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*Class Introspector::Foo represents an introspection API
for a class Foo.
Foo being one of the following :
*Class Introspector::Context - inspired from perls cv struct.
*Class Introspector::Statement - inspired by RDF -- see
*Class Introspector::Object - inspired by UML ;
A statement in context inside the introspection sytem .
get current context - returns a Context object.
get current statement - returns a Statement object.
get current subject name - name
get current subject type - type
get current subject decl - decl
get current function name - name
get current function type - type
get current function decl - decl
get current object name - name
get current object type - type
get current object decl - decl
Subject Function Object .
Where Function is set to be equalvalent to the predicate of
Trace functions are logger like functions installed via
intercepts onto objects and classes of objects.
The classifier of UML allows you to sample and classify
based on certain criteria,
this criteria could be the value of some field, the classifier.
The intercept functions are the most important API
they allow you to intercept function calls, via PRE can
These can be used to create class hierarchies based on
data that is being observered. | <urn:uuid:7b0ed70e-45a4-4158-8b5d-96ea793f56d6> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://sourceforge.net/p/introspector/feature-requests/1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500835699.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021355-00285-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.661785 | 284 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Report: Clean Air, Healthy Families
Danger in the Air
All Americans should be able to breathe clean air. But pollution from power plants and vehicles puts the health of our nation’s children and families at risk. Ground-level ozone, the main component of smog, is one of the most harmful and one of the most pervasive air pollutants. According to the American Lung Association, nearly half of all Americans – 48 percent – still live in areas with unhealthy levels of smog pollution. Studies show that on days with high concentrations of smog pollution in the air, children and adults suffer more asthma attacks, increased respiratory difficulty, and reduced lung function. Exposure to smog pollution can exacerbate respiratory illness and even cause premature death. Sensitive populations including children, the elderly, and people with respiratory illness are particularly at risk of the adverse health effects of air pollution.
Though air quality has improved significantly in the last decade as a result of policies at the state and federal level, there is still much to be done, as there are millions of people living in metropolitan areas around the country exposed to multiple days each summer when the air is unhealthy to breathe. This report ranks metropolitan areas for their unhealthy air days in 2010 and 2011.
This report also presents data indicating that the problem may have been even worse than we thought. Because the national health standard for smog pollution set in 2008 was set at a level that scientists agree is not protective of public health, people across the country have been exposed to days of poor air quality each summer without even knowing it. We have calculated the additional days on which the air was unhealthy to breathe, according to a pollution threshold that is more consistent with what scientists say is necessary to protect public health. But because the 2008 standard was set too loosely, the public was not alerted to these days of unhealthy air.
The major data and findings of our report are broken down into the following categories:
National rankings of the smoggiest metropolitan areas across the country in 2010: The top five smoggiest metropolitan areas in the country in 2010 were in California. Riverside-San Bernardino, CA ranked as the smoggiest metropolitan area in the country with 110 smog days – meaning that the area, home to more than 3 million residents, had unhealthy air on one out of three days in 2010. Baltimore, MD; Washington, DC-MD-VA-WV; Philadelphia, PA-NJ; Houston, TX; and Atlanta, GA made up the rest of the top-ten smoggiest metropolitan areas list for 2010.
Rankings of smoggiest cities across the country by population size:
- Of large metropolitan areas, or those with populations over 1 million people, Riverside-San Bernardino, California suffered the worst smog pollution in 2010 by far, with 41 more days than the area in second place: Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA. The top five continue with Baltimore, MD; Washington, DC-VA-MD-WV; and Philadelphia, PA-NJ. Two metropolitan areas in each of the following states were among the top 20 smoggiest large areas for 2010: New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas.
- Among mid-sized metropolitan areas, or those with populations between 250,000 and 1 million people, areas in California again topped the list for worst smog pollution, followed by areas in Tennessee, Delaware, New Jersey, Louisiana, Alabama and Ohio. The top twenty smoggiest mid-sized metropolitan areas include three areas in both Ohio and Pennsylvania and two areas each in Louisiana, Texas and Connecticut.
- San Luis Obispo-Atascadero-Paso Robles, California was the smoggiest small metropolitan area (population less than 250,000) in 2010. Three places in Wisconsin were among the top 10 smoggiest small metropolitan areas.
State-by-state rankings of smog in 2010: Across the state of California, there were 135 days in 2010, or more than a third of the year, when at least part of the state experienced smog levels exceeding the health standard. California, Texas, Utah, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Ohio and New York each had at least 30 days in 2010 when part of the state experienced smog levels exceeding the health standard – as many as a month’s worth of days when breathing the air could put people’s health at risk. Seventeen states experienced at least one “red alert” day for unhealthy air, indicating pollution levels high enough in a particular area so that anyone could start experiencing adverse health effects. Nine states did not record any days in 2010 on which levels of smog pollution exceeded the standard: Alaska, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont and Wyoming.
National rankings of the smoggiest metropolitan areas across the country in 2011, through August 21: The areas of Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside, CA; Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Gainesville, GA-AL; Fresno-Madera, CA; Washington-Baltimore-Northern Virginia, DC-MD-VA-WV; and New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA are the top five areas with the most smog days so far this summer, through August 21, 2011.
The air was unhealthy to breathe many more times in 2010 and in 2011 than the public was alerted to because the 2008 standard was not set at a level to protect public health. To demonstrate the discrepancy between the ozone standard set in 2008 (75 parts per billion) and a level that scientists agree is more protective of public health (60-70 parts per billion), this report also looks at the number of times that air monitors recorded a level of 71-75 ppb in 2010, and calculates how many additional days in each metropolitan area the public was exposed to unhealthy air according to a more protective level of 70 ppb. For example, in the Riverside-San Bernardino, CA area, there were 110 days when pollution levels exceeded the existing health standard, but there were an additional 25 days on which pollution levels exceeded a level that scientists agree is more protective of public health.
To protect the health of our children and people across the country, many steps can be taken both at the state and federal level to reduce dangerous pollution.
First, EPA must set a National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ground-level ozone within the range of 60 to 70 parts per billion averaged over eight hours, as unanimously recommended by the independent board of air experts and scientists created under the Clean Air Act to provide periodic review and recommendations on air quality standards. The Obama administration considered updating the 2008 standard, but decided in early September 2011 to abandon this effort and update the standard in 2013.
Pollution from cars and trucks, which accounts for a third of smog-forming nitrogen oxide emissions in the United States, must be cleaned up by developing cleaner and more efficient vehicles and by improving and expanding public transportation systems.
State and federal governments should accelerate the transition away from fossil fuels and toward a clean energy economy, by passing policies to ensure we get more of our energy from clean, renewable sources such as wind and solar power.
Lastly, Congress should eliminate subsidies that help keep our nation dependent on polluting fossil fuels that put our health and environment at risk. | <urn:uuid:4bda873f-9193-41f2-b59e-205c1ae6c63d> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://environmentnewyorkcenter.org/reports/nyc/danger-air | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540518882.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209121316-20191209145316-00559.warc.gz | en | 0.936728 | 1,500 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Set2Survive Survival Blog Learn everything about how to survive in the wild nature.
Cord blood transplants aren’t entirely new — they’ve been in use for about 20 years. In fact, the outcome of transplants has improved in the last 10 years, says Joanne Kurtzberg, M.D., director of the pediatric bone marrow and stem cell transplant program at Duke University.
Rocha V, Wagner JE Jr, Sobocinski KA, et al. Graft-versus-host disease in children who have received a cord-blood or bone marrow transplant from an HLA-identical sibling. Eurocord and International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry Working Committee on Alternative Donor and Stem Cell Sources. N Engl J Med.2000;342 :1846– 1854
The stored blood can’t always be used, even if the person develops a disease later on, because if the disease was caused by a genetic mutation, it would also be in the stem cells. Current research says the stored blood may only be useful for 15 years.
You can also support your local research and academic institutions that are accepting cord blood donations. Stem cell research has become a provocative debate because of the ethical disagreements around embryonic stem cells. UCB avoids the debate entirely while still providing valuable stem cells in the quest to cure disease and mitigate human suffering.
Blood naturally starts to clot when its outside the body. An anticoagulant is used to help prevent the cord blood from clotting while it is in transit to the laboratory for processing. CBR deliberately chose to use lyophilized (dry) heparin as the anticoagulant because of some potential advantages, including:
The choices expectant parents make today go beyond finding out the gender of their baby. They span beyond deciding whether to find out if their child, still in the womb, may potentially have a genetic disorder. Today, many parents must decide whether to store their baby’s umbilical cord blood so it will be available to heal their child if at any point in the child’s lifetime he or she becomes sick.
According to the statement, “Families may be vulnerable to emotional marketing at the time of birth of a child and may look to their physicians for advice. No accurate estimates exist of the likelihood of children to need their own stored cells. The range of available estimates is from 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 200,000.” For this and other reasons, it is difficult to recommend that parents store their children’s cord blood for future use. The AAP policy states:
Donating to research is another alternative. In some areas, you may be able to donate your newborn’s cord blood stem cells to a university or biotech firm. There are also now several private banks who offer to bank your baby’s cord blood as a donation, but they will typically sell it to a research facility. Cord Blood Options will be compiling additional data for this section in the near future.
Cord blood banking is not always cheap. It’s completely free to donate blood to a public cord blood bank, but private banks charge $1,400 to $2,300 for collecting, testing, and registering, plus an annual $95 to $125 storing fee.
Public cord blood banking is free, but you give up your rights to the cord blood stem cells at the time of donation. Just like donating to a blood bank, this means your donation would be owned by the public cord blood bank and not by you. Your donated cord blood stem cells can be used for medical research or could possibly save a life through a transplant. Public cord blood banks release your child’s stem cells when a good match from a registry is identified.1
Cord blood banking can be complex & difficult to research. To help consumers get started, our editors have spent over 200 hours reviewing the best cord blood registries & making this year’s selections of best all-around providers.
Umbilical cord blood units are made available for research studies intended to improve patient outcomes, as stated in the Stem Cell Therapeutic and Research Act of 2005, Public Law 109-129, and the Stem Cell Therapeutic and Research Reauthorization Act of 2010, Public Law 111-264.
10. Organ failure. What better way to ease the shortage of organs for transplantation than to grow new ones? That’s what some scientists think, and with stem cells, that vision may become more than a pipe dream. Last year, researchers grew a beating rat heart in the lab with the help of heart cells from newborn rats, preliminary proof of the concept.
Prior to the cord blood being harvested you will need to complete a health history questionnaire, and provide a blood sample to check for disease. In most situations, you will also be required to sign a consent form to confirm your intention to have the cord blood harvested.
Your baby’s cord blood could be a valuable resource for another family. From foundations to non-profit blood banks and medical facilities, there are numerous locations that will collect, process, and use the stem cells from your baby’s cord blood to treat other people.
It’s hard to ignore the ads for cord blood banks, offering a lifetime of protection for your children. If you’re an expectant mom, there’s information coming at you constantly from your doctor’s office, magazines, online, and perhaps even your yoga class.
Barker JN, Davies SM, DeFor T, Ramsay NK, Weisdorf DJ, Wagner JE. Survival after transplantation of unrelated donor umbilical cord blood is comparable to that of human leukocyte antigen-matched unrelated donor bone marrow: results of a matched-pair analysis. Blood.2001;97 :2957– 2961
The blood that remains in the umbilical cord and the placenta after birth is called “cord blood”. Umbilical cord blood, umbilical cord tissue, and the placenta are all very rich sources of newborn stem cells. The stem cells in the after birth are not embryonic. Most of the stem cells in cord blood are blood-forming or hematopoietic stem cells. Most of the stem cells in cord tissue and the placenta are mesenchymal stem cells.
Let’s look back at the expectant couple in my childbirth class who asked about banking their infant’s umbilical cord blood. They should not base their decision to bank the umbilical cord blood on the type of anticoagulant used to preserve the sample; likewise, they should not obtain all of their information on cord blood banking from the private cord blood bank, whose major agenda is to gain another client. Instead, they must be encouraged to research various resources for reliable information (see Table 4). If they have evidence that stem cells are used currently to treat a specific disease process that is affecting a family member, and is not simply a proposed idea, then it might be in their best interest to privately bank the umbilical cord blood. However, they should be aware that simply banking the cord blood does not ensure a cure, and they would most likely be banking the blood not for the current baby, but for some other family member. They must also be aware of the cost involved in the banking process. Finally, if they do not have a relative with a disease process treated with stem cells or there is no evidence that stem cells are used to treat the diseases that are known to be in their family, then they should consider public banking of the umbilical cord blood (if they have access to a public cord blood bank).
Patients with leukemia, lymphoma, or certain inherited metabolic or immune system disorders have diseased blood-forming cells. For some patients, an umbilical cord blood or bone marrow transplant (also called a BMT) may be their best treatment option.
Cord blood banking takes blood from the umbilical cord at the time of birth, and donates it to a public blood bank, or stores it in a private one. Since this blood is so rich in stem cells, which have the potential to become any human cell, it could someday be used as a treatment for the child or their family members.
Private banking is an alternative option if you can afford the associated costs and if the family’s history suggests a higher probability of need. Families that are predisposed to certain diseases, that are ethnically mixed, or that include a family member who may need a stem cell transplant should take special care to understand the value the cells may provide.
Umbilical cord blood stem cells are different from other kinds of cells in a couple of different ways. The first is that umbilical cord blood stem cells are unspecialized cells, which have the ability to renew themselves by cell division, even after significant time has elapsed since they were frozen. The second reason is that in certain situations, and under exacting conditions, the umbilical cord stem cells can become tissue- or organ-specific cells, allowing regeneration of those tissues.
Jaing TH, Hung IJ, Yang CP, Chen SH, Sun CF, Chow R. Rapid and complete donor chimerism after unrelated mismatched cord blood transplantation in 5 children with beta-thalassemia major. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant.2005;11 :349– 353
Our annual storage fee is due every year on the birth date of the child and covers the cost of storage until the following birthday. The fee is the same $150 for both our standard and our premium cord blood services. The annual cord tissue storage fee is an additional $150.
Private cord blood banks store cord blood for you in case your child or someone in your immediate family needs it in the future. These private collections are owned by you and you decide how your baby’s cord blood is used. There are processing and storage fees associated with private cord blood banks.
Harvesting and banking cord blood is a fairly simple procedure that can be performed during vaginal or cesarian deliveries without interrupting the birth process. The doctor or nurse will collect the cord blood after the umbilical cord has been clamped. The collection of cord blood is not painful, intrusive or risky to the mother or baby.
Prior to freezing the cells, samples are taken for quality testing. Banks measure the number of cells that are positive for the CD34 marker, a protein that is used to estimate the number of blood-forming stem cells present. Typical cost, $150 to $200 per unit. They also measure the number of nucleated cells, another measure of stem cells, both before and after processing to determine the cell recovery rate. Typical expense, $35 per unit. A portion of the sample is submitted to check that there is no bacterial or fungal contamination. Typical expense, $75 per unit. Public banks will also check the ability of the sample to grow new cells by taking a culture called the CFU assay. Typical expense, $200 to $250 per unit.
“This is a medical service that has to be done when your baby’s cells arrive and you certainly want them to be handled by good equipment and good technicians,” says Frances Verter, Ph.D., founder and director of Parent’s Guide to Cord Blood Foundation, a nonprofit dedicated to educating parents about cord blood donation and cord blood therapists. “It’s just not going to be cheap.” Although the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) states cord blood has been used to treat certain diseases successfully, there isn’t strong evidence to support cord blood banking. If a family does choose to bank cord blood, the AAP recommends public cord blood banking (instead of private) to reduce costs.
acidic blood alkaline blood blood can cord blood be used for parents children cord blood cord blood banking cord blood banking review cord blood banks cord blood harvesting cord blood harvesting process cord blood stem cells cord blood use diseases cured by stem cells flower of sunlight Flower of Sunlight oil future of blood research harvesting harvesting cord blood health healthy blood private cord blood banks private vs public cord blood banking public cord blood banks quantum infused energy oil save stem cells stem cells research storage store what are stem cells what is cord blood what is cord blood transplant what is cord blood used for what is the value of cord blood | <urn:uuid:f0479e13-ad3d-4ea3-a66a-fafdb7d1a1c0> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://spiritofilithyia.com/cord-blood-gas-blue-cross-blue-shield-cord-blood-banking/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203493.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324210143-20190324232143-00020.warc.gz | en | 0.937298 | 2,575 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The original Oral and Written Language Scales (OWLS) were developed to measure language and used widely as a valid assessment by a range of professions. Revisions to the OWLS improved on a number of factors and became the basis for the OWLS-II assessment. It preserves the comprehensive features of the OWLS and develops new enhancements.
Revised scoring software, a new reading comprehension test, and updated artwork are part of these enhancements. Experts evaluated the assessment, examined user feedback, and performed tryouts to ensure both the reliability and accuracy of the improvements.
Standardizing the scores for each scale ensures that they are accurate and they enable a consistent evaluation of individuals being examined. The process for developing these standard scores was intended to identify the best way to score each scale.
Derivation of Standard Scores
Because children develop much more quickly at younger ages, the norms for the OWLS-II were created in three-month intervals for ages three to seven, six-month intervals for ages eight to twelve, and one-year intervals for ages thirteen to fifteen, while a combination of age years was used for ages sixteen to twenty-one.
A Quick Word about Composite Scores
The sums of standard scores were used to derive composite scores. For example, the sum of the Listening Comprehension (LC) and Oral Expression (OE) standard scores creates the Oral Language composite score. Using the standard scores instead of the raw scores provides a more equally weighted scale in the composites.
Because the sums of the standard scores were found to be normal instead of skewed, deriving the composite scores was straightforward. Different ages are accounted for in the initial conversion to standard scores, so when calculating composite scores, it isn’t necessary to have different conversions by age.
Test-Age & Test-Grade Equivalent Scores
The test-age equivalent score is the age in years and months when a raw score or an ability score is the same as the average score. The test-grade equivalent score is the grade placement in grade and tenths of a school year when the raw score or ability score is the same as the average score.
The test-age equivalent scores were developed using the age-based norms for each scale while the test-grade equivalent scores were generated using the grade-based norms for each scale. These equivalent scores were determined by linking the raw score or ability score corresponding to a standard score of 100 for each age or grade group to the midpoint for the age or grade.
When plotted, the raw scores and ability scores created curves used to determine the age and grade equivalent scores for each raw score or ability score.
Development of Standard Scores
The development of standard scores for each scale uses both age-based and grade-based norms, deriving linear standard scores from raw scores and standard deviations. If norm group scores were skewed, normalized scores were calculated from percentile ranks.
Because the OWLS-II evaluates individuals from a very early age into full maturity, it is likely that the distributions will be skewed. Statistics smoothing can be applied to estimate standard deviations and reduce the fluctuation of scores.
The smoothing curves all conform to simple growth curve expectations and using a similar process to the one used in the first OWLS, consistent data points can be established along the developmental curve. The final scores show good measurement.
The accurate development of standard scores means that the scores are reliable for showing normal growth from year to year and identifying anomalies in individuals tested where clinicians can come to logical conclusions and make focused decisions.
For more information on the OWLS-II, visit WPS Publish online. | <urn:uuid:46bfc900-00e2-450e-a48d-6df15c50af1f> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://blogs.ubc.ca/randomthoughts/2019/02/01/owls-ii-development-of-standard-scores-per-scale/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027321140.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824130424-20190824152424-00258.warc.gz | en | 0.93587 | 735 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Maternal Life-Histories of Multiple Birth Mothers Compared to Singleton Only Mothers in 19th and Early 20th Century Netherlands
Keywords:Maternal life-history, Multiple births, Twins, Singletons, Fertility
Research on mothers of twins suggests they have a more robust phenotype compared to singleton only mothers. Historical demographic microdata can be of additional value in studying differences in reproductive behaviour and survival of their offspring between multiple birth mothers and singleton only mothers. However, the number of such studies in historical populations is limited. This study aims to explore the possibilities to study maternal life-histories of multiple birth mothers compared to singleton only mothers using microdata on 19th and early 20th century Netherlands from the HSN/LINKS database. In line with studies on other historical populations, our results confirm multiple birth mothers on average had their first birth at younger ages, their last birth at older ages, longer reproductive lifespans, shorter inter-birth intervals, and higher lifetime fertility than singleton only mothers.
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2021 Peter Ekamper, Frans van Poppel
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. | <urn:uuid:5a413c1d-9c90-4997-ab7a-caba7efa512e> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://hlcs.nl/article/view/9576 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511170.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003160453-20231003190453-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.887271 | 281 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The design plan of King Solomon’s Temple encapsulated what some scholars have recently suggested was a monumental representation of the divine nature of the human form. If this is true one has to wonder if both Solomon and the builders of the Temple at Baalbek were trying to make their landmarks visible from a high altitude for religious or other reasons. Its gargantuan size is easily visible from space. Consider for a moment why this could be important. Also, why choose the human form blueprint and why holding a key? Compare the pillar sizes and block sizes with that of the person standing between the bases of the highlighted pillars at Baalbek.
THE SEAL OF SOLOMON - DECODED
Here are more clues:
|The Clavicle of Solomon manuscript
King Solomon's secret revealed by Ptolomy the Grecian, as seen in the Sloane manuscript British Library, 3847 has one predominant depiction and encoded within it, appears to be the sacred cross that Emperor Constantine saw in the sky. But here, the entire secret is presented with all its detail. Let it be said that the Key of Solomon talisman (the parchment with the orange glow) holds the identical detail but with a different code. The balance of the Ptolomy manuscript is also completely immersed in what seems to be false destructive magic and alchemy used to take acion against those found with this manuscript.
The image suggests that Solomon's secret symbol secret involves the sacred cross and Jesus the Saviour. Here is important speculation:
The cross that Heretics were crucified on seems to have been carefully chosen symbolic punishment specifically aimed at silencing those who dared preach knowledge about forbidden records of the sacred cross in the sky... the lost and forgotten symbol.
The small talisman next to the prime "Key" of Solomon talisman is one of the first simplified examples of the Sacred Cross insignia, the pattern of Solomon's secret as seen at the top of this website. This Sacred cross is the "Key" of Solomon... the "key" showing the way to truth.
Its secret can be deciphered only from the way it actually appears in the sky exactly like the lost symbol icon shown in the 10 oclock position of the larger Solomon talisman.
It is one that is also easily visible in the night sky today and has been revered by ancient civilizations from the beginning of time as explored in my book. In simplicity the ancient secret seems to use the three Belt stars of Orion to show the way in the sky to locate the postion of the Pleiades, then using the 'leg' shape of the Pleiades as a secondary pointer to find a special star. Ocasionally just the three belt stars are used without reference to the Pleiades using a set distance in the sky... 33 degrees of arc measurement. The codex of the Testament of King Solomon speaks of this measurement, just as masonic texts hint of it. (More on this celestial measurement follows). I found it interesting that virtually all ancient civilizations across the globe worshiped angelic beings that associate themselves with one special star in this area of the sacred bull of the heavens, as seen in many examples of ancient star maps I appears to have deciphered.
Here is the evolution of our religions: Our earliest ancestors worshiped them as 'gods' from the stars - The ancient churches revered them as Angels and stars were encoded as 'demons'. In modern times they are ridiculed as the subject of celestial visitors in flying discs.
|In the collection of records revealed by Ptolomy the Grecian, as seen in the Sloane manuscript (British Library, 3847) there is one very important secret sketch seen below - it has a small note next to the sketch beckoning the reader to remember proportion within the image.
It is still nicknamed today as it was in ancient times:
The cosmic signpost?.
Solomon' secret of is the "Key" that shows the way... is Orion... Orion's Belt as a 'way shower'!
The Key is also the Key of St Peter and the Key of Hiram Abiff!
It shows the way to Tetragrammaton in the heavens.
Mouse over the image
|Online source of the manuscript|
Click here For more on the history of all three Sun-like stars and the origin of the Trinity.
Hebrew Ptolomy Clavicle/Key of Solomon legend
Tetragrammaton An early Paleo-Hebrew word that with unclear definitive interpretation but generally refers to:
"One that is of the highest position in the heavens - the house (place) of the Elohim" (See ref to 'house' in the Solomon Testament that follows).
Judas Codex Christ shows Judas Solomon's secret knowledge as a star pattern in the sky see last few seconds of the documentary preview.
|Constantine's Sacred Cross - The Chi-Rho|
For three centuries after the crucifixion of The Christ, his followers were in very small numbers and they worshiped in secret. It was at a time when the Greek religions prevailed. These were primarily based around their ultimate god Zeus, worship of the Sun and the celestial bull of Mythras.
Up until then, Christianity was a forbidden religion and those who were caught delving into it were fed to the lions for the entertainment of a very sadistic Roman population.
What follows here, will initially appear to discredit Christianity, but once more truth emerges in its entirety, the significance of The Christ will become much clearer.
History is about to reveal a great deal about The Christ that will suggest how human he really was, as opposed to being God incarnate. Many writers will no doubt see the opportunity in making a fast dollar in discrediting Christianity. However, it will soon also become clear that in all probability there is a more plausible possibility how one can interpret how The Christ claimed he was ‘God’ in specific texts. It is likely that the Creator of this vast universe spoke through him at important times (just as was the case with other great messengers in history). There is also no doubt that his ‘heavenly’ father was what history has recorded as the Eloheim. Who the Eloheim really were, will also become much clearer in this article. There is more to this messianic story than meets the eye and it will also elevate the significance of many of the other great messengers throughout history, as the truth associated with their lives begins to fit in with the fundamentals of what virtually all belief systems originally claimed before they were altered by mortal hand. In all probability, the new evidence that will be presented on this website will inspire even those who are self-proclaimed atheists.
Around 300 years after the crucifixion of The Christ, Roman Emperor Constantine was the one who introduced Christianity as it stands to this day. Constantine claimed to have had an encounter that would be classed as a paranormal event today. It occurred before an important battle. He was visited by brightly dressed beings that came down from the heavens. The important message to him and his imposing army involved the witnessing of a sacred cross formation seen in the sky. He was told about its significance and that if he celebrated its importance, he would be triumphant. He subsequently decreed that his army’s shields be decorated with the cross insignia that is referred to as the Greek letters XP...Labarum or Chi-Rho.
He was triumphant, and on returning to Rome probably realised that the ‘message’ he received was relevant to something hidden within the ‘original’ gospels of Christianity. The sacred cross secret must have coincided in some way. Why else would he begin to use this sacred Chi-Rho cross of the sky as the title representative of The Christ?
It was also Constantine who would decide that only four out of the entire collection of gospels would be accepted into his version of Christianity. No doubt they were those texts that he believed would be the most palatable to a predominantly Mythras and Zeus worshiping society.
It is interesting to note that although The Christ and his apostles were originally Aramaic and Hebrew, the original four gospels that were chosen from at least 30 or so gospels, were already copies that were written in Greek, the predominant language of Rome at the time. One cannot help wondering what happened to the original Hebrew and Aramaic testimonies that were written around the time of The Christ. Another interesting point that can be made here is that the name of The Christ, who was believed to be the ‘son of God’ was a man born with the Hebrew name Yeshua, yet his name would become the spoken name “I-seous Chris-tus” after the time of Constantine.
The adjustment is not a transliteration. It suggests that it may have been altered by the Romans, perhaps to introduce the greatness of The Christ to its people in a way that would be more acceptable to those of the old tradition of belief. The name Yeshua was changed to: “I-seous”, the pronunciation sounds remarkably close to the old spoken way meaning 'of Zeus' (Zeus was the previously accepted ultimate God of the Romans). The pronunciation of the name “Chris-tus” also sounds very close to an old way of describing a 'criss-cross' which became the way in English to explain the image of a cross. There are obviously a lot more pagan hidden records here suggesting this way of thinking since there were 12 apostles for the 12 seasons, the rebith of the Sun date of the 25th of December chosen as the 'birth' of Christ, as well as the Easter tradition adapted from the pagan tradition. 'Son' of God replaced 'Sun' of God and so forth. For now, let us assume that these are all just coincidences and due to the sensitivity of the matter, let scholars argue over how it was possible for so many alterations to be made by human hand to all the holy works.
The celebration of the rebirth (rising) of the Sun each year on the 25th of December called Sol Invictus is important and will be looked at as it seems to have been confused with sacred stars that were just like our Sun. This date was chosen for celebration of the birth of the 'Son' of God. If this sounds like mere speculation, read on for further corroborating evidence that it is anything but chance.
In many Renaissance paintings, like Leonardo Da Vinci’s ‘Last Supper’, the apostles were often depicted into four groups of three, coincidently like the four seasons of the year. He was born of a virgin mother, like the earlier ‘gods’ and in many depictions shown as being breast fed by his mother, which is virtually identical to how the Egyptian Solar goddess Isis is portrayed.
Some convincing evidence can be found in the earliest written gospels of The Christ story that will allow us to unravel part of the mystery: The birth of The Christ was recorded in the Greek gospel of Matthew without the traditional Sol Invictus “Sun rebirth” depiction in the sky. Instead preference was given to the significance of a special star being visible in the sky.
This sheds light on some very important clues: What possible connection or interpretation similarity could there be between our Sun and another very important star in the sky? Especially in the context of the testimony of beings that came down from the heavens. One must also wonder about the importance of the very early accounts of a worldwide celebration of this star on top of a Yule tree that was especially selected because it has a conical shape? Was it possibly linked to the biblical Jacobs ladder account or was it perhaps inspired by something else? Without a doubt it appears to match the star at the centre of the larger Solomon Key talisman parchment on this web page, with what looks like a conical beam of light or ladder coming down from it.
When it comes to the Matthew gospel, scholars are still at loggerheads over whether the three ‘wise’ Magi or ‘Kings’ who supposedly came from the east, is an accurate interpretation. Many say they were probably not even people at all.
Incidentally, the word Magi can also be interpreted as the study of the stars, probably more in the context of astronomy here than astrology. The word ‘wise’ is another clue when considering stars in this context. What it seems to hint at is wisdom that can be found if one knows the meaning of the strange collective meaning of the Three Magi/Kings.
Everything here points towards a celestial solution… real stars. A possible alternative interpretation of the text also includes Solomon's secret that ws lost depicting the sacred cross that Constantine appears to have witnessed. It is an interpretation that becomes apparent when one considers the historical reference to the Three Kings 'of the sky":
Open a search window in the link to the Morals and Dogma Freemason historical text page below by pressing Ctrl F on your keyboard and word search these words or phrases:
For this reason let us consider the significance of the Three Magi as the belt stars of the constellation of Orion in the Matthew text, which in all probability is also the sacred cross of Constantine.
In the general English traditional version of the Matthew text, in brief:
The Three Kings from the East, ‘follow' the direction to a special star associated with the birth/beginnings of The Christ.
The three stars of Orion’s belt> rise in the East, and if one follows the alignment, the direction one would ‘follow’ (eyesight) would be to a special star associated with the birth/beginnings of The Christ.
In the alternative Matthew text interpretation, what the observer is following is the phenomenon of three stars rising in a row in the east. They direct one’s line of sight towards a star of great importance. The star ostensibly associated with the birth or beginnings of The Christ.
What could be so important about a star one might ask?
There is one thing, and one thing only, that stands out in the context of celestial beings (Messengers/Angels/Cherubim) that came down from above:
What has to be considered is whether the star in question is a record, not only of a real star in the heavens, but also of a star system so to speak, a solar system that may have been the place of origin of the celestial visitors that history originally spoke of, namely the “Tetragrammaton” or the “Eloheim”
This of course begs the question whether the cosmic beings were real flesh and blood entities, which were not only present in the form of spirit beings.
No researchers seem to have recognised the matching visual detail. More recently, the lost gospel of Judas reveals a very important star reference that is made mention of. It is where The Christ speaks to Judas in his last hours.
While pointing to a star in the heavens, The Christ says something along the lines:
Behold Judas… this star is also your star to follow”.
Once again this is remarkably similar in tone to the Matthew text, which beckons the Three Wise Men to ‘follow’ (in alignment) to the star of Bethlehem. National Geographic then inadvertently takes this story to a whole new level. The scene is of the night sky in the film footage and it seems to suggest that there is more to this story than scholars are currently prepared to comment on.
The footage ‘coincidently’ depicts three bright stars in a row that align with one all-important star.
(See earlier reference link for National Geographic video and star depiction).
What also seems to be beyond coincidence, is the producer’s choice of showing the star in question with a slight yellow spectrum. This is the same colour spectrum as our Sun!
By now many readers will be wondering what does this seemingly off track Christ story have to do with the Key of Solomon mystery, if anything?
In the images to follow, the secret of a special star emerges in reference to its position compared to deciphered constellations extracted from the cipher puzzle. It unveils the full meaning of the ancient Hebrew Solomon Key pictogram cipher that many agree is the original ‘Key of Solomon’ secret.
Solomons 'Key' is... Orion?
Cracking the secret of the Hebrew Solomon Key cipher firstly requires its primary symbol deciphered, the symbol that is being pointed to on the parchment above, the icon referred to here as another forgotten symbol since its meaning here is forgotten!
With my astronomy background and delving into the secrets of the ancient pyramid builders covered in my book, the Orion constellation became a very familiar constellation over the years.
I found himself staring at this Hebrew cipher wondering why so many stars were being used... then it dawned on me!
This is Orion... Orion is the "Key"!
Orion is the "Key", the forgotten symbol of Solomon
This thought made sense since the "Key" aspect is reasoned because next to it is the other talisman showing how the "Key" is celebrated in the churches! A 'criss-cross' symbol is shown precisely how the star constellation of Orion appears in the night sky, and it also appears to be represented in the smaller talisman (with the title 'Sacred Cross') where the icon was traditionally shown as a simplified insignia of a cross within a cross.
This smaller talisman depicts the 'traditional' sacred cross detail in the larger talisman, with a very tiny star cluster detail comprising what astronomy terms: Orion's sword. (Orion's sword is the cluster that appears to be a line of what look like 4 blurred stars in a row where one of them has a red haze nebula around one of the stars). On an exceptionally clear night and with absolute perfect vision one can occasionally make out at least six of the tiny little stars in Orion's sword. The head of Orion is along the same line of alignment and is also comprised of another cluster of around four tiny stars. In the two sacred cross comparisons that are ringed in grey, the one on the absolute right is an enlargement of the Solomon Key icon where the sword (with 6 dots) is ringed in orange. Compare this with the slight hint of the star cluster detail in the circled image titled 'Sacred Cross', where it too has its counterpart circled in orange.
I was certain since I sent this material to Dan Brown through his agent over a year ago, if he is a real researcher he would no doubt have something worth while to say about this key piece of evidence. It is after all, the oldest Hebrew talisman in the most popular Key of solomon manuscript collections in the British Library. But he chose to avoid it.
Could the forgotten symbol of the cross within a cross insignia (labelled 'sacred cross' in the image above) be the very same sacred cross seen in the blue icons below it that have evolved as the religiously revered sacred cross in all variations of Christian religion? This is a very sensitive question. Theologians agree that the 'sacred cross' is not the cross that The Christ was crucified on, yet no theologian has explained what exactly the historical versions of the cross insignia shown in blue represent. This in itself is a question that has remained unanswered for far too long. It appears to be the very same cross as the Greek 'Chi-Rho' pattern that Constantine was shown in the sky, which he then inscribed on his army's shields. See more here on my findings on the Sacred Cross.
It is therefore quite probable here in the image above that the two encircled depictions of crosses are one and the same. This is an important breakthrough in theology if it turns out to be true and many will soon see that it is also the key to deciphering the meaning of the layout of the Vatican City, especially the St Peter's Piazza at the Basilica in Rome, which was designed in the form of the forgotten cross symbol, Constantine's great cross. The strange thing was the choice of inserting a sun worshiping Egyptian obelisk in the middle of it. It is obviously a clue to inspire the interpretation of the secret, but in the context of all the positions of the Egyptian obelisks in Rome. It is not at all strange therefore that the statue of St Peter is holding a 'key', while he points down the great causeway towards the east in the direction of the great secret. (Another spectacular clue that will be explored later).
St Peter was crucified on a cross. Perhaps what the Romans were trying to do, was send out a strong warning: All those who speak openly about secret knowledge on the sacred cross would be put to death on a cross. The meaning of the sacred cross was probably a secret only shared among the Elite.
Note how the earliest Chi-Rho symbol in the image above has a 'P' with an arrow head on it as if to signify a pointer phenomenon. Note how in the earlier talisman depictions on this web page (the group of three talismans) the Chi-Rho icon is also included in these, together with Orion clues. Now look back also at the animation overlay image of the earlier Clavicle of Solomon insignia and how it too seems to celebrate the Orion constellation showing the way to the location of a star that is associated with Tetragrammaton, that i believe is speaking of beings referred to as 'the Eloheim' that are in our form and our likeness!
Note how 'coincidently' the Orion shaped icon, the forgotten symbol in the larger Key of Solomon talisman above, has its belt stars in alignment with the star shown in the middle of the talisman that is depicted with four tiny little circles around it.
Even if one accepts there is only a grain of truth to the probability that the Bethlehem star is the very same 'Judas star', which can be found using Orion as a cosmic sign post, then one is ready to read further. If not, then in all probability you the reader have not had the chance to click on the all important reference links that elevate this article on to solid ground.
But which way is it that one would need to follow from the three in a row alignment of the belt stars of Orion? Do we follow the alignment to the brightest star in the night sky to Sirius, or do we follow in the other direction towards the ecliptic, (the path of the Sun), towards the area of the celestial bull?
There is a solution and it is concluded from what seems to be a massive collection of hidden records that only a handful of people are presently aware of.
Chinon parchment recently released from Vatican
The Chinon Parchment was treated as a secret document up until recently when the Vatican decided to release it.
It documents Pope Clement V secretly forgiving an Elite group of Templars in 1314 saving them from being burned at the stake like all the other Templars. There is a translation here. One could speculate that the incentive of Pope Clement V involved protecting these powerful people if maintaining a greater portion of their weath and securing the treasures the Templars spoke of... a 'true cross' and perhaps even the 'real'
itself. Tradition speaks of the true cross as a piece of wood from the crucifixion cross of Christ. I suggest that the reference is the sacred knowledge of the true cross, the same cross of the heavens seen by the founder of Christianity, Emperor Constantine, because the true cross, the Sacred Cross of the sky is depicted on the Chinon document seen below. It is sketched between two other secret depictions of the sacred cross, one involving what looks like a 'key' below it and what looks like some sort of physical ornament above it.
Let us now take a closer look at the larger Solomon talisman on the parchment (below right) and question if there are any clues as to where the most important star of this talisman, (the star at its centre with four circles and a beam of light coming down from it) can actually be found and documented in the heavens.
What could the square around the star symbolise with two partial curves on either side of it?
Why are the stars around the outer rim depicted with little lines extended from them?
In astronomy these two clues alone speak volumes!
Biblical references to sacred stars
When it comes to direct references to sacred star constellations in the Bible, there are four distinct references, and two star groups stand out far more than any other. It is as if all the other stars in the heavens are just stars, except for Orion and the Pleiades:
'Who created Arcturus, Orion and the Pleiades?'
'Seek the Creator of the seven stars of the Pleiades and those of Orion.'
'But ye have borne the tabernacle of your 'Moloch' and 'Chiun' your images, the star of your god which ye made to yourselves.'
'Canst thou bind the sweet influences of the Pleiades or the band of Orion.'
The significance of the alignment of Orion's belt seems evident here. The use of the word 'bind' is clear: To present the stars as sacred knowledge collective groups in their records by joining/binding the important stars together. It is done by joining lines to outline a constellation, or more importantly to highlight a ritual of sacred knowledge using King Solomon's 'magic' ring. This will be reasoned below. Note also usage of 'star of your god' in close reference to the Pleiades Orion text in the book of Amos.
Book of Revelation 1:16
"In The Christ's right hand... seven stars"
The Pleiades: Scholars agree that the only stars generally referred to as 'seven stars' at the time of The Christ were the Pleiades. The seven stars are also spoken of in the Bible in two other texts, but here the name of the Pleiades was included. The symbolism, like that of the Matthew text, contains an encoded allegory that only the wealthy minority of the well educated would be in a position to reason. This style of encoding symbolism is repeated in another codex that follows, and more detail will be found here like no other manuscript to date. The Book of Revelation also makes mention of symbolism. Seven candles in the sky with the seven stars: The Hebrew Menorah.
Is this not the answer to the origin of the sacred Menorah?
The meaning of the Menorah could be the celebration in one's home of the seven sacred celestial lights of the Pleiades.
It is said that the Star of David itself also represents the seven sacred stars in the heavens (six points and its centre seven). Could it be symbolic of the Star of David representing a special star? What has to be researched, if it is associated with the area of the seven stars, are the clues that have been left behind. This can be compared to the Masonic sacred star (later) where a seven pointed star is depicted as the ultimate Blazing Star with reference to the orientation and close proximity of seven other stars (see later). The Star of David originates from King Solomon's father, King David, and it is said to be comprised of one triangle overlaid over another that is inverted. What does this mean?
This symbolism will now be explored and compared to the American one dollar bill and something important that follows a little later. The secret involves two other nearby Sun-like stars to add to the story, but not forgetting that this story is still focused on the most important Sun-like star out of the three ... a Trinity. The triangle in the heavens appears to be the inverted triangle, which will soon be debated if it represents either the holy trinity above, as three spirits in the heavens, or represents three solar deities as a Trinity (see link below). The latter predates the other.
I believe it represents three sun-like stars near the Pleiades in the heavens. Giving extensive references in book and this website I conclusively claim that there are nearby sun-like stars accurately represented in the area of the Pleiades in the records left behind by virtually every ancient civilisation who built grand monuments. My theories will be compared on this website in the context of what follows. I believe the triangle in the sky is formed by joining the three sun-like stars, and on the ground the triangle pointing upward represents the shape of a pyramid or temple the traditional symbolism of: 'As above so below.' For more on the history of all three Sun-like stars and the origin of the Trinity... Click here.
In the Testament of Solomon, the Hebrew Menorah of seven candle sticks is clearly quoted by King Solomon in context of its celestial representation as stars. But here the truth seems clear, suggesting seven stars aligning towards the place of those that come from above. King Solomon asks about the secrets and ritual of celebration of what reads as celebration of seven such stars in the heavens that seem to align to the 'ultimate star', the 'Wain' star of thy 'house' in the heavens:
Ref: Solomon Testament Codex. Search the key words using Ctrl F to see in context:
"Hear, O king... light SEVEN LAMPS in a row, thou wilt firmly FIX THY HOUSE...
See also seven candlesticks as Pleiades in the Book of Revelation:
|"Seven Candlesticks and the Seven stars" - The second coming.
With greatest of respect to the Hebrew and Christian community I propose this hypothesis in the image above. It is just a hypothesis after all, although its human uplifting meaning challenges traditional interpretation due to all the other supportive evidence of this star pattern. The grand meaning of the icon includes ALL of humanity as its chosen race, and not just those of one belief. The triangle of three 'Sunlike stars' as a trinity in the heavens near the Pleiades merge over the ultimate temple, the pyramid on the ground to form the Star of David... and yes... a real 'star' of David. The seven candle lamps in a row show the way (as a celestial alignment like the belt stars of Orion) to the star of David.
The One Dollar bill secret star code
The image above should be compared to the seals on the American one dollar bill. If one looks closely at the dollar bill, the pyramid seal has its capstone floating in an illuminated scene just as the grouping of stars in the counterpart seal. One merely has to overlay one illuminated theme over the other to experience its enlightening secret. Not only does it create the Hebrew Star of David, there is more. See the flash image below as one illumination is placed over the other and note also how the wingtips of the eagle, and its feet and its tail touch the letters M-A-S-O-N when the whole seal is carefully overlaid over the other. Are we seeing proof of three stars in the heavens as the triangle pointing down to Earth, while the temple or pyramid is the triangle pointing heavenward thus representing the stars on the ground?
Watch the Flash animation (lower seal) very closely.
'As above so below.'
A Freemason ring repeats the pattern of the US one dollar bill seal overlay with what appears to be a solar trinity, flanking all three sides of the ultimate monument on the ground, the pyramid. It also forms the Hebrew star of David shape in this way, perhaps worn by one illuminated with the knowledge of the three Sun-like stars of the heavens linking to our beginnings with our Sun, which in this case is set in the middle. It could also be interpreted as the one in the middle is the blazing star and the one at the bottom of the triangle our Sun as in the Pre Christian Solar Trinity historical records.
The Messianic Seal below shows how two symbols that I believe means the same thing as an overlay to form the Star of David. Both symbols seem to represent the Pleiades. The fish is deciphered from the Roman Denari coin dated around pre 300AD and the Menorah as seen above. The coin also places the sacred celestial cross of Orion on the sacred horizon being reborn on a sacred day, as in the Washington secret that follows. A Hebrew Christian following used this combined symbol to show how to remember to find the location of the sacred star in the heavens using two traditions. Click the image for more on the double symbol Messianic Seal of Jerusalem following.
It is important to mention that the most common sacred ancient Sumerian and Persian star depictions and 'gods' found on hundreds of scroll seals now in museums across the globe are: The Pleiades. Here is a collection of seals on my spiritual research site on the common grounds of the Crescent and the Cross at oneism.org. (There are 5 excellent scroll seal examples in the British Museum labelled as the Pleiades).
Sacred geometry in the British 20 Pound note
The 20 Pound note of British currency appears to hold a similar Hebrew star encoded secret to the US note. Look closely at the image below. The building visible is The Bank of England and it has a little more history tied to Rome than many are aware of and by clicking the link here one can see. In th link above press Ctrl F and search these words in context...
'Temple of the Sun' and 'Constantine'
The Book of Revelation Return of the Christus
The predominant theme in the Biblical Revelation text is the return of the Christus.
The seven stars he holds most likely symbolise the place in the heavens where he originates from.
He will arrive riding a 'cloud' (see the Ezekiel article a little earlier for what is in the cloud). There is also strong symbolism here of a two-edged sword coming out of his mouth in the next line. It suggests he will fight the leaders of destructive society with his words.
A graphic re-enacted image is shown here. Copyright limits the use freely only on a home-based computer as a wallpaper, but it may not be used for any publication without permission. Click the image to save it as a wallpaper or if you want to see more clues encoded inside the image.
See the star positions in the above image to reason the three Magi 'following' the way to an important star, 'the Bethlehem star'.
There is one really special codex (ancient text) to follow, which is going to bring more clarity to the grand secret. One that refers primarily to the Pleiades and Orion and a special star, but this ancient text adds even more: It provides complete decoding of the detail found on the famous zodiac disc at the Temple of Dendera in Egypt that has baffled historians for centuries.
The 1700 year-old Testament of Solomon codex
The Testament of Solomon codex is stored at the Paris Library and a link to one of the translations by F. C. Conybeare with comments by scholar J.H. Peterson will be referenced below with its online source.
Please use the reference links as the key words in bold that follow below are actually highlighted in the sourced Solomon Testament document online.
The 1700 year old codex originates probably as a translation from many earlier versions, and was perhaps rewritten at the same period in time as the Judas Codex was written. Since it is supposed to have been originally written by King Solomon who existed another 1300 years before this date, one wonders how many altering translation interpretations it was subject to. The codex reveals many new secrets about King Solomon. Its tone suggests that Solomon was very typical of the God fearing nations of this epoch and his character here is nothing at all like the greatness with which he is portrayed in the traditional biblical epic. In this manuscript he implements slavery to build his great temple and his interest in many women comes across as obsessive. He is said to have had many wives, and fathered many children. If this is true then his direct descendants today would probably number in the millions.
Another captivating theme one comes across in the manuscript is King Solomon's 'magic' ring given to him by an angel and how he uses it to do something unusual to some magical mythological oddities translated as 'demons' (some of which are really not entirely that evil). The latest carefully reconstructed image of the ring is seen here, as proposed by me. The reasoning of its design will follow. As already suggested, the identity of the demons conclusively has nothing to do with spiritual entities at all, and the obvious meaning becomes clear instantly.
An encrypted star code was identified within the Testament of Solomon years ago initially by scholars although very little was said.
Star constellations encoded as 'binding demons'
What appears conclusive from earlier scholars and my measurable research here, is that this codex contains a dramatised fictional mythological account of how the ancients interpreted secret knowledge of the stars. The description of the 'demons' and their so-called 'binding' are the means to identify real star constellations. In some cases angels are mentioned and these are probably real celestial visitors who were teachers of the star secret. Their technology seemed to produce miracles that were seen to be magic.
It would appear that the scribes of the Elite have re-encoded the original 3000 year old testament with all its secrets into a dramatised mythological tale to encapsulate the enigma of the heavens, notably the stars. It seems to be exactly the same methodology found in the Clavicular Solomanis manuscript where some hidden cosmic truths of the same theme are present.
The most interesting thing from an astronomer's point of view is where Solomon speaks of 'binding' each 'demon'.
Now if Solomon is doing so with his ring, he is performing something astronomers do today when pointing to the stars. Just like at my star viewing evenings. Astronomers use high wattage laser pointers and re-create the path between the stars visually, and in a sense, also teach of the 'binding' of the star constellations. This extreme sounding interpretation is not so bizarre when it is read in the context of the Solomon text.
The ring is most likely an advanced compact lighting device to outline the important star patterns and their secrets while his people watch and learn.
It is therefore highly probable that the angelic beings who visited Solomon gave him this ring as a device to teach his people, of the secret of the stars and the place of the Eloheim.
The interpretations of the codex are still debated among scholars to this day. A scholar J.H. Peterson partly identifies the strange likeness of the so-called 'demons' to description of the zodiac constellations. The scholar has also recognised that the Pleiades are mentioned here. See text ref below.
The Menorah mentioned earlier is also in the Solomon Testament.
'Seven lamps in a row thou wilt firmly fix thy house.'
Ref: Solomon Testament Codex. Search the key words using Ctrl F to see in context:
This sounds remarkably similar to my theory that the Menorah celebrates the stars' alignment as another cosmic signpost: The Pleiades showing the way to an important star. Just as the belt stars of Orion also show the way, but more refined and in closer proximity to the special star. It is also near the path of the moon (Ecliptic) associated with King Solomon. See reference below.
Here is another very important clue on the talisman and it is easily reasoned. It helps in identifying more coordinates in deciphering the position of the star at its centre which appears to be the objective of the talisman puzzle. The image below is an expanded version of what is within the square on the talisman (compare it to the next image). The Ecliptic (the path of the Sun) is an important celestial coordinate and here is the proof. I noticed the usage of the ancient Egyptian symbolism, a glyph of the Sun on the horizon and I believe it is represented twice here. The Egyptians called it the Akhet and here it seems to represent both Sunset and Sunrise.
Not only that, Orion is about to prove its interpretation with one more little piece of evidence. Orion is placed at the 10 o'clock position on the talisman, and in this exact orientation for good reason.
Orion matches this orientation above the Western horizon
It also places the sacred star where the ancients consider it sacred... when it is just above the horizon! This is fantastic not only as presenting an ideal match but it is about to reveal the rest of the puzzle clues. It suggests there is another constellation to be deciphered here and one that can reveal its coordinate intersection and orientation on an Eastern Horizon position... above Sun rise.
In the Solomon Testament codex, mention is also made of an important constellation of seven stars that is near to the most sacred star which apears also to be important in ancient Egypt. It is translated as the 'Wain' star near a group of seven other 'demons' (stars). It was perhaps the same star near the most sacred constellation that the Egyptians celebrated as the leg/thigh depiction and it was also of the great celestial bull (Most likely Taurus). For years scholars have been guessing that this thigh shape depiction of a cluster of stars had nothing to do with Taurus and they thought it was the Great Bear constellation, (again this interpretation is unlikely because those stars are not near the ecliptic). I had found (depicted in my book) that it matches the Pleiades convincingly, which is thigh shaped, is also in Taurus and is near the ecliptic. Perhaps it also fits the talisman puzzle?
Ref: Solomon Testament Codex. Search the key words using Ctrl F to see in context:
Before going any further it is now time to complete the Solomon Talisman secret. Enough clues have been identified to complete the deciphering of the last few conclusive details. We already have identified Orion earlier and that it is orientated to align with the 'ultimate' star in the middle, just like the belt of Orion is the way to find it in the heavens.
Furthermore, the star matches its position claimed in the Solomon Testament, which is just below the ecliptic. The ecliptic was mentioned in the text and it seems to match the talisman!
The meaning of the square and the two curves on each side of the star as we have just seen most likely represent sunrise and its path to sunset - the Ecliptic.
The four Hebrew words apparently around the square represent the four most important Angels of the Hebrews. This is to be expected since the star secret can only have come from celestial visitors.
This leaves one more unsolved detail - the outer star ring puzzle.
Earlier we spoke of 'binding' the stars and in astronomy one does this creating little lines between the stars forming a group, a constellation. There are little lines on the outer star circle . All one needs to do is sequentially assemble the puzzle and methodically doing so in an anti-clockwise direction, starting from the Orion alignment showing the way to the first puzzle piece.
Here is the solution. The animation below reveals the Solomon Key star secret as the star system of the four angels and most likely the star of the 'Eloheim' as it aligns with Orion's belt, positioned below the ecliptic. Its ingenious methodology is recreated as Solomon 'binds' the 'demons'- the stars.
BEHOLD... THE SOLOMON KEY CIPHER DECODED
Already we have virtual proof with an orientation match where the forgotten cross symbol clearly fits as Orion since it matches orientation and points to the 'mystery star' position (centre of talisman) at its most sacred place in the heavens... just above the Eastern horizon. The puzzle is completed with the star icons in the outer ring being pieced together in an anti-clockwise order to form the Pleiades. It is depicting the Pleiades in an exact orientation that can be tested on a computer star atlas.
As expected... Here it is below, matching with similar orientation over the Sun Rise position perfectly East, aligned with the Vatican causeway, seen on a star computer program at a very early epoch. Now here is an interesting experiment. Using a star atlas there is one date where both Orion and the Pleiades have an appropriate match in Rome or Jerusalem where the solomon Key parchment has an exact match.
It occurs on the 25th December and very true as far back as 3000BC... where the mystery star target is perfectly due West on the horizon, and exactly 12 hours later on the Eastern horizon at 7.40pm for the Pleiades where the same mystery star target is also perfectly placed due East.
For those with star programs, log in this date and time on a computer star atlas with Rome as the place of view and see the obvious. The same target position of a missing star is revealed using two different constellation references, one placed perfectly West and the other 12 hours later on the Eastern horizon. This perfect pattern match with the Solomon Key talisman occurs on other dates including around 2000BC as shown in the images and a lot closer to the building date of the Vatican.
I believe the importance here is that the talisman reproduces two unique constellations with accurate orientations perfectly East and West on the same day for one single little mysterious star on the horizon that I had found to be Sun-like!
The same two patterns are visible from Jerusalem but at a slightly different time of the day. These interesting dates will be listed shortly with further reasoning.
Orion is beneath the horizon so the two alignment lines cross... from Orion's three belt stars in a row... and now the Pleiades as the Egyptian 'leg of the bull' constellation alignment placed over the Eastern horizon. The coordinates are multiple and measurable at the very same position near the ecliptic that was found with the Orion alignment! All that remains is to test what star is in this position on the horizon and at what ancient epoch.
Is it just coincidence that Dan Brown used the title "Angels and Demons",
seeing that it clearly means : "Heavenly Visitors" and "The Stars"?
How do the obelisks and seven hills of Rome fit the star secret?
What is special about Sol Invictus - 25th December at the Vatican?
Does the Dendera Zodiac star disc of Egypt hold the same secret?
How does the layout of Washington DC fit the star secret?
What is unique about the sky in Washington on the 4th of July?
The Freemason First Degree Tracing board (above)... What great secret does it hold and how does it connect to the Solomon Secret?
Testament of Solomon codex reveals star knowledge
Dan Brown did not include the Testament of Solomon's secret code in his book 'Lost symbol'. It reveals a star secret and connection to the Solomon Key pictogram and is full of awe inspiring eye opening material that would have kept readers gasping for more if he used it.
Many important star names in astronomy have their origins in the beginnings of great civilisations, especially those that were seen to be most sacred. As was to be expected, some star names in our two sacred constellations coincide with the names of “demons” and fit into the codex in exactly the same positions as they do in the sky. (See references that follow):
The text begins with the prime “demon” Ornias (Orion?).
Followed by Beelzeboul (sounds like the star Betelgeuse in Orion).
Followed by Onoskelis (sounds similar to the star Bellatrix in Orion).
There is also mention of a group of three “demons”:
Bultala, Thallal, Mechal (sounds very close to Mintaka Alnilam and Alnitak, the names of the belt stars of Orion).
The text also generalises a larger place in the heavens as Tartarus (sounds close to Taurus). The reference link below has the key words highlighted in the codex:
Ref: Solomon Testament - Search Highlighted text at link with Ctrl 5 - Ornias, Beelzeboul, Onoskelis, Bultala, Thallal, Melchal, Tartarus
In the recently released Judas codex translation, Christ claims he is about to reveal to Judas the “ultimate secret” about a special star which is also Judas’ star “to follow”.
The same spoken theme appears in the Solomon Testament codex suggesting that one must ‘follow’ towards one particular star on the ecliptic. (This text most likely suggesting the alignment of Orion’s belt showing the way).
How do we know it is on the ecliptic?
Twice the Solomon Testament mentions that a sacred star is positioned near the path of the moon, which is on the ecliptic. So we already have a co-ordinate reference.
In fact it gives a lot more: It claims the star is sometimes seen on the edge of the crescent horn moon so we now know exactly how close it is to the ecliptic path since we know the radius of the moon.
Then mention is made, like in Greek tradition, of the seven sisters of the Pleiades – a group of seven female “demons”.
The reference link below identifies where in the text these points (in bold font) are as key words which are highlighted in the codex:
Ref : Solomon Testament - Search Highlighted text and click Ctrl 5 at link below - thirty-three, cosmic ruler, fix thy house, crescent horn moon, follow, Seven lamps, in a row, seven stars, Pleiades, star
Masonic iconology – coincidence?
But there is another breakthrough here that will unlock the mystery of the exact place where our theorised mystery star resides in the heavens.
It will also suggest an interpretation of what appears to be the secret of the Masonic ritual ascending up a cosmic ladder to their blazing star.
There is also text in the Solomon Testament that coincidently seems to be identical to the Freemason sacred degree measurement of “ascending” to their highest degree ranking – the 33 degree.
In Freemasonry one has to wonder if the 33 degree level represents the celebration of “the missing” cosmic measurement that has been absent all along. A measurement that would define how far one would have to travel with a cosmic ruler, so to speak, in alignment with Orion’s belt to find what is termed the Freemason blazing star. In old way of speaking: To fix thy house in the heavens – the place of the Eloheim.
The 1700 year old Solomon Testament claims that 33 elements of the cosmic ruler of the heavens are measured to follow to something sacred.
|See the reference link above to find the highlighted keywords in the codex.
I believe I have found the correlation. To explain the complicated detail only an image will do justice to this particular breakthrough. Here is a re-created view (below) of how the sky generally appears in the Northern Hemisphere when Orion rises vertically on the horizon in the East at a particular time that will be mentioned further on. (Note - scale sizes of the Pleiades and Orion have been enlarged for clarity). Observing the stars rising on the horizon in the East was an ancient Egyptian ritual to identify sacred stars with sunrise.
The image depicts how one can find the location of what appears to be the ultimate sacred star using only a pair of dividers and a setsquare. The tiny star is catalogued as a class D spectrum Sun-like star.
Coincidently these two instruments form the icon of the Freemasons
The dimensions solved so far:
X = Moon radius from Ecliptic
The dimension Y will be explained further on where it not only fits proportionally in George Washington’s star map, it fits many other ancient star maps that will be referenced at the end of this article.
"We are of the thirty-three elements of the cosmic ruler of the darkness."
A quotation extract from the codex where an 'entity' of the seven stars of the Pleiades speaks to King Solomon of the place of their heavenly 'house' (words are highlighted in codex link above for easy location).
Note the usage of the dividers and the setsquare. This is close to the mechanism of how the sextant works for ancient ship navigators… except the angle of 33 degrees is set.
Here is how you find the star with these two instruments. As Orion’s belt rises in the east as seen in the image, set a perpendicular rod into the ground in front of you using a set square or a plumb line so it stands vertically, as you look eastwards. Then set your dividers at 33 degrees and one arm of your dividers with the highest star of Orion’s belt above horizon while both arms of the dividers are pointing through the vertical rod plane in front of you. Now view along the other divider arm heavenwards (thus at 33 degrees from Orion’s belt highest star). Here is where the special star resides although it is too small to see with the naked eye. With a little more initiative, like an astronomer, the same basic process can be carried out using a telescope aligned at 33 degrees above Orion’s belt.
Ever since this ancient epoch, astronomy has always measured in the very same original unit – arc degrees.
Here is an important thought to ponder on:
If it turns out that this secret in the image above is true and was celebrated in ancient civilisations throughout history, then one must wonder if there are any modern monument layout plans that could incorporate this secret when viewed from the heavens? The reasoning:
To attract our advanced ancestors to revisit once again.
It would be quite easy to construct such a landmark. The way to do it would be: In place of the rod/pole that is set standing perpendicular in the ground, perhaps build a massive pillar with an arrowhead pointing skyward but try do it including an ancient style or tradition. But even more to the point, perhaps build one’s official meeting place in an important place so the visitors (advanced human beings that history revered as Angels) are guided where to meet for first contact so to speak.
Such a building or residence would need to be built projecting a clue skywards that the secret is known here, perhaps recreating the point where one would view the event from (in the image above), the area where the eye is shown. One would merely depict the 33 degree dividers on the ground leading towards the meeting place.
This is going to make a lot of sense at the end of the article.
We have just seen that the binding of the heavens by joining stars with little lines, spoken in the text is also the key to unlocking the oldest sourced talismans, and we are now about to see it unlock the secret of another un-deciphered enigma about one of the oldest star records in ancient Egypt.
Stonehenge... the "x" that marks the spot - Ra symbol
The circumpunct is found in the beginnings of many ancient civilizations as it was used with their greatest monuments to mark on the ground the place in the heavens of their legendary star ancestors.
A very bold statement perhaps, but it is a theory that is completely measurable.
Stonehenge has previously been found to be quite different to the Pyramids of Egypt? but scholars have missed the obvious. They not only repeat the monument layout of the most important pyramids and obelisk of Abusir in ancient Egypt but it uses the Ra hieroglyph on the ground. It is in the same way Dan Brown suggests the Washington Monument, an Egyptian design obelisk has the circumpunct symbol at is base.
Stonehenge ref you will soon see also repeats the same layout plan as Washington DC and the Freemason First Degree Tracing board!
In fact Stonehenge IS the Solomon Key just made from stone monoliths!
These ancient places all hold the same message of the position of a special star? the star of Ra, the star of Bethlehem, the star of David, the star of the Inca, the Maya and even the Chokwe tribe in Africa. Click the image to see the star comparison that appears to be a global obsession where the ancients worshiped our ancestors who came from the stars.
There are many talisman depictions of Solomon and here are a few. The Seal of Solomon would also need to be compared to find out if it also speaks of the same message.
DENDERA ZODIAC DISC WITH ORION The Dendera zodiac disc at the temple of Hathor at Dendera, up until now has had scholars argue inconclusively about its complete meaning. It has at it centre, what appears to be a clear representation of the genesis of the “Wain”/thigh constellation (Pleiades). The stars’ “birth” created so to speak from the Hippo goddess Tawaret’s womb, and hence the reason for its positioning in the most important place in the disc. The thigh constellation is represented here most likely as the “Wain” constellation as mentioned in the Testament of Solomon codex. It is fair to reason this interpretation here as the Pleiades because it fits far more perfectly than any other constellation. The image here presents more on the Dendara star secrets. By clicking the image it will take you to the author’s book website where the full story will be explored… but consider coming back to this evidence later, so as not to break the flow of what follows. For now, consider the interpretation of the thigh of the bull constellation as the Pleiades, and its correct orientation with the genesis hippo goddess and her womb, and the orientation position of two important sun-like stars. The star cluster orientation match will be measured in the sky further on as it rises above the eastern horizon. As it rises above the horizon in ancient Egyptian tradition, it symbolises its “rebirth” so to speak.
DENDERA ZODIAC DISC WITH ORION
The Dendera zodiac disc at the temple of Hathor at Dendera, up until now has had scholars argue inconclusively about its complete meaning.
It has at it centre, what appears to be a clear representation of the genesis of the “Wain”/thigh constellation (Pleiades). The stars’ “birth” created so to speak from the Hippo goddess Tawaret’s womb, and hence the reason for its positioning in the most important place in the disc.
The thigh constellation is represented here most likely as the “Wain” constellation as mentioned in the Testament of Solomon codex. It is fair to reason this interpretation here as the Pleiades because it fits far more perfectly than any other constellation.
The image here presents more on the Dendara star secrets. By clicking the image it will take you to the author’s book website where the full story will be explored… but consider coming back to this evidence later, so as not to break the flow of what follows.
For now, consider the interpretation of the thigh of the bull constellation as the Pleiades, and its correct orientation with the genesis hippo goddess and her womb, and the orientation position of two important sun-like stars. The star cluster orientation match will be measured in the sky further on as it rises above the eastern horizon. As it rises above the horizon in ancient Egyptian tradition, it symbolises its “rebirth” so to speak.
The Solomon Testament mentions all the Zodiac star representations and their mythological characters as seen in the Dendera disc. But there are many other components that need clarifying for it to be considered as a complete match.
The 36 Decans of the sky are in the Solomon Testament and in the outer perimeter of the Dendera disc. The Milky Way diagonal and the Ecliptic diagonal appear to be there too. Both are in the correct orientation if the thigh of the bull constellation is that of the Pleiades. The Pleiades form part of the bull constellation of Taurus.
Ezekiel's Flying Wheels With Domes of Crystal
The aforementioned very thought provoking statement makes greater sense at the hands of the very ancient biblical epics of Moses and Ezekiel. Like the Key of Solomon, these accounts are also ancient Hebrew accounts that dealt with the presence of Cherubim and the connections here can lead us to a greater understanding of the hidden truth.
Click the image below for a larger depiction. At present the rights are only available for it to be used as a wallpaper or free printable poster.
(Ref: B. Meier sighting and contact with beings of human lineage (that history revered as angels) that said they were from a star near the Pleiades).
Lalibela sacred cross matches the talisman
Lalibela in Ethiopia, Africa, is a valuable historical site where there are 12 churches that were ‘magically’ cut out of solid rock. A mystery that is still today considered a miracle by the Christian priests that protect it.
This ancient site, high above the source of the Nile River is also known for another claim its leaders of the great stone churches have made for centuries.
They say they are the keepers of another Solomon secret.
They claim to protect the original golden Ark of the Covenant from the Solomon Temple when it was destroyed. They occasionally hold an annual procession through the street with a dummy ark and carry many gold and silver sacred cross artifacts. These ornate crosses reproduce another matching interpretation to Constantine’s sacred cross as Orion and a special star. Image follows shortly.
When looking at the layout of Lalibela and its rock churches (highlighted areas below), note how the area highlighted in blue is shaped like a bull’s thigh theorised by me to represent the Pleiades. The most intricately carved church is also the most famous of the stone churches (highlighted in yellow within a circle) and it is located in the celestial position when representing the special star of the heavens. Compare this ancient secret with the layout of Washington DC below. Is the match a coincidence and are there any more ancient sites to compare this pattern with? The answer is yes. See the end of the article links to ancient sites.
The Arkadian Sumerian link and Malik Shah
Another forgotten ancient site in Iran holds more clues to this star secret and what we find at this site will also be compared with Lalibela above as well as Washington DC. It is an area that compares with the largest man made monuments on this Earth. But it will also be compared with what appears to be the remains of some of the largest ancient monuments found on another planet…. Mars.
Malik Shah was explored over seventy years ago by British explorers who were able to fly over it and photograph what they referred to as the remains of ruins like the barrows of Silbury Hill in the UK but many times larger and flatter. One is symmetrically oval and one has the typical bull’s thigh shape. Although they appear like a collection of mine dumps, scholars have concluded they are ancient ruins and should be compared to the pyramid civilisations.
In the image below the leg shape area still needs verification as no scholar has been able to comment but the latest image shows it is a reality in shape and full of what look like excavation marks. Compare the thigh anomaly here with the insert image of the Dendera thigh constellation of ancient Egypt, then compare the oval anomaly with the same “x” monument that marks the spot on Mars. The link is at the bottom of the page. Mars and Malik Shah have the same flat oval design. The remains on one of them resembles a human face.
Vatican Sacred Cross matches the talisman
The star secret has most likely been so well protected over the millennia that only a few centuries ago the new inheritors of the encoded manuscripts obviously did not get a chance to learn how to decode it. Who were the inheritors of the encoded manuscripts?
The Vatican and secret society perhaps?
The Vatican has the largest sacred cross depiction of Constantine ever built. It is designed, just like the Basilica church as a cross to be viewed from the heavens. Ponder on this reasoning.
If it is to be viewed from the heavens, then one has to wonder what the original Vatican City layout looks like, when viewed from the heavens.
There is a great causeway, like the Egyptian causeways, facing east, Taking Solomon's secret cross visible as the sacred cross in the piazza, and it aligns with a giant star shaped fortress.
(This is the Castel Sant Angelo Star fortress that Dan Brown included in ‘Angels and Demons’).
Why does the main part of Vatican City look like a giant key?
Is it the same “key” secret as the “Key” of Solomon and the “key” of Hiram of the Freemason epic? Is it the same key that the statue of St. Peter holds in his hand at the Vatican while he is pointing to the great star castle down the causeway at the Vatican? These exciting clues can be explored in great detail when walking from each obelisk site to the other. (For more on this story later click the prime Vatican image with the pope or the link at the end of the article).
Solomon's secret star template of Orion used to locate a special star.
A connection can now be identified between four themes where the stars of Orion seem to be represented as showing the way to a special star. It begins with the earlier animation at the beginning of this article that showed the first example of how Solomon's secret of Orion’s belt stars seem represented to align with the position of one important star out of a group of important stars, then it was followed with the Key of Solomon talisman. Now these will be compared with two more examples of this Solomon's secret template pattern.
The breathtaking result above confirms a match with the two earliest examples of the Solomon talismans, as well as artefacts found in Lalibela (see cross in image above), compared to the Vatican layout plan. They all seem to hold the same secret.
Why does the Vatican causeway face east?
Does the sky match the ground on a special day?
Was the ancient solar worship ritual of Sol Invictus on the 25th of December replaced with celebration of the place of origin of the Christus?
All of these secrets have answers that can be well reasoned.
In Rome, all three sun-like stars positions seem to be represented in their right places with the correct orientation.
The Seven Hills of Rome were probably the reason why Rome was built where it is today, because it had a natural pattern match to the stars of the Pleiades.
Look closely at the Vatican re-enacted view of the Pope at his ceremony on Christmas eve. There is no mention so far if Dan Brown is going to include this material and we will just have to wait and see. The position of a third Sun-like star begins to emerge. Please note some ancient depictions have only one special star, some include a second and four examples of the most accurate of all the ancient star maps includes detail of all three sun-like stars. This pattern of three suns… Sun-like stars, seems to be the same triangular formation as seen on the dollar bill and on the Solomon Seal.
The extra detail of the third star now begins to make its mark and can be referenced further at the bottom of this article. Earlier on the solar trinity aspect of ancient sun worship was mentioned. In essence, there seems to be some remnant of the ancient ritual of “Sol Invictus” here. Here is a view close to what the Pope would have seen long before the modern buildings of Rome blocked his view. The ritual appears to interpret the old sun worship solar obelisks of ancient Egypt. A moment when an alignment occurrence with stars in the heavens as they are represented on the ground when looking down the causeway.
For more on this story and how the ground mirrors the sky click the image below or the Vatican link at the end of this article.
Interesting facts here:
The Seven Hills of Rome layout pattern is questionable and I believe since they are just natural hills it is very unlikely they map the exact star pattern of the Pleiades. I am more inclined to accept them symbolically as a cluster of seven hills representing the Pleiades. Here is a more up to date study of the The Seven Hills of Rome, their names and their layout.
A Place like Mars?
An amazing piece of history is revelaed in the link above. The area between the seven hills and the star castle holds a very controversial name:
It is referred to as The Field of Mars!
Is it possible the builders of Rome had ancient records of their star ancestors including a map of the lost civilisation of Mars? Sounds like wild speculation until you test the anomaly layout pattern on Mars that follows. Coincidently the origins of the city name 'Cairo' near the pyramids in Egypt originates from the ancient Egyptian word 'Al-Qahirah' which duplicates the same description... 'A place like Mars'... and yes its most sacred pyramids match the same star pattern found right at the centre of the pyramid field! See the link at bottom of page.The causeway length from the sacred cross piazza (representative of Solomon's secret template of Orion) is 3.3 stade in distance. (The St Peters piazza is one stade (Roman length measurement).
Does this measurement symbolise the sacred length in the heavens of 33 degrees between Orion and a special star?
The Egyptian Senmut tomb is explored in the Masonic article link. Part of its blazing star theme, where the Egyptian gods originate from near the bull’s leg constellation, is reproduced below. The theme is explored further at the Masonic link and how it fits in with the origin of the Pre-Christian Yule Tree.
They all seem to celebrate one thing and one thing only: A beam of light coming down from the star of origin of our heavenly human ancestors. The star map secret as a layout plan "As above so below".
Stonehenge matches the Solomon Key talisman in two different ways. No historian to date has proposed any matching design plan for Stonehenge. ref . It presents one of the best star map cases.
It is probably the only monument on Earth that matches the prime Solomon key talisman.Click the image above to get the full Stonehenge article.
FREEMASON STAR MAP OF 1ST DEGREE
The Freemasons base their allegory and celestial symbolism mystery around what is referred to as the secret of Hiram Abif. This originates, perhaps from a time that is either from the King Solomon story itself, or if not, from one that mirrors the Solomon story.
The secret of Hiram Abif is probably synonymous with the once secret foundational first degree tracing board of the Freemasons as referenced at the Bradford University in the UK. (see ref in link below) Here is another interesting occurrence. There is also a Hiram Abif in the Old Testament and he was Solomon’s master mason. Is this just a coincidence?
Click the historically accurately reproduced tracing board image decoded by me below to see the full interpretation. The image has been compiled from two source references. I have been warned to mention here that this is MY own interpretation only. This is because some traditional lodges of old ritual from all over the world have complained that the star patterns I recognised are just a coincidence. They are saying it is just old symbolism and an interpretation of general wisdom of the heavens, and mainly because the star Sirius for them is probably the blazing star.
The full article link follows and will show why Sirius does not fit as the blazing star solution. Sirius is not near the ecliptic, is not Sun-like, does not match the tracing board, does not match Biblical accounts of the sacred bull area, and more importantly does not match the Vatican, or more importantly the Washington DC layout that Dan Brown briefly covered in his book Lost symbol.
Compare the image below to the three sun-like stars near the Pleiades above with the Vatican pattern, Malik Shah, Lalibela, the Dendera disc and more in the linked article here and the Washington image that follows.Click here For more on the history of all three Sun-like stars and the origin of the Trinity.
Click the image below for the full article:
In the image above, the Orion constellation is celebrated in two ways... firstly as secret knowledge with the symbols seen on the ladder... the cross of the churches... orion's belt... the anchor of John Dee's Monad... orions belt... and a "Key" on the 33 stepped ladder (representing 33 degrees of arc in the heavens) which I deciphered as Solomon's "Key" ... it is Orion showing the way vertically heavenwards up the ladder/Yule Tree... it rises in the East which is an astronomical fact. click the image below for the Freemason article.
In the first degree ritual, note also how the initiate is bound just as it is written in the Solomon Testament... the texts mention that Solomon 'binds' the constellations. Here the Initiate is bound and re-living the great secret knowledge perhaps without really knowing what the real secret is, as an initiate... AS ORIONS BELT.
In measuring the old positions on a computer star atlas we have identified a dating method, which is explained in the Masonic article link.
The animation that follows depicts exactly in the sky how Orion shows the way to the Pleiades and its three important nearby Sun-like stars of the ‘gods’ of the ancients as they appear in their positions today.
Solomon's secret of Ra - the "x" in Washington DC
EARTH'S GROUND ZERO MODERN STAR MAP
Washington DC is built on a chosen site with Seven hills just like Rome believed was sacred as it literally appears to be a site chosen 'by God' to mirror the seven stars in the heavens. ref . The layout plan and complete meaning of the city of Washington DC is one that George Washington most likely took with him to his grave. A secret that he ingeniously recorded in an encoded Masonic painting explaining the meaning of the layout of his new city that would be built and the positions of all the secret symbolic monuments - Washington DC.
There is a link to the painting and the full story here ref
Freemasons have now made it clear in many new TV documentaries that they believe that to their knowledge, their society is not holding any earth shattering secrets. They have also with honour revealed all their historical records of ritual and symbolism to universities like the Bradford University in the UK to study.
It has all recently become a valuable part of American history. A lot of their valuable symbolism has also been made public in the block buster two part epic, National Treasure by Walt Disney. Dan Brown perhaps should be credited for creating especially the initial momentum that has encouraged this once very secret society to be out in the open with what many will soon see is priceless history.
I claimed in 2005 the obvious as you will see in the next few images. Washington DC has a pattern and symbolism I have found in the star maps and in Egyptian symbolism and even matching something on another planet!
To compare patterns, here is the Pleiades star map in great detail to compare with Washington DC layout. some buildings use cros design, the main illuminated part is show at its centre of the leg shape of arlington and Rosslyn. The name Rosslyn is no coincidence as we have a Grail link here in Washington to be revealed like at Rosslyn Chapel
The Leg of the Bull symbol for Pleiades layout of Rosslyn Arlington area is clear in this reference link ref . It confirmd the shape of the leg of the bull defines the area and the very active bright route at night through its center (illuminated with yellow hue in image) called the Clarendon Rosslyn Corridor ref .
WASHINGTON DC MIRRORS JERUSALEM
"... Seek the illumination of Rosslyn & Arlington... "
The image below is of Washington DC in the early evening as it becomes 'illuminated'. Note how the pentacle that I propose represents sacred geometry of the human form is represented at the top of the image. (See the link in the reference list). Note how Arlington and Rosslyn when illuminated at night match the shape of the sacred symbol of the ancient Egyptian thigh of the bull (highlighted blue and white) and how the obelisk is in its rightful position and the Pentagon matches its counterpart monument ruins found on Mars. (Click link at end of article).Mouse over the image below to see how Washington DC is the blueprint as seen on Mars and its Leg of the bull city complex identical to Jerusalem.
Washington mirrors the monuments on Mars! Instead of the representation of the special star with an obelisk as it is in Egypt, Mars uses a human looking face monument. Washington DC uses the same human code pentacle geometry as identified in Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man to encode the human 'origin' message (instead of a face) and in Egyptian style, a circular field as a solar disc on top of the human form head.
GROUND ZERO SITE ATTRACTING FIRST CONTACT?
HERE IS ANOTHER SHOCKING BREAKTHROUGH THEORY:
How is it just a coincidence that the Pentagon has its shape match with the Mars five sided pyramid as well as an exact monument theme position match and a unique and very accurate North pointer match?
Both monuments have large North pointers attached to their design.
The human “Da vinci” style Vitruvian man blue print code is represented in the map by the great pentacle (yellow road highlight at top of Washington image). Note also that the small yellow dot above it is the Great Washington Masonic lodge. In 1848, the breaking of ground cornerstone of the Washington Monument obelisk was celebrated … on the 4th July.
The height of the obelisk is 555 ft in height – here is another clue.
Some say this is representative of the 'one third measurement' in this case, one third of the square skywards, ie. 33 degrees of arc. Ponder on the meaning of the dividers and the square as a masonic symbol. Just like the causeway of the Vatican is 3.3 stade, it seems designed to represent the same one third of the square cosmic degree measurement as well.
The alignment of the water causeway to the obelisk is about to reveal its ancient secret… the secret of the 4th of July
Seen below is the Washington Monument obelisk when viewing it from the Lincoln memorial.
Orion rises due east on only one day in the year at exactly the same time as the Sun.
It occurs at dawn on the 4th of July.
Here is the enlightening truth.
What is in the sky, is hidden and suddenly becomes invisible as the Sun rises. It celebrates in traditional Egyptian style...
The rebirth of the sacred cross as it rises behind the obelisk with our Sun rising above the great circular field with the Yule Tree in front of the White House. The circular field is shaded red in the 'illuminated' Washington DC map below. The human pentacle code (roads shaded yellow) seems to represent human form with a star 'god' symbol with a solar disc on its head like the ancient Egyptians, standing with the Washington Masonic Lodge between its feet! Zoom in on Google Earth. There is slight detail of what looks like a forgotten pattern of a face depiction within the head representation. (Human pentacle depiction is sideways in this image perspective).
Only the trained initiate will know what is hidden in the sky also having seen the Pleiades rise before Sun-rise. This event is easily measured on computer star programs. This special day of the year was chosen for the biggest and most bloodshed battle of the Crusaders... they thought they would conquer just like Constantine in their last terrible war with their sacred cross being reborn so to speak. Dan Brown will no doubt saw the obvious here but chose not to reveal it.
But there is more.
I wondered why the great Mall with reflecting water causeway was a few degrees off perfect East-West alignment. Would the proud builders guided by the maticulous Masons make a geometric error like this or was there a reason. It all became clear. The slight off set alignment makes it possible to view the rising Belt stars visible and not hidden behing the obelisk while rising perfectly in the East, the sacred point of rebirth so to speak.
The Golden hour of Midnight sounds...
The first Belt star appears on the horizon...
The sacred moment has arrived of the 33 Degree Masonic measurement...
The point in time where their symbolic ladder touches the ground.
33 degrees also in initiation with Jacobs ladder from the first Degree Tracing Board, heavenwards towards the secret of the Blazing star... the Bethlehem star.
He discovers that The 'Key' of Solomon is:
The Sacred Cross of The Christ...
the stars of Orion's Belt...
In minutes all three Belt stars are perpendicular and pointing towards the sacred star in the heavens, like the Washington Monument as depicted in the image above!
There is another famous site where the Belt stars may have been celebrated far more... Rome.
December 25th star viewing event
It occurs over the Christmas period the ancients celebrated, long before Christ on Dec 25th as Sol Invictus - on Winter solstice - starting on December the 21st, reaching close to alignment as seen in the image below. Viewed along the water reflecting sky secret causeway on the evening of December 23rd a little after 6 pm and for a few nights visible close to this position.
These two great icons, the obelisk and the Christmas Tree tradition have the power to create peace in the world. Since I propose both have their origins in ancient Egypt on the Senmut Tomb mural ref and since both share the very same star visitor human origin secret from our ancestors from 3 sun systems near the Pleiades... is it not strange while the folks celebrating life and families and giving in true spirit havent a clue we celebrate our star of our ancestors and literally:
Earth colonisation day measured on 25th December sol Invictus.
The Washington Monument obelisk has one more piece of evidence to offer. It has the precise Egyptian title for what it represents inside the monument itself in memory of George Washington’s illuminated knowledge:
A Hebrew six pointed star associated with an ancient Egyptian flying disc, in dual representation with a solar disc
Scholars say this is the way the Egyptians present a title for our Sun, yet it has a six pointed star superimposed over it... a very first! A very well thought out way to suggest Sun-like star one could say.
Or... the obvious...
"UNION OF OUR SUN SYSTEM... AND THE STAR OF DAVID".
The Star of David I have confirmed in my work is the Bethlehm star and the Ra star and all the world civilisations celebration of a great Sun... that is not 'OUR' Sun but one near the Pleiades of our ancestors!
An obelisk in position as a Sun-star of the celestial angels matching the star map found with the Vatican in Rome. A dual solar title with a star title... one with a completely Hebrew tone to it fitting our Solomon mystery as a grande finale.
If you think all these star interpretation patterns could just be a coincidence then take a look at all the evidence... here is another modern account said to be the new world place of first contact... some say... the new Babylon...
BERJ DUBAI STAR MAP
This is probably a coincidence but worth comparing nevertheless. The tallest building in the world is now the Berj Dubai building. It resembles a giant obelisk as it tapers heavenwards. It is placed in a circular development project around a man made lake. There is a cluster of buildings seen at the top left position in a pattern and a massive hotel built in the lowest position. Since I have presented evidence of many ancient Sumerian star maps celebrating the same sacred star, one has to question... Is Dubai... built like Washington DC... like on Mars?
Some say a Templar treasure from the recently decoded Oak Island star map ref was found around the time of George Washington and it funded the building of his city matching Oak Island and Jerusalem template.
This is an actual photograph highlighting three real astronomical referenced positioned Sun stars that I have proposed since 2002 found in the beginnings of virtually every civilisation. Click the image to get the basis of my work here:
The star map is present in the beginnings of virtually all human civilizations across the face of this planet, and on another:
It is the very same sacred star found in many lost civilisations...
The star of King David and Solomon (this website)
Clavicula Salomonis. - The manuscript collection of the most important ancient talisman icons including the Solomon Seal and Solomon key.
Solomon Key - Wikipedia data link - The secret talisman icons of Solomon believed to be the Key of Solomon.
Solomon seal -The Star of David - Wikipedia data link. - The image at the top right of this web page is believed to be the Solomon Seal.
King Solomon - Wikipedia data link. King Solomon - Son of King David - founder of Jerusalem
Solomon’s Temple - Wikipedia data link - The legendary Solomon Temple predating the current temple mount
Temple Mount - Wikipedia data link -The temple Mount Jerusalem rebuild on the foundations of the Solomon Temple.
Human form - Solomon’s Temple design of human proportion that matches Baalbek
Human form blueprint
Temple of Jupiter at Baalbek - Human form temple design - matching Solomon Temple - images of the largest stone blocks in the world
St Peter Key - Wikipedia data link. See the key held in the hand of St. Peter that seems to hold the same secret as the Solomon Key.
Hiram key - University of Bradford - Freemason image with beam of light from star seems to hold the same secret as the Solomon Key and Hiram key.
Clavicules du Roi Salomon - more Solomon talisman archives on cosmic codes Creator and heavenly visitors - French text
The Clavicle of Solomon Sloane manuscript British Library, 3847 Ptolomy the Grecian Esoteric Archives. | <urn:uuid:9580d2d3-14c6-4a62-93d5-1bb8a414fa4d> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.thehiddenrecords.com/key-of-solomon.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376829140.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20181218102019-20181218124019-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.952069 | 18,017 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Engineering researchers at the University of Waterloo in Canada have created a system capable of determining when a driver is engaged in distracting activity such as texting. The setup uses smart cameras and artificial intelligence (AI) to monitor the driver’s hand movements and determine whether those movements deviate from safe driving behavior.
The system can also perform preventative measures based on what it detects, such as alerting the driver of the potential danger of their actions. In vehicles with self-driving capabilities, the system could also temporarily take control of the car, if it deems the situation dangerous enough.
“This is an integral part of a larger project on driver behavior recognition and driver action prediction for the design of next-generation cognitive Advanced Drivers Assisting Systems,” Fakhri Karray, Waterloo professor of electrical and computer engineering, told Digital Trends. “This should contribute to the design of next-generation systems to be implemented in level-three or level-four self-driving vehicles.” | <urn:uuid:dcb3bfdb-76b8-4fb6-9e43-6054f820debe> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.govtech.com/question-of-the-day/Question-of-the-Day-for-09132017.html?utm_source=gt&utm_campaign=home | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806465.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122050455-20171122070455-00160.warc.gz | en | 0.939429 | 202 | 2.78125 | 3 |
I’ve written a lot about my classroom experiences with students on both helping them learn from mistakes (see The Best Posts, Articles & Videos About Learning From Mistakes & Failures) and helping them learn that their intelligence is not “fixed” (see The Best Resources For Showing Students That They Make Their Brain Stronger By Learning).
A new study, reported by Scientific-American, has found that believing that you can learn from your mistakes,and that you can learn through effort, has a physical impact on the brain. The study found that the brains of people with a “fixed mindset” acted differently from those with a “growth mindset” and that the stronger the belief in a growth mindset, the more pronounced the brain activity. Here’s an excerpt:
From the data, it seems that a growth mindset, whereby you believe that intelligence can improve, lends itself to a more adaptive response to mistakes – not just behaviorally, but also neurally: the more someone believes in improvement, the larger the amplitude of a brain signal that reflects a conscious allocation of attention to mistakes. And the larger that neural signal, the better subsequent performance. That mediation suggests that individuals with an incremental theory of intelligence may actually have better self-monitoring and control systems on a very basic neural level: their brains are better at monitoring their own, self-generated errors and at adjusting their behavior accordingly. It’s a story of improved on-line error awareness—of noticing mistakes as they happen, and correcting for them immediately….
The way our brains act, it seems, is sensitive to the way we, their owners, think, from something as concrete to learning, the subject of the current study, to something as theoretical as free will. From broad theories to specific mechanisms, we have an uncanny ability to influence how our minds work—and how we perform, act, and interact as a result.
I’ll certainly be incorporating these finding in future classroom lessons… | <urn:uuid:1c6c3a29-2a8a-438a-886b-16c2263dfe9f> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://larryferlazzo.edublogs.org/2012/02/18/fascinating-study-on-what-learning-from-mistakes-does-to-the-brain/comment-page-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131301015.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172141-00245-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963023 | 407 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Basic unit of magickal energy, a thaum provides enough force to perform a simple cantrip or orison.
This unit of measurement, instituted by Numismatos, First Mage of Celestia and founder of the Arcanum in 1587 CR, is the principle upon which Celestine operates and the method by which new spells are developed.
The Arcanum uses the following system to determine how much thaumic force is found in a given magickal effect:
- 1 thaum: create a minor magical effect such as light a candle, flavor food, or clean 1 cubic foot of material
- 10 thaums: create an instantaneous burst of flame to cover a 10’ cube
- 100 thaums: summon a sustainable 40’ long and 10’ high wall of flames
- 500 thaums: call down meteors from the sky; construct a Godchain
- 1000 thaums: blight an inland sea; construct a Skyship
- 10,000 thaums: murder an army; raise a mountain from bare earth
The Arcanum also notes that blood sacrifice has also been known to generate thaumic energy. | <urn:uuid:4468f1d7-f231-47fe-9e41-03fda5b42a25> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://nueva-celestia.obsidianportal.com/wikis/thaum | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982935910.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200855-00025-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.861686 | 238 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Your Electrical System
Electrical work is straightforward so you can repair or alter the system in your home safely and easily by following simple rules. Before you start a project, become familiar with the basics of electricity and household electrical circuits. Review electrical safety. Survey your home's electrical system and understand it before you begin any project. If you are wary of any aspect of the project, review the appropriate content on this website to find answers. This section introduces some principles of home electrical systems to help you become familiar with the wiring in your home. It begins with an overview of residential wiring. It also shows you what to look for when you inspect your system and how to work safely.Projects in System Inspection
The knowledge you need
In this section of our website you'll learn:
--How to test for power and make sure power is off
--How circuits work and which parts of your house are protected by each fuse or circuit breaker in the service panel
--How switches and receptacles work
--How your total system is grounded
--How each electrical box is grounded
--How a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) works and how to test one
--How to determine the purpose and function of any wire you may encounter.
A surface inspection
Most electrical problems are easy to spot once you know what to look for. You can spot many problems without removing a cover plate or fixture. The inspection we describe helps you find and correct dangerous situations and electrical code violations that are found in many homes.
Getting more information
This site covers the common situations encountered in home wiring. If your house has some unusual installations, seek additional advice. You might find help at a home center or hardware store. Or call your local building department and schedule an appointment with an electrical inspector. Or you may decide to hire a professional electrician to inspect your home's electrical system and recommend necessary work to correct any problems. | <urn:uuid:3f98fd70-54eb-41f7-a495-05142e922244> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.diyadvice.com/diy/electrical/system/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982968912.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200928-00184-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922265 | 390 | 3.25 | 3 |
Meaning of White Carnation Flowers
Standing for sweetness and loveliness, innocence and pure love, the white carnation is the historical good luck gift to women. Cultivated for more than 2,000 years and named "flower of the gods," it was used to create garlands for ancient Greek ceremonies. White carnations are also the official flower of the national college fraternities of Delta Chi, Delta Sigma Phi, Phi Beta Sigma and the sorority Chi Omega, according to the University of Connecticut.
In ancient Rome, white carnations were called Jove's Flower as a tribute to Jupiter, one of their most beloved gods. In the time of William Shakespeare, audiences watching his plays drank rose water and cordials made from carnations. In the 13th century, Crusaders stricken with the plague mixed the leaves of carnations with wine and drank it to control the fever. This method of fever control was also used during the 16th century.
The white carnation is a perennial plant that grows from 1 to 2 feet tall. The leaves are a grayish to blue-green. While most white carnations feature a single bloom per stalk, some varieties, including the "Aqua" and "Berkshire Moon" produce large double blossoms on each stem. The flower's petals are ruffled along the edges and a healthy plant will feature ball-shaped blooms.
Anna Jarvis, who founded Mother's Day, selected the carnation as a tribute to her own mother. In 1907 she sent 500 white carnations to her late mother's church in Grafton, West Virginia, for all of the mothers in the congregation. Jarvis chose the white carnation for Mother's Day because, " ... whiteness stood for qualities like purity, faithfulness, fragrance, and love." At Oxford University in England, and at several American universities, white carnations are traditionally worn to every first exam. Renaissance-era paintings illustrate the tradition of the bride and groom exchanging white carnations at their wedding to signify the vow of faithfulness. White carnations are still included in weddings because they symbolize pure love and good luck. The flower also signifies courage, happiness and loyalty.
Mother's Day and white carnations have had an association for a long time because this is the plant that sprung up when Jesus Christ's mother Mary shed tears while watching her son suffering during the crucifixion, according to a Christian legend. Leonardo da Vinci immortalized this association in his 1476 painting, "The Madonna with the Carnation." In the Evangelical Friends Church International, a white carnation is placed at the front of the church for each new Christian welcomed into their faith during the previous week. In many religions, white carnations are also used at funerals. A white bouquet or casket spray at a funeral service imparts a message of peace and tranquility for the soul of the deceased.
The carnation is also classified as an edible flower. The petals, which have a peppery flavor, have been used to make the French liqueur Chartreuse since the 17th century. In America, white carnations were used in the kitchen since colonial times. They were brought to this country by early English settlers and were used to make teas as well as flavorings for preserves, jams and jellies. Another popular use, still in practice today, is as a salad garnish. According to Fitness and Freebies, homemade syrups, liqueurs and oils can be made from white carnation petals. | <urn:uuid:18015c19-351c-49bc-bfc6-020ffb4ca9e3> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.gardenguides.com/13426248-meaning-of-white-carnation-flowers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655899931.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709100539-20200709130539-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.954799 | 721 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The lungs are where the air you breathe is processed, and the
oxygen is removed and transferred to the blood stream for
distribution throughout your body. The amount of air your lungs can
process is the first limiting factor that determines an
The more conditioned your lungs are, the more conditioned the
rest of your body will become. This is why breathing properly
during exercise to provide the maximum load of oxygen is essential
during your training.
The question that always comes up is when to inhale and when to
exhale. If you take a yoga or Pilates class, the instructor will
tell you to inhale on the contraction or the shortening of the
muscle and exhale on the expansion or lengthening of the muscle
being worked. If you talk with a personal trainer, they will
typically tell you to inhale on the expansion and exhale on the
contraction of the muscle.
So who is right? Which should you do to get maximum results?
Breathing is one of the most natural things you do, but while
working out it can be difficult to incorporate correctly.
You may find yourself holding your breath temporarily to
increase your strength, but be aware of the risks of this. Holding
your breath during a weight-training set can result in higher blood
pressure. The increased blood pressure makes it harder for your
heart to pump blood and eventually will reduce blood flow to the
You may find yourself increasing your breathing as you work out
due to a higher heart rate and need of oxygen to the muscles at a
This occurs more often when you are doing cardio work such as
walking, running, bike riding or any other longer term activities.
During a weight training set, your heart rate will increase along
with your breathing to get the blood to the muscle that is being
Increasing your rate of breathing for a period of time can lead
to dizziness, dramatic pressure undulation or fluctuation and, in
some cases, nausea. It may even lead to fainting during or after an
This is why we need to make sure that our breathing techniques
are done properly.
Natural rhythmic breathing is usually the best way to go. Your
body will return to its natural state if you do not consciously try
to hold your breathe to get more power, talk too much during the
exertion of your workouts or try to take multiple deep breaths.
During heavy lifting you should inhale a little more than normal
prior to the movement and exhale as you are lifting or doing the
action. For example, if you are doing a chest press, you would
exhale as you lift the bar off your chest and inhale again as you
bring the bar back down. Do not make these breaths so deep and
powerful that you cannot breathe after the second repetition. Your
breaths should be natural, but with a little bit of force if | <urn:uuid:a6c7eb62-1acc-4fa2-9250-733c1a447355> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2005/Sep/03/know-when-to-inhale-and-exhale/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657102753.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011142-00049-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94252 | 608 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Adequacy of the lateral cervical spine X-ray Dr. Mahadevan from Stanford School of Medicine explains adequacy for lateral cervical (neck) x-rays
Adequacy of the lateral cervical spine X-ray
- We're going to look at some radiographs of the cervical spine of the neck and try to determine whether they're adequate or not.
- What does it mean to be adequate? When you have an adequate view, you can see from the first
- vertebrae all the way down to the junction of the seventh cervical vertebra and the first thoracic vertebrae.
- I see. We call it adequate because it's adequate to make a diagnosis. That's right.
- You want to see the entire cervical spine so that you can make sure that there is not an injury there.
- So what are we looking at? What are we directly staring at here? We are looking at the lateral which shows
- essentially part of the cervical spine. It shows cervical vertebra one through five. I see.
- Just to make myself clear, these are both lateral x-rays--meaning x-rays from the side of a person. That's right.
- If I know my anatomy, this person is facing this way. They're actually facing the other way.
- Oh, I can see, and there's a little jaw. Okay, I was just testing you. Good job.
- Alright, so the person is facing that way. This way is the front. And you were counting the different bones.
- Exactly. You were saying this is one, two, three, four, five. That's why you hear people with back
- injuries saying they have problems in what do they call it? L5. Yes, exactly. Actually we count even
- further forward from there, and we look at exactly at those things that kind of look like squares.
- Those are the actual vertebra. Exactly, right there. Exactly. Although we're interested in the entire spine,
- we kind of go down. You can see if you look at the fifth square there; below that it's really hard to
- see the squares of six and seven. Right, we can't see anything below that. It looks like this person's
- shoulder is blocking it. Exactly. You can see that that big white thing there is the person's shoulder
- has gotten in the way. They shouldn't have worn those lead shoulder pads. (laughter). It's making
- it hard to see if there's something going on down there. So how do you solve that? If you look over
- at the other film, it's what we call a swimmer's view. We ask the patient to raise one arm and lower the other.
- In doing so, you clear that lower cervical spine and allow better visualization of the entire
- spine. I see. And you're taking it from the direction of the raised arm. You take from the side.
- And you can see . . . this is the raised arm here, and the other arm on the further side of the patient
- is down. That allows us to get the should in position so that it doesn't block like this one does over here.
- It's also clearer that this person is facing in this direction. (laughter) So let me see if
- we can count. So this is number one. Yes, that's one. One, two, three, four, five, six, and there
- we already got to six. We didn't see six over here, and then we've got seven. So you would call this
- an adequate view of the neck because now we can look all the way through seven.
- Absolutely, we can get all the way down to seven. And ideally you want to see the top of one.
- Actually, in this counting system we go one through seven. And then we start back at one again
- because we're starting with the thoracic vertebra. Oh, it's like those streets where they start numbering
- where it comes one again. Did I number that right? You did. Again, we're looking more to the
- front. You've got your numbers perfectly on every spinous process. The little bump that you can feel
- when you press on the back of the neck. But we're really more interested in the alignment of the front
- of the vertebral body. Okay, so this is one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven. You want to look
- at the top of one. If you just continue down right there, sometimes it's difficult to see.
- But exactly you want to see if there's an alignment right in front. There's something right here that I cannot really see,
- but you're an expert, so maybe you see things that I don't. (laughter) What do we so with
- this. We've shown you that you can get a swimmer's view, and it can show you all the way down to c7 and t1.
- But on the orginal view as you've shown, you can't see that. So what we did for this patient
- was get a swimmer's view. I see, so it's adequate. We have this other slide right over here.
- Why is this one interesting? This is the same patient, and now we've taken that same view that we talked about before.
- I mean the swimmer's view. This is the same patient as this patient right here, not this patient over on the right. That one looked pretty healthy. Exactly.
- But here's an abnormal swimmer's view. The same person as this one, not the other one.
- Facing in the same direction in case you want to test me. (chuckle) Okay, good. If you count again, starting with the first vertebra
- One, two, three. Three's this one here. I see this whole things three right here. Four, five, six,
- and then seven if I see that properly. (It's a little dark there.) Absolutely, the key important
- finding there is that as you draw a line along the anterior (or the front) of all those vertebral bodies
- if you were to connect them. Right. Just like that. I'll draw a dotted line. Fantastic. And as you
- go down. Oh, look at that--seven as it looks like there's a little of a disruption there. Exactly,
- and it's pushed back. And the problem is right behind those bones is your spinal cord. So, any kind
- of injury like this can potentially injure your spinal cord and lead to permanent paralysis or weakness.
- So this is the main thing. So there's two big takeaways from this short little segement: one is that you have
- to make sure you have the information to make a diagnosis. For example, this over here you couldn't even
- do something useful because you're not able to see the number six and number seven. Exactly, we'd call
- it inadequate as you cannot draw any conclusions from that. That's why you would want them to get in
- that swimmer's position, raise the arm from the direction you're looking at from the direction you're
- looking at and lower the other arm. Correct. And then you can see something like this.
- This right over here is cause for trouble because now you can go all the way to seven, and you can actually see
- that they are not aligned. Absolutely, this is someone that you wouldn't let get out of your emergency
- department without seeing a spine specialist whereas if you didn't have that view, you might falsely be
Be specific, and indicate a time in the video:
At 5:31, how is the moon large enough to block the sun? Isn't the sun way larger?
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When naming a variable, it is okay to use most letters, but some are reserved, like 'e', which represents the value 2.7831...
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The ocean covers an area of about 361 million square kilometers, about 71% of the Earth. For that reason, it is a home to a large portion of all life on Earth. The life in the ocean includes many different species. Some species seem bizarre, others are enormous, some are delicious to eat, and others are dangerous. Living organisms can be found throughout the ocean, even in the most remote and harsh parts.
- Describe the different types of ocean organisms.
- Describe the interactions among different ocean organisms.
Types of Ocean OrganismsEdit
There is a great variety of ocean life that ranges from the smallest animals on Earth to the largest. Some of these organisms breathe air from the atmosphere, while others can extract oxygen from the water. There are those that mostly float on the surface and those found in the ocean's depths. Some animals eat other organisms, while other creatures generate food from sunlight. The abundance of life in the oceans can seem endless. However pollution, acidification of the oceans, and overfishing can greatly reduce the diversity and abundance of ocean life. By studying and understanding the creatures of the ocean, humans can better preserve these organisms. With this in mind, we'll learn about the life forms in the ocean by dividing them into seven basic groups.
The most abundant life forms in the ocean are plankton; most are so small that you can't even see them (Figure 14.27). These include many types of algae, copepods, and jellyfish. Because exploring the oceans is much harder than studying the land, many marine organisms haven't been extensively studied by humans. Scientists believe many species of marine organisms haven't even been discovered yet. The plankton are one group of organisms that have been studied extensively. The word "plankton", which comes from the Greek for wanderer, describes how these organisms live. All plankton float freely or drift, wandering at the ocean's surface.
The first link in all marine food chains are the phytoplankton, or 'plant' plankton, which use sunlight to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water (photosynthesis). Because they need sunlight, they can only live in the photic zone. Through photosynthesis, phytoplankton make food for themselves and give off oxygen, which is a waste product for them but essential for all animals on Earth. Phytoplankton produce all the food at the bottom of the ocean food chain, so they are called primary producers. Most of the photosynthesis on Earth happens in the oceans and phytoplankton produce a large share of the oxygen in the air we breathe. Zooplankton, or animal plankton eat phytoplankton as their source of food. They can be found in all parts of the ocean.
Plants and AlgaeEdit
There are only a few true plants in the oceans; these include salt marsh grasses and mangrove trees. But large algae, or seaweed, also use photosynthesis to make food, just as plants do on land. These organisms have to live in the photic zone, because they require sunlight for photosynthesis. For that reason, most plants, seaweeds and algae in the ocean are found near the ocean surface or close to the shore. The large algae kelp grows in the neritic zone (Figure 14.28). Kelp tends to grow in forests, and can reach over 50 meters long. Kelp forests sustain an abundance of life, like the otter that lives in their swaying stems. It is thought that land plants adapted from ocean organisms some 500 million years ago.
The ocean includes a great variety of animals. One major group of animals is the invertebrates. Invertebrates are animals with no spinal column. Marine invertebrates include sea slugs, sea anemones, starfish, octopi, clams, sponges, sea worms, crabs and lobsters. Most of these animals are found close to the shore, but they can be found throughout the ocean. In fact, scientists were amazed to discover invertebrates that thrived in the deep ocean near hydrothermal (hot water) vents, including giant tube worms, crabs, and shrimps (Figure 14.29).
Like us, fish are vertebrates that have a spinal column and a hard skull. They are animals that have adapted to life in the water. Most fish are "cold-blooded" animals that have fins with which to move and steer, scales that protect them, gills with which to extract oxygen from the water, and a swim bladder that lets them float at particular depths within the ocean. Included among the fish are sardines, salmon, and eels, as well as the sharks and rays (which lack swim bladders) (Figure 14.30).
Reptiles are air-breathing, "cold-blooded" vertebrates. A few groups of reptiles have adapted to life at sea. These include sea turtles, sea snakes, a few saltwater crocodiles, and the marine iguana, which is found only at the Galapagos Islands (Figure 14.31). Most sea snakes bear live young in the ocean and do not need to come on land to breed. But turtles, crocodiles, and marine iguanas all lay their eggs on land, which makes both eggs and adults vulnerable to predation. For example, people use sea turtles or their eggs for food, for their shells, and for the medicinal purposes that some cultures believe they possess. Sea turtles are endangered species, so they are protected in many countries around the world.
Everybody loves penguins, a type of bird adapted to the sea (Figure 14.32). They do not fly; rather they are adapted to swimming and may spend half of their time at sea looking for food. There are many other kinds of seabirds, though, like gulls, gannets, pelicans, and petrels. Seabirds are adapted to catching fish by diving or by grabbing them at the surface with their claws.
Mammals are warm-blooded vertebrates that feed their young with milk. Most mammals have hair, ears, a jaw bone with teeth, and give birth to developed young. There are five types of marine mammals. The first type is termed Cetaceans which include whales, dolphins, and porpoises. The second type is called Sirenians which include the manatee and the dugong. Seals, sea lions, and walruses comprise the Pinniped group. Sea otters are the ocean members of the fourth group, the Mustelids, which also includes skunks, badgers and weasels (Figure 14.33). The final type of ocean marine mammal is the polar bear, which depends heavily on the ocean for survival and is adapted to a life around the sea.
Interactions Among Ocean OrganismsEdit
To best understand how ocean organisms interact, it is necessary to consider the particular environments in which they live. There are four main ocean habitats: the intertidal zone and shore, reefs, the open ocean, and the deep sea including trenches. Most organisms have some adaptations specific to their preferred habitat.
A great abundance of life can be found in the intertidal zone. Many intertidal animals can live in or out of the water; some spend one part of their lives in the water and another out of the water. They must be adapted to frequent shifting of water levels and wave impacts. In response, many have hard shells and strong attachments that keep them safe. Some animals, like marine mussels, cling steadily to a rock for their entire lives (Figure 14.34). Many young organisms get their start in estuaries, which are special ecosystems affected by the tides, where freshwater and salt water come together.
Reefs are built up by corals and other animals that deposit the mineral calcium carbonate to make rock formations near the shore. They support a complex ecosystem of ocean organisms that live within the coral reef. These diverse organisms have complex interactions with one another; some species help each other to survive. When reefs are destroyed or polluted, certain species can be affected more than others. Harm to one species may have a domino effect on other species. This may cause the entire ecosystem to collapse. Coral reefs are particularly sensitive to certain threats like temperature change and oil spills.
The open ocean refers to the large open expanses of ocean water. This vast area is the primary habitat for relatively few animals. Most of the food in the ocean is found nearer to shore, so most of these animals are just passing through. Some larger animals like whales and giant groupers may live their entire lives in the open water.
As you know, scientists were surprised to find life in ocean trenches, the deepest parts of the ocean. How can animals survive at that depth? They have adapted to the resources available there, and some bacteria can even use inorganic compounds as energy sources instead of relying on the sun as a source of energy. This is called chemosynthesis. Shrimp, clams, fish, and giant tube worms have been found in these extreme places.
Still other animals can live on floating rafts of algae or in frozen places, like the North and South Poles. No matter where you might look in the grand ocean, some creature has found a way to live there. Almost all of these creatures depend on each other. Certainly all creatures depend on producers that convert sunlight into biomass. Our oceans are currently threatened by global warming, overuse and pollution. These imbalances in the ecosystems may someday devastate the delicate web of life on which humans depend.
- Our oceans are home to a tremendous diversity of life including the very smallest bacteria to the very largest baleen whale.
- Some marine organisms float at the surface using the sun's energy, some exist at great ocean depths transforming chemicals in the water into food.
- Plankton are freely floating organisms that include the photosynthetic phytoplankton as well as the animals that eat them, the zooplankton.
- Virtually every phyla on Earth is represented in the ocean including invertebrate and vertebrate organisms, fish, reptiles, seabirds and even air breathing mammals.
- Many creatures in the ocean live in cooperation with other organisms, like coral animals that live symbiotically with dinoflagellates in their tissues.
- What are seven categories of life in the ocean?
- What does "invertebrate" mean?
- What is the group of organisms are the primary producers in the ocean, on which all other life depends?
- If fish require oxygen to live, why can't they survive on land?
- Some people argue that polar bears are not really marine mammals because they don't live in the ocean itself. They would say polar bears are land animals like all other bears. What is your opinion? Explain.
- What are four major habitats of ocean organisms?
- Describe adaptations that an organism that lives in a reef might have. How might these adaptations be different from an organism that lives in the open ocean?
- Describe the importance of maintaining the ecosystem in the ocean.
- Using inorganic compounds to produce food.
- Animals with no spinal column.
- Plankton that can photosynthesize and therefore create oxygen and sugars.
- A diverse group of tiny animals and plants that freely drift in the water.
- A large underwater structure created from the calcium carbonate skeletons of coral.
- Animals with a spinal column.
- Plankton that are tiny animals; they usually consume phytoplankton or other zooplankton as food.
Points to ConsiderEdit
- How does the ocean interact with the atmosphere?
- How is energy transferred around the planet and how does this affect life on Earth?
- What does global warming mean for the oceans and how might this affect the entire globe? | <urn:uuid:dfbe2c5f-b158-49a5-b1b1-5cada9072213> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/High_School_Earth_Science/Ocean_Life | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931007150.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155647-00014-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94279 | 2,468 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Posted June 26th, 2014 by Seth Birnbaum
In the late seventies, a group of researchers set out to test the power of goal-setting. They conducted an experiment in which Harvard MBA students were asked whether they had written down specific goals for the future and whether they had clearly outlined how to accomplish them.
Three percent of the students responded that they had written down their goals, 13 percent said they had goals that were not written down, and the remaining 84 percent hadn’t set specific goals.A decade later, the researchers sought out the same students. The results?
The 13 percent of the class that had set goals were out-earning those that hadn’t set goals by two-fold. And the lucky three percent who had written down specific goals were earning ten times more than the rest of the class put together.
As it turns out, these unbelievable results are exactly that. The Harvard goal study is a myth that has paraded as a bonafide psychology experiment in self-help books and blog posts. Still, the experiment’s fictitiousness need not distract from its message: setting clear goals is a powerful exercise that impacts your future.
Whatever you envision for yourself down the road—kids, travel, or retirement—will require some dough. And since hoping for financial success is like waiting to win the lottery, you need concrete steps to secure your financial future.
Here’s where your financial goals list comes in. It takes your financial wishes into account and lays out how you can achieve them, starting now.
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What Are Financial Goals, Exactly?
In a nutshell, a financial goal is something you want to accomplish that requires money. Financial goals are broken down into three categories:
- Short-term goals. These are goals that you can reach within two years. For a college student, this could be saving up for a down payment on a first apartment. A short term goal could also include paying off credit card debt.
- Mid-term goals. These are goals that you can attain within two to five years. If you’re planning to have children in the relatively near future, a mid-term goal could be saving up for a house or apartment with an extra bedroom. Saving up enough to make a down payment on a car could also be a mid-term goal.
- Long-term goals. These are goals that will take more than five years to achieve. Long-term goals include paying off all debt and building up enough savings to retire.
It’s important to set financial goals in each of the three categories so that you can cater to your financial needs at different timeframes without sacrificing one important need for another.
How to Set Your Financial Goals
Grab paper and a pen—you can start right now.
1. Write Down Priorities
To come to purposeful and measurable financial goals, start by thinking about what you want to achieve with your money. “A down payment on a new car” or “a comfortable retirement” is more meaningful than “$500 in savings” and “$100,000 in IRA savings by age 50.”
Good financial goal setting translates these visions into manageable, concrete steps. What does your ideal financial situation look like in 5 years? 10 years? Think about what your priorities are and what you hope to accomplish with your money management.
Writing out a list can help you organize your thoughts. If your finances are shared with a spouse, creating a financial goals list together will help you to stay on the same page when it comes to saving and spending.
Some important financial steps that you might consider when making your list include:
- Paying off debt
- Saving for your children’s education
- Saving for retirement
- Purchasing a big-ticket item (like a car or a house)
- Setting aside an emergency fund
- Investing your funds adequately
Specify whether goals are short-, mid-, or long-term as you brainstorm.
2. Backtrack and Prioritize
Once you’ve completed your list, it’s time to trace these goals to the present. From there, you can prioritize financial needs and establish the steps required to support them.
For each item in your short-, mid-, and long-term goals section, estimate costs or your intended savings. From there, break down how much you’ll need to devote per month to reach this financial goal. This worksheet provides a good template.
Can you commit to the monthly cost of each financial goal? Don’t be discouraged if you can’t attend to all of your goals at once. Returning to your financial priorities and revising your goals to make them as realistic as possible will increase your chances of success.
Being too aggressive with your planning can lead to more frustration and less of a chance that you follow through.
Carrie Schwab-Pomerantz, President of the Charles Schwab Foundation, explains in a recent article what makes for good versus bad debt, and how to juggle multiple financial necessities. She advocates striking a balance between debt payments and savings.
Getting out of “bad debt” is a financial priority. Saving and investing (early!) should also be prioritized, since the time value of money will grow your funds. You can see how much, approximately, with CNN’s savings calculator.
Still, the process of prioritizing is not cut and dry—you’ll need to personalize your plans depending on what’s important to you.
Planning is nothing without the action!
Make sure you set aside time to actually implement the strategies you’ve outlined to meet your goals. Better yet, do it before you stand up from your goal-setting session.
Do you need to set up an automatic transfer from your checking account your savings? Hop online or call the bank. Would you like to see a financial advisor to better direct your investments? Ask trusted friends for a recommendation. Have you decided to start a 529 Plan for your child's future college expenses? Open it up and start dedicating savings as soon as possible.
Taking action while your financial priorities are still fresh in your mind will prevent your goals from falling by the wayside. These additional strategies will help you to stay on track:
- Automate it! Automated payments are immune to human forgetfulness. It’s easy to send automatic monthly payments to various accounts so you can keep up with your goals with less effort.
- Keep your goals in view. Returning to your goals every now and then, or keeping them written down in a place where you see them often, will remind you of the payoff you’ll enjoy by sticking to your plan.
- Reassess your spending. Forgive me for stating the obvious: saving is easier when you spend less. Changing your present habits can make a big difference in your financial situation.
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Being out in wild nature has been shown to reduce stress and lift our spirits. But does watching nature documentaries have a similar effect? A study from UC Berkeley and BBC Earth suggests so.
UC Berkeley psychologist Dacher Keltner teamed up with BBC Earth to explore the connection between nature videos and positive emotions.
“I have long believed that nature and viewing sublime and beautiful nature in painting, film and video shifts how we look at the world, and humbles us, brings into focus our core goals, diminishes the petty voice of the self and strengthens our nervous system,” says Keltner, who has published numerous studies on the psychological and physiological effects of nature-inspired awe.
“When the BBC approached me about working together, it was a no-brainer,” he adds. “I think their video content inspires green tendencies in viewers.”
The online study surveyed more than 7,500 people in the United States, United Kingdom, India, Singapore, Australia and South Africa. Participants reported how they felt before and after viewing clips of “Planet Earth II” wildlife footage, popular drama and news coverage.
Compared to news, drama and emotionally neutral footage, video clips of wildlife and nature aroused a distinct uptick in feelings of awe, curiosity, joy and amazement and reduced feelings of anger, stress, low energy and tiredness.
“The importance of the Real Happiness study is that brief exposures to Planet Earth II content bring greater awe, positive emotion, and wellbeing to people in six countries,” Keltner says. “The results also show that younger people are highly stressed out, and that viewing videos about the natural world reduces their stress, which tells me that we can turn to other kinds of new social media content to find calm during these highly stressful times.” | <urn:uuid:9fd4bf27-78be-4411-94b3-d19ff76f0385> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://news.berkeley.edu/2017/03/16/nature-videos/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805049.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118210145-20171118230145-00756.warc.gz | en | 0.934369 | 374 | 2.859375 | 3 |
BLACK LAKE - Lake sturgeon fishers can spear a total of five of the fish from Black Lake this year, one fish short of last year's voluntary quota.
A new method that more closely models the lake's adult sturgeon population is behind the smaller quota, rather than an actual population drop, Tim Cwalinski of the Department of Natural Resources said. He's the Northern Lake Huron Management Unit lake sturgeon coordinator, and said the new method factors in differing spawning intervals for individual sturgeon. This is the result of years of research, including annual spawning surveys on the Black River.
"The old method violated some assumptions on how often sturgeon spawn ... the new method actually allows for better math," he said. "Instead of a generality, it actually incorporates different spawning periods in there."
The Sturgeon Shivaree is set to begin on Jan. 31, a day before sturgeon season opens on Black Lake, local Sturgeon For Tomorrow chapter President Brenda Archambo said. This celebration of all things lake sturgeon kicked off in 1961, and this is the second year of its revival. The two-day shivaree includes live music on both days, a Native American drum ceremony on Jan. 31, a fishing contest and kids activities on Feb. 1 and a poker run involving area businesses.
For a full schedule, visit www.sturgeonfortomorrow.org/shivaree/.
Proceeds from the shivaree will support research, habitat and outreach programs, including a lake sturgeon hatchery on Black River. It's the result of a partnership between the DNR, Michigan State University, the local Sturgeon for Tomorrow chapter and the Tower-Kleber Limited Partnership.
"People really do care. We have something special here in northern Michigan," she said. "People around the world are looking at how we have rose up over the years to create this collaboration between academia, the DNR, (Native American) tribes and a nonprofit organization."
The DNR's newest population model is drawing attention as well, Cwalinski said. It's been in the works for a few years, and the department collaborated with researchers in New Zealand to develop the "cutting edge" method. Each spring, the department works with MSU biologists to survey the Black River spawn, and after 13 years researchers learned more about spawning intervals for individual fish.
Other agencies are looking into the research on Black Lake sturgeon, especially on population numbers, Cwalinski said. The findings on spawning periodicity might apply to other species that breed at different intervals.
For the season itself, there are a few differences, according to Cwalinski and the DNR. The department once again will hold a pre-registration at its field office on M-211 on Jan. 31. However, on opening day only the Zolner Road location will be open for same-day registration.
Season rules are largely unchanged as well, according to the DNR. The season starts at 8 a.m. Feb. 1, and fishing runs each day from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. The season ends after the fifth fish has been speared, if four fish are speared by 2 p.m. on a given day or at 2 p.m. Feb. 5, whichever happens first. There's no minimum size on lake sturgeon to take fishing pressure off large, spawning adults, likely to be females.
Anglers need an all-species fishing license, a free sturgeon tag and a disposable spearing flag. Licenses and kill tags are available from any DNR license retailer, and the flag is available at registration. Those who successfully spear a fish must tag it immediately, contact an on-ice DNR employee and register the fish at the Zolner Road trailer.
Sturgeon for Tomorrow volunteers will help to notify anglers the season has ended, Cwalinski said. The organization is as much a part of managing the annual season as the DNR.
As in years past, state-licensed anglers will share an allocation of fish with five Native American tribes, Cwalinski said. This allocation is 1.2 percent of the estimated spawning population, with one buffer fish subtracted voluntarily in case an extra fish is speared.
Stocked juvenile sturgeon are doing better than expected, Cwalinski said. A gill net survey in 2013 showed good numbers of larger fish, and males that were stocked 10 years ago should start making the spawning run soon. This could mean higher sturgeon quotas in winters to come. | <urn:uuid:067feb38-a0fd-4b16-abe7-afb4273c0beb> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.thealpenanews.com/page/content.detail/id/528160/Lake-sturgeon-season-opens-Feb--1.html?nav=5004 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257831771.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071031-00306-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944165 | 953 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Written collaboratively by Norman Spencer and Paul Smolen M.D.
Experts at the CDC are recognizing a growing pattern of behavior among children, experimentation with homemade chemical explosions. Picture this, it is almost the end of the school day and class is almost over. Tired excited students wait eagerly for the bell to ring. As the students line the hallways ready to evacuate, one sees smoke billowing from a neighboring hallway. Everyone begins to panic, assuming the building is on fire but this is not smoke from an accidental fire, rather this is the result of a nasty prank designed to end school a little early. Experts are recognizing this behavior as a growing trend; students using homemade chemical bombs (HCBs) for school pranks and other school-age shenanigans. Unfortunately many of these young pranksters do not understand all the dangers associated with these seemingly comical pranks.
The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), a federal government agency, probed data related to HCBs incidents from 2003-2011. A subsequent report found out of 134 HCBs-related events, 21 events (16%) resulted in ‘adverse’ health effects. These ‘adverse’ health effects included serious burns and respiratory problems. As you might have guessed, the majority of the injured were youths.
What exactly are HBCs and why are they so dangerous? HCBs are constructed from readily accessible chemicals like common household cleaners, which contain chemicals like hydrochloric acid and ammonia. Youths mix these chemicals together in small bottles and the resulting reaction produces loud sounds and smoke, just like a bomb. The danger comes from the gases and flying shrapnel from the bottle, which can inflict serious permanent illness and injury. Not sounding like too much fun anymore?
What happened to those fun school activities like freeze tag or playing Oregon Trail? Young students are learning to use their water bottles for what they perceive as “more fun,” and are getting hurt in the process. This is a serious matter that concerns not just our youth, but our parents and teachers alike since the majority of HCBs explosions occur in public places, especially schools. Do we need the TSA checking every student as they enter school or can we just teach our children the boundaries of acceptable behavior? Only time will tell.
The internet has opened up infinite amount of information and dangers for our children. Homemade bombs is just one example of that reality. Don’t you long for the days when toilet bowl cleaner was for toilets, ammonia was for cleaning floors and windows, and bleach was the key to getting your gym socks clean? Take a moment today to inform your children that if they see a fellow student carrying anything suspicious, they need to talk to those in charge. Our best defense is awareness.
I welcome your comments at my blog, www.docsmo.com. Until next time.
Dr. Paul Smolen has been practicing pediatrics for 32 years as an attending physician at Carolinas Medical Center, an Adjunct Associate Professor at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine-Chapel Hill, and a private practitioner.
To learn more about Dr. Smolen, click here.
DocSmo is a member of the Charlotte News Alliance, a consortium of local media partners. | <urn:uuid:81f24348-1bd5-400a-aff1-7a465bcd237e> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.charlotteobserver.com/living/health-family/moms/moms-columns-blogs/article9092054.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121355.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00148-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9584 | 674 | 3.171875 | 3 |
In October of 1995, three areas in southern Ontario (Point Pelee, Long Point and Prince Edward Point) were designated as Monarch butterfly reserves as part of an international agreement with Mexico. Little protection currently exists elsewhere in Canada with regard to the Monarch and its habitats. Ultimately, the survival of the Monarch depends on the health of the overwintering sites in Mexico and California. However, it is important for Canada to do its part in ensuring that Monarchs returning from the overwintering grounds each year have a place to breed in order to rebuild the population, which may be severely reduced in size by climatic disasters and predation at the overwintering sites. Without ensuring the continued existence of suitable breeding habitat within its own borders, Canada is in no position to offer aid or advice with regard to the current crisis at the Mexican overwintering sites. Efforts to protect the Monarch in Canada should therefore concentrate on maintaining existing habitat for Monarchs, encouraging the creation of new habitat, and on identifying and protecting critical staging areas in southern Ontario where Monarchs congregate in great numbers along their fall migration route.
At present there is abundant habitat for Monarchs in southern Ontario and Quebec, consisting mainly of abandoned farms and roadside verges. This habitat can easily be lost in one of three ways:
- Abandoned farms being put into active production.
- Succession of abandoned farmlands into wooded and brushy habitats.
- Active programs to eliminate milkweed.
The continued availability of milkweeds growing on abandoned farmlands can be ensured by encouraging farmers to cut abandoned fields in the late fall (mid-September to early October) when Monarch breeding has ended. This would restrict the growth of woody plants (trees and shrubs) - which normally crowd out milkweeds in the succession of old fields to brushy and wooded habitats - while allowing milkweeds and nectar-producing wildflowers to continue to thrive each year. Weedy and brushy fields in parks (including provincial and national parks in southern Ontario which contain areas of abandoned farmland) could be maintained in the same way through selective cutting or controlled burning.
Rather than maintaining grasses along the median strips and verges of highways, wildflower mixes including milkweeds could be planted instead, as has been done in some areas of the United States. While the maintenance of grassy borders along roads and highways requires the application of herbicides and repeated mowings, strips of wildflowers would require mowing only once a year, in the late fall, to restrict the growth of woody plants. In addition to creating increased breeding habitat for Monarchs, maintaining wildflowers along highways would be more economical, and would be beneficial to many other species of butterflies and flower-visiting insects. Maintaining powerline corridors through selective cutting rather than herbicide spraying would similarly increase the availability of hostplant and nectar resources for Monarchs.
The creation of butterfly gardens and milkweed areas in communities would also increase the availability of Monarch habitat, and would partially compensate for the loss of habitat resulting from urban sprawl. The creation of butterfly gardens could be undertaken as part of public education and awareness programs in schools and communities, highlighting the uniqueness of the Monarch and the role that community and backyard gardens can play in ensuring its continued survival in North America. There has been a great increase in public awareness of the Monarch and its annual migration in the last few years (see section H) and many communities would probably respond positively if the connection between milkweed in gardens, and the spectacular migration and overwintering in Mexico, were drawn. The increasing popularity of butterfly gardening in North America, and the growing number of seed houses now dealing in wildflowers, suggests that community programs to develop Monarch habitat would be well received.
Milkweed are presently considered noxious weeds in most areas of Canada. The decision to control milkweeds in left to the provinces, and ultimately to regional municipalities. In most areas there appears to be no active program to eliminate milkweeds, except where there are specific complaints. However, lepidopterists contacted in both Manitoba and Nova Scotia reported that milkweeds were currently being sprayed and eliminated in their areas (see section D). The removal of milkweeds from provincial noxious weed acts is a necessary first step to ensuring the continued existence of breeding habitat for the Monarch in Canada. An obvious conflict is created by encouraging communities, farmers and various agencies to maintain milkweed areas and plant butterfly gardens, while officially milkweeds are still recognized as noxious weeds. Milkweeds are included in noxious weed acts because they are considered to be poisonous to livestock. However, the level of toxicity varies among milkweed species, and Common Milkweed, which is one of the least toxic species, was apparently listed by the Ontario Weed Control Act based only on circumstantial evidence (Alex 1992). In many habitats where they occur milkweeds pose no direct threat to livestock, and they could be safely removed from noxious weed acts, while recognizing that in some situations where there is a real concern it may still be necessary to eradicate them.
In addition to ensuring that breeding habitat for Monarchs in Canada remains widely available, consideration should also be given to the importance of certain areas of Canada to the success of the Monarch's annual migration. The main population of Monarchs breeding in eastern Canada funnels through southern and eastern Ontario each year, and the availability of roosting sites and nectar sources is crucial to the success of their fall migration. Staging areas along the north shores of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie where Monarchs gather into migratory swarms and form large aggregations at overnight roosting spots should be recognized and protected. While it is probable that specific trees are not crucial as roosting sites, the presence of both suitable roosting trees and adjacent open areas where the butterflies can forage for nectar is essential. Critical stands of trees where overnight roosts form each year should be identified and protected from disturbance such as the development of campgrounds, picnic grounds, and roadways. Weedy fields adjacent to these areas, that support large numbers of wildflowers suitable for nectaring, should be maintained through selective cutting. Most staging areas in Canada lie within protected areas (e.g. Presquile Provincial Park, Point Pelee National Park, etc.) but this does not ensure the maintenance of suitable habitat for the monarch. For example, most areas of former abandoned fields in parks are rapidly changing to brushy and wooded habitats that are not suitable for nectaring.
D. POPULATION SIZE AND TREND
Based on estimates of the number of butterflies overwintering in Mexico and California, the eastern population of the Monarch presently numbers in the tens of millions, while the smaller western population numbers in the millions. Historical data indicates that the size of both populations fluctuates regularly, and often dramatically, as a result of winter storm mortality, poor breeding conditions, predation, parasitism, disease and other pressures in combination with each other. Numbers can vary by a factor of 10 over time, and in the past both the eastern and western populations of the Monarch have suffered losses approaching 90% and still recovered when the 10% surviving experienced optimal conditions in the breeding range. However, while a fluctuating population size appears to be the norm for Monarchs, human degradation of the overwintering sites in Mexico is resulting in consistently higher levels of mortality, which may be pushing the population size below a threshold level from which it can recover itself. Widespread and increasing use of herbicides throughout North America may also result in dwindling fall migrations to the overwintering sites in the next few years (Brower 1995), due to the eradication of hostplants and nectar sources in the breeding range. Without real protection of the Mexican overwintering sites, as well as protection of breeding habitats and nectar resources along migration routes in Canada and the United States, the eastern population of the Monarch may become extirpated in North America early in the next century (Brower 1995).
The number of Monarchs reaching Canada each year is entirely dependent on the success of overwintering in Mexico and California, and on weather conditions in the United States during the northward remigration in the spring and early summer. Severe winter storms with freezing temperatures at the Mexican overwintering sites resulted in extremely high mortality in the eastern population of the species in the winter of 1991-92, with 80% mortality being recorded at one site (Brower 1995), and high mortality has also been reported in the recent winter of 1995-96. At the overwintering sites in California, possibly as a result of disease, numbers of western Monarchs crashed in 1992, dropped to the lowest level on record by the winter of 1994-95, then rebounded to near-normal levels in the winter of 1995-96.
Few Monarchs reached Canada in 1992 due to the high mortality at the overwintering sites in Mexico, and numbers remained low over much of the country in 1992 and 1993 due to unusually cool, wet summers. Numbers in Canada increased in 1994 and 1995 to about average. Monarch occurrence in each region of Canada in the last five years is described in more detail below.
Monarchs occur erratically in British Columbia at the best of times and in recent years there have been few reports. In the last five years, breeding has been observed near Lillooet (adults and larvae in numbers) and in the Okanagan Valley (larvae on milkweed).
In Alberta, Monarchs occur very rarely, and breeding usually occurs only in the southern region of the province, and rarely as far north as Edmonton. In 1994 about a dozen Monarchs were found breeding near Taber in the Old Man River area.
In Saskatchewan, where Monarchs are also scarce and irregular, none was recorded in 1993, but in 1994 a small migration occurred with a total of 20 Monarchs being reported in the province (Minno & Minno 1995).
In southern Manitoba, Monarchs occur regularly and in greater numbers than elsewhere in the prairies, although they are less common in the southeastern part of the province, which is more extensively wooded and supports less Monarch habitat. Monarchs were common to abundant in 1991 in southern Manitoba. In 1992 they were uncommon, and weak flights with very few Monarchs being reported occurred in 1993 and 1994. In 1995 Monarchs were again fairly common, but still below the levels of 1991. In southern Manitoba, milkweeds are being sprayed with herbicides in roadside ditches in response to complaints from farmers who were concerned that the plants would spread from roadsides into their fields.
Ontario and Quebec
In southern Ontario and southern Quebec, Monarchs occur annually, and frequently in abundance. In 1991 numbers in Ontario and Quebec were at normal levels with Monarchs being common in most milkweed patches. In 1992, after the disastrous winter kill in Mexico, Monarch numbers were very low over much of Ontario, making it one of the worst years for Monarchs ever recorded (McKown 1993). Monarchs increased to some degree in 1993, and a large migratory flight was noted at Point Pelee (see Species Movement in section F). The Monarch was more common in 1994 and 1995, almost back to normal levels, reflecting the gradual recovery of the species from the 1992 disaster. In spite of generally low numbers in much of Canada over the last few years, Point Pelee in extreme southern Ontario (the primary concentration point for migrating Monarchs in Canada) continued to report large numbers of Monarchs.
In New Brunswick, Monarchs occur irregularly and breeding is largely restricted to a limited area of the province where Common Milkweed grows along the banks of the Saint John River. Dr. Anthony Thomas of Forestry Canada (personal communication) has seen about 100 Monarchs in the province in 20 years of field work; 1991 was a good year for Monarchs in New Brunswick, but only one or two per year were recorded form 1992 to 1995.
In Nova Scotia, Monarchs are never very common; none was encountered in 1994, and only a few were found in 1995. Common Milkweed is rare and localized in Nova Scotia, and officers spray for it when they find it. As a result, Monarch breeding in Nova Scotia does not produce large numbers of adults.
In both Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, limited breeding occurs on localized patches of Swamp Milkweed.
In Canada, suitable breeding habitat for Monarchs exists wherever milkweeds (Asclepias) occur. In eastern Canada, the primary larval hostplant of the Monarch is Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), which accounts for 95% of the milkweed found in the east. Common Milkweed grows widely on abandoned farmland, along roadsides, and in other open areas where weedy species proliferate. Swamp Milkweed (A. incarnata) and Butterfly Weed (A. tuberosa) are also utilized by Monarch in eastern Canada, though to a much lesser extent. Swamp Milkweed occurs in small stands in open wetlands and wet ditches, while Butterfly Weed is largely confined to very dry sandy areas in southern Ontario.
In western Canada, Showy Milkweed (A. speciosa) is the primary larval hostplant. Low Milkweed (A. ovalifolia) and Green Milkweed (A. viridiflora) are also sometimes used by Monarchs in the west (Bird et al. 1995, Klassen et al. 1989). In the Prairie Provinces milkweed is widespread in areas of native short grass and long grass prairie, and also occurs in agricultural areas, particularly along roadsides, river banks and irrigation ditches. In British Columbia milkweed grows at scattered locations in arid valleys and on south-facing hillsides.
Wildflowers, which are particularly prevalent in abandoned farmlands and roadsides, are used as nectar sources by the adult butterflies and are also an important component of Monarch habitats. They are especially important during the fall migration, when sugars obtained from nectar are converted to the fat that is essential for the butterflies to complete their migration and overwinter successfully. Goldenrods (Solidago) and asters (Aster), as well as Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) and milkweeds, are the nectar sources used most frequently by Monarchs.
There have been several habitat trends that have affected Monarch breeding range and productivity. There has been a great increase in Monarch habitat due to the clearing of the deciduous forest region of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada. This, in combination with the lost of extensive areas of habitat in the eastern great plains as a result of agriculture, has shifted the overall range of Monarchs into eastern North America (see North American Distribution in section B). During the middle and latter part of the twentieth century it has become increasingly uneconomical to maintain small farms, and as a result there has been a great increase in abandoned farmland in the east, creating suitable areas for Monarch breeding and nectaring. In rural areas adjacent to large cities there also has been a trend for estate housing to occupy large acreages of unused farmland. As a result there is probably more Monarch habitat now than there has ever been. Over the next several decades the trend will be for a lot of this habitat to be lost, as this farmland gives way to the growth of trees and shrubs. | <urn:uuid:bda58d27-a99f-4bf4-bfd1-9f301c3d40d1> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.monarchwatch.org/read/articles/canmon2.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119838.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00188-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959735 | 3,157 | 3.625 | 4 |
Full analysis of Cure Parkinson’s Trust funded experiments on monkeys
Animal Aid has uncovered two shocking charity-funded experiments on monkeys that involved the animals being brain-damaged through the use of a toxic chemical called MPTP that can leave them severely disabled. They were then dosed with the Parkinson’s drug L-DOPA as well as one of two experimental compounds: the recreational drug ecstasy (MDMA) or a derivative. Eleven monkeys were used in all, six of whom had previously been subjected to similar experiments. Although the studies were conducted in Canada, a source of funding was the Cure Parkinson’s Trust, a UK charity that fundraises in this country.
Animal Aid, over many years of monitoring reports of Parkinson’s-related primate experiments, has not encountered one where the monkeys have been re-used. The Home Office has confirmed that experiments in which monkeys are brain-damaged with MPTP fall into the highest category of severity. It has previously stated that brain-damaging monkeys with MPTP has ‘devastating welfare costs’ for the animals involved and serious questions arise as to whether the re-use of primates in such harmful experiments would be permitted in the UK, or in the other EU countries governed by the same European directive.1
Characterization of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Enantiomers In Vitro and in the MPTP-Lesioned Primate: R-MDMA Reduces Severity of Dyskinesia, Whereas S-MDMA Extends Duration of ON-Time
Co-funded by: Cure Parkinson’s Trust
Published: The Journal of Neuroscience, 2011
Experimental protocol: Six marmoset monkeys were injected daily for five days with the brain-damaging chemical MPTP until they developed severe Parkinson’s disease (PD) like symptoms. Poisoning marmosets in this way can produce symptoms that, at their most extreme, leave the animals essentially paralysed, rigid, mute and unable to feed or groom themselves. Over the next 12 weeks, the marmosets’ parkinsonian symptoms were left to develop fully and stabilise. They were then given the standard Parkinson’s drug L-DOPA, in such high doses that they developed a range of serious side effects of the sort that will often take years to appear in human PD patients when they are administered the drug. Among the adverse reactions were uncontrolled movements (dyskinesia) and psychotic behaviours that could include hallucinations. The monkeys were also administered ecstasy to see whether it could moderate the adverse reactions to L-DOPA, while also prolonging its beneficial effects. On days of ‘behavioural assessment’, monkeys received the L-DOPA in combination with one of two forms of the street drug or with a neutral substance. They were then confined in cages, alone, for six hours so that their ‘movement disorders’ and other disabling symptoms could be recorded. The researchers make it clear that the monkeys had been used in ‘previous studies’ of a similar nature. The same research team also used rats as a source of brain tissue. Rats were killed by decapitation after exposure to carbon dioxide. This method of killing is as cruel as it is violent. It has been known in the UK since 2004 that carbon dioxide causes considerable distress to rodents in the laboratory and should therefore not be used for the purpose of euthanasia.2
Results: The two forms of ecstasy employed in the experiment produced different results. So called R-MDMA was reported to have reduced the severity of L-DOPA-induced involuntary movement side effects (dyskinesia) but did not prolong its beneficial effects. The other form of the drug, S-MDMA, was said to have extended the benefits of L-DOPA but made worse the side effects.
Scientific problems with MDMA use (see also ‘Scientific validity…’ below): MDMA has been used by other researchers on MPTP-damaged monkeys in a similar manner.3 But the sticking point then, as with the latest research, is that the drug cannot not be used on human Parkinson’s patients because of its toxic effect on the brain and due to its psychoactive nature. Recognised side effects of ecstasy include anxiety, paranoia, depression, exhaustion, dizziness and insomnia. Indeed, a 2003 study that involved giving MDMA to MPTP-poisoned marmosets states: ‘MDMA will never become a treatment for the complications of PD.’4 Although the authors of the 2003 study suggest MDMA exerts a pharmacological effect on certain chemical receptors, they make it clear that the drug itself has little therapeutic potential.
The Monoamine Re-Uptake Inhibitor UWA-101 Improves Motor Fluctuations in the MPTP-Lesioned Common Marmoset
Co-funded by: Cure Parkinson’s Trust
Published: PLoS ONE, 2012
Experimental protocol: The second, related experiment used five female marmosets. They were again dosed with MPTP, and monitored for 12 weeks while the PD-like symptoms ‘developed and stabilised’. The procedure then followed in a similar way to the first, except ecstasy was replaced by a chemically similar experimental drug known as UWA-101, a derivative of ecstasy. After MPTP came dosing with L-DOPA and UWA-101. Once again, the monkeys suffered uncontrolled movements and psychosis – symptoms that were assessed for hours at a time while the monkeys were held in solitary confinement in observation cages.
Results and scientific problems with UWA-101 use (see also ‘Scientific validity…’ below): Though the researchers reported more favourably on the combined usage of L-DOPA and UWA-101, compared with ecstasy, they pointed to a fundamental problem. This was that the ‘severity of psychosis-like behaviours’ increased at higher doses. They were also concerned as to whether the beneficial effects they did detect would last with long-term usage of the drug. They nonetheless remain hopeful that it can be developed for clinical use. However, other drugs belonging to the same class as UWA-101 (monoamine re-uptake inhibitors) have been ‘highly effective’ at reversing motor disability in MPTP-poisoned marmosets, but failed to show any benefit in early human clinical trials.5 In a 2011 review co-authored by a prominent Parkinson’s researcher, this is described as ‘a notable failure that urges caution in interpreting everything coming from MPTP-treated primates’.6 If the compound does turn out to be beneficial it would only be after having proved itself in trials involving human tissue, or through its use in actual patients. Neurological research using animals is replete with false dawns.
Scientific validity of the animal model: The problem lies in the deficiency of the animal model itself. Monkeys are regarded as the best human surrogates but, as stated by the Executive Director of the Parkinson’s Disease Foundation (an influential US charity): ‘Mice don’t get Parkinson’s. Nor, for that matter, do monkeys. Yet these are the organisms in which the tests are done before new drugs are tested in people. What this means is that just because something works in a mouse or a monkey doesn’t mean that it will work in a human’.7 In fact, over time monkeys can recover from the damage inflicted on them, unlike human patients with the disease.8 Dr Marius Maxwell, an Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard-trained neurosurgeon, has strongly criticised, on scientific grounds, the use of brain-poisoned monkeys as a ‘model’ for PD research. He states: ‘There is no evidence to suggest their overall predictive concordance to human PD treatment…would exceed the best case 50:50 coin toss probability.’9
Even the influential 2006 Weatherall Report (an evaluation of the use of monkeys in research), lists what some of its respondents regard as multiple and significant deficiencies of the non-human primate model of PD. They include:
- PD patients and monkeys differ in the onset, type and persistence of symptoms
- Degeneration of nerve cells in a particular area of the human brain (the corpus striatum) is associated with dyskinesia, but monkeys do not suffer from dyskinesia when this area of their brains is damaged
- The progression of PD is slow and chronic, whereas the symptoms experienced by the monkeys are acute and severe
- The animal model does not allow for the study of genetic, age-related and environmental factors
- Other signs of PD, such as those relating to cognition and emotion, are difficult to evaluate in animals10
A 2012 review mentions further deficiencies of the MPTP-poisoned primate model of PD.11 One of the most significant is the lack of Lewy bodies, a pathological hallmark of PD that is found in the brains of humans but not of MPTP-poisoned monkeys. Another important point highlighted by the review is that brain-poisoned marmosets do not get rest tremor, a key symptom of the disease experienced by human patients.
- In a judicial review against the Home Secretary by the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection the then chief Home Office inspector referred to the ‘devastating welfare costs’ for monkeys poisoned with MPTP
- Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (2004). Press Release –Carbon dioxide ‘causes laboratory rodents considerable distress’
- Iravani M, Jackson M, Kuoppamäki M et al. (2003). 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) Inhibits Dyskinesia Expression and Normalizes Motor Activity in 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine-Treated Primates. Journal of Neuroscience. 23(27): 9107-9115
- Duty S, Jenner P (2011). Animal models of Parkinson’s disease: a source of novel treatments and clues to the cause of the disease.British Journal of Pharmacology. 164 1357-1391
- Parkinson’s Disease Foundation (2011) The Problem of Failed Trials – and One Piece of the Solution
- Mounayar, S. et al (2007) A new model to study compensatory mechanisms in MPTP-treated monkeys exhibiting recovery. Brain. 130(Pt 11): 2898-914
- Maxwell M (2006). Oxford vivisectionists are swimming against the tide
- Weatherall Report (2006)
- Porras G, Li Q, Bezard E (2012). Modeling Parkinson’s disease in primates: The MPTP model. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med2012;2:a009308 | <urn:uuid:cc2197df-37da-4e35-b90e-f73d91135c8d> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.animalaid.org.uk/the-issues/our-campaigns/animal-experiments/victims-charity-campaign/full-analysis-cure-parkinsons-trust-funded-experiments-monkeys/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937113.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420022906-20180420042906-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.948675 | 2,260 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The symmetrical components method can be used to assess and evaluate the operating points of renewable energy producers.
The growing proportion of renewable energy requires these energy producers to also achieve high reliability and defined behavior in critical operating situations. The symmetrical components method can be used to assess and evaluate the operating points of renewable energy producers. This report explains the basic theoretical principles behind this method, and its practical implementation in a modern measurement system.
The energy transition – i.e. the generation of electricity from renewable energy – is setting major challenges for energy suppliers, grid operators and system manufacturers. The large and still growing contribution of wind power to electricity generation, in particular, means that the technical requirements have to be very exacting, if a reliable energy supply is to be guaranteed.
In the development of wind turbines, manufacturers have gained a lot of experience in testing the individual components. The trialling and testing of wind turbines as a system is becoming ever more complex; firstly, because system output is continually increasing, and secondly, because the technical certification guidelines are becoming more and more exhaustive.
In order to certify the electrical characteristics of wind turbines in field tests or system test benches in accordance with the Technical Guideline TR3 of the Federation of German Windpower and other Renewable Energies (FGW e.V.), a precise measurement system with highly efficient mathematical analysis is needed. In this report, we present and explain mathematical methods aimed at describing and evaluating the behavior of wind turbines at the grid feed-in point. | <urn:uuid:50c4075b-ac7b-4933-b38b-db06965292ac> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.hbm.com/en/6932/measurement-of-symmetrical-components-in-three-phase-systems/?country=dk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347399820.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200528135528-20200528165528-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.921711 | 306 | 3.203125 | 3 |
In a child-centered divorce, we keep the needs of all children in the marriage central to the discussion, focusing not only on protecting them from harm but on maximizing opportunities to strengthen their sense of well-being and security.
When divorcing with children, you have a special set of circumstances to consider.
Does Divorce Harm Children?
Alexander Mediation Group – Child-Centered Divorce and MediationDivorcing parents are often riddled with guilt, believing that they are powerless to prevent their children from experiencing irreparable harm.
This could not be further from the truth! Parents who divorce using mediation — with mindfulness and respect intrinsic to this process — model a high level of problem solving for their children.
Parents who mediate have the chance to consider deeply and design parenting plans and strategies that serve their children’s development in ways that unhappily married people are unable to do.
Research has shown that children are most harmed by exposure to yelling and discord in the family. In mediation, you develop co-parenting strategies, giving children the benefit of two calm and happy households and secure relationships with both parents.
Divorce does not harm children: Discord, disrespect and disfunction do.
What About An Adversarial Divorce? Does That Harm Children?
An adversarial divorce, also understood as a contested or litigated divorce — in contrast to a mediated divorce — can significantly impact children negatively.
The adversarial nature of a contested divorce often pits parent against one another and pulls children into the equation — it is insensitive to the residual effects on the children.
Conversely, mediation helps focus parents on the best interests of their children and helps parents manage conflict in ways that honor their shared love for their children.
Mediation ensures that the needs of all parties are addressed. Mediation is premised on the idea that the needs of children are best represented and attended to by parents who are cooperating with one another.
Mediation bolsters cooperation and enables parents to work together to resolve issues. A child-centered divorce keeps children and familial integrity at its core.
Mediation Strengthens The New Family Structure
A child-centered divorce also supports parents in helping children manage the changing circumstances implicit in divorce and assists parents in building sturdy foundations to house the new family structure.
In a child-centered divorce, the mediator provides information about what can be expected of children of different ages during the divorce process and what can be done to help your children come through the divorce feeling safe and loved.
Because the children are never present in mediation (and should be kept out of range of the adult business of divorce), their interests and needs must be managed by the adults responsible for their care.
Child-centered divorce allows the mediator to bring the focus back to the children, analyzing their best interests while navigating your unique needs.
Because all decisions are being made on behalf of the children, not by the children, and even seemingly unrelated decisions often affect them, the mediator ensures that their voice is included in the conversation.
Unlike litigation where children are often exposed to and even included in the conflictual and aggressive process, not only as bystanders but sometimes enlisted on the front line, mediation protects children while representing their interests.
Mediation is one of the kindest and most conscientious things divorcing parents can do to care for their children.
Child-Centered Divorce — Helping You Always Remember What’s Important
During divorce, feelings of loss, rejection, and fear are normal. When you feel attacked or threatened, it’s natural to become defensive, especially when you fear losing your children or making them into casualties of your problems.
In a child-centered divorce, we work from a different paradigm: we believe that, through a dignified, child-centered process, the family can be redesigned to maximize what works and ultimately create a stronger family unit.
How Child-Centered Mediation Works
We often begin by looking at what is currently happening in the home and the relationship between the parents and the children.
Some of the things we focus on are the children’s understanding of the current situation, their academic and social stressors, their interests and extracurricular activities, specific strengths and limitations they evidence, and any fears or insecurities they express.
In a child-centered divorce, you have the opportunity to have conversations about your children that you may never have had previously. Both of you are able to inform the other of your experiences with each child and what you’ve observed, and a blended, informed picture is created.
We are able to concentrate on each parent’s role and how these may be modified or expanded to best meet the needs of the children. In a child-centered divorce, you determine how to best support one another in raising your children into the adults you hope they become.
We discuss such things as how to manage carpooling and activity schedules, child care coverage when both of you are working, helping kids be organized between households, and how the children can best be connected to each of you when you are not together.
Often, families do not have time to evaluate how things are going in the household. Divorce presents not just many challenges, it also provides the opportunity to identify just how things are going and what requires modifying so everyone can thrive.
If We Love Our Children, Shouldn’t We Just Stay Married?
No one wants to get divorced, particularly when there are children involved. However, when a relationship isn’t working to the extent that a divorce is warranted, staying together “for the good of the family” or “for the children” is a dangerous fiction.
A healthy family is not built upon one person sacrificing his or her happiness for the good of the whole.
That may be necessary in archaic survival situations, when even cannibalism became a viable option, but it is not a reasonable option in achieving a healthy and fertile family.
Pursuing an authentic situation that aligns with one’s inner values and truth — even when that requires disruption, discomfort and change — is appropriate and necessary in order to realize your potential and set an example for your children to do the same.
Honoring yourself and one another, especially when your interests appear to be at odds, is an integral piece of the child-centered divorce. It is a courageous way to role model the best adult behavior.
Children (and adults alike) require stability, so a child-centered divorce looks at which living arrangements and parenting plans are best for the child, fostering calm and cohesion. A child-centered approach focuses on what is most workable and useful, emphasizing flexibility as well as the creation of a reassuring structure.
Developmental psychology shows us that children have specific needs as they age, and those needs vary between a toddler and a teenager and between specific personalities.
Those specific needs are all taken into account during a child-centered divorce. Studies also show that children do best with strong connections and significant contact with both parents.
The cooperation that mediation facilitates enables parents to arrive at innovative and thoughtful solutions, keeping both parents heartily involved in their children’s upbringing. Interestingly, most mediating couples develop balanced custody schedules where the children share time with both parents throughout the week.
Working to Avoid Common Issues That Children Develop During Divorce
Children can react to divorce in a variety of different ways. A child-centered divorce works to empower you by giving you the knowledge of what signs to look for in your children to see if the divorce is negatively affecting them.
We then work together to alleviate these issues and put in place early interventions, if needed.
What Potential Problems Could Our Children Have During Divorce That We Should Be Concerned About?
One common issue families encounter is called parentification. This issue is when a child begins to take on parental roles, shouldering more responsibility than is developmentally appropriate.
This can manifest as a child assuming care-taking obligations that were formerly in the domain of one or both parents.
It can also show up as a child becoming concerned over a parent’s well-being and feeling responsible for a parent’s emotional state. A child-centered divorce educates parents on avoiding these issues and protecting their children from undue burdens and stressors.
Sometimes, something as simple and seemingly innocuous as using a child as your courier for correspondence or support checks can fall under the purview of parentification.
Child-centered mediation sensitizes parents to spot issues early and manage shifting family dynamics proactively.
Child-Centered Mediation Identifies And Resolves Parenting Issues In The New Parenting Paradigm
We work to make sure your child is unburdened by adult situations and free to concentrate on the important business of growing up.
In addition to protecting your children, we aim to foster habits that will support them. One of the most reassuring things for children is knowing they are cared for.
Consistent guidance from two involved parents and parenting as a unit (rather than as adversaries) is critical to maintaining stability for your children. When parents stand together and remain in conversation for the benefit of the children, children process this as meaning they are worthwhile and deeply cared for.
In divorce, and even in non-divorcing families, children test boundaries by “playing parents against one another.” This is when mom says, “no, ask dad,” and so on. When parents are living in separate households and are in less frequent contact, there can be more opportunity for children to test this.
Parents can strengthen their children’s sense of security by including the absent parent in the discussion. For instance, before agreeing to a big request from a child, you might first say, “Let me discuss it with mom/dad first and we’ll let you know.”
While children might want what they want, their deeper need is to know both of you are mutual guardians of their best interests.
Child-Centered Divorce—Giving You the Information You Need To Avoid Accidentally Harming Your Children
Because you’re most likely unfamiliar with divorce, you may not even know what behaviors could potentially be harmful. In child-centered mediation, we give you the knowledge you need to keep your children emotionally and psychologically safe through the divorce.
Another serious issue in divorce is parental alienation, where one or both parents speak or act negatively about the other. While this behavior can certainly be understandable, the harm it can do to your children can be grave.
Child-centered divorce gives you the information and guidance necessary to avoid this.
What is an example of parental alienation? Something as nonchalant as shaking your head in disapproval of something the other parent did can be much more harmful to the observing child than one would think. Child-centered mediation works to make sure your children are not harmed by unconscious and inadvertent acts arising out of the divorce.
A child-centered divorce is sensitive to how even seemingly insignificant gestures can impact your child. By helping to educate parents and attune them to their children’s unique needs, we support families through this challenging time.
Child-Centered Divorce — Empowering You To Protect Your Children
These issues and others can be quite injurious to your children, and the repercussions can have long-lasting effects. Attachment issues, fear of abandonment, and regression (where a child begins acting much younger than he or she is) can all crop up during divorce.
Sometimes parents are so outraged and indignant by what is happening that they feel they can’t help but tell their children “the truth” of why the divorce is occurring and whose fault it is. Overwhelming feelings of being wronged or victimized can make sheltering your children seem impossible.
In a child-centered divorce, we understand this, and we still help keep you on track to avoid damage and fallout. Whatever the reasons for the divorce, children are almost never helped by hearing an adult rendition of events. That’s the essence of child-centered divorce — empowering you to safeguard your children, even when it takes all you’ve got.
In a child-centered divorce, we work with you on how and what to tell your children about the divorce. We help you identify and develop an honest, cohesive, child-friendly narrative that represents what true for both of you but also appropriate and helpful for your children’s understanding.
The goal is that your children are not burdened and that their attachment to either of you is unimpaired. Children deserve to be protected from information they are too young to process and powerless to affect.
Protecting Children From The Damage Of Divorce
Children are vulnerable to interpreting shortcomings of their parents and a breakdown of the marital relationship as reflections of their own worth.
Children understand things through their limited scope of experience and development, which means they often feel directly responsible for what happens around them.
People often talk about children who were exposed to bad divorces having difficulty forming relationships later in life. The critical and more immediate harm is the effect on their relationship with themselves.
This relationship forms the basis of all others. We want to make sure children have every opportunity to feel good about both you, your spouse, and themselves throughout this process and long afterward. Your children’s safety, happiness and well-being is our primary concern.
Contact Us About Child-Centered Divorce Or Mediation
Child-centered mediation is the best choice for parents who love their children.
If you’re considering divorce and you’re not sure what to do next, click here to contact us today. Let us alleviate the stress by helping you decide what to do and figure out if child-centered divorce is right for you. | <urn:uuid:7aca7bd0-91d8-4f09-8bfb-ebc1b4f78ab3> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.alexandermediation.com/services/child-custody-agreements-and-parenting-plans/child-centered-divorce-and-mediation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221212768.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817182657-20180817202657-00243.warc.gz | en | 0.957511 | 2,838 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The division of CNC machining process can generally be carried out according to the following methods:
(1) Tool centralized sequencing method
Is divided by the use of cutting tools, using the same tool finished all the parts can be completed on the site. In the second knife, the third to complete the other parts they can be completed. This can reduce the number of tool change, compression free time, reduce unnecessary positioning error.
(2) To machining parts method
For machining a lot of parts, according to the structural characteristics of the machining part is divided into several parts, such as shape, shape, surface or plane. Generally the first plane, positioning surface, post-machining hole; the first machining of simple geometric shapes, and then machining of complex geometric shapes; the first machining of low precision parts, and then machining parts of higher accuracy.
(3) To coarse, fine finishing method
For parts prone to deformation, due to the possible deformation after roughing and need to carry out the shape, so generally have to rough, finishing the process must be separated.
In summary, in the division process, we must depend on the structure and technology of parts, machine tools, CNC machining content of the number of parts, the number of installation and the organization of production and organization of flexible grasp. Another proposal to adopt the principle of centralized procedures or the use of scattered principles, according to the actual situation to determine, but must strive to be reasonable. | <urn:uuid:26a51b19-71ab-4df0-b136-6758038caf2f> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://m.cncrobotparts.com/news/how-to-divide-the-process-of-cnc-machining-12100145.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371806302.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407214925-20200408005425-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.886443 | 310 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Veste Oberhaus is a fortress that was founded in 1219 and, for most of its time, served as the stronghold of the Bishop of Passau, Germany. It is currently the site of a museum, a youth hostel, and a restaurant, as well as an open-air theatre dating to 1934.
The fortress is located on the mountain crest (St. Georgsberg) on the left side of the Danube between it and the Ilz, and dominates the old city of Passau, which it faces across the Danube. Below Oberhaus on the promontory between the two rivers is Veste Niederhaus, part of the fortress system.
The fortress was built in 1219 by Ulrich II, the first prince-bishop of Passau, at the location of a previously existing chapel dedicated to St. George. The intention was to express the military strength of the bishopric and support the bishop's status as an elector of the Holy Roman Empire, granted in 1217, and also to protect against both external enemies and internal threats such as those citizens of Passau who wished to acquire the independent status of a free imperial city.
As siege techniques improved over the centuries, Veste Oberhaus was repeatedly renovated and extended, beginning in 1255–56, so that it offers an opportunity to study fortification techniques from the 13th through the early 19th century. The inscription "1499" prominent on the facade refers to one of these renovations. The most significant rebuilding took place under Leonhard von Laiming, Christoph von Schachner, Urban von Trennbach, and Johann Philipp von Lamberg. Under them, the fortress developed from a Gothic citadel to an early Renaissance princely residence, a "fortified princely castle", and finally, in the era of invasion by the Turks, a regional fortress and symbol of aristocratic status. Archeological investigations in the 1990s revealed traces of a 17th-century residential tower.
The fortress was attacked five times between 1250 and 1482, each time without success. Twice, in 1298 and 1367, the attackers were the citizens of Passau themselves in rebellion against the bishop.
Between 1535 and 1540, numerous Protestant Anabaptists were imprisoned in the castle dungeon for their beliefs. During their imprisonment, the Ausbund hymnal, still used in Amish religious services, was developed. Some of the hymn writers died while imprisoned; many were martyred.
In 1704, 1742, and 1800 the fortress was forced to surrender to various forces. Secularization in 1802 brought an end to the rule of the bishop. Napoleon made use of the fortress during his campaign against Austria, placing it under the control of his allies the Bavarians as a border outpost, but in 1805 it surrendered to the Austrian army. After the Congress of Vienna the area was controlled by Bavaria and for almost a century, until 1918, the fortress served an additional purpose as a state and military prison. It was feared as the "Bastille of Bavaria".
In 1932 the City of Passau gained possession of Veste Oberhaus and instituted a museum, the Oberhausmuseum.
Setting and buildings
The location of the fortress is the St. Georgsberg mountain, 105 metres (344 ft) above the valley floor between the Danube and the Ilz. Steep cliffs fall off on both sides. The smaller Veste Niederhaus, connected to Veste Oberhaus by a battlement, is located below on the bank of the Danube; this addition, made after 1367, created a double fortress almost 700 metres (2,300 ft) in length.
A road rises to Veste Oberhaus on the Ilz side. On foot, the castle can be reached via the 200 steps of the Oberhausleiten-Stiege stairway from the Schanzlbrücke Danube bridge. The main gate, the Ravelintor, bears the arms of Cardinal Johann Philipp von Lamberg and was built in 1703. This leads to the Kronwerke, a Baroque bailey constructed in 1674–1740, and a second defensive area dating mostly to the 16th century. From this middle defensive ring, the Burgstraße leads past the main watchtower (built around 1350) and across a drawbridge through a tower built in 1433 to the main fortress. The gate tower at this point bears the arms of Prince Bishop Leonhard von Laiming dated 1440. The buildings encircling the outer courtyard are 16th-century. The church of St. George in the inner courtyard has early and high Gothic frescoes and predates the fortress; it was renovated in Baroque style. The building erected by Christoph von Schachner in 1499–1503 with the highly visible coat of arms and date of 1499 on its facade contains a ceremonial Rittersaal (knights' hall) on the upper floor; this is connected by an open arcade to the dirnitz and princely suite, which date to the 14th–17th centuries. A cannon battery is housed on the lower story under the Rittersaal.
The so-called "Linde Battery", a terrace within the walls of the Veste Oberhaus, offers a good view of the Dreiflüsseeck (three rivers corner), the confluence of the Inn, Danube and Ilz; the differing colors of the three rivers are clearly visible from this point.
The Oberhausmuseum includes the museum of the city of Passau, an art gallery, collections covering the history of Eastern Bavaria, Bohemia, and Austria, a firefighting museum, and a porcelain collection. Today the fortress also houses a restaurant, a viewing platform on the so-called Observation Tower dating to the 18th century, an observatory, and a youth hostel in the so-called General's Building dating to 1597.
Under the Third Reich, the Baroque-era forward fortifications were replaced by a Thingplatz open-air theatre. In the form of an amphitheater in the approximate form of a quarter circle, this was designed by Ludwig Moshamer and had approximately 6,000 seats and room for approximately 18,000 standees. Ground was broken on August 26, 1934, and the facility was dedicated on September 22, 1935. The inaugural performance was of a work by Hans Baumann honoring "farmers of the border marches" and entitled Für unsere Treue gibt es keinen Tod (for our loyalty there is no death), with a cast of 1,600. In 1937 Eberhard Wolfgang Möller's Frankenburger Würfelspiel was performed; this concerned an event that happened not far away from Passau, and was to have been repeated annually, but political objections by the Austrians prevented it. The theatre continued in use until 1940 and since World War II has again been in use.
- Burgschloss Passau, Oberhaus, Burgen in Bayern, Haus der bayerischen Geschichte, retrieved June 11, 2013 (German)
- Burgschloss Passau, Oberhaus: Baugeschichte, Burgen in Bayern, Haus der bayerischen Geschichte, retrieved June 11, 2013 (German)
- Andrew Beattie, The Danube: A Cultural History, Landscapes of the imagination, Oxford/New York: Oxford University, 2010, ISBN 9780199768349, p. 59.
- Burgschloss Passau, Oberhaus: Baubestand, Burgen in Bayern, Haus der bayerischen Geschichte, retrieved June 11, 2013 (German)
- Rainer Stommer, Die inszenierte Volksgemeinschaft: die "Thing-Bewegung" im Dritten Reich, Marburg: Jonas, 1985, ISBN 9783922561316, p. 216 (German)
- Monika Soffner-Loibl. Veste Oberhaus Passau. Peda-Kunstführer 822. Passau: Kunstverlag Peda, 2011. ISBN 9783896438225 (German)
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Veste Oberhaus.|
- Oberhausmuseum (German)
- Passau Youth Hostel (German)
- Tourist-Info: museum, youth hostel, tower, restaurant, at Burgen in Bayern, Haus der bayerischen Geschichte (German) | <urn:uuid:f33ed47e-beff-4818-91b7-4391d0a3fd83> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veste_Oberhaus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122071449.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175431-00113-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926117 | 1,791 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), one of the anxiety disorders, is a potentially disabling condition that can persist throughout a person's life. The individual who suffers from OCD becomes trapped in a pattern of repetitive thoughts and behaviors that are senseless and distressing but extremely difficult to overcome. OCD occurs in a spectrum from mild to severe, but if severe and left untreated, can destroy a person's capacity to function at work, at school, or even in the home.
For many years, mental health professionals thought of OCD as a rare disease because only a small minority of their patients had the condition. The disorder often went unrecognized because many of those afflicted with OCD, in efforts to keep their repetitive thoughts and behaviors secret, failed to seek treatment. This led to underestimates of the number of people with the illness. However, a survey conducted in the early 1980s by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)--the Federal agency that supports research nationwide on the brain, mental illnesses, and mental health--provided new knowledge about the prevalence of OCD. The NIMH survey showed that OCD affects more than 2 percent of the population, meaning that OCD is more common than such severe mental illnesses as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or panic disorder. OCD strikes people of all ethnic groups. Males and females are equally affected. The social and economic costs of OCD were estimated to be $8.4 billion in 1990 (DuPont et al, 1994).
Although OCD symptoms typically begin during the teenage years or early adulthood, recent research shows that some children develop the illness at earlier ages, even during the preschool years. Studies indicate that at least one-third of cases of OCD in adults began in childhood. Suffering from OCD during early stages of a child's development can cause severe problems for the child. It is important that the child receive evaluation and treatment by a knowledgeable clinician to prevent the child from missing important opportunities because of this disorder.
These are unwanted ideas or impulses that repeatedly well up in the mind of the person with OCD. Persistent fears that harm may come to self or a loved one, an unreasonable belief that one has a terrible illness, or an excessive need to do things correctly or perfectly, are common. Again and again, the individual experiences a disturbing thought, such as, "My hands may be contaminated--I must wash them"; "I may have left the gas on"; or "I am going to injure my child." These thoughts are intrusive, unpleasant, and produce a high degree of anxiety. Often the obsessions are of a violent or a sexual nature, or concern illness.
In response to their obsessions, most people with OCD resort to repetitive behaviors called compulsions. The most common of these are washing and checking. Other compulsive behaviors include counting (often while performing another compulsive action such as hand washing), repeating, hoarding, and endlessly rearranging objects in an effort to keep them in precise alignment with each other. These behaviors generally are intended to ward off harm to the person with OCD or others. Some people with OCD have regimented rituals while others have rituals that are complex and changing. Performing rituals may give the person with OCD some relief from anxiety, but it is only temporary.
People with OCD usually have considerable insight into their own problems. Most of the time, they know that their obsessive thoughts are senseless or exaggerated, and that their compulsive behaviors are not really necessary. However, this knowledge is not sufficient to enable them to stop obsessing or the carrying out of rituals.
Most people with OCD struggle to banish their unwanted, obsessive thoughts and to prevent themselves from engaging in compulsive behaviors. Many are able to keep their obsessive-compulsive symptoms under control during the hours when they are at work or attending school. But over the months or years, resistance may weaken, and when this happens, OCD may become so severe that time-consuming rituals take over the sufferers' lives, making it impossible for them to continue activities outside the home.
Shame and Secrecy
OCD sufferers often attempt to hide their disorder rather than seek help. Often they are successful in concealing their obsessive-compulsive symptoms from friends and coworkers. An unfortunate consequence of this secrecy is that people with OCD usually do not receive professional help until years after the onset of their disease. By that time, they may have learned to work their lives--and family members' lives--around the rituals.
OCD tends to last for years, even decades. The symptoms may become less severe from time to time, and there may be long intervals when the symptoms are mild, but for most individuals with OCD, the symptoms are chronic.
The old belief that OCD was the result of life experiences has given way before the growing evidence that biological factors are a primary contributor to the disorder. The fact that OCD patients respond well to specific medications that affect the neurotransmitter serotonin suggests the disorder has a neurobiological basis. For that reason, OCD is no longer attributed to attitudes a patient learned in childhood--for example, an inordinate emphasis on cleanliness, or a belief that certain thoughts are dangerous or unacceptable. Instead, the search for causes now focuses on the interaction of neurobiological factors and environmental influences.
OCD is sometimes accompanied by depression, eating disorders, substance abuse disorder, a personality disorder, attention deficit disorder, or another of the anxiety disorders. Co-existing disorders can make OCD more difficult both to diagnose and to treat.
In an effort to identify specific biological factors that may be important in the onset or persistence of OCD, NIMH-supported investigators have used a device called the positron emission tomography (PET) scanner to study the brains of patients with OCD. Several groups of investigators have obtained findings from PET scans suggesting that OCD patients have patterns of brain activity that differ from those of people without mental illness or with some other mental illness. Brain-imaging studies of OCD showing abnormal neurochemical activity in regions known to play a role in certain neurological disorders suggest that these areas may be crucial in the origins of OCD. There is also evidence that medications and cognitive/behavior therapy induce changes in the brain coincident with clinical improvement.
Symptoms of OCD are seen in association with some other neurological disorders. There is an increased rate of OCD in people with Tourette's syndrome, an illness characterized by involuntary movements and vocalizations. Investigators are currently studying the hypothesis that a genetic relationship exists between OCD and the tic disorders. Another illness that may be linked to OCD is trichotillomania (the repeated urge to pull out scalp hair, eyelashes, or eyebrows). Genetic studies of OCD and other related conditions may enable scientists to pinpoint the molecular basis of these disorders.
A person with OCD has obsessive and compulsive behaviors that are extreme enough to interfere with everyday life. People with OCD should not be confused with a much larger group of individuals who are sometimes called "compulsive" because they hold themselves to a high standard of performance and are perfectionistic and very organized in their work and even in recreational activities. This type of "compulsiveness" often serves a valuable purpose, contributing to a person's self-esteem and success on the job. In that respect, it differs from the life-wrecking obsessions and rituals of the person with OCD.
Treatment of OCD; Progress Through Research
Clinical and animal research sponsored by NIMH and other scientific organizations has provided information leading to both pharmacologic and behavioral treatments that can benefit the person with OCD. A combination of the two therapies is often an effective method of treatment for most patients. Some individuals respond best to one therapy, some to another.
Clinical trials in recent years have shown that drugs that affect the neurotransmitter serotonin can significantly decrease the symptoms of OCD. Two serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), clomipramine (Anafranil) and fluoxetine (Prozac), have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of OCD. Other SRIs that have been studied in controlled clinical trials include sertraline (Zoloft) and fluvoxamine (Luvox). Paroxetine (Paxil) is also being used. All these SRIs have proved effective in treatment of OCD. If a patient does not respond well to one SRI, another SRI may give a better response. For patients who are only partially responsive to these medications, research is being conducted on the use of an SRI as the primary medication and one of a variety of medications as an additional drug (an augmenter). Medications are of great help in controlling the symptoms of OCD, but often, if the medication is discontinued, relapse will follow. Most patients can benefit from a combination of medication and behavioral therapy.
Traditional psychotherapy, aimed at helping the patient develop insight into his or her problem, is generally not helpful for OCD. However, a specific behavior therapy approach called "exposure and response prevention" is effective for many people with OCD. In this approach, the patient is deliberately and voluntarily exposed to the feared object or idea, either directly or by imagination, and then is discouraged or prevented from carrying out the usual compulsive response. For example, a compulsive hand washer may be urged to touch an object believed to be contaminated, and then may be denied the opportunity to wash for several hours. When the treatment works well, the patient gradually experiences less anxiety from the obsessive thoughts and becomes able to do without the compulsive actions for extended periods of time.
Studies of behavior therapy for OCD have found it to produce long-lasting benefits. To achieve the best results, a combination of factors is necessary: The therapist should be well trained in the specific method developed; the patient must be highly motivated; and the patient's family must be cooperative. In addition to visits to the therapist, the patient must be faithful in fulfilling "homework assignments." For those patients who complete the course of treatment, the improvements can be significant.
With a combination of pharmacotherapy and behavioral therapy, the majority of OCD patients will be able to function well in both their work and social lives. The ongoing search for causes, together with research on treatment, promises to yield even more hope for people with OCD and their families.
How to Get Help for OCD
If you think that you have OCD, you should seek the help of a mental health professional. Family physicians, clinics, and health maintenance organizations usually can provide treatment or make referrals to mental health centers and specialists. Also, the department of psychiatry at a major medical center or the department of psychology at a university may have specialists who are knowledgeable about the treatment of OCD and are able to provide therapy or recommend another doctor in the area.
What the Family Can Do to Help
OCD affects not only the sufferer but the whole family. The family often has a difficult time accepting the fact that the person with OCD cannot stop the distressing behavior. Family members may show their anger and resentment, resulting in an increase in the OCD behavior. Or, to keep the peace, they may assist in the rituals or give constant reassurance.
Education about OCD is important for the family. Families can learn specific ways to encourage the person with OCD by supporting the medication regime and the behavior therapy. Self-help books are often a good source of information. Some families seek the help of a family therapist who is trained in the field. Also, in the past few years, many families have joined one of the educational support groups that have been organized throughout the country.
If You Have Special Needs
Individuals with OCD are protected under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Among organizations that offer information related to the ADA are the ADA Information Line at the U.S. Department of Justice, (202) 514-0301, and the Job Accommodation Network (JAN), part of the President's Committee on the Employment of People with Disabilities in the U.S. Department of Labor. JAN is located at West Virginia University, 809 Allen Hall, P.O. Box 6122, Morgantown, WV 26506, telephone (800) 526-7234 (voice or TDD), (800) 526-4698 (in West Virginia).
The Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association publishes a directory of indigent programs for those who cannot afford medications. Physicians can request a copy of the guide by calling (800) PMA-INFO.
For Further Information
For further information on OCD, its treatment, and how to get help, you may wish to contact the following organizations:
Anxiety Disorders Association of America
Makes referrals to professional members and to support groups. Has a catalog of available brochures, books, and audiovisuals.
Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy
Membership listing of mental health professionals focusing in behavior therapy.
Obsessive Compulsive Information Center Madison Institute of Medicine, Inc 7617 Mineral Point Road, Suite 300 Madison WI 53717 608-827-2470 www.miminc.org
Computer data base of over 19,000 references updated daily. Computer searches done for nominal fee. No charge for quick reference questions. Maintains physician referral and support group lists.
Obsessive Compulsive Foundation
Offers free or at minimal cost brochures for individuals with the disorder and their families. In addition, videotapes and books are available. A bimonthly newsletter goes to members who pay an annual membership fee of $30.00. Has over 250 support groups nationwide.
Tourette Syndrome Association, Inc.
Publications, videotapes, and films available at minimal cost. Newsletter goes to members who pay an annual fee of $35.00.
Books Suggested for Further Reading
Baer, L. Getting Control. Overcoming Your Obsessions and Compulsions. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1991.
Foster, C.H. Polly's Magic Games: A Child's View of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Ellsworth, ME: Dilligaf Publishing, 1994.
Greist, J.H. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Guide. Madison, WI: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Information Center. Rev. ed., 1992. (Thorough discussion of pharmacotherapy and behavior therapy)
Johnston, H.F. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Guide. Madison, WI: Child Psychopharmacology Information Center, 1993.
Livingston, B. Learning to Live with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Milford, CT: OCD Foundation, 1989. (Written for the families of those with OCD)
Rapoport, J.L. The Boy Who Couldn't Stop Washing: The Experience and Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1989.
The Touching Tree. Jim Callner, writer/director, Awareness films. Distributed by the O.C.D. Foundation, Inc., Milford, CT. (About a child with OCD)
DuPont, R.L.; Rice, D.P.; Shiraki, S.; and Rowland C. Economic Costs of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Unpublished, 1994.
Jenike, M.A. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Efficacy of Specific Treatments as Assessed by Controlled Trials. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 29: 4: 487-499, 1993.
Jenike, M.A. Managing the Patient with Treatment-Resistant Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Current Strategies. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 55: 3 (suppl): 11-17, 1994.
Leonard, H.L.; Swedo, S.E.; Lenane, M.C.; Rettew, D.C.; Hamburger, S.D.; Bartko, J.J.; and Rapoport, J.L. A 2- to 7-Year Follow-up Study of 54 Obsessive-Compulsive Children and Adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry 50: 429-439, 1993.
March, J.S.; Mulle, K.; and Herbel, B. Behavioral Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescents with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An Open Trial of a New Protocol-Driven Treatment Package. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 33: 3: 333-341, 1994.
Pato, M.T.; Zohar-Kadouch, R.; Zohar, J.; and Murphy, D.L. Return of Symptoms after Discontinuation of Clomipramine in Patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 145: 1521-1525, 1988.
Swedo, S.E, and Leonard, H.L. Childhood Movement Disorders and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 55: 3 (suppl): 32-37, 1994.
Message From The National Institute Of Mental Health
Research conducted and supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) brings hope to millions of people who suffer from mental illness and to their families and friends. In many years of work with animals as well as human subjects, researchers have advanced our understanding of the brain and vastly expanded the capability of mental health professionals to diagnose, treat, and prevent mental and brain disorders.
Now, in the 1990s, which the President and Congress have declared "The Decade of the Brain," we stand at the threshold of a new era in brain and behavioral sciences. Through research, we will learn even more about mental disorders such as depression, manic-depressive illness, schizophrenia, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. And we will be able to use this knowledge to develop new therapies that can help more people overcome mental illness.
The National Institute of Mental Health is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Federal Government's primary agency for biomedical and behavioral research. NIH is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
This brochure is a revision by Margaret Strock, staff member in the Information Resources and Inquiries Branch, Office of Scientific Information (OSI), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) of a publication originally written by Mary Lynn Hendrix, OSI. Expert assistance was provided by Henrietta Leonard, MD, and Jack Maser, PhD, NIMH staff members; Robert L. DuPont, MD, The Institute for Behavior and Health; Wayne Goodman, MD, University of Florida College of Medicine; and James Broatch, Obsessive Compulsive Foundation, Inc.
National Institutes of Health
NIH Publication No. 94-3755
Bulk sales (Stock No. 017-024-01540-7) by the U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328.
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©1986-2014 Hopkins Technology, LLC --- | <urn:uuid:f29622e8-4d37-4378-bc6d-3bc72763fef5> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.hoptechno.com/ocd.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663372.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00457-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930128 | 3,959 | 3.71875 | 4 |
|Status||Sister Republic of France|
|Common languages||Lombard, Emilian-Romagnol and Italian|
|Francesco Melzi d'Eril|
|Historical era||Napoleonic Wars|
|9 February 1801|
• National Meetings in Lyon
|26 January 1802|
• Monarchy proclaimed
|17 March 1805|
|Currency||Milanese scudo, lira, soldo and denaro|
|ISO 3166 code||IT|
The Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica Italiana) was a short-lived (1802–1805) republic located in Northern Italy. Napoleon Bonaparte served as president and its capital was Milan.
The Italian Republic was the successor of the Cisalpine Republic, which changed its constitution to allow the French First Consul Napoleon to become its president. The new constitution changed the name of the state to the "Italian Republic"; it consisted of the same areas that had comprised the Cisalpine Republic, primarily Lombardy and Romagna.
The republic had a territory of more than 42,500 square kilometers (16,400 sq mi), and a population of 3,240,000 in 12 départements. Milan was the capital city, the main center having 124,000 inhabitants in 1764. The country was prosperous despite the plundering experienced in preceding centuries. Its economy was based on cereal agriculture and cattle raising, plus flourishing small industries, notably the production of silk.
The flag of the Italian Republic maintained the three Italian-Milanese national colours, but with a new, less revolutionary, pattern. The coat of arms was specified in a decree on 13 May 1802. A treaty of friendship and commerce with the Republic of San Marino was signed on 10 June 1802, the Concordat with the Holy See on 16 September 1803.
The government created the National Guard of Italy, a National Gendarmerie, and a finance police; the metric system was introduced and a national currency was planned, although never minted during the Republican era.
In 1805, following Bonaparte's assumption of the title of Emperor of the French, the Italian Republic was transformed into the Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia), with Napoleon as king and his stepson Eugène de Beauharnais as viceroy.
According to the Italian constitution of 1802, sovereignty resided in three electoral colleges of three to two hundred members: the College of Owners (il Collegio dei possidenti), the College of Scholars (il Collegio dei dotti), and the College of Traders (il Collegio dei mercanti), the first having its seat in Milan, the second in Bologna, and the third in Brescia. All the colleges elected a commission of control and supreme rule, called the Censorship (la Censura), composed of twenty-one members and based in Cremona.
The head of state was the president of the republic (il Presidente della repubblica), Napoleon Bonaparte, elected for 10 years. The president had full executive powers, appointed the vice-president (il Vicepresidente) and the secretary of state, took legislative and diplomatic initiative, chose the ministers, public agents, ambassadors, and chiefs of the army, summoned the executive councils, and prepared the budget. The vice-president, Francesco Melzi d'Eril, acted for the president during his absence. Melzi was described as a gentleman and effectively ruled over the state's domestic affairs during the three years of the republic's life. Never submitting to Napoleon, Melzi was demoted after the monarchy's proclamation in favour of more controllable men; however, Melzi's character ensured him Napoleon's deep private respect during all the years of the French empire. Melzi also introduced obligatory conscription to Italy.
The Consulta (la Consulta di Stato) was a commission of eight members led by the president of the republic and in charge of foreign policy. The commissioners were appointed by the Censorship upon nomination by the three colleges: many former members of the Directory of the Cisalpine Republic entered into office. The Consulta ratified treaties, approved any special decrees concerning state security, and in the event of the death or resignation of the president, appointed the successor. The minister of foreign affairs was chosen from among the commissioners.
The Legislative Council (il Consiglio legislativo) was a commission of at least ten members appointed by the president for three years. Its mission was to allow the president to submit legislation, helping him in the elaboration of laws and being present when they were discussed in parliament. The secretary of state (il segretario di Stato) was the chief of the public administration. He promulgated the laws, guarded the state's seal, and countersigned presidential acts. The first secretary was Diego Guicciardi, soon followed by Pellegrino Nobili and, finally, by Luigi Vaccari.
The government comprised seven ministers (i ministri). The Minister of War was at first Alessandro Trivulzi and then, from 1804, General Domenico Pino; Minister of Interior was at first Luigi Villa and then, from 1803, Daniele Felici; Minister of Foreign Affairs was Ferdinando Marescalchi; Minister of Justice and Great Judge was Bonaventura Spannocchi; Minister of Treasury was Antonio Veneri; Minister of Finance was Giuseppe Prina; Minister of Religion was Giovanni Bovara. To draw up its budgets, the government was assisted by a Commissionership for National Accountancy.
The parliament of the republic was the Legislative Body (il Corpo Legislativo) with limited powers. It was composed of 75 members elected in each department by the three colleges. It was summoned by the president of the republic and could only approve or reject a law, the discussion being reserved to a more restricted Chamber of orators or Chamber of speakers (Camera degli oratori, a committee of fifteen speakers). First appointed at the Meetings of Lyon, one-third of the parliament had to be renewed every two years.
The tribunals were divided into tribunals of first instance (tribunali di prima istanza), courts of appeal (corti d'appello), courts of revision (corti di revisione), and a court of cassation (corte di cassazione). The judges of the first two were appointed by the Consulta, the latter two by the three colleges.
Following the French system, The state was divided into 12 départements (dipartimenti). The chief of the department was the prefect (prefetto), an office created on 6 May 1802. The prefect was the state's representative in each province (dipartimento), and had two main functions: the first was to implement the administrative decisions of the central government and to control the local authorities, the second was leadership of the police. The local legislative body was the General Council (Consiglio generale), composed of representatives of the communes. The government appointed the Central Departmental Administration (Consiglio della prefettura), composed of five or seven members chosen from nominations submitted by the General Council: the Administrations had powers over taxes and public works and, generally, represented local interests.
The departments were divided into districts (distretti) equivalent to the French arrondissements. The chief of the district was the vice-prefect, which had powers similar to those of the prefect, but for a smaller area. However, the structure of the districts was not uniform over all the territory of the republic, and some districts were administered by a district council and a chancellor.
The districts were divided into communes. Communes with more than 3,000 inhabitants had a city council (consiglio comunale) of thirty or forty members, chosen by the General council from nominations submitted by the same city council. In the smaller communes, all the taxable citizens were councillors. The council elected a municipality[clarification needed] of three to nine members, helped in its executive functions by a city secretary. All city offices were held only by owners and traders, and the leadership of the owners was assured. Each commune had a tax collector. | <urn:uuid:0fac7106-e11e-4b19-8e95-b269ae0d4b69> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://db0nus869y26v.cloudfront.net/en/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103271763.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626161834-20220626191834-00003.warc.gz | en | 0.970277 | 1,826 | 3.5625 | 4 |
During our language class we read a story, Living Spaces, that was written by Bonnie Benjamin. In this autobiography she writes about the flashback of moving out during her childhood.
Bonnie´s home used to be very poor. She lived in a place that was tearing apart, but anyway she was happy there. When the opportunity of moving out to another house and changing of neighbourhood, she, at first, seemed to be excited.
Moving out meant to own much more things that she owned at that time, so there was nothing to be sad about. But then she realized that moving out was much more than that. She had to make new friends and get adapted to a place that was completely unknown for her.
I really liked this story because it made me understand that home is much more than a nice and comfortable place. Home is where friends and family are. Where love surrounds you and where happiness is around you. Home is where you don’t have to pretend to be someone, it is where you can be yourself without pretending anything.
As this is an autobiography it made me sympathize a lot with the author. The feelings that she expressed are very real and this can happen to any of us.
Hoy en día la gente le da mucha importancia a las palabras. Las palabras que afectan mucho a las personas, para bien o para mal. Las palabras que son consideradas como un arma muy poderosa y sincera y que actualmente reciben mucho valor.
El lenguaje tiene un peso muy importante en las personas. Estas forman parte de la esencia del humano y nos diferencian los unos de los otros. El lenguaje permite que un hombre sea capaz de expresarse y formarse como persona. Lo que uno escucha puede repercutir mucho en su vida, ya que uno se forma por lo que escucha y vive. Una palabra puede formar un pensamiento o hasta una opinión. Mediante las palabras una persona transmite muchas cosas, como sentimientos, ideologías y pensamientos. Esto se puede usar para bien o para mal, pero sea como sea, le da un efecto a la persona que escucha y recibe cierto mensaje.
En mi opinión, hay muchas formas de comunicarse. Las palabras pueden salir de muchas maneras. Uno puede hablar desde el alma, o hasta puede mentir. Esto significa que las palabras no siempre tienen que pesar mucho. Uno no puede confiar mucho en las palabras porque no son transparentes. Cuando hablo de transparencia me refiero a realidad. A actuar sin ningún tipo de mentira. A hacer cosas con valor y amor. Sin mentiras. Algo transparente es una acción, ya que muestra todo tipo de pureza. Cuando uno actúa no miente. En cambio las palabras pueden engañar, fingir y disfrazar. Las acciones son instintos del ser humano. Una acción sale del cuerpo y la mente del hombre, y es por eso que lo que hacemos tiene más poder y valor que lo que decimos. Los hechos son gestos tan poderosos que pueden usarse sin ningún tipo de lenguaje para poder comunicarse de manera más sincera que con palabras.
Un famoso escritor, Eduardo Galeano, dijo que “somos lo que hacemos”. Esta frase tan usada le da mucha importancia a las acciones del humano. Nosotros nos formamos por las cosas que hacemos, y de esa manera crecemos. No somos lo que decimos ser. Son muy pocas las personas que advierten la verdad de su ser. Una palabra puede ser una expresión poco sincera o vacía de contenido. Las palabras tienen mucho poder ya que afectan abismalmente, pero no creo que tengan tanto valor. Las palabras, en mi opinion, pueden usarse para disfrazar las acciones.
El habla es un arma muy poderosa ya que tiene un impacto muy grande en el oído de la otra persona. Las palabras que uno escucha pueden esclavizar y lastimar. Pueden formar y motivar. Las palabras tienen mucho efecto. Por mas que las acciones deberían ser más valoradas, las personas le dan mucha importancia a las palabras y se dejan engañar por el juego de ellas. Las personas reservan sus acciones cada vez más, y usan el poder de la palabra con tal de no mostrarse transparentes.
This is my lending library for the third term: Gangsta Rap.
Our language teacher asked us to do a podcast about the gothic stories that we’ve created ! Here is mine: https://voicethread.com/share/8440476
It was a gloomy night. It was pouring rain and I was alone in my bedroom. I was trying to sleep when I felt an odd presence. Screams and laughs could be listened from the back of the bed. My mind was shocked and I became desperate. I didn’t know what to do, so I ran quickly to my mother´s bedroom, leaving all those gloomy shadows behind.
When I got there she didn’t believe me. My world collapsed. I was looking for warmth and comfort, but instead I got the sweet company of my dark and fearful “friend”.
The laughs were each time louder. I felt someone touched me. It was this gloomy figure that didn’t allow me to stand up and run away. I was trapped. A strong paralysis dominated my body, but I was still awoken.
I could feel the beatings in my neck and shouted with all my strength. My mother appeared weeping and I passed out.
Here’s the quiz I did with my partners Lulú and Francesca about the famous Colour Idioms that we are learning on our language classes with Pilar Pando.
We hope you find this quiz useful! Learn and enjoy
During our Language class we have been reading and analysing Gothic Novels. We read three different stories of the same genre and analysed them in different groups, we also made a presentation on the vocabulary and expressions used in these stories.
During our history class se started seeing the outbreak of the Cold War between Russia and the USA. Our teacher gave us a task to follow on the diferentes conferences after the War, and what were the causes of this War.
1.Why did the wartime alliances fell apart?
The main reason why wartime alliances fell apart was because their enemy in common, Germany, was defeated, and the countries had nothing to do with each other. Also they had previous annoyances from the past. One of them was the anger that the USSR had with Britain and the USA because they wanted to destroy the Russian Revolution, and also the racism against the communists in the Red Scare. Also Stalin’s belief that they didn´t give all the help they could in WW2 forced this tense string of hatry. On the other hand Britain was
very angry because of the sign of the Nazi-Soviet Pact.
- What were the major differences between the superpowers?
The USA and the USSR were the superpowers after WW2. One of the main differences was that the USA was capitalist and that the USSR was communist. Another difference was the amount of losses in war time: the USA lost 297.000 soldiers and the USSR 20 million. The last but not least was what both countries wanted for Germany. On the one hand Stalin wanted to cripple her to protect the USSr against future attacks, and on the other hand the USA wanted to protect democracy and help Germany recover.
- The importance of the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences
The Yalta and the Potsdam conferences were very important because firstly they would determine the future of Germany after her defeat. Also, the aim of both conferences was to reestablish world peace among the countries and also the future of the countries that would be liberated.
- The roles of Stalin and Truman
Stalin was the leader of the USSR, he wanted to cripple Germany as harsh as possible. He was suspicious of the policy of Appeasement imposed by Britain and France and so he wanted a ‘buffer’ of friendly states to protect his country from any invasions.
Truman was the vice president which assumed as president when Roosevelt died in April, 1945. He intervened in the second conference: the Potsdam conference. This president was much more anti-communist than Roosevelt and so he was very cautious when taking decisions. Truman was determined on not making the same mistake of punishing Germany harshly as they had done after WW1 because they would recover and want revenge once again.
So both had completely different views and opinions and that is why they disagreed on most of the terms. We can say that the Potsdam conference was a failure compared to the Yalta conference.
Nós estivemos estudando as datas mais importantes do Brasil.
For our history class we were assigned to make a cartoon with one of the options that our teacher gave. I chose “A Czcheck cartoon on the expectations of the communis regime.”
On the one hand we have the weak country, Czechoslovakia, represented by a dove of hope and an anchor of communism. This shows that this poor country believed that communism could make a change in Czechoslovakia like it did in the USSR some years before.
On the other hand we have the USSR represented by an eye of power. This shows the control that this country had over the satellite countries due to its power and domination. There is also a symbol of growth in it that tries to reflect the growth and prosperity that communism makes. | <urn:uuid:402b441a-dbb0-499b-a0ad-4b4a4a5556c5> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://luciafrias.cumbresblogs.com/category/3ac2016/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348504341.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605205507-20200605235507-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.745661 | 2,308 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Below are a list of suggested questions that the garden owner and gardener
should agree upon before starting out:
• At what times will it be acceptable to access the garden?
• How is access to be granted?
• What part of the garden is available for growing veg?
• Who decides what is planted, and how the space is used?
• Will food be grown organically?
• How is the produce grown in the garden shared?
• Who provides the tools and materials?
• Where are the tools stored and who is responsible for their security and/or insurance?
• Who will pay any costs involved, for seeds, tools, etc? (it is usually expected the gardener will be buying the seeds)
• Will there be access to water, electricity and/or toilet facilities – and how and when? | <urn:uuid:75066b80-9bc3-43f6-846c-0571954d2fa5> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://www.growyourneighboursown.org.uk/guidelines/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742968.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116004432-20181116030432-00345.warc.gz | en | 0.933735 | 174 | 2.609375 | 3 |
CMPC’s Guaíba Plant in Brazil Achieves Record Water Conservation Rates
In July, the Brazilian pulp mill reached an all-time record low water consumption of 24.99 m3/ADMT. This figure is equivalent to saving more than 3 billion liters of water in one year, enough to supply 75 thousand people.
After a series of initiatives aligned with the goal of the 2030 Strategy to reduce water consumption by 25% by 2025, during the month of July the Brazilian pulp mill, located in Guaíba, Brazil, had a historical water consumption record of 24.99 m3/Admt, the lowest ever recorded. This figure is equivalent to saving more than 3 billion liters of water annually. According to the WHO (World Health Organization), this number represents enough for the consumption of a population of 75 thousand people in one year.
The main activities carried out to achieve this reduction were the “Factory of Ideas” Program, which collected ideas from collaborators in these matters. The Six Sigma Green Belt project and the creation of an Internal Water Use Committee focused on evaluating opportunities for improvement and implementing the new measures.
Bruna Giacomin Bof, Environmental Manager of Guaíba Plant, explained that the implementation of projects was also carried out through actions to reduce water consumption, such as recovering water from the heat exchangers of the fans of the Recovery Boiler 1 and the recovery of water from reverse washing of the filters of the Water Treatment Plant 1.
“This achievement is the result of a strategic effort that highlights our commitment to the environment and the sustainability of our operations as well as a true confirmation that we are on the right track. I would also like to point out that the BioCMPC Project, which is in the final construction phase, will bring better results through its new technologies for the rational use of water resources in our pulp production processes,” said Bruna Giacomin Bof. | <urn:uuid:b04f5df3-5859-49e1-963d-4a57f82cdfda> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.cmpc.com/en/cmpcs-guaiba-plant-in-brazil-achieves-record-water-conservation-rates/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510903.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001141548-20231001171548-00415.warc.gz | en | 0.963019 | 400 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Back from the brink
From having zero tigers in 2009, Panna Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh is now roaring with the success of its big cat reintroduction experiment. Aided by the commitment of the forest staff, this initiative not only caught international attention but has also restored the emerald forest’s erstwhile days of glory.
Visiting Sariska Tiger Reserve as part of our Master’s field training at Wildlife Institute of India, my batch, on a late evening drive, possibly saw one of the last remaining tigers of the region. In the blink of an eye, the large cat crossed a dirt road that was lit up by the yellow headlamps of the minibus, offering a fleeting glimpse of its fiery coat broken by dark black stripes. This was in 2004. In 2005, Sariska was officially declared bereft of tigers. The notorious wildlife poacher Sansar Chand, who died recently, was allegedly single-handedly responsible for wiping out the entire tiger population of Sariska. Just as people were recovering from this rude shock, another debacle occurred when Panna Tiger Reserve too was declared bereft of tigers in 2009.
Located in the Vindhya mountain range and spread across Panna and Chattarpur districts of Madhya Pradesh, Panna Tiger Reserve maintains much-needed continuity in an otherwise fragmented landscape. The Vindhya range has an elevation ranging from 450 to 1100 metres and forms the border between northern and peninsular India. These ranges are the source of important rivers including the Chambal, Betwa, Ken (Karnavati) and Tons, and they support a broad range of biodiversity thanks to their unique tabletop plateau topography. During a short two-hour drive in the evening, I saw several Sambar deer standing in a regal manner, several groups of Spotted deer, White-backed Vultures, Eurasian Griffons, Savanna Nightjar, Brown Fish Owl and large and majestic Blue bulls. This was a refreshing change from the depauperate Trans- Himalayas where I had been studying the globally endangered Snow leopard for the past six years.
In the evening, as I returned back to the lodge, dusk had started enveloping the landscape and I stopped to listen to the call of a Savanna Nightjar in flight against the backdrop of the tranquil Karnavati. Fireflies in flight levitated gently adding to the magic of the landscape and I wondered if the term ‘dry-deciduous’ did justice to such a resplendent forest.
The next day, I went to see the monitoring of tigers by the forest department personnel. Tigers are monitored 24/7 by several teams of dedicated staff. It took a lot to get tigers back to Panna; it takes, even more, to ensure that they survive and thrive. The team soon picked up signals from T4, and during my conversation with the forest personnel, I discovered that she was the orphaned daughter of a tigress from Kanha who died defending three cubs against a male tiger. The cubs were barely two months old then, and Joseph Vattakavan who was leading the WII research on tigers in Kanha had gently pulled the cubs out of their cave. The radio-collared tigresses in Kanha were more than a study subject for us and the loss of that particular tigress that we fondly called Kaali was a setback. Despite knowing and understanding that a male tiger attempting to kill the cubs to gain access to the female was a natural process, we were saddened at this loss. A researcher is supposed to be detached from the study subject, ignoring such emotions in the pursuit of truth, but in the course of working with these intelligent animals and becoming almost a part of their everyday lives, it’s quite difficult to remain detached.
Following the direction of the signal for about 300 metres, I came across a large Sambar stag, and about 100 metres to the left, on a hillock, was T4 resting underneath a bamboo thicket. She seemed well fed and was apparently guarding her territory against another female trying to expand her range. I looked at her in wonder; a beautiful full-grown tigress that had once been doomed to fate in a zoo was now hunting on her own and even raising a litter.
The rendezvous in Panna would be incomplete without seeing the unique four-horned male Chousingha. I encountered one in his brownish coat, made even more glorious in the golden light of the evening sun. The Chinkara provided yet another visual treat, displaying its graceful stotting behaviour. Panna is a heaven for nature lovers. While tiger attracts the most tourists, Panna’s exquisite landscape and smaller fauna can also leave a visitor spellbound.
As of now, the tiger population in Panna has reached 30 and T-5, a hand-reared tigress has given birth to a litter of two. The breeding females bode well for Panna. The entire staff of Panna Tiger Reserve has been at the forefront of protecting the tigers and their hard work often comes at huge personal costs, but no one seems to complain. Under an able leadership, Panna has turned the tables and the void left by the disappearance of the apex predators has been fulfilled again. One factor that worries the current management is the ratio of males to females. This is likely to take some time to reach a natural stability as the Tigers sort out their own territories and social system.
The way ahead
But reintroductions are expensive, time-consuming and have poor success rates, which often make it difficult to justify spending precious conservation money on reintroductions as against other in situ conservation measures. Despite this, reintroductions remain an important tool in carnivore restoration efforts. The current success highlights what scientific knowledge and a determined management can achieve together. But at the same time, we should remember that reintroduction is the last tool, a desperate one, which seeks to correct the failures of the past. Conservationists should ensure that the desperate situation necessitating resort to this tool should never arise.
While on a long walk to reach a potential vulture roosting site, the forest guards accompanying me stopped near an old structure—a hunting machaan of the maharajas of the past. I opened my eyes to the mesmerising vista ahead. The Karnavati River in front had become quieter and even more hypnotizing. Across stood the verdant green riparian vegetation and further up mixed trees of Sal, Arjun, Tendu and Mahua. Spring had set in and the multiple hues of greens and browns were a visual treat not to be forgotten. This was the same Panna that had lost its apex predator and has now come back to life again. The king has reclaimed his rightful place and was now indicating that we tread softly in his bountiful kingdom on our modern four-wheel drive jeeps. To all the people who have made it possible, I say, take a bow; may your personal sacrifices serve as an example and may your tribe that puts nature on the forefront grow in leaps and bounds.
Cover Photo: Mottled Wood Owl | Photo: Gopinath Kollur
Read also: Of Dancing flames and Geese
Have an interesting article you’d like to share with us? Send articles at [email protected] and get a chance to be featured on our blog site! So what are you waiting for? Hurry!
Have something to add to this story? Tell us in the comments section below. | <urn:uuid:6621355d-b5e4-4d45-82ee-a2746f0de8da> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.saevus.in/back-from-the-brink/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578655155.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424174425-20190424200425-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.96743 | 1,558 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Autonomous Farms and the Future of High Tech Agriculture
There are few endowments among the human race that are as fundamental to our rise in global presence and ongoing existence as our agricultural aptitude. We quickly learned that the cultivation of field crops and livestock was far superior to the primitive nomadic lifestyle we had been living. As a sedentary society, we began to draw tradition, identity, and sustenance from the lands on which we farmed. One could say that this societal shift was the bedrock on which modern civilization began. Over time, farming practices became refined and efficiency improved. As our confidence in food security grew, so too did our population; particularly in the last two centuries. One source claims “rough estimates put the world population in 1800 at 890-980 million people, while today the world population exceeds 7.4 billion,” (Nicol 2017). Modern day population booms such as this have brought us to what some call the tipping point of global food production. Inventions such as the reaper, the gas powered tractor, and synthetic fertilizer have helped bridge the demand for food set by this exponentially increasing population, but there are still great strides that must be made to provide for a planet that is set to hit nearly 10 billion humans by 2050. The Food and Agriculture Organization published a report in 2009 that claims food production will have to rise by as much as 70% to feed everyone, (“The Future of Agriculture” 2016). This is not entirely out of the question, but there are some foreseeable issues.
“Agriculture has undergone yield-enhancing shifts in the past, including mechanization before the second world war and the introduction of new crop varieties and agricultural chemicals in the green revolution of the 1950s and 1960s. Yet yields of important crops such as rice and wheat have now stopped rising in some intensively farmed parts of the world, a phenomenon called yield plateauing.” (Dorfman 2009).
The reality is, we have a finite amount of global land suitable for farming and current systems are quickly approaching their maximum yields. We have entered a time where increasing the food supply is no longer a matter of repurposing marginal acreage. No, at this point, the solution will have to come from the innovative minds of our best engineers and horticulturists. Lucky for us, the future may be right around the corner. Agricultural technology has already witnessed accelerating change in areas such as automation, precision sensors, and genetic engineering. While no one of these is going to fully sustain 10 billion humans, utilizing every tool at our disposal may be the key to closing the anticipated food shortage. There are a few places where this idea of hyper precise smart farming is already being pioneered.
To shed some light on the true potential of high tech Ag, one need not look any further than Mulligan Farm in Avon, New York. This 1400 acre operation features self-driving tractors backed by planters that are capable of sensing the nutritional content of the soil and adjusting plant density accordingly. These automated utility vehicles can be run 24/7 with little to no human supervision and are a fraction of the size of traditional tractors. Precision sensors keep them within an inch of their programmed route, reducing human error and unnecessary fuel consumption (Dobbs 2015). While the implementation of this technology does not drastically increase yields; it does reduce expenses and labor costs. In this way, food can be made cheaper and more available. In another high tech center of the globe, a Japanese company known as Spread has opened the first ever fully automated vegetable factory. The facility is currently capable of producing 30,000 heads of lettuce daily and is quickly expanding. The only part of the process that requires human input is seeding and germination. Couple this with the vertical farming structure and low cost LED lighting and you are left with minimal expense, high output system that essentially runs itself. Spread claims, “though the initial investment in machinery may be costly, the complete automation of the cultivation process will improve output by maximizing growing space and reducing labor costs by almost 50%.” (“The Future of Agriculture” 2016). With such efficiency, it is no surprise that cultivators are willing to foot the bill and change their whole system. But as we have historically witnessed, many farmers are hesitant to adopt new practices.
For some, the idea of automating agriculture is not only a financial concern, but also an ethical dilemma. Mechanization is often times so efficient that robots end up replacing human employees. Over the past half century, we have already seen the need for farm labor drastically reduced. “The really big change has been in the number of full-time workers: from 700,000 in 1951 to around 63,000 in 2013.” (Marshall 2015). This has been in huge part due to the creation of time-saving pesticides. If agricultural robots and automated systems become a viable option for the common farmer, we are guaranteed to see a major downturn in the number of entry level jobs in agriculture. Instead, there will be engineers, electricians, and IT personnel manning the farms of the future. With this foreseeable job shortage riding the coattails of agritechnology, it’s no surprise that we haven’t seen widespread adoption.
Another facet of the modern day farm that is leaving people on the fence is the presence of unmanned aerial systems, more commonly known as drones. They are currently being equipped with multispectral cameras capable of identifying the exact location of nutrient deficiencies, dehydrated plants, diseases, and pest pressure among whole populations of crops. This dynamic crop imaging is constantly relayed to the farmer who then chooses the best remedial action. Many drones also have tanks carrying pesticides or fertilizer and will apply these directly to afflicted plants. “According to researchers at the University of Sydney’s Australian Centre for Field Robotics, targeted spraying of vegetables used 0.1% of the volume of herbicide used in conventional blanket spraying.” (King 2017). This efficiency not only saves money, but also reduces run off of herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizer into waterways and surrounding ecosystems. So why aren’t all farms equipped with swarms of automated drones? For one, many people see them as military equipment meant to spy from above and drop bombs on enemies. They unfortunately carry a stigma that confounds their potential for use. If we are going to move forward and modernize agriculture, it is imperative that we cast off this irrelevant connotation. After all, the same science that gave us nitrogen fertilizer was originally used to fuel munitions in World War II. Similarly with drones; the technology may be the same, but the purpose is now to promote life rather than take it.
Improving agricultural efficiency inevitably requires taking human limitations – fatigue, strength, and error – out of the equation. This has been a reality represented by countless inventions such as the cotton gin or the thresher. As the tool using mammals that we are, I see no reason why mechanization shouldn’t be on the forefront of agricultural progress. Traditionally, we have seen farming equipment scaled upwards for larger, industrial operations. In contrast, automation will cater more to smaller, diversified, low-input farms. The greatest harmony will be seen in the organic, near organic, and transitionary sector. Already, we have robots milking our cattle while simultaneously logging information such as their weight, temperature, and food consumption. We have fields armed with moisture sensors capable of activating irrigation systems autonomously when needed. These luxuries are the products of our best minds at work and they should be recognized as nothing short of a miracle. Farming is traditionally a grueling industry, but fortunately this no longer has to be the case. With this in mind, there is hope for future generations in what will become an extensively populated world. I for one can rest easy knowing that there is an intelligent instrument making sure my dinner plate won’t be empty tomorrow.
About: I graduated from the University of Minnesota earning a BS in Applied Plant Science with an emphasis in plant improvement. During my undergrad, I spent 3 years working in a transgenic, small-grains breeding program. The foundation of this experience began with training in effective horticultural principles and plant breeding schemes. From here, I moved up into the laboratory where I worked extensively with tissue sampling, histotechniques, DNA extraction, amplification, isolation and sequencing. Naturally, this work was done in conjunction with the management of various agricultural systems; including transgenic growth chambers, greenhouse, and outdoor growing. I have since worked in pharmaceutical farming management and compliance in the developing cannabis industry.
Belton, Padraig. “In the Future, Will Farming Be Fully Automated?” BBC News. BBC, 25 Nov. 2016. Web.
Dobbs, Taylor. “Farms of the Future Will Run on Robots and Drones.” PBS. Public Broadcasting Service, 13 Feb. 2015. Web.
Dorfman, Jason. “Fields of Automation.” The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 12 Dec. 2009. Web.
“The Future of Agriculture.” The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 11 May 2016. Web.
Hodgkins, Kelly. “Japan Is Building a Fully-automated Indoor Farm Capable of Producing 30,000 Heads of Lettuce per Day.” Digital Trends. Digital Trends, 31 Aug. 2015. Web.
King, Anthony. “Technology: The Future of Agriculture.” Nature News. Nature Publishing Group, 26 Apr. 2017. Web.
Marshall, Claire. “How Automation Could Benefit Agriculture.” BBC News. BBC, 16 Sept. 2015. Web.
Nicol, Will. “Automated Agriculture: Can Robots, Drones, and AI save Us from Starvation?” Digital Trends. Digital Trends, 02 June 2017. Web. | <urn:uuid:8a99fb9e-ce49-4ce0-8b55-76b5349436ad> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://adaksoftware.com/autonomous-farms-future-high-tech-agriculture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590901.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719125339-20180719145339-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.944236 | 2,044 | 3.28125 | 3 |
See what questions
a doctor would ask.
These medical condition or symptom topics may be relevant to medical information for Fetal alcohol effects (FAE):
Fetal alcohol effects (FAE): Fetal alcohol effects (FAE) is listed as a type of (or associated with) the following medical conditions in our database:
Fetal alcohol syndrome (medical condition): A pattern of mental and physical birth defects caused by excessive alcohol use during pregnancy. The range and severity of the symptoms may vary greatly.
Fetal alcohol syndrome: Alcohol can cause a range of birth defects, the most serious being fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Children born with alcohol-related ... (Source: excerpt from Alcohol What You Don't Know Can Harm You: NIAAA)
Search to find out more about Fetal alcohol effects (FAE):
Search Specialists by State and City | <urn:uuid:4428a5f8-c4d3-443c-b85a-a0bba1894bf9> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/medical/fetal_alcohol_effects_fae_.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469258936356.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723072856-00323-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914405 | 181 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Because the issue of climatic change is boiling on world level, the positive generation has began finding its very own methods to save our world. A eco-friendly energy home is among individuals alternatives that are used to battle with climatic change. A eco-friendly energy home does not imply that its consists of grass, trees and plants rather the house is energy-efficient that employs renewable causes of energy mainly from wind and sun. At homes, the tow causes of energy usually employed for fundamental home needs such producing usable energy and also to get warm water.
Using the advancement in technology, you can now easily get solar power panels and wind generators. Once you begin using eco-friendly energy home, you are able to lower your power bills and carbon print from your earth. Technology of creating your personal eco-friendly house is readily available in odds and ends and you may begin using these to create your personal devices to produce energy. Probably the most generally used devices to produce eco-friendly energy are windmills and solar power panels. Passive solar power is yet another good alternate to obtain warm water and your living space warm during winters.
You can purchase wind generators, wind mills or solar power panels however you might have to pay hefty amount on their behalf. Therefore, you are able to pick your tools and begin preparing solar power panels and windmills yourself to be able to get the eco-friendly energy home without having to pay your main amount. You may be considering getting a professional to create these units. Obviously, you are able to in case your budget enables you to do this. But if you wish to cut costs, there’s you don’t need to employ a professional just look for DIY instructions on the web. These manuals will give you the data on making passive hot water heaters or any other electrical systems from the scratch.
If you are creating a home with implementation of the idea of eco-friendly energy home, make the most in building its footprint and the edges of the home towards south as the house can get best conditions for heating in addition to cooling. To you are your eco-friendly energy home filled with passive solar power, you need to use heat retentive gemstones and bricks to help your house be and afterward install high quality home windows. | <urn:uuid:fc278c24-4245-46ec-b68d-03e8fb4b42cd> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.energywebtv.com/green-energy-home-turn-green-to-save-money-and-earth.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823872.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212112626-20181212134126-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.951387 | 460 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Drinking more water can help with weight loss, according to a new scientific study that has been welcomed by the British Water Cooler Association (BWCA).
Research published in the Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics shows that plain water consumption can control weight and reduce intakes of sugar, sodium and saturated fat. Drinking between one and three glasses more water a day than your usual could lower calorie intake by more than 205 calories.
The researchers, led by Professor Ruopeng An from the University of Illinois, surveyed 18,300 adults, asking them to recall food and drinks consumed over two days that were three to 10 days apart. Water intake was assessed, including fluid from food and drinks other than plain water.
On a daily basis, the participants drank an average of just over four cups of plain water, which accounts for roughly 30% of their total fluid consumption. The average daily calorie intake was 2,157 calories.
The study showed that those who increased their consumption of plain water by one to three cups daily lowered their total energy intake by 68 to 205 calories. Plain water was defined as ‘water from a tap, watercooler, drinking fountain, or bottle”.
The research also showed that people who drank more water consumed five to 19 grams less sugar and seven to 21 grams less cholesterol.
The researchers concluded that the results pointed to the benefit of conducting public health and educational campaigns, as the results were similar across a range of demographics, although men and young or middle-aged adults saw the greatest benefits.
Phillipa Atkinson-Clow, General Manager of BWCA, said: “We often hear about the hydration benefits of plain water in terms of general health, mentally and physically. It comes as no surprise to us that it has now been proven that drinking water can help with weight control too. The sample size was robust and so we hope that those in the UK who are in a position to influence consumption habits, including workplace bosses, will pay heed to these important findings”.
Read the full findings at bit.ly/21Th3Gs | <urn:uuid:a7babc7b-0d7c-460a-9cbc-cfbb2037853f> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://palife.co.uk/news/water-can-help-with-weight-loss/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583658981.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117123059-20190117145059-00537.warc.gz | en | 0.974404 | 425 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Kidzone grade 3 and up cursive writing worksheets [introduction] [printable worksheets] age rating all children develop as individuals. Make beautiful cursive handwriting worksheets in seconds type letters - words - student name - sentences or paragraph and watch a cursive writing worksheet appear. The students are working to expand the software so that it can recognize lowercase letters as well as cursive writing british dictionary definitions for cursive. Home british & world english cursive definition of cursive in english: ‘hiragana is a cursive script used for writing grammatical elements and some native. A charity whose aims are to raise awareness of the importance of handwriting as a vital component of literacy, to promote the teaching of handwriting and to support. Examining older samples of british writing (1800s, and much of the pre-wwii writing), the british handwriting of that time was slanted to the right (as.
Cursive practice name: _____ write the sentence twice write each word write the letter on the lines write each letter pair a i h ut t. Learning cursive handwriting all over again january 9 i tell people that i want to relearn cursive writing and i am most often met with a blank stare. If you are studying in a british university you will be required to do a large amount of writing, whatever your subject some people distinguish between essays and.
Use our ielts writing tips to practice and prepare for your real ielts writing test. Cursive printables worksheets i abcteach provides over 49,000 worksheets page 1 use this lined page to practice writing the months in cursive.
The transition from printing to cursive writing is exciting for children they feel more grown-up learning to write like adults while it looks. I'm kind of confused about cursive handwriting styles i've heard of and seen spencerian and palmerian i gather that both are styles of cursive.View | <urn:uuid:fec0a5aa-092e-4a80-9b78-db8d428c32bb> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://lsessayoejr.health-consult.us/british-cursive-writing.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583508988.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015080248-20181015101748-00152.warc.gz | en | 0.928024 | 413 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Photo © Carlton Ward
Square acres of elephant habitat with enhanced protection
Young people working for their communities as ecoguardians to defend elephants and restore degraded habitats
Elephants roaming free in the deserts of Mali because of MEP efforts
Hear the story of how the project developed its approach
Since 2007 the Mali Elephant Project (MEP) has built on this to help protect the endangered animals through empowering local communities in creating systems to protect nature and keep the elephants safe. This has provided multiple benefits. For example, in declaring pasture reserves and protected forests, building fire-breaks and preventing abusive tree-cutting, young men decide to work as eco-guardians instead of taking up arms and women can choose to build micro-enterprises such as selling hay and forest products. Benefits for local people go alongside those for the elephants creating a basis for true sustainability.
*The Mali Elephant Project is a joint initiative of WILD and the International Conservation Fund of Canada.
The MEP takes a proven three-pronged, community-centered approach to elephant conservation
By empowering local people to better manage natural resources, we help improve local livelihoods while simultaneously protecting the natural world upon which the elephants and people depend. This has resulted in increased availability of water, forest and pasture, improved environmental and social resilience, and many more livelihood options for women and youth.
Since 2012 (the beginning of the insurgency), lawlessness has overtaken much of the elephant range, providing a haven for wildlife traffickers. At the request of community eco-guardians the Mali Elephant Project worked with the national government to create an anti-poaching unit to help prevent wildlife crime.
Policy and Legislation
Mali’s decentralization legislation puts natural resources – water, forests, pasture and wildlife – under the control of local communities, allowing them to devise their own management systems. A new protected area that covers the whole of the elephant range will use the Biosphere Reserve approach to further support these systems, while protecting key habitats, elephants and their migration route. | <urn:uuid:bf4a34a8-c769-4219-a66e-0e7aca80987f> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.wild.org/mali-elephants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655891884.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200707080206-20200707110206-00321.warc.gz | en | 0.910877 | 412 | 2.609375 | 3 |
NUISANCE is an unreasonable, unwarranted, or illegal use by an individual of his or her own property, that in some way injures the rights of others. A nuisance action ordinarily arises between two neighboring landowners or is brought by a government attorney. The person initiating the nuisance action seeks to control or limit the use of the land that is creating the nuisance. Nuisance is based on the principle that no one has the right to use property in a manner such as to injure a neighbor.
A private nuisance arises when there is an interference with the use or QUIET ENJOYMENT of land without an actual TRESPASS or physical invasion. For example, A might sue B, alleging that constant loud noises by B amount to a nuisance to A and A's property, which may or may not adversely affect other property in the area.
A public nuisance extends further than a private nuisance, since it adversely affects the health, morals, safety, welfare, comfort, or convenience of the general public. Statutes in many states precisely define what constitutes a public nuisance. Common examples are water and AIR POLLUTION, the storage of explosives under dangerous conditions, houses of prostitution, the emission of bad odors or loud noises, and the obstruction of public ways.
A nuisance can be both private and public, since certain activities may be sufficient to constitute a public nuisance while still substantially interfering with the use of the adjoining land to such a degree that a landowner may sue on the ground that a private nuisance is present. Private nuisance refers to the property interest affected, as opposed to the type of conduct.
Nuisances may occur in rural as well as urban areas, but they become more obvious when the area is well established as residential in nature. The fact that an activity of a certain type is permitted in an area under the zoning ordinance does not mean that it may not be stopped if it develops into a nuisance. If an otherwise legitimate activity threatens the health or safety of the community in general, it can be classified as a public nuisance. Usually, however, very little relief is available for someone who intentionally locates in an industrial area.
- Land-Use Control - Dust, Noise, Smells, But Not A Nuisance
- Land-Use Control - Zoning
- Other Free Encyclopedias
Law Library - American Law and Legal InformationFree Legal Encyclopedia: Labor Department - Employment And Training Administration to Legislative PowerLand-Use Control - Private Land-use Restrictions, The Master Plan And Official Map, Planned Communities: Read The Fine Print | <urn:uuid:90397594-841e-4b44-899a-ac54d82b5db1> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://law.jrank.org/pages/8053/Land-Use-Control-Nuisance.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255182.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20190519221616-20190520003616-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.923754 | 521 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Autophagy is a process by which a cell breaks down and recycles its own components. In normally functioning animal cells, autophagy occurs at a very low level. Autophagy pathways are activated when a cell is running low on nutrients. The cell breaks down already existing proteins and other cell components into their basic building block components so that they can be reused to maintain essential cellular functions. There is also evidence to suggest that autophagy can be used by the cell to break down misfolded proteins.
The induction of autophagy in Huntington disease (HD) cells results in the accelerated breakdown of huntingtin aggregates and has been shown to have neuroprotective effects. It is currently unknown whether huntingtin aggregates are the cause or result of HD, but nerve cells that build up huntingtin aggregates often die. To read more about huntingtin protein aggregation and its role in HD, click here.
The Process of Autophagy ^
The part (or parts) of the cell that is to be degraded is first engulfed by a double membrane to separate it from the rest of the cell; the resulting membrane-enclosed bubble of cytosol (along with all the proteins the bubble contains) becomes what is called the autophagosome. The autophagosome eventually fuses with a cellular organelle called a lysosome, a much larger membrane-enclosed bubble that contains a variety of enzymes that can break down many types of cellular components (which is why lysosomes are sometimes referred to as the “garbage disposals” of the cell). These enzymes only work in a very acidic environment, so the pH inside lysosomes is much lower than the neutral pH in the rest of the cell. This pH barrier, as well as the physical barrier of the organelle membrane, protects the rest of the cell from being degraded should the enzymes somehow leak out. Once the contents of the autophagosome are delivered to the lysosome, the lysosomal enzymes break down the new contents, which can then be recycled and reused within the cell.
Until a couple of years ago, it was believed that the main mechanism by which the nerve cell got rid of huntingtin aggregates involved what is called the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which is responsible for tagging and degrading improperly formed proteins. However, recent research shows that proteins with abnormally expanded stretches of the amino acid glutamine, like the altered huntingtin protein (which is associated with HD), are also disposed of by the process of autophagy. In this process, the aggregated proteins are gathered up and transported to the lysosome, where they are broken down and their component amino acids are recycled. Studies of nerve cells have shown that the mutant huntingtin protein can often be found in autophagosomes, the membrane-bound sacs that carry cell parts to the lysosome for degradation.
Researchers have investigated whether proteins with expanded sections of the amino acids glutamine and alanine could be degraded by cells using the process of autophagy. They compared autophagy with the ubiquitin-proteasome process, which was originally thought to be the only process by which these harmful proteins are degraded. The researchers used cells that expressed these proteins and tagged them with green fluorescent protein (GFP) in order to visualize their fate within the cells. GFP allows researchers to see the amount and the location of a specific protein present in the cell because it fluoresces, or glows, when viewed under a special microscope. To study how huntingtin aggregates are broken down by the cell, they used cells that produced, or expressed, part of the HD allele that contained either 55 or 74 CAG repeats. (To read more about the huntingtin protein, click here.)
To determine whether autophagy is indeed a key process in the clearance of huntingtin aggregates, the researchers first used two different compounds to inhibit autophagy at different points of the process and observed the effect on aggregate formation. The first compound they used inhibits autophagy by preventing a membrane from surrounding the cell contents that are about to be degraded; if the autophagosome cannot form, the contents cannot be delivered to the lysosome to be broken down. The second compound they used prevents the autophagosome from fusing with the lysosome and releasing its contents, which also prevents autophagy from occurring. Treatment with these compounds resulted in visibly higher levels of huntingtin aggregates in cell cultures, which showed that autophagy does play a role in the breakdown of aggregates. Along with the increase in aggregates, the researchers also saw increased cell death when the cells were treated with autophagy-inhibiting compounds.
The researchers also tested the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in reducing protein aggregation in the same cell cultures. Most previous experiments have used a certain compound to inhibit the proteasome that is thought to inhibit the function of the lysosome as well. Because they wanted to test the role of the proteasome only, the researchers used a different compound that inhibits the proteasome and has no effect on lysosomes. They found that inhibiting the proteasome increased aggregate formation in one cell line but not in another. While these results are somewhat inconclusive, they may suggest that the ubiquitin-proteasome process is not the main mechanism by which cells get rid of the disease-state huntingtin protein. More research about the role of autophagy in degrading mutant huntingtin needs to be done.
Several drugs are known to modulate the process of autophagy in different ways. The hope is that drugs which promote autophagy will aid nerve cells in breaking down huntingtin aggregates and help to protect the cells. Research is being done to identify the effectiveness of different types of drugs.
For further reading^
- Raught, et al. “The target of rapamycin (TOR) proteins.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2001 Jun 19;98(13):7037-44.
Short paper which describes various functions of target of rapamycin (TOR) proteins in fairly technical writing.
- Ravikumar, et al. “Aggregate-prone proteins with polyglutamine and polyalanine expansions are degraded by autophagy.” Human Molecular Genetics. 2002 May 1;11(9):1107-17.
2001 Jun 19;98(13):7037-44.
Fairly technical article which describes experiments aimed to discover whether or not proteins with multiple amino acid repeats could be controlled through the process of autophagy.
- Ravikumar, et al. “Inhibition of mTOR induces autophagy and reduces toxicity of polyglutamine expansions in fly and mouse models of Huntington disease.” Nature Genetics 2004 Jun 36(6):585-95.
This technical paper describing the effects of mTOR inhibition was cited in the “mTOR and HD” section.
- Sarkar S., et al. “Rapamycin and mTOR-independent autophagy inducers ameliorate toxicity of polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin and related proteinopathies.” Cell Death and Differentiation advance online publication, 18 July 2008; doi:10.1038/cdd.2008.110.
Very technical paper which describes the effects of autophagy inducers in controlling HD and other diseases caused by malformed proteins.
- Thoreen, et al. “Huntingtin aggregates ask to be eaten.” Nature Genetics. 2002 Jun;36(6):553-4.
Less technical article that describes the role of autophagy in controlling mutant huntingtin aggregates.
- Williams et al. “Novel targets for Huntington’s Disease in an mTOR-independent autophagy pathway.” 2008 May;5(4):295-305
Less technical article which reviewed the role of calpains in HD and different autophagy-inducing therapies was cited in the “Calpains and HD” and the “Combination Therapies” sections.
A. Pipathsouk, 4/24/09 | <urn:uuid:75c5e640-e2a1-4b24-8587-8762104f7e10> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://hopes.stanford.edu/about-autophagy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363290.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206072825-20211206102825-00602.warc.gz | en | 0.930806 | 1,722 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Form 1 History and Government Notes on Early Man
Grade/Class: Form 1
Subject: History and Government
Term: Select Term
Document Type: PDF
In the study of early man, we will seek to answer questions that human beings have always sought to answer about how they appeared on earth, whether they were created and where the universe came from.
The origin of Human Beings
A number of theories have been put forward to explain the origin of human beings.
a. The creation theory.
b. The mythical/ traditional theory
c. The evolution theory
The Creation theory
The Jews, Christians and Muslims recognize the creation story as narrated in the first book of bible and in Qur’an. That the whole universe was created by god. That God also created man, woman and all living things and all non-living creatures. Man was created in God’s own image and woman created to provide man with companionship.
The Mythical Theory
Among African communities, there are myths about their origin all of them pointing to the fact that the first man was created by God.
Among the Agikuyu, their God (Ngai) created the first man, Gikuyu. He the provided him with a wife, Mumbi. He gave him land at Mugurwe wa Gathanga.
One of the myths among the Nandi state that the first two people, male and female came from the knees of a giant man, when the knees began swelling and later burst for the two to come out from each of the either knees.
The Evolution Theory
Charles Darwin, an English man living between 1809 and 1882 questioned the acceptance of the creation theory. Through scientific expedition to South America and the pacific islands in 1831, he developed interest in fossils (remains of plants and animals found beneath the earth’s surface.) in 1859; he published his ideas in a book titled The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. The ideas enlisted instant battles from the Christian fraternity save for one supporter, Huxley.
Clearly the theory of evolution was not accepted but it helped to make people aware of the new ideas concerning the origin of man.
What is evolution?
Evolution can be defined as the process of change in living organisms over a number of years, frequently involving the beginning of new species from earlier species.
According to Charles Darwin, man transformed from simple life slowly over millions of years through environmental mutation, natural selection, isolation and adaptation.
-Mutation was a stage of abrupt change.
-Natural selection is an instinct by which the stronger species out compete the weaker for resources.
-Adaptation is where the surviving species isolate themselves from others as they adapt to new environment through body changes and technological changes e.g. ability to grow crops and make shelter.
Darwin’s theory of natural selection comprises the following points.
All organisms or creatures are uniquely different and this uniqueness is based on heredity factors which an organism has from birth.
Although many young organisms are produced, few manage to develop to maturity.
The organisms that manage to grow to maturity and reproduce are those that are able to constantly adapt to the existing environment. In view of the limited resources, even after mutation, Darwin argued that only the fittest organisms survive as the weak species become extinct. This theory is popularly known as ‘survival for the fittest’. According to Darwin, isolation and adaptation is the final stage in the evolution process. Having survived through mutation and natural selection, the merging species increase in number. This leads to search for basic needs and in the process a species may be isolated from the rest and then finally adapt to the new environment. The theory of evolution holds that Humans belong to the animal kingdom and that man has evolved over the years. Man is a primate just as apes like gorillas, chimpanzees and monkeys. However, man belongs to the family of hominidae, while apes belong to the family of pongidae.
Man according to Darwin developed over the years from his ape-like ancestors.
Evolution and adaptation of man
The earliest Mammals lived on trees for two reasons;
a) There was more supply of food o trees such as insects, leaves and birds’ eggs
b) Security. Animals were more secure from their enemies while up on trees
Man evolved from this kind of animals
Archaeological evidence points at East Africa as the cradle of mankind.
Reasons why East Africa is regarded as the place where man first evolved
a) Evidence from archaeologists’ show that the earliest apes first evolved around lake and rift valley areas. And if man evolved from apes, then the first man must have appeared in east Africa.
b) The savanna landscapes found in east Africa favored evolution while the conditions elsewhere (forests and deserts) Were unfavourable.
c) The bones and weapons and tools which archaeologists are finding are proofs to this. These findings are widespread in Olduvai Gorge, Olorgesaillie, and Ngorongoro and around lakes of east Africa.
d) The discovery of remains of early hominids and their material culture which form a pattern of human evolution prove this. E.g. we can trace the evolutionary process from Dryopithecus to Ramapithecus to Australopithecus to Homo habilis to Homo erectus to Homo sapiens.
Important archaeological sites found in East Africa
In Kenya; - Rusinga Island, Fort Ternan near Kericho, Kariandusi near Elementaita, Gambles cave, Olorgesaillie, Kobi For a near Lake Turkana, Hyrax Hill and Njoro River cave.
In Tanzania; - Olduvai Gorge, Eyasi Simila, Apis Rock and Garusi
In Uganda; - Nsongezi, Napak, Magosi, Paraa, Ishanga, Mweya and Nyabusora
In Ethiopia; - Omo River Valley and Hadar.
Over a long period of time, man’s ancestors lived in thick forests. Later about 15 million years ago, the forests transformed into savanna grasslands causing man’s ancestors to change both physically and mentally so as to cope with the new environment.
a) The tail which no longer had any value in the savanna disappeared.
b) Man became more upright as there were no more impeding vegetation as was the case of too much foliage and intertwining vegetation in the forests and also to reduce surface area onto which solar insolation had effect. These also enabled quicker movement.
c) The leg and foot formation changed to enable the weight of the body to be supported and balance to be achieved while moving or at a standstill.
d) Gradual use of front limbs (hands for holding objects) enabled man to make tools which made work easier. The limbs also found another role of protection from other predators.
As the forests disappeared, competition for food intensified and humans had to change their earlier eating habits. Some fossil evidence clearly give distinctive evidence of the break-off point between apes and hominids (mans ancestors.)The changes which Homo sapiens underwent as a break-off from apes to modern man.
a) The skull size of the early human beings became larger indicating bigger brains. For example, Australopithecus, who lived between 5 and 1 million years ago, had a brain capacity of
530cm3. Homo erectus who lived later on had an improved brain capacity of between 775 and 1225cm3.
b) Their jaws and teeth became more powerful compared to earlier forms indicating their use in tearing and cutting tough fibres and even the need for defence as a weapon. The size of the jaws and teeth became smaller.
c) They developed a refined speech as compared to earlier forms.
d) They were taller with less hair on their body.
e) The forearms and hands underwent some changes. They developed a thumb for grasping objects. Their arms and hands became shorter, more appropriate for an upright posture.
f) Their leg and foot formation also changed. Their feet and toes were smaller than earlier hominids in order to support the weight of the rest of the body while motionless or mobile. The toes were no longer in need for holding onto branches.
From apes to homo sapien sapiens
Between 40 and 25 million years ago, the first apes appeared on earth. The first man
(Austropithecus) appeared around 4.5 million years ago.
The following are the stages through which the evolution of man passed.
1) Aegyptopithecus - An Early African Monkey
-Aegyptopithecus was reconstructed from a monkey like skull found at Fayum Depression in Egypt. He forms earliest evidence of probable man's ancestors.
-Its Teeth were those of a herbivore
-It had a Small, about 4kg and was named Egyptian ape.
-It was highly adapted to forest life. Had stereoscopic vision. It could jump skillfully from one tree to other using hands. It Dated 33 million years
2) Dryopithecus Africanus (proconsul)
-Its Remains were found at Rusinga Island within Lake Victoria by Mary and Louis Leakey in
1948. Its Skull appearance was more close to modern man than to Aegyptopithecus.
-He had a quadrupedal movement like a chimpanzee. He had a Smooth forehead.
-He had long teeth like other animals. The shape of his teeth and jaws indicated that He ate fruits. It is his remains that strengthen the belief that east Africa was the first homeland of mankind.
3) Kenyapithecus (Ramapithecus)
-He is believed to have appeared between 15 and 12 million years ago
-First remains found Fort Ternan in Kericho District, Kenya, in 1961 by Dr. Louis Leakey and Mary. Other fossils found at Samburu Hills, near Lake Baringo as well as in the Lake Turkana basin.
-The equivalent species found in the Siwalikis Hills in northern India near New Delhi was named Ramapithecus
-He had small canines and could occasionally walk on twos without falling.
-The creature was small and weighed 36kg with bigger brains than earlier hominids.
4) Australopithecus (southern ape)
-By 4-2m years ago a series of species known as australopithecines begin to appear. Perhaps it was the earliest homid closer to modern man.
-The pelvis and leg were similar to that of modern humans.
-They were bipedal and this was important in defence, grasp of objects and vision of an impending danger from a distance.
-His Brain size was smaller than that of a human but larger than gorilla’s.
-He was one of the most hairy hominid that ever existed.
-He was Short but strong with a low forehead. Had large teeth and skulls
-His remains were first discovered at Taung in Botswana by Raymond Dart in 1924.
-The broken up skull found in East Africa at Olduvai Gorge in 1959 by Mary Leakey, was called Zinjanthropus- ‘Nut-Cracker man ‘since it had big jaws that suggest it kept on chewing.
-Other fossils found in South Africa, Omo River Valley, Laetoli in Tanzania, near lakes Turkana and Baringo in kenya and L Natron
Four types of Australopithecines that have been identified
a) Australopithecus Afarensis
b) Australopithecus Anamensis
c) Australopithecus africanus.
d) Australopithecus Robustus
e) Australopithecus Anamensis
-He is aged between 4.2 and 3.9 million years ago and is believed to be one of the oldest
-Evidence of his existence is obtained from the Reconstruction of Material consisting of 9 fossils from Kanapoi in Kenya and 12 fossils from Allia Bay in Kenya found by Dr. Meave Leakey, Dr. Allan Walker and the four fossil hunters (Kamoya Kimeu, Wambua Mangao, Nzube Mutiwa and Samuel Ngui.)
-The fossil remains (comprising a lower jaw) were named A. Anamensis in August 1995 in a leading British Scientific journal.
-He had relatively large canines.
-The homid was aged between 3.9 and 3.0 million years ago. Its Name is derived from Afar Depression in Ethiopia.
-He Had Apelike face and human-like teeth. He was small in stature and Bipedal, but Walked bent over, not fully upright.
-They had very small brains -Brain capacity from 375 to 500 cc – (Its Brain was the size of an orange.)
-They had a bony ridge over the eyes, a low forehead, a flat nose, and also they had no chin.
- Remains found at Laetoli in Tanzania and Tugen Hills in Baringo District.
b) Australopithecus Africanus (A. Gracilis)
-A. africanus existed between 3 and 2.5 million years ago. A. africanus was slenderly built, or Gracile (Gracile means slender) with a height of 1.5m.
-Was significantly more like modern humans than A. Afarensis, with a larger brain and more humanoid facial features.
-Had large teeth, jaws and skull
-A. africanus has been found at only four sites in southern Africa — Taung (1924),
Sterkfontein (1935), Makapansgat (1948) and Gladysvale (1992).
d) Australopithecus Robustus
-He Lived between 1½ - 2mya in South Africa.
-He is the biggest and most recent Australopithecine. - weight 68kg. He had more robust
skull, jaws, and teeth.
- He ate fruits, nuts and raw tubers- was apparently a vegetarian.
-His Remains were found primarily in cave deposits at Swartkrans and Kromdraai in South Africa.
-His Average brain size was about 530 cc
-The East African A.Robustus was named A. Boisei
5) Homo habilis
(“Handy Man”) - “man with ability”.
-He is the earliest known species of the genus Homo; that is, the first human species. He lived 2.5 -1.5 million years ago
-He was the First Homo specie to create and use stone tools for hunting and daily life. Homo habilis depicted the ability to make better tools than his predecessors. That is why he was referred to as man with ability.
-His Brain size was -500 -800 cc;-the Brain shape is more humanlike.
-He was capable of rudimentary speech.
-He was about 127 cm (5'0") tall, and about 45 kg (100 lb) in weight, although females may have been smaller
-His fossils were found in the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania in 1964 by Dr. J. Leakey.
-His Remains were also found at Hadar and Omo River Valley in Ethiopia and kobi fora along L. Turkana by Benerd Ngeneo in 1972.
6) Homo erectus (“Upright Man”)
-He was BIPEDAL- standing about 4-5 feet tall with a larger brain (700-1250cc). He lived between 2 million and 200,000 years ago.
-He was clever as illustrated by his ability to make Acheulian tools such as the hand axe which was used as an axe, knife or even as a scraper. He was the First hominid to invent and use fire.
-Their skeletons were larger and showed that they were quite heavily muscled
-They were omnivorous like many other early hominids.
-Only had hair on their head and back like are men that we have today
-Remains found in Hardar, Ethiopia where the skeleton of a female ‘Lucy’ were found.
-Other fossils were found near Nariokotone River on the north western shores of LakeTurkana by Kamoya Kimeu in 1984.
-Also at Olorgesaillie near Magadi, Isimila near Iringa in TZ and Tenerife in Algeria.
-The most famous Homo Erectus fossil was found in a cave in Zhoukoudian, China and became known as Peking Man/Java man
7) Homo sapiens (“Wise Man” thinking man)
-Their Main difference with their hominid ancestors is their extreme intelligence–they were the smartest hominid that ever lived with a Brain capacity of 1000-1800cc
-They lived between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago
-They improved their way of life by making a variety of flint, bone, wood and stone tools
-They hunted, gathered and fished. Later on, they domesticated plants and animals
-Their Remains were found at Eliye Springs, Kanjera and Kanam in Kenya, Bodo and Omo River Valley in Ethiopia and Ngaloba in Tanzania.
Three sub-species of Homo sapiens existed;
a) Rhodesian man
-The sub-species Was discovered in Zambia , hence the name Rhodesian man
-He had straight legs and walked with long strides.
-Rhodesian man’s Brains and skull were very similar to those of modern man.
-His Remains were found in Neander valley, Germany (1856). They Lived in caves and valleys
-He was 5 feet and 5 inches tall-much stronger, heavily built and more aggressive too.
-He Had very thick eyebrow ridges like the other hominids
-He Made clothes from animal skins. They would scrape animal fat so they can use the skin as clothing.
-They were probably the First humans to bury their dead. He was most likely the most intelligent hominid other than modern humans.
-He was a nomad, gathering and hunting deer, wild pigs and wild sheep. Their weapons were used to impale animals; therefore, to kill them, they had to approach the animal and get very close. This was dangerous and probably caused injuries and even fatalities.
-Communication was key in hunting because they had to work as a team. They had the ability to use complex speech; however, their sentences were probably basic. Instead of painting on cave walls they painted their faces.
-Other remains were found in Asia in France, Belgium, Gibraltar, Italy and former
-They became extinct about 30,000 years ago.
c) Homo sapiens Cro-Magnon
-He was almost identical to modern humans although quite muscular and taller. Had long, low skull and a wide face, a sharp, rising forehead, bushy eyebrows and prominent chins
-They had a big brain capacity and had very complex thinking
-He was hunter-gatherer, painter and lived in caves
-He knew how to make clothes
-His Fossil remains were found in Western Europe. Their skeletons still remain in France today
-They became extinct around 10,000years ago
8) Homo sapiens sapiens
-Homo sapiens sapiens are modern day humans. They evolved about 50,000 years ago.
-They have big brains and a more advanced faculty for curiosity and intelligence
-They have a large brain capacity. They do not just think, they plan ahead, make accurate forecasts, and study the star and the galaxies
-They have made inventions that have made life more comfortable.
-They are Around 5 feet 6 inches tall and Walk fully upright
-They have Minimal hair on our bodies (replaced by clothing)-We have clothes that are made from brands, factories, we also sew or knit our own clothing.
The growing knowledge of genetic structure and functions has enabled human beings to clone animals using genes obtained from existing animals, thereby producing offsprings that looks exactly like the original e.g. the work of Dr. Wilmut Ian at the Roslin Institute of Edinburgh, Scotland that led to the first cloned sheep named dolly. Scientists are making attempts to even clone humans.More recent discoveries of early man include the Toumai found in Chad in 2002 dating about 6 to 7 myaIn 2000, another discovery was made in Baringo, Kenya (millennium man) and is believed todate 6mya. The discovery was made by Martin Pickford and Eustace Gitonga o the National Museums of Kenya.
Appearance of races
It has been hypothesized modern humans, using superior technology and more efficient adaption, out competed other hominid species to quickly emerge as the only surviving hominid species on the planet.Though we feature much diversity in appearance, these differences are minor compared to our biological similarities/all human beings are quite closely related.Many of our physical differences (skin, color, hair color, etc.) are relatively recent adaptations to local environment conditions. Evolutionary forces such as genetic drift have also played a role in our creating such variation as well.
Biologists and anthropologists classified humans into three different groups based on physical characteristics.
-Negroids, found in Africa.
-Caucasians found in Europe
-Mongoloids found in Asia,
Modern genetics has revealed that these categories make very little sense biologically since modern races are derived from a common stock and the different races are able to interbreed. There are also no differences in intelligence among all races of mankind.
The term “race” has traditionally been used by scientists as the equivalent of the subspecies concept when classifying humans. The Cultural and economic practices of early man
What is culture?
Culture is the way of life of a people-Customs, language and social institutions
The things that early humans made and used formed their material culture. Early man’s culture can be understood through study of Stone Age or Paleolithic periods
What is Stone Age?
This refers to the early period of human history when man’s tools and weapons were mainly made of stone and to some extend – wood and bone
There are three Stone Age periods
1) Old stone age- Paleolithic period- 4,500,000 to 50,000years
2) Middle stone age- Mesolithic period-50,000-15,000 years.
3) New Stone Age – Neolithic period- 15,000- 1,500 years
The Paleolithic Age
“Paleolithic” -> “Old Stone” Age- 4,500,000 – 50,000 years ago
The Paleolithic is the longest of all stone ages, covering roughly 2 million years.
The hominid species who lived side by side were Australopithecus, Homo habilis and Homoerectus.
EARLY STONE AGE TOOLS
The hominids Made tools from stone
The Tool Traditions was called Oldowan tools / pebble tools. The tools were named after Olduvai Gorge where they were found. They were made by Australopithecus and Homo erectus. They were also known as pebble tools because they were made of stones.
Among the finds at Olduvai were the chopper, fist hatchet (core tools) and several flake tools.Such tools were also found at Kobi For a near Lake Turkana, Omo River Valley in Ethiopia, and Kafu Valley in Uganda, Shaba province in Zaire and in Algeria, Tunisia and morocco.In Kenya, the tools were found at sites in kariandusi, Olorgesaillie, Kilombe, Chesowanja, Mtongwe, Isenya and Lewa DownsAustralopithecus “Southern Ape” They didn’t have the intelligence to make sophisticated tools, so they may have made tools out of bones that they foundAustralopithecus afarensis mostly used tools that they found or that nature had created, example was a stick, which they stuck into a termite mound, then the termites clung to it letting the ape pull out the stick covered in food. He is however also credited for making Oldowan tools.
Homo habilis and the Oldowan Tradition
They made stone tools for chopping, scraping, and cutting. Making of Choppers (lower left) involved knapping a few flakes off the core. Both cores and flakes were used. The Knapper could strike a spherical piece of stone until Flake falls off opposite side. The Tool would then be flipped over and procedure repeated. Several blows would create a cutting edge Requirements reflect Intelligence, Planning, foreknowledge of design and Knowledge of breakage pattern of rock. There must also be Hand-eye coordination
The second phase of the Old Stone Age was marked by tools called Acheulian tools, named after the site of St Acheul in France. Others found in Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. In Kenya, the tools were found at Kariandusi, Olorgesaillie, Kilombe, Chesowanja, Mtongwe, Isenya and Lewa DownsThey were made by Homoerectus. Homo erectus and the Acheulian tool technology. Signature tool: a well-designed hand axe and cleavers
The Hand axe had multiple uses, from cutting, skinning, scraping animal skins, digging and sharpening bone and wood.
Characteristics of Acheulian hand axe
-It was Bifacial: both sides were knapped
-Symmetrical in breadth
-Shaped to a point on one end
-The edge is thin and sharp
-Broad end is curved, but edge is still sharp.
Process of Manufacturing Acheulian Hand axes
Dozens of flakes were removed from the core, from 25 to 75. Each flake blow must be precisely positioned. The Core must be turned over again and again to maintain symmetry and to keep edge straight. All the exterior rind (cortex) was removed. It was a demanding task-The hand axe was Symmetrical and finely shaped.
OLD STONE AGE-HUNTING AND GATHERING
The early Stone Age people lived in small groups and were able to hunt for food using sharpened rocks and sticks. They used simple hunting methods of chasing wild animals and throwing stones at them. They also made traps by digging large pits on the paths used by animals. They ate raw meat from small animals like lizards and rodents
Women gathered edible fruits, eggs and roots- had a balanced diet.
THE OLD STONE AGE-SHELTER AND CLOTHING
Humans during this period found shelter in caves and tree-tops.
Their bodies were hairy enough to keep them warm- lack of clothing was therefore bearable during this period. Moreover, the savannahs were also warm enough.
They also preferred the grasslands because they provided them with the much needed water and food. The Australopithecus had a very small brain and that limited the actions they could do. The Australopithecus were very hairy so they didn’t need any clothes. Australopithecus diet was mostly made up of fruits and vegetables they found. If Australopithecus found a dead animal it would scavenge of it but the Australopithecus afarensis couldn’t cook the meat and kill the germs.
Mesolithic-“middle Stone” Age- 200,000– 10,000 years ago.
They period was characterized by superior brains and ability of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens. Great improvements were witnessed.
Signature tool; Sangoan tool made using Lavallois method
The tool was named after Sango Bay site on L. Victoria-Tz
The Lavallois technology
It involved using cores of smaller stones to hit bigger ones. The tool maker would draw outline of flake on stone module and Strike out flakes and blades of desired shape. The rock would be prepared beforehand to control how rock breaks when struck. The flakes and blades were then trimmed into a variety of knives, scrapers, spear points, choppers and daggers. Also Mousterian tools (specialized stone tools and weapons) were made.
Tang- the first tool with a handle was invented in this period- 40,000 years ago in northern Africa. Fire was also another important tool invented by Homo erectus and he used it as follows
- For warmth at night, lighting, to cook roots and roast meat, for hunting (bushfires), tool-making to harden tips, means of communication, food preservation
-It also enabled hominids to migrate out of savannah
MESOLITHIC – FOOD AND CLOTHES
Homo erectus was considered the first true hunters. Because of better tools
(Hand axe), fire and axes, they could hunt larger game such as deer, rhinos, pigs, elephants; buffaloes etc. and cook their food. People learnt to wear animal skins and make waist-belts and necklaces. They also painted themselves with red ochre and oil.
MESOLITHIC – SHELTER.
Man used identifiable shelter. An example was found at Orangia in South Africa. Man also used rock shelter (rocks scooped out to make hollows). Later man lived in caves with entrance covered with animal skins to keep wind and rain away (e.g. Matupi Cave in Zaire and Gambles cave near Nakuru.
MESOLITHIC – LANGUAGE AND ROCK ART
Families lived in small groups for security reasons. There were distinct languages to enhance communications. Rock paintings-Pictures of animals were painted on walls and rocks. Examples of Cave paintings were left behind at Kondoa and singida areas in north Tanzania and at Apollo II cave in S.A. This pictures signified man’s believe in magic (arrows piercing animals he hoped to kill)
There was efficient group organization as evidenced by the ability to carry out large-scale hunting. Language invention further strengthened the social bonds and cultures of early man
The Neolithic age
Neolithic “New Stone” Age- 15,000 – 4,000 years ago
This period was marked with the Emergence of Homo sapiens and homo sapien sapiens.
THE NEOLITHIC TOOLS
Man became a Very skilled toolmaker-they made tools known as microliths- (small piece of sharp stone tool). For example, a crescent or a lunate which had a straight sharp cutting edge and a curved blunted back. Their weapons include stone axes, knives, spears, harpoons, wooden bows, and sharp, stone tipped arrows, hooks, needles, and bone fish hooks. NEANDERTHALS were the first to create the pointed tip on hunting spears and harpoons
THE NEOLITHIC SHELTER
Earlier sapiens used caves as their homes instead of building one. Later, they made permanent homes that looked like tents or tepees, out of tree branches, grass, mammoth bones, and animal skins. They used or made some sort of paint to use on their cave paintings.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
Man domesticated plants and animals though he continued to hunt and gather.
Man changed as from Nomadic lifestyle to settled stationary lifestyle; a.k.a. sedentary
Population also increased due to balanced diet and adequate food
THE NEOLITHIC GOVERNMENT
Due to settled life and improved settlement, rules and laws were set up as a basis of government. Some people also specialized in leadership, religious activities as well as making of crafts.
THE NEOLITHIC RELIGION
Man’s language and religious beliefs developed as a result of depending on natural forces like rain. They began to ponder over issues like life and death. Evidence is found at Hyrax Hill and Njoro river Cave where human fossil remains were found buried with items such as tools and seeds or food. The practice of burying someone with his possessions implied a belief in life after death. Neanderthals were the first to bury their dead. They also seemed to have a conception of an afterlife as shown by the actual burial site at La Ferrassie, France, with seven tombs including a man, a woman and several children’s graves lying side by side.
THE NEOLITHIC ART AND CRAFT
Humans specialized in crafts such as basketry, pottery and later smelting
Evidenced by this horse’ head carving to the right. | <urn:uuid:c913eff6-32b2-4fdb-b778-a85ba56df598> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.tutorke.com/class-notes/47-form-1-history-and-government-notes-on-early-man.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487610841.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20210613192529-20210613222529-00190.warc.gz | en | 0.967232 | 6,889 | 3.765625 | 4 |
San Francisco de Asis de Marcapata
Located in the Marcapata Valley, the church of San Francisco de Asís was built between the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries and exemplifies the “Andean baroque,” a form of architecture that emerged from the intersection of Spanish and local culture during the colonial period. The rubble stone masonry is finished with an earthen render and capped with a thatched roof. For over 400 years, the church has been maintained by the community through the traditional ceremony of repaje. Every four years, the residents of Marcapata come together for a week-long repaje celebration where they replace the thatch on the roof. The polychrome murals in the interior depict Christian and pre-Columbian Andean religious traditions. The church has suffered damage due from natural aging and lack of resources for its maintenance; the roof structure has deteriorated, and progressive rainwater infiltration and the absence of appropriate drainage have damaged the murals. The transmission of the repaje skills from generation to generation is threatened by changing community demographics. The new Inter-Oceanic Highway connecting ports in Peru and Brazil, built by the Brazilian company Obredecht, passes through Marcapata, creating development pressures and changes in the landscape of the town.
How We Helped
Following the inclusion of San Francisco de Asis de Marcapata on the 2010 Watch, WMF and Obredecht are contributing to the development of a conservation plan for the church. The plan will be guided by documentation of existing conditions, analysis of erosion and deteriorated elements, and recommendations from conservation experts. San Pedro de Andahuaylillas, a WMF project included in the 2008 World Monuments Watch, has a conservation program underway and local authorities have taken inspiration from that project to help develop the plans for San Francisco de Asís in Marcapata.
Why It Matters
The construction of the Inter-Oceanic Highway presents a new set of challenges for historic towns like Marcapata. At a time of change, training and awareness efforts are needed to renew community connections to heritage and promote development that is sustainable and sympathetic to the historic fabric of the town. As a symbol of collective stewardship and deep-rooted community traditions, the church of San Francisco de Asís is proposed as a vehicle for such activities. | <urn:uuid:cc93d775-1a75-48b7-be43-60765c947108> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | https://www.wmf.org/project/san-francisco-de-asis-de-marcapata | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111374.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00189-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931204 | 480 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Archives of Disease in Childhood found that five-year-old children who were breastfed as babies are better behaved than their formula-fed counterparts! Researchers from across the United Kingdom culled data for the report from the Millennium Cohort Study, a research project that follows the development of approximately 19,000 children born in the U.K. in 2000 and 2001.
Researchers collected and analyzed data about how the babies were fed and for how long, and combined this information with the results of 9,500 questionnaires filled out by parents regarding a variety of behavioral issues. These included conduct (stealing and lying), emotional (anxiety and separation-related issues), and hyperactivity.
The analysis showed that of the children with abnormal scores on the behavioral questionnaire, 6 percent were breastfed for four months or longer, while 16 percent were formula fed. The conclusion: There is a link between breastfeeding and brain development that effects behavior.
Researchers say that the large amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids, growth factors, and hormones found in breastmilk impact the development and function of the infant’s brain and central nervous system. Additionally, they concluded that the interaction between breastfed babies and their mothers can have a positive impact on the child’s behavior later in life. Researchers came to the same conclusions when controlling for influences like socio-economic status and other parental factors.
This new research adds to the mounting stack of evidence in favor of the benefits of breastfeeding, and the risks of not breastfeeding. Over the years, studies have shown that breastfed babies are protected against common childhood gastrointestinal and respiratory infections, stomach cancers, and peptic ulcers; have a reduced risk of depression; and might even have a higher IQ. Breastfeeding is also associated with lower rates of obesity later in life -- a cause championed by First Lady Michelle Obama in her Let's Move Campaign to reduce the rate of childhood obesity.
And of course, moms who breastfeed enjoy their own set of benefits. One of the most significant is reduced risk of developing cardiovascular disease and its risk factors -- high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Research has also shown that the longer a woman breastfed, the less likely she is to develop breast cancer. And the weight loss many women report as a bonus of breastfeeding is a significant benefit in a culture plagued by obesity.
The behavioral benefits of breastfeeding are great for the children and their parents, but it's really an indication of something much more important -- healthier brain development. Certainly something to consider when weighing your infant-feeding options. | <urn:uuid:c4c72123-dbe1-4373-8f2e-2590be8aa316> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://blog.oncloudmom.com/2011/05/link-between-breastfeeding-and-behavior.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297689.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00072-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961964 | 517 | 3.125 | 3 |
What is a trust?
The best way to describe a Trust is that of “a special legal relationship ” which was first developed under English law around the 12th century. This evolved from what we now call English Common Law.
First Look briefing - 01/02/2013
At the time, English Common Law did not recognise the difference between legal title and beneficial entitlement. The Kings Court of Chancery began to rule on cases which led to what we call the Principle of Equity, or fairness, which is now referred to as the Law of Equity.
A TrustA trust allows for dual ownership of Title and of beneficial right. This is why a Trust is different from a company.
The separation of legal ownership and beneficial ownership is the unique characteristic of the Trust concept, as the Trustee has legal title to the trust property, where as the beneficiaries have equitable right to the trust property and the right to enjoy the Trust assets.
So, a Trust is a legally binding arrangement or obligation, whereby a person (known as a Settlor) transfers assets to another person or a company (known as a Trustee) who is entrusted with legal title to the trust assets, not for his own benefit, but for the benefit of other persons or a class known as beneficiaries, (who may include the settlor or for a specified purpose).
The instructions from the Settlor to the Trustee (as to the disposition of Trust assets) will normally be contained in a document called the Trust Instrument or Settlement Deed. This is for the benefit of all parties as it will ensure that the Settlor, the Trustee and the beneficiaries know precisely what their respective rights and duties are. The Trust instrument will usually provide the trustee with the power to manage the trust assets in accordance with the terms of the trust instrument and the strict duties imposed on the trustee under the chosen Trust Law.
In addition to the Trust instrument it is also important for a Settlor to indicate to the Trustee their wishes as to the management and disposition of the trust fund in the future. Their expression is contained in a Letter of Wishes which, although not legally binding, will generally be considered by the trustee to be an important guide when performing his duties and, for example, determining to make a distribution out of the trust fund.
The TrusteeLegal title to the Trust assets is entrusted to the Trustee under the obligations imposed by the Trust and they are responsible for the administration of the Trust. The Trust assets constitute a separate fund and do not form any part of the Trustee's own estate. There are strict statutory, Common laws and Trust laws imposed on the Trustee when undertaking his duties, such as to preserve and enhance the Trust Fund. The Settlor Once a Trust is created the Settlor will have divested himself of legal ownership of the Trust assets (i.e. their assets no longer forming part of their estate). The Settlor may be a beneficiary.
Subject to having the appropriate advice, the Settlor may also have certain powers, for example such as the power to approve distributions, the power to appoint and remove Trustees and the power to revoke the Trust. However, it is essential to the validity of a trust that the Settlor actually dispossesses himself of the Trust assets.
The BeneficiariesThe beneficiaries are the persons entitled to benefit from the assets held on Trust, as set out in the Trust deed. As stated, the Settlor may themselves be one of the beneficiaries . In order for a Trust to be valid there must generally be sufficient certainty as to the identity of the beneficiaries . An express power for the addition of further persons to the class of beneficiaries may, however, be included in the Trust instrument. The beneficiaries may enjoy equal or unequal benefits, as the Trust instrument prescribes or, in the case of a discretionary Trust, as the Trustee may determine. It is also possible to include in the Trust instrument a power to exclude beneficiaries from future benefit.
Beneficiaries have rights in law to enforce the terms of the Trust and have the equitable right to the Trust assets.
The Trust FundThe assets constituting the Trust fund may be of any type of movable or immovable property. At any time after settlement on trust of the initial assets, further assets may be added to the Trust fund.
The ProtectorIf the Settlor feels it is necessary, in order to counterbalance the wide discretionary and fiduciary powers a Trustee has, it is often found useful for the Settlor to appoint a trusted friend or professional adviser to act as a Protector of the Trust. In such cases the consent of the Protector will generally be required before the Trustee may exercise certain strategic powers under the Trust instrument.
Technical briefing: Find out more about the types of trusts and their uses >
Email [email protected] or speak to any key contact on our private client services page to find out how we can help you.
Back to top | <urn:uuid:8e87e5d3-bcff-4a50-8aba-75bcbbbbe027> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.hawksford.com/knowledge-hub/2013/what-is-a-trust | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711162.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207121241-20221207151241-00750.warc.gz | en | 0.953443 | 1,009 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Advancements in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling have already unlocked vast new natural gas resources from shale rock. Drillers are using the same innovations that brought about the “Shale Gas Revolution” for oil, leading to a surge in shale oil (or “tight oil”) production.
From January 2009 until April 2013 U.S. oil production jumped by 30%, rising from 5.1 million barrels per day (md/d) to 7.3 mb/d, the highest level in over 20 years.
This has had several short-term geopolitical effects. It has provided some breathing room to allow tougher sanctions on Iran. It has reduced the revenues and influence of OPEC. It has also added some spare capacity to global oil markets, reducing volatitliy.
However, despite some of these short-term geopolitical benefits, the U.S. tight oil boom does very little for long-term energy security. The longevity of the tight oil boom is unknown. Greater oil production does not insulate American consumers from gas price spikes. And a surge in oil production threatens to head off action on climate change, delaying the transition to cleaner energy.
ASP’s Perspective Paper, “The U.S. Tight Oil Boom: Geopolitical Winner or Long-Term Distraction?” highlights these contradictions – the U.S. tight oil boom has short-term geopolitical benefits, but over the long-term it does not provide real energy security. | <urn:uuid:e258529d-6e57-45da-8024-bd9769437a52> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.americansecurityproject.org/perspective-the-u-s-tight-oil-boom-geopolitical-winner-or-long-term-distraction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507452681.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005732-00164-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954171 | 305 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Tactile Telekinesis: At first, Superboy’s only superpower was “tactile telekinesis”, a telekinetic force field that surrounds his body as a protective shield and allows him to simulate Superman-level speed, strength, flight and invulnerability. The tactile TK field also lets Superboy break free of an opponent’s grip by pushing the field outward to force the opponent away. Other creative uses include rendering an opponent immobile by extending the TK field as long as they are both standing on the same ground.
Telekinetic Superhuman Strength: His full strength is undetermined at this time. He, like Superman seems to be able to lift almost anything he can conceive of. To date, he has lifted the world’s largest yacht using his telekinetic strength (a feat of at least 500 tons); he has even been shown to throw a football at Mach 5. Objects lifted with his telekinetic strength do not crumble under their own weight or internal stresses. As his will power and concentration improve, so will his super strength increase. This does not truly count as super strength in the traditional sense, since Superboy has been bound with chains that were surrounded by an energy field and he was unable to escape because he could not directly affect the chains with his power.
Telekinetic Flight: Superboy is able to fly at high supersonic speeds using a reflexive action of his telekinesis, literally dragging himself through the sky. His concentration is required to maintain great speeds. His fastest recorded speed has been seen at Mach 3 from the pages of Young Justice, and his greatest distance flown unaided has been approximately 12,000 miles. However, as with his strength, his speed was also developing naturally, Superboy is capable of roughly reaching speeds of Mach 5 (1 mile per second) but the limit of his speed currently is unknown.
Telekinetic Force-Field: By creating a field around his body, he is able to resist or reduce injury from non-energy based attacks by causing the object to be deflected from his personal force field. Bullets and shrapnel are easily deflected. This field does not repel gases or energy based attacks as well, though his skill in deflecting energy attacks is improving.
Tactile Telekinetic Disassemble: By touching an object, Superboy may cause that object to literally fall to pieces. It can be assumed that he could conceivably put an object back together, if he understood how the object functioned in the first place. He can also manipulate aggregate solid masses such as volumes of sand or dust in the same way, causing the individual particles to fly apart in an explosive manner to create particle clouds or a forceful attack.
Telekinetic Field manipulation: after receiving training form Knockout, Superboy learned to project his force fields outward at will allowing him to engulf and surround people and objects with a force barrier. he could use this for supportive and defensive purposes like moving inanimate objects and living people around or throwing and pushing objects away from himself. he could also hold objects in his fields for a limited time, the fields strength relied on his own will and focus so long as he centered his mind on his task the field would remain intact.
Telekinetic Force Blasts: Superboy also learned that he could project burst of raw psionic energy bolts from Knockout as well. he mostly projects the energy from his hands but it is assumed that he could project them from anywhere since his Tactile TK field permeates from his entire body. The blasts he emits have concussive force equivalent to 5,000 pounds of TNT, but it is speculated that as he grows older this force amount could grow and change along with him.
Healing Factor: Superboy has a super-healing factor which allows him to recover from injury a lot faster than a normal human being would. This has helped him survive nuclear annihilation, recovering from diseases that would kill normal humans, and the ability to get up after fighting powerful metahumans such as Knockout, the Shark or Valor.
Superhuman Reflexes: Superboy’s reflex action is also increased allowing him, with concentration, to knock bullets out of the air, and deflect arrows.
As his Kryptonian physiology matures, Superboy gains superpowers that don’t derive from tactile telekinesis, including heat vision, x-ray vision, superhuman senses and superhuman stamina. With his Kryptonian powers, Conner no longer relies just on his telekinetic abilities for flight, superhuman strength and invulnerability.
Kryptonian Physiology: Superboy’s cellular structure is more dense, resilient and biologically more effective than human tissue, now this includes even having superhuman strength without using any Tactile Telekinesis. Without exposure to solar energy after a certain period of time, his strength reduces to the level of a human of his height and weight who engages in regular physical activity. He does possess several organs whose functions are not yet disclosed or understood, but are believed to be part of and perhaps even the source of his biomatrix force field and reclamation aura. Superboy’s body also stores energy actively within his bio-cellular matrix as an energy pattern that is linked to his body’s electromagnetic field. This energy powers most of Superboy’s electromagnetic capabilities such as flight and heat vision.
Solar Energy Absorption: Technically, this is the main source of Superboy’s powers. Because Superboy’s powers are greatly due to exposure to Earth’s yellow sun, Conner, however, does not process solar energy as quickly as Superman. As a result, he cannot push himself and his powers too far yet; if he does so, his body starts to eat itself for energy.
Superhuman Strength: In recent years, it has been shown that Superboy was developing natural superhuman strength and what limited his strength such as the previous example no longer applied. As his Kryptonian physiology matures, Superboy gains superpowers that don’t derive from tactile telekinesis. While the exact magnitude of Superboy’s strength is unknown, it is shown that his strength is at least enough to match most super-strong opponents. This is because Superboy’s strength, like his other powers, has fluctuated over time. Superboy has also shown the ability to become even stronger when “supercharged”. Conner can now easily lift vehicles, bend metals and lift heavy objects above his head. Conner is sufficiently strong to lift far in excess of 100 tons. Because his cells aren’t fully Kryptonian, it does take longer from him to reach the full level of strength normal Kryptonians such as Superman has, but his own strength although not on the same level as Superman, yet he will match almost him as Superboy reaches adulthood. It should also be noted that Superboy demonstrated that whilst angry he was strong enough to draw blood and harm Superman himself with a blow 87 and even Superboy-Prime by punching him 88, a feat not many DC strongmen can boast about.
Invulnerability: Superboy’s body is nigh-invulnerable as he has survived high-yield nuclear explosions. In addition, his immune system protects him from toxins and diseases. The most common explanations for his invulnerability are Superboy having a super-dense molecular structure and/or a supercharged bioelectric “aura” which acts as an invisible “force field” around his body within a few millimeters from his skin, and presumably within his body as well. The proximity of this field to his skin means that loose clothes, for example, may be burned off of him, while cloth that is close to his body is protected by the “aura;” this phenomenon is sometimes cited as Superboy’s reason for wearing a skin-tight bodysuit. It is shown that he can unconsciously extend this field to an undetermined extent to protect a greater area, allowing him to carry huge objects within the Earth’s atmosphere and without gravity or inertia tearing them apart around his human-sized hands.
Superhuman Stamina: Ability to maintain continuous strenuous physical action for an undefined period. Theoretically, Superboy has unlimited stamina, nourishment coming from the solar energy his cells process; he does, however, have the psychological need to eat and drink just as humans do every once in a while, though he receives the majority of his nourishment from the Sun. He does require sleep on occasion so he can dream. He can also hold his breath for an undefined duration.
Flight: He possesses flight which allows him to maneuver precisely in any direction, as well as hover. The mechanism by which he flies is unknown, but some suggestions have been a field of energy allowing unconscious manipulation of gravity or diffraction/reflection of gravity due to unidentified Kryptonian organs affected by a yellow sun, or psionic manipulation of a personal anti-gravitational aura, which is also caused by his Kryptonian cells and a yellow sun.
Superhuman Speed: The ability to move at an incredible speed, like the Flash. This includes running, but flying is less strenuous and more versatile. Conner can move at supersonic speeds, while the upper limit has never been shown, Conner is not as fast as Superman currently. Superboy also possesses superhuman reflexes and the ability to move at incredible speeds by sheer force of will. He can also perform complex actions like assembling objects at hundreds of times faster than a normal human.
Enhanced Senses: Superboy possesses greatly enhanced senses.
Telescopic Vision: The ability to “zoom in” his distance to see something at a great distance, without violating the laws of physics. The total telescopic ability is unprecedented, but limited to some extent.
X-Ray Vision: The ability to see through anything except lead. He can see things behind a wall as if the wall were not there, or can “peel back” layer after layer of matter in his mind. Opponents sometimes used lead-lined constructs in an attempt to hide things from Superboy. Kon-El is able to focus his vision past layers of matter, literally seeing “through” them — possibly perceiving x-rays, cosmic rays or other forms of energy invisible to normal human vision which pass through Earth’s atmosphere (and solid objects) after emission from stars. Since it is passive, this ability would not generate harmful radiation in the same manner as a focused projection of hard X-rays.
Microscopic Vision: The ability to see extremely small objects and images down to the atomic level (normal optical microscopes can only see objects down to the size of chromosomes).
Heat Vision: The ability to fire beams of intense heat at a target by looking at it with the conscious act of activating this power. Visually, the power is typically depicted as two beams of red light firing from his eyes. These beams can be made invisible, allowing Superboy to work undetected. The maximum temperature of his heat vision is said to be around that of a nuclear detonation. The area of effect can be consciously determined by Superboy, down to the microscopic level.
Superhuman Hearing: The ability to hear any sound at any volume or pitch. The only Earth creature who can detect sounds at the frequency he can is a blue whale (0.01-200,000 Hz). He has shown enough control to block out ambient sounds to focus on a specific source/frequency. Superboy was able to detect disturbances in the frequency the human brain operates.
Superboy’s strength level is mostly unknown, but it is estimated that he can lift far in excess of 100 tons.
Kryptonite: Due to his Kryptonian half, Conner is partially vulnerable to kryptonite and red sun radiation.
Red Sun Radiation: The damage from the Red Sun seems to be less effective on him than the full Kryptonians. His tactile-telekinetic field around his body can be penetrated by heat.
Yellow Sun Processing: Because Superboy absorbed less solar energy than Superman as an adult, Superboy is unable to process as much yellow sun energy as Superman can; as a result, overtaxing his powers could spell his death, as his body would literally begin to feed on itself, unable to absorb solar energy fast enough to restore itself.
Conner Kent is the second Superboy. Developed by Project Cadmus as a clone, he has the DNA of the world’s greatest hero Superman and his nemesis Lex Luthor. Originally he appeared during the Reign of the Supermen storyline alongside three other “fake” Supermans, including Cyborg Superman, the Eradicator and Steel. He is a founding member of Young Justice, and has also been a long-time member of the Teen Titans. His longest romantic relationship is with love interest Wonder Girl. | <urn:uuid:bbe06cde-938e-4e74-88e1-d723b838ec81> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://dc-universe-haunted-gotham.obsidianportal.com/characters/superboy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689845.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924025415-20170924045415-00000.warc.gz | en | 0.975237 | 2,670 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Veterans Day is on November 11.
Veterans Day is an American holiday to honor veterans and people who are now in the US military.
The US Military is the US Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, and Coast Guard.
- People in the US Army are soldiers.
- People in the US Navy are sailors.
- People in the US Air Force are pilots, airmen, and airwomen.
- People in the US Marines travel away to fight.
- People in the US Coast Guard protect our coasts, beaches, and boats.
People who were in the US Military are called Veterans.
People who are now in the US Military are on active duty.
Happy Veterans Day! | <urn:uuid:08ed4cee-d13a-48db-a2c9-fa0cecf57af3> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.milpitaschat.com/2013/11/veterans-day.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823016.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018161655-20171018181655-00687.warc.gz | en | 0.962445 | 147 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Post#5- Building model bridges
Every year since the 1980s, engineering students across Canada, and lately even from the U.S. take part in a bridge-building competition, constructing a model bridge using only toothpicks, Popsicle® sticks, dental floss and white glue. The bridges are then subjected to the CRUSHER which applies a force to test each bridge’s strength. The 2010 winning bridge supported an astounding 2733 kilograms before breaking.
Annual bridge-building challenge by Concordia University Civil Engineering Students | <urn:uuid:f614744e-44de-45c3-a829-ba04e799bff5> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://1001usesfordentalfloss.com/tag/bridge/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104277498.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703225409-20220704015409-00575.warc.gz | en | 0.921225 | 111 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Indian Forest Act, 1927
(1) Whenever it has been decided to constitute any land a reserved forest, the State Government shall issue a notification in the Official Gazette -
a) declaring that it has been decided to constitute such land a reserved forest;
b) specifying, as nearly as possible, the situation and limits of such land; and appointing an officer (hereinafter called "the Forest Settlement - officer") to inquire into and determine the existence, nature and extent of any rights alleged to exist in favor of any person in or over any land comprised within such limits or in or over any forest-produce, and to deal with the same as provided in this Chapter.
Explanation - For the purpose of clause (b), it shall be sufficient to describe the limits of the forest by roads, rivers, ridges or other well-known or readily intelligible boundaries.
(2) The officer appointed under clause (c) of sub-section (1) shall ordinarily be a person not holding any forest-office except that of Forest Settlement-officer.
(3) Nothing in this section shall prevent the State Government from appointing any number of officers not exceeding three, not more than one of whom shall be a person holding any forest-office except as aforesaid, to perform the duties of a Forest Settlement-officer under this Act. | <urn:uuid:8fc0459c-500c-4228-8f21-e47d1f8eeda3> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/bareacts/indianforest/4.php?Title=Indian%20Forest%20Act,%201927&STitle=Notification%20by%20State%20Government | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814140.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222160706-20180222180706-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.934021 | 277 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Your article suggested that rotting vegetation in hydroelectric dams is exacerbating the greenhouse effect (3 June, p 4).
Isn't there a strong case for burying organic matter offshore on the continental shelf, in basins of sediment 3 to 5 kilometres deep? The aim would be to create the conditions in which oil and gas form, complete with a layer of cap material.
Or why not pump organic slurry into deep, exhausted coal mines here in Britain, having drained them of water first? Recreating the conditions for the production of oil or gas a century or more in the future could provide a supply of fuel for our descendants.
The slurry might include waste paper, human effluent and food wastes. To apply enough pressure, the mine supports could be collapsed, or the entrances sealed to allow the methane gas to build up.
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content. | <urn:uuid:13c19376-6ccf-413c-a792-1dfb1ae08fb2> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16722456.300-tomorrows-oil.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507447421.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005727-00250-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92407 | 195 | 3.375 | 3 |
Solar panels are an innovative and one of the most effective ways to generate electricity, reduce carbon footprint, and save money on energy bills. However, to keep your solar panel system running efficiently, one crucial aspect to consider is the weather. Weather conditions significantly impact your solar panel performance, affecting the level of energy produced, and the maintenance required to keep the panels working in the long run.
Temperature has a direct impact on your solar panel performance, with extreme temperatures leading to reduced panel efficiency. Solar panels work best in cooler temperatures, with optimal efficiency between 25-30°C. At these temperatures, the performance is optimal, leading to maximum energy production. However, if the temperatures rise above 30°C, the efficiency reduces by up to 10%, resulting in a lower output. For a more complete learning experience, we recommend visiting solar inverter repairs https://starplusenergy.com.au. Inside, you’ll discover supplementary and pertinent details about the topic covered.
Conversely, during winter, solar panels could accumulate snow and ice, significantly reducing the panel efficiency. Additionally, colder temperatures mean less energy production, leading to reduced output. Therefore, when designing your solar panel system, consider the seasonal changes and how to maintain the panel efficiency across different temperature levels.
Cloud Cover and Rain
While solar panels require sunlight to generate power, cloudy days should not discourage you from installing them. Solar panels are not only dependent on direct sunlight, but they also work efficiently with indirect sunlight. However, it’s important to note that cloudy days lead to a reduction in energy output, meaning it’s vital to consider the seasonal changes, weather patterns, and the system’s orientation to more direct sunlight.
Rainy days can also affect the solar panel performance, primarily if the rain is accompanied by storms and strong winds. In such cases, it’s essential to ensure that the panels are installed securely and could withstand harsh weather conditions.
Humidity and Dust
High levels of humidity could negatively impact the solar panel performance, leading to a reduction in energy output by up to 5%. The humidity level could increase the amount of moisture on the panels, leading to reduced output. Therefore, regularly cleaning the panels is crucial for optimal performance.
Another aspect to consider is the amount of dust accumulation on the panels. Dust could significantly reduce the energy production of your solar panel system, leading to lower output. Periodic cleaning of the panels is essential to ensure maximum output and longevity of the solar panels. To expand your knowledge on the topic, explore the recommended external source. Inside, you’ll discover supplementary details and fresh viewpoints that will enhance your study even more. solar inverter Replacement!
Solar energy is undoubtedly an efficient and eco-friendly way of powering homes and businesses. However, to maximize the benefits of solar power, it’s essential to consider the impact of weather on your solar panel performance. Understanding the effects of temperature, cloud cover, rain, humidity, and dust on your solar panel system could help you better maintain your panels, prolong their lifespan, and enjoy reduced energy bills.
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Comments are closed | <urn:uuid:1702afa2-dad9-41c6-9f86-8c55c22f6a2a> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://redskylounge.com/23260-the-impact-of-weather-on-your-solar-panel-performance-15/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652149.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605153700-20230605183700-00197.warc.gz | en | 0.91841 | 659 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Many recent studies showed that calorie restrictions reduce the incidence of cancer, whereas high-calorie diets cause obesity and diabetes, both of which increase the risk of developing cancers. However, tumor biology still hides complex mechanisms, as revealed by researchers from the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Geneva (UNIGE), Switzerland. In a study published in Cell Metabolism, scientists not only found the unexpected benefit that a change of diet had on certain types of lung cancer, they also deciphered the molecular mechanism underlying this dietary effect and showed how this cancer vulnerability could be exploited in targeted treatment strategies with limited side effects.
Unlike tumors caused by other oncogenes, KRAS-driven tumors, an oncogenic mutation common in lung, pancreas and colon cancers, are known to be sensitive to dietary restrictions. Although the effect of calorie restriction on these tumors is widely studied, Professor Roberto Coppari and his team from the Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism at UNIGE's Faculty of Medicine, with colleagues from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and from the Ancona University, decided to explore what would the outcomes of a change of diet be (from low to high-calorie diet). Surprisingly, they discovered that a high-calorie diet could have a potent anti-tumor action if the switch of diet took place before the tumor onset. Conversely, a high-calorie diet started after the tumor onset fueled tumor growth and worsened prognosis. The fact that the moment of dietary change is crucial indicates that this effect is not due to the diet per se but to the metabolic changes it engenders. "Our study does not show that, by eating junk food, people would be protected from lung cancer. But the high-calorie diet helped us discover a very specific molecular mechanism required for lung tumor cells to proliferate that could pave the way for new therapeutic approaches", underlines Giorgio Ramadori, the study's co-first author with Georgia Konstantinidou.
A matter of thresholds
In normally functioning cells, a particular kind of molecules - called chaperones - helps proteins to fold and function properly. However, in case of protein overload, chaperone expression increases, with the goal of reducing the likelihood of proteins being unable to function correctly. In the endoplasmic reticulum (the part of the cells that allows proteins to be properly sorted), when protein overload is achieved, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) occurs, which involves an increased chaperone expression. When this stress is too high, however, cells cannot cope with it and die. In tumors, the ER stress threshold is different and, in some cases, it seems higher, which constitutes a possible explanation for the fact that they do not die, but can proliferate abnormally even in these circumstances.
The scientists discovered that the dietary change was actually a way to trigger a raise in the ER stress. Indeed, if the ER stress threshold is raised before the tumor onset, the sick cells do not have the ability to trigger an effective response and tumor progression is hampered. However, if the change took place after the tumor appeared, tumor cells already resolved a good part of ER stress and the additional stress may actually fuel the proliferation phenomenon.
A potential cancer treatment with limited side effects
Reducing side effects is a major goal for achieving improved cancer therapy, as quite often treatment kills indiscriminately sick and healthy cells alike. By undertaking transcriptome analyses of lung tumors from the different dietary groups, the scientists identified a specific chaperone protein, FKBP10, of which expression was greatly reduced by a switch to a high-calorie diet. This protein was expressed in human lung cancer cells but not in the healthy ones. Very interestingly, this same protein is usually expressed during the embryonic development and early age, but not in adults (in mice and most likely in human beings). When the embryo is developing, it induces an important ER stress, which is resolved, in part, by these chaperones. After the development phase, the ER stress diminishes greatly. Hence, several chaperones, including FKBP10, are not needed any longer and stop being expressed; tumors, however, reactivate the expression of the FKBP10 protein, probably to cope with their ER stress. An inhibitor to FKBP10 would therefore act as a therapeutic agent able to selectively hinder cancer cell proliferation while sparing healthy lung.
"FKBP10 was not previously thought to be important for cancerous cells. In this study we show that knock-down of FKBP10 leads to reduced cancer growth. Human lung cancer cells express FKBP10 while the nearby healthy lung tissue does not; this is very interesting and appealing to eventually translate these findings to the clinical arena. Hence, if we manage to identify the right inhibitor, we may open the door to new therapeutic strategies that will be able to hinder cancer cells proliferation without damaging the healthy cells. The inhibition of this protein is predicted to have minimal side effects as it is not expressed in healthy tissues, at least in adulthood," concludes Roberto Coppari, who estimates that, if preclinical data support such expectation, clinical trials could start in a few years' time. | <urn:uuid:a6f2a0c6-1c37-46da-85ef-8310486bf14c> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-12/udg-aco121514.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221218101.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821092915-20180821112915-00197.warc.gz | en | 0.953444 | 1,074 | 3.078125 | 3 |
What is Paternity?
Paternity means fatherhood. Establishing paternity is the legal process of determining the biological father of a child. When parents are married, in most cases, paternity is established without legal action. If parents are unmarried, paternity establishment requires a court order. The process should be started by both parents as soon as possible for the benefit of the child or children.
Until paternity is established, the father does not have the legal rights or responsibilities of a parent. Establishing paternity is necessary before custody, visitation and child support may be ordered by the court. (Note: custody and visitation issues are handled separately from child support.) A permanent child support order cannot be established for a child until either the alleged father admits paternity or it is proven that he is the father. If the man does not admit that he is the father, the court may order the mother, child and alleged father to provide a saliva sample for genetic testing.
Benefiting from Paternity Establishment
|Words to Know|
|Paternity – The legal establishment of fatherhood for a child.
Genetic testing - Scientific analyses of inherited factors of mother, child and alleged father which can disprove or help prove that a man is the biological father of the child.
Alleged Father -
Declaration of Paternity -A document signed by both parents stating that they are a child’s biological parents. Filing this document with the State establishes the man as the child’s legal father.
If a father becomes involved with his child from the beginning of the child's life, he is more likely to continue to care for the child as he or she grows, both financially and emotionally. Establishing paternity is an important first step in obtaining child support. In addition to providing the basis for obtaining support from the non-custodial parent, establishing paternity gives a child born to unmarried parents the legal rights and privileges of a child born within a marriage. Those rights and privileges may include:
Support from both parents.
Legal documentation of who his or her parents are.
Access to family medical records. Many diseases, illnesses, birth defects and other health problems are passed to children by their parents.
Medical and life insurance coverage from either parent, if available.
Social Security and Veteran’s Benefits, if available.
The emotional benefits of knowing who both parents are.
How Paternity is Established
Paternity is established in court and can be done with or without the father's assistance. In the process of establishing paternity, the mother may be asked some questions about her intimate relationship with the father. These questions may be avoided if the alleged father appears at the Department of Child Support Services for an interview, admits paternity and cooperates in the establishment of paternity. Also, if the alleged father agrees he is the father, he can sign a Declaration of Paternity form stating he is the father.
If the alleged father will not cooperate, the Department of Child Support Services may establish paternity without the father's assistance. If the alleged father fails to answer a legal complaint that he is the father, the court can name him the father by default. Or, if the alleged father disagrees with or contests the claim that he is the father, paternity will be determined after a court-ordered genetic test has been administered.
Paternity Opportunity Program
POP is a fast, free, and easy way to establish paternity. Through POP, unmarried parents may establish paternity by completing and signing a Declaration of Paternity at the hospital when the baby is born. Once both parents complete and sign the form, the hospital files the form with the California State DCSS, and paternity is established.
For more information call POP at
Unmarried new parents may sign a paternity form at the hospital immediately following the birth of their child. This form is called a Declaration of Paternity. Signing this form will make the process of legally establishing paternity easier and faster in most cases. A Declaration of Paternity may also be signed by parents after they leave the hospital.
In an effort to create a legal "link" between unmarried fathers and their children, the California Department of Social Services joined other states, in a partnership with licensed hospitals and clinics with birthing facilities, to establish the Paternity Opportunity Program (POP). This voluntary in-hospital paternity acknowledgment program, implemented in January of 1995, involves approximately 360 of California's licensed hospitals and clinics. The program has since been expanded to prenatal clinics, county welfare offices, local vital records offices, and courts.
As a result of federal welfare reform legislation effective January 1st, 1997, if the parents of a child are not legally married, the father’s name will NOT be added to the birth certificate unless they:
1. Sign a Declaration of Paternity in the hospital,
2. Sign the form later or legally establish paternity through the courts and pay a fee to amend the birth certificate.
Signing a Paternity Declaration
A signed Declaration of Paternity states that the man who has signed it is the father. It has the same effect as a court order establishing paternity for the child. If the child does not live with you, and a court action is filed, you may be ordered by the court to pay child support. A court action must be filed to deal with the issues of custody, visitation or child support.
You have the right to a trial in court to decide the issue of paternity; to receive notice on any hearing on the issue of paternity; to have the opportunity to present your case to the court, including the right to present and cross examine witnesses; to have an attorney represent you; or to have an attorney appointed to represent you if you cannot afford one in an action filed by the Department of Child Support Services. By signing this declaration, you are, by your choice, giving up all of these rights.
If either of you later change your mind about signing the form, you must complete a form to rescind or cancel the Declaration of Paternity and file it with the California Department of Child Support Services within 60 days from the date you sign this form. You can get a rescission form by contacting our office. For more information, view How Parents Can Rescind or Cancel a Filed Declaration of Paternity on the California Department of Child Support Services web site.
This form may be challenged in court only in the first two years after the child's birth, by using blood and genetic tests that prove the man is not the biological father. It also may be overturned if the father or mother is able to prove that she/he signed the form because of fraud, duress, or material mistake of fact.
If either or both of you are under the age of 18, a Declaration of Paternity will not establish paternity until 60 days after both of you are age 18 or are emancipated. If you wish to legally establish paternity before both of you become adults, you should consult an attorney or contact our office.
The Declaration of Paternity is a legal document that will establish paternity. You do not have to complete or sign this form. If any part of this form does not make sense to you, contact our office or a lawyer before signing the form.
Sometimes a parent may want biological proof of paternity before a man is named the legal father. In that case, DCSS or either parent can request a genetic test. The test will exclude a man who is not the biological father of the child or it can show with greater than 99% accuracy that a man is the father. The Department offers genetic testing on site.
If there is a dispute about paternity and the parties do not consent to genetic testing, the court can order the parties to submit to testing.
Establishing Paternity by Legal Agreement
Both parents may agree (stipulate) to a child’s paternity and arrange for child support payments. The stipulation may also include child custody and visitation rights. The Department can explain how to do this without going to court, but the agreement must be approved by the court.
For more information about the establishment of paternity or child support, please contact us at 1-866-901-3212 (toll-free). | <urn:uuid:e1d0159e-35d2-4726-b4f2-eaf3ed8c265d> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://sfgov.org/dcss/establish-paternity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510273012.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011753-00214-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954884 | 1,674 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Thiruvananthapuram, Jan 6 (IANS) Parents' migration for jobs may bring economic advantages to children, but these may be offset by disruption and absence of familial interactions, says a study in Kerala.
The study, by the research unit on international migration at the Centre for Development Studies here, focused on effects parental migration has on children both in households and boarding schools. The state has witnessed a sustained migration since the 1970s, particularly to the Gulf nations.
According to the study, when asked how they viewed the migration of each of their parents, a significant number of children whose both parents have migrated felt mother's migration had more negative connotations than father's. But girls felt more strongly about parents' migration than boys.
"Female respondents were more vigorous in stating their negative perceptions of the event of maternal and paternal migration, compared to male respondents."
The common responses to and consequences of parents' migration were loneliness, unhappiness and increased maturity.
Almost universally, respondents also reported missing their parents after they migrated, said S. Irudayarajan, who conducted the study with Aparna Nair.
Till 2008, an estimated 2.2 million people from Kerala were working abroad while 0.9 million lived and worked in other states of the country.
The data was gathered from respondents aged between 12 and 18 in two sites -- households (6,575 participants) and boarding schools (1,044 participants in eight schools in four districts).
The study found out that remittances were most commonly utilised for education, school fees and purchase of educational books and equipment.
Remittances were also spent on recreational purposes such as going out with friends as well as buying items such as cameras and iPods.
Another revelation was that parental migration did influence growth and physical development of children.
Respondent youths from migrant households were taller and heavier on an average than those in the same age bracket with non-migrant parents.
The survey also found that the frequency of consumption of high-protein food such as milk, eggs, fish, chicken and meat was higher among respondents with migrant parents compared to others.
Likewise, frequency of consumption of health drinks was also higher among the surveyed children.
A difference was also noticed in the consumption pattern of carbonated soft drinks and fast foods among them compared to others.
Parental migration also influenced the type of medical care sought as respondents from non-migrant households were more likely to turn to public health facilities.
Migration also increased chances that households would seek care through private and expensive medical consultations.
The study is significant in view of the three-day Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, a gathering of non-resident and overseas Indians, beginning in Kochi from Monday.
"Childhood and adolescence are challenging and turbulent periods in most individuals' lives and are attended by marked physical, developmental and psychological changes. Parental migration could make this transitory phase even more challenging than usual," the authors said.
"Migration has the potential to result in real changes in the perspective, behaviours and physical, social and economic realities of the lives of children left behind," says the survey.
Around 49 percent of all household respondents were females.
The boarding school sample comprised of a greater percentage of males (60.2 percent) than females (39.8 percent).
Irudayarajan said these were preliminary conclusions drawn from the results of a large survey. | <urn:uuid:157a64f0-25e8-49c2-b0cf-5544b0578da2> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.sify.com/news/Parents-migration-can-help-but-also-affect-childhood-news-National-nbgruddfcdd.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471983077957.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823201117-00119-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978937 | 706 | 2.84375 | 3 |
What does 'Holistic' mean?
First, 'Holistic' could be considered a very old spelling error. It refers to considering systems as 'wholes', making 'holistic management' another name for 'whole system management'. Jan Christiaan Smuts, a South African military officer and statesman, coined the phrase to describe the observation that there is a tendency in nature to form 'wholes' (whole systems) that are far greater than a simple sum of all their component parts. His writings launched 'holism' as a system of thinking that considers the whole system.
The methodological reductionism that underpins most of modern science, and the philosophical tendency toward ontological reductionism that many scientists have adopted, has tended to undermine the consideration and management of complete or whole systems. This is especially important when considering systems that are not merely 'complicated', but actually 'complex'.
General Smuts was pushed toward Holistic Management by his military experience. The nature of warfare did not give military commanders the time or resources to exhaustively study every situation in detail. Therefore, they had to make a plan on the best available information, put that plan into action knowing full well that it was probably going to be inadequate in dealing with unforeseen or unpredicted influences. However, they then observed the results, and based on these results, combined with new information as it became available, re-planned and put the revised plan into action. They then repeated the cycle as required.
Managing a complex ecosystem must be tackled in much the same way. As it is impossible to understand and predict all the interrelated effects of a complex system, one needs to look at the overall system to determine what is working and what isn't and apply the knowledge available to create a plan of action. Once the plan is put in motion, one must observe the results, determine what is or isn't working toward the goal in mind, and alter the plan accordingly. Each alteration of the plan will produce results that will refine one's picture of the overall system.
This continuous cycle of planning, acting and re-planning is the core of 'Holistic Management'. Those with a military background will recognise it as a variation on applying the 'Combat Estimate' to the military planning cycle. | <urn:uuid:f0049c25-5fcb-40cd-aa48-74c2f46f7604> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.mflbisonranch.com/copy-of-brittle-vs-non-brittle-envi-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371876625.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409185507-20200409220007-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.964938 | 464 | 2.921875 | 3 |
by John P. Bluemle
Glacial erratics are only too well known to most North Dakota farmers, who have laboriously piled them in the corners of their fields. Early settlers used the stones for the foundations of their homes and farm buildings, while other people built whole structures with them. Today, glacial erratics are sometimes used in landscaping, as rip rap along the faces of dams and shorelines, and on roads that are subjected to wave action (large numbers of them have been used to protect newly constructed roads from the rising waters of Devils Lake). Glacial erratics are even used as decorations in suburban front yards in towns like Bismarck and Minot. Landscaping in Bismarck, using glacial erratics and field stones. (Photo by Mark Gonzalez).
Locally, the rocks are usually referred to simply as field stones or boulders or just *!?/#! rocks, depending on one's point of view. Especially large rocks, too large to move out of the way, are sometimes called "leaverites" (as in "leave-er-right" there). Geologists though, know the rocks as glacial erratics, rocks that differ in lithology from the surface on which they are found. The term "erratic," with reference to rocks, apparently dates to 1779, when de Saussure, a Swiss geologist, described granite boulders lying on top of limestone in the Jura Mountains in Switzerland. His term, "terrain erratique," is derived from the Latin erratus, "to wander," and means, literally, "ground that has wandered." Geologists most commonly use the term erratic to refer to boulders and cobbles left behind by glacial ice.
Glaciers that moved over North Dakota left behind various kinds of erratics, rocks that would not otherwise be found in the state. Most were brought here from Canada. If you pick up a granitic rock in central North Dakota, you can be sure it had a Canadian source, although it isn't usually possible to determine just what part of Canada it came from. Sometimes though, the source of an erratic composed of limestone can be pinpointed. For example, in the area north of Winnipeg, several Paleozoic carbonate formations are quarried, and we can sometimes determine from which of these formations a North Dakota boulder was derived.
Typical glacial erratic boulders. (Photos by Mark Gonzalez)
Only a few rock types are sufficiently distinct that the location of their source can be determined. Even so, some of them have been traced back to their source hundreds of miles away. Erratics have been used as exploration tools in the search for ore deposits.
Copper mines were opened in Finland after tracing copper-bearing erratics back to their source, and Quebec gold mines were founded after analysis of gold-bearing erratics in Maine. Such tracking of erratics is one way that geologists can help to determine the history and source area of glacial deposits.
Several years ago, Bob Biek, a former North Dakota Geological Survey geologist, found some unusual erratics along Lake Sakakawea - dark-colored rocks known as "omars," (from the Omarolluk Formation, which outcrops today only in the Belcher Islands in southeastern Hudson Bay). Our Lake Sakakawea omars may have come from the Belcher Islands, or they may have come from an area where the Omarolluk Formation has since been eroded away. Omars are dark gray, fine-grained sandstone (graywacke), with characteristic calcareous concretions. Typical “omars” with characteristic light-clored calcareous concretions.
These erratics ariginated near Hudson Bay in Canada. They are found in North Dakota along the shore of Lake Sakakawea.
In contrast to the long-distance travelers, most boulders of sandstone were moved only a few miles by the glacier from nearby outcrop areas within the State. Sandstone is much less well consolidated than granite or limestone and any extensive glacial transport of sandstone boulders would normally break them down into much smaller fragments, or simply reduce them to sand. Occasionally, boulders of shale are included in layers of glacial sediment. Such boulders are fragile and have probably been moved only a few tens or hundreds of feet from their original source. Most very large erratics, those three feet or more in diameter, tend to be igneous or metamorphic rocks, such as granite or gneiss. Such rocks are hard and much more resistant to abrasion and fracturing than are sedimentary rocks such as limestone. In some places, uncommonly large granitic erratics (10 feet or more in diameter - some are car-sized, measuring up to 20 feet across) are numerous. A few examples include the walls of the Sheyenne River Valley near Fort Ransom; many of the high bluffs along the Missouri River; the valley walls along the Souris River near Velva; and along the White Earth River Valley in Mountrail County. West of Mandan, on 'Old Highway 10,' an exceptionally large erratic lies a few feet north of the highway - a true leaverite. Large erratic west of Mandan along old Highway 10. This is the largest granitic erratic boulder I have seen in North Dakota. Erratics are most abundant in places where the ground surface has been washed by the winnowing action of waves along the shores of glacial lakes and modern reservoirs. Wave action removes the finer materials, leaving a concentration of cobbles and boulders behind. Examples include areas along the wave-worn shore of glacial Lake Agassiz, near Pisek in Walsh County and near Hankinson in Richland County. Erratics are sometimes concentrated along the shores of modern lakes, such as Lakes Addie and Sibley, near Binford in Griggs County and along Devils Lake in Benson County. Many of the erratics along Devils Lake are now submerged; see the 1910 photo taken along the shore at Devils Lake . Man standing on the shore of Devils Lake in front of a pile of large erratics in 1910. This area is now submerged beneath several feet of water. (Photographer unknown). Most glacial erratics are rounded and worn, but some of them have beveled or faceted surfaces. During the course of their journey, the rocks were jostled against one another, or against the rock over which the glacier was flowing. As a result of this rubbing, the surfaces were planed smooth. Glacial transport fractured some boulders, producing fresh, angular edges. Some erratics are grooved or polished, a result of abrasion by the moving ice. Coarse sand and gravel within the ice scraped against the boulders, scratching or "striating" them, sometimes as the boulder moved along with the advancing glacial ice or when the glacier flowed over a hard, stationary rock. Striated boulders with straight grooves are sometimes found buried, in "boulder pavements," which are lag deposits of boulders that were covered by younger glacial deposits.
If the boulders have not moved, the striations can sometimes be used to determine the direction of glacial flow.
Single large, isolated erratics are sometimes surrounded by depressions,
a result of animals such as bison or cattle using the boulders as rubbing stones. The depressions, which are commonly referred to as "buffalo boulders," formed when bison rubbed against the rock, trampling and loosening the soil, which then blew away. Often, the rock has been polished by the animals' dirty, gritty hides. Buffalo boulders have been recognized on the northern plains for a long time, though today they are perhaps better known as cattle rubbing stones.
Two glacial erratics, both located at the old Fort Ransom site. Both boulders, the upper one granitic and the lower one carbonate, have been planed off and striated (nearly straight lines have been scratched into the planar surface by the glacier.) (Photos by John Bluemle). Glacial erratics aren't restricted to the surface where we can see them, but they occur throughout the entire thickness of glacial sediments, which averages between 150 and 250 feet thick throughout the northern and eastern parts of North Dakota. Seasonal freezing and thawing causes the rocks to work upward from below the plow zone to the land surface. Every farmer knows that, each spring, a new crop of stones has to be removed from the fields. The smaller rocks can be picked up by hand or with rock-picking equipment and carried away. Larger erratics are sometimes blasted with dynamite and the pieces hauled away. A “buffalo boulder” near Roseglen in McLean County North Dakota. Hereford cattle serve as proxy buffalo. (Photo by John Bluemle).
Some erratics are famous. Everyone has heard of Plymouth Rock where the Pilgrims first set foot in the New World on December 21, 1620. In North Dakota we have the Standing Rock, near where Highway 46 crosses the Sheyenne River Valley. In 1839, the explorers Nicollet and Fremont noted the Standing Rock hill on their maps. Another large erratic, Writing Rock, near Alkabo in northwestern North Dakota, was known by the Sioux as Hoi-waukon or Spirit Rock.
In his book, Blue Highways, a backroads tour of rural America, William Least Heat Moon captured the resignation of farmers to a continual crop of boulders:
East of Fortuna, North Dakota, just eight miles south of Saskatchewan, the high moraine wheat fields took up the whole landscape. There was nothing else, except piles of stones like Viking burial mounds at the verges of tracts and big rock pickers running steely fingers through the glacial soil to glean stone that freezes had heaved to the surface; behind the machines, the fields looked vacuumed. At a filling station, a man who long had farmed the moraine said the great ice sheets had gone away only to get more rock. "They'll be back. They always come back. What's to stop them?"
Two photos of homes in Bismarck, both utilizing large numbers of glacial erratics and field stones. The slope below the home on the left has been terraced into three levels, with stones on the face of each terrace. Two large erratics are in the foreground. The picturesque home on the right, also in Bismarck, is constructed of field stones. (Photos by Mark Gonzalez).
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About the same time [ca. 550] there came from India certain monks; and when they had satisfied Justinian Augustus that the Romans no longer should buy silk from the Persians, they promised the emperor in an interview that they would provide the materials for making silk so that never should the Romans seek business of this kind from their enemy the Persians, or from any other people whatsoever. They said that they were formerly in Serinda, which they call the region frequented by the people of the Indies, and there they learned perfectly the art of making silk. Moreover, to the emperor who plied them with many questions as to whether he might have the secret, the monks replied that certain worms were manufacturers of silk, nature itself forcing them to keep always at work; the worms could certainly not be brought here alive, but they could be grown easily and without difficulty; the eggs of single hatchings are innumerable; as soon as they are laid men cover them with dung and keep them warm for as long as it is necessary so that they produce insects. When they had announced these tidings, led on by liberal promises of the emperor to prove the fact, they returned to India. When they had brought the eggs to Byzantium, the method having been learned, as I have said, they changed them by metamorphosis into worms which feed on the leaves of mulberry. Thus began the art of making silk from that time on in the Roman Empire.
We can see here two themes of lasting importance for the Anatolian silk trade--one being the key role played by those who ruled Persia in controlling the trade from the east, and the other being the concern to develop one's own silk industry, if taking control of the trade routes would be impossible. So long as Byzantine territories included Syria and adjoining regions, the empire's growing silk industry was located there, but already in the century after Justinian, the borders shrank resulting, perhaps gradually, in the transfer of Byzantine-controlled silk production to Western Anatolia. The importance of silk as the quintessentially royal fabric and an important source of revenue for the crown can be seen in the detailed Byzantine regulations of various aspects of silk manufacture and trade. The needs of the Byzantine Church for silk garments and hangings also were substantial. Unfortunately we seem to know few details of the production itself; much of the Byzantine silk industry probably involved processing of raw silk obtained through the eastern trade.
Thanks to the relative peace across Asia under Mongol rule, supplies of Chinese silk to the West were substantial in the late thirteenth century. However, the disruptions resulting from the breakup of the Mongol Empire stimulated the growth of Iranian silk production as a major alternative source for the markets of the West. One of the most important routes which developed under the Mongol Ilkhanids in the early fourteenth century ran from Tabriz (near the Caspian silk-producing regions) across Anatolia. Tabriz was also an emporium for the Eastern spice trade. Italian merchants, notably the Genoese, were key partners in this trade; it is significant that they obtained trading privileges from Ottoman Sultan Orhan in 1352. As Prof. Halil Inalcik puts it, "The rise of Bursa as a world market in the second half of the fourteenth century became the economic foundation of Ottoman power." The struggle between the Ottomans and Tamerlane half a century later was in part a contest over who would control the silk trade; despite the blow administered to the young Ottoman state, paradoxically Tamerlane's conquests enhanced the importance of the silk routes from Tabriz through Asia Minor and the ability of the Ottomans to profit from control of the ports from which the valuable commodity was shipped to the West. The Italian colony in Pera, the still Byzantine (but soon to be Ottoman) suburb of Constantinople, was the home of merchants who met their Muslim Iranian counterparts at Bursa and obtained from them silk, spices and other eastern products. Western woolen cloth was particularly valued in exchange. Between 1487 and 1513, the imports of raw silk into Bursa from the East reached record levels (some 120 metric tons a year). At that time, the population of the city was some 5000-6000 households.
However, the rivalry between the Ottomans and the new Safavid dynasty in Persia in the sixteenth century led to frequent disruptions of the city's prosperous trade. Ottoman political control over the silk-producing regions of northwestern Iran never lasted for long; the frequent wars forced silk producers to seek alternative trade routes to those through Anatolia. A combination of increasing Western demand and interruptions of the Iranian supplies led to substantial price increases for Bursa raw silk by the early 1580s and on into the middle of the seventeenth century. However, one recent study suggests that the Bursa silk trade with Iran was still very substantial in the second half of the seventeenth century, a period when, it seems, local Ottoman merchants had replaced the Persians as the most important silk traders and invested more money in that trade than in any other enterprise. By then, western merchants likewise had just about disappeared from the Bursa market.
Silk production in Bursa probably was not very significant before the late sixteenth century, when we have the first documentation for the raising of mulberry trees. The only new guild established in the seventeenth century was that of the silk spinners, which was quite small still when first mentioned in 1678. However, there is evidence that mulberry cultivation was very widespread already. If, as it seems, the silk industry was expanding then, this situation contrasts with a picture of economic decline and a shift to subsistence crops elsewhere in the Middle East in that period. Silk production in Bursa continued to grow, reaching a peak in the nineteenth century. Its story in modern times must be left for a future discussion.
Xinru Liu, Silk and Religion: An Exploration of Material Life and the Thought of People AD 600-1200 (Delhi etc.: Oxford, 1998), esp. Chs. 3-5; Robert Sabatino Lopez, "Silk Industry in the Byzantine Empire," Speculum, 20/l (1945), pp. 1-42; An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914. Halil Inalcik and Donald Quataert, eds. (Cambridge: Cambr. UP, 1994), esp. Ch. 10 ("Bursa and the Silk Trade"); Haim Berber, Economy and Society in an Ottoman City: Bursa, 1600-1700 (Jerusalem: Hebrew Univ., 1988), esp. pp. 81-89, 114-121; The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy. Ed. Huri Islamoglu-Inan (Cambridge, etc.: Camb. UP, 1987), esp. chs. 10 (Murat Çizakça, "Price history and the Bursa silk industry: a study in Ottoman industrial decline, 1550-1650"; Donald Quataert, "The Silk Industry of Bursa, 1880-1914"); The Travels of Ibn Battuta A. D. 1325-1354. H.A.R.Gibb, tr. and ed. Vol. II (Delhi reprint of Hakluyt Soc. ed., 1993). | <urn:uuid:15f7dc4f-5a32-4265-a47e-a64ed08af7b9> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/turkey/bursa/bursasilk.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095373.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00056-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963156 | 1,509 | 3.125 | 3 |
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Have you ever seen someone tapping a concrete wall with a hammer? Or dragging a chain along a concrete floor? These are a couple of the conventional methods for evaluating concrete- that is, identifying and locating unsound or “loose” concrete. These methods are known to be noisy and typically require close-up, physical access to the concrete surfaces. You might wonder is this the only efficient way to evaluate concrete?
While there are numerous contemporary alternatives for surveying and evaluating concrete, many of these methods have limitations in cost, accuracy, or both. One method that has proven its accuracy and is already a well-developed technology is thermal imaging. Infrared cameras have been used to depict thermal images since the 1960s. Over the history and development of these cameras, they have been effectively applied in many industries including medical (detection of fevers), military and law enforcement (surveillance), firefighting, and many others. Recently, the technology of thermal imaging has found success in yet another application: evaluation of concrete structures.
Infrared cameras detect thermal radiation, or heat, and translate the radiation into a thermal image that the human eye can see. We can then understand temperature differences by the colors depicted in the image. Unsound concrete typically traps air beneath its surface. Since air heats up and cools down much faster than many solid materials, including concrete, a temperature difference between sound and unsound (delaminated) concrete is created and can be detected by an infrared camera. The thermal image produced by the camera will show a hot spot in the morning as the ambient temperature is rising, and it will show a cool spot in the afternoon as the temperature begins to drop.
Although thermal imaging applied to concrete structural evaluations has its own limitations (e.g. training required for the thermographer, availability of equipment, ambient temperature differences), it can serve as an accurate alternative to the conventional hand-sounding methods. For more information on this topic from a certified infrared thermographer, feel free to email [email protected].
Two recurring complaints of residents in multi-family buildings are related to sound transmission and odors emanating from neighboring units. Generally, sound related complaints are most often logged in wood-framed buildings. This is usually because the wood floor support system is lightweight and relatively thin, with air space within the floor-ceiling sandwich. This configuration allows sound to travel more readily. As opposed to buildings made from steel and concrete, which have thicker floors that are heavier and tend to dampen sound transmission. Both types of buildings use thin, lightweight walls to divide units, which do not dampen sound very effectively.
Often condominium documents require that the floors be covered in carpet and limit the exposed hard floor surfaces such as tile or wood. This can help absorb and dampen sound related to impacts, such as foot falls. However, the noise related to a loud television or music tend to be less affected.
Sound is a wave of vibration. Solutions to reduce sound transmission can be found in two categories. One option is sound absorbing materials, such as mats or insulation. The other is isolating solutions, which often involve adding another layer of drywall placed on spacers to reduce the contact and therefore, the locations in which vibrations can travel through a wall or floor.
When white noise machines and other relatively inexpensive approaches do not work, renovations to the living space are the next step to addressing the offending noise. Since the annoyance of disturbing sounds are related to individual tolerances and perceptions, it can be nearly impossible to eliminate sound transmission. It is also costly to address sound, as well. Thus, just the sleeping rooms are usually modified with sound dampening strategies.
Odors from cigarette smoke and cooking are the most logged odor related issues. Gaps in the floor or walls between units can allows odors to travel. Hunting down these gaps can be difficult as the smallest of openings can be the culprit. First look for the most likely locations; gaps around plumbing pipes and exhaust or ventilation ducts that extend between floors and gaps around electrical outlets in walls.
Another likely source is a poorly sealed or a dysfunctional exhaust system. Multi-story buildings often have a common kitchen and bathroom exhaust system that links all the vertically stacked units. Sometimes these ducts are clogged, unsealed, or the rooftop exhaust fan is not operational. Sometimes renovations to units include the installation of kitchen exhaust hoods or bathroom exhaust fans, which were not part of the original system design. Adding these fans can disrupt the operation of the common exhaust system.
If sealing gaps around pipes and ducts proves unsuccessful at stopping the odors, the next step would be to positively pressurize the living space. Most older buildings are negatively pressurized. By introducing positive pressure in the unit, air from neighboring units cannot enter the living space. This usually requires the installation of HVAC-type equipment to bring outside air into the unit. This effectively makes the air drafts associated with the unit exit rather than enter the living space. Newer buildings typically are positively pressurized, so this may not be an option in all cases.
Addressing sound and odor related concerns can be more challenging than stopping water infiltration, as small defects can result in large concerns. Interior walls usually need to be opened to seal the gaps, which can be quite disruptive, and the efforts may be less effective than desired. However, all is not lost, solutions do exist, and improvements or corrections can make a big difference to keep those sounds and smells out of your living space.
Here are a few ways to get the most value from quality assurance inspections to make sure your next construction project goes smoothly.
- Review submittals and shop drawings– Have the quality assurance inspector review the submittals and shop drawings for the products that are to be used on the project. This will help the inspector familiarize themselves with the products to be used and how they are to be installed before the project begins. If there are any issues with the products submitted or the shop drawings, the inspector can address them long before the work has begun. Nothing delays a project like stopping work or redoing work that has already been completed.
- Mock-ups – Mock-ups provide the contractor with a trial run before the actual project starts and can be crucial in preparing for the project. Ideally, the mock-up will include some difficult or important details (i.e. window/door install, balcony installation, weather barrier/below-grade waterproofing). This gives the contractor the opportunity to install the materials as they would on the building and allows the project team to work through complicated details and get an idea of how the install will go on during the project. Spending this time early in the project can help get the team on the same page prior to the main project starting and prevent improper installations down the road.
- Pre-Construction Meetings – Pre-Construction meetings allow all parties to meet and review the project prior to the start of work. These meetings are a great time for different trades to meet and coordinate if needed. Also, they provide a chance for the Contractor to ask any questions or go over any complicated details prior to the start of the work.
- Meet with the project team each site visit – Meeting with the project team (designer, contractors, etc.) during each inspection can help provide a better product in a number of different ways. It allows the team to discuss complicated details, issues that the contractors are having, non-compliance items that the inspector has noticed, etc. It also can allow the project team to inform the inspector of the upcoming project schedule and any problems or issues to look out for. Communication is key. The earlier issues can be identified and corrected, the more time and money that is saved.
- Inform inspector/project team of any changes that have been made to the design – This keeps the inspector up to date regarding any changes made to the design of the project. If the inspector is not aware of changes, the work can be impacted. Often times, minor changes have to be made in the field to move a project along. Let the inspector know these changes so they are up to speed.
- Include manufacturer’s reps in the project – Having your product manufacturer’s reps involved in your project can provide a number of benefits to the project, with the most important being that added experience of someone who is constantly working with the product. They should know the ins and outs of the product and should be able to address complicated details or issues with the installation. They are a vital resource to have.
At the end of the day, most of these items are related to preparation and communication. If all parties are prepared and communicate effectively, you can handle the problems that will inevitably arise during a project quickly and efficiently, which saves valuable time and money.
Preservative (pressure) treated wood is among the most common materials used in the construction of retaining walls. Ground-contact rated is standard for that use, but a GC label doesn’t tell the entire story. The important factor is preservative retention – the amount of chemical that remains in the wood after treatment, usually expressed as pounds per cubic foot or PCF. Optimum levels vary with the chemicals used and some products considered suitable for ground contact have retention levels that are less than desirable for retaining walls.
The American Wood Protection Association (AWPA) lists three categories for ground contact use, General Use (UC4A), Heavy Duty (UC4B) and Extreme Duty (UC4C). Heavy Duty protection would be suitable for most circumstances. Extreme Duty would be appropriate in such locations as freshwater lake or pond side walls. AWPA has separate categories for use in marine (saltwater) environments.
The timbers most used in retaining walls measure six by six or eight by eight inches in cross section and full preservative saturation is difficult to achieve in material that thick. Consequently, the central portions are less protected and decay (rot) can occur deep within the wood before there’s any visible evidence of distress. So-called Ground-Contact-rated, forty-year timbers can experience advanced deterioration within as few as fifteen years, while appearing sound.
In order to truly evaluate timber retaining walls it’s often necessary to sample the material by extracting full-depth cores with a specialty bit. Usually, a simple visual examination is sufficient to determine the level of degradation. Sounding (with a hammer) can reveal advanced decay. Rot reduces wood to dust, which will produce a hollow sound if sufficient wood has been compromised.
There are factors apart from chemistry that can play into the performance of preservative-treated wood, including the position of the wood within the tree from which it was obtained. Preservatives tend to penetrate sapwood easier than heartwood. Species that contain more sapwood (such as Southern Pine) predominate in the industry. Other species (such as Douglas Fir) that have more heartwood are also used, but they require different processes, usually in the form of ammonia-based carriers. While ammonia has better penetration characteristics, it’s also more corrosive to metal fasteners and fixtures.
Treatment chemical will inevitably leach out of wood and the speed of that process is governed by water. A proper drainage system consisting of a vertical drainage course (such as gravel) collection devices (such as perforated pipes) and discharge features (weep holes) will help slow the loss.
Retaining wall construction is typically a complex and expensive undertaking, but the cost difference between merely acceptable and superior products is relatively small. Retain the services of a professional to design your wall and specify the best materials. Your good judgment will be rewarded
As Hurricane Dorian bears down on the Atlantic Coast, many are preparing for its arrival. It seems like common sense to be sure that all exterior windows and doors to your house/building are closed. In fact, studies have shown that open windows/doors increase the wind pressure acting on a building roof, beside letting in the rain to damage the building interior. This led to the development of so-called Hurricane Windows. These windows can resist the force of a flying 2×4 and other debris so that the wind and rain do not enter the house.
The Insurance Institute for Business and Home Safety just released a notice that their research has shown that you should close all the interior doors in your house as well. This helps compartmentalize the wind pressure inside the house if an exterior window or door is breached during the storm and reduces the wind force on the roof by as much as 30%. Check this link to learn more.
Words can have a number of meanings and can even change meanings with time. This is especially true of terms specific to a technology or industry. Following are definitions of a few roofing and paving terms that people outside those trades (such as board members) may hear and not fully understand.
Overlayment – Placement of a new roof over an older covering or placement of a new asphalt surface course over an existing pavement.
Resurface – Install a new layer of asphalt (overlay) onto an existing pavement. Should not be confused with seal coat.
Seal coat – Apply a coal tar or asphalt slurry over asphalt pavement.
Tar – Stuff that dinosaurs got stuck in; the nasty stuff in cigarettes. Should not be confused with asphalt used in paving and roofing.
Coal tar – A byproduct of steel smelting used for producing pavement seal coating and interply waterproofing in some roofing systems.
Fishmouth – What a fish eats with; distorted membrane lap in roofing, resulting in an opening.
Shark fin – A closed fishmouth in roofing.
Spud – Tool for removing aggregate surfacing from a roof; the act of removing the aggregate; tater.
PRMA roof – Protected Roof Membrane Assembly, wherein the membrane is adhered, applied or laid onto the roof deck and is covered with a layer of insulation and ballast.
Ballast – Heavy materials (typically stone, concrete pavers, etc.) placed on a roof to hold down insulation or loose-laid membranes that might otherwise be blown off by wind.
Loose-laid – Not fastened or adhered.
Mud – Roof cement.
#$%! Gooey %&*@ – Roof cement.
Alligatoring – Interconnected cracking in pavement; pattern characteristic of depleted asphalt flood coat in roofing.
Flood coat – Hot (liquid) asphalt applied over top ply in built-up roofing system, usually followed by small aggregate surfacing.
Stoning – Installing aggregate surfacing in a flood coat on a built-up roof.
Resaturant – Material intended to rejuvenate asphalt in pavement or roofing by replacing depleted volatile constituents; waste of money.
Consultant – Someone who knows a hundred ways to make love, but doesn’t know any women.
Pitch pocket – Roof flashing consisting of a receptacle for sealant (or pitch), placed around an opening through which utility lines or other items penetrate a roof.
Ever wonder what happens when an elevated steel and concrete walkway is not maintained? Corrosion will render the metal decking supporting the concrete useless and then this happens.
There are many buildings in the Mid-Atlantic region with this type of walkway access. We are often asked, “How long can I wait until I have to fix a structural deficiency.” It is impossible to predict when a structural collapse might happen. Apparently, the owners of this 32-year old building waited a few days too long.
We cannot stress enough the need to perform regular maintenance rather than defer repairs until a major restoration project is needed. Studies have shown that is it less expensive in the long run to maintain a building this way and your building does not end up on the evening news.
When the summer heats up, we often begin looking for methods of keeping things cool while outdoors. Whether we are trying to cool our gardens, our structures, or ourselves, water is considered one of the most effective tools in this regard. But not all things will benefit from added water, even on a hot summer day.
Concrete is the most widely-used building material in the world. It is celebrated for its compressive strength, which is produced by a combination of the chemical reaction between cement and water, and the presence of aggregate within the mix. The ratio between these materials within a concrete mix can have great effects on the strength of the hardened product. In particular, excessive water can have extended adverse effects on the strength of new concrete as it hardens and cures, and therefore can compromise the integrity of the resulting concrete structure.
Because of the impact that water can have on concrete strength gain, engineers have closely studied and observed the relationship between water content and concrete compressive strength. The figure below (https://www.engineeringintro.com/concrete/concrete-strength/water-to-cement-ratio/) is a graph representing that relationship, which shows the reduction of fully-cured compressive strength as the water-cement ratio is increased. The water-cement (w/c) ratio is the value of weight of water divided by weight of cement in a concrete mix. During concrete placement, the w/c ratio increases when water is added to the mix without also adding more cement. As we can see from the graph, the proportion of water within a concrete mix plays an important role in allowing the hardened concrete to reach its design strength.
Each year, the hottest months of the summer bring plenty of concerns for new concrete, one of the primary items involving high temperatures (see our blog post, August 13, 2012). In an effort to keep a concrete mix temperature down, it is no real surprise that someone’s first instinct might be to add water. But there are other effective ways to cool concrete without compromising strength- so that we can save some water and help build stronger structures.
It’s hard to find a building today without concrete surfaces stained by rust. Rust stains can adversely transform the aesthetics of a beautiful building. How can rust stains be removed? Let’s find out!
Once rust staining has occurred, it is important to remove the stains without altering the color or finish texture of the concrete. Two techniques which can be implemented are dry methods (i.e. sandblasting, wire brushing, grinding, etc.) and wet methods (i.e. waterblasting, chemicals, etc.). If surface texture is not a priority, the dry methods can be a quick and cost-effective way to remove stains. If the final finish is important, as is commonly the case with architectural concrete, chemical treatments are recommended.
Mild stains usually can be removed with an oxalic acid or phosphoric acid solution, applied to a water saturated concrete surface. Deeper stains typically require a poultice, which absorbs the chemical solutions and then forms a paste over the stain. Older buildings require more attention with stain removal because the chemical treatments may remove other contaminants in the concrete, creating a lighter color than the adjacent concrete.
The rule of thumb when putting a cleaning solution on your stained carpet or clothes applies with concrete. Be sure to test different chemicals on small, inconspicuous areas to evaluate the treatment. Also, the longer you let a stain sit, the more difficult it is to remove, so seek help quickly when rust stains appear!
In order to get your next roofing project off to a good start, be it minor repair or total replacement, the following is a list of items to discuss with your contractor to help ensure both parties are on the same page prior to starting the work. Reviewing some of these key items prior to job start-up will help both parties understand what is expected and hopefully make the job go a little smoother.
1. Review scope of work with the contractor to make sure everyone understands what work will take place. Ask if possible change order items are anticipated and what the unit costs may be for additional work.
2. Understand what the contractor’s anticipated start and completion dates are for the entire job. Knowing the working hours and if weekend work will be allowed is also important
3. Identify storage, parking and work areas. Make sure the contractor understands his responsibility for keeping the areas clean and maintaining the security of his equipment and materials.
4. Make sure the contact person in the field as well, as the responsible person in the office, is identified in case problems arise. Have a list of all emergency numbers of key personnel prior to starting work.
5. Clarify whether the contractor will utilize certain facilities (such s water, electricity and/or restrooms) while working on the job.
6. Bonds, insurance certificates, building permits or any technical submittals should be obtained prior to starting work. The Contractor should be responsible for securing any state or local permits or inspections.
7. Inspect property and document any existing damage prior to starting work to help protect all parties.
8. Understand who is responsible for connection or disconnection of mechanical systems.
9. Find out what warranties will be given from the contractor and/or manufacturer.
Applying caulk to stop leaks is not always a good thing. Sometimes it makes matters worse by trapping water in the building façade instead of letting it drain.
Here are a few areas where NOT to caulk:
*Along window or door head lintels on brick facades – leads to advanced corrosion of the steel support and either rotated/deflected steel or cracked bricks.
*Soffit (ceiling) of elevated concrete slabs (i.e. balconies, parking garage slabs) – traps water in the concrete and accelerates corrosion of the embedded steel and deterioration of the concrete
*Over/covering window weep holes – prevents windows from draining properly
Most jurisdictions require a percentage of construction cost be allocated to upgrading the accessible route to the altered space. Many times this involves modifying the existing restroom facilities. Some ways to do this are:
1. Adding grab bars to toilets stalls (vertical grabs are now required);
2. Increasing stall size by reducing fixture count. Be careful to maintain an adequate fixture count to support occupant load; and
3. In extreme cases it may be necessary to enlarge the restroom by moving the end wall and will affect adjacent areas.
Many times this requirement is overlooked and can lead to delays in building permit issuance and increase design costs. Let us know if you need any help planning for future projects. Architect on staff! | <urn:uuid:9014f8e1-f48e-4163-98f9-dbd8c0a7afaf> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.etc-web.com/press/blog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00232.warc.gz | en | 0.938403 | 4,639 | 3.359375 | 3 |
A year into his time in Paris, Baldwin is arrested for receiving stolen goods. This happens thanks to an American tourist Baldwin had met twice in New York. Baldwin is living in a “ludicrously grim” hotel, and he spends most of his days in a café where he drinks large amounts of coffee followed by large amounts of alcohol. One day the visitor from New York finds him there and complains about the state of his own hotel. Although they do not get along particularly well, Baldwin promises to find the man a room in his hotel. Baldwin had come to Paris with $40 and no knowledge of the French language or culture. At the time, he did not realize that French institutions were “outmoded, exasperating, completely impersonal, and very often cruel.” When the American tourist moves into Baldwin’s hotel, he steals sheets from his old hotel out of spite, and Baldwin borrows some, as his own are dirty.
Baldwin illustrates the way in which—particularly when one is in a foreign country—one comes to spend time with people in a somewhat random fashion. Baldwin does not like the American tourist particularly much, but they have a preexisting affinity simply on the basis of both being foreigners from the same place. While there are undoubtedly positive sides to this phenomenon, there are also negative ones, as this chapter will show. Baldwin’s vulnerability is emphasized by the lack of money and knowledge he brought with him to Paris, an ominous sign about what is to follow.
On the night of 19th December, Baldwin is sitting alone in his room and decides to visit the American tourist. He finds two French policemen in the American’s room; he doesn’t understand their conversation but believes they are looking for a “gangster.” However, they then ask to see Baldwin’s room, and upon entering they immediately seize the other hotel’s sheet and arrest Baldwin. As he and the American are led out of the hotel, Baldwin asks the policemen if the situation is very serious, and one replies: “No… It’s not serious.” Baldwin thinks this means he will be released before dinner, but this is not the case. He begins to feel nervous; he thinks that French policemen seem to be no better or worse than American police, but the problem with French police is that he cannot understand them. He is held overnight and he continues to miscommunicate with the police officers. The next day he is interrogated and begins to feel dizzy as a result of not having eaten for so long. He wonders how long it will take for his friends in Paris to notice he is missing.
While the French policemen do not necessarily treat Baldwin with much hostility, they are nonetheless a highly threatening presence. This is both due to them being police, and because Baldwin cannot understand what they are saying. Even when he comprehends the literal meaning of the words, this does not convey what the policemen are actually telling him. This misunderstanding is a powerful illustration of the way in which culture shapes meaning. As Baldwin shows, the way that people communicate is culturally-specific, and communication is often entirely inaccessible to people who do not belong to that culture.
Later, Baldwin is fingerprinted, and his photograph is taken. He is then driven to a prison called Fresnes, 12km outside of Paris. The American tourist is sent to another prison, and as soon as he is gone Baldwin misses him, because he is the only person who knows that Baldwin is telling the truth and not guilty. Everyone else in Baldwin’s cell has committed only petty crimes; there are two North Africans, from whom Baldwin feels alienated. The reality of prison is far worse than what Baldwin had ever imagined. The day before Christmas Eve Baldwin is taken to trial; however, after being forced to wait in various cells, he is told that he will not in fact be tried that day. At this point, Baldwin realizes that the only person in Paris who will be able to help him is an American patent attorney for whom he used to perform administrative work. Baldwin is informed that his trial date has been set back to December 27th.
In this passage, Baldwin conveys the way in which faceless, impenetrable, and seemingly nonsensical bureaucracy can be far more dangerous and intimating than direct aggression. In situations of interpersonal conflict, it is at least usually clear why the opposing party is hostile and what they want. In the bureaucracy of the prison, Baldwin is not able to even understand what is happening to him, let alone fight against it. Whether or not he is even guilty becomes meaningless, subsumed beneath the opaque and disorganized process of awaiting his trial. There is a clear sense that, if they chose to, the authorities could simply detain him indefinitely.
An old man in Baldwin’s cell, who had been arrested for petty larceny, is acquitted. As he waits to be released, he asks Baldwin if there is anything he can do for him. At first Baldwin responds “No,” before giving him the phone number of the American attorney. The next day, the attorney comes to visit and promises Baldwin that everything will be all right; he will ensure Baldwin is released soon and make sure he gets a good Christmas dinner. On Christmas Day, Baldwin asks to go to mass, hoping to hear music. Instead he is placed in a grim, freezing cubicle where he listens to a priest preach about Christ’s love through a slot. On the 27th, Baldwin is tried and acquitted. The story of Baldwin’s case evokes laughter in the courtroom; however, this laughter makes Baldwin uneasy, as it is the laughter of people who believe they will always be at a safe remove from pain and wretchedness.
Baldwin’s bizarre experience of going to “mass” in prison conveys much about Baldwin’s impression of Christianity in general. The priest speaks about Christ’s love, yet the wall dividing him from Baldwin—as well as Baldwin’s confinement within the prison in the first place—highlights the profound lack of love that defines life within Christian countries. Rather than operating according to a logic of acceptance and forgiveness, the French nation incarcerates and punishes its inhabitants for crimes as minor as stolen hotel sheets. Particularly in this moment, Baldwin’s suspicion of the church appears well-founded. | <urn:uuid:077156b1-625a-411c-bde8-4529739dcb73> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.litcharts.com/lit/notes-of-a-native-son/equal-in-paris | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039626288.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423011010-20210423041010-00488.warc.gz | en | 0.97708 | 1,315 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Interview with Latin American literary and culture studies scholar William Acree
For the late 19th-century denizens of Argentina and Uruguay’s Río de la Plata region, the greatest show on earth was the Creole circus. William Acree, associate professor of Romance languages and literatures and a Faculty Fellow in the Center for the Humanities, describes the phenomenon that still resonates today in the area’s theater-going tradition.
Briefly, what is the Creole circus? What does the term “Creole” mean in this context?
The Creole circus was an entertainment phenomenon that developed in the region known as the Río de la Plata, comprising Argentina and Uruguay, in the 1880s and 1890s. In the mid-1880s traveling circus troupes, which had crisscrossed the region for decades, incorporated short plays called Creole dramas into their acts, and these became the namesake of the Creole circus.
Creole (criollo) was a colonial term denominating Spaniards born in the Americas and their privileged social status. By the second half of the 1800s, however, and in line with the appropriation of the term across Latin America, Creole had come to designate what and who was “authentically” local — in this case, Argentine or Uruguayan and clearly not European.
One of the recurrent Creole dramas performed was that of the story of Juan Moreira, in short, the tale of a good-gaucho-gone-bad, based loosely on a real-life outlaw who became a folk hero. Why did this story resonate with the people? And how does it relate to nationalist ideologies?
There are many reasons the story of Juan Moreira became so popular, beginning with its entertainment value. The story first appeared as a serialized narrative in an Argentine newspaper, quickly becoming a best-seller. Over the course of a couple months in 1879–80, readers followed the arc of Moreira’s noble life on the pampa, his persecution by corrupt state officials, and his downfall that fed a larger-than-life myth of the man. The daily installments inspired suspense — like telenovelas do so well today. The dramatic representation of Moreira only heightened the entertainment quality, for spectators were treated to horse races, knife fights, music and dance, all of which made for sold-out shows.
There were deeper issues at play, too, that attracted spectators. The transformation of the Argentine countryside — from a space devoted to raising livestock (cattle and sheep) to one centered on cereal cultivation — altered work opportunities as well as ways of life. Tensions surrounding immigration also feature in the Moreira drama as well as many others. Waves of mass migration to Argentina and Uruguay between 1870 and 1914, primarily from Italy and Spain, led to a demographic transformation in the region. During these same years, there was a proliferation of Creole literature as well as the growth of nativism as a powerful ideology that overlapped with nationalism. Finally, the shifting economic landscape resulted in rapid urbanization of the port capitals of Buenos Aires and Montevideo, where the majority of both countries’ populations were concentrated. With these changes, people welcomed the chance to celebrate the “simple life” of the past the Creole dramas portrayed, albeit an idealized or imaginary version.
What are your research sources?
Sources for the project are quite varied, from the texts of plays themselves to memoirs of actors and newspaper collections. For example, I worked with several decades’ of the local press since it provides the clearest portrait of “public diversions” and reviews of shows. Police records document some of the reactions to performances or instances of having to restrict ticket sales to prevent overcrowding at venues. I also benefitted from photography collections of plays and performers housed at national archives and the National Institute of Theater Studies in Argentina.
A little more off the beaten path were experiences at the Elías Regules Creole Society in Uruguay, the oldest Creole club in the region. Regules was a medical doctor who was also an avid supporter of all things related to the countryside and author of a couple Creole dramas himself. The society has a private archive full of unique photographs of its early activities, letters between Creole drama actors and Regules, and other documents that showcase the intersection of the Creole drama atmosphere with this social club. Working there was eye opening for the sources not found elsewhere and unlike experiences with other collections: as I poured through photographs during the cold winter days of July, I shared the space with several roosters pecking at the ground in a setting designed to represent life in a 19th-century Uruguayan town.
Likewise, I learned a great deal about the Creole circus from conversations I had with a retired salesman who spent 20 years, beginning at the age of 65, following news of circus troupes in the region. Though not a professional academic, he had dreamed of one day writing a history of the circus in Uruguay and Argentina. For months, we met on a weekly basis in his studio apartment, sitting in the kitchen that measured about 4 feet wide by 8 feet long, hunched over a tiny table, talking about his discoveries as the television blared Argentine entertainment shows.
Has there been anything in your research that surprised you?
The proliferation of Creole dramas throughout the region surprised me. I knew that troupes traveled around, but had no idea of the performance circuit they forged, nor that they basically stayed as long as possible in one town, until audiences began thinning, before moving on to the next. Sales drove their repertoire as much or more than politically oriented dramas. I was also impressed by the deep impact Creole dramas made in small towns as harbingers of the theater. In effect, these shows introduced theater to these places that had little or no contact with theatrical productions before.
What is the lasting legacy of the Creole circus in the region today?
The legacy of the Creole circus in the Río de la Plata can be seen in the vibrant theater culture of the region that rivals that of New York, Paris and London. Theaters abound in Montevideo, while its sister city Buenos Aires has its own Broadway in the famed Corrientes street. In the age of digital culture, the theater remains a mainstay of cultural life and a central place to socialize for Argentines and Uruguayans. | <urn:uuid:6546fe8d-43f1-4389-aa83-cd8661db9744> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://humanities.wustl.edu/features/William-Acree-Creole-Circus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475833.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302152131-20240302182131-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.96837 | 1,332 | 3.375 | 3 |
Sarcopenia refers not only to the reduction in muscle mass, but to the reduction of muscle strength and poor physical fitness. If elderly walk slowly, fall down easily, lack of energy to twist a towel, have difficulty getting up from chair a and open a bottle, they may have a higher risk of getting sarcopenia!
Sarcopenia is not just elderly health issue, without exercise, the muscle mass will start to lose at 3-5% every 10 years after the age of 30! Once you are 40 years old, your muscle mass is reduced by 8% every 10 years. After 70 years old, it is reduced by 15% every 10 years. Thus, you need to build muscle when you are young and the sooner the better.
Many girls worry about getting bulky and muscular when talk about “build muscle”, thus, exercise will not be included in their weight loss plan except calorie-restriction diet which will result in muscle loss but not fat loss. Muscle loss in girls may pose serious sarcopenia risk.
Muscle not only helps to maintain body balance, generate energy, maintain body temperature, but also help:
- Support bone system, improve back pain and knee pain
- Promotes blood circulation, increases basal metabolic rate, weight control
- Helps to improve metabolic syndrome
Self-screening Method for Sarcopenia – Finger-Ring Test
How to slow down muscle loss as you get older?
1. Exercise at least 3 times a week for at least 30 minutes each time
- Aerobic exercise combine with resistance exercise has been shown to promote muscle protein synthesis and also help to improve physical strength.
2. Adequate protein intake
Take 1.0-1.2 grams of high-quality protein per kilogram of body weight such as meat, eggs, milk, soy milk, etc. For example, a 50 kg person needs 50-60 grams of protein per day to achieve optimal synthesis of muscle protein. In addition to meat, soy protein is the best source of plant protein. Soybean bioactive peptides in De Tide can be absorbed faster than soy protein due to its higher bioavailability. Thus, it can help to replenish muscle protein quickly, improve physical fitness, promote recovery of damaged muscle cells during exercise and thus help to eliminate fatigue.
Sitting down 8-10 hours every day for eating, playing phone, watching television or even sleeping is silent killer because being sedentary has been associated with a number of chronic diseases, and even called "sitting disease".
Sitting too long is likely to cause overweight, and the relative risk of developing high cholesterol, high blood pressure and diabetes will increase, which is why chronic diseases have become the biggest health threat in Malaysia.
A recent study published in the American Journal of Cardiology found that being sedentary can increase cardiovascular risk significantly even if the body mass index (BMI) is normal. The researchers found that people who were sedentary had higher abdominal fat content, shortness of breath during exercise, higher waist circumference or poor physical fitness. The researchers also found that people who were sedentary increased their risk of cardiovascular disease by 29% in 10 years.
7 Negative Effects Of a Sedentary Lifestyle
1. Lack of exercise and poor sugar metabolism can cause high blood sugar level
2. Muscle cannot burn excess body fat and reduced blood flow can increase the risk of high blood pressure, high cholesterol and cardiovascular disease
3. Increasing visceral fat would increase waist circumference
4. Slower digestive motility can cause maldigestion, bloating, loss of appetite, constipation, etc.
5. Poor sitting posture can easily lead to lumbar disc herniation and cause muscle soreness.
6. Muscle mass reduction would cause physical fitness level and fat burning rate deteriorate which will result in obesity problem.
7. Reduced blood flow to brain will cause reduced attention span
Maintaining the same posture for a long period of time can easily cause back pain, hand pain, carpal tunnel syndrome and etc. Thus, for every 30 minutes,
- Office workers should do stretching exercises for 15 to 30 seconds
- Walk to the bathroom, pantry, etc.
- Get up and walk around during the television advertisement time
- Walk to colleague's desk for discussion and not by call
- Moderate supplementation of antioxidants can help to improve blood vessel elasticity and promote blood circulation. De Renue is rich in antioxidants from fruits and vegetables which is a good helper for cardiovascular protection.
First, we must first understand the source of body toxins. Toxins are substances that can interfere with normal physiological activities of the body. It can be divided into extrinsic toxins and intrinsic toxins. Extrinsic toxins mainly refer to harmful substances caused by environmental pollution, such as air pollution, water pollution, food and pesticide processing pollution, indoor environmental pollution (electromagnetic radiation), chemicals and etc.
Intrinsic toxins refer to metabolic waste generated from metabolism of sugar, fat, protein and trace elements cannot be excreted efficiently from the body. Toxins can also be produced when detoxification pathway of digestive system, blood vessel or organs are blocked. In addition, life stresses will also cause “psychological toxins”. Whether it is extrinsic or intrinsic toxins, it will have massive impact on body health. Therefore, the human body needs to excrete these excess substances via the body's detoxification system.
The six major detoxification organs of the human body include:
3. Lymphatic and circulatory systems
5. Large intestine
How Do You Know When It's Time for A Detox?
- Loss of body weight control
- Skin rash, eczema, itching
- Bad breath, body odor
- Feeling tired all the time
- Muscle soreness
- Poor immunity
- Sleep disorders, insomnia
De Clare contains multiple highly effective ingredients which not only help to digestive health, but also improve the body's immunity and offer significant health benefits from detoxification.
Consume carbohydrate food does not make us fat, because it is also one of the six major nutrients, and glucose is the preferred energy source for cells of body organs, especially the brain, nervous system, heart and etc. Unless you eat too much, taking carbohydrate food is not the main cause of obesity.
So, are you eating complex carbohydrate or sugar? What is the difference between these two?
Sugar = simple carbohydrate ; Fiber and starch = complex carbohydrate
The biggest problem for people nowadays is not eating sugar, but to take too much sugary food, such as: brown sugar pearl milk, doughnuts, cakes, biscuits, ice cream and etc. Excessive sugar intake will lead to increased insulin secretion and unstable blood sugar level.
Complex carbohydrate foods include:
1. Whole grain
- Rice (brown rice, germ rice), whole wheat noodles (instead of refined white rice or noodle)
- Unprocessed cereals such as red bean, mung bean and barley
- Potato, sweet potato, taro and other root vegetables
2. Fresh fruit
3. Original dairy products (no flavoring added)
Although these 3 types of complex carbohydrate foods contain sugar, they also contain other nutrients such as fiber, phytochemicals, vitamins and minerals.
Complex carbohydrate food can help body to:
1. Generate energy
2. Protecting body tissue – Avoid breakdown of muscle protein when lacking in energy supply
3. Regulate fat metabolism
4. Regulate physiological functions by fiber, lactose, oligosaccharides, polysaccharide immunomodulators and etc.
A balanced diet with increased physical activity is effective weight management methods. De Slend helps to manage your weight with the following features:
- Promote metabolism
- Suppress appetite
- Boost energy and promote fat burning
It is important to understand the root cause of skin aging.
5 Main Factors of Skin Aging:
1. Ultraviolet light - destroys the structure of skin's collagen fibers and elastin, skin lose its elasticity and brown spot will develop on skin
2. Glycation – Glycation between collagen and elastin in skin dermis with sugar causing skin lose some of its elasticity
3. Poor blood circulation - decreased cell turnover will lead to accumulation of dead skin cells and leaving the skin look dull
4. Dry skin - Dry skin is the major cause of wrinkles and sagging
5. Hormone deficiency - Growth hormone can promote skin metabolism, blood circulation, replenish skin nutrition, eliminate old waste materials, but its secretion will gradually decrease after the age of 25.
How to maintain youthful skin?
1. Sun protection – Ultraviolet light accelerates collagen loss
2. Get enough sleep - regulate the secretion of stress hormone
3. Reduce sugary food and beverage intake – reduce skin glycation
4. Reduce oily food intake - reduce free radical production
5. Consume Le Beaute which is rich in fruit and vegetable antioxidants as well as soy extracts - Reduces free radicals, helps to soothe skin inflammation and promotes collagen production | <urn:uuid:63f3639b-68ed-4bf4-a252-f5e4eccc12c2> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://dechobio.com/web/EN/healthadvice.jsp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657163613.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200715070409-20200715100409-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.921517 | 1,880 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The Hero's Journey:
A mudmap for solving life's problems?
The Hero’s Journey is a story that appears in cultures from across time. Essentially it’s the story of problem solving but only through personal change. In other words, every Hero’s Journey story tells us the same thing. The problem that is caused by someone else can only be resolved when we change. It’s unfair. It’s annoying. But every Hero’s Journey ever told, read or seen includes this one element. Problem solving requires personal change and as much as you may not like it, as much as you may think it’s unfair, unjust or criminal, personal change is required.
So, take a breath and take the time to consider your life as a Hero’s Journey and how you might begin to resolve the problem of your life.
Here you will find information on how to:
- view your life as a Hero’s Journey;
- use the Hero’s Journey as a mudmap for problem solving it;
- read and view examples of Hero’s Journeys from literature and movies; and
- learn more about Joseph Campbell, the scholar and teacher who proposed the idea of the Hero’s Journey.
What is the Hero's Journey?
The Hero’s Journey is above all a story about problem solving.
In every story ever told, read or seen, a change in life circumstances, created a problem for the person we call the hero. Red Riding Hook takes a different path and a wolf tries to eat her and her grandmother. Harry Potter receives a letter from Hogwarts and leaves the only life he has ever known.. Both Rey and Luke Skywalker meet a droid and their lives are never the same. Inevitably, change leads to a significant and unexpected problem and they don’t know how to fix.
All heroes must then attempt scary, often dangerous, tasks which eventually resolves the problem, though never in the way intended. Red Riding Hood has to outsmart the wolf. Harry Potter has to deal with someone who is trying to kill him, the same person who murdered his parents. Both Rey and Luke Skywalker find themselves in foreign places fighting for their lives.
Problem solving your life
In other words, every Hero’s Journey is the story of how someone solved a major life problem yet came to have a life much more rewarding than their old life. Get the idea?
All stories of heroes tell us the hero has little idea about what to do, or where to go. They feel lost and overwhelmed. They are forced to undertake a series of scary, difficult, sometimes impossible tasks, yet each task is a necessary step in solving their problem. Almost always they experience a major setback, yet heroes survive and go on to resolve the problem.
Above all, in every hero’s journey, heroes are changed. The person we meet at the beginning of the story is not the same person at the end. Undertaking all the tasks required to solve their problem, attempting the impossible feats that are thrown their way, has changed them. Essentially, they are a different person; older, wiser, but more their true selves and this is key! They have become more their true self, a more complete version of themselves.
Your life as a Hero's Journey?
What if the Hero’s Journey is repeated across time as it reflects what happens in our lives? Is so, we too encounter unexpected or unwanted events that create problems. We too may have little idea how to address them.
Like the heroes across time, use the Hero’s Journey as a compass, a mudmap to finding your resolution.
Life often presents unwanted problems. What if the Hero’s Journey offers a way to find a possible solution?
We have not even to risk the adventure alone;
for the heroes of all time have gone before us;
the labyrinth is thoroughly known;
we have only to follow the thread of the hero-path.
Joseph Campbell, 1949.
A Mudmap for Living
This book was written at a time in my life when I was lost. I had spent a lot of time and effort trying to create the life I thought I wanted and it just wouldn’t fly. Doors kept closing in my face. Expectations were dashed. People I wanted to impress weren’t. People I wanted didn’t want me. My life seemed like a continuous exercise in huge effort for little reward.
The book is an easy-to-read description of Campbell’s Hero’s Journey, detailing what to expect at each stage and what is required to progress to the next. It includes many examples of everyday life viewed as a Hero’s Journey with questions and case examples to help you identify where you are right now in your own Hero’s Journey.
The Hero’s Journey and Men’s mental health
Conversations That Matter: Mooloolaba Thursday 21st of February @ 6:30 pm The Hero’s Journey. Blokepedia http://blokepedia.com is an organisation that aims to encourage conversations around the issues that impact the lives of Australian men. Through their events, usually in pubs and bars, they provide opportunities for men to talk about what impacts their lives and what […] | <urn:uuid:6f997041-daca-4c87-b60d-99db9a5cf062> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://amudmapforliving.com.au/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999298.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624084256-20190624110256-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.961289 | 1,106 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Because of the enormous differences between the various Jurassic Park media, it is essential to separate one work from another. Even though they are all in the same franchise and share many common elements, each work also has many things which make it different and unique.
Michael Crichton’s novels:
Though the novels bear many if not the most similarities to the films of any other medium in the Jurassic Park franchise, they are not held within the same canon as the films because there are too many altered events, different species of dinosaurs than in the films, different characters and differing personalities of characters that are in both the film and the novel, differing island geography, and inconsistent dates of certain events. As an example, in the film adaptation, John Hammond lives while Robert Muldoon is killed by a Velociraptor while in the novel, Hammond is killed while Muldoon lives. Other notable differences are that, in the novel, the first dinosaurs that the tour group encounters is Apatosaurus while in the films it is Brachiosaurus; the geography of Isla Sorna as presented in the original novel was not transferred to the film adaptation of The Lost World, and an entirely new version of the island was created instead; and John Hammond’s demeanor in the novel is much darker and avaricious than in the film, in which he is portrayed as a much brighter and more likable person, similar to Walt Disney.
The fact of the matter is that, while Michael Crichton’s novels are the original source of Jurassic Park material as well as among his most famous works of all, the films are only loosely based on them; the vast differences to character appearance and design, as well as omitted scenes from both novels which were adapted in different films–for example, Hammond’s death in the Jurassic Park novel being transferred to Dieter Stark in the film adaptation of The Lost World— is surely testament to this fact.
If these obvious differences were not enough, there is even more substantial proof: Rick Carter, the Production Designer for both Jurassic Park and The Lost World: Jurassic Park, indicates the differences between the two mediums early in the Making of Jurassic Park book: “The park is not as finished as it is in the book,” noted Carter, “The movie is probably nine months or a year earlier than when the book takes place [in its construction phase].” (Duncan & Shay, 45). This in and of itself implies that the movie is an entirely different entity from the novels, and works as confirmation of such. Rick Carter is not the only one that feels this way, either.
For the Beyond Jurassic Park DVD, Michael Crichton himself was interviewed and discussed many things, including continuity separation. Originally, in regards to making a second film, Crichton remarked to Steven Spielberg, “I’ll do a book and you can do whatever you want in the movie.” (Crichton, “The Jurassic Park Phenomenon: A Discussion with Author Michael Crichton”) This shows that the films, even at that early of a stage in their development, were indeed considered different from the original works. Furthermore, Crichton remarked during the interview on the differences between the books and films: “There’s a practical aspect that they really are different media.” (Crichton, “The Jurassic Park Phenomenon: A Discussion with Author Michael Crichton”) This does, indeed, confirm that the novels are in a separate continuity from the films altogether.
JP: Adventures Novelette Series & Junior Novelizations:
The Junior Novelization series is based on final scripts of the films. While the final script fundamentally is the same, in terms of plot and events, as what we see in the film there are some few discrepancies in these Junior Novelizations from the transfer that attempt to overlap the film with their own events. These, like the Jurassic Park comics, imply an alternative take on the events of the JP films and can even reference and offer insights into the film’s finalized versions at some point before the major edits were made for pacing or even continuity. Outside of this, the Junior Novelizations are meant to be children books for young-adult reading level and are not accepted into the film canon.
As for Eric Kirby’s Adventures, these do not seem to be canon, but elements can always be re-included into the main canon at some point. Even though they are looked at as expanding the film series, they were meant to be children’s books meant for a young-adult reading level. We have placed them next to the Junior Novelizations of the films at this moment in the project until we know more, but for now, they seem to be disregarded by Universal.
Topps Jurassic Park Comics:
The JP Comics series coincided with Jurassic Park the movie based off by an adaptation of a final copy of the script. The film-adaptations are depending off a close-to-final draft that has some differences to it’s film counter-part and attempts to overlap the events, with it’s own. The artistry behind the comics also counters what we saw in the film. The comic had several spin-offs that featured the return of Robert Muldoon, BioSyn stealing Velociraptors off of Isla Nublar going awry and ending up in the hands of a Columbian Drug Dealer, and the mysterious Green Flame which is a nod to the “Green Lantern” (source?). From what we can tell is that all elements involved in the comics at present are seemingly excluded from the film canon even though there are some really interesting one-offs that very well could be included as supplemental to the S/F continuity family. Specifically, “Return to Jurassic Park #9 – Jurassic Jam” could serve as a supplemental prequel to the S/F continuity family, but that may be wishful thinking on our lead editor’s part.
To further this, there is no acknowledgment of any of the expeditions from the comics within the films themselves either by comments made by recurring characters that re-appeared in the film series (Example: John Hammond, Dr. Ian Malcolm, Dr. Alan Grant, and Dr. Ellie Sattler). While this doesn’t work as a confirmation of the events not happening (the characters could have simply not been asked), but the fact is the comics do remain outside of the canon in regards to the practicality of story and artistic license. To further, many dinosaurs were added to the InGen species list for Isla Nublar without explanation, this contradicts what was seen in the film. This series has been granted its own canon due to the massive artistic license was taken by its creators and the lack of acknowledgment from the filmmakers in future stories.
“Next, Schreck revealed that “Jurassic Park: Redemption” has no relation to the Topps “Jurassic Park” comics released in the nineties.”
Redemption and likely the other IDW comics are considered as their own canon apart from all the other Jurassic Park comics that had been released before by Topps as well as from the film canon given the elements not applied to future films or adapted from the comics for the films. It acknowledges the main events of each of the films but changes the relationship between Peter Ludlow and John Hammond from the way it was intended as well as having other miscellaneous canonical issues. Alexis “Lex” Murphy is now Alexa. Dodgson does not, apparently, work for BioSyn (or rather an unknown entity like he did in the first film) but is more of a saboteur for hire. There are also faults in the story itself, and plot holes that were never filled by the end of the story. Source for this information comes from here. Outside of this it follows suit of the Topps canon with no overt elements are included in the S/F continuity at present.
Universal Studios Jurassic Park Rides:
This universe is a bridge to our own universe to make the rides and events in the JP series to seem more realistic. We can count part of it that references the films for the movie canon and yet we can’t count the rest when it comes down to the rider experience with us, the ride-goers and fans involved in the adventure. The rides do indeed serve as a spin-off of the movie series and anything in reference to the films is taken from here with some weight and consideration. Information pertaining to the movies may be withdrawn here somewhat safely without much worry of contradiction with the films unless there is some unaccounted for elements yet to be discovered.
Spielberg was involved with the rides, but when it comes down to the rider experience, animals created specifically for the Orlando or Hollywood attractions, or the overall story for the ride’s creation it cannot be counted as canon events for the films, as no movie has acknowledged a park in Orlando or Hollywood. If there was something here that would contradict anything in the movies then the rides would be off the list entirely of safe sources for the films. Also, worthy of a note is that both rides contradict each other when it comes to rider experience itself as key moments within the ride are different at the Orlando, Hollywood, and even the International theme parks.
Kenner/Hasbro Jurassic Park Toys:
Great for play, but not entirely accurate to the films and novels. However, there are some nods to the design of the T.rex in Return to Jurassic Park #9 showing a scheme similar to the toy itself produced by Kenner was colloquially known as the “Red Rex” by the fandom. According to the toy series, Nublar has 23 species inhabiting the island while in the movie and film there are only 15. That’s not counting what the original Topps Comics put forth! A fair amount of “fluff” was added to these toys for the value of play. It may be possible that some of the toy lines (specifically the original Jurassic Park Series 1 and 2 with Dino Trackers and Evil Raiders and Jurassic Park: Chaos Effect) have a functional continuity within themselves though.
Jurassic Park: The Game, Trespasser, & Other Jurassic Park Video Games:
From our limited understanding Jurassic Park: The Game and presumably other recent games since Trespasser (with exception of quite a few as well!) are included as soft-canon. So simply this means some elements of JPTG are canonical and we should know more as Trevorrow’s trilogy is planned out in the coming years. Word of this comes from Colin Trevorrow himself about the subject as he served as direct on Jurassic World along with the writer and executive producer on the final two films in the new trilogy. With JPTG we noticed that Jurassic World retconned some details about Isla Nublar that the game itself altered. Specifically, the Visitors Center ruins found in Jurassic World do not have the damage inflicted from the JPTG. Elements of JPTG have been cemented into the canon via Jurassic World’s viral marketing with the Masrani site listing the name of Mount Sibo (used in the game) and Nublar having an indigenous tribe on it (another aspect of the game included). Other inclusion with the Dinosaur Protection Group site as well as other viral marketing sites. Outside of Jurassic World and when JPTG was being made, Universal seemed to insist it from what the making of material behind the game and commentary indicates. What inconsistencies that are present can easily be taken care of easily via retroactive continuity, the same for Jurassic World in any case with showing the Visitors Center and their viral marketing attempts as for the remaining two movies as well any possible supplemental information created for the series.
Interview Question: What steps did Telltale take to ensure an authentic Jurassic Park experience? Was there any collaboration or discussion with the filmmakers or film studios?
Kevin Boyle: Delivering an authentic Jurassic Park experience has always been a top priority for the team. We worked closely with Universal, and found we had very similar ideas about what’s best for the license. The story of our game is new, but it’s woven into the events and canon of Jurassic Park. We worked hard at getting the look and sounds of the dinosaurs exactly right. The dinosaur sounds are so iconic, I was dreading the thought of recreating them. Thankfully, Universal delivered an amazing volume of the original dinosaur sound effects. Another big step towards an authentic experience was stocking the team with fanatics. We’ve got more than enough super-fans here at Telltale to stand up for what’s right for an authentic Jurassic Park experience. (source)
Trespasser while pegged to be the “digital sequel to The Lost World: Jurassic Park” is more of a movie/novel hybrid of sorts and this is probably the messiest of elements to be considered soft canon. For instance, Trespasser says JP took place in 1989 instead of 1993. In TLW, which is confirmed as being in 1997 according to Trespasser, that the incident at Nublar was 4 years ago. If JP took place in 1989, according to Trespasser, then logic dictates that 4 years later would be having TLW take place in 1993. Clearly, we know TLW did not take place in 1993 because Jurassic Park did. There are some other inconsistencies with the maps of Isla Sorna as well, the Isla Sorna map pictured in TLW differs from the one pictured in Trespasser.
One element that had been made soft canon from Trespasser was Hammond’s middle name of “Alfred” and birthdate from 1928 (in conflict to a 1913 date included in the background of the Jurassic World film itself) was included on the Masrani viral marketing for Jurassic World at one point. Recently it did get updated via the backdoor on the Masrani-Global site itself to be the 1913 date as the official one seen in the film. Another element borrowed from Trespasser was Henry Wu’s background a little bit and that was done with a new tie-in for Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom called the “Dinosaur Survival Guide” with commentary from the characters included. Ultimately we don’t know how much and which elements are included in the canon if anything else additionally is at all even. Trespasser did have a tid-bit of involvement from Spielberg on one of the puzzles, but it cannot be considered in the Spielberg/Film Canon or the Crichton/Novel Canon because of the hybridization elements. Trespasser mentions the San Diego incident even and that did not take place in the novel universe. In conclusion, while it is pegged to be the “the digital sequel to The Lost World: Jurassic Park” in the marketing it simply causes too many issues in the canon in dates, character histories, island, and has a controversial relationship due to the irreconcilable differences it makes. For the purpose of this project, it is considered in its own canon, Trespasser/Canon.
While a lot of the games are either retelling a version of the movies, we’re under the impression that these tie-in video games are considered non-canon for all intents and purposes for this project. That isn’t to say that elements cannot or will not be included in the future from these games though however.
How It All Comes Together And Is Organized
So with all that said we’re going to introduce the guidelines of the canon, how each were rated and weighed in conjunction with each other as well as what it was based on specifically from our inferences from the data of the media and Crichton’s wishes for it all to be considered separate:
C-Canon – Crichton Canon/Novel Canon. This is the novel canon only. The only reason this exists is due to the novels being the “starting” medium. Considered the Alpha universe as it’s the first one made and therefore the source material. The novels have really no “supplements” to them whatsoever.
S/F-Canon – Spielberg Canon (Film Canon). This encompasses the films, cast & crew interviews, official media such as Making of Books and other various movie-oriented sources. Spielberg or Film Canon is where all the films and their supplements originate from. They are mostly their own beast as they have an entirely different continuity from what is read in the novels and obviously what is seen on screen. So what sources are considered to be film canon, S-Canon. or Spielberg Canon?
1.) The films themselves obviously!
2.) Cutscenes eliminated due to pacing and NOT continuity – What this is in regards to is scene remnants or scenes that were originally meant to be included but were cut due to run-time constraints and would have only furthered the story. In order for a cutscene to be considered canon, it must be true for the media to be present of this scene in various places including, but not limited to: Screen capture from cutscene, film clip showing the scene, and lastly audio file. Audio files are suspect and can be forged, however, so it would pend review. Examples of this include: Ellie grabbing Leaf, Ellie and Muldoon walking to power shed, extended Grant and kids through park walking, some version of the boardroom scene involving Ludlow from the second film, meeting with Roland and Ajay, etc would and could all be considered within valid canon as the reasons for their outright elimination were not due to continuity, but rather shortening of run-time. The boardroom scene is the only one that has details recanted due or altered due to the progression of the films starting with Jurassic World. While cutscenes are often disputed and debatable, it is still adhered to in our continuity timelines due to the reasons behind the elimination. Our goal is to keep it simple for scenes where filming existed, but was ultimately dropped due to pacing. Conversations altered between script to the final cut of the film, however, are not included as cutscenes because a revision was made for the final inclusion in the film itself which has priority.
3.) Supplemental Material this includes The Making of Books, the RPG sourcebook from The Lost World: Jurassic Park featuring the diary entries of the characters (and not the game contained within), featurettes in the films, making-of documentaries, Interviews from the cast/crew of the film, The props (If it’s seen in the film it’s canon and if it’s not in the film it’s not canon.). Mark ‘Crash’ McCreery art. (Similar to acceptance like the props – if it isn’t exact to the film it is not canon), the Jurassic Park Traveling Exhibits (they basically explain the science in the films, but bring the props to the forefront as well as the movie dinosaurs too), Official Souvenir Magazines (Official Movie Trading cards fall under here, where applicable and so long as this doesn’t override the film), The Dinosaurs of Jurassic Park/The Lost World Scrapbook (Published by Scholastic), The Viral Sites produced at the time for the new Jurassic World trilogy, The Jurassic Park Institute: Dinosaur Field Guide (Some information pertaining to animals referenced in the film) and cold hard paleontological fact (We’re talking dinosaurs here)!
4.) The traveling exhibits, the Rides (S/F-Ride) and the Jurassic Newsletters – The newsletters are an ambiguous canon at best, not very reliable and should be considered last. It is muddled with hybrid novel/film canon; however, the film events, workings, etc can be extracted so long as they do not contradict the finished product seen on screen. Only events of course referencing the movies, events, animal behavior, or places from the film can be layered in where they appear supplemental and not contradictory. The rides are a tricky subject as they are set into a “metaverse” like the newsletters where with bridging the gap in our world. What can be trusted exactly? The props from the film you see of course, the behavior of the movie dinosaurs, and some of the events from Isla Nublar that is discussed on the rides.
5.) Jurassic Park: The Game (S/F-TG) canon – JP:TG or elements of serve as an extension of this canon. NBC/Universal’s partnership with TellTale Games indicated they wanted a canonical extension to the film series. Come Jurassic World this changed as Colin Trevorrow has confirmed elements of the game are merely soft-canon. So bits are, bits aren’t. Which ones? All will be revealed in time basically. The soft-canon elements have stretched somewhat over to Trespasser as well even though for the purposes of this project we have considered it separate from the main film continuity.
CB-Canon – Comic Book canon, a functional continuity that alters the events of the films due to being made off of final script revisions differing enough to not match the film closely. New evidence from IDW suggests that the Topps comics are in their own continuity).
JN-Canon – Novelette Canon, a functional continuity that alters the events of the films due to being made off of final script revisions differing enough to not match the film closely.
U-Canon – Non-canon elements such as games & toys with no functional continuity that adheres into the categories listed above or canon where hybridization occurs (Film x novel hybridization most specifically). As noted earlier, it may be possible that some of the toy lines (specifically the original Jurassic Park Series 1 and 2 lines and Jurassic Park: Chaos Effect) have a functional continuity themselves though.
Every “universe” or “canon” deserves to be looked at almost entirely separately instead of supplemental to the films and novels. A lot of time the other material have different events, make attempts at overlapping the film’s own storylines with novel elements, timelines/chronology, characters, dinosaurs, and even island structure contained in their material while also keeping similarities itself. Crichton himself considered it all very separate and self-contained from one another except for the elements where it is not and borrowed from his blueprints in terms of science or even specific scenes cherry-picked from the novels for the film format. | <urn:uuid:dab6a0d4-0cd9-41de-8577-cab6e7fdd4a5> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://jurassic-pedia.com/sample-page/points-of-seperation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746465.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120150950-20181120172950-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.96321 | 4,661 | 2.625 | 3 |
Editor's Note: Driving between Los Angeles and Las Vegas may summon up those middle-of-nowhere feelings. On the outset, the vast spaces of monotonous desert look empty, but take a closer look with the help of this guide and you'll be spotting plants that can or have lived thousands of years.
Chris Clarke, a California desert resident and advocate, earlier this month spoke at the California Native Plant Society's Conservation Conference about old-growth plants in the desert. He's also a regular KCET.org commentator and here shares what's easily overlooked.
The desert is a harsh place to live. Plants that grow here for more than a single growing season grow slowly, a few inches or less in a good year. And as is the case with the fabled bristlecone pine of California's White Mountains, which can live for 5,000 years or more, that slow growth habit can bring with it immense longevity. Many of the plants native to the Mojave Desert have astonishingly long lifespans. But not necessarily the plants you might guess.
It's easy to find references to "ancient Joshua trees," for instance, and people will tell you of trees with ages upwards of 700 years. The trees can certainly look ancient; gnarled and twisted and battered. But as it turns out, that's not the case. It's hard to determine Joshua trees' ages precisely, as their trunks lack annual rings, but based on the rate at which the trees grow, it looks like most die before their 200th birthday, with almost none reaching 300. That's impressive enough compared to our measly threescore years and ten, but it's not bristlecone-caliber ancient.
The Joshua tree's cousin the Mojave yucca (Yucca schidigera) is a different matter. Sometimes mistaken for a Joshua tree despite its coarser build and the fact that it rarely branches, a Mojave yucca can outlive its more graceful relative by many centuries. An individual Mojave yucca plant grown from a seed will, when it reaches maturity after a century or so, grow little side shoots that eventually become full-fledged adults themselves. Those side shoots have their own side-shoots, and so does the next generation, and the next. Eventually the original shoot will die out and decay, leaving a ring of yucca stems that are, unless their subterranean connection is severed, essentially all the same plant.
We can estimate the age of a group of these clonal shoots by measuring its width and calculating how long it would have taken to reach that width. Estimates of growth rate for Mojave yucca clumps vary by about a factor of three – a foot wider each 30 years, or each 100? – but even using the more conservative 30 year rule of thumb, Mojave yucca clumps in excess of 700 years abound throughout the Mojave Desert. One ring near Lucerne Valley was described in the New Scientist as in excess of 12,000 years of age, quite possibly an overexuberant estimate. That particular ring is certainly several thousand years old, however.
That's not to say there aren't 12,000-year-old plants in the Mojave, though. Take the creosote bush, Larrea tridentata, which possesses the same habit of forming clonal rings that expand, very slowly, over the millennia. The best-known of these creosote rings is "King Clone," near Landers, dated by biologist Frank Vasek at about 11,700 years of age. When the creosote seed from which King Clone grew hit the soil, it might have been tamped down by a mammoth or a Shasta ground sloth.
King Clone is unbelievably old, but there are plenty of creosote bushes in the Mojave that are merely astonishingly old. One specimen in a Lancaster city park has been estimated at about 800 years old. It's a nice looking plant, large and rather impressive - and there are many thousands of creosote bushes just like it throughout the Mojave.
Big Galleta Grass
Even the lowly bunchgrasses in the Mojave can attain significant age. In a rephotography study of 19th century photographs from the Grand Canyon area, one of the plant species found to have persisted for more than a century was the unprepossessing native bunchgrass big galleta (Pleuraphis rigida). A lifespan in excess of 100 years isn't bad for a grass.
Big galleta is easily recognizable: it grows throughout the Mojave (and elsewhere in the California Deserts) in washes, on broad plains, in clefts in rocks, and just about anywhere else it can get a toehold. In good conditions, like those shown here in the Colorado Desert west of El Centro, a galleta clump will get to be about three feet tall and as wide. It's a favored browse plant for many animals including bighorn sheep and desert tortoise, and it serves as a nurse plant for hundreds of other desert plant species, providing shelter and camouflage as tender seedlings slowly harden to the rigors of the desert.
Among the plants that take advantage of galleta's nursery are chollas, those fiercely armed jointed cacti with the intimidating spines. At first glance, chollas would seem like excellent candidates for serious longevity, and many of them do in fact live for centuries. The rather nondescript buckhorn cholla, Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa, may well outlive most of its kin.
Ranging from the easternmost reaches of the California Mojave through Nevada, Utah, and Arizona into northern Mexico, buckhorn cholla differs from many other chollas by its moderately sparse coat of spines, and the unique purple-red color of its floral filaments, a nice contrast with its (usually) yellow flowers. When it's happy a buckhorn cholla can reach 10 feet tall, but three is more usual.
To my knowledge no one has nailed down a reliable figure for buckhorn cholla longevity, but an article published in 2000 offers an intriguing hint that that longevity may be very long indeed. In a 15-year survey of a plot of land in the Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center in the Mojave National Preserve, Martin Cody and his colleagues charted the "births" and deaths of shrubs on that plot from 1981-1996, and extrapolated the likely maximum lifespans of many of the species growing there. Some species turned out to have impressive potential lifespans indeed: more than 700 years for east Mojave buckwheat, 425 for spiny Menodora, and a couple species with even longer lifespans. Four species had no casualties over the 15-year study period, and so the researchers could not establish a likely maximum lifespan. They were Mojave yucca, creosote bush, buckhorn cholla, and one other shrub we'll get to in a minute.
That study doesn't offer enough data to say conclusively that buckhorn cholla can live for millennia, but given the other species on the "too long to measure" list it sure looks promising. It may well be that that pesky buckhorn cholla stem that has painfully attached itself to your pant leg sprouted some time around the Battle of Hastings.
This odd little plant, known botanically as Ephedra nevadensis, was the other "lived too long to measure its age" species in Martin Cody's study referenced just above. This seems fitting: Mormon tea is what people sometimes misleadingly refer to as a "living fossil" in that the vast majority of its close relatives have gone extinct. (One of its cousins that's still around, Welwitschia, is possibly the oddest long-lived desert plant ever, but it isn't native to the Mojave.) Ephedra is a gymnosperm, more closely related to pines and spruces than it is to true flowering plants. It's easily recognized by its oddly jointed, leafless stems bearing either small cones or the scars from former cones at the joints.
Mormon tea is so-called because it has been used as a beverage for both medicinal and recreational purposes: it contains moderate amounts of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, enough for a mild stimulant (and decongestant) effect. (Don't try this yourself unless you are certain you've got the right plant. Some plants that should not be consumed resemble Ephedra enough to confuse people not well-versed in plant identification. And never take cuttings of any plant on protected or private land without permission.) Mormon tea is an important wildlife food source, with large animals browsing on the stems and smaller ones gathering its seeds. It isn't showy or prominent, unless you're looking for it: it just plugs along, feeding wild things and growing back after it's browsed.
Mormon tea provides a telling indication of just how little we know about even the most common desert plants. While Cody's study indicated that the species may have a very long lifespan, the US Forest Service describes the species' lifespan in frustratingly vague terms as "more than 100 years, many other reputable-seeming sources describe the plant as short-lived -- possibly describing its longevity in cultivation or under heavy grazing pressure. We know so little about this plant, and it's not exactly rare. The desert is truly terra incognita, and developing desert wildlands may destroy treasures we don't even know exist.
At first glance, this species -- Thamnosma montana -- could be mistaken for Mormon Tea by a beginner: its stem structure is roughly similar, and its leaves are few, small, and temporary. This underscores the importance of getting your plant IDs right before making tea: Turpentine broom has variously been used as an emetic, a laxative, a hallucinogen, and a pesticide.
Fortunately, it isn't really that hard to tell the two species apart. Thamnosma montana is a distinctive chartreuse color, and holds small, deep purple flowers up and down its stems. A member of the same plant family (Rutaceae) as citrus, it grows at middle elevations below about 5,500 feet. It's unpalatable to most livestock, though bighorn sheep do eat it. One of turpentine broom's chief ecological values is as a soil-builder: its dense crown of thin stems catches wind-blown organic matter and holds it.
The species is also an important host plant for butterflies. A few years ago on Cima Dome in the Mojave National Preserve, I watched as an unusual hatch of fall butterflies swarmed the desert. One of the species that showed up, the Indra swallowtail, was especially drawn to the abundant turpentine broom there on the Dome, and I watched as the females laid one tiny, jade-colored egg after another on the chartreuse stems, there to hatch out as caterpillars to eat the plant's meager leaves.
One other difference between turpentine broom and ephedra: nobody refers to turpentine broom as "short-lived." Cody's study put an approximate ceiling on the species' longevity in the Mojave Preserve, saying that about five percent of the individual turpentine broom plants under study would likely live around 1,150 years.
Alert readers will recall that Coleogyne ramossissima, a.k.a. the almost ubiquitous blackbrush, has already been featured here at KCET.org as part of an incredibly long-lived vegetative community. As that previous article explains, a solid cover of blackbrush, which you can find throughout the Mojave at elevations between 2,000 and 5,000 feet, may take as long as 15,000 years to develop, or even longer.
Individual blackbrush plants are no slouches in the longevity department, either. Cody's study in the Granite Mountains put blackbrush's top five percent longevity at around 1,250 years.
The list of potentially ancient plants in the Mojave goes on: these are merely some of the most common and easily seen species. You can see hundreds of individuals of every single one of these species on a drive from L.A. to Las Vegas without leaving the Interstate. Many of them are centuries old, or even millennia. All of them are worth learning more about, cherishing and protecting. | <urn:uuid:f8684dc3-0ed0-4523-bac5-1ff3faad524b> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.kcet.org/shows/socal_connected/content/environment/seven-incredibly-ancient-mojave-desert-plants.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380236.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00161-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95482 | 2,590 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Scientific name Muroidea
Higher classification Myomorpha
|Lifespan Golden hamster: 2 – 3 years, Brown rat: 2 years|
Mass House mouse: 19 g, Golden hamster: 120 – 120 g
Gestation period House mouse: 20 days
Lower classifications Hamster, Rat, Mouse, Arvicolinae, Murids
The Muroidea are a large superfamily of rodents, including mice, rats, voles, hamsters, gerbils, and many other relatives. They occupy a vast variety of habitats on every continent except Antarctica. Some authorities have placed all members of this group into a single family, Muridae, due to difficulties in determining how the subfamilies are related to one another. The following taxonomy is based on recent well-supported molecular phylogenies.
5 main clades are recognized by Jansa & Weksler (2004).
Together, Muroidea and its sister group Dipodoidea form the suborder Myomorpha.
The following phylogeny of more than 70 Muroidea genera, based on molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Interphotoreceptor Retinoid Binding Protein (IRBP) gene, is from Jansa & Weksler (2004: 264). Although Platacanthomyidae was not analyzed by Jansa & Weksler (2004), a study by Fabre et al. 2012 suggests that it is the most basal lineage of Muroidea. | <urn:uuid:c7cd5787-c7e8-454a-aad7-d7950a333ec2> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://alchetron.com/Muroidea | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662546071.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522190453-20220522220453-00694.warc.gz | en | 0.835813 | 352 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Improving student learning is the number one goal for teachers and school leaders. Parents play a major role in achieving this goal. It is vital for parents to be partners in their child’s education. We work with thousands of teachers, everyday. Here is what they shared with us when we asked how parents can be more involved in the teaching and learning process:
3 easy steps to help parents get involved
- Ask for regular feedback on how well your child is performing in class from their teacher. Maybe this means a monthly email. Maybe the teacher has a monthly newsletter. Whatever the means of communication, just make sure that you establish that desire for feedback from the beginning of the school year.
- Tell your child’s teacher that it is important to know when your child is recognized for good work or behavior. Then, recognize their good performance at home, too.
- Open communication is the key. Make sure that your child’s teacher knows that you are ready to communicate. Remember that you don’t have to wait to hear from them. Communication is a two-way street.
When you make it clear that you want to get involved and support the teacher in your child’s education, you help build the parent-teacher relationship that is paramount to your child’s success.
A Small Gesture. A Big Outcome.
For most teachers, finding another 5-10 minutes in the schedule to make a positive phone call to a parent can be difficult. Some teachers may even be reluctant to call a parent, knowing most parents are busy. One school principal told us that she challenges her teachers to make five positive phone calls home per week. That way, each parent is contacted once a semester. That extra 5 – 10 minutes makes a huge difference.
The school’s score on their parent satisfaction survey increased 119%. The teachers at the school reported that the calls hold great value to both them and the parents. What a win!
It all ties back to that number one goal: when parents and teachers collaborate, students achieve greater results. Isn’t that what it’s really all about? | <urn:uuid:c42f46b9-e5dc-4627-85a3-688ed32c44f5> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.teacherready.org/get-involved/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818695113.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926070351-20170926090351-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.963033 | 440 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Download This Lesson: Presto, Changeo
Brief Description: Students will learn about the importance of green plants and the process of photosynthesis. They will learn new vocabulary and do experiments to test their hypotheses using plants. Students will also be able to act out and present the steps of Photosynthesis.
Focus Areas: Plant Lifestyles; Science, Math
Focus Skills: recognizing cause and effect, comparing and contrasting, simulating, recognizing patterns
- To understand the process of photosynthesis
- To recognize the importance of green plants
- How do green plants produce food?
- Why are all other living things dependent on green plants?
Because green plants are the only living organisms capable of producing heir own food, all other living organisms depend on them either directly or indirectly for survival.
Green plants are the only living organisms that produce their own food. Light provides the energy to create a chemical reaction within specialized cells, called chloroplasts, in the leaves. Chlorophyll present in the chloroplasts captures light energy and uses it to produce simple sugars from carbon dioxide and water. This sugar is transported to other parts of the plant where it is either used as energy, formed into building blocks for growth, or stored. When animals including us) eat green plants, we gain the benefits of these products within the plant.
In addition to the energy we gain from eating green plants or animals who have eaten them as part of their diet, we need plants to breathe! Oxygen is given off by green plants in the process of photosynthesis.
Green plants are the lungs of the earth! All animals inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. Plants take in carbon dioxide and give off oxygen as they make food.
atom – the smallest particle of a single element
carbon dioxide – a gas exhaled by animals as a by-product of respiration (breathing) and used by plants to produce food
chlorophyll – a green substance in the leaves of most plants that absorbs energy from light and stores it as chemical energy
chloroplast – the part of the leaf that contains the chlorophyll, and the place where photosynthesis takes place
element – a material in which all atoms are the same
exhale – to breathe out
hydrogen – a gas found in nature and part of a water molecule
inhale – to breathe in
molecule – the combination of two or more atoms
oxygen – a gas inhaled by animals but given off byplants as a waste product during photosynthesis
photosynthesis – the process by which plants store energy to produce food
primary consumption- eating green plants
secondary consumption – eating an animal or product from an animal that eats green plants
stomata – tiny openings in the leaf that allow air (containing carbon dioxide and oxygen) to enter and oxygen and water vapor to leave the plant
Time: two 20-minute sessions and time to check experiment during
Group Size: 18 to 36
Space: comfortable seating; an open area to allow movement
Handout 1 “Plants for Breakfast” with Answer Key *
Handout 2 “Photosynthesis Recipe” *
Handout 3 “Assessment” with Answer Key *
a house plant
blue, white, and red construction paper circles,
3” diameter minimum
green construction paper squares, 3” x 3”
* single copy provided
- Gather materials.
- Make copies of Handout 1, “Plants for Breakfast.”
- Prepare circles: 24 white circles marked with a large H, 24 blue circles marked with a large O, and 6 red circles marked with a large C.
- Prepare green squares as needed to allow each participant to take an active part in the simulation.
Correlations to State of Maine Learning Results: Parameters for Essential Instruction
ELA = English Language Arts, HE/PE = Health Education and Physical Education, MA = Mathematics, SCI = Science, SS = Social Studies, VPA = Visual and Performing Arts
** Alignment possible only if lesson extension is done
Maine Learning Results
ELA – C1. Students create, identify, and answer research
questions by gathering information from Print and non-
print sources and communicating findings.
c. Collect, evaluate, and organize information for a
d. Communicate findings from a variety of print and | <urn:uuid:30b3b559-e5e4-4e6b-a8ba-cc7b0bf31cf4> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://teachmefoodandfarms.org/presto-changeo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496523.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330023050-20200330053050-00170.warc.gz | en | 0.895591 | 906 | 3.484375 | 3 |
In story, the forces of conflict arrange themselves in unique and natural patterns. When balanced properly, a story can deliver substance and meaning on a scale unheard of in lesser delivery mechanisms.
Beyond granting Authors insight as to why their stories might be experiencing difficulties, this understanding also allows writers to infuse their work with an originality and purpose difficult to attain through mere muscle. Recognizing the most common patterns of conflict and sampling those not-so common patterns broadens the knowledge-base of those who work in narrative fiction while freeing their imagination to consider new possibilities.
The Same Old Story
Many story gurus/theorists claim a methodical approach to story structure as the best means towards creating a story of substance. Whether it be through a template of beats or a heroic journey from one world to the next, this advice aids the writer, yet never truly informs them as to why they should be adhering these ideas. Lacking a concrete explanation as to the meaning of these story points, the writer can do little more than follow along and hope for the best. More often than not, this approach leads to the same story, told in the same way, with little to no substance.
Contrast this sad result with the varied opportunities left open to writers who understand Dramatica’s concept of the Four Throughlines. As we have seen throughout this series, the order or beats that a story goes through pale in comparison to the power of focusing a story’s conflict on purposeful explorations of unique and connected throughlines. What is being explored becomes far more important than hitting those beats.
With this approach, the same ‘ol same ‘ol can be avoided, allowing the writer’s muse to create with intent.
Stories of Internal Struggle
Complete stories cover external and internal conflicts simultaneously. Certain parts of a story will focus on the efforts in the physical world, while others will emphasize the struggle within. Hollywood tends to favor the external struggle found in situations and activities. Why? Visual medium, visual instances of conflict. Rarely do they venture inwards—such an act generally calls for a more ponderous medium.
In a previous article on exotic story structures, discussion centered around Main Characters with deficient ways of thinking. Both Red in The Shawshank Redemption and Hamlet in his self-titled play stood up as suitable candidates for this particular type of conflict. Yet in the big picture, these two stories explore very different areas of conflict.
Shawshank tells the story of men consumed by intolerable conditions. Hamlet, on the other hand, tells the story of men (and a woman or two) consumed by their obsessions and the obsessions of others. Hamlet’s sustained grief for his father and Claudius’ call for “discretion” exemplify the kind of overall story-wide conflict that comes from Problematic Fixed Attitudes. Conflict exists because of what everyone thinks, not because of their particular situation. Combined with Hamlet’s personal struggle over the way he thinks, this universal look at conflicting attitudes creates a story with a personality quite unlike any other.
Why aren’t there more movies that take advantage of this unique setup?
Communicating deficient psychologies and conflicting mindsets becomes somewhat of a challenge within the sparse confines of a screenplay. Stories that share this particular story “personality”—Amadeus and The Great Gatsby to name a few—stand out in mediums where the struggle over the internal can more readily play out. Novels and plays embrace the internal with a confidence Hollywood cannot. Still, the convenience of that reality does not preclude the possibility of success. Amadeus did pretty well and continues to sit atop many of the “greatest films of all time” charts. For the adventurous and determined screenwriter the challenge of visualizing the internal lies in wait.
The Perception of Conflict
With this final piece of the puzzle in place, this series on Conflict comes to a conclusion. A comprehensive understanding of conflict and the throughlines that explore them met. Whether internal or external, state or process, every kind of inequity in the known Universe has its place within the world of story.
But that’s just it…
These areas of conflict are not real. They’re not tangible. They don’t really exist as much as they represent our own perceptions of what we observe and sense. As Melanie Anne Phillips, co-creator of Dramatica, is always fond of quoting, “The energy that flows through a system tends to organize that system” (Buckminister Fuller)—meaning these areas of conflict are built by our own minds. Our personal operating systems call for conflict to fall down these lines. Thus, because we create these stories, it is only natural that they reflect our own internal thought processes.
Stories are models of our own minds at work. The foundation for Dramatica sits upon this idea and informs its every concept. It’s the reason why every story written with the theory or every story that fits easily into its framework feels complete and comprehensive. As audience members, we know how we think. Stories that honor that knowledge find a special place in our hearts and in our minds.
Of course, if our minds evolve then this structural chart will have to transform accordingly. But for now, its accuracy remains unparalleled.
The structural chart—these four Areas of Conflict and the Throughlines that attach to them—are not a “system” for creating Hollywood blockbusters. They are not templates or elaborate plotting machines. They are reflections of ourselves. It just so happens that those stories that reflect us the best often become the ones we honor the most—with ticket sales and gold statues. | <urn:uuid:51afd4a9-31c0-41bc-a2ca-bf6eece0646b> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://narrativefirst.com/articles/conflict-of-a-different-nature | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164003799/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133323-00027-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933162 | 1,183 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Do Hawks Eat Caterpillars? The answer might surprise you! Hawks, those fascinating birds of prey known for their incredible hunting skills, are found all over the world, with over 250 different species.
With their sharp talons, curved beaks, and keen eyesight, these apex predators play a vital role in balancing animal populations in the ecosystem.
Join us on a captivating journey to uncover the truth about hawks and their unlikely relationship with caterpillars. Get ready for an exhilarating exploration!
Table of Contents
- 1 Do Hawks Eat Caterpillars?
- 2 Definition of Hawks
- 3 Overview of Hawk’s Diet
- 4 Importance of Caterpillars in the Ecosystem
- 5 Hawks and Their Diet
- 6 Caterpillars as Prey for Hawks
- 7 The Role of Caterpillars in the Food Chain
- 8 Conclusion
- 9 Author
Do Hawks Eat Caterpillars?
Yes, hawks do eat caterpillars. Hawks are fascinating birds of prey known for their hunting skills. With sharp talons, curved beaks, and keen eyesight, they play a crucial role as apex predators in the ecosystem. Discover more about their surprising relationship with caterpillars.
Definition of Hawks
Hawks are a type of bird of prey that belong to the family Accipitridae. They have strong legs and sharp talons that they use to capture their prey, which can range in size from small rodents to larger animals such as rabbits or even other birds. Hawks also have keen eyesight, which allows them to spot prey from great distances.
Overview of Hawk’s Diet
The diet of hawks varies depending on the species and geographic location. Some species primarily feed on small mammals like mice or voles, while others prefer larger animals like rabbits or squirrels.
Some hawks even feed on reptiles, amphibians, or fish. However, most hawk species include insects in their diets at some point during their lives.
Importance of Caterpillars in the Ecosystem
Caterpillars are an important part of many ecosystems because they serve as a food source for many different animals including birds like hawks.
These insects play a critical role in plant pollination and form an essential link between plants and other organisms further up the food chain.
Overall, understanding what hawks eat is crucial for understanding how these birds fit into ecosystems around the world.
In particular, exploring whether or not they eat caterpillars can provide insight into how these insects impact other parts of the ecosystem beyond just serving as food for birds.
Hawks and Their Diet
Hawks are raptors, which means they are birds of prey that hunt and feed on other animals. They are known for their sharp talons and hooked beaks, which allow them to catch and tear apart their prey. Hawks are found all around the world, with over 200 species in existence.
Types of Hawks and Their Hunting Styles
Different types of hawks have different hunting styles based on their physical characteristics and habitats. For example, the Red-tailed Hawk is a large bird with broad wings that allow it to soar high in the sky, searching for prey from above.
It hunts small mammals like rodents and rabbits by swooping down quickly to catch them with its talons.
On the other hand, the Cooper’s Hawk is a smaller bird that prefers to hunt in wooded areas where it can use its agility to maneuver through trees and surprise its prey.
It preys on birds like doves and pigeons by ambushing them from cover.
Prey Preferences of Hawks
Hawks are opportunistic hunters that will eat a variety of prey depending on what is available in their habitat. Some of the most common prey items for hawks include small mammals like mice, voles, rabbits, squirrels as well as birds such as doves or songbirds.
However, some species have specific preferences when it comes to their diet.
For example, the Harris’s Hawk primarily feeds on reptiles such as lizards or snakes while the Northern Harrier hunts small mammals but particularly likes meadow voles.
Nutritional Value of Caterpillars for Hawks
Caterpillars are not typically at the top of hawk’s food preferences lists; however they can still play an important role in a hawk’s diet.
Caterpillars provide valuable nutrition in terms of protein content, and some species are known to be particularly high in fat, which can help hawks build up their body fat reserves in preparation for migration.
Additionally, caterpillars can be an important food source for young hawks that are still developing their hunting skills.
Learning to hunt on slower-moving prey like caterpillars can help young hawks develop the coordination and skills they will need to hunt larger and faster prey as they mature.
Caterpillars as Prey for Hawks
Caterpillars are a common prey item for many species of hawks. These insects are typically found on plants and trees, making them an easily accessible food source for birds of prey.
While caterpillars belong to the same order as butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), they often have different defensive mechanisms that can make them dangerous prey items for birds.
Types of Caterpillars Commonly Eaten by Hawks
Hawks will eat a wide variety of caterpillar species, but some are more commonly consumed than others. One such species is the tent caterpillar, which is a common pest in many parts of North America.
Other popular types include the eastern tiger swallowtail caterpillar, the fall webworm, and the gypsy moth larvae.
It’s worth noting that hawks generally prefer younger, smaller caterpillars over larger ones. This is because younger caterpillars are easier to capture and consume due to their smaller size.
How Hawks Hunt and Consume Caterpillars
Hawks typically hunt from above, scanning the ground for movement or listening for rustling in foliage. When they spot a potential target (such as a moving caterpillar), they swoop down to grab it with their talons.
Once caught, small insects like caterpillars can be consumed whole by hawks – there’s no need to tear them apart like larger prey items!
However, birds might sometimes shake their catch around or rub it on something hard to kill it before consumption.
Impact on the Population of Caterpillars in the Ecosystem
While hawks play an important role in controlling populations of pests like mice and rabbits, their predation can also have significant impacts on populations of other animals – including caterpillars!
For example, if a hawk preys heavily on caterpillars in a particular area, it could lead to a decline in the local population of that species.
This could have knock-on effects for other animals further up the food chain that rely on caterpillars as a food source.
It’s also worth considering that hawks aren’t the only animals that prey on caterpillars – many other insects and birds do too.
As such, it’s important to understand the ecological context of hawk-caterpillar interactions in order to fully appreciate their impact on the ecosystem as a whole.
The Role of Caterpillars in the Food Chain
Caterpillars are a vital component of the food chain in various ecosystems. They play a critical role as primary consumers and herbivores, consuming leaves and other plant materials that are often indigestible by other animals.
As they digest these plant materials, caterpillars convert them into essential nutrients that can be easily absorbed by other animals in the food chain.
Hawks are one of the many predators that rely on caterpillars as part of their diet.
Caterpillar’s Role as Herbivores
Caterpillars play an important role as herbivores in various ecosystems, where they consume leaves and other plant matter.
This makes them essential for the health and vitality of plants, which provide food and shelter for many organisms.
Caterpillars do not discriminate between different types of plants, which means that they can feed on a wide variety of tree, shrub, and grass species.
In addition to providing nutrition for hawks and other predators higher up on the food chain, caterpillars serve as a crucial food source for many insects such as bees and moths which are important pollinators.
The process through which caterpillars consume leaves also helps control unwanted plant growth because it prevents excessive leaf growth.
Importance to Other Animals in the Food Chain
Apart from hawks that rely on caterpillars as part of their diet, numerous animals across ecosystems depend heavily on these insects as well.
For example, birds feed them to young chicks to provide necessary nutrients needed for healthy growth.
Other animals like chipmunks or squirrels also eat immature stages of moths or butterflies comprising larvae (caterpillar stage) resulting in transferring essential energy into their bodies.
Caterpillars not only help maintain healthy populations within their own species but also impact predator population numbers indirectly.
This effect is because when caterpillar populations increase that can create a boon for other animal populations that feed on them.
How Hawk’s Consumption Affects the Balance
Hawk’s consumption of caterpillars impacts the balance of ecosystems where they exist. While hawks contribute to controlling caterpillar populations, excessive hunting or predation can lead to unintended ecological consequences.
Reduced numbers of caterpillars could lead to reduced availability of other important resources, like fruits and nectar, and impact pollinators.
In addition, hawks’ diets are influenced by the amount and type of prey available in their environment.
If there is an overabundance of caterpillars due to a lack of predators or an abundance in food sources then hawks may preferentially choose other prey items such as rodents or insects.
Thus, understanding how hawk’s diets balance with all factors that influence their feeding habits is crucial to maintaining healthy ecosystems.
Overall, caterpillars play a crucial role in various ecosystems as primary consumers and herbivores.
They are essential for many food chains, including those involving hawks that rely on them for necessary nutrients.
As such, it’s important to understand their role and value within these systems so we can better protect them from both natural and human-made threats that affect their population growth; ensuring healthy environments for all organisms involved in these complex relationships.
After reviewing the information presented in this article, it is clear that hawks do eat caterpillars and they play a crucial role in their diet.
These raptors have an impressive variety of hunting strategies and prey preferences, but caterpillars are a valuable component of their diet due to their high nutritional value.
Additionally, caterpillars are important herbivores that contribute to the food chain, providing food for other animals.
Understanding the relationship between hawks and caterpillars is essential for understanding the impact these species have on the ecosystem.
The population of hawks can fluctuate with changes in prey availability, which can ultimately impact other species within the food chain.
For example, if a hawk’s preferred prey becomes scarce, it may switch to hunting other animals or even leave an area to find better opportunities elsewhere.
It is also important to recognize that human activities can have significant impacts on both hawk populations and caterpillar populations.
For instance, habitat loss due to urbanization or deforestation can disrupt natural ecosystems and reduce food sources for wildlife. Similarly, the use of pesticides can harm both hawks and caterpillars alike.
Overall, understanding the complex interplay between hawks and caterpillars is crucial for maintaining healthy ecosystems.
By recognizing the importance of each species’ role within the food chain and taking steps to protect them from harm caused by human activities, we can help ensure that these magnificent birds continue to thrive alongside their many prey species – including caterpillars – for generations to come. | <urn:uuid:3393f734-a973-482f-88c7-86f6a61d8dda> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://learnbirdwatching.com/do-hawks-eat-caterpillars/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510575.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930014147-20230930044147-00863.warc.gz | en | 0.940544 | 2,485 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Guided Imagery Short-Circuits Food Cravings
Researchers from Plymouth University in the UK tested Elaborated Intrustion Theory (EI), - the idea that food cravings happen when an involuntary thought about an appealing food (generated either by seeing it, smelling it or some other external prompt; or by internal sensations of hunger, anxiety, fatigue, etc) gets elaborated by strong, multisensory and inherently rewarding "mental images" of that food – the way it looks, tastes, smells, feels and even sounds – wonderfully described as a kind of imaginary relish that produces a form of exquisite torture.
By the same token, the theory proposes that cravings can be weakened or short-circuited by deliberately interrupting or blocking the elaborative imagery, with a competing mental activity or imagery. Indeed, research has found that imagery techniques such as body scanning and guided imagery will reduce the occurrence of food thoughts.
This study took it one step further and tested whether these techniques could also reduce food cravings. Participants were asked to abstain from food overnight, and then to carry out 10 minutes of body scanning, guided imagery, or a control activity..
They rated their cravings at 10 points during the task on a single item measure, and before and after the task, using the Craving Experience Questionnaire. While cravings rose during the task for the mind wandering group, neither the guided imagery group nor the body scanning group showed an increase.
These effects did not show on the CEQ, suggesting that they may only be present during the competing task. This needs further study.
However, as these techniques are simple, unobtrusive, and require no devices nor materials, brief guided imagery strategies might be a useful addition to weight loss programs that address cravings..
Citation: Hamilton J1, Fawson S, May J, Andrade J, Kavanagh DJ. Brief guided imagery and body scanning interventions reduce food cravings. Appetite. 2013 Dec;71:158-62. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.08.005. Epub 2013 Aug 17.
p.s. If you liked this post, you might enjoy getting our weekly e-news with other articles just like it. If so, sign up here! | <urn:uuid:90242458-1f65-47c1-9571-bc83f276fa87> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.healthjourneys.com/blog/guided-imagery-short-circuits-food-cravings | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738653.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810072511-20200810102511-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.931725 | 470 | 2.546875 | 3 |
... TO BIOLOGY Cell Components Affiliation A plant consists of many thousands of cells that are used as building blocks (Bowes, 1996). However, as with a house, different types of building blocks are used in different places. Groups of similar cells form a tissue (Bowes, 1996). Cell in a plant, which, like all cells, has a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and a nucleus, but which differs from an animal cell by having a cell wall outside the cell surface membrane and a large vacuole. They may also have chloroplasts in the cytoplasm (Bowes, 1996).
Living things are constructed of cells. Living things may be unicellular or multicellular. Cell structure is diverse but all cells share ... | <urn:uuid:a7a40cf6-84a4-407c-876c-1539a2b56943> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://studentshare.org/essays/Cell-membrane | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511365.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018001031-20181018022531-00170.warc.gz | en | 0.95301 | 156 | 3.0625 | 3 |
By determining the identity of the substance, they are adding another piece to solving a crime. It is the temperature at which at liquid converts into a gas at the atmospheric pressure. Technical methods: These are highly specific and help to identify substances by comparision with standard. This is measured by hectometers. Most metals are smooth solids like the aluminum, magnesium, copper, gold, etc. It can be even crushed to pulp and granules. Melting point: This test is specifically for solids. Spectroscopy methods of analysis: This is a method of analysis where the behavior of substance with the light is estimated. Conductivity: It is the ability of a substance to conduct electricity. Example: Melting point of iron is 1811K while that of Aluminum is 933.47K. but mixtures melt. 4. This difference is most easily seen when the temperature of a liquid is measured as it cools and freezes . Mostly liquids, gases and transparent solids like glass are estimated.. How can you identify an unknown substance? But, polymers like plastic, resins are not soluble in water. The MP of paraffin wax is 310K. Students will use test liquids on different known powders and observe their reactions. What are the three gas tests and what it's reaction result? What is the word for when a body is being examined after death? But still, it helps to ascertain the polar nature of the substances. Melting point is that degree of temperature where a solid converts to liquid. But it is not advisable always as it can lead to toxicity. “A compound is a substance which results from the combination of two or more chemical elements held together by a strong force between them.” Let’s check some compounds that we use in our everyday life.” 1. Mentioning them is beyond the scope of this article. Smell: Smell can be a handy way of identifying a chemical if you've got a good nose. Even if it is a solid, it can be dissolved and its pH be noted. State: Materials are available in three states like the solid, liquid and gases. Identifying unknown substances in everyday situations No teams 1 team 2 teams 3 teams 4 teams 5 teams 6 teams 7 teams 8 teams 9 teams 10 teams Custom Press F11 Select menu option View > Enter Fullscreen for full-screen mode If For example, we can bubble an unknown gas through a solution of limewater (Ca(OH) 2 dissolved in water). Commentdocument.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a30bb0ab631a33c4d81b81f837bb50a7" );document.getElementById("c1f68303f7").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. It is estimated for its maximal absorbance, fluorscence, etc. Press F11 Select menu option View > Enter Fullscreen for full-screen mode, Name 3 ways of identifying an unknown substances, Properties of the unknown substance OR Gas test OR Litmus test OR Solubility OR Flammability, Name 1 type of test forensic scientists use to identify a substance, Name the method that decides whats safe for consumers, Name all five properties of identifying an unknown substance, Density & Melting & Boiling point & Colour & Odor & Conductivity, Name the properties of a substandard or a counterfeit drug. Based on these observations also one can identify the compound. Since identification of substances by their typical reactions can sometimes be relatively easy, quick and inexpensive compared to instrumental methods, … A strong solid like metal can have a negligible odor. This could be wood, paper, glass, etc. Spectroscopic Method is a method of identifying a unknown substance by using a light method. Presence of color easily gives us an idea of what is the compound. However, there are many compounds which have an odor and be easily spotted and identified. Some are smooth, rough, powderous, sticky, slimy, hairy, slipping, etc. Substances react chemically in characteristic ways; A set of reactions can be used to identify an unknown substance; Summary. Chemical Substances of Unknown or Variable Composition, Complex Reaction Products and Biological Materials (UVCB Substance) on the TSCA Inventory This paper is a compendium of information related to the broad class of chemical substances referred to as UVCBs for the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Chemical Substance Inventory. A smooth substance can be a solid or semisolid or even viscous liquid. It is used to identify the substance, its purity and also concentration. Based on taste: Our tongue can recognize four types of tastes like sweet, salt, bitter and sour. Based on odor or smell: Odor is one of the powerful senses which helps to identify the compounds. For example, black colored solids indicate it to be a carbon compound like coal, or heavy metal like iron, etc. 3. Examples: Boiling point of iron is 3134 K, of Aluminum is 2743 K. Refractive index: The speed of light propagation through the material is called refractive index. over a range of temperatures. But due to many chemical experiments and space explorations, many new compounds emerge which need to be identified. Solubility: The unknown substance is dissolved in water. Then students will use these characteristic chemical changes to help them identify an unknown powder. The particles would not a definite shape even when observed under a microscope. Notice table salt, sugar or even talcum powder. Almost no living thing can survive without water. If they collect an unknown substance they can perform a series of test in the lab that can help them identify what the substance was. So when an unknown substance is present, based on its state, we can have an idea of what the compound could be. While oils and waxes are also smooth but hardened liquids. But, the powder is not hard and prickly. Another example would be NASA trying to identify a substance on the moon or on another planet. These are crystalline. Bases on texture and feel: Not all substances are of the same feel in touch. Compounds like sugars are mostly sweet in taste, while unripe fruits like lemon and orange can be salty or sour. 3 Everyday Situations where it'd be useful to identify unknown substances using their properties. What are some everyday situations in which it would be useful to identify unknown substances using their properties? When you are not feeling well and your sense of taste is not functioning well. Identifying unknown substances is an important part of chemistry, with applications in fields such as medicine and environmental chemistry. Water is everywhere on our planet. Even solids can be dissolved. 1. Unknown substances such as impurities or adulterants can not only affect your product, but may pose potential health risks. This is seen mostly in liquids. A stain on your clothes 3. 2. But powders, liquids, gases can have some sort of odor. Chemicals can be identified by their chemical properties such as how they react with other substances. Liquids and gases are mostly colorless. Hence, taste helps to identify the compounds in most cases. Technically boiling point is always higher than the melting point. All these functional groups can be identified by specific chemical tests. Even if you find one, you can follow few steps mentioned below in identifying the unknown compound, Compounds can be identified by two examinations like, This relies on physical appearance and characteristics like. Explain how you would identify the substance in question - 11292873 Example: Hard solids can be mostly metals, while water and others solvents could be liquids. We identify the unknown substances that can threaten your product and manufacturing process and help determine their source. antechinus June 2, 2004, 7:10am #4. This information, along with a library of data for known compounds, will go a long way toward identifying an unknown material.
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WIKIMEDIA, JOSEPH R. SCHMITTAmid a severe flu season, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) last week (January 16) approved the first recombinant flu vaccine, Flublok, which protects against two influenza A strains, H1N1and H3N2, and an influenza B strain virus. Flublok, which is composed of three influenza hemagglutinins (HA)—proteins required for influenza virus to enter human cells—will have a limited release this flu season and be fully released for the 2013-2014 season. It is the first flu vaccine to take advantage of recombinant technologies and is manufactured partly within insect cells, in contrast to previous vaccines based on weakened or inactivated flu viruses that are made in chicken eggs.
“This approval represents a technological advance in the manufacturing of an influenza vaccine,” Karen Midthun, director of the FDA’s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, said in the announcement. “The new technology offers the potential for faster start-up of the vaccine manufacturing process in the event of a pandemic, because it is not dependent on an egg supply or on availability of the influenza virus.”
In initial trials that included 2,300 people at various sites in the United States, Flublock, produced by Protein Sciences Corporation in Meriden, Connecticut, was 44.6 percent effective at protecting participants from all the types of circulating flu.
The new vaccine announcement arrives as public health officials are reporting a severe and early on-set flu seasons in 35 states, and several areas, including Boston and New York State, have declared public health emergencies. | <urn:uuid:e991b7a3-005c-480f-9864-9e275afe4865> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/34054/title/First-Recombinant-Flu-Vaccine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823947.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00177-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946156 | 349 | 3.125 | 3 |
Pulmonary hypertension is high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. It makes the right side of the heart work harder than normal.
The right side of the heart pumps blood through the lungs, where it picks up oxygen. Blood returns to the left side of the heart, where it is pumped to the rest of the body.
When the small arteries (blood vessels) of the lungs become narrowed, they cannot carry as much blood. When this happens, pressure builds up. This is called pulmonary hypertension.
The heart needs to work harder to force the blood through the vessels against this pressure. Over time, this causes the right side of the heart to become larger. This condition is called right-sided heart failure, or cor pulmonale.
Pulmonary hypertension may be caused by:
- Autoimmune diseases that damage the lungs, such as scleroderma and rheumatoid arthritis
- Birth defects of the heart
- Blood clots in the lung (pulmonary embolism)
- Heart failure
- Heart valve disease
- HIV infection
- Low oxygen levels in the blood for a long time (chronic)
- Lung disease, such as COPD or pulmonary fibrosis
- Medicines (for example, certain diet drugs)
- Obstructive sleep apnea
In rare cases, the cause of pulmonary hypertension is unknown. In this case, the condition is called idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). Idiopathic means the cause of a disease is not known. IPAH affects more women than men.
If pulmonary hypertension is caused by a known medicine or medical condition, it is called secondary pulmonary hypertension.
Shortness of breath or lightheadedness during activity is often the first symptom. Fast heart rate (palpitations) may be present. Over time, symptoms occur with lighter activity or even while at rest.
Other symptoms include:
- Ankle and leg swelling
- Bluish color of the lips or skin (cyanosis)
- Chest pain or pressure, usually in the front of the chest
- Dizziness or fainting spells
- Increased abdomen size
People with pulmonary hypertension often have symptoms that come and go. They report good days and bad days.
Exams and Tests
Your health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask about your symptoms. The exam may find:
- Abnormal heart sounds
- Feeling of a pulse over the breastbone
- Heart murmur on the right side of the heart
- Larger-than-normal veins in the neck
- Leg swelling
- Liver and spleen swelling
- Normal breath sounds
In the early stages of the disease, the exam may be normal or almost normal. The condition may take several months to diagnose. Asthma and other diseases may cause similar symptoms and must be ruled out.
Tests that may be ordered include:
There is no cure for pulmonary hypertension. The goal of treatment is to control symptoms and prevent more lung damage. It is important to treat medical disorders that cause pulmonary hypertension, such as obstructive sleep apnea, lung conditions, and heart valve problems.
Many treatment options for pulmonary arterial hypertension are available. If you are prescribed medicines, they may be taken by mouth (oral), received through the vein (intravenous, or IV), or breathed in (inhaled).
Your provider will decide which medicine is best for you. You will be closely monitored during treatment to watch for side effects and to see how well you are responding to the medicine. DO NOT stop taking your medicines without talking to your provider.
Other treatments may include:
- Blood thinners to reduce the risk of blood clots, especially if you have IPAH
- Oxygen therapy at home
- Heart-lung transplant, if medicines do not work
Other important tips to follow:
- Avoid pregnancy
- Avoid heavy physical activities and lifting
- Avoid traveling to high altitudes
- Get a yearly flu vaccine, as well as other vaccines such as the pneumonia vaccine
- Stop smoking
How well you do depends on what caused the condition. Medicines for IPAH may help slow the disease.
As the illness gets worse, you will need to make changes in your home to help you get around the house.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call your provider if:
- You begin to develop shortness of breath when you are active
- Shortness of breath gets worse
- You develop chest pain
- You develop other symptoms
Pulmonary arterial hypertension; Sporadic primary pulmonary hypertension; Familial primary pulmonary hypertension; Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension; Primary pulmonary hypertension; PPH; Secondary pulmonary hypertension; Cor pulmonale - pulmonary hypertension
Chin K, Channick RN. Pulmonary hypertension. In: Broaddus VC, Mason RJ, Ernst JD, et al, eds. Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2010:chap 52.
McLaughlin V. Pulmonary hypertension. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 68.
Taichman DB, Ornelas J, Chung L, et al. Pharmacologic therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension in adults: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2014;146:449-475. PMID: 24937180 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24937180.
Review Date 1/30/2016
Updated by: Denis Hadjiliadis, MD, MHS, Associate Professor of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. | <urn:uuid:817a5059-bf15-4384-ac29-d3d6fc17f8cd> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000112.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863206.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619212507-20180619232507-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.884826 | 1,252 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Microsoft Visio 2013 Microsoft Tutorial
Microsoft Visio 2013 Free First Three Lessons
Microsoft Visio 2013 is a powerful diagramming tool that helps create pictures out of complex information. Business plans, processes, flowcharts, organization charts, network diagrams, and more can be easily created with a few clicks of the mouse. In this VTC course, author Brian Culp introduces you to diagram creation by looking at a variety of diagram types and then by adding and editing the shapes these diagrams contain. He then shows you how to add personal touches to your diagrams by adding text, pictures, and changing shape styles. He also demonstrates how to integrate Visio with other Office applications, allowing for easy collaboration and sharing between diagram stakeholders. To begin learning today, simply click on the movie links.
Click to view the First Three Lessons of Microsoft Visio 2013 FREE | <urn:uuid:7d84d0b3-1059-4251-a084-1b3fd1e0d0a3> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.discoveryvip.com/Tutorials/Microsoft-Visio-2013-Tutorials | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947968.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425213156-20180425233156-00015.warc.gz | en | 0.862935 | 171 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Caltech computer scientists have developed a new data transfer protocol for the Internet fast enough to download a full-length DVD movie in less than five seconds.
The protocol is called FAST, standing for Fast Active queue management Scalable Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The researchers have achieved a speed of 8,609 megabits per second (Mbps) by using 10 simultaneous flows of data over routed paths, the largest aggregate throughput ever accomplished in such a configuration. More importantly, the FAST protocol sustained this speed using standard packet size, stably over an extended period on shared networks in the presence of background traffic, making it adaptable for deployment on the world's high-speed production networks.
The experiment was performed last November during the Supercomputing Conference in Baltimore, by a team from Caltech and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), working in partnership with the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), and the organizations DataTAG, StarLight, TeraGrid, Cisco, and Level(3).
The FAST protocol was developed in Caltech's Networking Lab, led by Steven Low, associate professor of computer science and electrical engineering. It is based on theoretical work done in collaboration with John Doyle, a professor of control and dynamical systems, electrical engineering, and bioengineering at Caltech, and Fernando Paganini, associate professor of electrical engineering at UCLA. It builds on work from a growing community of theoreticians interested in building a theoretical foundation of the Internet, an effort in which Caltech has been playing a leading role.
Harvey Newman, a professor of physics at Caltech, said the fast protocol "represents a milestone for science, for grid systems, and for the Internet."
"Rapid and reliable data transport, at speeds of one to 10 Gbps and 100 Gbps in the future, is a key enabler of the global collaborations in physics and other fields," Newman said. "The ability to extract, transport, analyze and share many Terabyte-scale data collections is at the heart of the process of search and discovery for new scientific knowledge. The FAST results show that the high degree of transparency and performance of networks, assumed implicitly by Grid systems, can be achieved in practice. In a broader context, the fact that 10 Gbps wavelengths can be used efficiently to transport data at maximum speed end to end will transform the future concepts of the Internet."
Les Cottrell of SLAC, added that progress in speeding up data transfers over long distance are critical to progress in various scientific endeavors. "These include sciences such as high-energy physics and nuclear physics, astronomy, global weather predictions, biology, seismology, and fusion; and industries such as aerospace, medicine, and media distribution.
"Today, these activities often are forced to share their data using literally truck or plane loads of data," Cottrell said. "Utilizing the network can dramatically reduce the delays and automate today's labor intensive procedures."
The ability to demonstrate efficient high performance throughput using commercial off the shelf hardware and applications, standard Internet packet sizes supported throughput today's networks, and requiring modifications to the ubiquitous TCP protocol only at the data sender, is an important achievement.
With Internet speeds doubling roughly annually, we can expect the performances demonstrated by this collaboration to become commonly available in the next few years, so the demonstration is important to set expectations, for planning, and to indicate how to utilize such speeds.
The testbed used in the Caltech/SLAC experiment was the culmination of a multi-year effort, led by Caltech physicist Harvey Newman's group on behalf of the international high energy and nuclear physics (HENP) community, together with CERN, SLAC, Caltech Center for Advanced Computing Research (CACR), and other organizations. It illustrates the difficulty, ingenuity and importance of organizing and implementing leading edge global experiments. HENP is one of the principal drivers and co-developers of global research networks. One unique aspect of the HENP testbed is the close coupling between R&D and production, where the protocols and methods implemented in each R&D cycle are targeted, after a relatively short time delay, for widespread deployment across production networks to meet the demanding needs of data intensive science.
The congestion control algorithm of the current Internet was designed in 1988 when the Internet could barely carry a single uncompressed voice call. The problem today is that this algorithm cannot scale to anticipated future needs, when the networks will be compelled to carry millions of uncompressed voice calls on a single path or support major science experiments that require the on-demand rapid transport of gigabyte to terabyte data sets drawn from multi-petabyte data stores. This protocol problem has prompted several interim remedies, such as using nonstandard packet sizes or aggressive algorithms that can monopolize network resources to the detriment of other users. Despite years of effort, these measures have proved to be ineffective or difficult to deploy.
They are, however, critical steps in our evolution toward ultrascale networks. Sustaining high performance on a global network is extremely challenging and requires concerted advances in both hardware and protocols. Experiments that achieve high throughput either in isolated environments or using interim remedies that by-pass protocol instability, idealized or fragile as they may be, push the state of the art in hardware and demonstrates its performance limit. Development of robust and practical protocols will then allow us to make effective use of the most advanced hardware to achieve ideal performance in realistic environments.
The FAST team addresses the protocol issues head-on to develop a variant of TCP that can scale to a multi-gigabit-per-second regime in practical network conditions. The integrated approach that combines theory, implementation, and experiment is what makes their research unique and fundamental progress possible.
Using standard packet size that is supported throughout today's networks, the current TCP typically achieves an average throughput of 266 Mbps, averaged over an hour, with a single TCP/IP flow between Sunnyvale near SLAC and CERN in Geneva, over a distance of 10,037 kilometers. This represents an efficiency of just 27 percent. The FAST TCP sustained an average throughput of 925 Mbps and an efficiency of 95 percent, a 3.5-times improvement, under the same experimental condition. With 10 concurrent TCP/IP flows, FAST achieved an unprecedented speed of 8,609 Mbps, at 88 percent efficiency, that is 153,000 times that of today's modem and close to 6,000 times that of the common standard for ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) connections.
The 10-flow experiment sets another first in addition to the highest aggregate speed over routed paths. It is the combination of high capacity and large distance that causes performance problems. Different TCP algorithms can be compared using the product of achieved throughput and the distance of transfer, measured in bit-meter-per-second, or bmps. The world record for the current TCP is 10 peta (1 followed by 16 zeros) bmps, using a nonstandard packet size. The Caltech/SLAC experiment transferred 21 terabytes over six hours between Baltimore and Sunnyvale using standard packet size, achieving 34 peta bmps. Moreover, data was transferred over shared research networks in the presence of background traffic, suggesting that FAST can be backward compatible with the current protocol. The FAST team has started to work with various groups around the world to explore testing and deploying FAST TCP in communities that need multi-Gbps networking urgently.
The demonstrations used a 10 Gbps link donated by Level(3) between StarLight (Chicago) and Sunnyvale, as well as the DataTAG 2.5 Gbps link between StarLight and CERN, the Abilene backbone of Internet2, and the TeraGrid facility. The network routers and switches at StarLight and CERN were used together with a GSR 12406 router loaned by Cisco at Sunnyvale, additional Cisco modules loaned at StarLight, and sets of dual Pentium 4 servers each with dual Gigabit Ethernet connections at StarLight, Sunnyvale, CERN, and the SC2002 show floor provided by Caltech, SLAC, and CERN. The project is funded by the National Science Foundation, the Department of Energy, the European Commission, and the Caltech Lee Center for Advanced Networking.
One of the drivers of these developments has been the HENP community, whose explorations at the high-energy frontier are breaking new ground in our understanding of the fundamental interactions, structures and symmetries that govern the nature of matter and space-time in our universe. The largest HENP projects each encompasses 2,000 physicists from 150 universities and laboratories in more than 30 countries.
Rapid and reliable data transport, at speeds of 1 to 10 Gbps and 100 Gbps in the future, is a key enabler of the global collaborations in physics and other fields. The ability to analyze and share many terabyte-scale data collections, accessed and transported in minutes, on the fly, rather than over hours or days as is the current practice, is at the heart of the process of search and discovery for new scientific knowledge. Caltech's FAST protocol shows that the high degree of transparency and performance of networks, assumed implicitly by Grid systems, can be achieved in practice.
This will drive scientific discovery and utilize the world's growing bandwidth capacity much more efficiently than has been possible until now. | <urn:uuid:4f8c9983-3714-4daa-9f5b-21938fd239ed> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.caltech.edu/tags/researchnews?page=68 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122691893.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124180451-00127-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922538 | 1,926 | 2.90625 | 3 |
FOR A FARSI VERSION, CLICK HERE.
Today, when we revisit and investigate our past architectural monuments with our current knowledge and experiences, we often encounter some problems. As the current Iranian academic knowledge and professional experience in architecture
Particularly, in the field of Interior Design, it is more difficult to operate within frameworks defined by the past architecture than the modern one, placing the designer and architect in an intricate position. But, what do we mean by substantive differences between Iranian and Western Architecture and what has complicated the reconciliation and merging of these two?
Although these differences are fundamental at first glance, they are not visible and tangible. In the Western worldview, the space is often dissectible to elements such as ceilings, floors, walls and openings. This implies a functional approach to the space, more than a metaphorical one. It means, for instance, each house must have a ceiling to be protected from the rain and sun or the wall is used as an element to separate the spaces. In other words, in the tradition of Western architecture, the basic elements such as floor, ceiling, window, and wall are not significant, per se, until when an architect or a resident of the house adds something to them. In this way, the beauty is pinned to the wall, floor, and ceiling; for instance, by hanging a luxurious chandelier from the ceiling or a painting on the wall and so on.
On the other hand, in the tradition of Iranian architecture, the ceiling plays an important role; since beyond its function, it carries the metaphorical meanings. In that sense, the ceiling was interpreted as the ‘Asemaneh’ (empyrean) with its opening in the center, the so-called Horno; this means in the poetic and imaginative view of Iranians to the space, the ceiling should become an alternative for the firmament wherein sun, moon, and stars are present. Thus, the ceiling is complete and beautiful, until the extent that it does not accept easily any extra elements or at least it is the geometry of the ceiling which defines where a chandelier can be hanged. Naturally, a ceiling, which since the beginning is designed within such a vision, puts a modern designer, educated in a different logic and view, into constraints. Perhaps, in such a condition, to be able to play a role, a designer should become familiar with a different aspect of creativity.
In Western view, a wall is typically a neutral background allowing the interior designer to make compositions, reduction, and additions. However, in the past vision of Iranians, a wall enjoys the geometrical and visual perfection until the extent it doesn’t allow any extra addition. The ornamentations of a wall or ceiling, including mirror-work, plaster-work, and even tile-work, allow for refining and disembodying the wall and ceiling, as if the perfection and beauty can appear only through ‘reducing’ and ‘refining’ and not ‘adding.’ Hence, ornamentations show themselves in a tight union with walls and do not intend to appear as being ‘additive’ and ‘extra.’ Doubtlessly, if today the designer, unconcern with these metaphorical aspects, manipulates and designs the space, this means he/she has acted against the principles of Iranian architecture.
Similarly, in contemporary architecture, windows are not important. Indeed, windows should manifest themselves as little as possible in order to allow a realistic view of the outside or they should not prevent the light entering inside. While in tradition of Iranian architecture, windows have a significant existence; the window calls, “look at me!” and if we wish to view outside, we should slide the sash of the window. Windows with stained-glass and geometric lattice-work are just like a filter that doesn’t let the light in, as it is; instead, it gives the light a poetic facette and makes it more imaginative and delicate.
In Western architectural experience, the floor does not play any role in composing the space; it is the interior designer who decides according to his/her own taste where to locate everything. In the Iranian view towards space, the meaning of the floor is merged with the carpet. It is the floor, covered with carpet, which can draw the meaning of ‘silence at home’ close to ‘dwelling in a blooming garden’ more than any other element and it repeatedly reminds us of the eternal paradise.
The interplay of the floor and carpet is so important that spaces are designed based on carpet size and not the opposite. Carpets are not just simple floor covers, since spreading out a carpet requires some special practices during one’s whole life. The carpet communicates a spatial order and hierarchy and defines the importance of each specific location in the space and everything else within the space. The carpet gives a significant role to the center of a room as it makes the room assemble around itself.
This substantive difference in design process makes the job more difficult for the modern interior designer, especially, if he tends to be faithful to those past principles and supposes avoiding an unconditioned architectural creativity, while the reality is something else. The past architecture has not blocked the creativity; rather, it presents a different definition of it. Creativity is not only about inventing; it does not engender and create things out of nothing. It is not only to imagine things on a neutral background; rather, it is about playing a new song on an already existing musical instrument.
Creativity means to speak new things by relying on existing principles and orders, provided for us by former experiences and not to desolate and destruct whatever is pre-existent. In this regard, creativity turns the limits and restrictions into opportunities and possibilities and this is what has frequently occurred in Iranian architecture. Following the same tradition does not mean to arrive to the same result in design. In fact, in our past architecture, not any two designs were exactly the same and falling into repetition was perceived as being despicable.
If we look at our traditions like an old newspaper, only suitable to be used as a scratchpad to add notes on its blank spaces, naturally traditions seem to be cumbersome. Thus, we prefer to deal with them as little as possible, as if in an old newspaper used as scratchpad we might prefer to have more blank space to fill them up. While, if we imagine tradition as a precious letter written by a dear person in the past who addresses us with full knowledge about us, then creativity means we should fully understand the tradition and compensate for its weaknesses gracefully and decently.
Two issues threaten our debate on tradition and referring to the past architecture; the first one is to align with obscurantism incapable of innovation. It looks backward and adorns anything related to the past. Such a trend, specifically in interior design, might tend to turn a house into storage full of antiques. The second threat is to simplify our view to the past only to decorations. This means to rely purely on appearance of the elements and decorative abuse of motifs, designs, and colours, without any effort for understanding the deeper meanings and interpreting them. In the first case, we reduce the meaning of ‘tradition’ or ‘oldness’ to ‘obsolescence’ and then we depreciate the past architectural experiences. In both cases we have been like a ‘thief with a light,’ meaning even if we praised Iranian architecture, we have also debased its principles! Beyond these two views, an approach is precious and proper that, besides aligning the traditional path, it reinterprets it in a new and fresh way. This specifically is relevant for today. More than any time, today we need creativity along our traditions.
It should be noted that, despite today’s common understanding, ‘oldness’ does not contradict with being modern, nor does tradition. It’s the ‘obsolete’ that is in conflict with ‘newness’. Ironically, becoming modern is a fundamental principle in continuity of a tradition; just like the life of a tree that comes back in spring, this ‘becoming new’ shows that the tree is alive and it lives. When we look at Iranian architecture, it is evident, for example, while in following its past architectural tradition, the Safavid architecture is in congruent with that of the Timurid period, yet they are different in various aspects. In this process of ‘becoming new’, the Safavid Architecture has developed and employed different techniques, spatial organization, as well as ornamentations compared to its precedent.
Among the publications on the field of Iranian architecture, the present book is one of the few which reflects deliberately and specifically upon the interior design. Although perhaps several magazines and journals have dispersedly and occasionally included such a topic in some of their issues, they often have not entailed such a coherency, characteristic of this publication. This book includes a series of new experiences which, in one way or another, concern themselves with the dialogue and assembly between new lifestyles and the old architectural principles. I hope this valuable book motivates those readers who are in search of ways to uncover the veils in front of the values of Iranian architecture. | <urn:uuid:14c23611-a833-4a87-9815-17c3442402b8> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.lenaspath.com/blog/about-persian-interior-architecture-by-seyed-mohammad-beheshti/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524679.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716160315-20190716182315-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.958735 | 1,916 | 3.125 | 3 |
This post is courtesy of Acting Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division Jocelyn Samuels
“Using new tools and authorities, including the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, we’ve improved our ability to safeguard our civil rights and pursue justice for those who are victimized because of their gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. We will continue working to guarantee that – in our workplaces and military bases; in our housing and lending markets; in our schools and places of worship; in our immigrant communities and our voting booths – the rights of all Americans are protected.”
- Attorney General Eric Holder testifying before Congress May 15, 2013
In 1998, Matthew Shepard— a 21 year old student at the University of Wyoming was robbed, tortured, tied to a fence along a country road and left to die by two men who offered him a ride home from a local bar.
That same year, James Byrd Jr.—a 49-year-old African-American man living in Jasper, Texas—also accepted a ride home from three men. They drove him to the remote edge of town where they beat him severely, tied him by the ankles to the back of a pickup truck, and dragged him to his death.
The investigation into Matthew Shepard’s death found strong evidence that his attackers targeted him because he was gay. In the case of James Byrd Jr., the three men responsible for his killing were well-known white supremacists. His brutal murder stands as one of the most nightmarish recent incidents of racially motivated violence.
But while the men responsible for the Shepard and Byrd killings were later convicted of murder, none of them were prosecuted for committing a hate crime. At the time these murders were committed, neither Wyoming nor Texas had a hate crimes law, and existing federal hate crimes protections did not include violent acts based on the victim’s sexual orientation and only covered racial violence against those engaged in a federally protected activity, such as voting or attending school.
Four years ago today, President Barack Obama signed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crime Prevention Act. This landmark legislation, championed by the late Senator Ted Kennedy, greatly expanded the federal government’s ability to prosecute hate crimes.
The law enables the Justice Department to prosecute crimes motivated by race, color, religion and national origin without having to show that the defendant was engaged in a federally protected activity. The Shepard-Byrd Act also empowers the department to prosecute crimes committed because of a person’s sexual orientation, gender identity, gender or disability as hate crimes.
The law also marked the first time that the words, “lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender” appeared in the U.S. Code.
Under the leadership of Attorney General Holder, the Criminal Section of the Civil Rights Division and U.S. Attorney’s Offices around the country have used the law to address the most serious hate crimes. Over the last four years, 44 people in 16 states have been convicted under the Shepard-Byrd Act for their discrimination and crimes against others on the basis of race, religion, national origin, sexual orientation, gender identity or disability.
Just this month, the Civil Rights Division brought federal hate crimes charges against two Latino men associated with the Compton 155 street gang in California. These men attacked a 17-year-old African-American who was walking down a street in the city of Compton—striking him in the head with a metal pipe—and pointed a gun at another African-American juvenile who was present. Both attackers admitted their actions were substantially motivated by race and color.
Earlier this year, a Justice Department investigation and prosecution in response to the beating of an Atlanta man resulted in the first conviction in Georgia under the sexual orientation provision of the Shepard-Byrd Act. In this case, two men pleaded guilty to assaulting a 20-year-old gay man as he left a grocery store in Atlanta’s Pittsburgh neighborhood. Video footage of the incident showed not only physical violence but also the use of anti-gay epithets. The two men were sentenced to serve 10 months in prison on federal hate crimes charges as well as five years on state charges for aggravated assault, robbery by force, and theft by receiving stolen property and obstruction.
In addition to these enforcement efforts, the Civil Rights Division has held trainings for thousands of law enforcement officials – federal, state and local – to ensure that first responders to an assault or other act of violence know what questions to ask and what evidence to gather at the scene to allow prosecutors to make an informed assessment of whether a case should be prosecuted as a hate crime.
Four years after the passage of the Shepard-Byrd Act, and more than a decade after the brutal murders of the men for whom it was named, prosecuting hate crimes remains a top priority for the President, the Attorney General and the Civil Rights Division. | <urn:uuid:76c1fca7-a0f1-41ad-8571-8c0d9779375e> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.justice.gov/opa/blog/commemorating-fourth-anniversary-shepard-byrd-hate-crime-prevention-act | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438044160065.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728004240-00019-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967578 | 1,006 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Teachers are the backbone of our education system. Students look up to their teachers for many reasons. But, the way teachers ‘look’ at their students goes a long way in determining if we will be able to create great citizens for the Nation and the world. How can teachers tune their behavior to the needs of average students? There is no doubt that there are excellent qualities in teachers; however, there are certain things that do become a barrier in the learning journey of the student, every now and then. Let’s look at some scenarios which will help us introspect and make conscious changes in the way we interact with our dear students.
1>Calling them names
I have seen teachers and parents calling kids ‘stupid’, ‘idiot’, etc. on a regular basis. Some do it out of anger, while others wish that kids would be embarrassed and mend their ways. Wrong! The only two reactions that take place are increased insensitivity or deep hurt. I have myself faced this situation a lot of times. After a while, kids tend to stop caring (while pretending to care!) and develop a thick skin. Moreover, they subconsciously start rebelling, either acting in the exact ways that bother the adults or find other ‘creative’ ways to make sure they ‘get even’ for their lost sense of dignity. So, both the sides involved are at a huge loss. Instead of losing control, the need is to be more patient, kind and develop an understanding if the problem is their inability to perform the task or their lack of interest/efforts in doing it. It is very well known that incentivizing a child’s positive behaviors encourages them to repeat those behaviours. Worth a try!
2> Comparing them with others
This happens at both places, at home and at school; which is pretty much all the time for any child. We intend to push them to perform better by telling them that they are not better or equal to someone else. But at such a young age, kids are not worried about competition as much as we adults are. Their world is slowly expanding as they get to experience new things in life. By comparing them to their neighbors or classmates, we are only embarrassing them, putting undue pressure and bringing down their confidence. To truly empower kids, point out to them the unique qualities they possess. Everyone likes to feel special! Kids need our pampering not necessarily through gifts but definitely with our kind words and actions. We should become their help center and not make them avoid us out of fear of ridicule.
3> Remembering their mistakes
Are we as adults able to forget, forgive and move on? Not really, and this has implications on children at many levels. For example, we often remember their mistakes and it sometimes pops out of our mouths at the wrong time. Children are constantly learning from the adults in their surroundings; so we need to be very careful about what we chose to speak and do in front of them. Labeling a person because of their mistakes or repeating it to them regularly is a poor strategy towards raising forgiving individuals. Remember, children learn to forgive only by experiencing forgiveness. No amount of value education classes can teach them that!
I have made mistakes and have not understood how my elders have come to the conclusion on the punishment I should receive. Many have not cared to ask me why I did it. I could argue that even if that teacher or principal were in my situation, they would have done the same thing. Every child has the right to be made to understand exactly what his/her mistake is. Take every mistake a student makes as an opportunity to make them understand the difference between right and wrong or winning their trust anyway by forgiving them.
4>Insensitivity to their worldview
Teachers and parents teach a lot of things to children on a daily basis. But the interaction with the kids will decide how they will value that learning and choose to apply it in their lives. Kids live in different world, whereas we adults have evolved over the years to become mature and responsible human beings. We need to understand their age and the world they inhabit; we cannot blame them for not behaving like a responsible person. We all were silly and childish at one point of time, when we didn’t know what reason/logic was. We should not raise the expectations for children before time and criticize them for not reaching it. They need time to naturally evolve and find the different dimensions of their personality, like we all got the opportunity to do.
So it is important that we take into account their worldview and mentor them with patience. Everyone has a different learning speed and capability. If we can avoid some situations like these, children will have a happier environment to reach their potential. We must remember always that whatever good we do, does not die but lives on as a learned trait in many people from our environment, especially innocent children. Kids can achieve the impossible irrespective of their backgrounds; the only thing we need to ensure is that we don’t make it impossible for them.
“Every child should have a caring adult in their lives. And that’s not always a biological parent or family member. It may be a friend or neighbor. Often times it is a teacher.“ –Joe Manchin
Abraham Vargheese is a freelance content developer by profession, who in deeply interested in studying human behavior. For him, learning is a life-long experience. He has also started developing interest in fields like Journalism, Politics and Sociology. He can be reached at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:7a82293f-4bdf-49e9-89b1-5f187cbf4ecb> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://nectar.reportbee.com/how-can-teachers-treat-their-students-better/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818695375.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926085159-20170926105159-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.973901 | 1,151 | 3.21875 | 3 |
January 25: This Day That Year
- 41 - Claudius was accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate.
- 1348 - Friuli Earthquake (6.9) in European southern Alps, destroys Villach, killed 5,000+. - 1554 - Brazil: City of São Paulo was found. - 1802 - Italy: Napoleon Bonaparte elected president of Italian (Cisalpine) Republic.
- 1825 - US: 1st US engineering college opens, Rensselaer Polytechnic, Troy, NY. - 1840 - American naval expedition under Charles Wilkes identifies Antarctica as a new continent.
- 1852 - Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen (Russian explorer) who discovered the continent of Antarctica dies at 72.
- 1904 - USA: 179 die in coal mine explosion at Cheswick, Pennsylvania. - 1924 - France: 1st Winter Olympic Games open in Chamonix.
- 1933 - Birthday: Corazon Aquino, 11th President of the Philippines (1986-92), born in Paniqui, Tarlac, Philippines.
- 1949 - Israel: 1st Israeli election won by David Ben-Gurion's Mapai party.
- 1971 - India: Himachal Pradesh becomes 18th Indian state.
- 1975 - Bangladeshi parliament disposes of premier Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (founding father of Bangladesh).
- 1981 - 52 Americans held hostage by Iran for 444 days arrived in US.
- 1993 - Puerto Rico adds English as its 2nd official language. - 1999 - Earthquake hits Colombia, South America, killed 300+. - 2004 - NASA: Opportunity rover (MER-B) lands on surface of Mars.
- 2005 - India: A stampede at the Mandher Devi temple in Mandhradevi killed 250+. - 2010 - Ethiopian Airlines Flight 409 crashes into the Mediterranean Sea shortly after take-off from Beirut Rafic Hariri International Airport, killed all 90 on-board.
- 2011 - Egyptian Revolution of 2011 begins with street demonstrations, rallies, acts of civil disobedience, labor strikes and violent clashes in Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities. - 2013 - Syria: 8 people were killed by 2 car bombs in Golan Heights. - 2013 - 6 civilians and 1 police officer were shot dead and 456 people were injured during a nationwide protest against Egypt’s 2011 revolution.
- 2013 - Venezuela: 50 people were killed and 90 were injured in a prison riot in Barquisimeto. - 2015 - Miss Colombia Paulina Vega was crowned Miss Universe 2014. - 2019 - USA: Longest-ever government shutdown ends after 35 days when President Donald Trump agrees to 3 weeks of negotiations on border security by a House-Senate conference committee
- 2019 - Brazil: Tailing dam for an iron ore mine in Brumadinho, south-eastern Brazil, collapses killed 110+. | <urn:uuid:de2cea9f-ef44-4f76-a9f7-137bfd97ff21> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.esctype.com/single-post/january-25-this-day-that-year | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519843.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119232006-20210120022006-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.912174 | 591 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Just like sex, flatulence or stool, today, urine is still a taboo subject in conversations. This results, many times in us not know how to identify if our bladder is functioning the right way. Many people do not know that urine can be different colors and, depending on the color that you have, helps us to identify if we suffer some kind of serious illness.
What colors can your urine be?
A team of researchers from the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio conducted research in which they could clearly see what colors urine could be, and what each color meant. The colors ranged from transparent to very dark brown, passing through translucent yellow, green or orange.
What is the meaning of each color?
- Transparent: means that you drink too much water.
- Pale yellow: is a normal urine and it shows that you are well hydrated.
- Yellow transparent: it is a normal urine, common.
- Dark yellow: is a normal urine, but you need to drink more water.
- Amber or honey: you should drink more water than you drink.
- Cherry: it can be a symptom of liver disease or severe dehydration.
- Pink: it may be simply because you have eaten beets or blueberries. If this is not the case, you may have blood in the urine, something that should not be overlooked. It is one of the symptoms of kidney diseases, tumors, infections, and even mercury poisoning. Go to the doctor.
- Orange: you’re dehydrated or you suffer any type of liver disease.
- Blue or green: may be due to a rare genetic condition called hypercalcemia, the intake of certain foods or the effect of some drugs. Do not be alarmed, you can consult with the doctor, but is probably not worrisome.
- Purple: it is extremely rare, check with your doctor immediately.
In addition, if the urine comes with foam occasionally, you should not worry about this, but if it happens very often, you should visit your doctor, it may be a symptom of a renal disease. | <urn:uuid:5675bb1f-5548-4c4c-b657-0659366dd46f> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.trendyfame.com/health/the-10-urine-colors-and-the-meaning-of-each-one-of-them-in-your-health/2018/divadiva/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510932.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017002502-20181017024002-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.939272 | 426 | 3.390625 | 3 |
By Pablo Vieira Samper
WASHINGTON DC, Jun 29 2020 (IPS)
Cast your mind back. Six months ago—it seems like a lifetime—the world’s attention was on Madrid. The United Nations was meeting to take stock of international progress in fighting climate change. Headlines were dominated by young people pointing out—rightly—that governments were still not doing enough. They demanded urgent and ambitious action to cut emissions and help the most vulnerable.
Fast forward to today. A then-unheard-of disease has swept around the world, with a death toll of almost half a million and climbing. Whole societies have shut down. The world faces its deepest recession in a century. And cities across the West have exploded in protest against racial and economic injustice.
At first glance it is hard to imagine a bleaker outlook for the climate action that our young people were demanding. The climate crisis has certainly not abated. Globally, last month was the hottest May ever recorded. The past decade was similarly the hottest in recorded history. This year was supposed to be a deadline for countries to produce more ambitious climate plans (known as Nationally Determined Contributions, or NDCs). Instead, governments are reeling in the face of twin economic and healthcare crises. What chance is there for bold climate action?
But there is still cause for hope. As countries plan for economic recovery, governments have a major opportunity to drive investment in more efficient, more resilient and lower-emission infrastructure and unleash win-win outcomes. The International Energy Agency calculates that an ambitious recovery focused on efficient and low-carbon technologies can make 2019 the definitive peak in global emissions, while leaving the global economy 3.5 percent bigger in 2023 than it would be otherwise. If governments seize this opportunity, we can build more sustainable development models and address the climate crisis at the same time.
This is where the NDC Partnership is making a difference. We are a coalition of more than 110 countries and around 70 international institutions working together to drive climate action and sustainable development through national climate plans or NDCs. In line with our commitment to country-driven climate action, we consulted with seventy of our member countries in the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic to understand the challenges they face. Our assessment highlights cause for concern ranging from shrinking climate budgets to growing national debts. Countries want to shape their economic recovery in line with their national climate priorities, but in many cases they lack the capacity to do so.
Led by our Co-Chairs, the governments of Costa Rica and the Netherlands, the Partnership is unveiling a raft of green recovery measures at a virtual green recovery forum today. In a show of solidarity, dozens of our country and institutional members are committing to place climate plans at the heart of economic recovery.
As part of this commitment, the Partnership is unveiling its deployment of economic advisors to at least thirty developing countries to support governments in designing climate-friendly recoveries. This initiative is backed by a group of leading experts from across our membership so that countries can leverage the latest thinking in smart recovery, from clean energy and transport systems to safer, more resilient agriculture and water infrastructure. Countries and institutions alike will learn from each other’s experiences. Armed with this greater capacity and access to expertise, countries have a real prospect of building back better.
This give me hope. But there is more. In the face of COVID-19 we are reminded of some important facts that have been lost in much recent political debate. It pays to heed expert scientific advice—natural disasters cannot be wished away just because they are politically unpalatable. Effective governments are vital to responding to global crises. Resources can be mobilized at huge scale when the need is clearly understood. And when societies are mobilized, we can make big changes happen fast. Climate change is as big a crisis as humanity has ever faced. But whenever you doubt whether we can rise to that challenge, cast your mind back six months. The global community is primed for a green recovery.
Pablo Vieira Samper, PhD is global director of the NDC Partnership Support Unit. The Partnership is a global coalition of 179 countries and institutions working to achieve the Paris Agreement goals.
Source: NDC Partnership
The post Put Climate at the Heart of COVID-19 Economic Recovery Plans appeared first on Inter Press Service.
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This is an early mechanical recording of what finally became the American National Anthem – 14 years later. At the time of this recording in 1917, the “Star-Spangled Banner” was just one of a number of hymns recognized for official use. John McCormack was the “Elvis” of the early 19-hundreds. He was born in Ireland, became a naturalised American but returned to and died in Ireland in 1945. He was an Italian trained tenor,celebrated for his performances of the classical and popular repertoires.
This is a modified version of the song. It has been taken from this record, but enhanced and remastered. | <urn:uuid:f3e1780a-0824-4d57-a211-b3703ccc5add> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.rollofone.com/?product=mccormack-star-spangled-banner | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247514804.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222074154-20190222100154-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.98959 | 139 | 3.109375 | 3 |
We most often think of sleep apnea as something men develop. While it’s generally true that most sleep apnea sufferers are men, there are some times when women are at an increased risk for sleep apnea. That includes after menopause and during pregnancy.
During pregnancy in particular, women are not only at increased risk for sleep apnea, but sleep apnea carries several significant risks that should be considered.
To help account for these increased risks, some researchers have recommended that we designate a condition called “gestational sleep apnea” to make it more likely that women will be tested for sleep apnea and receive proper treatment during pregnancy.
Potential Pregnancy Risks Related to Sleep Apnea
Sleep apnea during pregnancy is a serious risk for mother and baby. Women with sleep apnea during pregnancy are five times more likely to die from complications at the hospital shortly before or after birth. This is largely due to anesthesia complications that are commonly associated with sleep apnea.
Fetuses are affected by oxygen shortages experienced by their mother. One study showed that up to 92% of fetuses in women with sleep apnea experience significant oxygen shortages during development. And they’re nearly 10 times more likely to develop normoblastemia, a condition where the fetus releases immature red blood cells to try to account for oxygen shortages. Other pregnancy conditions like gestational hypertension and diabetes.
Challenges for Diagnosing and Treating Sleep Apnea in Pregnancy
But diagnosis of pregnant women with sleep apnea is already lagging behind. Partly that’s because sleep apnea diagnosis overall isn’t as accomplished as we would like, with 80% of sufferers going undiagnosed.
Women who were healthy before pregnancy might not think to ask their doctor about sleep apnea. They might notice the primary symptoms– snoring and daytime sleepiness–and just think that they are normal, expected, and harmless consequences of pregnancy.
If women remain undiagnosed, they will not get the treatment they need to avoid additional complications.
The Difference a Designation Can Make
Researchers described several ways that a designation of gestational sleep apnea could help.
Awareness is probably the biggest piece of the puzzle. We already know that awareness is a major barrier to diagnosis, among doctors, women, and their partners.
Understanding that their partner’s snoring is serious will encourage men to report it to their partner and their family doctor or obstetrician. Doctors who are aware of the designation are more likely to ask about it.
A designation will also help define specific criteria so that more reliable diagnosis can be made. It will also help standardize treatment to help ensure women get the most effective treatment for their sleep apnea.
Perhaps most importantly, a designation can lead to more research on the condition. This will help us learn more about the potential consequences of the condition and how best to approach treatment. | <urn:uuid:9bf6dd41-b98f-4f14-b92e-c834bec00ea6> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.michigantmjandsleep.com/blog/defining-gestational-sleep-apnea-could-avoid-complications/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738888.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812083025-20200812113025-00552.warc.gz | en | 0.967915 | 604 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Think About Your Beverage
If you've walked through a supermarket lately, you've probably noticed the flood of drink products.
Consider the refrigerated section: where milk and orange juice once ruled, you'll find a rainbow of fruit juice blends and yogurt drinks.
Down another aisle you'll see countless fruity beverages in bottles, cans, plastic, and packets of powder. Varieties aim at everyone from adults to toddlers. Check the labels and you may be surprised at the amount of sugar added to drinks that aren't 100 percent juice.
Then there's the summer favorite, iced tea. Remember when tea just came in bags and you brewed your own? Then came the explosion of bottles and cans of lemon-flavored tea, fruited tea, green tea, herbal tea, and power teas.
And don't forget the soft drinks. Cola companies dominate with the sweet, caffeinated, and carbonated products we love. The average American drinks more than 50 gallons of soft drinks a year, in serving sizes that keep growing.
Beverages can be an unexpected source of extra calories, so it's important to choose your drinks wisely. Avoiding drinks with excessive amounts of added sugar or even fat, in some cases, can be beneficial for your waistline and your overall health.
What we choose to drink depends on a number of factors:
Thirst. Feeling parched is usually the first reason we reach for a glass. Women need at least three quarts of water a day and men need about four quarts a day to replenish water used for vital functions. The water can come from foods and beverages.
Temperature. As a rule, when it's hot, we want something cold. When it's cold, we choose warm drinks.
Hunger. A smoothie, made with fruit and low-fat milk or yogurt, is a great snack with the consistency of a milkshake and far less fat. An alternative snack is six ounces of tomato juice, which counts as a vegetable serving.
To wake or sleep. Caffeine, naturally occurring in coffee, tea, and chocolate, has a stimulating effect. Herbal teas can be soothing; so can yogurt or milk.
To be social. Drinks go with friends. When you've got the blender out for a smoothie, make enough to share.
To wash it down. A drink with food is especially helpful if it's water or water-based. Try sparkling mineral water with a slice of lemon or lime.
What's brewing in your teacup?
A cup of brewed tea has about one-third to one-half as much caffeine as a cup of coffee, but contains other methylxanthines such as theophylline or theobromine, which also act as stimulants. Research suggests tea also offers chemicals that can be good for you.
Black and green teas contain polyphenols, which have antioxidant qualities. They help disarm free radicals—unstable molecules linked to clogged arteries, cancer, and aging.
Tea is also rich in fluoride, which is good for dental health.
Herbal brews may be in the tea section, but they aren't teas. They're flowers, pods, leaves, and roots from all kinds of plants. Some are considered folk remedies, but most just offer a pleasant taste and aroma with no caffeine. Some herbal and folk-remedy teas may be toxic to the liver. These teas should not be consumed in large amounts or mixed with other beverages. Herbal teas on the grocery shelf are considered safe by the FDA.
1 kiwi fruit
1/2 cup strawberries
About 3/4 cup of plain seltzer (club soda without sodium)
Peel the kiwi and mash it in a strainer over a glass or small bowl. You should get about 2 tablespoons of tart juice. Wash and stem the strawberries and mash the juice through the strainer. Pour juice mixture over ice in a fancy glass. Top with seltzer and enjoy.
Makes one serving that contains about 30 calories, 1 gram of protein, 0 grams of fat, 10 grams of carbohydrate, 2 grams of fiber, and 1 mg of sodium.
1 fresh, large lemon
1/2 cup very ripe strawberries plus one for garnish
1 packet sweetener
1 cup cold water
Cut the lemon in half and remove seeds. Use a lemon reamer to juice. Strain pulp, if desired, into a large glass. You should get about 1/4 cup of lemon juice. Crush strawberries and add juice to lemon juice. Add sweetener and stir. Add water and ice cubes. Garnish with a whole strawberry.
Makes one serving that contains about 40 calories, 1.5 grams of protein, 0 grams of fat, 10 grams of carbohydrate, 3.5 grams of fiber, and 2 mg of sodium.
1 cup fresh pineapple chunks
1 cup light vanilla yogurt
1 cup crushed ice
Put ingredients in a blender. Puree and pour.
Makes two servings. Each serving contains about 98 calories, 4 grams of protein, 0 grams of fat, 20 grams of carbohydrate, 1 gram of fiber, and 66 mg of sodium. You also can add a little vanilla yogurt for density and flavor.
Pitcher-perfect iced tea
4 tea bags: regular, decaffeinated, or herbal
4 cups water
Bring water to a rolling boil. Pour water over tea bags in a teapot, pitcher, or other 1-quart container. Let steep five to seven minutes. Remove tea bags. Chill.
Makes four servings. Instead of adding sugar or artificial sweetener, try adding fruit juice for a new flavor. Mixing 1 cup of tea with 1/2 cup orange juice adds about 56 calories, 1 gram of protein, less than 1 gram of fat, 13 grams of carbohydrate, less than 1 of gram fiber, and 1 mg of sodium.
Cherry vanilla frappe
1 cup frozen pitted sweet cherries
1 cup skim milk
1/2 cup light vanilla yogurt
Freezing fruit before blending lets you skip ice cubes. Put ingredients in blender. Puree until almost smooth. Pour into two glasses.
Each serving contains about 133 calories, 6 grams of protein, 0 grams of fat, 25 grams of carbohydrate, 2 grams of fiber, and 95 mg of sodium.
Blueberry banana smoothie
1 frozen ripe banana
1/2 cup frozen blueberries
1 cup skim milk
Bananas that are getting past ripe work perfectly in smoothies. Peel them, wrap them in plastic, and freeze them. Later, cut the banana into pieces. Put ingredients into blender and puree until smooth. Pour into two glasses.
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Voice is distinct in writing and music. How do students put their own voice into their writing so the reader will know who is speaking? Students will draw connections between the voices in music and voices found in literature to increase their understanding of how to use voice in their writings.
Peter and the Wolf becomes Pedro y El Lobo as students in Spanish class are given the opportunity to increase their vocabulary with an exploration into the classic musical tale by Sergei Prokofiev. This lesson provides practice in new vocabulary and natural dialogue as the students create a new ending to the tale and perform it in front of their peers.
The four styles of music within the Mexican culture are the backdrop for this lesson which provides students an opportunity to create percussion instruments and recognize the difference while playing each style. Lucha Libre masks are also part of the culture and students gain a deeper understanding of it by creating their own masks.
To accomplish goals, members of families must cooperate, just as members of the orchestra must cooperate to create beautiful music. Similarly, students in a classroom have similar constructs; everyone must do their best for themselves as well as for the good of the whole. This lesson helps students understand that an orchestra, a family and a classroom must work together to accomplish great things.
After gaining familiarity with the lives and music of Copland and Ellington, students write each a formal letter expressing how culture is reflected in music. Students create a bio-poem about the composer’s life and music.
Learning about this nation’s twelfth president is fun when we combine music, writing, and performing to your lessons. Mix together a little Aaron Copland’s Lincoln Portrait, with historical facts and opinions, books, videos and even the Gettysburg Address. Your students will astound you as they create a class performance piece using their words, accompanied by Mr. Copland’s composition.
Music can help us learn about history! This lesson demonstrates to your students how music of the Baroque period reflects the importance of the institutions of State and Church, and the influence both had on the work of each composer.
Students use music they already know and love to learn about the language and expression of music. Students will select an autobiographical piece of music that represents who they are, what is important to them, what they value, and how they would like to be perceived by others.
Students write a descriptive essay explaining their thoughts and feelings while listening to Beethoven’s 5th Symphony, learning how to describe the musical elements that cause them to feel this way, and transpose these feelings into a watercolor art piece. The students will present their essay and art work orally, and act out their responses during a physical education exercise.
While gaining exposure to a wide range of music – from classical to contemporary - students will understand that music and literature share a common language. Students will understand that hearing the language of music helps us to understand the language of literature.
Students will use their understanding of narratives (character, plot, setting, beginning, middle, and end) to create their own descriptive stories inspired by the music of Vivaldi’s Four Seasons, and his words to his Sonnets. | <urn:uuid:c6a76f0c-9677-4403-a416-013738917ad4> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://keepingscore.org/education/lesson-plans/Performing%20Arts-Music | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657127222.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011207-00195-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965693 | 654 | 4.4375 | 4 |
Braga (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈbɾaɣɐ] (listen); Proto-Celtic: *Bracara) is a city and a municipality in the northwestern Portuguese district of Braga, in the historical and cultural Minho Province. The city has a resident population of 192,494 inhabitants (in 2011), representing the seventh largest municipality in Portugal (by population). Its area is 183.40 km². Its agglomerated urban area extends from the Cávado River to the Este River. It is the third-largest urban centre in Portugal (after Lisbon and Porto)
|Parishes||37, see text|
|• President||Ricardo Rio (PSD)|
|• Total||183.40 km2 (70.81 sq mi)|
|Elevation||200 m (700 ft)|
|Highest elevation||558 m (1,831 ft)|
|• Density||1,000/km2 (2,700/sq mi)|
|Time zone||WET/WEST (UTC+0/+1)|
It is host to the oldest Portuguese archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Church and it is the seat of the Primate Archbishop of Portugal and of the Hispanias (sharing the last title -"of the Hispanias"- with the Archbishop of Toledo and the Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela). Under the Roman Empire, then known as Bracara Augusta, the settlement was the capital of the province of Gallaecia. Inside of the city there is also a castle tower that can be visited. Nowadays, Braga is a major hub for inland Northern Portugal.
Human occupation of the region of Braga dates back thousands of years, documented by vestiges of monumental structures starting in the Megalithic era. During the Iron Age, the Castro culture extended into the northwest, characterized by Bracari peoples who occupied the high ground in strategically located fortified settlements (castrum).
The Romans began their conquest of the region around 136 BC, and finished it, by pacifying the northern regions, during the reign of Emperor Augustus. The civitas of Bracara Augusta was founded in 20 BC; in the context of the administrative reorganization of these Roman acquisitions, Bracara was rededicated to the Emperor taking on the name Bracara Augusta. The city of Bracara Augusta developed greatly during the 1st century and reached its maximum extension around the 2nd century.
Towards the end of the 3rd century, the Emperor Diocletian promoted the city to the status of capital of the administrative area Conventus bracarensis, the southwestern area of the newly founded Roman province of Gallaecia.
Braga in Late Antiquity and Middle AgesEdit
During the Germanic Invasions of the Iberian Peninsula, the area was conquered by the Suebi, a Germanic people from Central Europe. In 410, the Suebi established a Kingdom in northwest Iberia covering what is present-day's Northern half of Portugal, Galicia and Asturias, which they maintained as Gallaecia, and had Bracara as their capital. This kingdom was founded by Hermeric and lasted for over 150 years.
By about 584, the Visigoths took over control of Gallaecia from the Suebi. They renounced the Arian and Priscillianist heresies during two synods held here in the 6th century. As a consequence, the archbishops of Braga later claimed the title of Primate of Portugal, then a county, and for a long period, claimed supremacy over the entire Hispanic church. Yet, their authority was never accepted throughout Hispania.
Braga had an important role in the Christianization of the Iberian Peninsula. The first known bishop of Braga, Paternus, lived at the end of the 4th century, although Saint Ovidius (d. 135 AD) is sometimes considered one of the first bishops of this city. In the early 5th century, Paulus Orosius (a friend of Augustine of Hippo) wrote several theological works that expounded the Christian faith, while in the 6th century Bishop Martin of Braga converted the originally pagan Suebi and Visigoths from Arianism to Catholicism. At the time, Martin also founded an important monastery in Dumio (Dume), and it was in Braga that Archbishopric of Braga held their councils.
The transition from Visigothic reigns to the Muslim conquest of Iberia was very obscure, representing a period of decline for the city. The Moors briefly captured Braga early in the 8th century, but were repelled by Christian forces under Alfonso III of Asturias in 868 with intermittent attacks until 1040 when they were definitely ousted by Ferdinand I of León and Castile. As a consequence, the bishopric was restored in 1070: the first new bishop, Pedro (Peter), started rebuilding the Cathedral (which was modified many times during the following centuries).
Between 1093 and 1147, Braga became the residential seat of the Portuguese court. In the early 12th century, Count Henry of Portugal and bishop Geraldo de Moissac reclaimed the archbishopric seat for Braga, with power over a large area in Iberia. The medieval city developed around the cathedral, with the maximum authority in the city retained by the archbishop.
Braga in the Kingdom of PortugalEdit
Braga as the main center of Christianity in Iberia, during the Reconquista (until the emergence of Santiago de Compostela and, later, the conquest of Toledo from the Muslims, in 1085), held a prominent stage in medieval politics, being a major factor/contributor to the Independence of Portugal with the intervenience of the Archbishop D. Paio Mendes in the Vatican and the Pope Alexander III, which lead to the promulgation of the Bula Manifestis Probatum in 1179 recognizing Portugal as an independent Kingdom under D. Afonso I Henriques.
The following centuries marked a slow decline in its prestige and influence marked by the infamous theft of Holy Relics (including those of Saint Martin of Dume) by the then Archbishop of Santiago of Compostela Gelmirez. The relics only returned to Braga in the 1960s.
In the 16th century, due to its distance from the coast and provincial status, Braga did not profit from the adventures associated with the Age of Portuguese Discoveries (which favoured cities like Lisbon, Évora and Coimbra, seats of the Portuguese court). Yet, Archbishop Diogo de Sousa, who sponsored several urban improvements in the city, including the enlargement of streets, the creation of public squares and the foundation of hospitals and new churches managed to modernize the community. He expanded and remodelled the cathedral by adding a new chapel in the Manueline style, and generally turning the mediaeval town into a Renaissance city.
A similar period of rejuvenation occurred during the 18th century, when the archbishops of the House of Braganza contracted architects like André Soares and Carlos Amarante, to modernize and rejuvenate the city; they began a series of architectural transformations to churches and civic institutions in the Baroque style, including the municipal hall, public library, the Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte and many urban palaces.
With the invasion of French troops, during the Peninsular Wars the city was relegated, once again, to a provincial status. But, by the second half of that century, with influence from Portuguese immigrants living in Brazil, new money and tastes resulted in improvements to architecture and infrastructures.
The city is on the Portuguese Way path of the Road of St James.
In the 20th century Braga faced similar periods of growth and decline; demographic and urban pressures, from urban-to-rural migration meant that the city's infrastructures had to be improved in order to satisfy greater demands.
Situated in the heart of Minho, Braga is located in a transitional region between the east and west: between mountains, forests, grand valleys, plains and fields, constructing natural spaces, moulded by human intervention. Geographically, with an area of 184 square kilometres (71 sq mi) it is bordered in the north by the municipalities of Vila Verde and Amares, northeast and east by Póvoa de Lanhoso, south and southeast with Guimarães and Vila Nova de Famalicão and west by the municipality of Barcelos.
The topography in the municipality is characterized by irregular valleys, interspersed by mountainous spaces, fed by rivers running in parallel with the principal rivers. In the north it is limited by the Cávado River, in the south by terrain of the Serra dos Picos to a height of 566 metres (1,857 ft) and towards the east by the Serra dos Carvalhos to a height of 479 metres (1,572 ft), opening to the municipalities of Vila Nova de Famalicão and Barcelos. The territory extends from the northeast to southwest, accompanying the valleys of the two rivers, fed by many of its tributaries, forming small platforms between 20 metres (66 ft) and 570 metres (1,870 ft).
The municipality lies between 20 metres (66 ft) and 572 metres (1,877 ft), with the urbanized centre located at approximately 215 metres (705 ft). In the north, where the municipality is marked by the Cavado, the terrain is semi-planar, the east is mountainous owing to the Serra do Carvalho 479 metres (1,572 ft), Serra dos Picos 566 metres (1,857 ft), Monte do Sameiro 572 metres (1,877 ft) and Monte de Santa Marta 562 metres (1,844 ft). Between the Serra do Carvalho and Serra dos Picos is the River Este, forming the valley of Vale d’Este. Similarly, between the Serra dos Picos and Monte do Sameiro exists the plateau of Sobreposta-Pedralva. To the south and west, the terrain is a mix of mountains, plateaus and medium-size valleys, permitting the passage of the River Este, and giving birth to other confluences including the River Veiga, River Labriosca and various ravines.
Braga has a Humid subtropical climate similar to other cities in the northwest Iberian Peninsula' except for having significantly hotter summer temperatures due to being some distance from the ocean: the absolute maximum is as much as 5 °C (9 °F) higher than neighbouring A Coruña or Santiago de Compostela. The lowest recorded is −6.3 °C (20.7 °F). The climate of Braga is hot in summer with temperatures that can approach 45°C (113°F). The climate is affected by the Atlantic Ocean which influences westerly winds that are channeled through the region's valleys, transporting large humid air masses. Consequently, the climate tends to be pleasant with clearly defined seasons. The air masses have the effect of maintaining the relative humidity around 80%: annual mean temperatures hover between 12.5 °C (54.5 °F) and 17.5 °C (63.5 °F). Owing to nocturnal cooling, frost usually forms frequently between three and four months of the year (about 30 days of frost annually), and annually the region receives 1,659 millimetres (65.3 in) of precipitation, with the major intensity occurring between fall/winter and spring.
The municipality is densely populated, with approximately 962 inhabitants per square kilometre, equivalente to 181,474 residents (2011); it is one of the more populous territories in Portugal, as well as one of the "younger" markets. The majority of the population concentrates in the urban area of Braga, itself, where densities are more than 10000 per square kilometre.
The Bracarense population consists of approximately 78954 male and 85238 female individuals, with 35% of the population less than 25 years of age, while seniors conform to 11% of the population; the working population of the municipality occupies 54% of this structure. Although largely native Portuguese, other segments of the population include Brazilians, Africans (principally from the former Portuguese colonies), Chinese and eastern European peoples, namely Ukrainians.
The urban structure includes approximately 70,268 residences (2001), even as the typical classic representation of family only includes 51,173 members in the municipality. The "extra" homes are primarily temporary residences, normally for students, migrant workers and professionals working in the city. There is, also, a great number of homes owned by Portuguese residents living overseas (who use the homes periodically while in Portugal) even as constant and development has attracted new growth in the population. Further, the difference in resident to tranistory population means that, on average, the population of Braga hovers between 174,000 and 230,000 individuals annually.
- Arentim e Cunha
- Braga (Maximinos, Sé e Cividade)
- Braga (São José de São Lázaro e São João do Souto)
- Cabreiros e Passos (São Julião)
- Celeirós, Aveleda e Vimieiro
- Crespos e Pousada
- Escudeiros e Penso (Santo Estêvão e São Vicente)
- Este (São Pedro e São Mamede)
- Ferreiros e Gondizalves
- Guisande e Oliveira (São Pedro)
- Lomar e Arcos
- Merelim (São Paio), Panoias e Parada de Tibães
- Merelim (São Pedro) e Frossos
- Mire de Tibães
- Morreira e Trandeiras
- Nogueira, Fraião e Lamaçães
- Nogueiró e Tenões
- Padim da Graça
- Real, Dume e Semelhe
- Santa Lucrécia de Algeriz e Navarra
- São Vicente
- São Victor
- Vilaça e Fradelos
There is no formal city government, only municipal government authority, with local administration handled by the individual juntas de freguesia or civil parish councils.
Politics and governmentEdit
- See also: Braga politics (in Portuguese)
The major industries in the municipality are construction, metallurgy and mechanics, software development and web design. The computer industry is growing rapidly.
Although the region hosts its own airfield (Aerodromo de Braga) in Palmeira, the principal airport of note is Sá Carneiro International Airport located 50 kilometres (31 mi) away, in Porto. Access is made by public transit to the city centre (roughly 40 minutes) or Aerobus (50 minutes). Braga is serviced by both regional and high-speed rail connection to major centres in the region.
The region of Braga is scattered with Neolithic, Roman, Medieval and Modernist monuments, buildings and structures attracting tourists. Although there are many examples of these structures, only the following have been classified by the Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico as National Monuments:
- Castro of São Mamede (Castro de Monte Redondo/Castro Monte Cossourado/Castro de São Mamede)
- Roman milestones, several Roman-era granite markers currently on display at the Museum D. Diogo de Sousa, dating from AD 41 to 238, that is, the reigns of Emperor Claudius to Maximinus II.
- Roman Thermae of Maximinus (Portuguese: Termas romanas de Maximinos/Alto da Cividade/Colina dos Maximinos), discovered in the 20th century, the thermae occupy 800 square metres (8,600 sq ft), in the civil parish of Cividade, and were constructed in the 1st to late 3rd century;
- Arch of Porta Nova/Rua de Souto (Arco da Porta Nova/Arco da Rua do Souto), a Baroque and Neoclassical arch, designed by André Soares in the late 18th century, and decorates the western gate of a medieval wall. It was opened in 1512 and since has been traditionally used to present to promote to visiting dignitaries and celebrities.
- Palace of the Falcões (Portuguese: Palácio dos Falcões/Governo Civil de Braga), a Baroque-era palace originally commissioned by Francisco de Meira Carrilho on 23 July 1703, and later, upon successive renovations, used by the Civil Governor's residence;
- Fountain of the Idol (Portuguese: Fonte do Ídolo), the 1st century Roman fountain dedicated to an indigenous god, located in the central civil parish of São José de São Lázaro;
- Fountain of the Iron Waters (Portuguese: Fonte das Águas Férreas), following the discovery in July 1173 of iron-rich springs in the parish of Fraião, Archbishop Gaspar de Bragança ordered the municipal council to begin the canalization of these waters for public use, giving rise to a series of fountains, such as the Baroque decorated main fountain;
- Hospital of São Marcos (Portuguese: Hospital de São Marcos), with a façade comparable to any religious monument in the city, the Hospital of São Marcos, is an example of the complex Baroque style of Carlos Amarante, featuring ornate double belfry and accents;
- Pillory of Braga (Portuguese: Pelourinho de Braga), the 15th century pillory, that marks municipal authority for the town, was constructed, demolished and moved various times, before being relocated on the grounds of the Sé Cathedral;
- Palace of Raio (Portuguese: Palácio de Raio), an 18th-century Baroque-Rococo urban residence, with richly decorated blue azulejo façade of Andre Soares;
- Residence of the Crivos (Portuguese: Casas das Gelosias/Casa dos Crivos), a Renaissance-era shop-residence constructed outside the old walls characteristic of late Renaissance architecture and one of the few examples of a building covered in wood-lattice façade from this period.
- Seven Sources Aqueduct (Portuguese: Sete Fontes), a complex network of aqueducts that provided potable water to citizenry of Braga;
- Theatro Circo (Portuguese: Teatro Circo de Braga), 20th century revivalist theatre, known for its architecture, as much for the films, theatre plays and performances;
- Bridge of Prado (Ponte do Prado)
- Bridge of Prozelo (Ponte de Prozelo/Ponte do Porto)
- Tower of Santiago (Portuguese: Torre de Santiago e troço das antigas muralhas de Braga), part of the ancient walls of Braga, the Tower of Santiago was designed by Portuguese Baroque master André Soares, based on a mixture of Gothic, Baroque and Rococo elements;
- Tower of Castle of Braga (Castelo de Braga), actually the remnants of the castle's keep, constructed during the reign of King Denis of Portugal, which was part of the defensive system of the city of Braga, and included a semi-circular walled enclosure centred on the Sé Cathedral.
- Archiepiscopal Palace of Braga (Portuguese: Antigo Paço Arquiepiscopal de Braga), between the 14th–18th centuries, a religious residence, but after the 20th century, the home of the municipal offices, public library and archive;
- Chapel of the Espírito Santo (Portuguese: Capela do Espírito Santo), an example of mixed styles, the chapel includes elements of Baroque, Neoclassical and Mannerist eras;
- Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Consolaçã (Portuguese: Capela de Nossa Senhora da Consolação), a simple single-nave chapel constructed in the Baroque-style
- Chapel of São Bento (Portuguese: Capela de São Bento), constructed in the middle of the 18th century, the chapel was blessed by Archbishop José of Bragança in 1755;
- Chapel of Senhor do Bom Sucesso (Portuguese: Capela do Senhor do Bom Sucesso), a Baroque and Neoclassical chapel, is highlighted by a main façade, typical of André Soares, but constructed by Carlos Amarante, at the beginning of his career, who timidly applied Neoclassical decorative elements;
- Chapel of the Coimbras (Capela de Nossa Senhora da Conceição/Capela dos Coimbras/Capela do Senhor Morto), a Manueline chapel, probably designed by Castillian architect Filipe Odarte, with sculptures attributed to Hodart, an altar by João de Ruão and posterior tomb sculptures by the same artist.
- Church of Santa Cruz (Portuguese: Igreja de Santa Cruz), and the Hospital of the Brotherhood of the Holy Cross of Jerusalem (Portuguese: Irmandade de Santa Cruz de Jerusalem), constructed in 1581, and later supported by the nuns of the Order Hospitaler;
- Church of Santa Eulália (Portuguese: Igreja de Santa Eulália), is a 13th-14th century Romanesque church, located near Bom Jesus do Monte;
- Church of Santa Maria (Portuguese: Igreja Paroquial de Ferreiros/Igreja de Santa Maria), constructed in 1560, under the orders of Archibishop Bartolomeu dos Mártires, as a church of the Society of Jesus;
- Church of Santo André (Portuguese: Igreja Paroquial de Gondizalves/Igreja de Santo André), an example of the reforumulations of the Modernist aesthetic of the mid-20th century, the 18th-century church was adapted and expanded after the parishes deannexation in 1975;
- Chapel of São Frutuoso, also known as the Chapel of São Frutuoso of Montélios or the Chapel of São Salvador of Montélios, is a pre-Romanesque chapel, forming part of group of religious buildings that include the Royal Church originally built by the Visigoths in the 7th century, in the form of a Greek cross.
- Chapel of São Sebastião das Caravelheiras (Portuguese: Capela de São Sebastião das Caravelheiras)
- Church of São Martinho (Portuguese: Igreja Matriz de Espinho/Igreja de São Martinho), the Baroque and Classical parochial church of Espinho, known for its ornate façade and belfrey, as well as its Rococo interior;
- Church of São Miguel de Frossos (Portuguese: Igreja Paroquial de Frossos/Igreja de São Miguel), a 16th-century parochial church in the civil parish of Frossos;
- Church of São Miguel de Gualtar (Portuguese: Igreja Paroquial de Gualtar/Igreja de São Miguel), part of the intense building period of the 16th-17th century, the parochial church of Gultar was constructed in the 17th century, but later remodelled during the 18th century;
- Church of São Paio (Portuguese: Igreja Paroquial de Arcos/Igreja de São Paio), located in Arcos, the church is an early 18th-century church (built in 1706);
- Church of São Paulo (Portuguese: Igreja de São Paulo e Seminário de Santiago), the historical seminary and church of Saint Paul with its contrast between stoic façade and decorated Baroque interior, built in the era of archbishop Bartholomew;
- Church of São Pedro de Lomar (Portuguese: Igreja de São Pedro de Lomar), remnant of ancient Benedictine monastery of São Pedro in Lomar, the Church of Saint Peter exemplifies a mix of Baroque, Mannerist and Neoclassical architecture;
- Church of São Pedro de Maximinos (Portuguese: Igreja de São Pedro de Maximinos), known for the missing organ of organist Manuel de Sá Couto;
- Church of São Tiago (Portuguese: Igreja Paroquial da Cividade/Igreja de São Tiago)
- Church of São Vicente (Portuguese: Igreja de São Vicente)
- Convent of Nossa Senhora do Carmo (Portuguese: Convento de Nossa Senhora do Carmo), principally recognizable for its central spire/belfrey, which was designed by João de Moura Coutinho de Almeida e Eça, and constructed in the 17th-18th century;
- Church of the Misericórdia (Portuguese: Igreja da Misericórdia)
- Church of the Third Order of St. Francis (Portuguese: Igreja dos Terceiros), the Terceiros began the process of constructing their church in 1685, which they dedicated to Our Lady of Conception (Portuguese: Nossa Senhora da Conceição;
- Church, Convent and College of the Congregation of São Filipe de Néri (Portuguese: Igreja dos Congregados), attributed to the architect André Soares, for the complex/risky façade of the church and corner convent windows, Monk's chapel (or Chapel of Our Lady of the Appearance), and retable of Our Lady of Pain (Portuguese: Nossa Senhora das Dores)
- Convent of Nossa Senhora da Conceição (Portuguese: Convento da Nossa Senhora da Conceição), which includes the Chapel of São Domingos, an 18th-century convent, home to the Instituto Monsenhor Ariosa;
- Convent of Pópulo (Portuguese: Convento do Pópulo), the Mannerist, Baroque, Rococo and Neoclassical austere elements of the convent belying the extravagant interior, that was originally the home to Augustine monks, highlighted by the Baroque façade of the Church of Pópulo (Portuguese: Igreja de Pópulo);
- Convent of Salvador (Portuguese: Convento do Salvador/Lar Conde de Agrolongo), began with the need to transfer the nuns from the Monastery of Vitorino das Donas in 1528
- Convent of São Francisco de Montélios (Portuguese: Convento de São Francisco/Igreja de São Jerónimo de Real), the Baroque, Rococo and Neoclassical convent, highlighted by the imposing three-storey façade of the Church of São Jerónimo;
- Cross of Nossa Senhora dos Aflitos (Portuguese: Cruzeiro da Nossa Senhora dos Aflitos), a Baroque cross on an ionic column, with an image of Christ in wood, surmounted by a rectangular Tuscan colonnade and roof;
- Cross of the Espírito Santo (Portuguese: Cruzeiro do Espírito Santo)
- Monastery of Dumio (Portuguese: Ruínas Arqueológicas de São Martinho de Dume), the ancient religious seat founded by Martin of Braga in the provincial centre of Dume;
- Monastery of Tibães (Portuguese: Mosteiro de Tibães), the 17th–18th century Benedictine monastery renowned for the ornate/artistic gilt work in its chancel and altars;
- Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte, constructed on Monte Santo, overlooking the urban sprawl of Braga, the 18th to early-19th century, Neoclassic sanctuary and church (itself preceded by Baroque stairway), is reachable by trail or Bom Jesus funicular (one of the oldest in Iberian Peninsula);
- Sanctuary of Nossa Senhora do Sameiro (Portuguese: Santuário de Nossa Senhora do Sameiro), isolated on the hilltop of Monte do Sameiro, the church and retreat began in 1861, from the mind of Father Martinho António Pereira da Silva, who wished to construct a monument dedicated to Our Lady of the Conception;
- Sanctuary of Santa Maria Madalena (Portuguese: Santuário de Santa Maria Madalena/Santuário da Falperra), located on Monte Falperra, the Baroque-era sanctuary church, was designed by local architect André Soares, incorporating decorative elements into a two-bell tower homage to the Mary Magdalene;
- Sé Cathedral of Braga (Portuguese: Sé Catedral de Braga)
- Wayside shrine of São Brás (Portuguese: Alminhas de São Brás), although conjecturally a contemporary monument, the wayside shrine in Ferreiros has the characteristics of many Baroque monuments in Braga;
- Cross of Campo das Hortas (Cruzeiro do Campo das Hortas)
- Cross of Santana (Cruzeiro de Santa Ana/Cruzeiro de Santana)
- Cross of Tibães (Cruzeiro de Tibães)
In addition, many of the district's treasures and historical artifacts are housed in several museums that are scattered throughout the city, such as:
- Museum of the Biscainhos (Portuguese: Museu dos Biscainhos, housed in the historical Palace of the Biscainhos, the museum exhibits a permanent collection of decorative art, that includes furniture, ceramics, European and Oriental porcelain, European Glass, European and Portuguese watches and clocks;
- Treasure Museum of the Sé Cathedral (Portuguese: Tesouro Museu da Sé Catedral), the collection varies, but collects together artefacts from the 16th to 18th century during the period of religious/cultural exploration, associated with the Cathedral, including images and azulejo tiles;
- Museum of Image (Portuguese: Museu da Imagem), dedicated to photography, located near the Arco da Porta Nova and Braga Castle;
- Museum Medina (Portuguese: Museu Medina), located in the same building as the Museum of Pius XII, the collection is the home to the 83 oil paintings and 21 drawings of the painter Henrique Medina;
- Museum of Nogueira da Silva (Portuguese: Museu Nogeuira da Silva), bequeathed to the University of Minho, the collection includes artefacts, paintings, furniture and sculptures collected over a lifetime, such as Renaissance artwork, 17th furniture, ceramics and objects in ivory, silver and religious art;
- Museum of Pius XII (Portuguese: Museu Pio XII), housing a collection of Palaeolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age implements, Pre-historic and Luso-Roman pottery;
- Dom Diogo de Sousa Museum (Portuguese: Museu D. Diogo de Sousa), its collection includes many items discovered during archaeological excavations within the municipality, extending as far back as the Palaeolithic to the Middle Ages.
- Museum of String Instruments (Portuguese: Museu dos Cordofones), the collection features Portuguese instruments as far back as the Middle Ages including Cavaquinhos, Portuguese guitars, Mandolins and banjos among others.
The city is the headquarters and main campus for the Universidade do Minho (Minho University), a public university founded in 1973. A campus of Portugal's oldest private university of Portugal, the Universidade Católica Portuguesa, was also established in 1967, as well as the Escola Secundária Sá de Miranda (the oldest Secondary school in Braga).
In the late 2000s, the International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory also opened their international research centre in the city.
Braga's football team, Sporting Clube de Braga, was founded in 1921 and play in the top division of Portuguese football, the Liga NOS, from Braga Municipal Stadium, carved out of the Monte Castro hill that overlooks the city. Braga has had considerable success in recent years, winning the Taca de Portugal for the second time in 2016 and reaching the Europa League final in 2011 which they lost to fellow Portuguese side FC Porto.
The Rampa da Falperra, a round of the European Hillclimb Championship, is held every year in the outskirts of the city.
The Circuito Vasco Sameiro and adjacent the Kartódromo Internacional de Braga are located around the local airfield. The racing track held European Touring Car Cup events in 2009 and 2010, and the KIB has held rounds of the Karting World Championship.
- Saint Engratia is venerated as a virgin martyr and saint, tradition is that she was martyred with eighteen companions in 303 AD
- Paulus Orosius (c. 385–c. 420), Important historian and theologue from the Braga diocese, friend of St. Augustine.
- Martin of Braga (c. 520–580), Bishop of Braga that converted the Suebi to Catholicism.
- Saint Ovidius (martyred 135 A.D.): third Bishop of Braga, buried in the cathedral.
- D. Diogo de Sousa (c. 1461–1532), Archbishop of Braga after 1505, sponsor of the arts, he remodelled the Cathedral and promoted the urbanisation of the city following Renaissance models. He also founded several churches and the São Paulo School.
- D. Paio Mendes (?-1137): he was the Archbishop of Braga from 1118 until his death. He was an important adherent of the cause of Afonso Henriques, Count of Portugal and diplomatically fought for Portuguese independence in Alexander III`s papal court.
- D. Lourenço Vicente (?-1398): was an Archbishop of Braga and defender of John I, participated in the Battle of Aljubarrota, where he was given a scar in his face, and in the retaking of Guimarães. He is buried in the Chapel of the Kings where his naturally mummified body is displayed.
- Pope John XXI (c.1215-1277): Born in Lisbon as Pedro Julião, was Archbishop of Braga in the 13th century. Elected Pope in 1276.
- Antipope Gregory VIII (d.1137): Maurice Bourdin (Maurício Burdino) was the second Archbishop of Braga. Of French origin, helped organise the diocese. He was involved in a dispute between Holy Roman Emperor Henry V and the Pope Gelasius II, and was elected Antipope as Gregory VIII by the Emperor's followers, he was later imprisoned by Pope Calixtus II and died in an Italian convent.
- Henry, Count of Portugal (1066-1112): Henry was Count of Portugal from 1093 up to his death. He turned Braga into his capital and promoted the building of the cathedral. He is buried in a 16th-century tomb in the Chapel of the Kings in Braga Cathedral.
- Theresa, Countess and Queen of Portugal (1080-1130): Theresa of León was married to Count Henry in 1094. Her 16th-century tomb is also located in the Chapel of the Kings.
- Francisco Sanches (c.1550–c.1623), born Sephardi Jew and New Christian, physician and philosopher, responsible for Quod Nihil Scitur (That Nothing Is Known), written in 1576 and published in 1581 a skepticial treatise on science
- Miguel de Carvalho (1579 – 1624) a Roman Catholic Missionary he was burned at the stake in Japan and he was beatified in 1867
- André Soares (1720–1769), 18th-century architect, designed several important Rococo buildings in Braga and northern Portugal, including the Palace of Raio, Monastery of Tibães, Church of Falperra, and Porta Nova Arch
- Carlos Amarante (1748-1815) an important Portuguese engineer and architect, moved from late Baroque-Rococo architecture of northern Portugal to modern Neoclassical architecture.
- Manuel António Martins (1772-1845) a Portuguese administrator and colonial governor of Cape Verde and Portuguese Guinea from 1833 to 1835. After moving to Cape Verde in 1792, Martins was said to be the richest man in the country
- Irmã Maria Estrela Divina (1904-1961), religious and stigmatic woman, buried in Braga Cathedral
- João Crisóstomo de Amorim Pessoa (1810-1888) Bishop of Santiago de Cabo Verde and archbishop of Goa and Braga
- Domingos Leite Pereira (1882–1956), Portuguese politician of the Portuguese First Republic
- Luís de Almeida Braga (1890–1970) a Portuguese writer and politician, leading figure in the Integralismo Lusitano movement.
- Francisco Salgado Zenha (1923–1993) a Portuguese left-wing politician and lawyer.
- General Gomes da Costa (1863-1929), although born in Lisbon he was a Portuguese army officer and politician, the tenth President of the Portuguese Republic and the second of the Ditadura Nacional and led the famous 28 May 1926 coup d'état that started in Braga; he has a statue celebrate him in the city square also named after him, where the City Town Council is located.
- Maria Ondina Braga (1932—2003), an author who of A China Fica ao Lado (1968), Angústia em Pequim (1984) and Nocturno em Macau (1984), as well as a translator for the works of Graham Greene, John le Carré and Anaïs Nin
- António Variações (1944–1984), innovative pop composer and singer; he created music which for many is symbolic of the liberalization that occurred in Portuguese society after the Carnation Revolution of 1974.
- Torcato Sepulveda (1951–2008), an important and influential Portuguese newspaper journalist.
- Marie Myriam (born 1957), French singer of Portuguese origin, winner of 1977 Eurovision Song Contest with "L'oiseau et l'enfant" ("The Bird and the Child"), written by Jean Paul Cara and Joe Grace
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- Sereno, Isabel; Dordio, Paulo; Gonçalves, Joaquim (2004). SIPA (ed.). "Capela de São Frutuoso de Montélios/Capela de São Salvador de Montélios" (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
- "Geminações de Cidades e Vilas" (in Portuguese). Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- "National Commission for Decentralised cooperation". Délégation pour l’Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) (in French). Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
- "Puteaux - Qu'est-ce que le jumelage?". Mairie de Puteaux [Puteaux Official Website] (in French). Archived from the original on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Braga.| | <urn:uuid:7f7f9bc5-5137-4332-9528-265d7994a81d> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braga | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627997801.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616062650-20190616084650-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.905509 | 9,648 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Definitions of Money
- M1 is a narrow definition of the U.S. money supply. M1 includes coins and paper currency as well as all deposits in banks and savings institutions on which checks can be written. M1 was $1.36 trillion in November 2004.*
- M2 is a broader definition of the U.S. money supply than M1. M2 includes M1 plus savings deposits (including money market deposit accounts), small (less than $100,000) time deposits, and money market mutual funds. M2 was $6.40 trillion in November 2004.*
- M3 is a broader definition of the U.S. money supply than M2. M3 includes M2 plus large ($100,000 or more) time deposits. These large time deposits are generally certificates of deposit owned by businesses. M3 was $9.41 trillion in November 2004.*
* Data are for November 2004 and can be found in Federal Reserve Statistical Release H.6 at www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h6/ . | <urn:uuid:b1bb893e-b324-4fb8-8128-d3cc965a74ea> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.philadelphiafed.org/education/teachers/publications/intersections/2005/Winter/definitions-of-money.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500824445.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021344-00195-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96557 | 220 | 2.9375 | 3 |
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Have you ever gotten the feeling that you just want to be by yourself to study and therefore reject the study date you had lined up with a friend? Or perhaps listening to recordings of study notes in the car helps you remember more than if you had written out the notes 100 times before?
This can be based on the way we like to learn. Each person is different and there are many of us who learn best using a variety of methods.
It is has been found that each learning option is using one particular part of the brain, so the more styles you use, in effect, the more of your brain you are working when you are studying! Sounds easy right?
Well firstly, it is best to find out what learning style or styles you learn from best, and then use these to set up an interactive learning program that will keep you focused and entertained whilst you study.
Below are 7 types of learning styles:
- Visual: you are best retaining information through images and pictures.
- Verbal: you prefer to study in a method that incorporates writing or saying things out loud such as speeches.
- Aural: your memory is best prompted by sounds and listening to music.
- Logical: you like to work with systems, logic and reasoning in your study methods.
- Social: you learn best when surrounded by people either in a study group or with a couple of friends.
- Solitary: you learn best by yourself where it is quiet (Hence rejecting the study date!)
- Physical: you need to be doing something so working with your hands, body and sense of touch allows for effective studying.
So if you run through your past few study sessions you will find a pattern of how best you focus. For example, if you are listening to music, whilst sitting by yourself in your office, making notes that have pictures and dots points and vigorously working the highlighter over interesting parts; this suggests you learn best when using aural, solitary and visual learning methods.
This doesn’t mean that you should change the way you are studying immediately, but if you are having trouble concentrating for a decent length of time or simply not retaining as much information as you would like, it may be time to try a couple of new learning methods and see if they help you more. | <urn:uuid:63ec5cf9-7243-4c0b-9c5a-1cc9964f88d9> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://studysmartonline.com/whats-your-study-style | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828501.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217091227-20181217113227-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.958673 | 492 | 3.0625 | 3 |
How to Write a Children’s Book
Learning how to write a children’s book is much more than mere paper and words put together. And the moment when an author holds their Children’s book ready in print is a cherished moment indeed, as you transmit your knowledge, experience, thoughts, and ideas to the next generation. For the new-to-the-scene authors and writers, we have one piece of advice: writing and publishing a children’s book is not a simple task since it has to be short and still relatable.
The level of imagination you put in and the clarity of messages that you want to convey must be communicated through rich illustrations and images. A dilemma faced by authors often in deciding the style and mode of their books whether to go for a picture book or a novel. An easy solution is to first choose your target audience.
For example, a children’s book with lots of pictures and illustrations is suitable for those who are below 5 years of age. If you feel that this is your comfort zone, then you can visualize your story’s flow and characters accordingly. Choose and select settings, characters, and ideas that make your work unique.
The Right Illustrator
Creating a successful Children’s book highly relies on having captivating illustrations. If the illustrations are not interesting and engaging, your publishing objectives will be hard to fulfill. If you are planning to self-publish your Children’s book, it is essential to find a qualified illustrator who understands your needs and is experienced in working with children’s books.
Such an illustrator should have the expertise to shape your thoughts, creativity, and ideas.
Publishing a children’s book bye oneself is a time-consuming process. It takes time and a lot of it! Getting your illustrations perfectly done is just a tip of the iceberg. Other processes like editing your manuscript, designing the interior and exterior layout, proofreading and final publishing take mammoth chunks of time too.
As an author, you may have a question whether a children’s book does really need an editing stage. Yes, it needs to be edited and proofread. Leading children’s book authors and writers suggest and advice to follow an editing phase for your children’s book to make it successful.
With all these processes involved, children’s books are not cheap. You have to invest $10,000 to $15,000 to have engaging illustrations by industry experts, to have your books printed in color (which definitely costs more than black and white), publishing charges (based on number of books you print), and to market your books to the relevant audience.
Partnering with a leading publishing vendor like Izzard Ink who has immense experience in the publishing industry, maximizes your potentially chances of increased returns on investment over time. Make sure that you try to cut the costs but not the corners at any time.
Managing the distribution process of your published books is another big hurdle self-publishers face. This is the phase where the book gets from the printer to the reader. You have to be very cautious and play wise in this phase since your purpose of self-publishing correlates directly with your choice of a distribution channel.
You have to choose whether you are going to hit the target audience through bookstores, word-of-mouth, or an author’s sales page. If you have a readership and well-established online presence, you can choose to publish & distribute it through your website or if you have a relaxed budget you can distribute your books through large and renowned retailers.
Children’s book is the only type or kind of books where you don’t actually market your book to your target audience. Come to think of it, Children do not pay and buy their books. The target audience, in reality, is the adults who take control for their children’s lives. This is a challenge when it comes to publishing children’s books. You have to write, design, and publish books which attract children, and the books should reach their parents, relatives, and neighbors who would want to buy these. Thus, the writer must have a 360-degree planned approach to attract and create interest in both types of audience.
Izzard Ink can support you with the secret sauce of how to write a children’s book while helping you make educated decisions for your book’s distribution, marketing, and success. The seasoned veterans at Izzard Ink are ready to help self-publishers to plan their entire book publishing process which gives your books a fair chance to be on the bestseller’s list.
Are you one ready to take the proverbial leap of faith to see your story in print? | <urn:uuid:2a0d80a9-60a4-46db-80ab-a2123da41b2e> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://izzardink.com/how-to-write-a-childrens-book/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147628.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228170007-20200228200007-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.957786 | 983 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Toolbox Talk No. 3 - Cold Weather
Working outside in the winter can be dangerous, and construction workers who must brave the cold face occupational hazards like frostbite and hypothermia. Is your team ready to work in winter? This article provides an introduction to winter hazards and what you can do to keep yourself and your team safe when working in the cold.
There are four main environmental conditions that frequently lead to winter illness – low temperatures, wind, dampness, and cold water. As we have all experienced, when weather is cold, our senses tend to weaken in our fingers and toes - especially when doing construction work, this is extremely dangerous. Proper gloves, socks and shoes are essential. Windchill and humidity can make a bearable temperature feel like bitter cold, so it is important to notice these details before heading to the workplace. Lastly, cold water is a hazard to be wary of. Wet clothes in freezing temperatures will become icy and won’t protect you from the cold. It is important to stay as dry as possible when working outside in low temperatures.
A quick look at the weather forecast will give you the information you need to dress appropriately for work. Exposed skin begins freezing at only 28º F, so if temperatures are expected to be at or below this, you should ensure your entire body is protected with warm socks, water resistant boots, long pants, gloves, layered jackets, and a hardhat liner or balaclava to protect your neck and face.
Major Health Hazards
Hypothermia and frostbite are two major concerns to consider when working outdoors in cold weather. Between 1979 and 1995, an average of 723 Americans died each year as the result of hypothermia. Hypothermia is effectively the body freezing and shutting down. Symptoms include fatigue, nausea, confusion, light-headedness and profuse sweating. Without medical treatment the victim can lose consciousness and die. If you notice yourself or a fellow worker feeling these symptoms, stop work immediately and tell your supervisor.
Frostbite usually begins in fingers and toes, but deep frostbite can spread extensively in the body which can cause blood clots and gangrene. The best way to prevent frostbite is to dress in appropriately warm protective clothing. Thermal gloves and thick soled boots are a very important to safely work outside. If you need warmer gear, contact your supervisor and request an upgrade – your employer will know that your health is worth the investment.
Major risk factors for cold-related problems include the following:
- Wearing inadequate or wet clothing increasing the effects of cold on the body
- Taking certain drugs or medications such as alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, and medication; they inhibit the body’s response to the cold and impair judgment
- Having a cold or certain diseases like diabetes, heart, vascular, and thyroid problems may make a person more susceptible to the winter elements.
- Becoming exhausted or immobilized, especially due to injury or entrapment, may speed up the effects of cold weather.
Ten tips for working in winter weather:
- Wear the right gloves for the work you are doing. Gloves should have enough insulation to keep you warm and prevent frostbite, but be thin enough so you can feel what you are doing if you are manipulating controls or tools. Gloves that are too thick can make your hands and wrists work too hard trying to hold on to objects, causing repetitive strain injury.
- Dress in layers of light-weight clothing. They will keep you warmer than a single heavy layer. Remove layers as necessary to prevent overheating and perspiration, which can lead to chills or hypothermia. Wet clothing is 20 times less warm than dry clothing.
- Wear a hat or hard hat liner. You’ll stay much warmer. As much as half of your body heat can go up in steam from the top of your bare head. Protect your ears from frostbite as well by wearing a hat, hard hat liner or earmuffs to cover your ears.
- Check your winter wardrobe for entanglement hazards like loose sleeves and dangling drawstrings and secure them before beginning work. Scarfs or mufflers may help keep your neck warm, but they can kill you if you are working near rotating machinery. Balaclavas and long hard hat liners are a better option.
- Use safety eyewear that doesn’t fog up in the cold. Anti-fog coatings are highly effective and can make a huge difference. If you have to keep taking off your safety eyewear because it fogs up, it isn't protecting you. Contact your supervisor if this is an issue to resolve the problem with better safety glasses.
- Inspect the soles of your winter footwear. Your shoes should have adequate tread to prevent slips and falls on wet or icy surfaces. For extremely slippery situations, you can attach YaxTrax or equivalent products to your footwear. Slow down when walking across slippery surfaces and be especially careful on ladders, platforms and stairways.
- Eat winter-weight meals. This does not mean a high fat diet, but one with enough calories and nutrients to give you the fuel you need. Whole grain toast or cereal is a great way to start the day.
- Get plenty of rest. Working in the cold and traveling to and from work in the winter takes lots of energy. Cold weather can strain your heart, even if you aren't overexerting yourself, so be sure to pace yourself when lifting heavy objects or shoveling snow.
- Pay attention to how much you are sweating. If you notice you are sweating more than usual, this could be a sign of hypothermia.
- Know where to go if you get too cold – a nearby coffee shop or onsite warming hut should be available to you in case of emergency. If you experience symptoms of hypothermia or frostbite, ask your supervisor for a break to warm your body up. | <urn:uuid:f202563b-bf9b-417c-aef0-eb284ece9961> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.wryker.com/blogs/toolbox-talks/toolbox-talk-no-3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151760.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210725174608-20210725204608-00595.warc.gz | en | 0.932335 | 1,214 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Class for creating snapshots of databases.
An object with properties that describe the result of each call to a function of SQL::DatabaseSnapshot. When the function returns false, you can get more complete information concerning the results using the CallResult property.
The unique name of the snapshot to be used if the snapshot is included in a collection of snapshots.
An object that manages the table definitions in the snapshot and the relationships between them. The schema is able to generate the scripts to drop and create tables and to be sure that tables are dropped and added in the right order, accounting for dependencies between them.
A collection of SQL::TableSnapshot objects that each contains the definition and data for a specific table.
The persisted XML string that describes the snapshot
- AddTable Method
Add a SQL::TableSnapshot object to the collection of tables.
- Clear Method
Removes all data and definitions from the snapshot.
- Clone Method
Make a complete copy of the object and its contents.
- DeleteTable Method
Removes the TableSnapshot at a specific index in the collection of table snapshots.
- Load Method
Load definitions and data from an open database connection.
- LoadDBF Method
Load definitions and data from the currently open Alpha Five DBF database.
- NewInstsance Method
Make a new and empty DatabaseSnapshot.
- Store Method
Creates tables and stores data contained in the snapshot in the database referenced by the open connection provided. If the parameter CreateTables is set to false, the tables are assumed to exist.
- StoreDBF Method
Creates DBF tables and populates them from the definitions and data contained in the snapshot. The tables are created in the directory of the currently open database and added to the database.
- TableNumber Method
Looks up the index number of the table name provided.
- ToExcel Method
Create an Excel 2003 workbook with a sheet for each table in the snapshot. | <urn:uuid:e6352c1b-6904-4146-83d2-904902a4c488> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://documentation.alphasoftware.com/pages/Ref/Api/Namespace/SQL/DatabaseSnapshot/index.xml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513508.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020225938-20181021011438-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.733484 | 407 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Games to help children learn to read
Giving knowledge in the form of a game will help to make acquaintance with letters and words easy and effective. To make it easier for the child to learn to read, it is necessary to develop auditory attention, as well as to know and distinguish sounds.
For the development of auditory attention, offer the child a game:
Take a few items or toys with which you can make different sounds, for example, a tambourine, a drum, a bell, a rattle, a pipe, a spoon, a wooden spatula. Spread them on the table and demonstrate to the child what sounds can be extracted from them: blow the whistle, knock the spoon on the table with a spoon.
Offer to do the same to the child. When he has played enough, ask him to turn away and extract one sound, let the child guess which item you used. You can invite him to check the correctness of the answer and extract the sound from the object that he indicated. Gradually complicate the game and make several sounds in a row.
In learning to read, the child’s ability to distinguish between sounds or determine their presence in a word is useful. To teach this kid, you can offer him reading games:
Unusual football. Assign the kid as a goalkeeper and explain to him that instead of the ball you will “throw” words into the goal. If there is a sound in the named word that you agree on with the baby, he should catch the word by clapping his hands. Speak the words clearly and distinctly, so it will be easier for the child to hear all the sounds. To make it easier for the crumbs to cope with the task, let him say the given sound several times.
Choose a name. Lay out small toys or pictures on the table. Invite the child to pronounce their names and select those with a given sound.
Educational games for reading
The game requires training. Cut out 33 squares of white paper or cardboard. On each of them, draw a letter with white chalk wax or regular candles. Give the child one or more squares – it will depend on how many letters you decide to learn, a brush and paint. Suggest your child to color the square in the color you like. When the child starts to draw, the letter written in wax will not be painted over and will appear on the general background, surprising and delighting the child.
Find the letter
Another entertaining reading game that helps you learn how to relate words and letters. Prepare a few cards, which will be displayed simple and understandable objects. Write a few letters near the items. Give the child one card, let him try to find the letter with which the word begins. It is important that the child understands what is depicted on the card.
You will need square beads, you can find them in handicraft shops or make them from salt dough or polymer clay. Draw letters on the beads with a marker and place them in front of the child. Write the word on the paper, give the child a piece of soft wire or cord, and offer him, stringing the beads with letters on them, to collect the same word. Such games that teach reading, will help not only in the study of letters and making words, but also in the development of fine motor skills.
Now it is fashionable to teach children global reading, when they read the whole words at once, bypassing syllables. This method will work if learning begins with short three-letter words that are accompanied by an illustration. Make cards with pictures and cards with inscriptions to them, for example, cancer, mouth, bull, wasp. Ask the child to pick a word for the appropriate image, while letting him say it out loud. When the baby learns to do it without mistakes, try to remove the pictures and have them read the remaining inscriptions.
Guess the subject
Choose to play small toys or objects whose names consist of 3-4 letters, for example, a ball, a ball, a cat, a house, a dog. Put them in an opaque bag, then ask the child to touch to identify the item. When he guesses it and calls it out loud, suggest that you put his name out of small squares of paper with letters. To make it easier, give the right letters yourself, let the child place them in the correct order. Similar games for learning to read can be made more interesting and fun if used to make words into cubes. | <urn:uuid:e07bc3b8-d79d-42ea-b6e4-de068f8a51ad> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://newtonkumon.com/post46 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400212039.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923175652-20200923205652-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.949708 | 923 | 4.125 | 4 |
Discuss Diu Fort
Diu Fort is situated in Diu Island. It was built by Portuguese in 1535 to defend themselves from the invasions of Mughals, Gujarat Sultanate, and the Rajputs. The Portuguese ruled here till 1961 and were forced away after Diu was annexed to India. This tutorial will let you know about the history of the fort along with the structures present inside. You will also get the information about the best time to visit the fort along with nearby places and how to reach the fort. | <urn:uuid:27fc50ba-c8d4-4d8f-b08d-bf3dd05a49c5> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.tutorialspoint.com/diu_fort/diu_fort_discussion.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376829399.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20181218123521-20181218145521-00581.warc.gz | en | 0.974751 | 107 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Main sequence stars this is due to the fact that elements heavier than helium are made inside stars by nucleosynthesis and released into. Nucleosynthesis definition: the formation of heavier elements from lighter elements by nuclear fusion in stars | meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples. The stellar origin of copper by ken these younger stars thus preserve a record of the deceased stars' nucleosynthesis these iron-poor stars reside in the. Supernova nucleosynthesis within exploding stars by fusing carbon and oxygen is responsible for the abundances of elements between magnesium.
Stellar nucleosynthesis is a process you can probably guess already stellar, meaning something to do with stars and nucleosynthesis, has something to do with nucleus+synthesis, which gives. Stellar nucleosynthesis is the process by which stars operate stars are massive nuclear fusion engines, and they consume hydrogen, the most abundant. The atoms in your body – apart from the hydrogen – were all made in stars by stellar nucleosynthesis stars on the main sequence get the energy they shine by from nuclear reactions in their cores off the main sequence, the energy comes from nuclear reactions in a shell (or more than one shell) around the core.
Element synthesis and isotopes •sequence of element formation in stars later stages of nucleosynthesis formation of elements. It is generally believed that most of the elements in the universe heavier than helium are created, or synthesized, in stars when lighter nuclei fuse to make heavier nuclei the process is called nucleosynthesis nucleosynthesis requires a high-speed collision, which can only be achieved with very high temperature.
Apart from nuclear fusion in stars, there is also what is called as nucleosynthesis this is defined as the production or creation of new elements through the process of nuclear reactions. Information and translations of nucleosynthesis in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on supernova nucleosynthesis within exploding stars. Nucleosynthesis definition, the formation of new atomic nuclei by nuclear reactions, thought to occur in the interiors of stars and in the.
Explosive nucleosynthesis is the creation of heavy elements which occurs in the heart of a supernovaa supernova is a hugely energetic astronomical event where a supergiant star depletes its nuclear fuel and collapses under its own gravity.
Stellar nucleosynthesis occurs in stars during the process of stellar evolutionit is responsible for the generation of elements from carbon. Supernova nucleosynthesis a model without observations of metal-deficient halo stars using hst and ground base world largest telescopes. A key point is that the ratio of hydrogen to helium is extremely sensitive to the density of matter in the universe (the parameter that determines if the universe is open, flat or closed) the higher the density, the more helium. Are we really made of stars nucleosynthesis is the process that creates new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons, primarily protons and neutrons. | <urn:uuid:3383fdb3-af05-4f9a-9ad2-5617be147297> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://djpaperbvlp.michellany.us/what-is-nucleosynthesis-in-stars.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864482.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622123642-20180622143642-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.932884 | 599 | 3.484375 | 3 |
When monitoring a region’s land use and landscape diversity, one needs to take into consideration its natural environment, its urban areas and its current infrastructure.
Both, the natural environment as well as the built-up areas, are simultaneously shaped by tourism and by other activities. In turn, they also actively constitute a bounding framework for economic activities performable on site. On the one hand, the infrastructure expansion for leisure activities cannot be directly ascribed to the tourism sector only, as it also serves the local population. On the other hand, the impact of tourism on landscape diversity might be less relevant than that of traditional industries and intensive agriculture. In sum, the effects of human activities on land use and landscape diversity are multifold, and do not relate to tourism only.
Keeping this cross-sectoral relationship in mind, the assessment of landscape diversity and land use is relevant, since landscape diversity and the structural richness of landscapes are positively related to the scenic beauty of Alpine landscapes, whereas large homogeneous areas decrease the perceived level of scenic beauty1Schirpke, Tasser, Tappeiner, 2013. We approximate landscape diversity using the Shannon’s Evenness Index and argue that a higher landscape diversity is appreciated by both residents and tourists.
MORE ABOUT SOCIETY
Governance: to assess how sustainability is being pursued by local actors and policy makers, for example by creating a network of collaboration with the agricultural sector to distribute 0 km products.
Local and Visitor Satisfaction
The satisfaction of locals and tourists: to monitor and preserve the quality of life of inhabitants and at the same time the quality of the holiday of tourists. | <urn:uuid:4d2cf4e4-51fe-4f44-ac09-d084dcc4936f> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://sustainabletourism.eurac.edu/issue-area/land-use-and-landscape-diversity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153899.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729234313-20210730024313-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.933866 | 335 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Studies on Team Motivation and Building Effective Teams stem from the research carried out in Psychology and Sociology. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920), the Founder of Modern Psychology, is credited with conducting the 1st research on the subject.
The Social Psychologist Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) is credited with introducing the term “Group Dynamics.” The term defined the constructive and destructive forces within Groups of people. Lewin pioneered the Group Dynamics Research Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, first of its kind dedicated to the study of Group Dynamics and how it could be applied to real-world and social issues.
The latter half of the 20th century saw attention shifted more towards studying how Group Performance could be improved in the workplace to foster an Organizational Culture of cohesiveness, and Tuckman’s study proved significant in this regard.
Bruce Tuckman’s Model on Group Development became one of the most influential studies on the subject. Originally conducted in 1965, the Model was further improved by Tuckman and his colleague in 1977.
Tuckman’s assertion was that each of the phases of the model is indispensable and unavoidable for the team to grow, face up to challenges, tackle problems, find solutions, plan strategically, and deliver results. Tuckman’s model has become the foundation for following models and commonly used by management consultants for Team Management and Client Management. For the model to be applicable in the work place, it is vital to comprehend the process at each stage and its concepts.
Tuckman’s Group Development Model comprises the following 5 stages:
The 5th stage of Group Development called “Adjourning” was added in 1977, by Tuckman and his colleague Mary Ann Jensen.
Let us examine some of the stages of Tuckman’s model for Group Development in a little more detail.
The key dynamic of the first stage is Orientation. This is the stage where people are brought together in a Group. How quickly the group’s transition to the 2nd stage takes place depends on the clarity and complexity of the goal and members’ previous experience of working in groups. Some of the key characteristics of this stage include:
- An upbeat outlook of group members about what is to be accomplished.
- Anxiousness on part of members about what the other team members will be like.
Managers of the group at this stage have to be directly and intimately involved. Clear guidelines and structure by the manager are necessary to ensure that the team builds strong relationships.
The key dynamic of this stage is Power Struggle. At this 2nd stage team members feel more at ease voicing and questioning opinions, and that is when internal conflict flares up. Channeling this conflict in a positive direction will make for a cohesive team. Some of the key characteristics of this stage are:
- Perception formation about other team members’ abilities.
- Alliance formation among team members and discussions regarding the goal and the approach to achieve it.
The group leader has to show a Problem Solving Mindset at this stage, swiftly channel conflict between teams in order to avoid demoralization. Among many other actions at this stage, the leader also has to guide the team in decision-making and proffering explanations on how decisions transpired.
The key dynamic of the 3rd stage of team development is Cooperation. The members concentrate on settling differences to make way for clear definition of organizational mission and objectives. Manager’s role within the team transforms from that of leader to that of a team member.
Interested in learning more about Tuckman’s 5-Stage Group Development Model? You can download an editable PowerPoint on Tuckman’s 5 Stages of Group Development here on the Flevy documents marketplace.
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– Roderick Cameron, Founding Partner at SGFE Ltd | <urn:uuid:ecdc7713-3659-46a2-88b0-b5ebf55249b0> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://globalriskcommunity.com/profiles/blogs/tuckman-s-5-stages-of-group-development?context=tag-strategic+planning | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305288.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220127193303-20220127223303-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.93695 | 1,174 | 2.765625 | 3 |
"Thanksgiving is a time when many families travel long distances to celebrate together," says the CDC. "Travel increases the chance of getting and spreading the virus that causes COVID-19. Staying home is the best way to protect yourself and others."
The lowest-risk activities are ones where you stay home with the people you live with. Moderate-risk activities include those that take place outdoors with proper socially distancing. Higher-risk activities include spending time in crowds or indoors among people you don't live with.
If engaging in activities outside of the home and-or with people you don't live with, the CDC recommends maintaining a distance of at least six feet or more from others; avoiding busy restrooms and eating areas; not shaking hands, bumping elbows, or giving hugs; wearing a mask at all times when around people who don’t live in your household; and avoid singing, chanting, or shouting, especially when not wearing a mask or when you can't avoid being close to other people.
When sharing a meal with people outside of your home, the CDC recommends limiting the number of people coming in contact with food. The best way to do this is for everyone in attendance to bring food for themselves and members of their households. "Avoid any self-serve food or drink options, such as buffets or buffet-style potlucks, salad bars, and condiment or drink stations," says the CDC. If sharing food, limit people going in and out of the areas where food is being prepared or handled and consider having one person serve all the food so that multiple people are not handling the serving utensils. Wear a mask while preparing or serving food to those you don't live with and make sure everyone washes their hands with soap and water for 20 seconds (or uses a hand sanitizer with at least 60 percent alcohol if soap and water aren't available) before and after preparing, serving, and eating food.
Fall and Thanksgiving activities by CDC-determined risk level
- Having a small dinner with only people who live in your household
- Preparing traditional family recipes for family and neighbors, especially those at higher risk of severe illness from COVID-19, and delivering them in a way that doesn’t involve contact with others
- Having a virtual dinner and sharing recipes with friends and family
- Shopping online rather than in person on the day after Thanksgiving or the next Monday
- Watching sports events, parades, and movies from home
- Having a small outdoor dinner with family and friends who live in your community
- Visiting pumpkin patches or orchards where people use hand sanitizer before touching pumpkins or picking apples, wearing masks is encouraged or enforced, and people are able to maintain social distancing
- Attending small outdoor sports events with safety precautions in place
- Going shopping in crowded stores just before, on, or after Thanksgiving
- Participating or being a spectator at a crowded race
- Attending crowded parades
- Using alcohol or drugs, which can cloud judgment and increase risky behaviors
- Attending large indoor gatherings with people from outside of your household
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Loading More Posts... | <urn:uuid:1abf407d-3f9a-4d7c-826f-0ec2f55b3617> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.wellandgood.com/cdc-thanksgiving-recommendations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358078.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20211127013935-20211127043935-00323.warc.gz | en | 0.953435 | 708 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Release Date: September 28, 2017
BUFFALO, N.Y. — During Hurricane Harvey, a rumor spread on Twitter that officials were asking shelter-seekers about their immigration status. During Hurricane Irma, another rumor surfaced that survivors would receive generators from the federal government.
These rumors — and numerous others shared via social media during such emergencies — were not true.
Despite emergency responders’ best efforts to debunk them, these falsehoods often fester online for hours or days. The results — from the letdown of not receiving a needed good to the very dangerous scenario of not seeking appropriate shelter — are often frustrating or precarious.
University at Buffalo researchers have received a one-year, $175,735 National Science Foundation grant to study how misinformation spread and was squelched during hurricanes Harvey and Irma. The grant, which begins on Sunday, will help the team develop guidelines designed to help everyone — from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to the general public — reduce the spread of falsehoods on Twitter during emergencies.
“The use of social media during widespread emergencies is a relatively new phenomenon. It has its benefits, for sure, but it also can be used, both knowingly and unknowingly, to spread falsehoods that have serious consequences,” says Jun Zhuang, PhD, associate professor in the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering in UB’s School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and the grant’s principal investigator.
Janet Yang, PhD, associate professor in the Department of Communication in UB’s College of Arts and Sciences, is the grant’s co-principal investigator.
The prevalence of misinformation online prompted FEMA in 2012 to launch an online rumor control website that it uses during emergencies such as Harvey and Irma. While effective, the agency and other emergency responders hope to improve their ability to tamp down false rumors.
Zhuang has been studying how social media is used for crisis communication during disasters for the past five years. He is the lead author of a study that appears in the October edition of the journal Natural Hazards that examines tweets during 2012’s Hurricane Sandy.
The study found, among other things, that emergency responders using social media would be more effective by tweeting more often and sharing information with more followers. Additional studies led by Zhuang found that as many as 86 percent of someone’s Twitter followers are likely to retweet false information without verifying its veracity. | <urn:uuid:54dba58e-a81f-4d3a-ad9b-27a359bd5e45> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://arts-sciences.buffalo.edu/physics/news-events/recent-news.host.html/content/shared/university/news/news-center-releases/2017/09/044.detail.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867666.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625111632-20180625131632-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.963293 | 502 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Table of Contents
Philips, T. (2008).Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): Transgenic crops and recombinant DNA technology. Nature Education, 1(1), 213.
In my section of the report, I will be researching on genetically modified organisms. Philip’s book explores the increased genetic engineering on crops .She further looks at the benefits and the risks that have come up from the genetic engineering of crops to the farmers and the users. She looks at the regulations for GMO research development, which we will consider in our conclusion.
Benbrook, C.M. (2012). Impact of genetically modified engineered crops on pesticide use in the US—the first sixteen years. Environmental Sciences Europe, 24(1),
Benbrook’s book looks at the success of the use of genetically engineered crops. He further explores the steps in the research done on the impacts of the use of pesticides on the genetically modified crops, which has led to growth of resistant weeds. He looks at the impacts of the use of herbicides to the public health. He concludes that the use of herbicides has increased greatly but over reliance on them has brought about increased growth of herbicide resistant crops.
with any paper
Gasser, C.S., & Fraley, R. T. (1989). Genetically engineering plants for crop improvement. Science, 244(4910), 1293-1299.
Gasser and Robert explore the process of genetically modifying plants by introduction of new genes and the factors that necessitate the use of genetically engineered plants. He further explores the key advances, which have taken place in the expression and isolation of the gene technology and the applications of the genetic engineering to crop improvement. He concludes by giving a perspective of the future on the genetically engineered crops.
Qaim, M., & Zilberrman, D. (2003). Yield fields effects of genetically modified crops in developing countries. Science, 299(5608), 900-902.
Qaim and Zilberman explain in there book the yields effects of the utilization of genetically modified plants in the emerging nations. They look at the analysis made on these in the different developing countries and show the results. He concludes that the exploit of these genetically modified plants has helped the growers increase yields in India.
Timmons, A. M., Charters, J. W., Burn, D.,Scott, S. E.,Dubbels, S. J., …& Wilkinson, M. J. (1996).Risks from transgenic crops Nature (London), 380(6574).
Timmons explores the possible risks, which result from the transgenic movement of the pollen grains following the commercial release of the oilseed rape genetically, modified for tolerance of the glufosinate. He gives the results of this research that the levels of gene flow expected in the natural environment depend on the proximity of the feral populations. He infers that the ownership of glufosinate forbearance is improbable to affect the endurance of the adjacent populations.
After considering all the above references, it would be appropriate to conclude that the use of genetically modified organisms has brought about both positive and negative effects in the world. It has helped increase the yields to the farmers, which have helped in the provision of food to the populations in the developing countries. Contrarily, long-term use of genetically modified organisms by people may lead to health problems such as cancers. Herbicide resistant weeds have also increased by the utilization of these organisms, which is not good for the farmers. | <urn:uuid:56310d8e-85e5-4854-b1c3-344242039671> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://essaywriter.org/examples/genetically-modified-organism-annotated-bibliography | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950373.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20230402012805-20230402042805-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.929498 | 724 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Heartburn - Causes and Remedies
Author: ANCP Date Posted:2 April 2014
What causes heartburn and how can you remedy it?
You just finished dinner, and now you are struck with an uncomfortable burning sensation in your chest and throat. It almost feels as if you are choking, but you are not. It sounds like a nasty case of heartburn. Heartburn occurs when some of the acid from your stomach gets pushed back up into your esophagus. This happens when the muscle that separates the stomach from the esophagus (the lower esophageal sphincter, or LES) either opens too frequently, or it does not close tightly enough.
What Causes Heartburn?
There are several known causes: overeating, obesity, smoking, and even certain foods and beverages are contributors. Some food and beverages that contribute to heartburn include alcohol, caffeine, carbonated beverages, and highly acidic food and drinks.
How Can You Prevent Heartburn?
A few simple tips can help you prevent heartburn.
- Avoid overeating. This is one of the easiest way to prevent heartburn. Try to eat a few smaller meals rather than three large meals during the day.
- Lose weight. One of the reasons obesity causes heartburn is the added pressure on the stomach, but adding exercise to your day to day life will also improve your overall health.
- Stop smoking. Smoking relaxes the LES, so quitting is another great way to prevent heartburn.
Again, if you stop smoking it will also increase your overall health. Avoid certain food and beverages. It may take a little time to identify which foods and drinks trigger your heartburn, but once you can identify them it is much easier to cut them out of your diet. Keeping a food journal may help. Although heartburn can be very painful, it can also be prevented.
Most of the causes can be avoided by simple changes in your day to day life.
Please be aware that long term heartburn can cause other problems, and that some other conditions can have symptoms very similar to heartburn. If your symptoms persist, please see a healthcare professional. | <urn:uuid:03dd7571-3fec-4d9c-af83-259e357c4833> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.ausnaturalcare.com.au/health/life-style/health-wellbeing/health-concerns/heartburn-causes-remedies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158279.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922084059-20180922104459-00397.warc.gz | en | 0.942438 | 443 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Women architects’ fight
Liberating architecture from “the male effect”
"The WSPA was to offer women a separatist experience and to explore the possibilities for designing and building new environments for an evolving women's culture."
“Oppressed, constrained” - words are barely strong enough to convey how the “only 3.7 percent of American women registered as architects” felt back in 1970.
While the feminist movement was growing stronger, the need for an education which could liberate women’s creativity from the masculine dogma was becoming urgent. And the Women's School of Planning and Architecture aimed at filling exactly that gap by becoming “a supportive and experimental forum”.
Founded in 1974 by Noel Phyllis Birkby, Ellen Perry Berkeley, Bobby Sue Hood, Katrin Adam, Marie Kennedy, Joan Sprague and Leslie Kanes Weisman - some of them being active members of the lesbian and feminist movements - the WSPA was to “offer women a separatist experience” and “to explore the possibilities for designing and building new environments for an evolving women's culture.”
Thought as an itinerant summer school with a supportive and experimental programme, the WSPA promoted active participation. Held in every corner of the United States, from California (1976) to Rhode Island (1978) and Washington DC (1981), it stood as one of the first - unfortunately failed - tentative to eradicate the “male effect” in architecture.
Despite its short existence, the school enabled members/participants - through meetings and seminars - to share skills and ideas, to build strong personal and professional networks and to share experiences with other women of various backgrounds. If - according to Leslie Kanes Weisman - the school failed to provide concrete solutions, on the other hand it surely was a fertile ground for new - socially engaged - projects to take shape.
The nonprofit Women’s Development Corporation for instance was established in 1979 in Providence by Katrin Adam and Joan Sprague - two founding members of the WSPA - together with Susan E. Aitcheson, with the mission to improve women “long-term housing and economic stability” . Thus reiterating the belief of the WSPA that anyone “is equally capable of making a contribution” .
Participants of the first session of the Women School of Planning and Architecture forming the Venus symbol for female, at St Joseph’s college, Biddeford, (Maine, USA) in 1975, Courtesy Leslie Kanes Weisman.
http://www.housingeducators.org/Journals/H%20&%20S%20Vol_9_No_2_Participation_of_Women_in_the_Design_Professions.pdf; The Women's School of Planning and Architecture’ advertisement, HERESIE, 11 vol. 3, No. 3, 1981, pp. 22;
Leslie Kanes Weisman, Noel Phyllis Birkby, “The Women's School of Planning and Architecture”, in Learning our Way : Essays on Feminist Education, ed. Charlotte Bunch and Barbara Pollack, Crossing Press, NY, 1983, p. 224-225;
Katrin Adam, Susan E. Aitcheson, Joan Forrester Sprague, “Women's Development Corporation”, HERESIE, 11 vol. 3, No. 3, 1981, pp. 19-20;
#Pioneers #Education #WSPA #GenderEquity #WomenInArchitecture | <urn:uuid:29b41167-5946-4455-a24f-acccb3cb3048> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.the-offbeats.com/articles/women-architects-fight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267163704.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180926061824-20180926082224-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.925326 | 737 | 3.0625 | 3 |
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