by the railroad’s demand for metal rails and cars, and coal was the primary fuel for railroads, the metal industries, and home heating throughout the Northeast. In a symbiotic relationship, Pennsylvania railroads carried these products throughout the state and the nation.
The Age of Railroad Dominance, 1860s-1910s
The leading story of Pennsylvania’s transportation from the 1860s to the early 1910s was the dominance of railroads and the extension of rail lines into every corner of the state. The state’s railroad industry grew from 2,600 miles of track in 1860 to more than 11,500 miles of track at its peak in 1920. the expansion of Pennsylvania’s railroads was not unique but part of a nationwide trend that brought the railroad to the forefront of the American economy. Railroads evolved into the nation’s first ‘big business,’ assuming control of vast holdings of capital, real estate, equipment, and employees. As they grew in size, the railroads moved to standardize operations, gradually eliminating the multiplicity of gauges that had plagued the industry during the Civil War. In favor of the standard gauge, the new standard gauge of four feet eight and one-half inches, helped the railroads to integrate the many lines into a vast network serving a national market. At the same time, the railroads upgraded their physical plant, replacing iron rails with heavier steel ones, wood and iron bridges with stronger steel and stone spans, wooden cars with steel, and early engines with larger, more powerful varieties.
The Lackawanna Valley by George Inness
The railroads had a profound impact on the state's economy and landscape, so much that every major town or city was historically impacted in some way. American iron and steel manufacturers concentrated production at large, integrated plants in selected districts, most notably the Pittsburgh region, on its way to becoming "the steel city." After 1870, rail lines extended south and east from Pittsburgh to rich bituminous coal fields, such as the one centered around Connellsville, location of one of the nation's richest supplies of coking coal, an important fuel source for the iron and steel industry.
As the rail lines opened national markets, thousands of Pennsylvania manufactories, great and small, benefitted from the new markets and availability of new resources. Northeast of Pittsburgh, rail lines extended into the oil fields around the towns of Oil City and Titusville, precipitating the boom in that industry. Logging railroads were a significant technological advance helping loggers reach vast strands of timber in the Allegheny Plateau of northern Pennsylvania. The state was soon known nationally not only for iron and steel, coal and coke, oil and lumber, but also textiles, machine tools, leather, railroad cars, ship buildings, glass, and printing.
Railroads in the Highway Era, 1920s-1990s
Despite their great success as a transportation system, railroads were always a business of comparatively modest profits. The industry was heavily capitalized, with high fixed costs tied up in essential holdings like rights-of-way, track, bridges, locomotives and cars, stations, warehouses, and other fixed structures. Large land holdings, in turn, subjected the railroad to an equally great property tax load, often this burden increased beyond what could be justified by traffic. Competing lines, which were legion in Pennsylvania, assured that most bulk commodities shipping rates remained comparatively low. Moreover, arcane freight pricing structures did not establish rates strictly based on competition, commodity, and distance but instead used various factors to establish maximum and minimum rate levels. So long as other costs and competition from outside forms of transportation remained static the railroad industry remained profitable. Its position was, however, precarious.
Pennsylvania Railroad's "Pittsburgh Promotes Progress"
Courtesy of the PA State Archives MG 213; Postcard Collection;
Allegheny County; Box 5
Competition increased from other forms of transportation, particularly private automobiles, trucks, barges, and pipelines. During World War I, more and more shippers, exasperated with railroad car shortages and freight bottlenecks, turned to the nascent trucking industry. After World War I, massive infusions of federal aid helped Pennsylvania and other states build and improve integrated state highway systems.
Years of overbuilding, high-fixed costs, heavy debt loads, and declining business were catching up with the industry. With railroad traffic and profits declining precipitously following World War II, there was no money to spare, and further debt was something few railroads could afford. Pennsylvania's anthracite railroads were among the hardest hit, victims of outside competition, mine depletion, a switch from hard coal to oil as the primary choice in home heating, and the completition of the St. Lawrence Seaway, which syphoned off Great Lakes traffic. The decline of manufacturing and mining in Pennsylvania and the northeast, the lifeblood of the Commonwealth's railroads, sapped the carriers. The railroad companies, led by the Pennsylvania Railroad, reorganized ruthlessly, consolidating shop operations, reducing employment, and abandoning unprofitable branch lines."
Read the remainder of Lichtenstein & Associate's "Historic Context for Transportation Networks in Pennsylvania" (PDF).
See also PHMC's "Railroading in Pennsylvania" and ExplorePAHistory's "The Railroad In Pennsylvania" websites. | <urn:uuid:ba464d23-c67b-4f1d-8669-9ff450f54441> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/railroads_of_pennsylvania/20175/developmental_history/943342 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398450559.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205410-00241-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961076 | 1,393 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Environmental control of ovarian dormancy in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster
- First Online:
- Cite this article as:
- Emerson, K.J., Uyemura, A.M., McDaniel, K.L. et al. J Comp Physiol A (2009) 195: 825. doi:10.1007/s00359-009-0460-5
- 161 Downloads
Drosophila melanogaster from Australia, Europe and North America enter an adult ovarian dormancy in response to short days and low temperatures. The independent effects of temperature and day length in the determination of dormancy have been examined only in one long-established laboratory line (Canton-S). In all other studies of natural or laboratory populations, dormancy has been assessed at either a single short day or a single moderately low temperature. Herein, we determine the relative roles of temperature, photoperiod, and their interaction in the control of ovarian dormancy in D. melanogaster from two natural populations representing latitudinal extremes in eastern North America (Florida at 27°N and Maine at 44°N). In both natural populations, temperature is the main determinant of dormancy, alone explaining 67% of the total variation among replicate isofemale lines, whereas photoperiod has no significant effect. We conclude that ovarian dormancy in D. melanogaster is a temperature-initiated syndrome of winter-tolerant traits that represents an adaptive phenotypic plasticity in temperate seasonal environments.
KeywordsPhotoperiodism Geographic variation Diapause Stress resistance Life-history
Number of hours of light (L) and dark (D) in a given environmental cycle | <urn:uuid:edec27e0-28f5-4fa5-9cd6-3e41012a7510> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00359-009-0460-5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189245.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00659-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.816902 | 352 | 3 | 3 |
In our first installment of Teacher's Corner, we share a how-to guide for integrating research-based reading comprehension practices into units on novels for struggling middle school readers. This guide was developed by TCLD researchers and is based on lessons used in studies focused on RTI in secondary schools (see Pyle & Vaughn, 2012; Vaughn & Fletcher, 2012). Students in these studies who received these lessons outperformed students who did not.
Middle school is a time when academic expectations rise and, for many students, reading and analyzing complex text is challenging. The 2017 National Assessment of Educational Progress reports that just 36% of eighth-graders read at or above the Proficient level. Fortunately, although the impact of interventions in the secondary grades is generally smaller than that of early interventions, studies show that reading interventions do make a difference for adolescents (e.g., Wanzek et al., 2013). In fact, the research base has identified that effective literacy practices exist for middle school students (Scammacca et al., 2007). The goal of this post, and the Teacher's Corner series broadly, is to help bridge the gap between research and practice by offering teachers and other practitioners resources that may improve their practice.
As part of a multitier intervention study for struggling middle school readers, TCLD researchers developed lesson plans to support students as they read brief novels in a reading intervention class. The lessons, which are research-based and aligned with state standards, were delivered by teachers during 50-minute intervention class periods.
Based on the lesson plans used in the research study, we created a guide, Reading Instruction for Middle School Students: Developing Lessons for Improving Comprehension, to help you create your own lessons to improve your students’ reading comprehension. The guide provides detailed descriptions of the practices used and the instructional resources required (e.g., graphic organizers, response cards, learning logs). Also available are fully developed lesson plans for some of the novels used in the intervention, Iqbal and Any Small Goodness.
The instructional practices varied for each novel chapter but were typically structured in the following manner.
Teachers explicitly introduce new vocabulary words and ask students to predict the events of the chapter they’re about to read. Throughout the novel, teachers also activate and build background knowledge prior to reading.
As students read the chapter using a teacher-chosen format (cloze, choral, partner, or silent), teachers instruct students to use various comprehension-monitoring strategies, such as getting the gist and generating questions.
Instruction concludes with teachers leading students in a review of the vocabulary words learned earlier through various games or activities. Students also summarize the text, verify predictions, and get the gist of the chapter.
As we emphasize in the guide, it’s important to explicitly teach students how and when to use reading strategies by modeling them multiple times; conducting “think-alouds”; providing ample opportunities for practice with immediate, direct feedback; and allotting time for independent practice.
Keep in mind that closing the reading gap for older students with significant reading problems is likely to take several years. But don’t be discouraged; the research is clear—students can and do benefit from reading interventions!
Teachers can learn more about implementing the instructional practices in this guide by viewing this webinar.
More details about the TCLD intervention study and RTI in middle schools can be found in this easy-to-read report.
For questions related to the lesson plans or other TCLD work, contact us. | <urn:uuid:3f084ed3-311c-4155-a0fc-48029b1a5f04> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://texasldcenter.org/teachers-corner/comprehension-lessons-for-struggling-middle-grade-readers-a-how-to-guide | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030336921.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001195125-20221001225125-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.937305 | 737 | 4.21875 | 4 |
- Research article
- Open Access
Performance of an adapted household food insecurity access scale in measuring seasonality in household food insecurity in rural Ethiopia: a cohort analysis
BMC Nutrition volume 5, Article number: 54 (2019)
Seasonality poses a considerable food security challenge in Ethiopia. Yet, measuring seasonal variations in food insecurity, particularly the dimension of food access, lacks an adequately validated tool. We therefore evaluated the performance of an adapted Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) to estimate seasonal variations in food insecurity (FI) among subsistence villagers in Ethiopia.
We employed a cohort study design using a panel of four repeated measurements taken in June, September, and December in the year 2017, and in March 2018. The study recruited 473 villagers from the drought-affected Wolaita area in southwest Ethiopia. The performance of the HFIAS was evaluated via internal consistency (Chronbach’s alpha values) and criterion validation techniques. The set of criteria include: parallelism between affirmative responses to FI questions and wealth strata; dose-response relationship between FI and dietary intake; and also FI severity and household wealth status.
This study revealed that the HFIAS had satisfactory performance in four repeated measurements. The likelihood of affirmative responses to questions about FI decreased with ascending wealth quintiles. We observed an inverse dose-response relationship between FI and wealth status, and between FI and household dietary diversity.
The HFIAS showed an acceptable potential for measuring seasonal variations in FI in the study area. Our findings complement efforts to evaluate the scale’s applicability in various settings, in order to promote cross-culture monitoring and comparisons. However, it required a careful adaption for contextual and cultural sensitivities.
The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations defines household food security as access to a diet of sufficient quantity and quality for all household members at all times, through socially acceptable ways . Yet, more than 800 million people globally still suffer from lack of sufficient food, food insecurity (FI) . About 30% of this burden occurs in Sub-Saharan Africa and Ethiopia contributes the major share [2, 3].
Food security measurement has four common dimensions: availability, access, utilization, and stability of the other three dimensions over time . Although widely used, food availability often lacks accuracy in quantifying how adequately food is distributed at household and individual levels . Even when food stocks are sufficient, food access may still remain a challenge [4, 5]. Food utilization dimension applies non-specific indicators that do not take into account subjective experiences of households [6,7,8].
Given the multidimensional nature and its complex components, FI measurement has still remained subject to debate . Accordingly various indicators of FI measurement have been developed over decades . The widely used indicators often involve either dietary diversity and food frequency, or consumption behaviours at different levels [4, 10,11,12,13,14]. Moreover, studies have shown that FI results from the different indicators also tend to be comparable [10, 15], yet the overall estimates still show variations [15, 16]. Nonetheless, developing a single comprehensive measure for FI dimensions has continued to be an going challenge .
The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) has been used to measure food access dimension of FI . This tool comprises nine questions in three domains that describe core experiences: uncertainty or anxiety about food supply; insufficient food quality; and insufficient food intake and its physical consequences . The HFIAS tool is intended to capture a mix of food insufficiency and psychological factors related to FI, but some researchers raise its subjectivities such as response biases . Yet, few studies have evaluated the validity of the HFIAS in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Despite limited evidence on its validity, this tool has been frequently used to measure FI in many settings [20,21,22,23]. Recently, Gebreyesus et al. reported that the tool had satisfactory validity in the Butajira district in central Ethiopia . However, their cross-sectional analysis did not assess the HFIAS tool’s performance across agricultural seasons. To be effective, validation of tools like the HFIAS should account for seasonal variations in food insecurity [18, 20].
The densely populated Wolaita area in southwest Ethiopia has been repeatedly affected by drought [24, 25]. However, little is known about the risk profile of this area across agricultural seasons, and thus a valid measuring tool is needed. We therefore did a panel study aimed to assess how well the HFIAS measures seasonal variations in FI among subsistence farming households. The data analyzed for this study were extracted from a larger longitudinal study assessing seasonal variations in food and nutrition insecurity in the area.
The findings of this study are expected to improve our knowledge of the applicability of the HFIAS for use in developing countries, such as Ethiopia. We also expect that the findings might contribute as input to the body of literature on FI measurements.
We employed a cohort study design by collecting data from a panel of 473 rural households in the Wolaita area. Rural villages in the area represent two agro-ecological divisions: Lowlands (with hot and semi-dry conditions) and Midlands (with relatively cooler and sub-humid conditions) [5, 26]. The study involved same participants at four data points in time (rounds): June 2017, September 2017, December 2017, and March 2018.
This study was conducted in two rural districts (Woredas), namely Humbo and Sodo Zuria in the Wolaita area [25, 27]. About 400,000 people live in the districts often suffering from chronic food insecurity problem [5, 28]. The households were recruited from lowland (< 1600 m) and midland (> 1600 m) areas.
Based on the amount and timing of seasonal rains, farming activities, crop harvest, and other area-specific contexts, we identified and accounted for four distinct agricultural seasons in our survey rounds [25, 29]. Survey round 1 (R1) was conducted in the month of June in the heavy rainy season. The second round (R2) was conducted in September when the main cereal crop harvest takes places; small rains in this season give opportunity for growing root varieties. The third round (R3) was conducted in December, a late post-harvest month. The dry season lasts from late December to February or March. The fourth round (R4) was conducted late in the dry season; the second rainy season. Accordingly R1 and R4 were in pre-harvest season, R2 was at main harvest and R3 late in post-harvest seasons [5, 25, 30].
As a subsample of the broader study, the current analysis included 473 households who were not taking part in the PSNP. We excluded households taking part in the programme [31, 32]. As the programme member households get periodic cash support, their income basis would differ from households not taking part in the programme [31, 33, 34]. We further intended to maintain comparability with previous studies [21,22,23].
We adapted the HFIAS questionnaire, which was recently validated in the rural Butajira district in central Ethiopia . The tool comprises nine questions which are based on the respondent’s recall of food insufficiency and related psychological responses in the past 30 days [4, 18]. The questions (and their shortened versions) are as follows:
Q1: ‘Did you worry that your household would not have enough food?’ (‘Worry for food’)
Q2: ‘Were you or any household member not able to eat the kinds of foods you preferred because of a lack of resources?’ (‘Unable to eat preferred foods’)
Q3: ‘Did you or any household member eat just a few kinds of food day after day because of a lack of resources?’ (‘Eat a limited variety of foods’)
Q4: ‘Did you or any household member eat food that you did not want to eat because of a lack of resources to obtain other types of food?’ (‘Eat foods that you did not want’)
Q5: ‘Did you or any household member eat a smaller meal than you felt you needed because there was not enough food?’ (‘Eat a smaller meal’)
Q6: ‘Did you or any household member eat fewer meals in a day because there was not enough food?’ (‘Eat fewer meals in a day’)
Q7: ‘Was there ever no food at all in your household because there were no resources to get more?’ (‘No food to eat of any kind’)
Q8: ‘Did you or any household member go to sleep at night hungry because there was not enough food?’ (‘Go to sleep at night hungry’)
Q9: ‘Did you or any household member go a whole day without eating anything because there was not enough food?’ (‘Go day and night without eating’); the capital letter ‘Q’ denotes a question and subscripts 1–9 are item numbers in increasing severity. Each question in the tool includes a follow-up item to determine the frequency of occurrence whose responses are coded as often ‘3’, sometimes ‘2’, rarely ‘1’, or not at all ‘0’
A language expert and one of the investigators (BYK) translated the questionnaire into the local Wolaita language. We then interviewed five women in lowland and five in midland areas to ensure that each item was understandable and not easily misinterpreted. These women were later not included here in the main analysis. We asked each woman all the nine questions and recorded their responses. Afterwards, each woman was asked if she understood a particular question. When limitations that could compromise the intended meanings were noted, we asked the women how such items could be improved. Finally, the 10 respondents, two field supervisors, and one of the investigators (BYK) discussed the results, and finally BYK compiled these into a modified module .
The preliminary test of the HFIAS revealed several contextual and cultural sensitivities. For example, all the 10 women answered ‘yes’ to Q1 (‘worry for food’). They identified the term ‘worry’ in Q1 as an ordinary situation, this required contextual modification. Respondents also described Q4 (‘Eat foods that you did not want’) as intrusive and embarrassing, thus requiring the addition of a brief discussion about area-specific food taboos, including a list of foods that are consumed only during extreme food shortages. Some of the women were shy or afraid of replying ‘yes’ for Q7 (‘No food to eat of any kind’), Q8 (‘Go to sleep at night hungry’), and Q9 (‘Go day and night without eating’). This could be due to religious perceptions that disclosing such extreme situations would be perceived as insubordination to God. These three items thus required a focused training to interviewers on probing skills. For this to be effective, having interviewers who were better aware of extreme food shortages conditions had a particular importance.
Ten data collectors and two supervisors who are native speakers of the local language were recruited and given training on the different modules of the questionnaire. The same data collectors (in most cases) interviewed the same respondents in all the four rounds. However, in some rare cases a similarly trained one data collector was substituted. Women were mainly recruited as respondents in this study. However, when a woman was unavailable, any adult who was present and ate food in the household in the previous day was asked. Women are commonly responsible for food preparation and child feeding roles in their households in the study area [23, 35, 36]. Moreover, the women commonly remain at home more often than any other family member in this area.
The household food insecurity was measured by using responses to the nine FI occurrence questions (Q1-Q9) and their follow-up frequency of occurrence items [18, 23]. Accordingly, households were grouped into four categories (levels). A household is food-secure if it scored ‘0’ or ‘1’ in the first FI frequency of occurrence question and ‘0’ in Q2 to Q9; Mildly food-insecure if the first FI frequency of occurrence item has ‘2’ or ‘3’ or the second item has ‘1,’ ‘2,’ or ‘3’ or the third item has ‘1’ or the fourth item has ‘1’ and items Q5 to Q9 score ‘0’; Moderately food insecure if item three = ‘2’ or ‘3’ or item four = ‘2’ or ‘3’ or item five = ‘1’ or ‘2’ or item six = ‘1’ or ‘2’ and item seven to nine = ‘0’; and.
The overall household FI prevalence was computed as the proportion of food-insecure households out of the total interviewed. The mean differences of each consecutive pair of data time points were considered to estimate seasonal variations of the outcome measure.
A wealth index was constructed using a principal component analysis of the data on household-level assets. These assets included the housing structure (upper most cover, interior roof, floor, and wall) based on construction materials as observed by the interviewers, as well as possession of items such as radios, mobile telephones, beds, mattresses, kerosene lamps, watches, electric or solar panels, chairs, tables, wooden boxes, and carts. The four components of the housing structure had ordinal responses ranked mostly from 0 to 3. However, household assets had responses from 0 to 1 only. We standardized these scores to reduce the tendencies that variables with greater response would underestimate the others. Through a dimension-reduction analysis these inventories with standardized scores were summarized into logical dimensions. Based on standardized scores, the households were lastly categorized into relative wealth quintiles: Poorest (20th percentile), Poor (40th percentile), Medium (60th percentile), Rich (80th percentile), and Richest (>80th percentile).
The dietary diversity was measured by using Household Dietary Diversity Scale (HDDS) . The HDDS was derived from previous day’s consumptions of households based on 12 food groups; ranging between 0 and 12 scores [39, 40]. Respondents were asked qualitatively about their entire households’ food intake in the 24 h preceding each data collection round of the survey, focusing on consumption of 12 food groups: (i) meat; (ii) fish; (iii) vegetables; (iv) fruits; (v) eggs; (vi) potatoes and other roots or tubers; (vii) dairy products; (viii) pulses (ix) cereals and breads; (x) oil, fat, or butter; (xi) sugar or honey; and (xii) other foods, such as coffee and tea . When the respondent was asked if her family had diet from a particular food group, cereal for example, she would reply either ‘yes’ or ‘no’. Accordingly a ‘yes’ response was coded as ‘1’ and if ‘no’ it was coded as 0. The sum of the ‘yes’ response codes for the 12 food groups gives us the HDDS.
We used SPSS software (version 25 Inc., Chicago.IL) and Stata (Version 14, Stata Corporation, College Station, TX) for data analyses. Reliability analysis was conducted to estimate Chronbach’s alpha values. Likelihoods of affirmative responses were evaluated for parallelism across wealth quintiles. Extended Mantel-Haenszel chi square for linear trend was used to check for dose-response relationships between wealth and FI strata. Reproducibility of item responses was evaluated for pairs of related seasons (between pre-harvest seasons and also between post-harvest seasons) through paired t-test for equality of means of the HFIAS scores. We applied one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with robust tests of equality of means for multiple comparisons [41, 42].
We did an exploratory analysis involving the nine items through a varimax rotation of responses. A Horn’s parallel analysis (PA) was used to determine the number of factors to retain based on observed eigenvalues compared with that obtained from uncorrelated normal variables.
The following criteria were used for validation of the nine HFIAS tool: Chronbach’s alpha values approaching 0.85 to assert internal consistency [21,22,23]; parallelism of item-responses across wealth quintiles; and the presence dose-response relationship between wealth and FI strata, and between dietary intake and food security [41, 42].
We included 473 households in the analysis. The mean age of respondents was 30.5 years (standard deviation of 9.2), and 95.6% (452) were married women. The majority 81.4% (385) were able to read or write. About 70.0% (331) of households worked exclusively as farmers and the rest earned additional income as labourers in nearby towns. Among households, 25.8% (122) participated in local microfinance packages, 13.7% (65) had no farming plots and 58.8% (278) had less than a hectare. Households also owned assets such as radio (28.1%); mobile phone (57.9%); beds and mattress (45.7%); chairs or tables (70.8%). Table 1 further describes household size and livestock ownership.
Responses to household food insecurity access scale questions
The overall affirmative responses (‘yes’) to the nine HFIAS items were found to be sequentially ordered in increasing severity, with some internal deviations. Similarly, the pre-harvest rounds (R1 and R4) had relatively higher affirmative response ranges for the nine questions (Q1–Q9). If we take the proportion of affirmative response for Q1 it was 9.1% in June (R1) and 17.8% in March (R4) whereas 5.9% in September (R2) and 8.0% in December (R3). Similarly it was 75.3% in R1 and 86.5% in March (R4), compared to 64.9% in R2 and 60.5% in R3. Accordingly, Q1 (‘Worry for food’) received the highest affirmative responses, except in R3. The ninth item Q9 (‘go day and night without eating anything’) had the fewest affirmative responses across all four rounds. In the third round, Q4 (‘Eat foods that you did not want’) had the highest affirmative responses, and Q6 (‘eat fewer meals in a day’) had more affirmative responses than Q5 (‘Eat a smaller meal’). Similarly, in Round 4, the fourth item (Q4) had a slightly higher response than its preceding item: Q3 (‘eat a limited variety of foods’). Table 2 summarizes the results.
Affirmative responses to the Q1–Q6 were higher in R1, decreased in R2, increased again in R3, and peaked in R4. However, responses to Q7–Q9 had slight differences across the first three rounds. Accordingly, March and June showed the highest affirmative responses and September showed the lowest.
Figure 1 shows the highest and lowest oscillations of affirmative responses to each of the nine items in separate boxes, parallel with the Y-axis. The four error bars for each item representing the rounds are in the following order: June (R1), September (R2), December (R3), and March (R4). The vertical line after each item (item box) separates the item from its preceding or subsequent one. For example, the vertical line next to the main Y-axis separates the item ‘worry for food (Q1)’ and the subsequent item ‘unable to eat preferred foods (Q2)’; an error bar on the line itself also belongs to the first item (% of affirmative response to Q1 during R4). Accordingly, the four error bars (3 before the line and 1 overlapping on the line) indicate the item just before the vertical line. The area before the vertical line together with the line itself is meant to show the particular item as a single entity; how affirmative responses to the item oscillate across the four rounds (R1 through R4). As shown in the figure, item responses fluctuated across the four data collection rounds, particularly during pre-harvest (R1 and R4) and post-harvest rounds (R2 and R3).
Based on the exploratory factor analysis, two dimensions were consistently retained in the model. The first factor (F1) loaded most on the first six questions and the second factor (F2) on the last three questions. Accordingly, F1 implies mild-to-moderate FI and F2 implies severe FI (Table 3). The total combined variance explained by the two factors in response was 83.4% in R1, 82.9% in R2, 71.6% in R3, and 81.7% in R4. The total combined variance in response from pooled observations of the four rounds was 75.5%.
The Chronbach’s alpha value was 0.89 (95% CI, 0.88–0.90) from pooled observations of the four rounds: 0.92 in the first (R1), 0.92 in R2, 0.77 in R3, and 0.91 in R4.
Figure 2 shows the likelihood of affirmative responses across household wealth quintiles. The curves show item responses that were parallel with wealth strata and had an inversely decreasing trend with household wealth.
Food insecurity severity and household wealth status
This study documented a significant and an inverse dose-response relationship between household wealth and FI severity levels (P < 0.01) but the trend was inconsistent between rich and richest strata.
Food insecurity and food intake
Food intake had a significant and inverse dose-relationship relationship with FI severity levels: pooled observation (F = 49.2; P < 0.001). In other words, there was a dose-response relationship between food security and the previous day’s consumption of certain food varieties. For example, cereals were consumed in 70.8% of food-secure households but in 62.1% of severely insecure. Similarly higher was the likelihood of consuming vegetables (49.2% vs. 19.6%), fruits (12.1% vs. 3.0%), pulses (23.7% vs. 10.1%), oils (53.1% vs.17.0%), and milk products (18.3% vs. 5.4%). Moreover consumption of cereals, vegetables, fruits, pulses, oils and milk products had an inverse and significant dose-response relationship with FI severity levels (P < 0.01).
Food insecurity over time: reproducibility
The mean HFIAS score at baseline (R1) was 9.01 (95% CI: 8.34–9.67); it was 7.64 (95% CI: 6.97–8.30) in Round 2, 8.29 (95% CI: 7.75–8.84) in Round 3, and 11.77 (95% CI: 11.10–12.44) in Round 4. The pooled mean score for pre-harvest rounds (R1 and R4) was 10.39 (95% CI: 9.92–10.86). It was 7.96 (95% CI: 7.50–8.43) for post-harvest rounds (R2 and R3). As we see consecutive rounds, it significantly decreased in R2 compared with R1 (1.37; 95% CI: 0.39–2.35) and it was higher in R4 than R3. The mean score also varied between pre-harvest and post-harvest seasons (2.42; 95% CI: 1.93–2.92).
This study evaluated the performance of the HFIAS for assessing seasonal variations in FI in the rural Wolaita area in southwest Ethiopia. It mainly assessed internal consistency and construct validity of the tool through repeated observations. The results showed that the tool had satisfactory internal consistency and construct validity across rounds. However, some items required context-sensitive rephrasing, and others required prior discussion about potentially sensitive topics (e.g., food taboos). Moreover, the last three items particularly required skilled interviewers with probing abilities that can curiously pursue to get responses.
The four questionnaire rounds were aligned with agricultural seasons to ensure accurate representation of potential food shortage and access periods. The random selection of lower sampling units and strata of major altitudinal divisions in this study’s population are representative of other Ethiopian settings. Using the same households for repeated surveys, with no loss to follow-up, facilitated accurate estimates of seasonal variations. This study mainly recruited women having young children as respondents to reduce possible response bias.
The overall affirmative responses to the nine HFIAS items were found to be sequentially ordered in increasing severity, except some minor internal deviations. While ‘Worry for food (Q1)’ received the highest affirmative responses in all other three rounds, but it was ‘Eat foods that you did not want (Q4)’ exceptionally in R3. In the same round, ‘Eat fewer meals in a day’ (Q6) had more affirmative responses than its just preceding item. Similarly during round 4, the fourth item (Q4) slightly turned up higher than its preceding item. We also documented oscillations in affirmative responses to the items: flipping up in pre-harvest and down in post-harvest rounds (Table 2 and Fig. 1).
Our results showed that affirmative responses decreased with increasing severity of the nine HFIAS questions, which supports Coates et al. , but somewhat inconsistent with previous studies in Ethiopia , Tanzania , and Iran . The first item (‘Worry for food’) had the most affirmative responses in our study in contrast with the second item (‘Unable to eat preferred foods’) previously reported from Butajira district in Ethiopia . The ninth item (‘go day and night without eating’) received the fewest affirmative responses in our study and this was an expected order . However, it was the fourth item (‘Eat foods that you did not want’) that received the least affirmative response in the Butajira study . These deviations could be due to socio-cultural differences. For example, ‘Worry for food’ seemed to reflect an ordinary experience for our respondents, perhaps leading to artificially higher affirmative responses. In contrast to previous Ethiopian studies [20, 23], ‘Eat foods that you did not want’ appeared to have the most affirmative responses in late post-harvest round (R3) in our study. The deviation could be due to differences in interviewing techniques or might be real differences in respondents’ perceptions of food insecurity. Slightly in contrast with previous findings as well as the expected logical sequence, the sixth item (Q6) had more affirmative responses than its preceding item (Q5) in R3. Similarly in Round 4, the fourth item had slightly more affirmative responses than its preceding item. Accordingly, the first (June) and the fourth (March) rounds could represent the lean season and the middle two rounds to relatively wet season, despite the within variations. During the lean season males often migrate (within or out site the community) for labour works to generate additional income. This season is generally experienced all across the study settings but for longer times (months) in low altitude areas [5, 43]. During this “hunger season” period, household food stocks from the last harvest begin to run out: low production levels, inadequate storage facilities, and accumulated debt all combine to force families to sell or consume their agricultural production well before the new harvest .
Our study showed two distinct categorical domains of food insecurity discriminated by factor loadings and total variance explained in response. This was consistent with previous studies in Ethiopia [20, 23]. A similar factor component and equivalent variance in response was reported in rural Tanzania and Lebanon as well as an urban setting in Iran (Tehran) . Yet, inconsistent with Coates et al. suggestion we found no single item alone representing a unique domain. With regards to factor loading, our findings mainly differed from others on the fourth ‘Eat foods that you did not want’, the fifth ‘Eat a smaller meal’, and the sixth ‘Eat fewer meals in a day’ items in the HFIAS. In contrast to our findings, both the fifth and six items indicated severe food insecurity in the rural Tanzania and Lebanon and similarly the sixth item indicated severity domain in Tehran . Unlike ours, the fourth item had no particular domain in a study previously conducted in the Butajira district . These deviations could be due to socio-economic, dietary, and also methodology such as the use of local language version of questionnaire or not, or other contextual differences. This in turn might imply an on-going need to adapt the HFIAS for different settings in Ethiopia.
The HFIAS showed high internal consistency in the study area, particularly in the first, second and fourth survey rounds. A similarly high internal consistency was reported in a previous study in eastern Ethiopia . This was also in line with studies in an urban setting in Iran and rural Tanzania . We however documented a relatively lower Chronbach’s alpha value especially in the third round compared with the other rounds, still this was within the acceptable range . Although these findings are empirically equivalent to a recent finding in Ethiopia and exceed conventional measurements , they still raise concerns about internal consistency in tools that use repeated measurements. Therefore, we suggest further longitudinal studies to evaluate and improve internal consistency of the tool. We also recommend further studies assessing comparability of the overall estimates (FI prevalence in this case) from the HFIAS with other indicators.
The current study revealed an inverse dose-response relationship between household wealth and FI. We observed parallelism between FI and household wealth quintile, as reported in previous studies [20,21,22,23]. The HFIAS score had an inverse and significant dose-response trend with household wealth status which was as reported in previous studies in Ethiopia and elsewhere [20,21,22,23]. Yet, the trend was inconsistent between the wealth strata, possibly due to differences in the state of food security among wealthier households or divergent coping strategies. We constructed wealth index at baseline and assumed less variation across seasons. The higher the FI levels, the lower the dietary intake of the households and vice versa. The result also showed that the consumptions from food groups such as cereals, vegetables, fruits, pulses, oils and milk products was higher among food-secure households compared with severely food-insecure ones. These findings support previous studies in Ethiopia [23, 37].
The proportions of affirmative responses fluctuated across rounds, particularly between pre-harvest and post-harvest seasons. For example, the first six items (Q1–Q6) received the most affirmative responses in R1 and R4 and the least in the middle two rounds. However, responses to the latter three items (Q7–Q9) showed slight differences across the first three rounds and tended to peak during the fourth round (Fig. 1). The mean HFIAS scores significantly differed between most consecutive pairs of observations. It also varied between pre-harvest and post-harvest pair of rounds. These findings suggest seasonal variation in household FI. However, the observed difference within the post-harvest rounds was not significant, which might still imply reproducibility of the tool within similar level food insecurity. Similar findings were reported in a recent cross-sectional study in Ethiopia .
Some limitations of this study should be considered. The study was conducted in a chronically food-insecure setting, so the affirmative responses could be overestimated if responses were related to intentions to get food aid. We could also expect some under reporting particularly for the last three HFIAS questions pertaining to severe FI conditions due to cultural perceptions that disclosing such extreme situations would be perceived as ‘disobedience to God’. Headey et al. also raise subjectivity related concerns, including likelihood of being prone to response bias on tools such as the HFIAS . Household wealth index was determined at baseline and less variation was assumed across seasons. Thus possible variations in the wealth status across agricultural seasons might have led to different dose-response relationships. We attempted to use the same data collectors across rounds, but it was sometimes difficult to maintain this, which at certain level could have effects on the results. Additionally, we excluded households taking part in government’s PSNP, so it needs evidence as whether these households differ in seasonal FI experiences from the others. This study, for the first time in Ethiopia, tested the performance of the HFIAS for estimating seasonal variations in household FI; we had limited literature for relevant comparison.
The implications of the seasonality on FI measurements remain underexplored in Ethiopia and thus a valid tool is needed. The HFIAS has been adapted for such use, but few cross-sectional studies have validated it as a measure of FI in Ethiopia. Therefore, the current study evaluated the performance of the tool for measuring FI in rural Ethiopia. We found that the HFIAS could be adapted as a tool for measuring seasonal variations in FI among subsistence households in the study area. However, subjectivities might have inflated affirmative responses to some items indicative of milder FI conditions and vice versa for the severe ones. Moreover, adapting the tool also required meticulous effort to assure contextual validity in terms of cultural food taboos, socio-economic characteristics, and respondents’ access to and expectations about receiving food aid.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. The data described in this manuscript will also be made publicly available as we complete analysis for the major study.
Analysis of variance
Household Dietary Diversity Scale
Household Food Insecurity Access Scale
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The authors express their gratitude to the Centre for International Health at the University of Bergen in Norway and Hawassa University in Ethiopia for providing superior facilities to conduct this study. The authors thank Wolaita Sodo University (WSU) for internet facilities. The commitment of our field supervisors and enumerators, even in hard times during the repeated surveys, is highly admirable. Finally, this study would have been impossible without the genuine cooperation of the study respondents and their willingness to complete repeated interviews; we gratefully acknowledge their invaluable contributions.
This study was funded by the South Ethiopia Network of Universities in Public Health project, under the Norwegian Programme for Capacity Development in Higher Education and Research for Development. However, the funder had no role in the conduct, writing, or decision to publish this manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The institutional review committee at Hawassa University in Ethiopia (IRB/002/09) and Regional Committee for Medical and Research Ethics in Western Norway (2016/482/REK vest) approved a protocol for this study. The ethical approval included consent form with detailed procedures for verbal informed consent. Permission letters were obtained from relevant local administration offices. The research objective was explained, and verbal informed consent was obtained from each participant. Responses were made anonymous by using unique household identification numbers. Confidentiality of the information was assured by all the data collectors and investigators.
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Kabalo, B.Y., Gebreyesus, S.H., Loha, E. et al. Performance of an adapted household food insecurity access scale in measuring seasonality in household food insecurity in rural Ethiopia: a cohort analysis. BMC Nutr 5, 54 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-019-0323-6
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2018 Aussie Backyard Bird Count Results
Rainbows rule the roost!
For the fifth consecutive year, Australians headed into their backyards and local green spaces to take part in the Aussie Backyard Bird Count. In 2018, together we counted more than 2.7 million birds including over 305,000 Rainbow Lorikeets!
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While the species is ubiquitous today, this hasn’t always been the case. In some parts of Australia, such as around Melbourne, the Rainbows were driven out as the urban areas expanded, and even where they were still common in the bush, they were largely absent from our cities.
The rise of the Rainbow Lorikeet highlights the changes in Aussie backyards over the past half century, with traditional European-style cottage gardens making way for native backyards which provide the perfect place for these nectar-loving birds to forage on the flowers of eucalypts, bottle-brushes and grevilleas to harvest nectar and pollen. This shows the impact that planting natives can have, head over to our gardening tips page to see which plants will attract your favourite birds.
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Why we need you
Collecting a huge dataset like the one we get from the Aussie Backyard Bird Count is only possible thanks to you. The vast amount of data collected from citizen science programs like the Aussie Backyard Bird Count fills a knowledge gap, particularly on urban bird species, and gives us access to areas we usually wouldn’t be able to survey, like your backyard!
As well as helping ecologists track large-scale biodiversity trends like these, it also gives people the chance to connect with their natural environment and gain a greater appreciation of our unique fauna. | <urn:uuid:806f47bc-335a-4376-aadc-5fe533202820> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://aussiebirdcount.org.au/2018-results/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583656577.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116011131-20190116033131-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.935826 | 388 | 3.265625 | 3 |
When the body feels it is being threatened, it reacts by protecting itself. Sometimes, it goes a little too far and protects itself by going through a process called Central Sensitization. This is the body's way of overreacting to nerve damage or even to the threat of nerve damage.
Basically, the body becomes hypersensitive to tissue damage or the threat of tissue damage. This hypersensitivity is a reaction to the environment and manifests itself as certain conditions including the following.
Central Sensitization Induced Pain
- Neuropathic Pain – This is chronic pain that is usually caused by nerve damage. There may also be damage, dysfunction, or injury to the nerve fibers. The nerve fibers then send incorrect signals to other pain centers causing a change in the location of the injury and around the area of the injury.
- Inflammatory Pain – Inflammation occurs when the body's white blood cells and the substances produced by those white blood cells protect the body from infection that might be caused by a bacteria or virus.
- Migraines – Current theories say the altering of sensory input in the brain causes migraine headaches. In other words, there's an intracranial hypersensitivity that manifests itself as these debilitating headaches.
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome – Recent studies suggest there is reason to believe there are abnormalities in central nociceptive processing in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. This leads to visceral hypersensitivity or a decrease in the gut's pain thresholds.
Central Sensitization and Upper Cervical
In order to reduce and eliminate the body's overreaction to pain, it's important to address the underlying causes of that pain. The way to reduce that threat is to eliminate those things that could be causing that threat.
That means restoring the body's communication system, which has been altered and is causing a change in how the body responds to outside stimuli. This miscommunication within the body leads to a heightened sensation of pain and needs to be restored.
This alteration in communication frequently begins in the upper neck where the brain and spinal cord come together. Even small misalignments in this area can have dramatic effects on the way the brain and body is operating.
To schedule a complimentary consultation with Dr. Spinato call (858) 484-0444 or just click the button below. | <urn:uuid:61be2f8c-1c35-4ca8-8ce9-5507f4bb0d7e> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://sdispinecenter.com/component/easyblog/tags/chiropractor?Itemid=416 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203464.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324165854-20190324191854-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.939235 | 473 | 3.515625 | 4 |
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Environmental Public Health | Medicine and Health | Public Health | Social and Behavioral Sciences | Sports Studies
Background: The prominence of sedentary behavior research in health science has grown rapidly. With this growth there is increasing urgency for clear, common and accepted terminology and definitions. Such standardization is difficult to achieve, especially across multi-disciplinary researchers, practitioners, and industries. The Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN) undertook a Terminology Consensus Project to address this need. Method: First, a literature review was completed to identify key terms in sedentary behavior research. These key terms were then reviewed and modified by a Steering Committee formed by SBRN. Next, SBRN members were invited to contribute to this project and interested participants reviewed and provided feedback on the proposed list of terms and draft definitions through an online survey. Finally, a conceptual model and consensus definitions (including caveats and examples for all age groups and functional abilities) were finalized based on the feedback received from the 87 SBRN member participants who responded to the original invitation and survey. Results: Consensus definitions for the terms physical inactivity, stationary behavior, sedentary behavior, standing, screen time, non-screen-based sedentary time, sitting, reclining, lying, sedentary behavior pattern, as well as how the terms bouts, breaks, and interruptions should be used in this context are provided. Conclusion: It is hoped that the definitions resulting from this comprehensive, transparent, and broad-based participatory process will result in standardized terminology that is widely supported and adopted, thereby advancing future research, interventions, policies, and practices related to sedentary behaviors.
Tremblay, M.S. et al., 2017. Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN) – Terminology Consensus Project process and outcome. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(1). Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0525-8. | <urn:uuid:6d582e46-4743-44df-885c-23fb5798f9a7> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://sword.cit.ie/dptslcsart/21/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198287.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920161009-20200920191009-00325.warc.gz | en | 0.916466 | 424 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Michigan dedicates historical marker at tunnel explosion memorial
FORT GRATIOT -- A community that lived through the deadly water tunnel explosion 40 years ago watched as their memories officially became a piece of history Sunday afternoon at Fort Gratiot County Park.
During the ceremony held at the memorial, Tom Truscott of the Michigan Historic Commission dedicated a new historical marker -- a sign that details how 22 men working on a water intake tunnel deep underneath Lake Huron died in a powerful methane gas explosion Dec. 11, 1971.
The Lake Huron Water Supply Project was started by the Detroit Metro Water Department in 1968 to build a new water intake for the then-growing cities of Detroit and Flint....
comments powered by Disqus | <urn:uuid:46a22a8b-f3dd-4a3f-ae08-ab9c85b49376> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://hnn.us/article/143559 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999650775/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060730-00000-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947233 | 146 | 2.5625 | 3 |
As mentioned previously, a frequency distribution contains all of the observations for a particular
sample, which we refer to as the raw data. Only on rare occasions do we present the raw data. The
purpose of descriptive statistics is to provide a means of summarizing the information contained
within a frequency distribution. The two most important pieces of information that need to be
provided for any distribution are the central tendency of the distribution, and the dispersion of
the distribution. Measures of central tendency essentially describe the position of the distribution
on the X-axis (the value of the variable being measured), whereas measures of dispersion describe
how spread out the observations are along the X-axis. In a number of cases the shape of the
distribution, specifically the degree of symmetry, will also be important to describe.
(Chapter 3 in Zar, 2010)
Where a particular distribution of data is located on the X-axis (which represents the values of the
variable being measured) is summarized by reference to some value associated with the
approximate center of the distribution. The 3 standard measures of central tendency are mean,
median, and mode.
The mean simply is the arithmetic average of the observations, and is a summary statistic that we
all are familiar with. For this reason, we will use the formula for calculation of the sample mean to
indicate some of the notation that we will be using throughout the semester:
We will use Y to denote the value of an observation. The total number of observations, i.e., the
sample size, will be denoted as n. When we wish to identify a specific observation, we will use a
subscript. For example, Y4 would indicate the 4th observation. ∑Y is the notation that we will use
for the sum of all the obervations (Y1+Y2+Y3+…Yn). In this case a subscript for the Y would
indicate a particular group of observations, e.g., ∑Ycontrol would indicate the sum of all the
observations for the control group. The Y with the bar over it is the sample mean, and it is an
estimate, based on our sample, of the actual mean of the statistical population. We can express this
The population mean is represented by the symbol μ (lower case Mu in the Greek alphabet), and
the caret (^) over the top of it indicates that it is an estimate. Thus, the preceding formula can be
read as “the sample mean is an estimate of the population mean”.
When making estimates, we are far more concerned with accuracy (proximity to the actual value)
than we are with precision (proximity of estimates to one another). Of critical importance to
obtaining accuracy in our estimates is the use of estimators that are unbiased. An unbiased
estimator is as likely to overestimate as it is to underestimate, whereas a biased estimator will tend
to consistently overestimate, or consistently underestimate. Write that down…you are about to be
asked to evaluate bias.
We can use our newfound skills at reading frequency distributions (if you are feeling less than
skillful, review last week’s material) to examine the behavior of the sample mean as an estimate of
the population mean. The following graph was produced by drawing (at random) 1000 samples of
50 observations each from a statistical population where μ=10. This population mean of 10 was
subtracted from each of the sample means (such that a value of 0 would indicate that the sample
mean and population mean were identical) calculated from the 1000 samples to produce the
Note: These data were produced as the “smean” object in this R program
Question 1: From these data, does the sample mean appear to be an unbiased estimate of the
population mean? Justify your answer.
The other 2 measures of central tendency, the median and the mode, will return values similar to
the mean for distributions that are symmetrical, like the one above, but can convey different, and
sometimes important, information when applied to asymmetrical distributions. The median is the
middle observation when the observations are aligned in ascending (or descending) order by the
magnitude of their values. This can be a useful measure, because 50% of your observations are
above that value, and 50% of your observations fall below that value. The mode is the observation
that occurs the most frequently, i.e., the peak of the frequency distribution.
For distributions that are symmetrical, the mean, median, and mode should converge on the same
value. The distribution that follows displays observations of feeding rates of fruit fly (Drosophila
melanogaster) larvae, measured by counting the number of times the feeding apparatus
(cephalopharyngeal sclevites) contracted over the period of a minute.
The distribution of feeding rates is (more or less) symmetrical, resulting in the sample mean,
sample median, and sample mode all being approximately 85 contractions per minute. For
symmetrical distributions, all 3 measures convey basically the same information. When
distributions are asymmetrical, you have to carefully consider what information you wish to
convey when choosing a measure of central tendency. The following distribution was created by
examining the distribution of Vica sp. (vetch), a twining legume growing in the lawn outside of the
Pacer Commons dorm on campus, by counting the number of individuals present in a series of 0.5
As you can see, this distribution exhibits a positive (right) skew, resulting in different values for
the sample mean, sample median, and sample mode. Reporting the sample mean will give a value
that does not occur frequently as an observation, and so you would have to weigh whether
frequency is a more important piece of information than the position of the distribution for the
question that you are addressing.
In some instances, a distribution may be suggestive of more than one coherent group of
observations, such as the distribution of exam grades shown below:
In such cases, the sample mean and median are poor indications of the pattern, and one should
report both modes (this type of distribution is referred to as “bimodal”).
While it is important to recognize the existence and potential uses for other measures of central
tendency, it will be a rare occasion when a measure of central tendency other than the sample mean
(Chapter 4 in Zar, 2010)
While the position of a distribution on the X-axis is a critical piece of information to convey, the
relevance of that measure depends on how wide that distribution is, i.e., the amount of variation in
that variable, especially when making comparisons between or among distributions. Measures of
dispersion are indices of how spread out the observations are along the X-axis.
The simplest measure of dispersion is the range, which involves reporting the lowest and highest
observation, or the difference between them. This measure is very sensitive to outliers, which are
values that are unusually high or low relative to the other observations. While it is not difficult to
find recommendations for excluding outliers from a set of data, unless it is clear that the
observation is impossible, e.g., a human body temperature of 183 degrees C, or it is known that an
error in measurement occurred, one should always be hesitant to remove such observations (see
section 2.5 in chapter 2 of your text).
The reason that range is sensitive to outliers is that it relies on only 2 of your observations. Clearly
a measure of dispersion that relied on all of your observations would be of more value, and better
justify all the hard work that went into collecting those observations. Our newfound, and in-depth,
understanding of central tendency suggests one possible measure: the average distance of the
observations from the center of the distribution.
The distance of an observation from the sample mean can be calculated by subtracting the sample
mean from the observation as follows:
This value, indicated by a lowercase y, is called a deviate. Intuitively then, the average distance
would be the sum of the deviates, ∑y, divided by the number of observations, n. The problem with
this can be illustrated by examining the following table of quiz scores from 2 separate sections of a
Because the sample mean is the mathematical center of the observations, the sum of the deviates
will always (within rounding error) be equal to zero. The two distributions of quiz scores are
clearly different, but the average deviations will provide no information about these differences.
The solution that we will apply is to square the deviates, making all of the differences positive. The
notation that we will use for a squared deviate will be y2, such that ∑y2 will indicate the sum of
the squared deviates. The sum of the squared deviates is generally referred to as the sum of
squares, and is a value that will figure prominantly in virtually all of the analyses that we will
address, so make sure that you are familiar with how to calculate it, and what it represents.
Applying this to the quiz score data, we can see that the sum of squares (∑y2) better reflects the
differences between the two distributions:
Dividing the sum of the squared deviates by the number of observations (∑y2/n) will give us the
average squared distance of the observations from the mean of the observations. While it should be
intuitive that this is a good measure of the spread of the observations (apart from using squared
distances, which we will address shortly), we cannot lose sight of the fact that the purpose of
deriving this value from a sample is to estimate the same parameter for the statistical population.
Thus, it is important to establish whether calculating this value as described will introduce a bias in
the estimation of the same population parameter.
Calculation of the average squared distance of the observations from the mean for a statistical
population, i.e., using every observation that exists, is a parameter that we call the population
variance, and denote using the symbol: σ2. Unfortunately, using the same calculation from sample
data produces a biased estimate of σ2. The following distribution was produced by taking 1000
random samples from a statistical population with μ=10, and σ2=4, and calculating the average
squared distance of the observations from the mean of the observations for each sample. For each
sample, the population variance (σ2) was subtracted from the average squared distance of the
observations from the sample mean ((∑y2/n)-σ2) to produce the values shown below, such that an
estimate matching the population variance would result in a value of 0:
Note: These data were produced as the “pvd” object in this R program
Question 2: In what direction is the bias demonstrated for the average squared distance of
the observations from the sample mean as an estimate of σ2?
The distribution above suggests that a different calculation must be used to produce an unbiased
estimate of σ2 from sample data. In this instance the correction is a simple one, involving the use
of n-1 in the denominator instead of n. The resulting formula calculates a parameter we call
sample variance, denoted as s2:
In the following graph, the sample variance (s2) calculated from the same series of 1000 random
draws has been plotted as a second series (SS/(n-1)):
Note: The additional series was produced as the “svd” object in this R program
From this distribution, we can see that the correction for sample variance removes the bias from
the estimate. Thus, we will use sample variance (s2) as our best estimate of population variance
The only issue one may take with variance as an indication of the spread of the data, is that the
units are squared relative to the values of the observations and, therefore, the mean. The solution to
this, as you might imagine, is a simple one: simply take the square root of the variance. This
produces a value referred to as the standard deviation, which, for a sample, we denote as s, and
for a population, we denote as σ. Obviously (at least I hope that it is obvious), the square root of a
sample variance (calculated with n-1 as the denominator) will produce a sample standard deviation
(s), and the square root of a population variance (calculated using n as the denominator) will
produce a population standard deviation (σ). Given that we will almost always be working with
samples, we will use sample standard deviation as our estimate of population standard deviation:
Now let’s practice calculating some descriptive statistics for some actual data. Download the Excel
workbook for this week’s exercise HERE.
The first worksheet (birds) contains the data from Example 3.3 in your textbook (p. 25). This will
allow you to double-check your calculations, and the ones Excel does for you.
In cell F15, type the formula to calculate the sample mean for species B as:
Type “mean” in the cell immediately adjacent to the cell containing the sample mean (G15), so that
you don’t become confused later (and so that I am not confused when I review your spreadsheet).
Excel has a function to calculate the median that we will use in cell F16:
Add a label for the median in the adjacent cell as you did for the mean. Note that the value for the
median does not occur among the list of observations. The reason for this is that when there are an
even number of observations, we interpolate between the 2 middle observations to get the median
Now highlight the 2 cells containing the formulae for mean and median, use “Ctrl+c” to copy the
cells, click on cell A15, and use “Ctrl-v” to paste. That feeling of anxiety that you are experiencing
is the result of your conscious (or subconscious) recognition that the sample sizes for the 2 groups
of observations differ. Pasting the formulas results in calculations for species A that include a
blank cell. Use “F2” to verify this.
Remember the words inscribed in friendly letters upon each copy of The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the
Galaxy: “Don’t Panic” (if you have yet to read any of the 5 books in this trilogy, please correct this
alarming oversight at your earliest convenience). For now, let’s take an objective and analytical
approach to examining the consequences of our actions.
Because there are an odd number of observations for the life span of species A, and because these
observations have been sorted in order of ascending value, we can see at a glance that there is, in
fact, a middle observation, and that the value of that observation matches the value of the median
as calculated by Excel. It would appear that the “MEDIAN” function ignores blank cells. We can
verify that the same is true for both the “SUM” and “COUNT” functions by recalculating the mean
using the “AVERAGE” function. Type the following into cell A17:
Not only have we verified that several important functions ignore blank cells, which makes life a
little easier (because we can paste formulas) when dealing with unequal sample sizes, but we also
have verified that the “AVERAGE” function follows the formula that we learned (or more likely
were reminded of) for the sample mean. Feel the tension draining away?
We now are going to work on calculating the variance for both samples. In cell G3, type the
formula to calculate the deviate as:
Having the anchor ($) for the row number allows you to copy the formula down for the remaining
observations while referencing the same cell for the mean. Anchoring the column is not necessary
when the formula is only being copied down, and leaving the column unanchored will allow you to
copy the column in its entirety to calculate the deviates for the observations for species B, because
the reference will match the location of the sample mean. You will be doing yourself a favor if you
take the time to verify this…
In the next column, type the formula to square the deviate as:
Copy the formula down the column. We could have eliminated a step by using a single formula (=
(F3-F$15)^2) in column G, but this is a good reminder of the steps that we discussed (and besides,
I made you put labels where we would need to calculate sums).
It’s time to take the training wheels off. Let’s remind ourselves of the formula for sample variance:
You should be able to calculate the sample variance using the “SUM” function, and the “COUNT”
function. Presumably you can count the observations on your own, but this will be good practice
for when we use larger sample sizes. Just make sure that you use parentheses in your formula to
get the correct order of operations when subtracting 1 from the count, or you will be subtracting 1
from the population variance! You also should be able to repeat these calculations for Species A by
cutting and pasting if you have been careful with your cell references.
Lastly, calculate the sample standard deviation for the two samples. To find the square root of a
value in Excel, the “SQRT” function is used as:
The value can be an actual number, or the cell location for a value. For example, if your sample
variance was located in cell C15, the sample standard deviation could be calculated as:
Make sure to label both sample variance and sample standard deviation clearly on your worksheet,
and remember to save your work!
The second worksheet (fish) contains mass and standard length measurements for bluegill sunfish
(Lepomis macrochirus) and hybrids of bluegill sunfish and green sunfish (Lepomis cynanellus),
collected from a constructed pond in Sedgewick County, Kansas. These measurements have been
used to calculate a “condition factor” (K), which is a ratio of the mass to the cube of the length (in
cm). Fish with a larger value for K will have more mass for a given length. Because green sunfish
have a larger gape, and tend to be more aggressive, there was some question as to whether the
introduction of the hybrids might have a negative effect on the condition of the bluegill sunfishes.
The following graph shows the frequency distributions for the condition factor for both species:
It should be immediately evident that the distributions are similar in terms of their central
tendencies, but differ in the degree of dispersion of the data.
Question 3: Calculate the mean, variance, and standard deviation of both sets of condition
factor data and determine whether these summary statistics reflect the similarities and
differences that can be observed between the two distributions.
Let’s move on to examining symmetry and standard error…
Send comments, suggestions, and corrections to: Derek Zelmer
Symmetry and Kurtosis
As has been mentioned previously, distributions that have an equal number of observations spread
similarly on either side of the mode, are said to be symmetrical. For such distributions, the mean
and median will have close to the same value. One example that we have seen of a symmetrical
distribution was for the difference of sample means from the population mean:
For this distribution the mean is 0.00368, and the median is 0.00342. The 4 distributions we
worked with in our Excel workbook also are symmetrical, as you can see by comparing the sample
means to the sample medians. The degree to which a distribution deviates from symmetry is
referred to as the skewness. We saw an example of a skewed distribution with the vetch data:
In this example, the data show a positive skew (or right skew), with the tail stretching to the right.
There is a rule of thumb that suggests that the position of the mean relative to the median will give
you the direction of the skew. In this instance, that appears to be the case, as the mean is to the
right of the median, but this rule of thumb is not a good one to apply, especially for multimodal
distributions, because it is not consistent enou…
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Two researchers at the University of Southern California (USC) have shown that when a graphene electrode is placed into water the molecules of water closest to the electrode “align in a completely different way than the rest of the water molecules,” a result that was not anticipated. The findings may have implications in many fields, especially in methods proposed for desalinization of water.
What does it mean?
Water has many strange properties, according to Alok Jha, author of The Water Book. Unlike most other liquids, water expands when it freezes; thus, ice floats in water, insulating life under the ice. Water in rocks expands in the cold and cracks the rocks open, an important fact in the creation of soil. Water, even though made from two gases, is a liquid. It has a surprisingly large surface tension, enabling insects to walk on it. The attraction between water molecules leads to capillary action, important to all life. Almost anything dissolves in water. I could go on and on since Rachel Brazil claims that water “has at least 66 properties that differ from most liquids – high surface tension, high heat capacity, high melting and boiling points and low compressibility.”
The electrode the researchers used is made from graphene, a very interesting form of carbon in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a single layer honeycomb lattice. It has promise to improve battery performance, hence its use as an electrode in this experiment.
The result they observed occurs at the surface of the electrode, where the water and electrode meet. Many interesting chemical and physical effects occur at surfaces. One of the researchers at USC concentrates on the molecular structure and physics of surfaces,” as explained at this web page about the Benderskii Research Group.
What does it mean for you?
I draw two lessons from these facts about water and from the newly reported research. First, science has increased our understanding of the world amazingly, but some simple parts of our world still defy our understanding; at least sometimes engineers can use the natural world in ways that science does not actually understand well. The fact that discoveries continue to be made about water – water! – amazes me.
Second, discoveries continue to be made that will improve our ability to generate, distribute, and use electrical energy. While not mentioned in the article, this result has implications for the development of batteries. I believe that we must move much more quickly than we are doing now to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases to head off the climate changes that are occurring, but I also believe that surprises await us in science, engineering, and technology that will help us along this path. Stay tuned for more news.
Where can you learn more?
As you might expect, the US Geological Services (USGS) has a great page about the properties of water. This BBC animation, narrated by author Alok Jha, explores some of the strange properties of water. Some of those properties are listed here. | <urn:uuid:c427620b-8f8b-493a-be69-2949877ba379> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://janemfraser.com/?p=564 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585302.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020024111-20211020054111-00489.warc.gz | en | 0.957005 | 606 | 3.546875 | 4 |
The word ‘coppice’ comes from the French word ‘couper’ which means ‘to cut.’ What is coppicing? Coppicing pruning is trimming trees or shrubs in a way that encourages them to sprout back from the roots, suckers, or stumps. It is often done to create renewable wood harvests. The tree is cut and shoots grow. The shoots are left to grow for a certain number of years and then are cut, starting the entire cycle again. Read on for more information about coppicing trees and coppicing techniques.
What is Coppicing?
Coppicing pruning has been around since Neolithic times, according to archaeologists. The practice of coppicing pruning was particularly important before humans had machinery for cutting and transporting large trees. Coppicing trees provided a constant supply of logs of a size that could be easily handled.
Essentially, coppicing is a way of providing a sustainable harvest of tree shoots. First, a tree is felled. Sprouts grow from dormant buds on the cut stump, known as a stool. The sprouts that arise are allowed to grow until they are of the correct size, and then are harvested and the stools allowed to grow again. This can be carried out over and over again for several hundred years.
Plants Suitable for Coppicing
Not all trees are plants suitable for coppicing. Generally, broadleaf trees coppice well but most conifers do not. The strongest broad leaves to coppice are:
- Sweet chestnut
The weakest are beech, wild cherry, and poplar. Oak and lime grow sprouts that reach 3 feet (1 m.) in their first year, while the best coppicing trees – ash and willow – grow much more. Usually, the coppiced trees grow more in their second year, then growth slows dramatically in their third.
Coppice products used to include ship planking. The smaller wood pieces were also used for firewood, charcoal, furniture, fencing, tool handles, and brooms.
The procedure for coppicing first requires you to clear out foliage around the base of the stool. The next step in coppicing techniques is to prune away dead or damaged shoots. Then, you work from one side of the stool to the center, cutting the most accessible poles.
Make one cut about 2 inches (5 cm.) above the point the branch grows out of the stool. Angle the cut 15 to 20 degrees from the horizontal, with the low point facing out from the stool center. Sometimes you may find it necessary to cut higher first, then trim back. | <urn:uuid:1b535a92-4356-479e-8c83-e9a43ac9f128> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/tgen/what-is-coppicing.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949678.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331175950-20230331205950-00015.warc.gz | en | 0.950989 | 580 | 3.78125 | 4 |
(1) Women economic activities at home and outside home during the Ur III period
Bertrand Lafont (CNRS, Nanterre)
By way of introduction two preliminary remarks:
a) First, and just as a reminder, about the basic structural element of ancient Mesopotamian economy and society, notably during the IIIrd millennium B.C.: the “e2” (Akkadian bîtum, “household”). As a category, the “e2” (comparable to the Greek oikos) describes every possible socio-economic unit: it could be a large institution, such as a palace, or a temple, or a royal estate; or it could be the home of a professional or even of a common independent family. The ordinary urban household consisted of the immediate family, perhaps some additional dependent relations, and less frequently, a handful of slaves. It was ordinarily a patriarchal household.
b) Second, concerning our sources: the tens of thousands of administrative records available for the Ur III period (the one studied here) have significant processing constraints: their mass is as huge as the scope they cover is narrow, since they document mainly, through several large batches of archives, the administration of the state institutional sector in several provinces of the Sumerian kingdom of Ur.
In these archives we actually have thousands of references concerning work done by women. At Ur III, they were part of the workforce at the same level as men (guruš ≠ geme2). And we can appreciate their place in the Sumerian society of that time according to the various categories revealed by the administrative records:
- by genre: men / women
- by age: children / adults / elders
- by social status: slaves / ordinary people / ruling class
But we know very little about the private and family life of these women. Our documentation leaves many crucial questions unanswered, particularly those concerning the kinship relations and the family structure of the population. As a matter of fact, most of the available information on Ur III women concerns aspects that will be studied in our next workshop (devoted to women’s work in public institutions and outside the family).
1. WOMEN IN FAMILIES AND PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS
We can assert, without fear of being too much influenced by our own conceptions of what is a “family”, that the Sumerian society of that time was based on nuclear families practicing monogamy, with a relatively small number of children (in contrast with what is known for royal families). Here is an example of such a small unit that constituted a family:
UET 3, 93 (CDLI P136410). Ur, no date.
|1. 1 Ur-ni9-gar sanga||PN1, chief administrator: head of family|
|2. 1 Geme2–dšul-gi-ra dam||PN2, his wife,|
|3. 1 Lú-dnin-gá dumu-nita2||PN3 and PN4, his sons,|
|4. 1 Arad2-al-la dumu-nita2|
|5. 1 Geme2-é-e11 dumu-munus||PN5, PN6 and PN7, his daughters.|
|6. 1 Dingir-in-na-kam dumu-munus|
|7. 1 Nam-nin-e-ba-ab-du7 dumu-munus|
|8. dam dumu ur-ni9-gar-me-éš||They are the wife and the children of Ur-nigar,|
|9. é dnin-a-zi-mú-a-me-éš||of the temple of Nin-azimu.|
Was such a couple with five children “typical” for Neo-Sumerian time? Maybe, but we do not know, in any case, about the purpose of such a text, or about whether this household was in fact larger with relatives, slaves, and so on, as it is possible given the fact that the head of this family was a “notable” (sanga). Another example of such a nuclear family is proposed below: in the following text we see an entire family –in this case probably much lower on the social scale: it is likely an over-indebted family that can not meet its needs– selling and reducing itself to slavery to survive, a fairly well documented practice at that time:
TMH NF 1-2, 53 (CDLI P134365), cf. Steinkeller, FAOS 17, 20. Nippur, Šu-Suen 1.
|1. [1 Ur]-du6-kù-ga||PN 1,|
|2. 1 Dingir-bu-za dam-ni||PN2, his wife,|
|3. 1 Nin-da-da||PN3, PN4, PN5, his 3 children (2 girls, 1 boy),|
|4. 1 Nin-úr-ra-ni|
|5. 1 Ur-dšu-mah|
|7. ⅔ ma-na 3 gín kù-babbar-šè||for ⅔ mina and 3 shekels of silver|
|8. ní-te-ne-ne ba-ra-an-sa10-áš||sold themselves|
And we find one more illustration in these 2 lines of BAOM 2, 26 26 (CDLI P104889) that mention “30 liters (of barley) for Geme-Eana, widow, mother of 5 (children)” (3 bán Geme2-é-an-na nu-ma-SU ama dumu 5).
In some of these households, women could have property of their own, and this could come from a marital gift. The next text shows how quite a rich father distributed gifts to his wife, his two daughters and his son, giving them slaves, livestock, and real estate:
BM 105377 (CDLI P112634), cf. Wilcke, Elderly, p.49. Umma, Amar-Suen 4.
|1. 1 gu4-numun g[u…]||1 ox …|
|2. 1 é [x]||1 house …|
|3. 1 Ur-sukkal||4 slaves|
|4. 1 Zi-NI-ti|
|5. 1 A-lí-ma?|
|6. 1 A-a-ha-ma-ti lú nam-ha-ni|
|7. [x]+1 u8 sila4 dù-a||x pregnant sheeps|
|8. [x]+1 ud5 máš dù-a||x pregnant goats|
|9. é? KI.ANki šu-du7-a-bi||1 house (in) KI.ANki with its furniture|
|10. 1 na4kín šu sè-ga||1 millstone with its upper stone:|
|12. dam-na in-na-an-ba||gave as a gift (all this) to his wife|
|13. 10 gín har kù-babbar||10 sheqels of ring silver and|
|14. 1 Geme2–dšara2||1 slave: gifts for Baza his daughter.|
|15. níg-ba Ba-za dumu-munus|
|16. 1 Eš18-dar-ì-lí||1 slave: gift for Ninbatuku his daughter.|
|17. níg-ba Nin-ba-tuku dumu-munus|
|18. 1 [Lugal]-ušurx||1 slave: gift for Hala-abbana (his son ?)|
|19. níg-ba Ha-la?-ab-ba-na|
|20. Ur-ni9-gar-ke4 dumu-ne-ne in-na-ba||Ur-nigar gave as a gift (all this) to his children|
|(Witnesses and date)|
The reasons for such gifts given by the family head are unknown. It could have been an arrangement before his death, before a journey, or before going to war, to protect his family. The trial displayed below shows again that this independent property of women could come from a marital gift. In that case, we see a son who turned against his mother after his father’s death, demanding a cow and two slaves. The woman denied the request, saying she had received these goods as a personal gift during the lifetime of her husband:
Molina, Fs Owen : 213 n°9 (CDLI P375930). Umma, no date.
|2. Geme2-gu ama-ni-da di in-da-du11||brought a legal case against Gemegu his mother|
|3. 1 áb-máh Geme2-gú-eden-na mu-bi-im||– 1 milk-producing cow whose name is Gemeguedena|
|4. 1 sag-nita2 Šu-na mu-ni-im||– 1 male slave whose name is Šuna|
|5. 1 sag-munus Ma-tu mu-ni-im||– 1 female slave whose name is Matu|
|6. 1 Geme2-gu dam-gu10 ma-an-ba bí-in-du11||“My husband gave them as a gift to me” Gemegu declared|
Of course, large family households (é) or princely domains of larger size, or estates of several wives belonging to provincial governors are also well known in our archival texts. One interesting case concerns the household of the son of the governor of Girsu, early in the reign of Amar-Suen. In the inventory made of his household (Maekawa 1996 = P102665), the following were recorded:
- 5 hectares orchard
- 200 slaves (half of them being women)
- 3700 heads of livestock
- 250 heads of cattle
- objects in silver, non precious metal, stone, wood, and reed
- clothes, drapery, and skins
- perishable goods
Apparently, his wealth originated mainly in animal husbandry. But a more detailed look at the description of this large household estate (inventoried on the occasion of seizure proceedings, as shown by K. Maekawa) shows that more than 200 garments, nearly 500 kg of wool and large quantities of oil, honey, wine, cheese, dates and aromatics were also counted. The list of these goods, together with common sense, prompts us to conclude that the women in this household, including maids and slaves, were the ones who transformed all of these raw materials into the products needed for everyday life. These women were probably busy first of all with providing members of the household with their basic needs in terms of food, clothing, and care. But the problem is that their work remains “invisible” as there is never any mention of it in our archives.
The domestic area was also probably the place for other productive and economically significant activities, but, once again, we have very little proof of this in the written documentation, because of its nature (see the introduction above). However some texts do exist, documenting a real productive activity involving women within a family home. In the following administrative tablet we can see six men and two women (the second one with her child), in the household of the governor of Girsu; they all received food rations for producing beer within the household during one month:
MVN 6, 147 (CDLI P114602). Girsu, Lagaš II, no date.
|1. 0,1.0 Má-gur8-re||60 liters (monthly ration): Magure|
|2. 0,1.0 Me-ni-šu-na||60 liters: Menišuna|
|3. 0,1.0 Ur-dba-ba6||60 liters: Ur-Baba|
|4. 0,1.0 Ur-dlugal-bàn-da||60 liters: Ur-Lugalbanda|
|5. 0,1.0 Ur-zigum-ma||60 liters: Ur-ziguma|
|6. 0,1.0 É-[…]-da||60 liters: E-[…]-da|
|7. 0,0.3. Nin-bara2-ge-si||30 liters: Nin-baragesi|
|8. 0,0.3. Geme2-ŠIM?-su4||30 liters: Geme-ŠIM-su, her child.|
|10. še-bi 1,2.1. gur||Total : 430 (sic!) liters of barley.|
|11. kaš-a gub-ba-me||They are involved in the beer (production).|
|12. ugula Sipa-da-rí||Supervisor : Sipadari.|
|13. giri3-sè-ga ensi2-me||They are personnel of the governor.|
The question that can be asked here is whether or not this activity of producing beer exceeded the goal to meet the domestic needs of the governor of Girsu. But in reality, in the Ur III period, we never see any text mentioning surplus from a domestic production that would feed some external economic channels of distribution.
2. WOMEN OCCUPATIONS AT HOME AND OUTSIDE HOME
We must first assert that there was no automatic assignment of women to the domestic sphere alone. On the contrary, it appears clearly that some women could have professional skills equal to those of men, and that they could exercise them outside the family home. We will illustrate this point by examining a list of women’s professions and specializations recorded in the archives of Garšana and Irisagrig, texts that bring some new evidence for the role that women played in Ur III society. Thanks to these new data, we can now assert that women held many positions hitherto documented only for men. These specialized occupations include:
- geme2-azlag2 (cf. male lú-azlag2, « fuller », « washerman »)
- geme2/munus-muhaldim (cf. male muhaldim, « cooker »)
- geme2-ì-du8 (cf. male ì-du8, « doorkeeper »)
- geme2-kisal-luh (cf. male kisal-luh, « (temple) sweeper »)
- nar-munus (cf. male nar, « singer », « musician »)
- munus-a-zu (cf. male a-zu, « physician »)
- munus-dub-sar (cf. male dub-sar, « scribe »)
- munus-gudu4 (cf. male gudu4, « purification priest »)
The last three professions (in bold) are particularly interesting, as they are highly specialized and as they were not previously attested much for women.
Again in Garšana, a quick look at the female population of the household headed by princess Simat-Ištaran (a sister of king Šu-Suen) shows that there were six basic female occupations frequently mentioned in this archive (cf. Owen & Kleinerman, CUSAS 4, p. 721). They are very common and correspond to what is expected for a household of this kind, but it is noteworthy that these women were in fact often performing tasks far from their first specialty, as shown by the following table that compares titles qualifying the registered women against the actual activities which they were involved in and for which the tablets were written:
Professional occupations qualifying women in Garšana texts
Real occupations recorded for these women in administrative Garšana texts
|– geme2-àr-ra “grinders”||– agricultural work|
|– geme2-kikken2 “millers”||– construction work|
|– geme2–gešì-sur-sur “oil pressers”||– transportation & boat towing|
|– geme2-gu “spinners”||– flour & food processing|
|– geme2-uš-bar “weavers”||– mourners|
As we can see, there were real specialties and specific skills for women (here at the most basic level, thus essentially for food processing and textile production, linked without doubt with their daily tasks) and that could be used to categorize these women. But what we observe is that these women had also to perform further productive activities (agricultural work, boat towing, construction work, and so on), probably for the corvée duty to which they were regularly forced part-time, at the same level as men. So it seems that we can distinguish between categorized female occupations and the variety of works actually performed by these women.
Therefore, from an economic point of view, we can assert that the role played by these women was multifaced, both inside and outside their family house. Nevertheless, in Ur III all women did not systematically belong to an official or family “e2”. Thus, we do find frequent mention of women qualified as geme2-kar-KID: these women were not necessarily “prostitutes” as often said, but rather independent women, not living under male authority, or not part of a patriarchal household. They had to support themselves in any number of ways (and some may in fact have been prostitutes) [see Assante 1998, Cooper 2010, Démare-Lafont s.p.].
Finally let us consider the case of women who could find themselves alone and powerless because of the death of their husbands. If they did not have the means of economic independence, they were then taken in charge by the institutional sector that provided their sustenance in exchange for servile labor. This is shown for example by the following brief administrative text where the wife of a man, left alone after the death of her (executed?) husband, is sent to the (weaving) ergastulum:
TCTI 2, 3658 (CDLI P132869). Girsu, Šu-Suen 1.
|1. 5 ⅓ ma-na siki||Expenditure of 5,33 mines of wool|
|2. mu Ur-diškur ba-gaz-šè||because Ur-Iškur has been killed|
|3. dam-ni é-uš-bar||and his wife has entered the weaving house.|
3. MANAGEMENT AUTONOMY FOR WOMEN INSIDE FAMILIES
Now some words concerning aspects of the management autonomy that women could experience. First, let us mention as a reminder the case of some well-known women managers of large state institutions in Sumer during the IIIrd millennium, as in the é-munus in Presargonic Lagaš, or as in the estates managed by queen Šulgi-simti in Drehem(?) or by princess Simat-Ištaran in Garšana during the Ur III period (see Weiershäuser 2008). These cases are not exceptional and Law codes as well as historical texts often consider situations where women were managers of family or private estates at that time. It is explicitly considered for example in the Statue B of Gudea (// see also Cyl. B xviii 8-9, and §B2-B3 of the Laws of Ur-Namma in Civil’s new edition):
Gudea, Satue B
vii 44. é dumu-nita2 nu-tuku For a household not having a son
vii 45. dumu-munus-bi ì-bí-la-ba I let the daughter (of the house) become its heir
vii 46. mi-ni-kux(KWU634)
And again in §E4 of the Laws of Ur-Namma or in §b and §18 of the Code of Lipit-Eštar, where it is explicitly stated that a man as well as a woman could manage an estate:
CUN, §E4 (according to Civil’s new edition)
tukum-bi lú ba-úš If a man dies,
dam-PI-ni ibila-1-gin7 é-a hé-dím his wife will act in the house like a single heir
CLE, §18
tukum-bi lugal é-a ù nin é-a-ke4 If the master or the mistress of an estate…
And this is reflected also in some trial texts, as the following which treats a dispute between two women:
Molina, Fs Owen n°1, p.201-202 (CDLI P200743). Umma, no date.
|1. Geme2–dsuen-ke4||Geme-Suen said to the wife of Ur-lugal the gardner|
|2. dam Ur-lugal santana-ka||that she had a credit of 2 minas of silver with her|
|3. 2 ma-na kù-babbar in-da-tuku in-na-du11||(= the wife of Ur-lugal) …|
In his synthesis on Ancient Near Eastern Law, Ray Westbrook (Westbrook 2003a) has shown that this women’s private property could have 3 sources in the Ur III period:
- dowries (sag-rig7) received from their father
- gifts given by their husband (as seen above)
- personal purchases made on their own property
Therefore, we see quite frequently women involved in lending, borrowing, buying or selling things, silver, livestock, slaves, orchards or houses, just as did men, as illustrated by the following:
a) Women lending and borrowing: NRVN 1, 96 (CDLI P122311). Nippur, Šu-Suen 6.
|1. ½ ma-na 2 gín kù-babbar||½ mana and 2 shekels of silver,|
|2. máš 5 gín 1 gín-[ta]||1 shekel per each 5 shekels is the interest;|
|3. ki Geme2–dli-si4-na-ta||Amasaga and her son Mašgula|
|4. Ama-sa6-ga||received it|
|5. ù Maš-gu-la dumu-nita||from Geme-Lisina|
|6. šu ba-an-ti-eš|
b) Women buying and selling: FAOS 17, n°117* (CDLI P116217). Nippur, Ibbi-Suen 2.
|1. 1 sag munus En-né-dla-az mu-ni-im||1 female slave, her name is Enne-Laz|
|2. 1 gín igi 3-gál kù-babbar||for 1,33 shekel of silver, her full price,|
|3. sa10 ti-la-ni-šè|
|4. ki Ša-at-dsuen-ta||from Šat-Suen|
Several examples can also be found that show women (often widows) disposing of their property, without interference from the men of their family. For example in this text concerning a widow in charge of the subsistence field (šuku) of her deceased husband. The land was linked to a duty to perform services (dusu). And this duty was given away to a man in return for a payment in silver, but it seems that the land remained in the hands of the widow.
NATN 258 (CDLI P120956) [See Démare-Lafont, Féodalités, 535, and Wilcke, Elderly, 55-56]. Nippur, Šu-Suen 1.
|1. 1(eše3) 3(iku) GÁN||Concerning 3,22 ha of field,|
|2. šuku Lugal-KA-gi-na-ka||subsistence field of Lugal-KAgina,|
|3. Geme2–dsuen dam-ni||Geme-Suen his wife|
|4. ù Péš-tur-tur dumu-munus-ni||and Pešturtur his daughter|
|5. Lugal-hé-gál-ra||approached Lugal-hegal|
|6. igi-ne-ne in-ši-gar-ru-éš|
|7. šuku-gá dusu-bi gùr-ba-ab||She said to him: “Bear the|
|8. in-na-an-du11||obligation of my subsistence field”.|
|10. mu šuku-ra-šè 5 gín kù-babbar||gave to Geme-Suen, wife of Lugal-KAgina|
|11. Geme2–dsuen dam Lugal-KA-gi-na-ra||and to Pešturtur his daughter|
|12. ù Péš-tur-tur dumu-munus-a-ni-ir||5 shekels of silver for the subsistence field|
Another important text on the same topic illustrates the right of widows, but this time also addresses the thorny issue of land ownership. Without entering the debate over the status of agricultural land during the Ur III period, it seems that “in itself this text is sufficient to prove the existence of arable in private hands” (van Driel, quoted in Garfinkle, CUSAS 22, p.21 n.17 [contra Civil? ])
NATN 302 (CDLI P121000) [see Owen, Widows’ rights, ZA 70 = Lafont, RJM n°10 = FAOS 17: 203]. Nippur, Šu-Suen 8.
|1. 1 Á-la-la||Alala|
|2. 1 Ur-ddun a-ne-bi-<da?>||together with Ur-Dun|
|3. ibila-me||were heirs|
|4. é? ad-da-ba íb-ba||(and) had divided the estate of their father.|
|5. Ur-ddun ba-úš||(Then) Ur-Dun died.|
|6. Geme2–dsuen dam Ur-ddun-ke4||Geme-Suen, the wife of Ur-Dun,|
|7. [Á]-lá-lá-<da?>||entered into litigation with Alala|
|8. [mu a-šà] é níg ha-[la-ba Ur]-ddun-šè||under the juridiction of Dada,|
|9. [šu] Da-da||the governor of Nippur, concerning|
|10. ensi2 Nibruki-ka||the field, the house, the furnishing (representing)|
|11. [di] in-da-du11||the inheritence portion of Ur-Dun.|
[NB : the restitution a-šà in the break of line 8 is quite certain because of the following lines of the text, not given here but that mention a-šà]
One last example will be proposed that goes in the same direction: an action brought by a widow to defend her property and rights after the death of the family head, facing his heirs:
ITT 3, 5279 (CDLI P111162). [See Lafont, RJM n°12, and Wilcke, Elderly, 50-51]. Girsu, Šu-Suen 4.
|1. di til-la||Final judgement.|
|2. 2 ⅚ sar é KUM.DÚR||2 sar and ⅚ of a house-[x] :|
|4. dam Du-du dumu Ti-ti-ka-ke4||wife of Dudu the son of Titi, bought it with|
|5. kù šu-na-ta bar igi-gál-ni in-sa10||silver from her own hand on her own initiative.|
|6. Du-du a-ba-ti-la:da||Innasaga testified under oath that :|
|7. é-bi Ur-é-ninnu dumu Du-du-ke4 in-gíd||– together with Dudu, while he was still alive|
|8. mu In-na-sa6-ga in-sa10-a-šè||Ur-Eninu, son of Dudu, measured this house,|
|9. dub é sa10-a-bi||– because Innasaga had bought (the house),|
|10. ki In-na-sa6-ga-ta ba-an-sar||the actual tablet concerning the house purchase|
|11. é kù šu-na-ta-àm in-sa10-a||was written from Innasaga’s side (=place),|
|12. níg-gur11 Du-du la-ba-ši-lá-a||– the house had been bought with her own silver|
|13. In-na-sa6-ga||– nothing of Dudu’s has been paid for it.|
|15. 1 Nin-a-na dumu Ni-za kù-dím||Dudu had given Ninanna, child of the goldsmith|
|16. Du-du In-na-sa6-ga dam-ni-ir||Niza, as a gift to Innasaga.|
|18. egir5 Du-du-ta||After Dudu’s death, Dudu’s heirs litigated this|
|19. šu Arad2–dnanna sukkal-mah ensi2-ka||under the juridiction of the sukkalmah|
|20. ì-bí-la Du-du im-ma-a-gi4-eš||and governor Arad-Nanna|
In traditional societies, the division of labor is established according to two essential criteria: age and gender. It is the traditional view that children keep herds, elders stay at home while the adults hunt, fish, work in the fields and ensure collective tasks. Some occupations are reserved for women besides their management of everything related to the domestic space. On their side, men have their own occupations considered as typically male. It is clear however that this scheme does not fit exactly the situation as it has just been described for Ur III.
Indeed, during the Ur III period, the domestic area was clearly the place of productive and economically significant activities for women, enabling them at first to provide members of the household with their basic needs for food, clothing and care. But in this regard, it must be noticed that we never see any surplus of goods produced at home by women that could have fed external economic channels (even if, on that point, attention must be paid of course to the argument from silence…)
We must not imagine, however, any assignment of women to the domestic area only. For several decades it was popular in scholarship to see an opposition of public/private along male/female gender lines. This approach asserted that women were reduced to the domestic, private sphere in their activities, while men acted in the public sphere. This view is now outdated, especially since progress in gender studies has shown that family, marriage or household are not spheres specific to women and that women were not totally defined by their roles within families.
Thus, the concept of professional skill or specialization was real for women as well as for men, and we can see both men and women doing their job inside or outside the domestic sphere, for various tasks of production or service, including in the framework of the corvée obligation which made no gender distinction (and we can note that women were employed to do the same hard works as men: in the fields, in towing boats, in hauling bricks, etc.).
As we just saw it (but this situation has been known since quite a long time), women could own property and manage it freely. They had full legal, economic rights, with the same management autonomy as men: they could sell, buy, lend, borrow, sue for economic redress, all with the same legal capacity. As a witness of such a situation, we can also mention that more than a hundred of seals are known to have been owned by women in Ur III.
We can therefore assert with Marc Van de Mieroop (Van de Mieroop 1989) that the participation of women in the economic sphere was real, separate from their husbands and on the same terms, although on a smaller scale. And that, from an economic point of view, Ur III women were not necessarily dependent on men: the possible inequality of women “was one of scale, not of area of activity” (ibidem).
Ultimately, are these data sufficient to validate or invalidate the commonly asserted idea that the living conditions of women deteriorated over time in Mesopotamian history after the IIIrd millennium? At least it is possible to assert that, during the Ur III period, these conditions were more or less the same as those of men.
Assante, J. 1998 “The kar.kid / harimtu, Prostitute or Single Woman? A Reconsideration of the Evidence.” Ugarit Forschungen 30, 5-96.
Cooper, Jerrold 2006 “Prostitution”, Reallexikon der Assyriologie 11. Berlin, New York : W. de Gruyter, pp. 12-21.
Démare-Lafont, Sophie s.p. “Women”, in A Handbook of Ancient Mesopotamia (G. Rubio éd.), à paraître
Gelb, Ignace J. 1972 “The a-ru-a Institution.” Revue d’Assyriologie 66, pp. 1-32. 1979 “Household and Family in Early Mesopotamia”. In E. Lipinski, ed., State and Temple Economy in the Ancient Near East. Proceedings of the International Conference organized by the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven from the 10th to the 14th of April 1978. Leuven, pp. 1-98.
Heimpel, Wolfgang 2010 “Left to themselves. Waifs in the Time of the Third Dynasty of Ur”. In A. Kleirnermann and J. M. Sasson, eds., Why Should Someone Who knows Something Conceal it? Cuneiform Studies in Honor of David I. Owen on His 70th Birthday. Bethesda MD: CDL Press, pp. 9-13.
Lafont, Bertrand 2001 “Fortunes, héritages et patrimoines dans la haute histoire mésopotamienne. À propos de quelques inventaires de biens mobiliers”. In C. Breniquet and C. Kepinski, eds., Etudes mésopotamiennes. Recueil de textes offert à Jean-Louis Huot. Bibliothèque de la délégation archéologique française en Iraq, 10. Paris: Editions recherches sur les civilisations, pp. 295-314.
Lion, Brigitte 2007 “La notion de genre en assyriologie”. In V. Sebillotte et N. Ernoult, Problèmes du genre en Grèce ancienne, Paris, pp. 51-64.
Maekawa, Kazuya 1996 “Confiscation of Private Properties in the Ur III Period: A Study of é-dul-la and níg-GA.” ASJ 18, 103-168.
Neumann, Hans 2011 “Slavery in Private Households Toward the End of the Third Millennium B.C.”. In L. Culbertson, ed., Slaves and Households in the Near East. Oriental Institute Seminars (OIS), 7. Chicago, Illinois: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, pp. 21-32.
Owen, David I. 1980a “A Sumerian Letter from an Angry Housewife”. In G. Rendsbury and e. alii, eds., The Bible World. Essays in Honor of Cyrus H. Gordon. New York: KTAV, pp. 189-202. 1980b “Widow’s Rights in Ur III Sumer.” Zeitschrift Für Assyriologie 70, 170-184. s.p. Unprovenanced Texts Primarily from Iri-Sagrig/Al-Šarraki and the History of the Ur III Period (Nisaba 15)
Owen, David I., et Rudolf H. Mayr 2007 The Garšana Archives. Cornell University Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology (CUSAS) 3. Bethesda, MD: CDL Press.
Parr, P. A. 1974 “Ninhilia: Wife of Ayakala, Governor of Umma”. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 26, 90-111.
Steinkeller, Piotr 1989 Sale Documents of the Ur III Period. FAOS, 17. Stuttgart
Van De Mieroop, Marc 1989 “Women in the Economy of Sumer”. In B. S. Lesko, ed., Women’s Earliest Records from Ancient Egypt and Western Asia. Atlanta, pp. 53-66. 1999 Cuneiform Texts and the Writing of History. London, New York : Routledge
Weiershäuser, Frauke 2008 Die königlichen Frauen der III. Dynastie von Ur. Göttinger Beiträge zum Alten Orient, 1. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen.
Westbrook, Raymond, ed. 2003a A History of Ancient Near Eastern Law (2 vol.). Handbuch der Orientalistik, 72. Leiden, Boston: Brill. 2003b Women and Property in Ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean Societies. Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University. http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=1219
Wilcke, Claus 1998 “Care of the Elderly in Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium B.C.”. In M. Stol and S. P. Vleeming, eds., The Care of the Elderly in the Ancient Near East. Leiden: Brill, pp. 23-57. | <urn:uuid:4a6ecf83-0cec-4944-bd21-f7cffbd4a4ed> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://refema.hypotheses.org/tag/inheritancepatrimony | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506481.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923130827-20230923160827-00859.warc.gz | en | 0.903446 | 8,860 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Hi! I'm Dane Carlson, and welcome to the Business Opportunities Weblog. I've been publishing this website, by myself, and sometimes with the help of others for over twelve years now. You'll notice two things about this site right away:
Ah, teenagers these days. With their love for fast cars and power-hungry gadgets, it shouldn’t be too surprising that being environmentally responsible is probably the last thing on their mind. But every once in a while you’ll get a youngster who goes way above and beyond the call of duty.
Meet Azza Abdel Hamid Faiad. The 16-year-old Egyptian high schooler has just come up with a way to turn non-biodegradable plastic waste into clean-burning biofuel. Considering that in Egypt about 1 million tons of discarded plastic pile up in landfills each year, her discovery would allow the country convert all that trash into $78 million worth of ethanol annually.
This is all made possible by an catalyst called aluminosilicate. Comprised of aluminium, silicon, and oxygen, aluminosilicate minerals have been used in the past to produce the strong, impact-resistant glass found in helicopters and smartphones. But what Faiad discovered was that, as a catalyst, it can also be harnessed to break down plastic polymers to produce methane, propane and ethane — all of which can be used as raw stock for producing ethanol. This type of conversion has been proposed before, though Fiad’s idea would generate higher overall yields of ethanol.
Such a breakthrough “can provide an economically efficient method for production of hydrocarbon fuel namely: cracked naphtha of about 40,000 tons per year and hydrocarbon gases of about 138,000 tons per year equivalent to $78 million,” Faiad explains. | <urn:uuid:f393b05a-2584-48de-bba1-3e936bf66d1a> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.business-opportunities.biz/2014/02/09/turn-plastic-bottles-into-78-million-of-biofuel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999650794/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060730-00003-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939379 | 383 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Hummingbird Moth (Hemaris sp.)
By Beatriz Moisset
Perhaps one of the most delightful insect visitors to your garden is the hummingbird moth. Several species of the genus Hemaris deserve this name and for very good reason. They fly and move just like hummingbirds. Like them, they can remain suspended in the air in front of a flower while they unfurl their long tongues and insert them in flowers to sip their nectar. They even emit an audible hum like hummingbirds. Quite often inexperienced garden visitors notice what they think is a tiny hummingbird fleeting among flowers such as bee balm (Monarda). They listen incredulously when one explains to them that what they just saw was not a bird but a moth.
Hummingbird moths are rather plump; the tip of their tail opens into a fan. They are usually of a rich reddish brown color, at least in part. Like all Lepidoptera their wings are covered by scales; some species lose many of the scales from patches on their wings, so they are called clearwing hummingbird moths. Like most moths they have a very long tongue which they carry rolled under their chins and that they use to reach the nectar of long-necked flowers. Such nectar is inaccessible to many other flower visitors, so it seems that these flowers prefer long tongued pollinators and try to keep the others away.
These day-flying moths are widespread in North America. In the Old World, there are several species of hummingbird moths. Some of these species are closely related and all belong to the same genus, Hemaris. The British prefer to call them Bee Hawk-Moths. There are four species of hummingbird moths in North America. The most familiar ones are the Snowberry Clearwing (Hemaris diffinis) and the Hummingbird Clearwing (Hemaris thysbe). They are both widespread throughout North America, with the former perhaps being more abundant in the west and the latter in the east. Like the majority of moths and butterflies, the adult hummingbird moths feed on nectar from a variety of flowers, but their larvae need more specific food plants, such as several species of honeysuckle, dogbane, or some members of the rose family such as hawthorn, cherries, and plums.
The adults may start flying in early spring, when the bluebells (Mertensia) are still blooming; but you will have a better chance to see them when they are most active, in the summer when the bee balms are in bloom. If you have phlox (Phlox), beebalm (Monarda), honeysuckle (Lonicera) or verbena (Verbena) you are also likely to see these wonderful insects visiting these flowers.
The females entice the males with an aroma or pheromone that they produce from glands at the tip of the abdomen. After mating, they lay their tiny, round, green eggs on their larval food plants, usually on the underside of the leaves. The caterpillars have a horn at the rear end and are commonly green, well camouflaged among the leaves. When they are fully-grown they drop to the ground, spin a loose cocoon and pupate, partially protected by leaf litter. That leaf litter so hated by some gardeners provides a shelter to this beautiful pollinator. In the north, where the season is short there is only one generation per year; the pupa spends the whole winter well hidden and the adult does not emerge until the next spring. In the south, there is usually more than one generation each summer. | <urn:uuid:cdd299ca-c386-456a-9b2b-9e4be9e04a6d> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/pollinator-of-the-month/hummingbird_moth.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097475.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00249-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964924 | 761 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Introduction to NASDAQ Stock Exchange for Kids and Teens
This video explains the NASDAQ stock exchange in a simple, concise way for kids and beginners. It could be used by kids & teens to learn about NASDAQ, or used as a money & personal finance resource by parents and teachers as part of a Financial Literacy course or K-12 curriculum.
Suitable for students from grade levels:
- Elementary School
- Middle School
- High School
The topics covered are:
- What is NASDAQ or the NASDAQ Stock Exchange
- How is NASDAQ unique
- How does stock trading happen on NASDAQ
- When does trading happen on NASDAQ
What is NASDAQ?
NASDAQ is the 2nd largest stock exchange in the world and is focused on technology companies. It is based in New York City, and was created in 1971.
NASDAQ is an acronym for the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations.
What is special or unique about NASDAQ?
Originally, stock exchanges had traders and brokers trading on the trading floor. NASDAQ was the first stock exchange to introduce electronic trading, which has since been adopted by other stock exchanges around the world.
NASDAQ also became the first stock exchange to have its own website, and the first stock exchange to allow online trading.
Because of all these technological innovations that NASDAQ pioneered, many tech giants, like Apple, Google, Microsoft, Amazon, and Comcast are listed on the NASDAQ.
How are stocks traded on the NASDAQ Stock Exchange?
Like we discussed earlier, NASDAQ introduced electronic trading to the world. Although the NASDAQ has a prominent building in Times Square, there is no physical trading floor in the exchange – all trades happen electronically.
Since trading is electronic, can I buy or sell stocks anytime?
No. You can only trade stocks in NASDAQ from Monday to Friday, between 9:30 AM and 4:00 PM. The NASDAQ is also closed for some holidays.
What are some other popular stock exchanges?
Some other popular stock exchanges are the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), London Stock Exchange (LSE), and Shanghai Stock Exchange.
We will cover each one in detail in future videos.
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Does NASDAQ also refer to a stock index?
Yes. The term NASDAQ is also used to refer to the NASDAQ Composite Stock Index. But that’s a topic for another time.
(This video / article talks about the stock exchange. Please also check out the video / article on the NASDAQ Stock Index)
Download Transcript: Ideal for Use by Teachers in their Lesson Plan to Teach Kids and Teens
Podcast: What is the NASDAQ Stock Exchange
Fun, informative and concise episodes by a 10-year old, breaking down complex financial concepts in a way that kids and beginners can understand. Episodes cover personal finance topics like saving, investing, banking, credit cards, insurance, real estate, mortgage, retirement planning, 401k, stocks, bonds, income tax, and more, and are in the form of a conversation between a cowboy (a finance novice) and his friend, a stock broker. Making finance your friend, only at Easy Peasy Finance.
A little bit about me: I have been fascinated with the world of personal finance since I was 6! I love to read personal finance books, and keep myself updated on the latest by reading various personal finance magazines. My friends often ask me questions about finance because they find it complex and intimidating. That’s what inspired me to start my YouTube channel called Easy Peasy Finance when I was 8, and this podcast 2 years later.
Everything you need to know about the NASDAQ Stock Exchange: What is the NASDAQ Stock Exchange, What is special or unique about NASDAQ, How are stocks traded on NASDAQ, Since trading is electronic can you buy or sell stocks anytime, What are some other popular stock exchanges, Does NASDAQ also refer to a stock index, and more.
Show notes and transcript at: https://www.easypeasyfinance.com/nasdaq-stock-exchange-for-kids/ | <urn:uuid:26330811-e1d6-4503-aa0d-921aef602766> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.easypeasyfinance.com/nasdaq-stock-exchange-for-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103341778.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627195131-20220627225131-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.947313 | 863 | 2.90625 | 3 |
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Christoph Rasche; Shape recognition with propagation fields. Journal of Vision 2005;5(8):218. doi: 10.1167/5.8.218.
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A shape recognition system is presented that learns novel shapes (like letters) in one shot and recognizes them even if they are distorted, changed in size, shifted in position, fragmented or disrupted by ‘noisy’ contours. A shape is represented as a field of local orientations, which is analogous to an optical flow field. This orientation field is obtained by looking at the contour propagation flow of a shape through a set of orientation columns and it is thus called the ‘propagation field’. Recognition occurs firstly by determining the local orientations of the input shape, followed by matching them against the propagation field of each shape. A neural architecture is presented that performs this template matching process. It consists of three separate components: 1) a ‘propagation map’ that propagates contours, which is employed for learning and partly for recognition; 2) a set of orientation columns that determine local orientations in the propagation map; 3) a stack of ‘shape maps’, in which each map encodes a separate propagation field: a shape map consists of a 2D field of neurons with each neuron having the same number of synapses as there are distinguishable orientations. Each synapse (in each shape map) receives input from its spatially corresponding orientation cell. To learn a novel shape, a new shape map is employed and only those synaptic weights are turned on, whose corresponding orientations are stimulated during contour propagation in the propagation map. During recognition, the shape map with the most similar propagation field is activated the highest and its population activity signals the presence of a shape. Due to the wide-spread representation of a shape, recognition is enormously robust and occurs without error. The recognition system has already been presented in book form (Rasche 2005, The Making of a Neuromorphic Visual System, Springer, New York) but is here publicly presented the first time.
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only | <urn:uuid:02e1291f-0fd6-410c-b1b6-b7ba91ee424d> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://jov.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2131948 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583879117.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123003356-20190123025356-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.934178 | 466 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Aircraft linked to changes in local weather
Stirring up the sky Researchers say they've found a link between aircraft making holes in clouds and changes in local weather conditions.
A report in the journal Science claims ice generated by the expansion and cooling of air behind the wings and propeller blades of aircraft is inadvertently seeding clouds, increasing precipitation around some airports.
The team of US scientists reached the conclusion while studying the impact of aircraft in cold regions, as they fly through low level clouds. These flights can cause holes and canals to form.
"When they climb through a supercooled cloud layer, aircraft produce a hole. But when they fly level through the cloud layer, they produce long canals," says Andrew Heymsfield from the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado.
Heymsfield and colleagues examined satellite images of these so-called hole-punch and canal clouds, finding some were visible for more than four hours, growing to lengths of more than 100 kilometres.
They then used weather-forecasting computer models to simulate cloud growth and evolution.
Finally, they examined flight information data to determine what aircraft had flown in the area at the time.
Using ice to seed clouds
Heymsfield and colleagues found aircraft propeller blades and wings can cool the air it's passing through by up to 30°C. When flying through clouds with temperatures below minus 10°C, this can spontaneously freeze the already supercooled water droplets in the clouds, leaving a stream of small ice particles trailing behind.
They say these grow at the expense of water droplets and can fall to the ground as snow.
In the process they produce a hole or canal in the cloud layer which can continue expanding for hours, increasing precipitation over a localised area in the same way as conventional cloud seeding does.
The authors believe the phenomenon won't affect global weather patterns because it only affects low level clouds in cooler climates during take off and landing.
Difficult to prove
Associate Professor Steven Siems from the Weather and Climate group at Melbourne's Monash University the work is one of those really interesting observations in life
"It's a gee-wiz interesting science kind of thing. You look up in the sky and you see these holes in the clouds and you wonder what's going on," says Siems.
But he says proving it has an effect on local precipitation will be hard to prove.
"I think that's a pretty big claim. If they tried to find that statistically, they would never do it". | <urn:uuid:c0ebccb0-d6f7-4db2-b35d-35889689e521> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2011/07/01/3257821.htm?topic=space | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500904.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208191211-20230208221211-00859.warc.gz | en | 0.941799 | 524 | 3.71875 | 4 |
There are many misconceptions about investment in walking and cycling. New research by Sustrans uncovers the truth behind some common myths, by examining the mounting body of evidence showing the many health, environmental and economic benefits of walking and cycling.
Public or political opposition can act as a barrier to changing the environment and creating spaces that help people to walk and cycle.
The opposition is often caused by misconceptions about the consequences of reallocating road space or how to get the most economic benefit from transport spending.
One way to address these misconceptions and help make decisions is to look at the evidence.
Our Research and Monitoring Unit carried out a study to identify evidence around the common myths about investment in cycling and walking.
Myth 1: There is no public support for investment in cycling infrastructure or giving more road space to cycles.
Bike Life, the UK’s biggest assessment of cycling in cities, found that 75% of city residents want to see more money spent on cycling.
Furthermore, 78% of residents in those cities support building more protected roadside cycle lanes – even when this could mean less space for other traffic.
No study was found showing that the public does not support investment in cycling infrastructure.
Truth 1: The public support investment in cycling infrastructure.
Myth 2: Road space reallocation to bicycles will bring the city to a grinding halt.
In reality, this is rare.
Evidence shows that reallocating road space for cycling and walking can help to ease road congestion.
Cars are the least space-efficient way of moving people and goods around – a three-metre wide lane can move 700 to 1,100 people per hour in cars, whereas for bicycles and walking this increases from 2,000 to 6,500.
There are also multiple city case studies, such as the construction of Cycle Superhighways in London, which show that changing car space to bicycle space does not adversely affect car travel times.
Truth 2: Giving more road space to bicycles and pedestrians does not make traffic worse.
Myth 3: Removing car parking spaces will harm the local economy.
Studies found that retailers consistently overestimate the number of customers that travel by car (by almost double) and that parking was not found to have a clear impact on retail vitality.
Interestingly, evidence suggests that removing car parking spaces could actually be good for business.
Per square metre, cycle parking delivers five-times higher retail spend than the same area of car parking. Many studies also show that those travelling sustainably spend more at the shops per month than those travelling by car.
Similarly, evidence from case studies across the UK shows that removing traffic from retail streets through pedestrianisation has a positive effect on retail vitality (turnover and shop occupancy rates).
Truth 3: Removing car parking to provide cycle parking and pedestrianisation makes places more attractive, which can have a positive impact on trade.
Myth 4: Our streets are too narrow to accommodate cycle lanes.
In reality, most streets can accommodate high-quality cycling infrastructure by removing car parking or changing the way motorised traffic moves through the space available (e.g. making streets one way or reducing traffic speed and volume).
There is extensive design guidance on how to provide good-quality cycling infrastructure in a range of urban environments.
Truth 4: There are ways to improve the experience of cycling on any street through traffic calming or road space reallocation.
Myth 5: Cycling is not safe.
Our Bike Life survey found that 77% of people think cycling safety needs to be improved in their city.
But, cycling is a relatively safe activity – in fact, countries with higher levels of cycling have lower casualty rates.
In Denmark, where nine out of 10 people own a bicycle, the cyclist fatality rate is half that of Great Britain.
The safety of cycling is therefore determined by the conditions in which people have to cycle, not the activity itself. This is a strong argument for investing in high-quality cycling infrastructure.
In addition, between 2000 and 2012, 470 miles of bicycle routes were added to the streets of New York.
The city experienced a 72% fall in the risk of serious injury experienced by cyclists in New York, despite a three-fold rise in the number of bike trips. (NYCDOT, 2013).
Truth 5: High-quality cycling infrastructure is vital to reduce road dangers for people cycling, and improve the perception of safety.
Myth 6: It’s better for the economy to build roads than routes and paths for walking and cycling.
The economic growth argument is often used to support road building, but the evidence suggests that walking and cycling schemes make more economic sense.
It costs around £50 million per kilometre to build the average road, compared to just £1.3 million per kilometre for a high specification cycle path.
Cycling and walking schemes also offer better value for money than road building. For every £1 spent on building roads, the economic benefits are £3 to £5. For every £1 spent on walking and cycling schemes, the economic benefits are £4 to £19. | <urn:uuid:4ea78b29-d824-4fec-bb78-cd51d392083e> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://spycycle.uk/common-myths-about-investment-in-walking-and-cycling-busted-by-research-report/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991288.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518160705-20210518190705-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.95299 | 1,046 | 2.671875 | 3 |
There is an arms race going on. Farmers are competing to breed the hottest chillies ever, with terrifying names such as Trinidad Moruga Scorpion and Carolina Reaper. Sauce manufacturers are selling more and more potent hot sauces, some of which have to have “not for people with respiratory or heart problems” warnings on the label. It seems as though humanity’s quest for hot, searing pain is never ending.
But, why are chillies hot and why do we like them so much?
Chilies, or chilli peppers or chile peppers, are the fruits of a plant that originates in South America. Before the “discovery” of the Americas in the late 15th century, they were unknown to Europeans, Africans and Asians.
Chiles are known as peppers because when Europeans first encountered them they equated their effects to that of black pepper, which originates in southern India and botanically has no relation at all to chillies, whose proper scientific name is capsicum.
The key ingredients in the spiciness of chili peppers are capsaicin and other related chemical compounds (known as capsaicinoids). Capsaicinoids are produced in by the surface cells of the placenta (the pithy white tissue inside the chillies). They accumulate in droplets under the surface. These can burst and spread to the inner walls and the seeds.
There is much less capsaicin in the flesh of the chilli, which is why it is advised to scrape away the seeds and the placenta when we want the flavour of chillies without too much spiciness.
Capsaicin is quite oily and hydrophobic and hence quite hard to wash off, which often causes us to spread it on less pleasurable areas of our body like our eyes, ears and nose (and sometimes to other, ahem, more private areas). Capsaicin is used in pepper sprays, as it causes breathing difficulties and blurred vision for an hour or so.
Capsaicin, in mammals, triggers the TRPV1 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1), which is also known as the capsaicin receptor. This neuroreceptor is activated not only by capsaicin, but also by heat (over 43 degrees Celsius), acidic conditions and the organic compound Allyl isothiocyanate which is found in wasabi, mustard and horseradish.
When this receptor is activated it causes a strong sensation of pain and heat. In fact, eating chillies fools our brain into thinking our mouth is on fire. Unlike fire, however, capsaicin does not cause any damage. It merely causes the temporary illusion of pain.
So we have answered why, chemically, spicy food is spicy. But a more interesting question is why chillies have evolved the production of capsaicin in the first place.
There are a few hypotheses. The most commonly argued is that capsaicin is a very good mammal repellant.
The etymology of chilli
Fruits of capsicum plants were originally called chilli in Nahuatl. This then turned into chile in Spanish and into the American chili. There doesn’t seem to be any link between the name and the modern country of Chile. The etymology of the latter is still under discussion (see here). Possibly to avoid confusion, in South America chillies are often referred to as aji. – Photo by Sivahari
Mammals chew and destroy the seeds of the plant in the process of eating it. However, birds swallow the seeds whole and hence can spread them — intact — far and wide. Birds also lack the neuroreceptors with which capsaicin interacts, so chillies do not have the same effect at all on them as on mammals.
It seems as though chilli plants have evolved spiciness as a way to select which species of animals eat their fruit to maximise the spread of their seeds, to “discourage seed predators without deterring beneficial seed dispersers”. Counterintuitively, humans’ fondness for chillies has contributed far more to their spread than birds ever have.
Another hypothesis is that it is simply another defensive chemical. Capsaicin has been shown to inhibit the growth of fungi and is also an insecticide. Chilli plants at a higher risk of fungal infection or being eaten by insects produce fruits with a higher concentration of capsaicin.
This has been used by some farmers as a way to produce hotter chillies. The Australian farmers cultivating the Trinidad Scorpion Butch T apply “worm juice”, the runoff from a worm farm which contains plenty of bits of insects, to the roots of the plants. The plants, supposedly thinking they’re under attack, produce more of the hot stuff.
Which of these two explanations is the right one? Probably a mix of both, we’re not entirely sure.
How hot is a chili pepper?
The “hotness” of chillies has traditionally been measured using the Scoville scale, first devised in 1912.
An extract of the chilli oil is diluted until a panel of five tasters can no longer feel the heat. It’s not a particularly accurate scale as it relies on human tasters, the results vary widely between panels.
The hottest chile ever tested clocked in at a blisteringly painful 2.2 million Scoville Heat Units (SHUs). In comparison, Tabasco sauce, reaches a miserably plain 2500-5000 SHUs.
Why do humans like chillies so much?
Filming yourself eating a ghost chilli, one of the hottest cultivars at over 1 million SHUs, is up there with other silly Youtube trends, such as eating a spoonful of cinnamon or chugging a gallon of milk. It usually ends in tears.
One could infer that we like chillies so much because they cause us such pain. However, there are many other things that cause us pain (such as walking into lampposts or stabbing yourself in the leg) that most of us don’t do on a regular basis.
It’s been suggested that we like the heat of chillies because it gives a controlled thrill (as discussed before, capsaicin gives us the illusion of pain). We like riding roller-coasters and watching horror movies but we’d be quite scared if we were on a stalling plane or actually stalked by a serial killer. One is a controlled thrill, the other is not.
So, maybe, we like chillies because they give us a similar sensation. Paul Rozin, professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, calls it “benign masochism”. Under this term he groups various activities that are initially disgusting, painful or unpleasant which we then grow to like. These include eating spicy foods and stinky cheeses, getting painful massages, riding roller coasters, watching sad movies, listening to sad music and exercising until physically exhausted (“It hurts so good”). All activities loathed by some and treated as a pleasure by others.
References and further reading
- Capsaicin Technical Fact Sheet – National Pesticide Information Centre
- Harold Mc Gee – “On Food and Cooking”, Chapter 8
- “Food bacteria-spice survey shows why some cultures like it hot” – Cornell University
- The Chile Pepper Institute FAQ – New Mexico University
- Everaerts W, Gees M, Alpizar YA, Farre R, Leten C, Apetrei A, Dewachter I, van Leuven F, Vennekens R, De Ridder D, Nilius B, Voets T, Talavera K (2011) – “The capsaicin receptor TRPV1 is a crucial mediator of the noxious effects of mustard oil”- Curr. Biol.
- Caterina MJ, Schumacher MA, Tominaga M, Rosen TA, Levine JD, Julius D ( 1997) – “The capsaicin receptor: a heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway”- Nature 389
- Tewksbury JJ, Nabhan GP(2001) -“Seed dispersal. Directed deterrence by capsaicin in chilies“ – Nature
- “Why chillies are hot: the science of heat” – Australian Geographic
- “Why do we eat chilli?” – The Guardian
- “A Perk of Our Evolution: Pleasure in Pain of Chilies” – New York Times
- Paul Rozin et al. (2013) – “Glad to be sad, and other examples of benign masochism” – Judgement and Decision Making
- “World’s hottest chilli grown by Aussies” – Australian Geographic
- Tewksbury et al (2002) – “Evolutionary ecology of pungency in wild chilies” – PNAS | <urn:uuid:5e45d513-e943-4f55-b620-9d20adce1a0e> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://piecubed.co.uk/why-are-chillies-hot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317113.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822110215-20190822132215-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.943648 | 1,887 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The world is on track to make a "significant dent" in cutting greenhouse gas emissions without sacrificing economic growth, according to a report released today from the United Nations Climate Change Secretariat.
The report assesses the overall effect of plans covering 146 countries, including Canada, in the run-up to the global summit in Paris next month. And it finds cause for optimism in the "unprecedented" collective effort to cut greenhouse gas emissions.
- Climate change talks 'crucial' priority for Trudeau
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- Justin Trudeau to move on ambitious agenda
"These national climate action plans represent a clear and determined down payment on a new era of climate ambition from the global community of nations," said Christiana Figueres, executive secretary of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, in a news release. "Governments from all corners of the Earth have signalled through their [plans] that they are determined to play their part according to their national circumstances and capabilities."
The report predicts that partner countries will bring global per-person emissions down by as much as eight per cent in 2025 and nine per cent by 2030. That will be achieved through policies that signal a "major economic transformation," including massive shifts to renewable energy, energy efficiencies and improved land management, urban planning and transportation, according to the report.
"They reflect growing government confidence in the global response by tens of thousands of companies and investors and thousands of mayors and regional governments who see their own sustainable futures built upon this transformation," the report reads.
The report comes as more than 80 world leaders, including prime minister-designate Justin Trudeau, prepare to attend the UN climate change conference in Paris starting Nov. 30. The goal is to find agreement on a climate change plan to cap global warming at two degrees.
Figueres said the collective plans have the capability of limiting the forecast temperature rise to about 2.7 degrees by 2100, which falls below target, but is much lower than the five-plus degrees previously projected.
But today's report says the journey to a "climate-safe future" is underway and the Paris agreement can "confirm and catalyze" the transition.
The 146 plans include all developed nations and three-quarters of developing countries, representing 86 per cent of global emissions. That's nearly four times the commitment at the time of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, the first international treaty aimed at reducing emissions.
Trudeau declined to give a precise reduction target during the election campaign. The Liberal Party platform promises to put a price on carbon, phase out subsidies for the fossil fuel industry and create a $2-billion fund for projects that help cut emissions.
It also promises to end the cycle of setting "arbitrary" targets without a real plan to meet them, and to ensure the provinces and territories have targeted federal funding and the flexibility to design their own policies to meet commitments.
"These targets must recognize the economic cost and catastrophic impact that a greater-than-two-degree increase in average global temperatures would represent, as well as the need for Canada to do its part to prevent that from happening," the platform reads.
Outgoing Prime Minister Stephen Harper's Conservative government took a sector-by-sector approach to cutting emissions, targeting a 17 per cent reduction from 2005 levels by 2020. In May, he announced a 30 per cent reduction target from 2005 levels by 2030.
In a release Friday, Canada's Climate Action Network pushed for three things coming out of the Paris talks:
- a substantial financial commitment to support less-developed countries in both cutting emissions and adapting to climate change.
- a "robust assessment mechanism" to co-ordinate and review targets on a five-year basis, including an improved offer from Canada.
- a plan in place by 2016 to reach Canada's commitments.
"The world is not out of the woods yet", said Louise Comeau, the group's executive director. "There are serious shortfalls in level of ambition that have to be addressed."
Another report for policymakers will be released by the UN Climate Change Secretariat next month on leveraging economic benefits from climate change policies. | <urn:uuid:e1c5551e-9142-4d0f-ac66-db0e04864d70> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/climate-change-greenhouse-environment-1.3295340 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118552.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00448-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940889 | 850 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Greenhouse gas emissions
The Climate Change Act 2008 requires the United Kingdom to reduce its carbon emissions. The target is at least an 80% reduction by 2050 against a 1990 baseline.
Councils have a pivotal role to play when it comes to achieving this goal. We understand the importance of our role and have made a public commitment to help tackle climate change.
Our report on our greenhouse gas emissions is available to download. | <urn:uuid:f670d582-c2c8-43e6-b4f8-dd6db47c6838> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.newcastle-staffs.gov.uk/housing/greenhouse-gas-emissions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358966.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20211130080511-20211130110511-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.941496 | 85 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Key Evidence: A study looking at the impact of pneumococcal vaccine introduction and scaling up pneumonia treatment in Ethiopia found that 30-40% of all deaths averted by these interventions would be expected to occur in the poorest wealth quintile. The greatest resulting financial risk protection would also be concentrated among the bottom income quintile.
Key Evidence: An analysis of the potential impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in India found that introducing PCV vaccine will protect the population from potentially catastrophic health expenditures due to treatment and hospitalizations for pneumococcal disease – saving an estimated $49-63 million in out-of-pocket expenditures each year, depending on the assumed vaccination coverage rate. Financial protection will be greatest for the poorest households, with the poorest quintile is estimated to have the greatest savings in out-of-pocket expenditures of all wealth quintiles.
Key Evidence: In a financial risk model analysis of 41 Gavi-eligible countries, the burden of Catastrophic Health Costs (CHC) and Medical Impoverishment (MI) would be greatest in the lowest income populations. With expanded vaccine coverage, the share of prevented cases of measles, pneumococcal disease, and rotavirus, in relation to the total number of cases prevented, would be larger in the lowest income populations thereby providing a larger financial risk protection (FRP) to these populations. | <urn:uuid:efd36ec2-f269-48ae-aa66-ebdff50d9327> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://immunizationevidence.org/key-concepts/immunization-can-offer-some-financial-protection-against-significant-illness-treatment-costs-among-the-poor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400193087.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920000137-20200920030137-00647.warc.gz | en | 0.914244 | 280 | 2.53125 | 3 |
on January 24, 2014 - 5:24 PM
, updated January 25, 2014 at 9:36 AM
In a school day crammed with instruction geared to meeting rigorous new standards, taking timeouts for seventh- and eighth-graders to meditate might sound like a New Age waste of time.
But at the Buffalo Academy of Science Charter School, educators say that pausing to jump-start the mind uses the power of positive thinking to calm rambunctious youngsters.
It also boosts academic achievement by helping students understand how their brains work, the teachers say.
Once a week, the students start class by taking about three minutes to sit quietly, close their eyes and breathe deeply, while silently repeating a favorite affirmation. They meditate on it as if it were a mantra.
School officials say the exercises put students in a better frame of mind for achieving personal and academic success.
“We start in the science area. We learn about different parts of the brain,” said JoAnna Nangle, the teacher who administers the program at Science Charter. “They learn how parts of their brain allow them to think certain things. It’s in their power to change their emotional state, and if they change it for the positive, they can think about problems more critically.”
Principal Mustafa Ersoy found the MindUP Program online in April 2013, some time after he read the book “How Children Succeed,” a best-seller that described how confidence and optimism can help kids succeed in academics and life.
Ersoy ordered the program, and over the summer, school leaders added it to the curriculum and rolled it out at the beginning of this school year. In the fall, the school became one of about 250 in the United States and Canada to employ the MindUP program.
During a recent seventh-grade class, Nangle demonstrated how MindUP can be applied to core subjects. The lesson for the day dealt with Mindful Seeing, and, in this case, Nangle applied it to English and science.
Mindful seeing involves seeing more detail and using vocabulary to describe it. For example, the class discussed the differences between crimson and ruby, circles and ovals, smiles and smirks. It was an example to show students how to write clear, visual descriptions in literary work.
“When we mindfully see something, when you really look at something, we use our minds to expand our vocabulary,” Nangle told the students.
To show how mindful seeing ties into science, Nangle led the class in “Pass the Message” challenge, an exercise that demonstrates how the mind receives and processes information.
For the exercise, each student represented a link in a message chain. Each person’s left hand represented dendrites, which receive messages. Torsos were cell bodies. Right arms were axons, which shuttle messages, and right hands served as the nerve endings that transfer messages to the next dendrites.
A roll of tape represented the message, which was transferred from person to person, left to right in the front row, and by the time it made it to the back row, the transfer shifted to right to left.
Nangle timed how long it took the message to get around the class and then repeated the process a couple more times. The more the students did it, the sharper their focus became each time and the quicker the message was delivered to everyone.
“This is how our brain works,” Nangle said.
But MindUP is also good for relaxation and higher self-esteem. Already students have begun adopting new behaviors and using them outside the classroom, at home and in relationships.
Seventh-grader Loren Williamson says he finds time to mediate several times a day.
“I do it when I’m down or sad, even when I’m happy,” he said. “I focus on my goals.”
The techniques he learned in Nangle’s class help him calm down and to “regroup himself.”
“When I’m real mad, I calm down and breathe, and by the time I get to 10, I wonder why I was mad,” Loren said.
During the recent holiday season, Jenilys Cotto persuaded her family – one little sister, a little brother, two older sisters and their parents – to try a meditative practice she learned in Nangle’s class that involves a singing bowl.
Everyone in the family was kind of stressed out from the holidays. Jenilys went to You Tube and found a video of a singing bowl – a musical instrument used for meditation and relaxation – and told them to focus on the sound.
At first, her sisters were skeptical that it would calm them down, she said.
But after they started the meditation, they had a change of mind.
“I put it on and told them my teacher teaches us to sit down and relax. We did it for 10 minutes,” she said. “They liked it.” | <urn:uuid:c72c4f68-9600-47f2-b519-7d7d82f2cc41> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.buffalonews.com/city-region/students-learn-to-find-peace-of-mind-20140124 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982294158.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195814-00067-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964293 | 1,057 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Sandstone, sometimes known as Arenite, is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand sized grains of quartz and/or feldspar. Like sand, sandstone may be any colour with certain colours strongly identified with certain regions.
Sandstones are formed in 2 stages;
- Stage 1: Is the accumulation of layers of sand as a result of sedimentation
- Stage 2: The layers become compacted by pressure of overlying deposits and cemented by the precipitation of minerals within the pore spaces.
Natural Paving offer an extensive range of attractive, durable sandstones all of which are produced for hard landscaping projects and public realm developments. The popularity of traditional sandstone continues and Natural Paving are able to source different types from both the UK and world-wide quarries offering different colours, finishes and sizes. Our diverse portfolio of sandstones offers architects and designers aesthetic options and peace of mind that materials are tested and suitable for use in highly trafficked areas. | <urn:uuid:cf9565fb-9444-4729-8fa8-c9c31b5ebfa7> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://naturalpaving.co.uk/helpful-information-and-services/downloads/helpful-information-and-services/commercial-services/products/sandstone-paving | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647892.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322151300-20180322171300-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.946367 | 199 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Hard water is a problem in millions of American households. Water becomes hard when calcium or magnesium dissolve into the water as it flows underground or in streams. While hard water is not a health risk, it often has an unpleasant taste. Hard water also does not clean as efficiently in dishwashers and washing machines and can leave an unpleasant chalky or yellow buildup.
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In the United States, the hardness of water is usually calculated in parts per million, or ppm. Water is categorized as soft, moderately hard, hard, or very hard according to the amount of dissolved minerals are in it.
Soft water has fewer than 75 ppm (parts per million) of minerals dissolved in it. As a result, soft water is considered fairly pure and drinkable. Because of the very low amount of minerals dissolved in it, it reacts well with cleaners such as household cleansers or laundry detergent and does not leave behind a residue. Usually, when a household has water that falls into the soft range, further water softening equipment is not necessary.
Moderately Hard Water
Moderately hard water has between 75-150 ppm of minerals dissolved in it. Moderately hard water is still safe to drink, but it may leave behind a slightly unpleasant taste. This water will clean with some efficiency, but may leave light yellow spots on laundry or a thin white or oily film on hard surfaces after using it with a cleaning solution. When water falls into the moderately hard range, some homeowners elect to install water softening equipment.
Water that is classified as hard has 150-300 ppm of minerals dissolved in it. Hard water has a noticeably unpleasant flavor, but is still potable. Cleaning agents do not react well with hard water and often a distinct oily, white crust is left behind after cleaning. Hard water usually requires water softening equipment to make it usable for a home.
Very Hard Water
Very hard water has 300 ppm or more of minerals dissolved in it. Although very hard water is generally safe to drink, it often tastes very foul and may cause nausea in some people. Cleaning with very hard water is extremely difficult, as the cleaning agents do not dissolve well in it, therefore making rinsing inefficient or even impossible. Over time, very hard water leaves distinctly yellow or white crusts on surfaces and may require powerful cleaners to dissolve these mineral deposits. Very hard water necessitates water softening equipment, or, in the case of a rural water supply, a new well may need to be dug in a different location. | <urn:uuid:e87e5f30-8765-43d8-b4cb-9e6884e1649e> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.ehow.com/info_8007599_degrees-hardness-ppm-hard-water.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337529.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004215917-20221005005917-00591.warc.gz | en | 0.965904 | 521 | 3.375 | 3 |
At SunnySmiles we have relied on computerized tomography scans (CT), for many years. At our London city scan dental practice we are referred patients for CT scan for various reasons like implants. CT scans are an X-ray procedure that uses many different X-ray images with the help of computers to generate cross-sectional or even 3D views of internal organs and structures within the body. We rely on 3D imaging techniques and CT scans to provide us with a detailed view of the mouth and skull. The advantage that 3D imaging holds over regular dental x-rays is that the bone structure, bone density, tissues and nerves can be viewed clearly.
CT scans can be completed in less than half a minute. This means that far less radiation enters the body than if a regular set of bitewing x-rays were taken. The main use for CT scans is as an aid to plan dental implant treatment and other oral surgery.
Dental implants are the most sophisticated replacement for missing teeth, but have historically proven to be time-consuming to place. Dental CT scans vastly reduce the time it takes to implant teeth. It is thought that in the near future, implants will be placed in a single visit because of this unique type of imaging.
How are CBCT scans used?
CBCT scans are advantageous because they allow the dentist to magnify specific areas of the face. In addition, the dentist can easily view cross-sectional “slices” of the jaw, which makes planning treatment easier and faster.
Here are some of the main ways in which CT scans are used in dentistry:
Assess the quality of the jawbone where the implant will be placed.
Determine where nerves are located.
Diagnose tumors and disease in the early stages.
Measure the density of the jawbone where the implant will be placed.
Pinpoint the most effective placement for implants, including the angle of best fit.
Plan the complete surgical procedure in advance, from start to finish.
Precisely decide on the appropriate size and type of implants.
View exact orientation and position of each tooth.
View impacted teeth.
How are CBCT scans performed?
CT scans are quick and simple to perform. A Cone Beam Imaging System is at the heart of the CT scanner. During the scan, the patient sits stationary on a designated seat. The cone beams are used to take literally hundreds of pictures of the face. These pictures are used to compile an exact 3D image of the inner mechanisms of the face and jaw. The dentist is able to zoom in on specific areas and view them from alternate angles.
Previous patients report the CT scanner is comfortable because they remain in a sitting position at all times. Additionally, the scanner provides an open environment, meaning that claustrophobic feelings are eliminated. The i-CAT® scan is an incredible tool that is minimizing the cost of dental treatment, reducing treatment time and enhancing the end results of dental surgery.
Book in for a CT | <urn:uuid:5b5bf242-34b3-45b7-9184-518d4d69750c> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.sunny-smiles.co.uk/ct-scans/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806760.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123070158-20171123090158-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.93572 | 618 | 2.8125 | 3 |
(2) Strange Voices and Art of Conversing
"As mentioned earlier in the section on offense and defense, the art of conversing and using strange voices are one method of attack and defense. There are many different strange voices but I will mention eight different methods: white crane, monkey, tiger, dog, rooster, dragon, horse, and bull. The art of conversation can use logic and and reason to gain victory, to confuse or render a person ignorant, or remove his will to fight and control him. During the Six Kingdoms period, warriors would be entrusted to traverse the kingdoms on diplomatic missions. These men were eloquent and gifted speakers and from that era a phrase has been handed down, “A man who can win a victory over an enemy by his speech is by virtue worth more than one who can cut down 100 men”. "
Today where the discussions often are we’re not prepared for ‘real’ violence, far less heed is paid to thinking about the skills of conversation to eliminate the need for violence being necessary. We all should give pause at what was once considered necessary skill and what we are doing with our training. | <urn:uuid:ec6195a0-c39f-49af-bb84-e40da7b8c786> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://isshin-concentration.blogspot.com/2013/02/strange-voices-and-art-of-conversing.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645405.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317233618-20180318013618-00657.warc.gz | en | 0.969218 | 237 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Arabia, the area made up of the Arabian Peninsula, is located in the southwestern region of the Asian continent. Covering about 3 million square kilometres, the southeastern area of the peninsula is the Rub'al-Khali, the Empty Quarter, which is the world's largest expanse of continuous sand. Politically, the Arabian Peninsula consists of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, the Sultanate of Oman, and the Republic of Yemen. Together, these countries (excluding the Republic of Yemen) constitute the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Founded on 26 May 1981, the aim of this collective is to promote coordination between member states in all fields in order to achieve unity. In this summary the countries of the GCC will be introduced, except for the United Arab Emirates, which is the subject of a separate summary. Please refer to that page for in-depth information on the UAE.
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Occupying four-fifths of the Arabian Peninsula, Saudi Arabia is the largest country on the peninsula. Located in the southwestern corner of Asia, Saudi Arabia covers an area of about 2,240,000 square kilometres or 864,900 square miles (estimates vary) of which more than half is desert. The country is bordered by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba to the west, by the Republic of Yemen and the Sultanate of Oman to the south, the Arabian Gulf, the United Arab Emirates and Qatar to the east, and Jordan, Iraq and Kuwait to the north. The richest oil fields in the world are found in the eastern region. Riyadh, the capital and largest city, is located in the east central region of the country. Jeddah, the second largest city, is the country's main port on the Red Sea. It is also the main port through which pilgrims enter to perform Umrah, Haj, or to visit the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.
Saudi Arabia is a monarchy ruled by the Al Saud family. The Al Saud dynasty dates back to the mid-18th century with Mohammed bin Saud, who was the ruler of Diriyah in central Arabia. The late King Abdul'Aziz Al Saud founded the modern Saudi state, established 23 September 1932. The written constitution and bill of rights were introduced during the 1982-2005 reign of King Fahd bin Abdul'Aziz Al Saud. Since August 2005, Saudi Arabia has been ruled by King Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud.
Oil is the most important industry in Saudi Arabia . The Kingdom has the world's largest proven reserves and is the largest producer in OPEC, totalling one-third of output. Saudi Arabia has the capacity to produce 10 million barrels per day (bpd). Working toward diversifying its economy, the Kingdom is promoting heavy industry, such as petrochemicals, fertilizers, and steel. Traditionally fishing and agriculture were sources of revenue for the Kingdom and today Saudi Arabia is one of the world's leading producers of dates and the fishing industry continues to grow.
An archipelago of thirty-three islands, the largest island, Bahrain (from the Arabic word for "two seas"), is believed to have separated from the Arabian Peninsula around 6000 BC. Located in the Arabian Gulf, the islands are about twenty-four kilometres from the east coast of Saudi Arabia and twenty-eight kilometres from Qatar. The total area of the islands is about 678 square kilometres or 262 square miles (estimates vary). The capital, Manama, is located on the northeastern tip of the island of Bahrain. The main port, Mina Salman, and the major petroleum refining facilities and commercial centers are also located on the island. Causeways and bridges connect Bahrain to adjacent islands and to the mainland of Saudi Arabia. Al Muharraq, the second largest island, is linked to Bahrain by the oldest causeway, originally constructed in 1929. The country's second largest city, Al Muharraq, and the international airport are located there.
Bahrain is an independent state with a traditional monarchy. On 14 February 2002, a new constitution was published and Bahrain declared itself a kingdom. The ruling family of Bahrain, the Al Khalifa, arrived in the islands in the mid-18th century after they first established a settlement in the peninsula of present-day Qatar. Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa is the King, and has ruled Bahrain since 6 March 1999.Sheikh Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa is the prime minister. In February 2001, proposals for political reform put forward by the ruling family received almost unanimous support in a national referendum. The proposals are due to come into effect in 2004, and will mean that Bahrain becomes a constitutional monarchy with an elected lower chamber of parliament and an independent judiciary.
Oil was discovered in commercial quantities in Bahrain in June 1932. The first Gulf state to discover oil, it was also the first to reap the benefits that came with the revenues, in particular a marked improvement in the quality of education and health care. By Gulf standards, Bahrain 's oil reserves are quite small. To decrease its reliance on oil revenues, the government is striving to diversify Bahrain 's economy by attracting more commercial companies, particularly in the IT field.
Kuwait is located in the northeastern corner of the Arabian Peninsula. Bordered by Iraq on the north, northwest and by Saudi Arabia on the south, southwest, it fronts the Arabian Gulf to the east. A small state of 17,818 square kilometres (6,880 square miles), Kuwait includes nine gulf islands within its territory. In addition to being the country's capital and centre for trade and commerce, Kuwait City is an important port for oil and the production of petroleum products. The nearby city of Al Jahrah is the centre of the country's agricultural industry, which primarily produces fruits and vegetables. A prominent geographic feature is Kuwait Bay, which extends for 48 kilometres (30 miles) inland.
Kuwait is a constitutional monarchy governed by the Al Sabah family, the ruling family since 1756. The constitution, which was approved on 11 November 1962, authorizes the Al Sabah family council to select the emir, traditionally from the Al Sabah line. Sheikh Sabah Al Ahmed Al Jaber Al Sabah is the current Emir of Kuwait.
Crude oil and refined products account for most of the country's exports. The reserves of crude oil are estimated to be 10% of the world total, the third largest quantity in the world. Kuwait's other main industries include desalination, food processing, and the manufacturing of building materials, which include plastics, cement, and metal pipes.
Qatar occupies a peninsula, which extends northward for about 180 kilometres (100 miles) into the Arabian Gulf from the Arabian Peninsula. The country is bordered to the south by Saudi Arabia for a stretch of 56 kilometres or 35 miles. The total area of Qatar is 11,437 square kilometres or 4,260 square miles. Doha, the capital city, is located on the east coast.
A traditional monarchy, the State of Qatar is ruled by the Al Thani family. The Al Thani family arrived in Qatar in the early part of the 18th century, originally settling in the northern region of the country, and moving to Doha in the mid-19th century. Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani has been emir since early 1995. Sheikh Abdullah bin Khalifah Al Thani is the prime minister. In 1999 the country's first elections were held, to elect a 29-member municipal council. Women were allowed to vote and stand for office in this election.
The State of Qatar produces less than 1% of the world's oil output. Crude oil and liquefied natural gas account for about 80% of the country's exports. The banking sector also plays an important role in Qatar's economy.
Occupying the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, the Sultanate of Oman covers an area of about 212,457 square kilometres (82,030 square miles); however, estimates do vary considerably. Oman proper is bordered by Yemen to the southwest, Saudi Arabia to the west, the United Arab Emirates to the northwest, the Gulf of Oman to the north, and by the Arabian Sea to the east and south. Included in its territory is Ruus al Jibal ("The Mountaintops"), which is located on the northern tip of the Musandam Peninsula (Ras Musandam). It borders the Strait of Hormuz, which is a waterway linking the Gulf of Oman with the Arabian Gulf, and separated from the rest of Oman by a strip of territory belonging to the United Arab Emirates. Thanks to its location at the mouth of the Gulf, Oman has long been seen as strategically important. At one time, its territory stretched down the East African coast and it competed against Portugal and Britain for influence in the Gulf. Muscat, the capital of Oman since 1741, is located on the Gulf of Oman coast. The country was known as Muscat and Oman until 1970.
Oman is a monarchy. The ruling family, the Al Said, first came to rule in 1744 after the expulsion of the Iranians from Muscat. Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said has ruled since 1970. The sultan also holds the posts of prime minister, minister of defence, minister of foreign affairs, and minister of finance. There is a Council of State for consultation purposes.
Oman 's principal natural resources are petroleum and natural gas. The proved petroleum reserves (4 billion barrels) are not substantial, and the government is aiming to transform Oman into a major natural gas exporter. Manufacturing is growing in importance. Major products include textiles, cement blocks, furniture, fertilizers, and fibreglass products.
Copyright © 1999-2012 www.sheikhmohammed.ae all rights reserved
No part of this web site may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of www.sheikhmohammed.ae. | <urn:uuid:736f4676-8902-4de2-8c45-694905a30878> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.sheikhmohammed.co.ae/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=b10a4c8631cb4110VgnVCM100000b0140a0aRCRD | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119646352.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030046-00275-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954374 | 2,058 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Cultivated seafood will need to be supplemented with long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to be nutritionally equivalent or superior to conventional seafood. However, how these compounds can best be incorporated has not been determined, and there are several potentially-viable strategies. Further research is needed to determine which strategies are most cost-effective and scalable and whether there are appreciable differences between methods in the quality of the final product.
Cell line development
Both the cultivated meat industry and interested members of the general public would benefit from the creation of makerspaces focused on cultivated meat. These would be publicly available spaces where community members can learn, experiment, and work collaboratively on projects related to cultivated meat. Here, they would have access to the physical equipment necessary to conduct projects as well as technical assistance to inform them. The aim of this project is to encourage more interaction between the public and the alternative protein industry, thus stimulating the exploration and development of more ideas. Makerspaces could also promote greater understanding of and openness to cultivated meat among future consumers of the product.
Cultivated meat research focuses primarily on muscle fibers and fat cells. However, other cell types serve functions that are often under appreciated in their relevance to cultivated meat. Co-culture methods with various support cells could solve a variety of challenges on the road to developing affordable, high-quality cultivated meat.
Academic researchers or consortia consisting of several cultivated meat companies should undertake research aimed at understanding metabolic pathways and fluxes within cultivated meat-relevant cell types. The outputs of this research could be used to improve the efficiency of media optimization efforts and to enhance the organoleptic and nutritional properties of cultivated meat products.
Although fish are one of the best dietary sources of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (FAs), these compounds are mostly bioaccumulated from a fish’s diet rather than synthesized de novo. Consistent with this, studies have found evidence of reduced omega-3 content in fish as a result of replacing fish-based feed with plant-based feed. Therefore, for cultivated fish to compete with conventionally-produced products, it will be necessary to identify cost-effective strategies for increasing the content of nutritionally-important omega-3 FAs in cultivated fish.
A number of published studies have focused on scaffolds for cultivated meat (see Related Efforts) yet, to our knowledge, no studies have specifically attempted to formulate scaffolds for fish or tested growth of fish cells on scaffolds developed for terrestrial meat. Because fish uniquely differ from terrestrial meat in structure, research aimed specifically at developing and testing scaffolds for fish products would advance the industry. Both scaffolding materials as well as methods for achieving the correct three-dimensional structure should be investigated.
Improving methods for adapting cells to suspension culture can facilitate cell line development and bioprocess design for cultivated meat.
Species-specific genomic studies enabling assay development for regulatory standards and cell line optimization
A suite of assays and genomic knowledge exists for humans and commonly used laboratory species such as mice or fruit flies. However, the same species-specific infrastructure does not exist equally across the species used in cultivated meat, with an especially large gap in seafood species. Commercialized, standardized assays for species identification such as Short Tandem Repeat (STR) or Cytochrome C Oxidase I (COI) assays are needed. Additionally, richer genetic datasets, including thorough genome annotations that facilitate identification of safe harbor loci, can broadly accelerate cell line optimization studies.
Improving our understanding of the relative advantages and disadvantages of different cell types for cultivated meat would enable companies to make these decisions more effectively with less duplicative effort.
Stem cells secrete a variety of signaling factors that can influence the behavior of surrounding cells, known as paracrine signals. In high-density bioprocesses, these secreted factors can accumulate to concentrations that can dramatically influence productivity and behavior of neighboring cells. By mapping the secretome of animal myoblasts, adipocytes, and other stem cells used for cultivated meat, a better understanding of which factors influence proliferation, differentiation, and other cellular traits can be obtained. Mapping efforts will inform how to best leverage this knowledge to improve cultivated meat production. | <urn:uuid:d5aab226-a29d-4f15-a3b1-ef93b64085c8> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://gfi.org/blog/technology_sector/cell-line-development/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710898.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202050510-20221202080510-00326.warc.gz | en | 0.944404 | 867 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Do you know that there are around 157 International tripoints in the world? To begin with, a tripoint is a geographical location where the border of three countries meets. So the more neighbors a nation has, the more international tripoint it has.
Say for example China has the most with 18 while Russia has around 11 to 14. Here’s a list of some of the well known International tripoints in the world.
1. Treriksröset (Sweden/Norway/Finland)
Sweden, Norway and Finland’s border point is called Treriksröset, which means Three-Country Cairn.
The tripoint monument in Lake Goldajärvi is a yellow dome-shaped stone made of concrete.
2. Triple Frontier (Paraguay/Argentina/Brazil)
One of the most famous tri-borders in the world, the Triple Frontier.
Located between the borders of Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil, this is where the Iguazu and Parana rivers converge. Electricity is also produced through its Itaipu hydroelectric power plant.
3. Dreiländereck (Germany/Switzerland/France)
Dreiländereck in Basel, Switzerland is the most striking tripoint monument, makring the borders of Germany, Switzerland, and France that meet the tripoint. But the exact tripoint of these countries is in the middle of the Rhine river.
4. Tumba Peak (Bulgaria/Greece/Macedonia)
Located in the Belsica mountains of Macedonia, Tumba Peak is known to be the point where the borders of Bulgaria, Greece, and Macedonia meet. An international excursion named “Balkans Without Borders” is organized every August.
5. Treriksrøysa (Norway/Finland/Russia)
Finland, Norway and Russia’s meeting point for their borders is the Treriksrøys and it is the only landbased point wherein three separate timezones interlock. One should know that it is prohibited to cross Russia from Norway or Finland. Not just that, any provocative behavior like urinating in the borderline is illegal.
6. Tripoint in Lake Prespa (Albania/Greece/Macedonia)
The Prespa Lake shared by Albania, Greece and the Republic of Macedonia is the tripoint of these 3 countries.
7. Mount Roraima Tripoint (Guyana/Venezuela/Brasil)
Considered as the highest tepui plateau in South America, this tripoint is surrounded by 400 meters tall cliffs on all sides and with a summit spanning a staggering 31 square kilometers.
It is a sight to behold but access to the area is only possible through the Venezuela side at the moment.
8. Tripoint – Oman/Saudi Arabia/Yemen
In an empty quarter of the Arabian Desert is where this tripoint can be located.
9. African Quadripoint (BONUS)
The only Quadripoint in the whole world is located in Zambia, Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe.
It would be hard to find any markers because the border is actually in the middle of the river.
Is there a tripoint in your country?
7 Fascinating Facts About Bermuda That Don’t Involve The Triangle
Bermuda has a truly unique New Year’s Eve celebration.
People usually associate Bermuda with the notorious Devil's Triangle that has been the location of hundreds of mysterious disappearances. The Bermuda Triangle certainly seems like the most fascinating thing about the islands. However, there are several interesting facts about Bermuda that have nothing to do with it at all.
Bermuda is commonly thought to be the most mysterious islands in the Caribbean. However, the archipelago is actually closer to Nova Scotia (just 768 miles away) than Cuba (1,093 miles). The British Overseas Territory is easier to access from North Carolina's Cape Hatteras, which is just 665 miles away. It isn't part of the Caribbean at all.
Here are seven fascinating facts about Bermuda that have nothing to do with the Triangle....
America’s 22 Best (Yet Secret) Swimming Holes
Tired of going to crowded beaches and swimming spots?
It’s time to explore more and discover America’s amazing but still secret cool spots. It can be found in various state parks and forests across the country.
These hidden spots offer nature’s best - quiet and solitude, refreshing water, and amazing sights. Here are 22 swimming holes that will encourage you to take a trip.
#1. Barton Springs Pool in Austin, Texas
10 Stunning Table Top Mountains To Complete Your Bucket List
Dare to climb any of these peaks?
Mesa, Tuyya, or Amba. We can call it whatever we like, but these tabletop mountains are a sight to behold all on their own. They are unique wonders of nature. They are rare phenomena that display the beauty of the mountains.
Mountain climber or not, I’m sure you’ll appreciate the picturesque elegance of these flat-topped mountains. Let’s have a virtual tour of the 10 most stunning tabletop mountains in the world.
1. Mount Roraima - Venezuela / Brazil / Guyana | <urn:uuid:433124a8-c42e-4c50-905e-0f8627b78815> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.elitereaders.net/famous-international-tripoints-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315865.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821085942-20190821111942-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.912681 | 1,130 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The Habib Anavian Collection:
Near Eastern Cylinder & Stamp Seals from the
Early 6th Millennium B.C. to 651 A.D.
For 28 years, Habib Anavian, the knowledgeable
Iranian art dealer and collector, has been buying cylinder and stamp seals.
This catalog presents 427 seals from his collection. They come from the
geographical area known as the Ancient Near East, comprising present-day
Iran, Iraq, Syria, and parts of Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan and Israel. Stamp
seals first occur in mid 6th millennium B.C. levels in Iraq, Syria and
Turkey; the earliest cylinder seals, found in archeological excavations
at Uruk in Iraq and Susa in Iran, date around 3300 B.C.
Early stamp seals are in the shape of hemispheres
(Nos. 2-3, 6, 9), gables (No. 4) or pyramids (No. 1), or are simply flattish
pieces of clay or stone, sometimes pierced with a hole for suspension,
with an incised design on one smooth surface. They were patterned geometrically
with segmented circles (Nos. 2-3, 7-8) or just random arrangements of
lines and dots (Nos. 1, 4-6). Usually the whole seal surface is utilized.
The first appear in small farming villages. The term for this stage in
man's life, Chalcolithic, comes from the Greek chalos, meaning copper,
and lithos, stone, indicating the use of both flint and obsidian points
along with newly developed and revolutionary copper tools. Stamp seals
and their first impressions are rare finds in these early settlements
and there are few clues to their use. Some may have been dipped in dyes
and stamped on textiles. Some were no doubt worn as protective amulets.
They were not used for pottery decoration, a seemingly obvious application.
After 5000 B.C., figurative designs began
to appear on stamp seals, although infrequently. Most of these center
on hunting themes--men and animals (No. 21), or animals alone, such as
the superb large stamp, No. 10. Little blank space is left, and animals
are often placed back-to-back or around the perimeter so that no single
position is a correct one for viewing (Nos. 10, 19-20).
Most impressions from this period have been
found on lumps of clay with string marks on the convex surface. Now one
purpose of the seals is clear: they were used to prevent pilferage from
storage jars. The clay jar was closed with a cloth or leather cover, tied
on with string. A fresh wad of clay was pressed onto the top of the jar,
enclosing all or part of the string. The seal was impressed on the wet
clay. This made it impossible for anyone to open the jar without breaking
the dried wad. A person who did not possess the stamp seal could not replace
the clay without having the loss discovered.
The need to seal off storage jars demonstrates
that agricultural surpluses existed, both to tide people over the winter
and to be exchanged for metals and other goods with less settled groups.
It is generally conceded that the development of more efficient agricultural
methods led to a widespread advance for mankind. As fewer people were
needed to assure the food supply, many were freed for activities such
as metalsmithing, trading and building. This led to the next major step,
It was in the greatest of the early cities
that the first cylinder seals appeared, at Uruk. They were created by
the Sumerian's who dwelt mostly in southern Iraq, known to later historians
as Mesopotamia or "the land between the rivers," the Tigris
The clay jar sealings impressed with a continuous,
repeated design rather than the simple stamps were found in Uruk at the
level dated to 3300 B.C., and in contemporary Susa in Iran, a closely
From the beginning, figurative designs prevailed
on the cylinders. Although scenes with wild animals were preferred at
first, these gradually faded out in favor of domestic animals and religious
themes, reflecting the growing importance of the city and its inhabitants
Cuneiform, a system of syllabic notation,
was developed by the Sumerian's around 3000 B.C.. It was written with
a wedge shaped stylus on clay tablets which offered a perfect surface
for cylinder seals and their picture bands. Were they impressed on both
tablets and jar sealings has a mark of ownership? Or do they also have
a protective function? Probably both. Many excavated seals are found in
temples or graves, pointing to their use as votive gifts.
Although different seals often have the same
motif, each is completely individual. Generally of soft stones at this
time--steatite and chlorite, limestone and serpentine--the Uruk seals
tend to be large. The best engravings have rounded modeling and show careful
observation of anatomy, both animal (such as the lovely pastoral scene
on No. 26) and, for the first time, human. Early Neolithic cave paintings
have remarkably accurate animal portrayals, but man is only schematically
drawn until the Sumerian's. Tiny details were done with infinite skill
by an artist working at a negative design on a smooth stone cylinder.
No magnification was available. Using copper or bronze tools, a small
bow drill and abrasive powder, the Sumerian seal cutter achieved a unique
art and realized it fully.
During the Jamdat Nasr period (3100-2900
B.C.), although many fine seals were made, designs tend to be limited,
repetitive and coarsely engraved. The rounds drilled holes and sharp engraver
slashes were not carefully joined and filled out to make realistic figures
as before, but used rawly in an abstract manner to indicate man or animal.
Some of the most puzzling of all seals were
made then, among them the "pigtailed lady" series. Three or
four drill holes indicate the lady, straight lines her two arms and pigtail.
Sometimes she appears to be seated on a low stool or bench, and the objects
in front of her, on which she is probably working, are various combinations
of hemispheres and lines which defy interpretation. Or, as in No. 32,
she apparently is part of a ritual with standards.
Why this sudden coarsening of technique?
The new founded popularity and resulting mass production may have led
to degeneracy of quality, as suggested by Henri Frankfort (CS, pp. 30-31),
one of the first scholars to give cylinder seals serious study. Besides
the cursory pigtailed ladies, other common subjects were animal rows (some
with enigmatic "ladders" above them: see nos. 28-29), animals
and temple facades, and sloppy geometric patterns (Nos. 34, 37).
As Sumerian civilization grew and expanded
during the third millennium B.C., seals improved. This period (2900-2370
B.C.) is called the early dynastic after the first known kings in history.
Designs of the mid millennium are delightful, fully utilizing the cylinder
form in interlocking compositions that, when rolled out, seem endless.
These were prefigured earlier in Uruk or Susa with heraldic arrangements
of cross animals, but there the single pictorial unit was always obvious
and space abounded. Now dense tight groupings of men, monsters and animals,
all in vertical positions, battle or befriend each other in intertwined
combat (Nos. 38, 43-46). What do these scenes signify? Many attempts have
been made to interpret them but so far their meaning remains a mystery.
Other early dynastic seals show banquets,
where the seated participants, both men and women, are served by attendants
and sometimes entertained by musicians carrying bull-headed lyres exactly
like those actually found at the Royal Cemetery by Sir Leonard Woolley
in the 1930s (see no. 42). Many of the seals were made of lapis lazuli
imported from Badakhshan in far off Afghanistan.
New in the third millennium B.C. was the
practice of inscribing seals with names, probably of their owners, although
some with kings' names may have been given to officials or favorites.
Around 2370 B.C. Sumerian civilization fell
to Sargon of Akkad, a dynamic ruler who created history's first empire
(whether a commercial or political or both is still open to question)
stretching from the Persian Gulf into Anatolia, and from Iran to the Mediterranean.
Sargon was a great figure to the ancients, and gave rise to a legend that
as a baby he was set adrift by his priestess mother in a reed boat, found
by a peasant and raised by him, a clear prototype of the Moses Story.
Historically Sargon is first recorded as an official of a king of Kish,
another Sumerian city. Other Akkadians, distinguishable by their names,
known to have lived in Sumer, and no doubt joined Saigon's revolt against
The Akkadians were a Semitic tribe who quickly
adapted to cuneiform scripts to their own very different language, and
continued the use of similar seals but added new themes. Akkadian seals
by high points in the arts of Mesopotamia, and comprise the largest body
of material attributable to those talented people (Sargon's capital city
of Akkad has not yet been found). Gods were frequently represented--rarely
so by Sumerian's--easily distinguishable from mere man by their horned
crowns. Shamash or Utu, the sun god, is a favorite subject, rays projecting
from his shoulders (see no. 60); sometimes he holds a sword in one hand
and has his foot planted on a scaly triangle derived from the Sumerian
sign for mountain on either side of him to attending gods open the gates
of the sky at daybreak. Obscure motifs abound on the seals the data is
an interpretation is difficult, the dependent on later religious texts.
Two notable stylistic qualities separate
Akkadian from Early Dynastic seals and reflect the earlier Uruk seals;
a return to a more spacious composition with each figure clearly delineated
and standing out from the surrounding void, and a renewed interest in
sculptural modeling. In the Early Dynastic contests, the protagonists
often seem equally matched and no winner can be distinguished. Here powerful
heroes with bulging biceps and strained sinews defeat lion or buffalo
of brute strength (No. 54). Elongated arms and violent gestures make the
grasp of man upon beast a clear victory.
Another scene which makes its debut in the
Akkadion period is the 'presentation scene," where a minor god presents
a worshiper to a major deity. This is repeatedly used in the Neo-Sumerian
period 2113-2006 B.C.) When for the last time the Sumerians dominate -Mesopotamia
before fading away, and in the following Isin-Larsa) period (2017-1763
The history of man is in essence the history
of trade. One group has "hat another wants, and the only two means
to achieve this end are battle or peaceful trade. It was in the advance
of trade that the cylinder seal made its most important contribution.
With writing came the ability to set down
terms for business contracts. Indeed, the great majority of tablets are
contractual. But seal impressions were the signatures on these documents,
bearing all the weight and significance that is attached to anyone's name
on the dotted line today. Each man's individual seal was rolled over the
clay tablet, followed by the witnesses' seals--their notaries--then rolled
again on he clay envelope. This system, coupled with the early law codes,
provided the first real assurances in business dealings and made it possible
for international trading to take place among strangers.
The importance of sealed documents is clearly
stated in the law code of King Hammurabi of Babylon, written around 1800
B.C. "If a merchant lent grain, wool, oil, or any goods at all to
a trader to retail, the trader shall write down the value and pay (it)
back to the merchant, with the trader obtaining a sealed receipt for the
money which he pays to the merchant. If the trader has been careless and
so has not obtained a sealed receipt for the money which he paid to the
merchant, the money with no sealed receipt may not be credited to the
account" (ANET, p. 49, nos. 104 and 105). Another law states, "If
a seignoir, upon presenting a field, orchard, house, or goods to his wife,
left a sealed document with her, her children may not enter a claim against
her after (the death of) her husband, since the mother may give her inheritance
to that son of hers whom she likes, (but) she may not give (it) to an
outsider" (ibid., p. 155, no. 150).
The Babylonians, known to most people through
that famous law code,ruled Mesopotamia for the first time around 1850
B.C. Babylonian and Assyrian civilization (as well as that of the Elamites
in Iran) is divided by historians into three periods, Old, Middle and
Neo-, dating approximately from 1850-1600, 1400-1000, and 1000 to mid-1st-
The style of Old Babylonian seals is static
and often cursory in engraving but none the less fascinating as there
are a wide variety of gods and symbols, some probably astrological. Fish
(no. 121, an Old Elamite seal, and perhaps no. 103), lions (nos. 100,
102) scorpions (in the Ur III seal 69) and a nude female some associate
with Virgo (nos. 103-104 and perhaps 119) were commonly used. Presentation
scenes also continue (nos. 81-84).
While the Babylonians were the dominating
power in much of the Near East, the new nation of Assyria was also becoming
influential from its home in northern Iraq. Around 1800 B.C., the Assyrians
established a large colony of traders in the Hittite town of Kultepe in
southern Turkey (an area then called Cappadocia). Extensive finds of tablets
and envelopes have made this one of the best-documented periods in Near
Eastern history. Complaints of bad faith, profligate sons, high prices
and non-payment demonstrate once again that although times change, human
nature does not. One letter reads, "Thirty years ago you left the
city of Assur. You have never made a deposit since and we have not recovered
one shekel of silver from you but we have never made you feel bad about
this" (A.L. Oppenheim, Letters from Mesopotamia, Chicago 1967, p.
Seals and impressions from Kultepe provide
a polyglot mix of Assyrian, Babylonian, Syrian and Hittite iconography
which melds to form a distinctive style (nos. 110-114). The Hittites themselves
preferred stamp seals, often of metal, with simple designs enclosed in
Around 1600 B.C., Murshilis I, the Hittite
king, swept out of central Anatolia, devastated much of the Near East,
sacked Babylon, and then returned to his own land. The resulting power
vacuum in southern Iraq was filled by the Kassites, another Semitic group.
Kassite seals are generally distinguishable by lengthy inscriptions at
the expense of figures. Often there is only one standing man or god, squeezed
into a narrow closet-like space by columns of vertically placed cuneiform.
The last of the great cylinder seal periods
is the Middle Assyrian (1400-1000 B.C.). From the aridity of presentation
scenes, the crowded and jumbled symbols of Old Babylonian, and the wordiness
of the Kassites, there is a return to the legendary world of hero and
animal combat. Although the Akkadians used some trees or mountain symbols
to show a landscape setting, there is no question that the best of these
superb Middle Assyrian engravings takes place outdoors. Trees, flying
birds, stars and moons surround the slim, powerful hero and his adversary,
giving a three-dimensional quality at last. The blank background is air,
not void. The fine sculptural quality of the modeling prefigures the Neo-Assyrians'
talent for forceful stone relief.
1st-millennium-B.C. seals tend to be jejune
in design and workmanship. There are exceptions, of course, and both the
Neo-Assyrians and Neo- Babylonians produced some excellent ones, well-composed
and delicately detailed (nos. 223-224, 230, 262). But the art shows signs
The Neo-Assyrian period is especially well-documented.
Historical texts are numerous and tell of the exploits and battles of
their kings, Assurnasirpalll, Sargon II, Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal.
Excavations at Nimrud, Nineveh and Khorsabad have uncovered vast quantities
of objects, both native and imported.
Stamp seals reappeared in Mesopotamia, perhaps
a result of growing western influence, around the 8th c. B.C. Mythological
and religious scenes predominate. They are usually made of attractive
colored stones, mostly chalcedonies, and shaped in elongated cones or
The era of the Persian Empire (550-330 B.C.)
is called the Achaemenid period, taking its name from King Achaemenes,
founder of the ruling dynasty. Cyrus II, called The Great, conquered the
Medes, Lydians and Babylonians in the mid-6th c. B.C., thus putting together
the beginnings of Persian dominance in the Near East which would last
until the coming of Alexander the Great.
Most Persians preferred the stamp seal, and
cylinders were apparently used only by court officials. But their use
was really archaistic, somewhat like the use of the Great Seal of the
United States today.
Why did the cylinder seal die out with the Persians? The most important
reason for its demise was the change in writing technique. Clay tablets
and Akkadian cuneiform gave way to faster cursive scripts like
Aramaic on papyrus or parchment. Then, too, by the 1st millennium B.C.
Akkadian was, like latin today, a dead language.
The Seleucids ruled most of the Near East after the death of Alexander
in 323 B.C. They gradually yielded to pressure from the Parthians (a tribe
probably of Scythian origin) and finally the Romans. Then Romans and Parthians
alternated in their control of large areas during the four centuries divided
by the arrival of the Christian era. What seals all three peoples used
were stamps, often set into rings or engraved directly onto metal bezels
The Sasanians conquered the Parthians in
220 A.D. and from then until 651 were the dominant Near Eastern power.
An Indo-European people, they followed the teachings of Zoroaster.
Most Sasanian stamp seals are ellipsoidal
in shape, and some have carved decoration to enhance the rich-looking
translucent stones they favored. large holes in the center of the ellipsoids
enabled them to be strung on chains or thongs and worn around their owners'
necks. Many Sasanians must have possessed seals as a number are extant
today in museum and private collections.
The handful of scholars who have dealt with
Sasanian seals disagree in most cases on the dating. It is usually done
by comparison with coins, but serious questions on coin dates and mint
locations cloud the issue further. Few Sasanian sites have been excavated
and other comparative material is scarce.
The Byzantines deposed the Sasanians, and
then were themselves
forced out by the Arabs. The anti-pictorial prohibitions of the Islamic
religion ended the long history of seal cutting as an art in the Near
The seals are arranged in approximate chronological
order and separated by geographical areas. The dominant color of the material
is listed first. Dimensions are in millimeters, and will in all cases
be the greatest. Height is always given first. For the cylinders or hemispheroids,
the second dimension is the diameter; otherwise the second dimension is
the one which parallels the boring, and the third is taken across the
boring. Where unusual shapes occur, the dimensions are, it is hoped, self-explanatory.
The photographs are not necessarily in scale with the actual size of the
Seals marked with an asterisk (*) also appear
on the color plates.
Joyce Geary Yolk
New York, N.Y. 1977 | <urn:uuid:93b0bf40-d813-4f05-bb31-d37463aba0b3> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.anaviangallery.com/cylinder_seal_preface.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500801235.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021321-00226-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943489 | 4,573 | 3.0625 | 3 |
What Are Appraisal Costs?
Appraisal costs are a specific category of quality control costs. Companies pay appraisal costs as part of the quality control process to ensure that their products and services meet customer expectations and regulatory requirements. These costs could include expenses for field tests and inspections.
- Appraisal costs are fees a company pays to detect defects in its products ahead of delivering them to customers; they are a form of quality control.
- For most companies, the money that would be lost as a result of selling faulty products or services far outweighs the appraisal costs.
- Appraisals are used in many industries, with costs influenced by how extensive quality control is and what stage in the product cycle the company is at.
- Quality control is important to the reputation of a business, which is why appraisal costs are necessary costs to the success of a company.
Understanding Appraisal Costs
Appraisal costs can be a key expense for companies seeking to maintain high levels of customer and regulatory satisfaction. Payments for secret shopper salaries, factory floor inspectors, and technical screening equipment all fall into this category. Companies that spend large amounts of money on appraisal costs show that they are concerned with their reputations.
Common appraisal costs include inspecting materials delivered from suppliers, materials that are a work-in-process or finished goods, supplies used for inspections, and maintenance of test equipment.
To prevent defective inventory or products from reaching their customers, companies get creative while incurring appraisal costs to spot suspect products. In the end, it is less expensive to incur appraisal costs than to lose customers who are frustrated by the receipt of low-quality goods.
The Internet and social media now give consumers unprecedented opportunities to voice their dissatisfaction with any companies or products that fail to meet their standards. The threat of unpleasant reviews or viral PR mishaps keeps companies on their toes and investing in appraisals of their products.
Appraisal costs can simply be looked at as part of the cost of doing business as well as the cost of creating a product or service. A company's reputation is one of the most important assets that it has. Once a company's reputation slips into the negative after the release of faulty products and bad publicity, it is almost always impossible or extremely difficult to shift consumer opinion.
It is for this reason that management needs to pay strict attention to quality control to ensure the lasting success of their company; appraisal costs are a part of that process.
Examples of Appraisal Costs
There are many examples of appraisal costs and every industry has different types of appraisals and therefore the costs associated with them. Appraisal costs can even be driven by where the industry is in a market cycle.
A classic appraisal cost would be what is spent to inspect materials delivered from suppliers. For example, let's say a music retailer gets a shipment of guitars from a major manufacturer. Last year, the guitar manufacturer's first round of guitars had faulty tuners, causing customers to return opened products, file complaints with the guitar store's corporate parent, and in some cases, switch their loyalty to a different music retailer.
So this year, when the new shipment of guitars comes in, the music retailer opens the boxes, inspects each guitar to make sure the tuners are in good shape, and then repackages them before making them available to customers. This process costs money and time, which is accounted for on the balance sheet as an appraisal cost.
Other examples of appraisal costs include:
- Inspecting work-in-process materials
- Inspecting finished goods
- The supplies used to conduct inspections
- The inventory destroyed as part of the testing process
- Supervision of the inspection staff
- Depreciation of test equipment and software
- Maintenance of any test equipment
The next best thing to incurring appraisal costs includes working on increasing the quality of the production processes of all suppliers and the company itself. The idea of vendor and supply chain management seeks to improve the entire process so that it's inherently incapable of producing defective parts. Like a final product, suppliers need to ensure that their raw materials are in good condition, or else they risk losing supply contracts with the final producer of a good. | <urn:uuid:7128bc6a-c0b4-4e1a-a37d-787a670f4339> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/appraisal-costs.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499967.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202070522-20230202100522-00464.warc.gz | en | 0.967511 | 859 | 2.609375 | 3 |
An orthodontist is a professional who deals in fixing dental problems such as a misaligned jaw or crooked teeth using orthodontic appliances.
Types of Orthodontic Appliances
Braces are the main appliances used for rectifying misaligned bites and straightening teeth. Braces apply pressure on the jaws and teeth to reposition them. Braces come in different materials like:
- Stainless steel
Invisible trays are an alternative to braces suitable for patients with mild dental problems. They are clear, removable and custom-made trays that apply pressure to straighten crooked teeth without wires and braces.
Other Orthodontic Options
- TADs – Temporary anchorage devices refer to mini screws that are fixed temporarily on a person’s mouth to force the teeth to move.
- Rubber bands – Rubber bands are used for teeth that require a lot of force to move the jaws and teeth to the right position.
- Headgear – A headgear is attached to braces from behind the head and worn during the night while sleeping. Headgears are suited for conditions where extra force is required to move the jaws and teeth.
- Retainers – Retainers keep your teeth in place when the braces have been removed. Some retainers are fixed while others are removable. They can made of metal wires, clear plastic or rubber.
When Should Your Child Visit an Orthodontist?
According to the American Dental Association and the American Association of Orthodontists, children should be evaluated by an orthodontist at the age of 7 years. At this age, mild problems with emerging teeth and jaw growth can be detected. Many kids start treatment for subtle dental problems around the age of 9-14 years. Children should be treated for dental problems while they are still young to avoid more work and save time.
What is the Youngest Age a Child Can Get Braces?
The dental treatment provided to a child depends on their needs. For instance, a child with cleft palates will get a dental appliance even before their first teeth emerge. Some kids will get treatment even before they have lost all their teeth. Early treatment helps to prevent complicating mild problems and to provide a good environment for permanent teeth to grow.
How Long Should My Child Wear Braces?
Many children wear braces for 18-36 months. The duration of treatment will vary depending on your child’s growth and how they are coping with the treatment.
Do Braces Hurt?
A child will experience some discomfort when they start using braces or when they are adjusted. The orthodontist can prescribe medication if necessary. If the brackets or wire is uncomfortable for your child, your orthodontist might give you some wax for covering the sharp edges on the braces.
Can a Dentist Treat Your Child for an Orthodontic Treatment?
Dentists can deal with mild dental problems. However, for serious conditions, an orthodontist is the best person to go to. An orthodontist usually has more advanced orthodontic education that goes beyond dental school.
If you think your child may need braces, contact Ragan Orthodontics today. We offer a variety of orthodontic services to get that perfect smile and will be happy to provide an evaluation and customize a treatment plan. | <urn:uuid:722b2097-1d3d-4fa3-911b-f52638a9b0b9> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://raganortho.com/orthodontics-for-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987828425.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023015841-20191023043341-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.91444 | 684 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Ground anchors are defined as a pre-stressed element which actively contribute to the stability of the structure throughout its design life. Unlike passive elements the performance of the anchor is critical to the stability of the structure.
Force is applied to the surface of the wall or slab by pre-stressing the anchor using a stressing jack to elongate the tendon, once the necessary load has been established, the anchor is “locked off” at the head. From this moment onwards the anchor will be applying a compressive load to the structure to arrest movement.
To prevent load from being transferred into unsuitable material and to ensure sufficient elongation of the tendon is possible, the tendon is de-bonded from the ground between the structure and the load-bearing strata. Upon reaching the desired depth, the tendon is directly bonded to the ground. This forms the two fundamental elements of the ground anchor, the free length and the bond length.
Critical characteristics of ground anchors are:
- Length (Free & Bond Lengths)
- Tensile Capacity
- Relaxation Rate
- Installation Angle
- Corrosion Protection
As the quality of available space for development reduces, the requirements for ground anchors increase, and the challenges facing ground anchoring change. In addition to our conventional systems, we have developed specialist anchoring products for:
- Anchors in poor soil conditions
- Removable anchors for use in urban environments
- Cuttable anchors that can be left in the ground following their use without causing an obstruction to future development
All ground anchors must be tested and their capabilities proven before they can be commissioned. Therefore, we have a dedicated team of specialist technicians that supply stressing and testing services as well as a large range of bespoke equipment for hire. | <urn:uuid:acf98117-4448-458f-a8d8-9b2d9a1dabd4> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.dywidag.co.uk/products/dywidag-anchor-systems/basic-concept-of-anchoring-systems/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317339.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822172901-20190822194901-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.928713 | 358 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Every day, in the United States, 1,500 houses burn. Often, these fires are preventable, common house fires that were noticed too late. Fires only take a couple of minutes before they become uncontrollable, with flames reaching over 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit. House fires are dangerous, killing 6,500 and injuring 280,000 people every year.
The good news about fires is that, if they are caught before the flames escalate, the fire is easy to handle and easy to put out. Heat detectors and fire detectors save thousands of lives every year. Here’s how a heat detector can save your home.
A heat detector is a device that can sense heat in a room. Its purpose is to alert homeowners and business owners that there is a fire before the fire becomes irreversible. The device responds to convected thermal energy radiated from a fire. There are two main types of heat detectors on the market: rate-of-rise heat detectors and fixed temperature detectors.
Rate-of-rise heat detectors sense the heat in the room. The detectors register 70 degrees as a baseline; when the heat in the room rises rapidly above 70 degrees, the alarm is activated. This type of sensor is triggered by the “rate of change” rather than the temperature itself. Usually, the alarm is triggered when the rate of change is a 15 degree increase in less than a minute. When a house fire starts, the temperature in the room will rise rapidly—in some cases, the temperature will rise 30 degrees in 45 seconds.
The fixed temperature detector focuses on the actual heat in the room, rather than the rate of change. When the temperature in the room surpasses a preset number, the alarm is activated. Typically, the preset temperature that triggers the alarm is around 135 degrees. High temperatures are a good indicator of fire (unless you have your heater set to 135 degrees).
Both the rate-of-rise detectors and the fixed temperature detectors are great for sensing fires. However, heat detectors have drawbacks. Although they are great at heat detection, they won’t be able to detect a smoldering fire quickly. They are best for detecting high-heat fires.
There are two main types of fire: low-energy fires and high-heat fires. A low-energy fire smolders; it consumes fuel slowly and gives off a lot of smoke. However, this type of fire emits very little heat. Because this fire gives off more smoke than heat, thermal detection may fall short and take too long to detect this fire. By the time the heat sensor is activated, the fire will have caused severe damage to the home.
The second type of fire is a high-heat fire. A high-heat fire consumes fuel quickly. As the fire eats, the flames grow higher and higher. These types of fires can be caused by an explosion or combustion. These fires feed off of easy-to-burn material such as paper, hay, or dry wood. This fire will trigger a heat detector fairly quickly. Heat Detectors are optimal for sensing this type of fire.
A heat detector is not the same device as a fire alarm. In fact, the two devices are very different. A fire alarm, or smoke alarm, reacts to smoke, while the heat detector reacts to heat. They have the same purpose but have different reaction times and different mechanisms.
There are two variations of smoke detectors: optical smoke detectors and ionization detectors.
Optical smoke detectors sense smoke using an LED light. The light is shone within a small chamber inside the device. When smoke enters the chamber, the light is scattered, and the LED beam is broken (disrupted due to the smoke). When the beam is broken, the alarm is triggered.
An ionization detector uses an ionized chamber. To ionize the chamber, the device exposes a catalyst to the air. On one side of the chamber, there is a small hole for smoke to enter. When smoke enters the chamber, the ionization decreases, triggering the alarm. Even the smallest amount of smoke will cause the alarm to go off.
Smoke detectors sense fires within the first few moments. Smoke is the first sign of a fire, meaning that smoke detectors typically sense the fire quickly and efficiently. With a smoke sensor, fires are noticed and put out long before the fire can spread.
Smoke sensors are the most efficient way to detect a fire. Because there is typically smoke before a drastic heat change, smoke detectors sense fires faster than heat sensors. For everyday use in the home, smoke detectors are the best way to detect a fire. However, smoke detectors can be triggered falsely by dust, meaning that they are not the best device for dusty spaces such as attics or basements. Since heat sensors won’t be triggered falsely due to dust, they are the best device for that job.
To get the best protection for your home, heat detectors should be paired with smoke alarms. The National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code require that a smoke sensor is installed in every sleeping room of the house. Fire alarms are also recommended in hallways, living rooms, and spare rooms. Smoke alarms can be replaced with heat detectors, though it’s not recommended. Smoke alarms are five times faster at detecting fire than heat detectors. Replacing a smoke sensor with a heat sensor in a bedroom can be dangerous.
Instead, heat alarms are meant to work with smoke detectors. Rather than replacing one with another, they should be used together. Each has different strengths that work to protect you.
The key to using heat detectors is knowing where to use them. They are not the best choice for bedrooms or everyday fire protection. Heat detection is best used in areas where a smoke detector won’t be accurate, such as garages, sheds, barns, attics, and basements. Smoke detection works best in open areas, bedrooms, kitchens, living rooms, and dining rooms.
Heat detectors can be wired or wireless. Most home security experts recommend that homeowners use wireless, battery-operated heat detectors. Using batteries will make sure that the heat detector continues to work even if the power in the house is shut off. Wired alarms may face challenges during neighborhood blackouts. The batteries that are used to power heat sensors are extremely reliable and have been known to last up to 10 years without failing. However, to be safe, heat detectors batteries should be replaced every five years.
About once a year, homeowners should test the heat detector to make sure that the device is still working. Most heat detectors will have a small testing button on the device. When the button is pressed, the device will give a short few beeps, similar to a fire detector. Testing the heat sensor ensures that the thermal detection on the device continues to work properly.
The detector itself should last ten years without any issues. Heat detectors use a very small amount of energy to work. Thermal detection can actively work without requiring any additional energy for years. However, if you experience complications or problems while testing the thermal sensor, it’s best to have the device replaced.
Heat detectors are very capable at protecting your home. Combined with a smart smoke detector, heat detectors can give homes full protection from fires. While the smoke detector protects the home from low energy fires, heat detectors protect your home from high energy fires. High energy fires produce very little smoke and move quickly. They get hot fast and have high flames. Of course, they will still give off a small amount of smoke, so a fire alarm will still be able to alert the family. Having a heat detector will simply add an additional layer of protection.
Due to recent innovations in fire alarm technology, some fire alarms offer combined sensors. Combined sensors use both smoke detection and thermal detection to ensure that your home is protected from all fires.
Cove Security offers one of the best-combined sensors on the market. This fire detector can sense smoke, and tell the difference between the inorganic smoke and organic smoke. Inorganic smoke is smoke that comes from burning drywall, carpet, and treated wood. When the detector senses this type of smoke, the smart alarm will send you a notification alerting you that something that shouldn’t be on fire is on fire. Organic smoke is smoke that comes from burning wood, grass, hay, or other natural materials. If the sensor detects organic smoke in the air, the alarm will send you a different alert. With this alert, the sensor will ask you if the fire was intentional (such as an outdoor bonfire). If the fire is intentional, simply dismiss the notification and deactivate the alarm.
Cove’s smart fire detector offers more than smoke detection; it also offers heat detection. The heat sensor installed in the fire detector is a fixed thermal detector, meaning that the alarm activates when the air temperature reaches a specific heat for an extended period of time. For the best accuracy, the device monitors for three things:
In addition to having smoke detection and heat detection, the sensor also has freeze detection. Freeze detection alerts the homeowner if the indoor temperature is less than 41 degrees Fahrenheit or if the temperature in the home drops 10 degrees in under one minute.
Cove’s smart fire alarm helps homeowners to fully protect their homes from every possible threat. Homeowners are often exposed to a variety of dangers, including floods, fires, and earthquakes. Cove Security endeavors to protect homeowners and give them more control—Cove’s smart alarm systems protect homes and offers affordable security. | <urn:uuid:42ac69c0-a2da-4371-9e95-9219493f7bd4> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.covesmart.com/blog/how-a-heat-detectors-works | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347458095.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604192256-20200604222256-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.927936 | 1,945 | 3.609375 | 4 |
In many jurisdictions around the world, the legal profession has become synonymous with the wig and gown.
Court dress comprises apparel such as the wig and gown, robes, collars, collarets, and bibs.
It seems the judiciary is hell-bent on clinging to colonial traditions and rituals. There is a reluctance to jettison irrational customs such as wearing a wig and gown in a tropical climate and asking female lawyers to announce their relationship status to all and sundry.
And why hasn’t artificial intelligence been fully integrated into legal practice? It is because learned fellows are afraid of change and the repercussions of a technological revolution.
Gowns were a popular form of dressing for most people in Europe in the 17th century.
All over the world, different countries and jurisdictions have court dress prescribed for those in the legal profession.
Early History of the Wig and Gown.
Monarchs were initially responsible for setting down the rules on the proper legal dress for the judiciary. The particular style adopted depended on the preference of the particular monarch at the time.
The dress worn by legal practitioners both at the bar and the bench has been influenced by many factors such as:
- The church,
- The weather, and
- Popular culture.
There are many versions of the origin of the gown as a dress for those in the legal profession.
According to one version of history, it was after the death of King Charles II in 1685, when people wore black gowns to mourn their dead monarch, that the gown was adopted as a legal dress.
Others believe that the black robe was adopted after the mourning period for Queen Mary II in 1694, and lawyers started to wear it to reflect the solemn nature of the profession.
Another historical account has it that the judge’s wig and lawyer’s robes were adopted as legal attire in 1625, after the publication of an academic paper titled “The Discourse on Robes and Apparel”.
The wearing of wigs and gowns became the rule and those who did not wear them were not granted an audience in court.
Before the wig, judges and lawyers appeared in court with their natural short hair and beards.
The wig in the 18th Century was a common fashion worn by most noblemen and gentlemen of that time.
Some say the tradition was popularized by King Louis XIV of France in the 17th Century, who adopted wearing the wig to cover his receding hairline. Back in the 17th century, balding was seen as a symptom of syphilis. The wearing of the wig was soon adopted by the rest of Europe.
The wearing of wigs fell out of fashion with the public sometime in the middle 18th century. But lawyers have continued to wear wigs till today.
Are Wig and Gown still relevant?
The debate on the relevance of judicial apparel did not start today. Lord Campbell had once referred to the robes as a grotesque ornament fit only for an African chief.
Lord Campbell had wondered how those judicial dresses are considered indispensable and necessary in the administration of justice.
That controversy on the necessity of wigs and gowns to the legal profession has continued to rage till this day.
This debate has led to many reforms leading to the abolishment of wigs and gowns in many jurisdictions.
The wearing of wigs and gowns has since been modified or largely jettisoned in the UK, except for ceremonial occasions.
In the US, only the judges wear a legal costume. The judges however do not wear wigs or collars.
Those Advocating for the Wig and Gown.
Those in support of the wearing of wigs and gowns advance the following arguments in support.
- They bring formality to legal proceedings – One of the most common arguments in support of wigs and gowns is that it brings a sense of formality and solemnity to legal proceedings.
- The wig and gown show the rich history of the Law – By wearing a gown and wig, a lawyer represents the rich history of common law and the supremacy of the law over the proceedings.
- They bring dignity and formality to legal proceedings – The wig and gown remind the public of the dignity and gravity of the law. It brings sanity and decorum into the court.
- Wigs and gowns show the impartiality of the judicial system.
- There have also been arguments that wearing a wig allows a visual separation between the law and those before it.
- They distinguish legal practitioners – The wig and gown have been used since the 16th century to distinguish judges and lawyers from other members of the society.
- They are used to cover, age and gender differences – The wig and gown bring equality to the legal profession and are used to disguise the gender and age differences of lawyers in court.
- Wigs and gowns give respect and satisfaction to lawyers – The wig and gown create a sense of camaraderie and professionalism among legal practitioners.
- They show the authority and solemnity of the law – The wig and gown symbolize the objectivity of the law.
Those Opposing the Wig and Gown.
Those against the continued wearing of wigs and gowns give the following reasons.
- They are used for segregation – The wig and gown is nothing but a symbol of status and power to make some people feel inferior.
- The wig and gown are colonial relics – Some say the wig and gown are symbols of European colonialism used to intimidate and put fear in the colonized.
- They are uncomfortable – The wig and gown are uncomfortable especially in hot weather and regions. Many judges who can’t bear the heat usually remove their wigs and gown and ask lawyers to do the same.
- They are Anachronistic – The wig and gown make legal practitioners appear superhuman and out of touch with reality.
- The wig and gown are only about tradition and symbolism – They are only about preserving an age-old tradition.
- The wig and gown exacerbate differences in age at the bar – The wig and gown are used to create differences among members of the legal profession. Senior and elite members of the bar wear a different kind of wig and gown to differentiate themselves from the rest.
- The wig and gown make some lawyers look unkempt – Many lawyers come to court with torn wigs and gowns just to show that they are old at the bar.
Final thoughts on Wigs and Gowns.
Many jurisdictions have reformed their legal dressing and moved away from the tradition of the wig and gown.
In the United States, legal dresses for judicial officers have been greatly reformed to reflect simplicity.
Our judiciary must try to discard useless court dresses that do not add anything to actual legal practice.
In the United Kingdom, the judges at the House of Lords and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council did not wear wigs and gowns. Since the creation of the Supreme Court, the justices have also refused to wear wigs and gowns. For lawyers, wigs and gowns are no longer a requirement for court appearances in the high courts or the Supreme Court. But wigs are still worn during criminal cases.
The originators of the legal dress of the wig and gown were influenced by factors such as religion, fashion, and weather.
Although old habits die hard, our decision to retain the wig and gown must be guided by current realities and not aged traditions.
Like some people have pointed out, there is nothing that shows that judges who wear wigs and gowns are better than those who do not. Or that lawyers who do not wear wigs and gowns are inferior to those who adorn them.
If the adornment of the wig and gown does not contribute to the actual administration of justice, or to good legal practice, then what’s the point in wearing them? | <urn:uuid:9e030ffa-8bda-4a31-848c-a9f01ee9185b> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://lawtruly.com/the-wig-and-gown-time-to-get-rid-of-our-colonial-relics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363125.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204215252-20211205005252-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.965783 | 1,646 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Love whisky but want to know more about it? We’ve got everything you need to know right here.
What is Whisky?
A distilled spirit made from water, grains and yeast. Scotch is whisky that has been made in Scotland. Bourbon, Rye and Grain and all types of whisky made with varying amounts of different grains in their recipes.Barley is most commonly used in Scotch, but rye, corn and wheat are also used.
Different countries have different regulations regarding the production of whisky, for instance in Scotland it has to be made at one distillery (unless it’s a blend) aged for a minimum of 3 years and bottled at 40% ABV or above.
There are several categories of whisky:
This is Scotch that is distilled and matured in one distillery, in Scotland, for a minimum of three years and a day. Legally it has to be made form only barley and water and in pot stills.
This is Scotch that contains more than one grain but is still distilled at a single distillery.
This is a mix of many different single malts and grains from many different distilleries, all blended together.
This is a blend that is made of only single malts from different distilleries.
This is a blend that is made of only single grain from different distilleries.
Where does the word “Whisky”come from?
The word we use today is the anglicise version of “uisgebeatha”, or“usquebaugh”, which means water of life in Gaelic. This language was spoken throughout Scotland and Ireland for a long time and many words from Gaelic are still used today.
There are two ways to spell whisky, with an E or without. The rule goes that if there is an E in the name of the country, then they will use an E to spell whisky. There is no definite way of knowing where this came from or why it became the norm, but there you have it!
How is whisky made?
Whisky typically goes through five different stages to reach the final product: Malting, Mashing, Fermentation, Distillation, Ageing.
Malting: Grains are soaked in water for 2-3 days and spread on a “malting floor” to germinate. Germination produces enzymes and starch that add flavour to whisky. Malting can take place over anything between 8 and 21 days, depending on theseason. The grains are repeatedly turned to ensure there is consistency. They are also dried in kilns. This is often when peated flavours are added to the grains as the kilns are fired by burning peat.
Mashing: This is when the grains are fully dried and ground into a powder called grist. Grist is then added to warm water in a mash tun.The enzymes convert starch into sugars in this mixture and the result is called wort.
Fermentation: Wort is added to a washbackand yeast is added to the mix. Fermentation takes place and alcohol is produced in the resulting reaction between the yeast and the starch.
Distillation: In order to separate the water and alcohol it is put through a process of heating and cooling. Alcohol evaporates at around 72 degrees and water at 100, so the alcohol is collected as it evaporates first. This is where copper pot stills are used, the most common kind of stills used in the whisky making process. In Scotland, the mix is distilled twice but in Ireland and certain American distilleries, the mix is distilled three times for extra smoothness.
Ageing: Distillation results in a New Make Spirit, which is whisky before it is aged. In order to legally be called and sold as whisky, it needs to be matured in barrels. Each barrel will have a certain level of char which imparts smoky flavours to the liquid. The most common types of barrels used for maturation are Bourbon and Sherry barrels, although lots of different types can be used. Ageing and maturation can last any number of years, but must be over three in Scotland.
Finishing: Some distilleries will transfer malt into another barrel in order to bring out or add a little bit more flavour. This is usually for a shorter period or time and in different casks to what was used for maturation. Not all whiskies are finished.
What is a blend?
A blend is a whisky made up of a combination of single malts and single grain whiskies. They are created by highly skilled Master Blenders and Master Distillers who have excellent tasting abilities.
The act of blending is literally the act of combining the whiskies, but it has to be done in a very specific way, otherwise the result will not taste so great. Blends also have to be consistent, which is difficult when mass producing them and that is why master Blenders have to be so well versed in whisky flavours.
Unlike most other countries (with perhaps America as an exception for the “Kentucky” and “Tennessee” categories) Scotland is divided into whisky making regions. The region that a Scotch is made in will usually denote the flavour profile of the whisky, although this is not true for every single distillery.
Speyside has around 42 working distilleries, making it the most distillery dense part of Scotland. It is in the northeast, in an area that is sometimes referred to as the Highlands, near the river Spey. It is home to some big names in Scotch, include in Glenfiddich, The Glenlivet, Aberlour and The Macallan.
Malts from Speyside tend to be lighter in body, with big sherry notes. There is plenty of spice and smoke but not so much meat. Fruity, sweet flavours also play a big part in the Speysde flavour profile.
There are eights distilleries currently on the isle of Islay, but there are more opening in coming years, including the rebirth of Port Ellen. It is not included in the Islands region because it has so many distilleries and because the malt made there is distinctively peated. Distilleries on Islay include Lagavulin, CaolIla, Ardbeg, Bruichladdich, Bowmore, Laphroaig, and Bunnahabhain.
Islay tends to have heavier malts, with lots of peat. Due to the small size of the island and the richness of the peat, there are a lot of sea side notes including seaweed, brine, iodine and salt in these malts.
Not everyone recognises the islands as a whisky region, often including them in the Highland region. There are several working distilleries on islands, including Jura, Arran, Talisker, Scapa, Highland Park and Tobermoray.
Similarly to Islay, island malts have heavier, peated flavours although the flavours are not as strong as with Islay malts. They are slightly lighter than Islay malts and the smoke is softer.
The Highlands is the largest region geographically and includes distilleries such as Oban, Aberfeldy, The Dalmore and Glenmorangie. Malts from here have a broad range of flavours. They can be quite light bodied and floral, with sherry notes and lots of sweetness, or heavily peated with some seaside qualities.
The Lowlands is large geographically but only has four working distilleries, although there are new distilleries planned to open. Distilleries already operating here include Auchentoshan, Ailsa Bay, Glenkinchie and Bladnoch.
Lowland malts have lighter, more earthen flavours and are quite mellow in flavour. They are distinctly herbal and fresh.
Once the most densely populated whisky region, Campbeltown has fallen off the whisky region radar in recent years. It was once known asthe Whisky capital of the world” but now it is only home to three working distilleries, Glen Scotia, Glengyle and Springbank, Campbeltown malts are similar to Islay malts and have lots of peat smoke and seaside notes. They are wonderfully complex and rich. | <urn:uuid:4629d779-ee1a-484f-96fa-c31079f771e4> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://greatdrams.com/whisky-101/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348517506.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606155701-20200606185701-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.962696 | 1,719 | 2.703125 | 3 |
WINAICO combines highest efficiencies, increased performance at high temperatures and low light conditions along with the known longevity and quality of WINAICO.
What is PERC?
Using PERC (Passivated Emitter Rear Cell) technology means adding an additional dielectric passivation layer on the back side of the cell. As light energy hits a standard solar cell, not all energy is absorbed by it, where a small portion of the light passes through the cell without being converted into usable energy. Furthermore the rear side passivation layer on a PERC solar cell functions as a power reflector, that reflects the excess light back to the solar cell for a second absorption phase, resulting in higher solar cell efficiency.
WHICH ADVANTAGES DOES PERC HAVE?
PERC modules have higher efficiencies because they reflect light that modules with standard solar cells cannot reflect and at the same time the PERC modules absorb more light.
The high performances lead to lower system costs, increase the energy yield and thereby the profitability of the photovoltaic system. These modules are especially interesting for people with limited roof space. | <urn:uuid:9734bdae-2b13-4749-af8f-9e7ec0920712> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://www.winaico.com/us/products/perc-technology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540482954.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206000309-20191206024309-00506.warc.gz | en | 0.885053 | 226 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Your Commons newsletter, Autumn 2016
Every season a team of dedicated volunteers create Your Commons, a seasonal newsletter. The articles include information about seasonal wildlife and plants to spot, conservation work taking place and any activities and events.
Secret caves around our Commons are where rare bats, those spookiest symbols of Halloween, will this autumn be hanging about to hibernate. Protected roosts deep within hillsides at Minchinhampton, and further afield, are where endangered Greater and Lesser Horseshoe bats choose to spend the winter. Disused stone mines are among their favourites, with more common Pipistrelles and other bat species lodging alongside them too.
The nocturnal bats are of course hard to spot. Often all people see is when they suddenly catch a flit out of the corner of their eye at dusk. But the places that the National Trust looks after in fact offer homes to every species of bat that lives in the UK.
Across the valley from the Commons, you can observe bats in the attic of Woodchester Mansion via a bat-cam. The parklands that surround the mansion are owned by the National Trust and have been the summer home and feeding ground of the Greater Horseshoes since the early 20th century. Visit Woodchester Park's web page for more information.
Update from Richard, Area Ranger
As autumn draws in there are some big changes under way on the Commons, it's a great time to get outside and enjoy nature's seasonal delights. Many birds will be forming flocks – from parties of long-tailed tits to murmurations of starlings. Look for flocks of jackdaws, rooks and carrion crows flying to woodland roosts in the evenings.
On cold autumn mornings you suddenly realise how many spiders there are. Take an early morning walk across the Commons and spot spider webs outlined in dew on the taller grass, and on the hawthorn bushes. Bats serenade potential mates now, and it's possible for the human ear to hear these songs but a bat detector is more reliable.
Any woodland in late autumn will have trees showing autumn colours but beech woodland can be especially beautiful with leaves turning yellow, gold and orange before they fall. Try out a walk on some of the Commons woodlands to experience this amazing spectacle.
Cow safety update
Six cattle have so far been killed this year by cars on the Commons, most by local drivers. This is in spite of new ‘Cows in Road’ warning signs, a flashing message board above The Bear of Rodborough Hotel and fencing by Crane’s Quarry. The cows are out until November, and with ever-darker nights, the desperate message to drivers is: please slow down on the Commons, especially at night.
Want to join in?
We held our very first family helping event in September. Scrub 'n' Spuds provided the chance to spend the day working with the Ranger team on the Commons and learn more about how we look after these special places. If you're interested in volunteering with us, look out for our volunteer drop-in day coming in January 2017. | <urn:uuid:25e027ec-eee1-41a6-bcc8-8ceeb7d7e468> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/minchinhampton-and-rodborough-commons/features/your-commons-newsletter-autumn-2016 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593004.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722022235-20180722042235-00602.warc.gz | en | 0.926043 | 648 | 2.59375 | 3 |
A low-cost coating applied to sand could provide a source of wide-scale water purification to people in developing countries, saving millions of lives every year.
Sand, an abundant natural resource, has been used to clean polluted water for six millennia. Filtration using sand in its natural form is endorsed by the World Health Organization as a water purification process.
Researchers have significantly enhanced the natural filtering properties of sand by coating it with a nanomaterial called graphite oxide (GO).
“By increasing its surface area, we’ve improved the filtering capability of sand so that it is not only more effective in removing contaminants, but still filters relatively quickly, making it a viable option for water purification,” researcher Dr Mainak Majumder.Read more at Monash University | <urn:uuid:51f6d0fa-f495-4b20-b2ab-8470c76f7974> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://theconversation.com/sand-to-help-solve-water-crisis-2087 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143455.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217235417-20200218025417-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.940284 | 162 | 3.421875 | 3 |
RV FLIP (FLoating Instrument Platform) is an open ocean research vessel owned by the Office of Naval Research and operated by the Marine Physical Laboratory of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.The ship is a 355 feet (108 meters) long vessel designed to partially flood and pitch backward 90 degrees, resulting in only the front 55 feet (17 meters) of the vessel pointing up out of the water, with bulkheads becoming decks. When flipped, most of the buoyancy for the platform is provided by water at depths below the influence of surface waves, hence FLIP is a stable platform mostly immune to wave action, like a spar buoy. At the end of a mission, compressed air is pumped into the ballast tanks in the flooded section and the vessel returns to its horizontal position so it can be towed to a new location.The ship is frequently mistaken for a capsized ocean transport ship
FLIP is designed to study wave height, acoustic signals, water temperature and density, and for the collection of meteorological data. Because of the potential interference with the acoustic instruments, FLIP has no engines or other means of propulsion. It must be towed to open water, where it drifts freely or is anchored. In tow, FLIP can reach speeds of 7–10 knots.
FLIP weighs 700 long tons (711 tonnes) and carries a crew of five, plus up to eleven scientists. It is capable of operating independently during month-long missions without resupply,being able to operate worldwide but the normal area is the west coast of the United States. The vessel operates out of a home base at the Scripps Nimitz Marine Facility in San Diego, California. | <urn:uuid:c86a3fc3-05ed-4a8a-85c8-4aef2a169463> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://teusje.wordpress.com/tag/wave/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627997335.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190615202724-20190615224724-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.932501 | 343 | 3.09375 | 3 |
COLUMBUS, Ohio - The more research they do, the more evidence Ohio State University scientists find that specific elements of marijuana can be good for the aging brain by reducing inflammation there and possibly even stimulating the formation of new brain cells.
The research suggests that the development of a legal drug that contains certain properties similar to those in marijuana might help prevent or delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease. Though the exact cause of Alzheimer's remains unknown, chronic inflammation in the brain is believed to contribute to memory impairment.
Any new drug's properties would resemble those of tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, the main psychoactive substance in the cannabis plant, but would not share its high-producing effects. THC joins nicotine, alcohol and caffeine as agents that, in moderation, have shown some protection against inflammation in the brain that might translate to better memory late in life.
"It's not that everything immoral is good for the brain. It's just that there are some substances that millions of people for thousands of years have used in billions of doses, and we're noticing there's a little signal above all the noise," said Gary Wenk, professor of psychology at Ohio State and principal investigator on the research.
Wenk's work has already shown that a THC-like synthetic drug can improve memory in animals. Now his team is trying to find out exactly how it works in the brain.
The most recent research on rats indicates that at least three receptors in the brain are activated by the synthetic drug, which is similar to marijuana. These receptors are proteins within the brain's endocannabinoid system, which is involved in memory as well as physiological processes associated with appetite, mood and pain response.
This research is also showing that receptors in this system can influence brain inflammation and the production of new neurons, or brain cells.
"When we're young, we reproduce neurons and our memory works fine. When we age, the process slows down, so we have a decrease in new cell formation in normal aging. You need those cells to come back and help form new memories, and we found that this THC-like agent can influence creation of those cells," said Yannick Marchalant, a study coauthor and research assistant professor of psychology at Ohio State.
Marchalant described the research in a poster presentation Wednesday (11/19) at the Society for Neuroscience meeting in Washington, D.C.
Knowing exactly how any of these compounds work in the brain can make it easier for drug designers to target specific systems with agents that will offer the most effective anti-aging benefits, said Wenk, who is also a professor of neuroscience and molecular virology, immunology and medical genetics.
"Could people smoke marijuana to prevent Alzheimer's disease if the disease is in their family? We're not saying that, but it might actually work. What we are saying is it appears that a safe, legal substance that mimics those important properties of marijuana can work on receptors in the brain to prevent memory impairments in aging. So that's really hopeful," Wenk said.
One thing is clear from the studies: Once memory impairment is evident, the treatment is not effective. Reducing inflammation and preserving or generating neurons must occur before the memory loss is obvious, Wenk said.
Marchalant led a study on old rats using the synthetic drug, called WIN-55212-2 (WIN), which is not used in humans because of its high potency to induce psychoactive effects.
The researchers used a pump under the skin to give the rats a constant dose of WIN for three weeks - a dose low enough to induce no psychoactive effects on the animals. A control group of rats received no intervention. In follow-up memory tests, in which rats were placed in a small swimming pool to determine how well they use visual cues to find a platform hidden under the surface of the water, the treated rats did better than the control rats in learning and remembering how to find the hidden platform.
"Old rats are not very good at that task. They can learn, but it takes them more time to find the platform. When we gave them the drug, it made them a little better at that task," Marchalant said.
In some rats, Marchalant combined the WIN with compounds that are known to block specific receptors, which then offers hints at which receptors WIN is activating. The results indicated the WIN lowered the rats' brain inflammation in the hippocampus by acting on what is called the TRPV1 receptor. The hippocampus is responsible for short-term memory.
With the same intervention technique, the researchers also determined that WIN acts on receptors known as CB1 and CB2, leading to the generation of new brain cells - a process known as neurogenesis. Those results led the scientists to speculate that the combination of lowered inflammation and neurogenesis is the reason the rats' memory improved after treatment with WIN.
The researchers are continuing to study the endocannabinoid system's role in regulating inflammation and neuron development. They are trying to zero in on the receptors that must be activated to produce the most benefits from any newly developed drug.
What they already know is THC alone isn't the answer.
"The end goal is not to recommend the use of THC in humans to reduce Alzheimer's," Marchalant said. "We need to find exactly which receptors are most crucial, and ideally lead to the development of drugs that specifically activate those receptors. We hope a compound can be found that can target both inflammation and neurogenesis, which would be the most efficient way to produce the best effects."
The National Institutes of Health supported this work.
Coauthors on the presentation are Holly Brothers and Lauren Burgess, both of Ohio State's Department of Psychology.
Written by Emily Caldwell, (614) 292-8310; [email protected] | <urn:uuid:7f0b8669-a6f4-4e4b-9236-611765b96309> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-11/osu-sah111408.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542712.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00136-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9587 | 1,193 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Proponents of the “bookless curriculum” pedagogy, ideologues from across the political spectrum, and desperate American teachers confronting alarming percentages of students with low reading levels, are perhaps some of the reasons for the diminishment of literature in education. Hopefully, the following selections will inspire those readers who love literature to assign even more literary works on East Asia and the World in their courses. A number of Digest readers have read some of the entries that follow. Re-reading a book after a few years, or even decades, virtually guarantees a fresh perspective on the work. Digest readers will hopefully discover other titles that offer intense engagement and stimulate new ways of considering the human experience. Reviews, and in some cases interviews with authors, as well as teaching resource essays, all focus upon plot, character, and the applicability of the work to educators and students.
Laurie Baker’s well-written review (volume 2, number 2, fall 1997) of Jung Chang’s 1992 novel Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China published by Doubleday Books profiles the experiences of three women and their families beginning in the late Qing and concluding after the Cultural Revolution. The book is literary non-fiction, has been translated into thirty-seven different languages, and a few years ago. had thirteen million readers. It is banned in the People’s Republic of China.
Richard Kim’s Lost Names (University of California Press, 1998, reprinted 2014) recounts the experiences of a small Korean boy and his family living in a small town the Japanese occupy during World War II. Professor Kim, in an interview with Kathleen-Woods Masalski (volume 4, number 2, fall 1999) makes this comment on his work: “All the characters and events described in the book are real but everything else is fiction.” The book is one of the most teachable novels ever published in EAA. In the same issue, interested readers will find essays by a middle school, high school, and university professor on how they use the book in their classes.
Yu Hua’s novel To Live (Anchor Books, 1993, reprinted 2003) has twice been featured in EAA, most recently because of its immense popularity, in Charles Newell’s review of the work (volume 24, number 1, spring 2019). The decades-long story follows a profligate son of a landowner who loses his fortune and family at the end of China’s World War II victory over Japan, and as a peasant experiences more tragedy through the Korean War, Mao’s Great Leap Forward, and the Cultural Revolution. The famous Chinese film maker Zhang Yimou’s 1994 film adaptation helped make both the book and film internationally popular. Readers can access Karla Loveall’s film review that appeared in the winter 2003 issue (volume 8, number 3). In the same issue, readers especially interested in the author can access Helen Finken’s interview with Yu Hua and James Winship’s broader review of the novel.
Mary Connor is probably the most impactful educator about Korea in the US who focuses upon K-12 schools. The cofounder of the Korea Academy for Educators and former High School US History instructor does a fine job in a teaching resources essay (volume 26, number 1, spring 2021) describing Julie Lee’s 2020 novel from Holiday House Brother’s Keeper. Lee’s novel for young adults is based upon her own mother’s Korean War experiences and tells her story as a twelve-year old girl with her eight-year old brother fleeing authoritarian North Korea in search for peace and freedom. The book has won numerous honors including the 2020 Young Adult/Middle School NCTA Freeman Book Award.
John E. “Jack” Wills’s Mountain of Fame: Portraits in Chinese History (Princeton University Press, 1993, revised edition, 2012) is one of the best literary biographical works I’ve ever read. The author crafted the sixteen portraits using biographies as the center piece of a Chinese history survey course he developed for beginning University of Southern California undergraduates. The book was so popular it had a second printing with an afterward by the author. Read high school teacher Aaron Pickering’s review of Wills’s book (volume 20, number, fall 2015). Readers as enthusiastic as I am about the book are also invited to read Jack Wills’s superb teaching resources essay that also appears in the fall 2015 issue of EAA.
Kristin Stapleton, a historian of China and longtime EAA contributor, has an especially keen interest in using biographies and memoirs in her own classes. High School and undergraduate survey level instructors are especially encouraged to read her feature article “Fiction: A Passport to the Past” (volume 23, number 3, fall 2018). Reading Kristin’s review of Scott Tong’s 2017 memoir published by University of Chicago Press A Village with My Name: A Family History of China’s Opening to the World (volume 23, number 2, fall 2018) inspired me to read Tong’s memoir and subsequently make it the introduction to modern Chinese history in an NCTA seminar for high school teachers I coordinated.
Other Teaching Resource: The 2021 Freeman Book Award Winners
In the November 2021 EAA Digest, we featured The Freeman Book Awards, sponsored by The National Consortium for Teaching about Asia (NCTA), the Committee on Teaching about Asia (CTA) of the Association for Asian Studies (AAS), and Asia for Educators (AFE) at Columbia University. The awards recognize quality books for children and young adults that contribute meaningfully to an understanding of East and Southeast Asia. Awards are given in two categories: Children and Young Adults on the countries of East and Southeast Asia.
Finding Junie Kim by Ellen Oh (Harper Collins) and Young Adult/High School Literature prizewinner Tsunami Girl by Julian Sedgwick, illustrated by Chie Kutsuwada (Guppy Books). Honorable mentions appropriate for middle school ages and above include While I was Away by Waka T. Brown (Quill Tree Books) and How Do You Live? by Genzaburō Yoshino, Translated by Bruno Navasky (Algonquin).
Digest subscribers who seek exemplary Asia literature for younger readers in middle and high school classes are encouraged to visit the links above from the NCTA website and learn more about these and other recognized titles. | <urn:uuid:c5a23cc0-d84b-4784-83c1-5725ad6e31da> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/asia-and-the-world-east-asia-related-literature/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950363.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401221921-20230402011921-00244.warc.gz | en | 0.934528 | 1,349 | 2.765625 | 3 |
EDITION, IMPRESSION, ISSUE, AND STATE
Before discussing the techniques of bibliographical identification we must deal with the technical terms which are used to define the relationship between different copies of the same work.1 An edition, first of all, is all the copies of a book printed at any time (or times) from substantially the same setting of type, and includes all the various impressions, issues, and states which may have derived from that setting. As to the meaning of ‘substantially the same setting of type’, there are bound to be ambiguous cases, but we may take it as a simple rule of thumb that there is a new edition when more than half the type has been reset, but that if less than half the type has been reset we are probably dealing with another impression, issue, or state.
Editions of the hand-press period are usually easy to identify. Resetting by hand, even when the compositor follows the spellings and abbreviations of printed copy word for word and line for line, always results in identifiable differences of spacing between the words, and the random pattern of damaged types is likewise different. With practice, two very similar settings can be told apart at a glance when copies are laid side by side, something that is usually easy to arrange with the aid of photocopies. If it is not practicable to compare copies or photocopies directly, resetting will normally be revealed by comparing notes of the precise positions of signature letters relative to words in the lines immediately above them.
Editions of the machine-press period, however, are not so readily defined. Resetting by hand is still easily identified, although resetting of Linotype by Linotype, where the spacing is mechanical, may be very difficult to detect. But the problem of defining editions of the machine-press period is not so much that of identifying new settings of type as of classifying reprints made indirectly from one setting, one act of composition.
Let us start with plates. Stereos and electros are three-dimensional models of the original setting, which may not itself have been used for printing at all. Copies printed from plates must therefore be regarded as part of the original edition. This is true, moreover, even if there are long pauses in a book’s printing history. If a book is reprinted from standing type, the reprint is part of the original edition, even if it is not part of the original series of publishing units; and if a book is reprinted from an old set of plates, the result is again part of the original edition.
Which leads us on to the much more difficult question of photographic reprinting. It is evident that the photolithographic version of a current book—made for the American issue, say, of a work printed from type or plates in England—has to be considered part of the original edition. But once this is granted, and bearing in mind that a long pause in a book’s printing history does not in itself make a new edition, it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that any photographic reprint is part of the edition from which it derives, and that this includes modern photographic facsimiles of early books and even individual photocopies. While this conclusion makes for some absurdity (for one cannot seriously consider a xerox of Q1 Hamlet to be part of the first edition of Hamlet), it is necessary for dealing with commercial photolithographic reprints in multiple copies (which will normally bear an additional imprint, and where parts of the original may have been suppressed or added to), and with such modern possibilities as the transmission of settings by line for photolitho printing at a distance.
We see, in fact, that in the machine-press period the edition may be defined by the image of the setting as well as by the setting itself. Similarly with Monotype, the edition is defined not by any particular setting of type but by the programme for a setting punched on a paper spool. The Monotype spool can be run through the caster several times to produce several duplicate settings of type which, although not physically identical, are in practice indistinguishable from each other; and copies from any of these duplicate settings must be thought of as part of the one edition defined by the spool since they derive from a single act of composition. What is more, if the Monotype caster is fited with a different matrix case for one of these settings, so producing it in type of a different design from the rest, copies printed from this different type are still part of the same edition, deriving from one spool, one act of composition.1a Similar considerations will apply to programmes of composition recorded in other ways, for instance on magnetic tape.
For books of the machine-press period, therefore, an edition may include not only all the copies of a book printed at any time (or times) from substantially the same setting of type, but also copies printed from relief plates made from that setting; copies reproduced photographically; and all the copies deriving from a particular Monotype spool, computer tape, or other programme of composition, however reproduced.
Impression, which means all the copies of an edition printed at any one time, is as a concept less ambiguous than edition, but impressions can be very difficult to identify. In the hand-press period it was normal to distribute and re-use the type from each sheet as it was printed off, so that at that time the edition and the impression were generally the same thing; even then there were exceptions, as when the type for a small or successful book was kept standing for reprinting later. One of the chief advantages of stereo and electro plates, however, was that they could be kept and used to print further impressions after the first, and it was not unusual in the nineteenth century for stereos to be used for ten successive impressions, and for electros to be used for as many as thirty; while, if a set of plates was kept as a ‘mother’ from which further sets could be made, the number of successive impressions of an edition that could be printed from plates was virtually unlimited.
New impressions were sometimes marked by special symbols, if not by new signatures; and in the eighteenth century press figures were normally altered. Less obviously the relative position of the pages or plates in the forme may have been altered, or the lines of a typeset page may have shifted slightly if it was re-imposed with new furniture. In the absence of any typographical differentiation, the best clue is likely to be found in the paper used.
Before considering issue and state, the bibliographical concept of ‘ideal copy’ must be introduced. Since different copies of an edition may vary from each other in a number of ways, the bibliographer examines as many copies as possible in order to construct a notional ideal copy of the edition he is studying. A description of this ideal copy would note all the blank leaves intended to be part of its gatherings, and all excisions, insertions, and cancellantia which belonged to the most perfect copy of the work as originally completed by its printer and first put on sale by its publisher. This is the basic ideal form; and the description of ideal copy is completed by the addition of notes of any subsequent changes made by the printer or publisher to improve the book or to modify the conditions of its sale, and of any unintentional alterations to its form. Roughly speaking, different publishing units within the one edition are called issues, while parts of an edition embodying changes to the text, whether intentional or not, are known as variant states. Sometimes these differences were introduced during the course of a single printing, sometimes they were connected with the production of a new impression.
An issue is all the copies of that part of an edition which is identifiable as a consciously planned printed unit distinct from the basic form of the ideal copy. The criteria are that the book must differ in some typographical way from copies of the edition first put on the market, yet be composed largely of sheets deriving from the original setting; and that the copies forming another issue must be a purposeful publishing unit removed from the original issue either in form (separate issue) or in time (reissue).
Cases of separate issue would be: the alteration of title-pages to suit the issue of a book simultaneously in two or more different forms; the reimposition of the type pages to produce copies in different formats; impressions on special paper distinguished from ordinary copies by added, deleted, or substituted material. (Special-paper copies not distinguished typographically from those on ordinary paper—or distinguished only by altered margins—are said to be of a different state, not of a different issue, even though they represent a purposeful publishing unit.) Reissue normally involves a new or altered title-page, and includes cases such as: the cancellation of the title-page to bring old sheets up to date; a new impression with a new title-page; and collections of separate pieces with a new general title.
The term state is used to cover all other variants from the basic form of the ideal copy. There are five major classes of variant state. (1) Alterations not affecting the make-up of the pages, made intentionally or unintentionally during printing, such as: stop-press corrections; resetting as the result of accidental damage to the type; resetting of distributed matter following a decision during printing to enlarge the edition quantity. (2) The addition, deletion, or substitution of matter, affecting the make-up of the pages, but carried out during printing. (3) Alterations made after some copies have been sold (not involving a new title-page) such as the insertion or cancellation of preliminaries or text pages, or the addition of errata leaves, advertisements, etc. (4) Errors of imposition, or of machining (e.g. sheets perfected the wrong way round; but not errors of folding). (5) Special-paper copies not distinguished typographically from those on ordinary paper. Apart from class (5), differences of state are generally the attributes of individual formes, or sometimes of individual sheets.
These terms are used with reference only to the printed sheets of a book, and are not affected by binding variants. An exception might be made of printed wrappers which are peculiar to an edition, for they sometimes did duty as supplementary title-pages and were printed along with the sheets. Variant binding cases of the machine-press period may suggest re-issue, especially when they are related to particular inserted advertisements, but they cannot normally prove it.
ASSESSING THE EVIDENCE
Turning, then, to the techniques of bibliographical identification, when an editor or librarian is confronted with a more or less mysterious volume he will want to know the name of the author and of the work, the names of printer and publisher, the places and dates of printing and publication, and the place of the volume in the printing history both of the work as a whole and of the particular edition to which it belongs. Usually he will already know, or can easily look up, most of these facts, but occasionally one or more of them may prove difficult to establish, and the following notes suggest ways in which such questions may be answered.
Most books have title-pages, and sometimes imprints and colophons as well, which supply the author’s name, the title of the book, the name of the printer or publisher, and the place and date of publication. Sometimes this information is partly or wholly lacking, however, and sometimes it is given wrongly, when it is the bibliographer’s task to supply it as best he can. He does so by weighing the information that is given in the book against its physical make-up, referring at the same time to any external evidence that is available. As far as author and title are concerned the search must normally be made externally, both in contemporary sources such as the Stationers’ Register, the Term Catalogues, and the trade-sale and publishers’ catalogues of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and in modern bibliographies and reference books.2 It is also worth remembering that the author’s name or initials may be found in the body of the book (commonly at the end of a foreword or preface) and that the title may be used for running headlines.
Edition statements should be received with caution. The term ‘edition’ has always been used in the trade for ‘impression’ or ‘issue’ as well as for edition in the bibliographical sense; a book that is advertised as a ‘new edition’ may indeed represent a new setting of type, but it may be a reimpression from standing type with or without correction, an impression from plates, or simply a reissue of the original sheets with a new title-page. To take a modern example, Methuen ordered two sets of electrotype plates of A. A. Milne’s Winnie-the-Pooh, and had twenty-seven impressions printed from them in the period 1926–41. Although all twenty-seven impressions, deriving from a single setting of type, were part of a single edition, the publishers advertised each one as another edition, so that, when a new set of electros was made in 1942 from a new setting of type, what was then issued as the ‘twenty-eighth edition’ of Winnie-the-Pooh was in fact the first impression of the second edition.3
The position of an edition or issue in a series can often be established by comparison with other editions or issues of the same book of which the dates or positions are known. This generally involves detailed textual bibliography (see pp. 336–60), but there may also be typographical clues in altered signature series and press figures, and in the deterioration or alteration of blocks and plates.
Printers or publishers were sometimes shy of giving their real names—usually because a book was treasonable, or libellous, or a piracy—and for similar reasons they might give a false place of publication and a false date. Books might also be wrongly dated by accident—roman numerals were often mis-handled—or because of the trade custom of pre-dating: ‘The Rule in general observed among Printers,’ wrote Nichols concerning eighteenth-century practice, ‘is, that when a Book happens not to be ready for publication before November, the date of the ensuing year is used.’4 Confusion is also possible between old and new style dating.4a There has always been a proportion of undated books, especially in the machine-press period when cheap reprints were left undated so that they could be sold over periods of years without advertising themselves as old stock.
The most usual problems of identification, indeed, concern imprint information—printers’ and publishers’ names, places and dates of publication, which are all interconnected—and their solution is best approached by means of a systematic general investigation. The procedure is to date and place the problem book approximately—it is assumed that the investigator has some experience of the sort of books he is working with—and to follow this with a detailed assessment of printed clues, typography, paper, binding, and provenance.
First then printed clues, beginning with anything that the imprint or colophon does reveal. The omission of the names or initials of printer and publisher itself suggests secretiveness, and the practice was often combined with printing a false place of publication. A good many French books of the eighteenth century, printed in a plainly French typographical style, have ‘À Londres’ or ‘À Amsterdam’ in their imprints; they were printed in France, but their printers and publishers used this doubtless transparent device to evade the displeasure of the authorities. Similarly, a search should be made for any initials or dates appearing elsewhere in the book. Next the positions, conventions, and typographical style of the signatures, catch-words, pagination, press figures, and imprint dates should be noted, any of which could be strongly characteristic of particular places or periods.5
Turning now to typographical evidence, we have seen that the sum of a printer’s typographical equipment—all his founts of type in their various stages of wear, his blocks, initials, and plates—was always in practice unique to him, and if the typography of the book under investigation can be matched exactly with the work of a known printer—which is easy if mixed founts and woodcuts are involved—it is virtually certain that he printed it.5a Even if this cannot be done, a study of the types will often reveal when they were commonly used, and where. This can also be a powerful tool in the machine-press period—the famous Carter and Pollard investigation depended partly upon the identification of a mixed fount of type6— but the widespread use of stereos and electros, which could produce an impression far removed in place and time from the original setting, should be kept constantly in mind. Type stocks become much more difficult to identify in the period of mechanical composition, when the majority of printers were using closely similar sets of Linotype and Monotype matrixes. On the other hand the numerous different processes used for reproducing illustrations in the machine-press period may be used in dating.
The evidence of the paper is chiefly valuable for placing and dating books of the hand-press period. The watermarks of hand-made paper, or certain combinations of marks, can usually be assigned to their country of origin and approximate period, sometimes (as when individual pairs of moulds can be identified) to within fine limits. There is much evidence to suggest that printers regularly bought paper from particular wholesalers, and that apart from scraps they rarely used paper that was more than about two years old. It could of course happen that a printer used up a substantial batch of an old or unusual paper, but such cases were rare. Occasionally moulds were dated, though there was a tendency for dates to be repeated in later moulds: a French regulation required moulds to be dated in 1742, and French mould-makers continued to date their products ‘1742’ for decades; for similar reasons much English paper made from 1795 to 1800 was dated ‘1794’.7 It is much more difficult to date the machine-made papers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which were rarely water-marked and which looked much alike wherever they were made, so that a different batch of paper may identify a new impression, but is unlikely to date or place it. A date of earliest manufacture can sometimes be established by a fibre-analysis carried out at a specialist laboratory.
The evidence of the binding cannot be accorded so much weight as that of the physical make-up of the book itself, since it may have been added long afterwards and in quite a different place. Nevertheless a binding of the hand-press period is more likely than not to be approximately contemporary with the book it covers—say within a decade or two—while, if it appears to be a trade rather than a bespoke binding, it is also quite likely to derive from the same part of the world. It will of course be remembered that a book may have been rebound at any time; and there is also the possibility, though a remote one, that it may have been rebound in a binding taken from another, possibly earlier, book. Edition bindings of the machine-press period are more useful in placing and dating than hand bindings, since they were carried out for the publisher in large batches, usually near the place of printing and often within a few years of publication.
Finally, early marks of ownership may provide useful dates, the owner often being identifiable even if his inscription is undated. They are poor guides to placing, however, since there has always been a brisk international trade in new books.
The identification of a facsimile, usually of a few leaves in a printed book but occasionally of a whole book, is really a special case of the problem of placing and dating. Facsimiles can be hand drawn, with or without the use of some form of mechanical reproduction, or they can involve photographic copying, or they can be printed from type. Mostly they are made without dishonest intent, although some have certainly been intended to deceive, and the ease with which they can be identified varies with the process used.
Surprisingly enough, expert hand-drawn facsimiles are amongst the hardest to spot. There were three nineteenth-century facsimilists called John Harris, of whom the second specialized in supplying missing leaves for early printed books in astonishingly faithful pen facsimiles which can be difficult to tell from the ordinary printed leaves, especially if the rest of the book has been washed and pressed. But no facsimile can resist identification once it is suspected. Examination under a glass will show the hand-drawn letters to have cleaner edges than the printed ones; more important, the paper will almost certainly show some suspicious feature. Even though the facsimilist’s paper is of the same period as that of the rest of the book, he is most unlikely to be able to match it precisely in all its characteristics: thickness, texture, colour, chain-lines, watermark, and the propinquity of worm-holes and stains.
A word should be interpolated here about ‘made-up’ copies. Although it is less common than it used to be, booksellers and collectors sometimes complete an imperfect copy of a valuable book by supplying missing leaves from another, yet more imperfect, copy. In this case, too, any worm-holes and stains in the inserted leaves are sure to be out of line; and although the paper of the inserted leaves will be of the correct thickness, texture, and colour, the chain-line and watermark patterns of the gatherings will be interrupted. (Cancellation, of course, can have a similar effect.)
The other forms of facsimile are easier to identify. Hand-drawn lithographs, anastatic prints, and photolithographs all show the flat, rather lifeless, texture of lithography, and they were seldom printed on early paper. Photo-etched blocks, which became available in the 1870s, give the colour and impression of letterpress printing but they lose definition in the process of reproduction, so that line-block facsimiles combine rough edges with an improbably even colour. Type facsimiles, which have been attempted at various times since the very early days of printing, can be identified immediately if they can be laid beside a copy of the original; and, even if they cannot, they are likely to be given away by anachronistic type and paper.
1 See Bowers, F., T., Principles of bibliographical description, Princeton 1949 (and later impressions), chs. 2, II.
1a For instance the same spool can be used for casting either series 101 Imprint or series 110 Plantin.
2 See the bibliography, pp. 392, 401–2, 410–11, for a survey of some of these sources.
3 Payne, J. R., ‘Four children’s books by A. A. Milne’, Studies in bibliography, xxiii, 1970, pp. 127–39.
4 Nichols, J., Literary anecdotes, London 1812, iii, p. 249 n.
4a See Greg, W. W., Collected papers, Oxford 1966, p. 372.
5 Sayce, R. A., ‘Compositorial practices and the localisation of printed books’, The Library, xxi, 1966, pp. 1–45.
5a But see p. 39, n. 36a.
6 Carter, J. W., and Pollard, H. G., An enquiry into the nature of certain nineteenth-century pamphlets, London and New York 1934.
7 Arrêt du Conseil du 18 Sept. 1741; the Excise Act 1794, 34 Geo. III, c. 20. | <urn:uuid:d020d965-6376-4a1e-be20-d9b52278f31d> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.oakknoll.com/bookexcerpt.php?record=60423 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710473.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128034307-20221128064307-00862.warc.gz | en | 0.963229 | 4,997 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The sky appears to drift overhead from east to west, completing a full circuit around the sky in 24 (Sidereal) hours. This phenomenon is due to the spinning of the Earth on its axis. The Earth's spin axis intersects the Celestial Sphere at two points. These points are the Celestial Poles. As the Earth spins; they remain fixed in the sky, and all other points seem to rotate around them. The celestial poles are also the poles of the Equatorial Coordinate System, meaning they have Declinations of +90 degrees and -90 degrees (for the North and South celestial poles, respectively).
The North Celestial Pole currently has nearly the same coordinates as the bright star Polaris (which is Latin for “Pole Star”). This makes Polaris useful for navigation: not only is it always above the North point of the horizon, but its Altitude angle is always (nearly) equal to the observer's Geographic Latitude (however, Polaris can only be seen from locations in the Northern hemisphere).
The fact that Polaris is near the pole is purely a coincidence. In fact, because of Precession, Polaris is only near the pole for a small fraction of the time.
Use the Find Object window (Ctrl+F) to locate Polaris. Notice that its Declination is almost (but not exactly) +90 degrees. Compare the Altitude reading when focused on Polaris to your location's geographic latitude. They are always within one degree of each other. They are not exactly the same because Polaris isn't exactly at the Pole. (you can point exactly at the pole by switching to Equatorial coordinates, and pressing the up-arrow key until the sky stops scrolling).
Use the Time Step spinbox in the toolbar to accelerate time to a step of 100 seconds. You can see the entire sky appears to rotate around Polaris, while Polaris itself remains nearly stationary.
We said that the celestial pole is the pole of the Equatorial coordinate system. What do you think is the pole of the horizontal (Altitude/Azimuth) coordinate system? (The Zenith). | <urn:uuid:abbd0a4a-8386-44e4-8c32-4353bbc76f64> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://docs.kde.org/trunk5/en/kdeedu/kstars/ai-cpoles.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660898.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00112-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932952 | 424 | 3.5625 | 4 |
ParnassiinaeVazrick Nazari and Felix A. H. Sperling
This tree diagram shows the relationships between several groups of organisms.
The root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the Tree of Life. The basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. This ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right.
You can click on the root to travel down the Tree of Life all the way to the root of all Life, and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the Tree of Life all the way to individual species.close box
The subfamily Parnassiinae is a group of essentially Palaearctic butterflies that live in a variety of habitats, ranging from arid deserts (Hypermnestra) to humid forests (Luehdorfia), lowland meadows (Zerynthia), and high alpine habitats (Parnassius). A few species of the genus Parnassius constitute the only representatives of the subfamily in the Western Hemisphere, where they occur in the Nearctic region (Opler and Warren, 2003).
These butterflies have been studied since the time of Linnaeus (1758), who named, among others, the magnificent Parnassius apollo. Interest in the group grew in the 18th and early 19th century when more material became available from the Far East and the Himalayas (Smart, 1976). The breathtaking beauty of Bhutanitis species and the variability of the genus Parnassius quickly made them popular among butterfly collectors who bragged about rare and unusual specimens in their collections (Salmon, 2000). At some point in the nineteenth century, these butterflies gained so much popularity that many European museums deployed expeditions to the Himalayan region solely in search of rare and undiscovered species of Parnassiinae (Talbot, 1939). Of the three parties of collectors sent in search of Bhutanitis lidderdali between 1868 and 1890 by the British Museum, the first was plundered by natives, the second was stricken by fever and one of its members died, and the third had a man killed by a tiger. All three returned without success, although further specimens of this species became available a few years later in the 1890s (Talbot, 1939).
The subfamily includes eight extant genera that, based on most recent molecular studies, can be grouped in three tribes: Parnassiini (Hypermnestra, Parnassius), Zerynthiini (Sericinus, Bhutanitis, Zerynthia, Allancastria), and Luehdorfiini (Luehdorfia, Archon) (sensu Nazari et al., 2007; also see Stekolnikov and Kuznetsov, 2003; Omoto et al., 2004; Katoh et al., 2005). Parnassius has the highest number of species among the genera in the subfamily, and depending on the checklist, between 38 to 47 species are recognized, each with many subspecies and individual forms (Bryk, 1935; Collins and Morris, 1985; Weiss, 1991-2005; Häuser et al., 2005). The systematic position of two fossil taxa, Thaitites ruminiana and Doritites bosniackii, has been difficult to resolve partly due to incomplete character preservation (Hancock, 1983, Nazari et al., 2007).
Putative synapomorphies for Parnassiinae include (Ehrlich, 1968; Miller, 1987; Nazari et al., 2007):
- Asymmetrical pretarsi,
- Narrow and heavily sclerotized aedeagus,
- Heavily sclerotized ostial region in females,
- Elongate third segment of labial palpus,
- Incurved middle discocellular vein on the forewing.
Putative synapomorphies for Parnassiini (Hypermnestra , Parnassius) are (Hancock, 1983; Miller, 1987; Nazari et al., 2007):
- Solitary larvae,
- Cocooned pupae,
- Scaled antennae,
- Sclerotized patagia,
- No mid-tibial spurs on hind legs,
- Simple (unforked) precostal vein on the hindwing.
Hypermnestra possesses many autapomorphies that suggest a deep divergence with Parnassius (Nazari et al., 2007).
Putative synapomorphies for Zerynthiini (Sericinus , Bhutanitis , Zerynthia , Allancastria) include (Hancock 1983; Miller 1987; Nazari et al., 2007):
- Larvae equipped with fleshy segmental tubercles with setae,
- Slender pupae,
- No scales on tibia and tarsi in adults.
The tribe Luehdorfiini (sensu Nazari et al., 2007) was recently revised based on DNA evidence from five mitochondrial and two nuclear genes, and there are no morphological characters known to unite Archon and Luehdorfia (Nazari et al., 2007).
Three tribes are recognized within Parnassiinae: Parnassiini (including Hypermnestra and Parnassius), Zerynthiini (including Allancastria, Sericinus, Zerynthia, and Bhutanitis), and Luehdorfiini (including Archon and Luehdorfia) (sensu Nazari et al., 2007). Most previous morphological classifications, however, placed Archon with Parnassiini and Luehdorfia with Zerynthiini, recognizing only two tribes (Ehrlich, 1958; Munroe, 1961; Ackery, 1975; Hancock, 1983; Igarashi, 1984; Collins and Morris, 1985; Häuser et al., 2005). Some of these studies have considered these two tribes to be separate subfamilies (Bryk, 1934; Talbot, 1939; Ford, 1944a, b; Eisner, 1974; Higgins, 1975; Chunsheng, 2001) or even families (Clench, 1955; Hemming, 1960; Eisner, 1974). although most recent authors discount this idea (e.g. Häuser et al., 2005).
The correct positions of the genera Archon, Hypermnestra and Luehdorfia have been disputed; Archon has sometimes been included in Zerynthiini (Eisner, 1974; Higgins, 1975) or in a separate sub-tribe within Parnassiini (Koçak, 1989). Häuser (1993) suggested a separate subfamily for Hypermnestra based on a number of morphological and ecological autapomorphies, a view previously expressed by Dujardin (1965), Hiura (1980), and Korshunov (1990) (as reported by Korb, 1997). A recent study of genitalic characters (Stekolnikov and Kuznetsov, 2003) recognized the tribe “Hypermnestriini Hiura 1980” and gave subfamily status (Luehdorfiinae Tutt, 1896) to Luehdorfia based on putatively primitive genitalic characters (also see Ford, 1944b).
The molecular phylogeny of the subfamily has been unresolved for a long time, due in part to incomplete sampling of previous molecular studies (Caterino et al., 2001; Omoto et al., 2004; Katoh et al., 2005). However, a recent study (Nazari et al., 2007) using evidence from five mitochondrial and two nuclear genes in conjunction with 236 morphological characters, has determined three tribes within the subfamily Parnassiinae, as discussed above.
The systematic position of two fossil taxa, Thaitites ruminiana and Doritites bosniackii, has remained largely unresolved (Hancock, 1983), although a close affinity between Doritites and Archon has recently been found (Nazari et al., 2007).
Ackery, P.R., 1975. A guide to the genera and species of Parnassiinae (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Ent., 31: 71-105, plates 1-15.
Bryk, F., 1934. Baroniidae, Teinopalpidae, Parnassiidae, pars.I. Das Tierreich, Deutschen Zoologische Gesellschaft im Auftrag der Preussischen Akademie der Wissensch. Berlin und Lepizig, 64: I-XXIII, 1-131.
Bryk, F., 1935. Parnassiinae Part II. Das Tierreich, Deutschen Zoologische Gesellschaft im Auftrag der Preussischen Akademie der Wissensch. Berlin und Lepizig, 65: I-LI, 1-790.
Caterino, M.S., Reed, R.D., Kuo, M.M., Sperling, F.A.H., 2001. A partitioned likelihood analysis of swallowtail butterfly phylogeny (Lepidoptera : Papilionidae). Syst. Biol. 50: 106-127.
Chunsheng, W., 2001. Fauna Sinica, Insecta Vol. 25: Lepidoptera Papilionidae; Papilioninae, Zerynthiinae, Parnassiinae. Beijing, Ke xue chu ban she, 367 pp.
Clench, H.K., 1955. Revised classification of the butterfly family Lycaenidae and its allies. Ann. Carneg. Mus. 33: 261-274.
Collins, N.M., Morris, M.G., 1985. Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World: The IUCN Red data book. Gland, Switzerland. 401 pp. Hancock, D.L., 1983. Classification of the Papilionidae (Lepidoptera): a phylogenetic approach. Smithersia 2: 1-48.
Dujardin, F., 1965. Papilionidae: Especes de France et sous-especes des Alpes-Maritimes. Entomops (Revue Trimestrielle des entomologists des Alpes Maritimes et de la Corse), 3: 77-89.
Ehrlich, P.R., 1958. The comparative morphology, phylogeny, and higher classification of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 34: 305-370.
Eisner, C., 1974. Parnassiana Nova XLIX. Die Arten und Unterarten der Baroniidae, Teinopalpidae und Parnassiidae (Erster teil) (Lepidoptera). Zoologische Verhandelingen Uitgegeven door het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie te Leiden, 135: 1-96.
Ford, E.B., 1944a. Studies on the chemistry of pigments in the Lepidoptera, with references to their bearing on systematics. 3. The red pigment of the Papilionidae. The Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London 19: 92-106.
Ford, E.B., 1944b. Studies on the chemistry of pigments in the Lepidoptera, with references to their bearing on systematics. 4. The classification of the Papilionidae. The Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 201-223.
Häuser, C.L., 1993. Critical comments on the phylogenetic relationships within the family Papilionidae (Lepidoptera). Nota Lepidopterologicae 16: 34-43.
Häuser, C.L., de Jong, R., Lamas, G., Robbins, R.K., Smith, C., Vane-Wright, R.I., 2005. Papilionidae – revised GloBIS/GART species checklist (2nd draft). Accessed December 2005.
Hemming, F., 1960. Annotationes Lepidopterologicae 2: 41-47.
Higgins, L.G., 1975. The Classification of European Butterflies. London, Collins, 320 pp.
Hiura, I., 1980. A phylogeny of the genera of Parnassiinae based on analysis of wing pattern, with description of a anew genus (Lepiopdtera: Papilionidae). Bulletin of the Osaka Museum of Natural History 33: 71-85.
Igarashi, S., 1984. The classification of the Papilionidae mainly based on the morphology of their immature stages. Tyô to Ga 34: 41-96.
Katoh, T., Chechvarkin, A., Yagi, T., Omoto, K., 2005. Phylogeny and evolution of butterflies of the genus Parnassius: Inferences from mitochondrial 16S and ND1 sequences. Zoological Science 22: 343-351.
Koçak, A.O., 1989. Description of the genus Adoritis (gen. n.) with notes on other closely related groups in Parnassiinae (Papilionidae, Lepidoptera). Priamus 4: 163-170.
Korb, S.K., 1997. To the knowledge of faunogenesis in diurnal butterflies (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera) from central Asia. Ent. Rev. 77: 1167-1180.
Korshunov, Yu. P., 1990. New Genera of the Subfamily Parnassiinae Swainson, 1840. In: Taxonomy of Arthropods and Helminths; Novosibrisk, Nauka, pp. 99-105; in Russian (reference not seen; from Korb, 1997).
Linnaeus, C. V., 1758. Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Holmiae. Systema Nat. ed. 10 i-ii + 1-824.
Munroe, E., 1961. The classification of the Papilionidae (Lepidoptera). The Canadian Entomologist Supplement 17: 1-51.
Nazari, V., Zakharov, E.V., Sperling, F.A.H., 2007. Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and taxonomic ranking of Parnassiinae (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) based on morphology and seven genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 42: 131-156.
Omoto, K., Katoh, T., Chichvarkhin, A., Yagi, T., 2004. Molecular systematics and evolution of the 'Apollo' butterflies of the genus Parnassius (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Gene 326: 141-147.
Opler, P., Warren, A., 2003. Scientific names list for butterfly species of North America, north of Mexico. Fort Collins, Co., Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Dept. of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, 2003. 79 pp.
Salmon, M.A., 2000. The Aurelian Legacy: British Butterflies and Their Collectors. Berkeley, University of California Press. 432 p.
Smart, P., 1976. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World. Hamlyn, London.
Stekolnikov, A.A., Kuznetsov, V.I., 2003. Evolution of the male genitalia, phylogenesis, and systematic position of the subfamilies Baroniinae Salvin, 1893, Luehdorfiinae Tutt, 1896 stat.n., and Zerynthiinae Grote, 1899 in the family Papilionidae (Lepidoptera). Ent. Rev. 83: 436-350.
Talbot, G., 1939. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Butterflies, Vol. I. Taylor and Francis Ltd., London.
Weiss, J.C., 1991. The Parnassiinae of the World. Part 1. Sciences Nat, Venette, France. p. 1-48.
Weiss, J.C., 1992. The Parnassiinae of the World. Part 2. Sciences Nat, Venette, France. p. 49-136.
Weiss, J.C., 1999. The Parnassiinae of the World. Part 3. Hillside Books, Canterbury, U.K., p. 137-236.
Weiss, J.C., 2005. The Parnassiinae of the World. Part 4. Hillside Books, Canterbury, U.K., p. 237-400.
Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Ottawa, Canada
Felix A. H. Sperling
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Correspondence regarding this page should be directed to Vazrick Nazari at and Felix A. H. Sperling at
Page: Tree of Life Parnassiinae Authored by . Vazrick Nazari and Felix A. H. Sperling. The TEXT of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License - Version 3.0. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. Click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. For the general terms and conditions of ToL material reuse and redistribution, please see the Tree of Life Copyright Policies.
- First online 07 July 2006
- Content changed 07 July 2006
Citing this page:
Nazari, Vazrick and Felix A. H. Sperling. 2006. Parnassiinae http://tolweb.org/Parnassiinae/65387/2006.07.07 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/. Version 07 July 2006. | <urn:uuid:82c28f06-9e73-4b50-8388-93eb3f4eee2c> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://tol.tolweb.org/Parnassiinae | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400226381.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200925115553-20200925145553-00422.warc.gz | en | 0.711959 | 3,950 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Organic Noni Farm
Noni Health Terms
Have you noticed how plants always turn vibrantly green after it rains? This is actually not due to the added water — it’s due to nature’s version of compost tea!
There’s much more nitrogen floating around in the air than there is in the ground. When rain falls from the sky, the water molecules pick up some of that nitrogen and deposit it on the leaves of plants. The leaves can then absorb some of those nutrients through their skin and their pores (called stomata). The nitrogen from the air makes the plant turn green.
Farmers and gardeners borrow this concept by spraying a diluted, biologically active compost mix directly on the leaves of plants. As a sustainable organic Noni farm, we make our own!
How to Make Compost Tea:
Basically, we steep organic compost and worm castings (worm poop) in water, and then collect the liquid to use as a foliar spray aka compost tea.
All you need is a good source of organic compost and/or worm castings, and a steeping container. It’s most important to seek out a container that you can oxygenate, to get a more lively, active compost tea.
You can use a fish aquarium, and keep in the aerator pump. Or if you’d like to buy a system, a company called Growing Solutions has a variety of compost tea systems, which all aerate your compost tea as it steeps.
The oxygen allows the populations of the beneficial microbes found in your compost and worm castings to grow into the billions. We also recommend adding just a little molasses to feed your microbes while their population is growing, for best results.
How to Apply
We always spray our compost tea in the late afternoon, because that timing works out best for a plant’s respiration cycle. Plants are busy photosynthesizing in morning and early afternoon, and the stomata (pores) in their leaves close up to prevent much-needed water from evaporating in the heat of the day. In the late afternoon, those pores open up and will stay open all night allowing compost tea nutrients to be absorbed.
Just give your leaves a good spray of compost tea and you’ll be on your way to greener, happier plants that produce more nutritious fruits and vegetables! | <urn:uuid:47145c4c-ef2d-49aa-9217-a33e840a5f3b> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.real-noni.com/compost-tea/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423769.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721102310-20170721122310-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.933298 | 490 | 2.59375 | 3 |
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