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Between January and February of 1959, newspapers across the nation ran stories detailing how 21-year-old twins Ben and Glenn Powell were hitchhiking around the world. In just twelve-weeks, the two had made it all the way from Chicago to Buenos Aires.
Glenn said, “We’ve always liked to travel even though we never had much money. So we decided to see the world as cheaply as possible by hitch-hiking,”
Ben added, “We traveled with the people and lived with people all through South America.” He continued, “Everywhere we tried to go quietly and give a good impression. We found that Latin Americans seem to think all Americans have a brand-new car and are rich. Now they have met two that aren’t rich and obviously don’t have a car.”
The two first thumbed their way to Dallas before crossing into Mexico. Lacking any knowledge of the Spanish language, they tried their best with the help of a Spanish phrasebook. As they traveled, their command of the language improved greatly. Somehow, they hooked up with a Texan who was transporting buses to Guatemala. Since his drivers couldn’t speak English and he couldn’t speak Spanish, the twins were able to step in and act as interpreters. Even if they didn’t speak perfect Spanish, it did get the two to Guatemala.
Occasionally they did have to pay for transportation, such as the time that they paid $2.15 each to fly from San Jose in Costa Rica to Panama. From Panama, they hopped a banana boat that nearly sank as they made their way to Colombia. Then it was on to Ecuador, Peru, and Chile.
If you are wondering where they slept and how they obtained food, that was fairly simple. As Methodists, they were able to check in with local pastors wherever they went. In exchange for helping Methodist missionaries, the two were provided with meals and lodging. | <urn:uuid:ba9e8ae1-1530-44ad-825a-515f5279a913> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://uselessinformation.org/twins-hitchhiking-around-the-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511055.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003060619-20231003090619-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.989887 | 411 | 2.53125 | 3 |
26 years pass sİnce occupatİon of Azerbaİjan's Shusha cİty by Armenİa
Twenty-six years have passed since the occupation of Azerbaijan'sShusha city by Armenia.
The occupation of Nagorno-Karabakh was completed as the city of Shusha having ancient, rich history and culture was occupied by Armenian armed forces. Consequently, Armenians actually achieved separation of the region from Azerbaijan.
As a result of the occupation of Shusha, 480 civilians were killed, 600 wounded, and about 22,000 people were expelled from their ancestral land. Sixty-eight people were taken hostage by Armenia’s armed units. Nothing is known about their fate. As a result of the occupation, a number of historical-cultural monuments in Shusha were destroyed by Armenians. Here include 279 religious, historical and cultural monuments, as well as Khan Cave, Gakhal Cave, Shusha Castle.
Armenians destroyed or misappropriated a number of Azerbaijani monuments. They destroyed 7 pre-school enterprises, 22 secondary schools, cultural, agricultural technical schools, 8 culture houses, 14 clubs, 20 libraries, 2 cinemas, 3 museums and a factory of Eastern musical instruments. As a result of the occupation of Shusha, 289 sq km of Azerbaijan’s territory went to the control of Armenians. | <urn:uuid:2287c3ad-f339-460c-a43f-07f9afe5d509> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://karabakh.az/news/?lang=az&i=21151 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541310866.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215201305-20191215225305-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.967878 | 284 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The Power of Habit: Why We Do What We Do in Life and Business
by Charles Duhigg. Random
House, 2012 ($28)
Whether healthy or destructive, habits shape our cognitive wiring. Once they are established, it takes a hefty effort to overwrite those neural connections. In The Power of Habit, Duhigg demystifies the brain processes involved in forming and altering these mindless actions.
Mindlessness, in fact, defines a habit, but the routine does not start out that way, writes Duhigg, a New York Times reporter. Habits, he explains, are choices that all of us deliberately make at some point, and then stop thinking about but continue doing. Not only are they a natural consequence of our neurology, they serve a purpose: without habit, we would spend inordinate amounts of time tending to the mundane but necessary tasks of cleaning, clothing and feeding ourselves. So as we become practiced in a task--essentially, as we learn--mental activity decreases. Studies in rats, for example, show that the brain's basal ganglia stored habits while the rest of the brain took a nap.
No surprise, then, that breaking a habit requires cognitive exertion. Habitual actions occur in a loop of cue, routine and reward, with cravings driving the cycle. Luckily, a wealth of science shows you need not deprive yourself of the rewards of your behavior to change it. To break a habit, substitute in a new routine while keeping the original cue and the payoff.
This technique may be familiar to recovering alcoholics or those who have tried to stop smoking or overeating. In a neat twist, however, Duhigg shows how football coaches, military officers, CEOs and even civil-rights pioneers have harnessed this golden rule of habit change to turn losing teams into champions, deflate rowdy crowds, ingrain emotional resilience in employees and alter social norms. Glimpsing how habits come to define us provides a fascinating look into human nature. | <urn:uuid:e82385df-a52e-44a5-8298-9d0787785aed> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/mind-reviews-the-power-of-habit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102309.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816170516-20170816190516-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.925746 | 407 | 2.640625 | 3 |
What does Boyden mean?
The meaning of Boyden is "yellow haired".
It is also of Anglo-Saxon origin, where its meaning is "herlad ".
Boyden is generally used as a boy's name.
It consists of 6 letters and 2 syllables and is pronounced Boy-den.
The Given Name Boyden
Daring and enchanting, it is a name considered by many parents.
Want to make this name more unique? Try spell it backwards.
Boyden is also great as a middle name.
In contrast, the year before less than 5 boys were given the name. Less than 5 girls were given the name.
View the Boyden Name Popularity Page to see how the popularity trend for Boyden has changed since 1880, or to compare the popularity of Boyden to other names.
Boyden Related Names
Boyden Name Fun
Then just follow the diagram below. | <urn:uuid:cfccf199-efe4-4090-a7f6-b62594e30b3d> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.ourbabynamer.com/meaning-of-Boyden.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187193.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00010-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94465 | 191 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Last name origins & meanings:
- German and Scandinavian: from a medieval personal name, a pet
form of Friedrich. See also Fritz.
- German: nickname
for someone who was handsome, cheerful, or energetic, Middle High
- Jewish (Ashkenazic): ornamental name or
nickname from modern German frisch, Yiddish frish
Comments for Frisch | <urn:uuid:f8c334ae-783d-4156-813a-d90dfa6a7832> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://genealogy.familyeducation.com/surname-origin/frisch | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929899.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00050-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.778677 | 80 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The solution to reduce underage drinking and drug use is simple, “early childhood prevention!” Study shows that youth around middle school age (12-13) are at the most impressionable time in their lives. This is around the time they are trying to establish their identity and who they are amongst their peers. So early education and awareness about the dangers and long-term effects of alcohol and drugs is key. Also because youth are greatly influenced by what they see on television and hear in their music, it is as equally important to frequently deliver a message via a marketing campaign encouraging youth not to drink alcohol or use any type of drugs and remind them that doing so is illegal and has consequences.
Sober Youth Inc. in a collaborative effort with The Table Community Foundation, United Way San Joaquin County, The City of Stockton, and the Stockton Unified School District are working to implement a three-day youth alcohol and drug prevention curriculum this coming school year. Along with our prevention class collaboration Sober Youth Inc. will also be launching our Play Sober 24/7 youth pledge campaign. | <urn:uuid:8f4aaf88-8244-446e-9cef-2efc8d74f17a> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.soberyouthinc.com/the-solution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583850393.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122120040-20190122142040-00372.warc.gz | en | 0.967569 | 221 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Hypochromia means that the red blood cells have less color than normal when examined under a microscope. This usually occurs when there is not enough of the pigment that carries oxygen (hemoglobin) in the red blood cells.
The most common cause of hypochromia in the United States is iron deficiency. The cause of hypochromia should be evaluated by your health care provider.
Ginder GD. Microcytic and hypochromic anemias. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007: chap 163.
Brittenham G. Disorders of Iron Metabolism: Iron Deficiency and Iron Overload. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Shattil SS, et al, eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2008:chap 36.
Review Date: 3/21/2010
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Information developed by A.D.A.M., Inc. regarding tests and test results may not directly correspond with information provided by UCSF Medical Center. Please discuss with your doctor any questions or concerns you may have. | <urn:uuid:8c4244cd-cf49-4206-8028-1ea1f57e7967> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.ucsfhealth.org/tests/003455.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298080.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00150-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.812722 | 356 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Umbilical cord is the tube connecting the fetus and placenta. It contains rich sources of Epithelial Stem Cells (EpSCs), Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) and able to differentiate into various tissues and organ cells, including cardiac, nerve, cartilage / bone, muscle and epithelial cells etc. Researches showed that MSCs can stimuate body's regeneration and the reaction of immune system It's a multi-potential cell.
Although the research in umbilical cord EpSCs and MSCs are relatively late compared with cord blood , there are more than 980 clinical trials underway using the same type of cell(primarily from bone marrow)6,7. Researchers believe that EpSCs and MSCs may help to treat various conditions such as diabetes, multiple sclerosis, heart failure, liver damage, and bone fractures in the future. Research showed that MSCs can regulate for immune response and spark body's regenerative machinery.
What are Cord Lining Stem Cells?
Cord Lining contains a high numbers of Epithelial Stem cells (EpSCs) and Mesenchymal (MSCs) stem cells which have shown immense potential in aiding the repair of injured tissues and organs and the treatment of various diseases. EpSCs form the soft tissues that connect, support, or surround other structures and organs of the body including cornea, skin, and liver. MSCs are the building blocks of structural tissues of our body such as bone, cartilage, muscle, fibrous tissues and fat. Scientist believe that the cord lining also contains other types of cells which may be useful but have yet to be discovered.
What Is The Difference between Cord Blood and Umbilical Cord ?
Cord blood is a rich source of HSCs which can create the blood immune system, while Umbilical cord is a rich source of EpSCs and MSCs which can create structural and connective tissues. Since cord blood and umbilical cord are rich sources of different types of stem cells, they may help to repair the body in different ways.HealthBaby Consultant
Merits of Umbilical Cord (MSCs)
Less polluted by radiation, viruses and medicines.
High regenerative power.
Obtain from placenta and umbilical cord, no medical risk to mother and infant.
Immediately usable after thawed, no searching time is needed.
The recipient is at lower risk of complications by cord blood transplant, no rejection for own use and low rejection when donating to others.
Lower Cost for Collection
Umbilical cord belongs to the baby, therefore no need to spend a huge amount of money for searching and purchasing | <urn:uuid:bb949de7-45fa-446e-bfcf-78e70e6b1cc3> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.healthbaby.hk/en-hk/stem-cells-basic/umbilical-cord/what-is-umbilical-cord | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655880616.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706104839-20200706134839-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.918913 | 561 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Welcome to the History guide. Throughout the guide's sections you'll find our suggestions for key resources and information in this subject area.
To get you started, here are the key shelfmark areas for your subject. The floor information is for books; print journals will have the same shelfmark but all journals are on the third floor.
Whilst the majority of the history books are under shelfmark D and E (American history), you will also find books of interest under J (politics) and U (military history). Additionally, the DC Watt Collection on Floor 1 contains resources obtained primarily for students on the MA Intelligence and Studies, but may be of interest to politics and history students and staff.
|Military and naval history||D25-27, U41|
|World War 1||D501-680|
Our discovery tool will look for books, journal articles and more in one quick easy search - a great place to start your research. For a more comprehensive search, individual databases offer greater functionality and give full access to a tailored suite of resources for your subject.
Search for books, articles, and electronic resources:
Search for books only (does not include all electronic books):
Search for full-text articles:
If I'm unavailable, Academic Liaison Librarians are available at the LibSmart Point in the Learning Commons:
This space is on the first floor of the Library, where we can help you: find your way around; find resources for your assignments, dissertations and final year projects.
Or you can pick up top tips in our LibSmart workshop sessions. | <urn:uuid:c7c972c7-37e7-4f1b-9a8a-b81adfdd84ba> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://libguides.brunel.ac.uk/history/overview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584520525.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124100934-20190124122934-00253.warc.gz | en | 0.877777 | 326 | 2.515625 | 3 |
It’s curious in hind sight that Benjamin Franklin said, “Waste not life, in the grave will be enough sleeping.” Curious for it was electricity that perhaps changed man’s routine more than anything else. From the humble light bulb to television and its advanced family of modern day entertainment, our routine is determined more and more by artificial constructs. So much so that the time when the position of the Sun used to decide the very basic activities like sleeping and waking up seems practically primitive now!
The fact that an average person spends one third of his life sleeping has been done to death by all companies from those selling mattresses to those peddling insect coils. But a fact it remains. That is how important sleep is for normal physical functioning and that is precisely why the growing incidence of sleeping disorders is so disconcerting. The immediate word that would come to one’s mind is ‘insomnia’ or ‘lifestyle disorder’. While this is largely true, there are many variables involved.
The Beauty of sleep:
Sleep is believed to be required for everything from simple rest to cognitive brain development. This is probably why kids sleep longer:
Age – Average amount of sleep per day
Newborn – up to 18 hours
1-12 months – 14–18 hours
1-3 years – 12-15 hours
3-5 years – 11-13 hours
5-12 years – 9-11 hours
Adolescents – 9-10 hours
Adults, including elderly – 7-8 (+) hours
Pregnant women – 8 (+) hours
During sleep, the body is an anabolic state, as opposed to the catabolic waking stage. Thus, it is also associated with growth and development. Growth hormone secretion decreases with lack of adequate sleep and can lead to obesity. Insulin usage may be affected leading to diabetes. Metabolism is thus is largely affected by sleep and vice versa. How many times have you complained about the large cheese sandwich you shouldn’t have had for dinner?
Blood pressure normally drops during sleep. As a result, insufficiency thereof may lead to hypertension and other cardiovascular problems.
In evolutionary terms, sleeping doesn’t make sense as it would mean elevated dangers of predation. Yet, all mammals, birds and some reptiles sleep. If resting can simply be achieved without shutting off the senses, sleep must have evolved for some other function or functions.
Many leads are yet to be proved definitively. But one thing for sure is sleep definitely decides quality of life and may even decide longevity.
The average person dreams for up to 2 hours everyday. Having said the average person sleeps a third of his life, we may spend up to a twelfth of our lives dreaming. That’s roughly 6 years!
Sigmund Freud said dreams are a cleanser of the mind. If 6 years are spent in this activity, it has to serve some purpose. Historical literature is replete with interpretation of dreams and legends thereof. Freud was amongst the first to take a modern analytical look at it. He may not have been the first but he is certainly the most popular. While contemporary science with the aid of modern technology that monitors brain activity has come much beyond the Freudian theory of repressed desires, it still makes for an interesting read.
Off course, many people still believe in prophecies and bad omens. But nightmares and night terrors can be serious problems.
Recurring dreams another staple of pulp fiction. Too much dwelling on this issue can leave one searching for meanings that are not there.
Dreams are normally associated with REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep. This is a stage of sleep when eye movement can be seen under the lids and brain activity is very similar to that while a person is awake. It has been observed that when a person does not get enough hours of sleep including REM sleep, it is observed in subsequent naps. Hence REM sleep including sleep must play a significant function. This is widely believed to be in linking and consolidation of memories and ideas.
Also, the content of dreams has been observed to be the same the world over. It is usually a feeling of falling or being chased, arriving late for an exam etc. and random happenings of the previous day.
Freud quotes Hildebrandt in his book: ‘The most shocking death in our family, the impressions of which keep us awake long into the night, is obliterated from our memories until the first moment of waking brings it back to us with distressing force. On the other hand, the wart on the forehead of a passing stranger, to whom we did not give a moment’s thought once he was out of sight, finds a place in our dreams.”
This backs the consolidation theory which we shall address a little later.
The Blackberry society:
In a competitive world where missing a deadline by a whisker may cost huge to business and being on call means somewhere in the world, a market is always open for business, getting enough sleep is going lower and lower down the priority list. A ‘nine to fiver’ is considered a sleep walker and a round-the-clock jet lag-beater is the hero of the day. Shifts and even time taken out for leisure; albeit forced, are biting into time for rest. So for those wanting to sleep later when they are dead, the good news is they may be headed there sooner rather than later.
While the West has been the trailblazer in all extremes, corporate culture is fast catching on in our country too. In a few years, most corporate hopefuls would realize the true appeal of a Government job.
The Ergonomics and Economics of sleep:
It is estimated that people suffering some or the other sort of sleeping disorder at least on a few occasions in a year; diagnosed and otherwise, may be more than half of the entire population. Rough estimates on burden on healthcare are at 16 billion dollars in the US. Effects on productivity are along similar lines. And we are not even considering run-of-the-mill day time drowsiness here. So while most Companies continue to breathe closer and harder down your neck for those Mach 3 targets, some are realizing the importance of a healthy well-rested employee vis-à-vis the caffeine abuser who is searching for a new job.
Enter the ‘Energy Pod’. No, it is not a contraption from the Star Wars, though it looks like one. It is a state of the art ‘employee rejuvenation device’ (As shown in the picture above).
Now one might say this is just next generation of bunk beds found in BPOs. Such ‘ Sleep Stations’ provide the best ergonomic position to rest in, ear phones and a cover to block out light and sound and a timer that gently wakes you up. But what is different apart from the technology is the companies’ philosophy behind it. Giants like Google and Cisco are looking at such stations at the place of work to help employees gather their thoughts. A little catnap can work wonders is what most of us have heard before. But the role of sleep in linking ideas and boosting cognition and creativity is now being paid heed to. While the sleep and stress management industries rake in the billions, most of us can’t even dream of working for such enlightened employers. However, there other measures that can be taken which we will get to further in this feature and the next one.
‘Sleep on it’
It is an expression most of us heard or used some time in our lives. When a big decision is awaiting your anxious reply and the stakes are high, nothing can work better than a good night’s sleep. The fact that a good night’s sleep is hard to achieve in such a dilemma may not be the least of your problems. There is a body of thought that believes the unconscious mind during sleep works on consolidation of ideas and memories. During sleep the mind may make some linkages or leaps that may not be possible in the waking state and you may arrive at a Eureka moment. There have been instances where people have actually reported having stumbled upon miraculous solutions in dreams, woken p and remembered.
Alternately, a rested mind is a better judge of a decision.
‘It is a common experience that a problem difficult at night is resolved in the morning after the committee of sleep has worked on it.’
Is your child sleeping well?
As mentioned earlier children require more hours of sleep. Disrupted or inadequate sleep may have long reaching effects on the child’s mental and physical development. Nightmares and bed wetting are the most common problems. Sleep apnea; i.e. sleep disruption mostly due to snoring is also fairly common and can lead to Attention Deficit and Hyperactive disorder (ADHD), learning problems, bed wetting, headaches etc. Tonsillectomy may be one of the considerations.
In addition, parents who share their bed with children are in danger of developing sleeping disorders themselves. So next time, you take your child to a Pediatrician, be sure to notice and report his or her sleeping patterns to the doctor.
So what do I do?
If you’ve taken the time out to read this feature, and are willing to make a commitment to at least try to streamline your routine so-to-speak, the first thing you’ll ask is what do I change and how many hours do I sleep?
There are now studies not only showing that less sleep leads to obesity and other health problems but also hinting that excess sleep (more than 8 hours) may increase mortality. That is a big may!
6.5 to 7 hours is the figure in vogue these days. In the unlikely event that you regularly have a choice of sleeping that long, you may want to reconsider. The issue with such research is that to pinpoint sleep or the lack of it, let alone the exact duration, as the cause or effect of morbidity and even mortality is virtually impossible. But we as a society have come so far beyond the time when sunlight and amount of exhaustion decided duration of sleep that clinical guidance is now important.
And in addition to the duration, the quality of sleep is also equally important. People who say ‘I am a light sleeper’ may be lightly sleeping on a big health issue. It is suggested that stimulating substances such as caffeine and some medications should not be consumed before sleeping. Rather stimulating activities should also be avoided. While that is something open to vivid interpretation, it also seems difficult to follow when the last things you do before sleeping are switch off your laptop or turnoff the latest cerebrally abrasive episode of the daily soap. Don’t go to bed with an empty stomach but don’t over-eat either. Repetitive activities such as concentrating on breathing or counting sheep are advised. But from personal experience, counting sheep can really get to you.
Difficulty falling asleep even when exhausted may be the first sign of a sleeping disorder. How many of us still read a book or write in a diary before going to bed? I personally think writing diaries is only useful when impossible plots of murder mysteries have to have some ending. But the point is such activities have gone from leisure to luxury due to the time crunch. And the writer of this feature is by no measure above it. One needs to do some hard prioritizing on how much to attempt to do on a given day and if multi-tasking is really working. In the long run, the decision may even be of what you really want in life! Waking up to the importance of good sleep might make the biggest difference in your life. | <urn:uuid:2254035f-9d7d-4907-b11b-02589ff9c6bf> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.healthjockey.com/2008/11/07/sleep-sleeping-patterns-and-its-impacts-on-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100651.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207090036-20231207120036-00688.warc.gz | en | 0.958614 | 2,429 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Posts by Marilyn Cole for Blog:
Trust is a concept that we do not often discuss in the context of the school environment but it is a concept that is fundamental to both the good functioning of a school and the relationships within it. The Webster dictionary defines trust as “an assured (or confident) reliance on the character, ability, strength, or truth of someone or something.”
What an amazing opportunity schools have, to build into the men and women of tomorrow. To speak into their character development and to equip them with the skills and tools to think and to contribute. To hold out to them the existence of ‘truth’, and training in the tools to pursue and find it. At a time when our culture is moving quickly towards uncertainty and relativity, a place where there is no one truth, but many truths, we have a great responsibility.
Knowing More About More, Being Better Thinkers, Being Better People
Dow explains that the benefits that come to the intellectually virtuous person can be broken down into 3 categories: we come to know more, become better thinkers, and become better people (p79).
Intellectual humility is probably the most difficult of the virtues to develop because this goes against the currents of our culture, and pride is deeply rooted in all of us (p75).
We often do what we want and then create a moral code that suits our actions……the result is a corrupted intellectual conscience that no longer values the truth, if it can still distinguish the truth from falsehood at all. Dallas Willard has argued that this results in our behaviour guiding our ethics rather than our ethics guiding our behaviour (p66). What a dangerous place to be!
Curiosity is defined as “an eager desire to know; inquisitiveness”. It asks the questions ‘why’ and ‘how’ and pursues the answers. It is often the forerunner of invention and new ideas. It is not just a state of mind but is active in its observation, investigation and exploration; in its pursuit of answers.
“Those who are fair-minded earnestly want to know the truth and thus are willing to listen in an even handed way to differing opinions, even if they already have strong views on the subject…they attempt to view the issue from the perspective of their opponents, believing they do not always have the most accurate or complete vantage point on a given issue….. they have chosen to put the truth above allegiance to their ego or cherished opinions…..” (p50)
There is something deeply satisfying about completing a task, especially when that task included significant obstacles or hardships. (p44)
Intellectual tenacity is simply dogged determination. It is this determination that in both our actions and our thinking habits often makes the difference between success and failure, fulfilment and frustration (p39).
"It is more from carelessness about truth than from intentionally lying that there is so much falsehood in the world." (p33)
The fact that we fail to be adequately careful in our thinking is usually not the fault of our intentions but simply the result of our being out of practice (p35). We are quick to defend our sloppiness with excuses like lack of time or overload of tasks and responsibilities. We may even come to believe that there is not enough time to be deliberately careful in our thinking. After all, in the everyday of life it doesn’t seem to make that much difference to the outcomes.
CS Lewis once wrote “you cannot practice any of the other virtues without bringing this one into play…it is the form of every virtue at the testing point. Honest thinking …. the courage to challenge frightening ideas and the courage to stick to your guns when you become convinced of the truth.”
Dow explains that “those who are intellectually courageous earnestly want to know the truth, and so they take risks in the pursuit of truth. They are willing to reconsider their own beliefs even if this scares them.” (p28) | <urn:uuid:8d18d1b6-4d80-4eb8-840f-69dc3fdab5e0> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://edcomm.org.au/blog/profile/marilyn-cole | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607811.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524093528-20170524113528-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.963637 | 822 | 3.34375 | 3 |
[Image: Construction in Beijing, by Sze Tsung Leong; read more about his work here].
"The bleak wetlands of Dongtan seem an unlikely place for a neo-industrial revolution," The Guardian reports from the mouth of the Yangtse River, China, "but if the project being planned for its muddy shores is successful, it could arguably change the course of global economic development."
That project is "nothing less than a new city," one that "does no appreciable damage to the earth's environment."
Known simply as Dongtan, the city will be part of a much larger, "futuristic plan to develop thousands of square miles of the mouth of the Yangtse."
New forms of international construction finance have been put to use, and sustainable building technologies never before seen on this scale are all part of the plan. "This is the biggest single development anywhere in the world, bigger even than the Beijing Olympics" – not to mention something of an embarrassment for the U.S. rebuilding of New Orleans.
To help me avoid quoting the whole article, however, go see for yourself; and more can be found at the site of Arup, Dongtan's engineers.
(Spotted at Archinect – though BLDGBLOG has reported on Dongtan before: that post includes a look at other Chinese infrastructural projects, and is worth a quick read). | <urn:uuid:0a146082-6167-40e9-94d0-31689bfcfd35> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://bldgblog.blogspot.com/2006/01/chinas-mudflat-futurism.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535921957.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014521-00264-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955558 | 288 | 2.734375 | 3 |
ATLANTA — Health officials said Friday that 76 children have died of swine flu, including 16 new reports in the past week — more evidence the new virus is unusually dangerous in kids.
The regular flu kills between 46 and 88 children a year, according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data.
With swine flu cases increasing throughout most of the country, more deaths are likely, Dr. Anne Schuchat said at a press conference Friday.
She noted that 37 states now are reporting widespread swine flu cases, up from 27 a week ago. A week ago, reports suggested that cases might be leveling off and even decreasing in some areas of the country, but that did not turn out to be an enduring national trend.
“We are seeing more illness, more hospitalizations, and more deaths,” said Schuchat, who heads the CDC’s National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases.
Meanwhile, CDC officials say states have ordered 3.7 million doses of swine flu vaccine for a campaign that started this week. Demand is exceeding supply, at least so far, and people seeking the vaccination can start by contacting their state or local health department to find out where to go, she said.
Health officials also said more data is trickling in from several clinical trials of the new vaccine, and so far no serious side effects have been reported.
Preliminary information from one study indicates that both a seasonal flu shot and a swine flu shot are effective when given during the same doctor’s office visit. However, the government is not recommending that people get the nasal spray versions of the seasonal and swine flu vaccines at the same time.
The nasal sprays contain weakened, live virus, and the government doesn’t have data on how a person’s immune system would react to exposure to both at the same time, said Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
The CDC doesn’t have an exact count of all swine flu deaths and hospitalizations, but existing reports suggest the infection has caused more than 600 deaths and more than 9,000 hospitalizations since it was first identified in April. | <urn:uuid:1c3c8724-788b-4862-b608-b7720f231d45> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://nypost.com/2009/10/09/cdc-76-kids-dead-from-swine-flu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687484.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920213425-20170920233425-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.965168 | 456 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Year 5 and 6 get a visitor.......
This term the year 5 and 6 children are studying 'Metamorphosis'. This is a change in the form and often habits of an animal during normal development after the embryonic stage. Metamorphosis includes, in insects, the transformation of a maggot into an adult fly and a caterpillar into a butterfly and, in amphibians, the changing of a tadpole into a frog.
The children were very lucky to have a visit from a member of the British Dragonfly Society on Wednesday 18th April. Dragonflies being another example of an insect that undergoes metamorphosis.
He gave the children a very interesting insight into the life cycle and habits of Dragonflies. He had brought along some Dragonflies preserved in resin for the children to look at and also some larvae. He had lots of interesting facts to share.
The children made their own dragonflies from pipe cleaners and paper.
Over the next few weeks the children will also be looking after caterpillars which they will (hopefully) be able to see change into butterflies in class.
The children also received a little booklet of information - PDF below if you are interested. | <urn:uuid:2705ea1e-4da7-4681-b56e-64934551ed88> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.robertarkenstall.co.uk/news/?pid=8&nid=1&storyid=1307 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621273.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615114909-20210615144909-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.9742 | 240 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Enterprise manufacturing intelligence
|This article does not cite any sources. (February 2013)|
Enterprise manufacturing intelligence (EMI), or simply manufacturing intelligence (MI), is a term which applies to software used to bring a corporation's manufacturing-related data together from many sources for the purposes of reporting, analysis, visual summaries, and passing data between enterprise-level and plant-floor systems. As data is combined from multiple sources, it can be given a new structure or context that will help users find what they need regardless of where it came from. The primary goal is to turn large amounts of manufacturing data into real knowledge and drive business results based on that knowledge.
AMR Research has identified five core functions every Enterprise Manufacturing Intelligence application should possess:
- Aggregation: Making available data from many sources, most often databases.
- Contextualization: Providing a structure, or model, for the data that will help users find what they need. Usually a folder tree utilizing a hierarchy such as the ISA-95 standard.
- Analysis: Enabling users to analyze data across sources and especially across production sites. This often includes the ability for true ad hoc reporting.
- Visualization: Providing tools to create visual summaries of the data to alert decision makers and call attention to the most important information of the moment. The most common visualization tool is the dashboard.
- Propagation: Automating the transfer of data from the plant-floor up to enterprise-level systems or vice versa. | <urn:uuid:1365cb70-551b-46f6-a35d-0aae7c613315> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_manufacturing_intelligence | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701164289.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193924-00008-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89991 | 307 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Bioenergy or biomass energy includes any solid, liquid or gaseous fuel, or any electric power generation that uses biomass feedstock (any material derived from plant or animal organic material) as a fuel source.
The biomass feedstock can be directly obtained from vegetation or indirectly from animal or vegetation-derived waste or waste products such as straw and animal manure.
Biogas is a mixture of gases produced by anaerobic (in the absence of oxygen) digestion of organic material: predominantly methane gas with lesser amounts of carbon dioxide and other trace gases (depending on the source of the feedstock).
Biogas can be utilized for heat or electricity providing the quality of gas is acceptable. Contaminants such as moisture, sulphur and carbon dioxide may cause serious mechanical and environmental problems if not removed; therefore, a rigorous cleanup of the biogas is required prior to use.
Economics of biogas
Biogas technology is at the market entry level and therefore, the cost to install an anaerobic digester for animal waste is still quite high (approximately $4,500/kW in 2007). A subsidy would most likely be required in order to make projects economical at this time.
We have supported research projects on low-temperature anaerobic digestion for processing hog manure.
One such operation is just outside Teulon, Manitoba. This project may eventually set the stage for a practical, low-cost methane production system that reduces odours from hog operations, lowers greenhouse gas emissions, powers space and water heating systems, and even generates electricity for on-site use or for selling to our grid.
Biomass combustion is a process which burns biomass for fuel in a special designed boiler, furnace or wood stove. These combustion chambers can be specifically designed to reduce emissions and airborne particulate.
Biomass fuels typically used for combustion normally originate from forest and agricultural residues such as bark, branches, straw, sawdust, wood chips or pellets. The process of combustion converts the biomass fuel into many forms of useful energy including hot air, hot water, steam and electricity.
Biomass can be burned alone or co-fired with another fuel, such as coal. The method of direct combustion is well established, but co-firing combustion remains at a less mature stage of development.
Although burning alone with biomass is seen as a carbon-neutral process, concerns surrounding air emissions, water consumption, and competition between food and fuel uses need to be evaluated.
Economics of biomass
After hydroelectricity, biomass combustion technology is by far the most deployed and utilized renewable energy resource in Canada.
The cost of electricity, without incentives, is between 10¢ to 12¢/kWh (2007 CDN$) for direct combustion compared to 3¢ to 5¢/kWh (2007 CDN$) for co-fired combustion (assuming that both the existing plant is fully depreciated and the cost of coal is $1.50/MMBtu).
We are currently evaluating the potential for utility-scale electrical generation based on agricultural and industrial solid biomass waste streams in Manitoba.
Landfill gas is produced by the decomposition of organic material by anaerobic (in the absence of oxygen) digestion at landfill disposal sites. It is the most common bio-gas power application.
Landfill sites generate a substantial amount of methane (approximately 50 per cent) and carbon dioxide (approximately 50 per cent), with trace amounts of other chemical constituents. In Canada alone, the methane from landfill operations contributes to approximately 1.2 million tonnes of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere each year.
This gas can be captured and utilized, thereby significantly reducing greenhouse gases and nuisance odours. The captured methane can be used in an internal combustion engine (most commonly used), gas turbine or steam turbine to generate electricity or can be directly piped to an off-site location for combustion.
Economics of landfill gas
The total installed landfill gas cost (including generation, gas clean-up and emissions control), is approximately $2,000/kW (2007 CDN$) and is expected to decrease slightly over the next 8 to 10 years.
Landfill gas project
We are presently working with the City of Winnipeg on a project to capture and manage landfill gas at the Brady Landfill site. We are studying the options for using this landfill gas.
Gasifiers are devices used to convert a solid fuel such as biomass, to a combustible gaseous fuel through a thermochemical process, under carefully regulated temperature, pressure and atmospheric conditions (using less air or oxygen). The resulting product is a fuel gas or biogas, which, like natural gas, can be burned in a gas turbine.
Biogas can also be used in a boiler to produce steam for electricity generation and can be burned directly for space heating or drying.
There are 4 main types of gasifiers: updraft, downdraft, fluidized-bed and entrained flow. Each of these is configured to operate under different conditions (temperature, pressure, flow direction, fuel mix, etc.).
The gasification process
The gasification process includes 3 main stages: pyrolysis, combustion and gasification.
- During pyrolysis, the fuel is heated, volatile constituents are released and a char residue is formed. The resulting quantity and composition of the char is dependent on the fuel type being burned.
- The combustion process occurs as the volatile compounds and a portion of the char residue reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. These 2 gases provide heat for the subsequent gasification process.
- The gasification process occurs as the char residue reacts with carbon dioxide and steam to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
Ethanol fuel is made from corn, barley, and wheat, as well as high-cellulose biomass such as trees and grasses. Ethanol is most commonly used to increase octane and improve the emissions quality of gasoline when blended, but can also be burnt directly as a fuel.
Manitoba has passed biofuels legislation to mandate the use of 10 per cent ethanol (E10) in gasoline. This will come into effect when local production can support the demand.
Higher blends of ethanol require that the vehicle be specifically designed to handle them. Some newer vehicles are designed to use 85 per cent ethanol (E85).
Biodiesel fuel is a form of diesel fuel made from vegetable or rendered animal oils in a process known as transesterification.
Biodiesel is usually blended with petroleum diesel in blends of 2 per cent (B2) or more and does not generally exceed 20 per cent (B20) in our climate, due to the formation of crystals that cause the biodiesel to gel in winter. Blending with biodiesel will reduce dependence on fossil fuel usage.
We are taking a lead in promoting biodiesel and doing our part to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Presently, biodiesel blends of B5 (winter) and B20 (summer) are used at Manitoba Hydro refuelling sites in Winnipeg. | <urn:uuid:e51af4c9-e04c-4a5c-acbd-ce9a5185baae> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.hydro.mb.ca/environment/bioenergy.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948619804.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218180731-20171218202731-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.92285 | 1,449 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Did you know?
- Construction of the Snowy Scheme officially commenced on 17 October 1949 and it was completed in 1974.
- About 100,000 people worked on the Snowy; about two-thirds of them were migrants, from over 30 countries.
- The scheme cost about $820 million and was completed on time and on budget.
- The Snowy has 16 dams, seven power stations, a pumping station, and 225 kilometres of tunnels, pipelines and aqueducts.
- The official death toll during construction was 121.
- Guthega power station generated the first Snowy electricity on 21 February 1955.
- Lake Eucumbene, the largest reservoir in the Snowy, has a capacity nine times that of Sydney Harbour.
- Talbingo Dam has the highest wall – 161.5 metres.
- Khancoban Dam has the longest crest length – 1066.8 metres – but the lowest height of 18.3 metres.
- Many world records for hard-rock tunnel-drilling were set; in 1963, the Australian company Thiess drilled 165 metres in a six-day week in the Snowy-Geehi tunnel.
- In June 2002 the Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Authority ceased to be a Commonwealth Government agency and became a corporation, Snowy Hydro Limited; the New South Wales, Victorian and Commonwealth governments are shareholders.
- In 1967 the American Society of Engineers nominated the Snowy Scheme as one of the engineering wonders of the world.
- The Snowy Scheme pioneered the compulsory use of seat belts in vehicles.
- Snowy scientists and engineers refined the technique of rockbolting – the use of tension bolts to compress broken or jointed rock into a self-supporting arch structure – a world ranking achievement in civil engineering and mining.
> Back to main Power for the People page | <urn:uuid:b2e4305a-3981-4ae0-ad0e-6f9dcb66ee6c> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://naa.gov.au/collection/snapshots/power/did-you-know.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948521188.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213030444-20171213050444-00624.warc.gz | en | 0.935676 | 382 | 3.078125 | 3 |
It’s been known for some time that Toronto is an incredibly expensive city in which to live. But a new report from the Toronto Foundation really hammers home how tough it can be out there.
The Vital Signs report says Toronto is Canada’s working-age poverty capital, meaning it has the country’s highest poverty rates for adults who are of working age — older than 18 but not yet retired. It’s not doing much better for other people either: it has the second highest poverty rate in Canada for both children and seniors. Only Winnipeg has higher child poverty rates, and Vancouver has higher senior poverty rates.
Earlier: Immigrants in Toronto today are earning less than newcomers in 1980. Story continues after the video.
David Hulchanski, a professor at University of Toronto’s Faculty of Social Work, had some of his research included in the report. He said Toronto’s working poor level has been increasing over the past 10 years.
“[It means] adults working full-time or almost full-time and not earning enough to clear the poverty level, not earning enough to live on for themselves or their families,” he said.
The divide is also highly racial, and hits Black Torontonians particularly hard.
“More and more people having jobs that don’t pay enough to live on. And then it’s highly racialized: a smaller percentage of white Torontonians are among the working poor but for racialized groups it’s much higher and then for the Black population of Toronto it’s even higher,” he said.
“It doesn’t matter whether you’re an immigrant or Canadian-born when it comes to the Black population but it does matter to other groups.”
For working-age adults, Toronto has a lot of challenges. While unemployment rates are dropping and the city’s gross domestic product grew by 3.2 per cent annually between 2011 and 2016, income inequality is worse than ever. In fact, Toronto has the most income inequality in the country.
Over half a million people live in poverty in Toronto, and rates are higher in marginalized populations like Indigenous people, racialized communities, and newcomers.
We need to talk about segregation and discrimination more than we currently do.David Hulchanski
Different groups in Toronto have dramatically different experiences: over the past 35 years, white people in the city have seen their income grow 60 per cent while racialized people have only seen theirs grow one per cent, the report states. This difference could be in part due to the growth of non-standard (contract, temporary) jobs that often go to racialized populations and newcomers. When gender is taken into account, the difference becomes even more stark. The report says that in 2015, a racialized woman in Toronto had an average annual income of $39,861 while a white man had an average of $89,157.
“What the labour market pays people is vitally important and compared to 30 or 40 years ago, there’s just way more part-time jobs, jobs without benefits, minimum-wage jobs… And of course the rise of the so-called gig economy,” Hulchanski said. “People are doing their best to scrape a living together.”
Toronto is also growing into a more segregated city, due in part to this growing difference in wealth.
“In high-income neighbourhoods, 73 per cent of residents are white compared to only 31 per cent in low-income neighbourhoods,” the report notes. The number of middle-income neighbourhoods are also shrinking, with more and more Torontonians falling into either the high or low groups.
“We need to talk about segregation and discrimination more than we currently do,” Hulchanski said.
“Despite our self-image, Toronto does not work for all. In fact, for a growing majority, life in the city poses a serious struggle, and the trend lines suggest things will get worse before they get better,” Sharon Avery, president and CEO of the Toronto Foundation, said in a press release. “We’ve compiled more data than ever before and the evidence is clear: inequality is the new normal.”
In terms of housing, the situation in the city is unsustainable for many. House ownership costs have grown four times faster than income, while rental costs have grown twice as fast as income. The number of new rental units has also not kept up with the how fast the city’s population is growing.
Torontonians pay more of their income on rent than most other Canadians, but the report points out that they also make about $4,507 less than their counterparts in other parts of the country. Most financial experts recommend spending no more than 30 per cent of household income on housing — 76 per cent of Toronto renters making under $50,000 a year in their household spent much more than that on a place to live. The city’s official count of homeless people in shelters has grown a staggering 69 per cent in just five years.
“Indigenous peoples, racialized populations, including Black people, LGBTQ2S+, and transgender people, are far more likely to be homeless,” the report states.
“There’s this huge disparity between what white and non-white people earn and where white and non-white people live,” Hulchanski told HuffPost Canada.
There’s a much greater opportunity right for some people based on geography and income alone but also gender.David Hulchanski
He explained that growing up in a wealthy neighbourhood is linked to future success and wealth because children that grow up in those areas have more resources, their parents have the means to spend more time with them, and they’re surrounded by wealthy people to network with which perpetuates the cycle of wealth inequality. Black Torontonians, for example, are highly segregated to two major areas: north Etobicoke and Scarborough, and that correlates to their chances of growing their wealth in the future.
“There’s a much greater opportunity for some people based on geography and income alone but also gender.”
“The old ways aren’t working. New voices and new actors are needed at the table to fight inequality,” Avery also noted.
Part of why the situation in Toronto is so grim is because the city is growing at such an accelerated pace — its population is growing at the fastest rate in North America, so problems that affect communities across the continent are even more stark.
Watch: Torontonians talk about the impact of soaring housing costs. Story continues below.
With all these issues, it’s no wonder Toronto is probably Canada’s unhappiest city, especially for young people, according to the report. Still, it’s not all bad news and the Toronto Foundation also makes sure to highlight organizations striving to make positive change in the city so the report’s readers can support them. It also lays out policy changes that government can enact to promote improvement.
Mainly, new residential buildings designed primarily for renting must be built, but short-term rentals need to be regulated as well. Another suggestion is making sure developers have incentives to build units that are profitable but also help deal with the city’s housing crisis. It also recommends legislating more health benefits and employment insurance for people in precarious jobs.
Democratic system needs to change
Hulchanski also said that change needs to happen in our democracy for things to improve. The first-past-the-post system is flawed because it allows a party without the majority of votes to hold the majority of seats and often make decisions that most voters don’t agree with.
Locally, Hulchanski thinks change is even more needed — and that ranked ballots are the way to go.
“We have a number of great candidates running in many of the wards or districts and a few of them could be similar and they split the vote and somebody the majority doesn’t like happens to win,” he said.
“Introducing ranked ballots at the municipal level, which is a current campaign that a number of people are promoting, will help a lot and produce a more representative City Council.”
Something does need to change, however. Inequality was lessening into the ’80s and ’90s, Hulchanski said, but something shifted and we started to move towards greater inequality — inequality fosters anger, and leads to people taking that anger out through violence instead of organizing democratically.
The 2019 Vital Signs report was released by the Toronto Foundation and looks at the big picture through a study of nearly 300 data sources. Along with income and housing, the report also analyzes the state of Toronto in the categories of work, culture, environment, transportation, civic engagement, health, learning and safety.
CORRECTION: A previous version of this story had an incorrect qualifier for David Hulchanski. | <urn:uuid:b18dc2e8-cec1-4652-9996-e13bf2498851> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/toronto-poverty-capital-working-age_ca_5da3a7dee4b02c9da04c8d54?ncid=other_trending_qeesnbnu0l8&utm_campaign=trending | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669183.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117142350-20191117170350-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.966714 | 1,882 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Source | industry.siliconindia.com
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) refers to the extension and use of the internet of things (IoT) in industrial sectors and applications. Though IIoT is a technology that has seen many turns in the past, it is still continuing to evolve and create new value for industries, especially manufacturing 4.0. With the outcome of smart devices, sensors, transmission systems, the IIoT value chain continues to grow giving IIoT a whole new scope of functionalities altogether.
“Digital Twins are expected to enhance the training processes in manufacturing plants for new or existing employees”
Consider some facts that have come to light in the past couple of years. It is estimated that 60 percent of global manufacturers will use analytics data tracked using connected devices to optimise manufacturing processes. Close to USD 70 billion will be invested by manufacturers in IIOT by 2020. If used optimally, IIOT can help the manufacturing sector reduce product development and assembly costs by 50 percent. These are some staggering statistics only because IIOT will find application in virtually every domain of the manufacturing industry starting from facility management to inventory management to enhancing quality control, increase plant safety and security to optimize the logistics and supply chain of a plant. | <urn:uuid:5f4bea54-661d-48e5-a260-2497ce9d3b54> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://humanengineers.com/industrial-automation-in-2020-trends-and-strategy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704798089.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126042704-20210126072704-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.913552 | 270 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Name: John * STONE
Birth: BET 1572 AND 1578 in Croston, Lancashire, England
Death: 8 AUG 1606 in CT
BIOGRAPHY OF JOHN & JOAN STONE
JOHN STONE, #11,264 on my lineage chart, son of Richard Stone and Isabel Girdier, was born ca. 1575 in Parrish of Croston, Lancashire, England during the reign of good Queen Bess. Except for the religious strife, Elizabeth was extremely popular with her subjects. She chose able and wise advisors. Religion was her initial problem as queen. She reverted to Protestantism after the death of Queen Mary I. Her first Parliament had Protestant majority. Parliament passed between 1559 and 1563 religious legislation that became the doctrinal basis for the Church of England Catholics and Puritans were persecuted throughout her reign.
National confidence being restored, England was able to develop industrially and economically on a national scale. She grew into a great maritime power after the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Foreign trade was encouraged. In the eyes of England "Elizabeth was England", known as the "Virgin Queen". With the aid of the Roman Catholics, Elizabeth's cousin, Mary Queen of Scots who she had befriended plotted to gain the throne from Elizabeth. The plot was discovered. Mary,Queen of Scots was executed in 1585 when Richard Stone was 10 years old.
Elizabeth;Elizabeth's popularity waned at the end of her reign because of her heavy expenditures and her abuse of royal power. Her policies had become weaker. Her reign was disturbed by a revolt in Ireland led by Hugh O'Neill, the second earl of Essex. He was executed in 1601. Elizabeth died on March 23, 1603 in London.
John Stone married Joan at the turn of the 16th & 17th century. They were Puritans. They raised 6 children in England.
James I, son of Mary, Queen of Scots succeeded Elizabeth I to the English throne in 1603. She was the last ruler from the House of Tudor. James I was the first English ruler from the House of Stuart.
From the very first, James I alienated the Puritans. However, he did have the Bible translated into the English language. The strict Puritans were growing and disturbing England's religious peace. They were making a commitment to stricter morality. James I was very harsh with them. The Puritans had grown greatly dissatisfied whit the Church of England which they felt were still too close to the Roman Catholics. Religious unrest reached its height when William Laud became Archbishop[ of Canterbury in the 1630s. A Roman Catholic conspiracy, "the Gunpowder Plot" to blow up Parliament in 1605 confirmed the English's fear of Rome.
In 1607, England began planting colonies in America. Some of the Puritans were fleeing to Holland and then to Plymouth, New England in 1620. James I died in 1625 and was succeeded by Charles I. During the wars that followed, Charles I was defeated and beheaded. Oliver Cromwell,a staunch Puritan became the ruler of England. Cromwell had a difficult task of holding England in a Puritan course.
I am inclined to believe that John Stone and his family were staunch Puritans. John Stone migrated to Virginia with 3 of his sons, William, John and Matthew in 1648.
John and Joan Stone's, son, WILLIAM STONE,II who married VERLINDA COTTON and became Governor of Maryland is my 11th great grandfather.
(written by Mildred R. Jenkins, Williamstown, Ky on Mar. 9,2000)
From "Pillars of Maryland" by Francis Sims McGrath: p. 111:
" Gov. Stone was important in his day in VA as well as MD, but his father, Captain John Stone, was a more amusing member of the family. The carousals of this gentleman with Gov. Van Twiller of Manhattan have gained a place in history. On one of these cheerful occasions his prank was to seize a New England and force the crew to steer for VA. When followed and brought back, Van Twiller saved him from punishment in Manhattan, but New England brooded over the insult. His folly having taken him to Massachusetts bay, Miles Standish traveled from Plymouth to prosecute him for piracy. He was also charged with adultery, and a few other offences of the kind, all of which he staved off until he referred to Justice Lodlow, the trial judge as "Just Ass Lodlow", a brutal play on the word justice. His other crimes were forgiven but for those words of ridicule he was heavily fined. Proceeding to Plymouth, he threatened Gov. Bradford with a dagger before sailing into the Connecticut River to make the last mistake of his life. He quarreled with the Pequot Indians, who listened for a time to his sharp tongue and then silently killed him. This led to the Pequot War which caused the death of many innocent people, so one mischief led to another and all stemming from revelries in Manhattan, as many mischiefs do to this day."
courtesy Larry R Alexander [email protected]
Father: Richard * de Croston STONE b: 1540 in Croston, Lancashire, England
Mother: Elizabeth Isabelle * GIRDIER b: 1553 in Carr Parish, Yorkshire, England
Katherine GRIFFIN b: ABT 1581
in Lancashire, England
- Katherine STONE b: BEF 8 APR 1595
- John STONE b: ABT 1600
- William * STONE b: 1603 in Northampton Co, England or Twiston, Lancashire Co, England
- Bridget STONE b: ABT 1604
- Andrew STONE b: ABT 1605
- Mathew STONE b: BEF 1606
- Richard STONE b: ABT 1606
Joan UNKNOWN b: ABT 1581 in Northhampton, England
in Banbury, Cheshire, England 2
Jennett UNKNOWN b: ABT 1579
10 AUG 1600
in Croston, Bretherton, Lancashire, England
- Title: Marion Co, KY Marriages Vickie [email protected]
- Title: Chet [email protected] | <urn:uuid:373b0286-e3dd-469f-be67-2e6a9253cfc3> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=madagtenet&id=I42798 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982967939.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200927-00190-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974842 | 1,316 | 2.96875 | 3 |
If you find yourself walking along the beaches of the English Channel, you might come across a mat of green goo, as if someone had tipped a jar of mint sauce onto the beach. But if you get down on your hands and knees, and stare at the goo with a magnifying glass, you’ll see its true nature.
Little green worms, each just a few millimetres long, writhing together in their millions.
Their formal name is Symsagittifera roscoffensis, but Channel Islanders call them mint sauce worms for obvious reasons. Their green colour comes from the algae in their bodies, which provide them with nutrients by harnessing the sun’s energy. The algae also gave the creatures their other name, favoured by early 20th century biologists: “plant-animals.”
One of those biologists, Frederick Keeble, wrote a whole book about these creatures in 1901. Eight decades later, Nigel Franks from the University of Bristol picked up a copy at a second-hand bookstore for the princely sum of 50 pence. Intrigued, he set out to find them, and it took him several trips to the island of Guernsey to do so. “It’s hard to find a patch of them but once you find them, they’re there in huge numbers,” he says. “They’re hugely impressive. When you see them, you’ll think they’re algae.”
Franks scooped up a group of them and started studying their behaviour. He quickly realised that if he added enough of them to the same pool of shallow water, they’d start swimming in mesmerising circular mills, with hundreds of individuals in rotating green rings. “They did them at the drop of a hat,” says Franks. “It was such a telltale symptom of really strong social interactions.”
Having spent most of his career studying the collective behaviour of ants, Franks was the perfect audience for the worms’ display. He knew that many other social animals will produce circular mills, for varying reasons. Army ants do it if you isolate a group of them, slavishly following each other’s chemical trails until they die from exhaustion. Fish do it when confronted by predators. Even virtual animals will form mills if you program them with simple rules. So what about the worms?
By studying videos of the animals, Franks and his colleagues showed that they interact strongly with one another, often swimming in parallel with just a millimetre between them. As their densities increase, they grew disproportionately closer. The mills, it seems, arise from these close-quarter interactions, and from the worms’ tendency to curve in a particular direction. (It’s notable that almost all the mills spin clockwise.)
Using this information, Franks’ colleague Alan Worley built a computer simulation in which virtual worms behaved according to simple rules, and yet spontaneously produced circular mills just like their real counterparts.
“But many different models of individual interactions can reproduce the same kind of collective patterns,” says Guy Therauluz, another collective motion researcher at Paul Sabatier University. “Deciphering the real social interactions at work between worms is a task that remains to be done.”
Franks plans to do that. It’s possible, he says, that the worms are dribbling some kind of chemical behind themselves, which the others follow. Or perhaps they are reacting to turbulence in the water. “The rules have yet to be worked out,” he says.
He also wants to know why the worms behave in this way and he has a fascinating suggestion. Perhaps the worms are social sunbathers. By gathering in large mats of biofilms, bound together by mucus that they themselves secrete, they can stabilise their position on sandy beaches or tidepools. In Franks’ words, they “behave collectively as a social seaweed”.
Individual worms are also known to head towards light sources that are almost too bright for them, and would max out the abilities of their algal partners. They could deal with that problem in a mat by ducking down into the darker centre once they’ve had their fill of light. Franks compares them to emperor penguins huddling against bitter Antarctic winds: these flocks continuously rotate as individuals at the edge wheedle their way into the centre.
Dora Biro from the University of Oxford praises Franks’ attempt to explain not just the how of the collective motion, but also the why—something that has been overlooked by scientists in this field. “The hypothesis is very interesting,” she says. “It would be great to find support for it through future work, including observations in the wild on the formation of the biofilm, and the role of milling in the process.”
Franks is just getting started with the mint sauce worms, but he sees them as great subjects for understanding collective behaviour in animals. Other scientists have analysed their bodies, the way they grow, and their powers of regeneration—but only ever one at a time. “I suspect that if people looked at populations more, as we have been fortunate enough to do with these things, they’d see more and more examples of strange microscopic organisms showing social behaviour like this,” Franks says. | <urn:uuid:efaedd7c-eb59-4c69-85e5-72a859e46341> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/23/green-mint-sauce-worms-may-be-social-sunbathers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645943.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318184945-20180318204945-00664.warc.gz | en | 0.970587 | 1,124 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Approaching Disorders from All Angles: The NDPC at D-H
You will not find centers anywhere in the U.S. where such experts are working together from such diverse disciplines."
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an equal opportunity disability; it occurs in all racial, ethnic and socioeconomic groups. ASD is almost five times more common among boys (1 in 42) than among girls (1 in 189). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in the U.S., approximately 1 in 68 children has been identified on the autism spectrum. One in 6 children had a developmental or intellectual disability (2006-2008) ranging from mild to severe, from cerebral palsy to autism.
Beyond these statistics are children and families that the Neurodevelopmental Child Psychiatry Clinic (NDPC) at Dartmouth-Hitchcock (D-H) was created to help by providing a comprehensive plan for the care of each child.
The NDPC “is a very unique clinic,” Stephen H. Mott, MD, director of the Child Development Program at D-H explains. To listen to Dr. Mott discuss autism diagnosis and treatment on NPR see link at end of story. Mott has worked with children dealing with developmental disorders for almost three decades. “You will not find centers anywhere in the U.S. where such experts are working together from such diverse disciplines. We see kids who are absolutely the most complex.” The multidisciplinary clinic is a diagnostic and evaluative resource staffed with specialists from diverse areas. Mott, a developmental cognitive neurologist, works closely with Jennifer McLaren, MD, assistant professor of psychiatry, and Arthur C. Maerlender, Jr., PhD, neuropsychologist, both from the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth.
There is also a diversity of disorders according to McLaren: “We see children with autism, which is a neurological-developmental disorder, but the clinic’s purpose is actually much broader than that. We diagnose genetic and metabolic syndromes, Down syndrome, intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, and traumatic brain injury. We see rare disorders like fragile x and genetic issues, but also fetal alcohol exposure, which is pretty common.”
A child with one of these conditions may have to seek help from several disciplines, says Mott, “but traditionally these patients are seen independently by care providers, however, it’s really important to put our expertise together at the same time.” This inclusive approach is also important because often a child is experiencing co-occurring disorders or conditions. McLaren agrees, “We really see the clinic as one point of care with multiple perspectives, all focused on one child. That is what allows us to do a comprehensive evaluation.”
“Families usually come to us when they have a child who is struggling in the community and home,” says McLaren, “Parents and schools are overwhelmed and no one knows how to approach the issues.” After a thorough diagnostic evaluation the clinic provides a recommended course of treatments, accommodations and resources.
The evaluation is a two-day process that includes neuropsychological and psychiatric testing, as well as a physical and neurological exam. McLaren points out, “Each child receives an evaluation based on their needs. It’s tailored to the family and school’s concerns, and what has already been done in the community. Also, we look at a child’s IQ, attention and executive functioning—their cognitive strengths and weakness, how they learn and understand information.”
Before they do anything, Mott says, “We first take a careful history of what the problems are. We do this primarily with the parents, who may bring school representatives. We review all medical, developmental and school histories. We also meet with the child to hear their concerns.”
Once all of the information has been reviewed and the testing is completed, Mott, McLaren and Maerlender along with the rest of the care team, including child psychiatry fellows, meet together and come up with a recommended course of action. Once the report is written, it is reviewed with the family and they are given a copy. The parents can also choose to have copies of the report given to others including their child’s primary care physician and school.
“We provide lots of recommendations and approaches,” says McLaren, “from therapy and behavioral recommendations, to school accommodation or psychiatric medication, follow-ups for neurologic workups looking for possible seizure disorders or possible genetic testing.” Beyond that, the clinic provides suggestions for parenting approaches in the home, and other resources and support in the community.
Families travel from all over New Hampshire, eastern Vermont, southern Maine, and northern Massachusetts to the NDPC due to the uniqueness and quality of the services offered, including working with the families to receive care with within their community. “We are really invested in the medical home [a model of comprehensive, coordinated care close to home], and sending our recommendations back into their community, connecting families with resources so they can receive therapy from their local health centers, and support from their school districts,” says McLaren. “However, if there are struggles or concerns we are still here for the families and they can contact us.”
“Children come to us primarily after being referred by their primary care physician,” says Mott, “but also by psychiatry, neurology, or by our own child development area. If a primary care physician is not involved in the process from the beginning, then within the patients’ community there is no medical home to take over care and support, which is an integral part of the process.
The medical home and close-to-home community resources are extended partners of the NDPC. “I think these children are a patient population we are all really invested in,” McLaren notes. It is this wide-reaching, multidisciplinary team care approach, and the individualized comprehensive evaluations, that are effective and unique aspects of the clinic. “I think children and families really benefit from that,” Mott adds. “Collectively, we are interested in helping families navigate and cope with the difficulties that come with these diagnoses.” Families come in looking for answers; they leave not only with a documented plan, but also with hope.
Dr. McLaren demystifies the new autism classifications in this article, Reclassifying Autism Spectrum Disorders for ParentingNH.com | <urn:uuid:9569b694-a146-4fe4-9795-9e7469d9b430> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.dartmouth-hitchcock.org/stories/article/21173 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049270798.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002110-00155-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964536 | 1,351 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Number of forest fires and burnt area in the EU Mediterranean countries
Created 12 Nov 2009
Published 12 Nov 2009
Last modified 29 Nov 2012, 11:39 AM
The figure shows the number of forest fires and burnt area in the EU Mediterranean area
For references, please go to www.eea.europa.eu/soer or scan the QR code.
This briefing is part of the EEA's report The European Environment - State and Outlook 2015. The EEA is an official agency of the EU, tasked with providing information on Europe's environment.
PDF generated on 30 Jul 2016, 09:31 AM | <urn:uuid:57542509-12ba-447b-b73f-b1010e1062d1> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/number-of-forest-fires-and-burnt-area-in-the-eu-mediterranean-countries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257832942.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071032-00085-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.768308 | 127 | 2.5625 | 3 |
with Eafa and Eadbert, two leaders of the Mercians, rebelled against Oswy; but at last, by Cadwalla’s command, made peace with him. At length, after forty-eight years were expired, that most noble and potent king of the Britons, Cadwalla, being grown infirm with age and sickness, departed this life upon the fifteenth before the kalends of December. The Britons embalmed his body, and placed it with wonderful art in a brazen statue, which was cast according to the measure of his stature. This statue they set up with complete armour, on an admirable and beautiful brazen horse, over the western gate of London, for a monument of the above-mentioned victory, and for a terror to the Saxons. They also built under it a church in honour of St. Martin, in which divine ceremonies are celebrated for him and the others who departed in the faith.
Chapter 14. Cadwallader succeeds Cadwalla.
He was succeeded in the kingdom by Cadwallader, his son, whom Bede calls the youth Elidwalda. At first he maintained the government with peace and honour; but after twelve years’ enjoyment of the crown, he fell into a fit of sickness, and a civil war broke out among the Britons. His mother was Penda’s sister, by the same father but a different mother, descended from the noble race of the Gewisseans. For Cadwalla, after his reconciliation with her brother, made her the partner of his bed, and had Cadwallader by her.
Chapter 15. The Britons are compelled, by pestilence and famine, to leave Britain. Cadwallader’s lamentation.
During his sickness, the Britons, (as we said before,) quarrelling among themselves, made a wicked destruction of a rich country; and this again was attended with another misfortune. For this besotted people was punished with a grievous and memorable famine; so that every province was destitute of all sustenance, except what could be taken in hunting. After the famine followed a terrible pestilence, which in a short time destroyed such multitudes of people, that the living were not sufficient to bury the dead. Those of them that remained, flying their country in whole troops together, went to the countries beyond the sea, and while they were under sail, they with a mournful howling voice sang, “Thou hast given us, O God, like sheep appointed for meat, and hast scattered us among the heathen.” Also Cadwallader himself, in his voyage, with his miserable fleet to Armorica, made this addition to the lamentation, “Woe to us sinners, for our grievous impieties, wherewith we have not ceased to provoke God, while we had space for repentance. Therefore the revenge of his power lies heavy upon us, and drives us out of our native soil, which neither the Romans of old, nor the Scots or Picts afterwards, nor yet the treacherous Saxons with all their craft, were able to do. But in vain have we recovered our country so often from them; since it was not the will of God that we should perpetually hold the government of it. He who is the true Judge, when he saw we were by no means to be reclaimed from our wickedness, and that no human power could expel our race, was willing to chastise our folly himself; and has turned his anger against us, by which we are driven out in crowds from our native country. Return, therefore, ye Romans; return, Scots and Picts; return, Ambrons and Saxons: behold, Britain lies open to you, being by the wrath of God made desolate, which you were never able to do. It is not your valour that expels us; but the power of the supreme King, whom we have never ceased to provoke.”
Chapter 16. Cadwallader with his people goes to Alan. The Saxons seize all Britain.
With these dolorous complaints he arrived at the Armorican coast, and went with his whole company to king Alan, the nephew of Salomon by whom he was honourably received. So that Britain, being now destitute of its ancient inhabitants, excepting a few in Wales that escaped the general mortality, became a frightful place even to the Britons themselves for eleven years after. Neither was it at the same time more favourable to the Saxons, who died in it without intermission. Notwithstanding the remainder of them, after this raging plague was ceased, according to their old custom sent word over to their countrymen, that the island of Britain was now freed of its native inhabitants, and lay open to them, if they would come over and inhabit it. As soon as they had received this information, that odious people, gathering together an innumerable multitude of men and women, arrived in Northumberland, and inhabited the provinces that lay desolate from Albania to Cornwall. For there was now nobody to hinder them, excepting the poor remains of the Britons, who continued together. in the thickets of the woods in Wales. From that time the power of the Britons ceased in the island, and the Angles began their reign. | <urn:uuid:b4013a78-90d8-4117-8e7d-bf4e102d3751> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.globalfolio.net/medievalist/eng/g/geoffrey_monmouth/index0084.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542714.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00245-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983278 | 1,082 | 2.78125 | 3 |
About 11 million people worldwide, according to the New York Times, and about a million in the United States, according to Time, belong to an ethnic group known as the Roma or Romani. They are more commonly called Gypsies or travelers.
The term Gypsy, considered to be mildly derogative, according to the Families for Russian and Ukrainian Adoption organization (FRUA), is a holdover from when it was thought these people came from Egypt. However, a study published in 2012 concluded that Romani populations have a high frequency of a particular Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA that are only found in populations from South Asia. It is now thought that the Roma people migrated to Europe from India about 1,500 years ago.
Often, many groups are lumped together into the classification of "Gypsy." The Romani people can include ethnic groups who are spread out all over the world, according to Open Society Foundations. Their cultures may vary somewhat, but they have common ties. Some groups that are considered Roma are Romanichals of England, Beyash from Croatia, the Kalé of Wales and Finland, Romanlar from Turkey and Domari from Palestine and Egypt. The travelers of Ireland are not Roma, but they are considered Gypsies by many.
The Romani people faced discrimination because of their dark skin and were once enslaved by Europeans. They have been portrayed as cunning, mysterious outsiders who tell fortunes and steal before moving on to the next town. In fact, the term “gypped” is probably an abbreviation of Gypsy, meaning a sly, unscrupulous person, according to NPR.
Also, as a matter of survival, the Romani were continuously on the move. They developed a reputation for a nomadic lifestyle and a highly insular culture. Because of their outsider status and migratory nature, few attended school and literacy was not widespread. Much of what is known about the culture comes through stories told by singers and oral histories. "A people’s culture needs to be looked at in the context of that people’s development, and no culture [should] be judged to be intrinsically superior or inferior to another," Cristina De Rossi, an anthropologist at Barnet and Southgate College in London, told Live Science.
The Roma do not have an official faith and n the past, they typically disdained organized religion. Today, they often adopt the predominant religion of the country where they are living, according to FRUA, and describe themselves as "many stars scattered in the sight of God." Some Roma groups are Catholic, Muslim, Pentecostal, Protestant, Anglican or Baptist, according to Open Society Foundations.
The Roma live by a complex set of rules that govern things such as cleanliness, purity, respect, honor and justice. These rules are referred to as what is "Rromano." Rromano means to behave with dignity and respect as a Roma person, according to FRUA. "Rromanipé" is what the Romani refer to as their worldview.
Though the groups of Roma are varied, they all do speak one language. This language is called Rromanës, or the Romani language. Rromanës is related to a northern Indian dialect, called Punjab, and is spoken by about 5 to 6 million Roma people throughout Europe and the United States, according to FRUA.
Typically, Gypsies love opulence. In day-to-day life, Roma women wear gold jewelry and headdresses decorated with coins as a display of prosperity and generosity towards others, according to the FRUA.
Weddings are huge affairs with large, custom-made wedding dresses. Often, the girls in a group will compete to see who can have the largest, most extravagant wedding dress. Some of this has been documented in the American show My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding.
Traditionally, anywhere from 10 to several hundred extended families form bands, or kumpanias, which travel together in caravans. Each band is lead by a voivode, whom the families elect for lifetime. This person is their chieftain. A senior woman in the band, called a phuri dai, looks after the welfare of the group’s women and children.
Smaller alliances, called vitsas, are formed within the bands and are made up of families who are brought together through common ancestry.
The Roma place great value on extended families, according to FRUA. Families typically involve multiple generations living together, including unmarried young and adult children and a married son, his wife and their children. By the time an older son is ready to establish his own household, a younger son often will have married and brought his wife and children into the family.
Romani typically marry young — often in their teens — and many marriages are arranged. Weddings are typically very elaborate, involving very large and colorful dress for the bride and her many attendants. Though during the courtship phase, girls are encouraged to dress provocatively, sex is something that is not had until after marriage, according to The Learning Channel. Some groups have declared that no girl under 16 and no boy under 17 will be married, according to the BBC.
The Roma have a long history of training, trading and caring for animals. They also have worked as metal smiths, and repaired utensils and sold household goods they made themselves, according to FRUA. Many worked as traveling entertainers, using their rich musical background to earn money.
The Roma today
While there are still traveling bands of Gypsies, most use cars and RVs to move from place to place rather than the horses and wagons of the past.
Today, most have settled into houses and apartments and are not readily distinguishable. Because of continued discrimination, many do not publicly acknowledge their roots and only reveal themselves to other Romani.
While there is not a physical country affiliated with the Romani people, the International Romani Union was officially established in 1977. In 2000, The 5th World Romany Congress in 2000 officially declared Romani a non-territorial nation.
April 8 is International Day of the Roma, a day to raise awareness of the issues facing the Roma community and celebrate the Romani culture.
Additional reporting by Kim Ann Zimmermann, Live Science Contributor | <urn:uuid:67a30f1f-893f-437f-8dc4-38f4c9c9a8a4> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.livescience.com/44512-gypsy-culture.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982293615.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195813-00059-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971158 | 1,300 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Four-hundred-thousand-year-old human remains found deep in the Pit of Bones— a cave 43 feet under the ground in northern Spain — could hold the secrets of our origin. For now, however, the first analysis of ancient human genetic material has created more questions than answers.
"Right now, we've basically generated a big question mark," study researcher Matthias Meyer, of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany, told The New York Times.
The Pit of Bones was discovered in the 1970s and scientists have been studying it and the bones it contains ever since. So far they've found the bones of 28 ancient humans, tentatively classified as Homo heidelbergensis, dating back hundreds of thousands of years.
The 400,000-year-old bones were originally thought to belong to ancient relatives of Neanderthals, a species of ancient hominin on a different branch of the evolutionary tree than our ancestors, based on their size and shape.
But the new genetic information published Dec. 4 in the journal Nature has thrown that assumption into question.
The researchers used a completely new technique to isolate the DNA from a thigh bone, which they say wouldn't even have been possible a year ago.
Previously, the oldest human DNA ever sequenced was a paltry 100,000 years old.
The genetic material they sequenced is not the DNA we traditionally think of but the specialized DNA that runs our cell's energy-making machine (the mitochondria) and is passed down only from the mother.
This mitochondrial DNA indicated that these ancient humans, though they looked like Neanderthals, were more genetically related (or, at least their mitochondria were) to another ancient human species, the Denisovians.
The Denisovians are a completely different, also dead, branch of the human evolutionary tree. They are known to have lived about 80,000 years ago in East Asia. The bones from those Denisovians don't look like Neanderthals or like the 400,000-year-old bones that researchers have found in the pit.
Finding their DNA thousands of miles and hundreds of thousands of years away from where we thought Denisovians evolved throws everything we know about ancient humans and how they spread out around the globe and evolved into distinct species into question.
"It's extremely hard to make sense of," Meyer told The NYT. "We still are a bit lost here."
The DNA isolated from these ancient bones suggests that there could have been many more species of ancient humans than we thought.
Another possibility is that these mysterious people found in the Pit of Bones were the evolutionary ancestors of both the Neanderthals and Denisovians. The mitochondrial DNA might have disappeared from the Neanderthals at some point but remained with the Denisovians, the researchers said.
This builds upon other findings, presented Nov. 18 at a meeting on ancient DNA at the Royal Society and reported by Nature News, that indicated that ancient humans interbred with not just Neanderthals and Denisovians, but also another mystery relative. The researchers on that study suggest that it could have been the ancient human species Homo erectus, which came along a few million years ago, then disappeared from the fossil record right before modern humans.
Ben Shapiro, an ancient DNA researcher from the University of California, Santa Cruz, suggested to The New York Times that Homo erectus could be the species in the Pit of Bones as well.
The only way to find answers is to sequence more of the ancient DNA in the pit and from other ancient human fossils. | <urn:uuid:8093f1ed-3b43-440d-b3fe-8817173b350f> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.businessinsider.com/400000-year-old-human-dna-in-pit-of-bones-2013-12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593004.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722022235-20180722042235-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.962798 | 732 | 4.03125 | 4 |
5.1.3. Seeing and telescope aperture
Since the atmospherie-induced wavefront error - so called seeing error - changes with (D/r0)5/6, it will vary, for given atmospheric coherence length (Fried parameter) r0, with the aperture size D.
Eq. 52.1 and
52.2 give following averaged RMS errors in the average 2 arc
seconds seeing (r0~70mm
for 550nm), over the span of amateurs' apertures, with the
corresponding Strehl values calculated from the seeing Strehl
While these figures appear rather pessimistic, one should keep in mind that they are only averaged values. Statistically, one of many possible break-down's for the dismal 0.69 wave RMS long-exposure error at (D/r0)=5.7 (for 400mm aperture in 2" seeing) is 1.38 and 0.34 wave, half the time each. Likewise, its short exposure error splits to 0.5 and 0.12 wave RMS. Placing the visual error level roughly in between the two would give 0.94 and 0.23 wave RMS. This means that half the time the image would be a real mess, but the other half it would be significantly better, with the visual Strehl of around 0.35, comparable to little over 1/2 wave P-V of spherical aberration.
Also, the tilt error effect is not detrimental at very small apertures (smaller than ~4") where, in average seeing, it causes image to move about randomly as a whole, relatively slowly, without significantly affecting its visual quality. Thus, in this aperture range, the size of seeing error in visual observing is mainly determined by the wavefront roughness component (Eq. 52.2).
And, since these figures are based on the standard Kolmogorov model, which assumes an infinite outer scale of turbulence, the actual error is somewhat smaller for the long-exposure modality due to the smaller tip-tilt error component with a finite actual scale of turbulence.
As the aperture increases - or the seeing worsens - the eye has more difficulty to keep up with the frequency of image motion, as the diffraction pattern gradually breaks into speckle structure, with an increasing number of pattern components moving randomly within the speckle envelope. The result is progressive blurring and bloating of the star image. The roughness error component too increases with (D/r0)5/6 until, at a sufficiently large aperture - or in sufficiently bad seeing - diffraction pattern disintegrates into a random speckle structure (FIG. 77). The illustrations show pattern structure as a short-exposure snapshot; physical size of the Airy discs is identical (i.e. focal ratio is the same for all apertures) to make the atmospheric effect directly scalable.
FIGURE 77: Illustration of a point source (stellar) image degradation caused by atmospheric turbulence (linear pattern size, identical f-ratio). Left column shows best possible average seeing error in 2 arc seconds seeing (r0~70mm @ 550nm) for four aperture sizes. The errors are generated from Eq. 53-54, with 2" aperture having only the roughness component (Eq. 54), and larger apertures having tilt component added at a rate of 20% for every next level of the aperture size, as a rough approximation of its increasing contribution to the total visual error (the way it is handled by the human eye is pretty much uncharted territory). Columns to the right show the possible range of error fluctuation, between half and double the average error. Best possible average RMS error is approximately 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 wave, from top to bottom (the effect would be identical if the aperture was kept constant, and r0 reduced). The 2" aperture is little affected most of the time; 4" is already mainly below "diffraction-limited", while 8" has very little chance of ever reaching it, even for briefly. The 16" is, evidently, affected the most; D/ro ratio for its x2 error level is over 10, resulting in clearly developed speckle structure (magnification shown is over 1000x per inch of aperture, or roughly 10 to 50 times over the practical limits for 2"-16" aperture range, respectively. Also, since the angular blur size is inverse to the aperture size, the x2 blur in the 16" and 2" aperture are roughly of similar size angularly).
The speckles, being formed by the energy coming from the fragments of the broken wavefront over the pupil that meet in phase at the points randomly scattered around Gaussian image point, approximate in size diffraction disc (this apply to the brightest, so called first-order speckles; fainter speckles are smaller in size). The diameter of the 1st-order speckles envelope, the bright central core of the entire star image, roughly analogous to the FWHM (Full-Width-at-Half-Maximum) of the PSF of aberration-free diffraction image of an aperture of diameter equal to r0, is approximated by λ/r0 in radians. This means that it is r0, not the aperture, that sets the resolution limit. The speckle phenomenon is not only characteristic of large professional telescopes. Even medium-size amateur telescopes in bad seeing begin to develop speckle structure.
Probably the simplest model to use for explaining the mechanism of speckle formation is to assume that the aperture of a telescope is, as a result of atmospheric turbulence, effectively broken into sub-apertures, each approximately of the diameter equal to r0, with a different, varying amounts of tilt. The resulting diffraction pattern is a product of superimposed sub-aperture patterns. Similarly to a multi-aperture telescope, the combined pattern shows tendency to segmentation - mostly in the rings area - with the number of first-order radial segments (spikes, lobes, etc.) approximately equaling that of sub-apertures. Unlike multiple-aperture telescope, the seeing-formed sub-apertures are in an optical disarray, poorly defined and in a constant motion. Thus the increase in number of "sub-apertures" quickly causes disintegration of the bright central disc and formation of the random speckle structure which is stationary only within time intervals smaller than ~20 milliseconds (short-exposure image).
Since speckles originate from wavefront roughness, which is proportional to (D/r0)5/6, their number will be larger for larger (D/r0) values, while their average angular size will be smaller in inverse proportion to the aperture size (thus, fully developed speckle pattern remains of similar angular size, regardless of aperture). The number of 1st-order speckles N can be approximated as a ratio of the area of the speckle envelope's FWHM (approximated, angularly, by λ/r0) vs. area of a single speckle (taking 2λ/D for the average angular separation of speckle centroids), or N~[(λ/r0)/(2λ/D)]2=(D/2r0)2; hence the spackle structure begins to form, at least statistically, at (D/r0)~3, and should become apparent at (D/r0)~4 and larger.
Note this approximation may somewhat overestimate the number of speckles, since based on r0, which is the seeing FWHM that includes the tilt error, i.e. random motion of the speckle structure around its central point.
Formation of the dynamic speckle structure changes the realm of a telescope; it voids its resolution limit, making it dependant on the atmosphere, not aperture size. Energy spread caused by it also significantly lowers telescope's contrast level. Since the error increases with aperture, given large enough difference in aperture size, there comes the level of seeing error which may take away the resolution/contrast advantage from the larger aperture and award it to the smaller one (FIG. 78).
FIGURE 78: Effect of seeing on the visual
time-averaged seeing PSF for three relative aperture sizes, referred
to, from the smallest to the largest as D, 2D and 5D, respectively.
The sizes of seeing disc are only approximate, since the effect of
tilt error in visual observing varies from small/negligible at
to significant/dominant at larger
Top image (A) shows the approximate visual size of the central diffraction maxima in
the three apertures for zero seeing error, and for
Top image (A) shows the approximate visual size of the central diffraction maxima in the three apertures for zero seeing error, and for D/r0=1 in the smallest aperture., D At this level of seeing error, an aperture is visually somewhat above diffraction-limited level (0.80 Strehl), with its central maxima remaining intact and unchanged in size. In 2D aperture, (D/r0)=2, with significantly more energy transferred to the rings area, but with the central maxima also remaining mainly intact and with no significant change in size (it is shown slightly enlarged). The 2D aperture, therefore, retains most of its resolution advantage, and some of its contrast advantage as well.
In the 5D aperture, (D/r0)=5, at which level the speckle structure clearly shows. Consequently, averaged FWHM radius is approximated by D/2r0 in units of λF. That gives 2.5λF, or five times the aberration-free FWHM for this aperture. In other words, averaged FWHM of the 5D aperture is now nearly identical to that of five times smaller aperture, with similar resolution limit and contrast level (the latter depends also on the specifics of intensity distribution, but for simplicity we'll assume it indicated by the FWHM angular size). However, as seeing fluctuates, it is still possible that (D/r0) falls below ~3, regaining near-intact central maxima and good part of its contrast/resolution advantage.
Bottom image (B) shows these three apertures as seeing worsens by a factor of 2. Now (D/r0)=2 for the smallest aperture, which means that it still has its central maxima near intact most of the time. For the twice larger aperture, (D/r0)=4, with its averaged FWHM grown nearly to that in twice smaller aperture. Since it is still likely to drop bellow (D/r0)=3 with moments of better seeing, it does retain its central maxima near intact some of the time, allowing it do realize its aperture advantage during those moments. However, (D/r0)=10 in the 5D aperture means that it has fully developed speckle structure, with very little chance to fall bellow (D/r0)=3 (it would happen only in seeing more than three times better than the average). With fully developed speckle structure, its resolution limit is approximated by λ/r0; since r0 is 1/10 of its aperture, its resolution now is also 1/10 of its maximum theoretical resolution λ/D, or only about half of the resolution power of five times smaller aperture.
Further doubling the seeing error brings the smallest aperture to (D/r0)=4, and twice larger aperture to (D/r0)=8. The latter is now at a similar level as the 5D aperture in twice better seeing, while the smallest aperture still have realistic chance of falling bellow (D/r0)=3, in which case it out-resolves, and out-contrasts both larger apertures. Yet another doubling of the seeing error takes this advantage of the smallest aperture away - but now an aperture twice smaller than this one will out-resolve and out-contrast the three larger apertures.
This general scenario would play out with, say, 150mm, 300mm and 750mm apertures in 1, 2 and 4 arc seconds seeing (i.e. r0 of 144, 72 and 36mm, respectively).
Image below illustrates how angular size of diffraction pattern and its appearance change with the decrease in atmospheric coherence length r0 (top) and increase in aperture D (bottom).
Decrease in r0 for given aperture results in the progressive break up and enlargement of the diffraction pattern. For given r0, angular pattern size for (D/r0)>3 will be nearly constant, approximated by λ/r0. As D/r0 decreases below 3, the central maxima gradually regains its integrity, and limiting resolution shifts toward λ/D. Despite the central maxima becoming larger than speckles in larger apertures, its diameter becomes smaller than that of their primary speckle structure. Consequently, for 1.5<(D/r0)<2.5, the smaller aperture has better resolution than two or more times larger apertures. At (D/r0)~1, resolution level in the smaller and much larger (five or more times) apertures are similar; further decrease in aperture results in decreased resolution in smaller vs. larger apertures.
If we take for the smallest aperture D=50mm, and r0~100mm (~1.5 arc second seeing), then the bottom patterns, from left to right, correspond to 50, 100, 175, 300, 600mm and 1.2m apertures. Keep in mind that these represent averaged, statistical errors. In actual field conditions, as seeing fluctuates, 175mm aperture will have its D/r0 in the 1.5-2.5 range during periods of better seeing, out-resolving both smaller and larger apertures. Even 600mm aperture is likely to have moments when D/r0 drops to ~2.5, or somewhat bellow; that is, however, very unlikely for 1.2m aperture, which remains inferior to 150-300mm apertures (approximately) resolution-wise.
EFFECT ON CONTRAST
The degree of pattern integrity directly determines the maximum usable point-source magnification, defined as one needed to achieve limiting visual resolution allowed by seeing. Limiting magnification for extended object is more complex, varying with detail's inherent contrast, brightness and shape. In general, contrast of extended objects is affected more than point-source resolution - and particularly those with low inherent contrast - thus seeing-limited usable magnification for this type of objects should be somewhat lower. An indication of the effect of seeing on contrast and resolution in smaller vs. larger aperture is best presented with MTF graph (FIG. 80).
TOP: Taking the near optimum D/r0 stellar-resolution-wise of ~2 and assuming
that at this error level eye still filters out most of the tilt
error component, would place the corresponding visual MTF closer to
that for the short-exposure MTF. Contrast over the range of
resolvable bright low-contrast detail would be at the level of a 40%
smaller aperture, (dashed gray extending to the horizontal scale) while its threshold for these details would be
reduced by about 1/3. Its stellar resolution would be near its
On the other hand, a 2.5 times larger aperture at
On the other hand, a 2.5 times larger aperture atD/r0~5, would have its visual MTF closer to the long-exposure MTF for that D/r0 level. Its low-contrast detail transfer would have been at the level of five times smaller perfect aperture, with its bright low-contrast detail threshold reduced by about 2/3. Its stellar resolution would be about 1/3 of its theoretical, which means that it could be inferior to 2.5 times smaller aperture, which has 40% of its limiting resolution. The approximate mid-frequency contrast levels, at the level of 40% and 80% smaller aperture, indicate that after applying the 2.5 aperture differential factor the larger aperture would still have an edge in bright low contrast detail resolution. It is confirmed by reducing the small aperture visual MTF plot's width 2.5 times (dotted orange), making it directly comparable to the larger aperture's visual MTF. It shows that the smaller aperture has better contrast transfer over all frequencies with non-zero contrast in the larger aperture, becoming significant for frequencies larger than ~0.4. It also has better limiting resolution for high-contrast details (MTF cutoff frequency), but somewhat inferior bright low-contrast detail resolution threshold. That seems illogical at first, but it is a consequence of the threshold line - which represents the minimum contrast required by eye at given normalized frequency - being steeper in the smaller aperture when scaled relative to the larger aperture, since any normalized frequency ν in the latter corresponds to 2.5 times higher frequency in the former, and a higher spatial frequency requires higher minimum contrast.
This crude approximation using MTF model indicates that the smaller aperture would probably have relatively small advantage in both, planetary and stellar resolution, when at the seeing error level of D/r0~2. The advantage is small enough that could not materialize if the assumptions are somewhat biased toward smaller aperture.
However, considering that most other factors - inherent optical quality, thermal equilibrium, absence of central obstruction, better collimation - generally favor smaller aperture, it makes likely the scenario suggested by the size of seeing-affected central maxima, i.e. that an aperture at D/r0 seeing level would outperform both, significantly smaller and significantly larger apertures (plots for twice smaller aperture would fit between D/r0=0 and D/r0=2, thus it is obvious that it would be outperformed by both larger apertures).
Main difficulty in accessing more accurately effect of seeing on visual performance in apertures of different sizes is caused by the gradual, unspecified transition from seeing error effectively including only the roughness component (short-exposure error level) at small aperture sizes (i.e. at low seeing error levels, approximately D/r0<2) to also fully including the tilt error component at large seeing error level (approximately D/r0>5, long exposure error level). The dynamics of this transition can be only hinted at from the seeing MTF for both error levels over a wide range of seeing-induced error (FIG. 81).
The very nature of seeing - its constant fluctuation around the average value and, in an extended time frame, fluctuation of the average itself, benefit larger aperture more when swinging above the average. For given seeing level, D/r0 value most of the time remains within �50%, and ~25% deviations can represent appreciable portion of the time. With the seeing average following similar pattern - it can be more, or less at any given night, but this should be reasonable assumption, within the range of a rough average - r0 could reach more than two times larger size, and could be nearly twice larger over relatively significant portion of the time (on the other hand, it would be also more than twice smaller, and nearly twice smaller over nearly as much of the time).
82: Simplistic scheme of the variation in r0
around its averaged value. D/r0
changes in inverse proportion to it, and seeing error in proportion
For the maximum amplitude of deviation from the average A, the
portion of time within which r0
will differ from A by �a,
or more, is at
least roughly approximated with t~0.5-(a/2A),
What all this implies is that it is possible for a significantly smaller aperture to outperform the larger one, but it requires them to be, and remain at a specific seeing error level, generally involving compromised seeing conditions. It is only possible when D/r0 in the larger aperture is ~4, or larger, in which case a smaller aperture with D/r0~2 will have - all else equal - better resolution and contrast transfer. In other words, smaller aperture could perform better while the seeing error is large enough, but if it lessens sufficiently due to seeing fluctuations, larger aperture would rebound and perform better. Typically, seeing fluctuations are wide enough for that to happen.
This is, of course, very simplified concept, omitting the role of other induced errors (thermals, collimation), inherent optics errors, as well as observer's individual limitations and experience, but it is necessary to assess the effect of seeing alone. Other factors can also come into play, such as luminosity of the telescopic image while observing low-contrast details. Apertures smaller than about 6 inches in diameter will provide less than optimum image brightness at high magnifications, which negatively affects eye's low-contrast detail resolution.
Following page addresses other important aspects of the seeing error:
specifics of the seeing PSF, Strehl, and OTF. | <urn:uuid:26fa7710-c078-4d5a-b966-18a7d70b14c2> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://telescope-optics.net/seeing_and_aperture.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662515466.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516235937-20220517025937-00628.warc.gz | en | 0.92752 | 4,557 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|Title:||Can Carbon Nanotubes Play a Role in the Field of Nuclear Waste Management?|
|Authors:||BELLONI Fabio; KÜTAHYALI C.; RONDINELLA Vincenzo; CARBOL Paul; WISS Thierry; MANGIONE A.|
|Citation:||ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY vol. 43 p. 1250-1255|
|Publisher:||AMER CHEMICAL SOC|
|Type:||Articles in periodicals and books|
|Abstract:||Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a novel and interesting graphitic carbon material which, since its discovery (1, 2), has attracted considerable attention due to its unique structuralandphysicochemical properties.CNTsare basically carbon macromolecules in the shape of a hollow cylinder, usually capped at least at one end, and characterized by a length-to-diameter ratio e106 (Figure 1); the diameter of a nanotube ranges from a few to tens of nanometers, while its length can reach up to several millimeters. According to their structure, CNTs are categorized as single-walled (SW) or multiwalled (MW), see Figure 1a and c, respectively. Each wall consists of a flat molecular network of C atoms known as graphene (graphite is the material composed of overlaying graphene sheets), while CNT end caps include pentagonal rings to fit the geodesic curvature. The interwall distance in MWNTs is on the order of a few angstroms.|
|JRC Institute:||Institute for Transuranium Elements|
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Items in repository are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated. | <urn:uuid:1cdbc5ab-fc78-4c94-8648-3c781877f2c9> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC50823 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701168065.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193928-00220-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.823598 | 406 | 2.875 | 3 |
Bruegmann makes himself sound like a daring contrarian by saying that sprawl dates back at least to Roman times and is needed to get people out of dense, industrial cities. Actually, he is just playing with words by using "sprawl" to mean "suburb."
The term "suburban sprawl" was invented during the 1950s to describe post-war American suburbs, which were different from earlier suburbs in obvious ways. Sprawl was much lower density than earlier suburbs. Sprawl made it impossible for people to walk, because it was designed with a discontinuous street system (large arterial streets and local streets that are either indirect or cul-de-sacs). Sprawl is designed purely for the benefit of automobiles and ignores the pedestrian; no one wants to walk around a strip mall.
If Bruegmann contrasted sprawl with the streetcar suburbs that were popular in American cities before World War I, it would be obvious that the streetcar suburbs provide all the benefits of sprawl without many of the costs.
Streetcar suburbs let people get out of congested industrial cities to greener neighborhoods where they can own their own homes. They let people at every economic level live in the way that the elite used to live. They are at least as livable as sprawl.
But streetcar suburbs use only about one-third as much land as sprawl suburbs. They have continuous street systems that allow people to walk. They are designed for pedestrians as well as for cars, with shopping on walkable Main Streets instead of strip malls.
For the last twenty years, the New Urbanists have been building new suburbs that are like the old streetcar suburbs, claiming that they are more livable and less damaging to the environment than sprawl. This is one of the most important developments in urban design in recent times, and Bruegmann ignores it by assuming that suburb means the same thing as sprawl.
Bruegmann also makes the false claim that people move to sprawl suburbs as a matter of free choice.
In reality, the federal government has given most transportation funding to freeways over the last sixty years, so most Americans do not have the choice of living in transit-oriented neighborhoods.
In reality, also, most localities in the United States have zoning laws that require you to build sprawl. New Urbanists who have been trying to build modern versions of streetcar suburbs find that the zoning laws get in their way, that they have to go through endless hoops to build a suburb that is not sprawl. They have called for "zoning choice" to give developers the option of building sprawl or building streetcar suburbs -- and Wisconsin has enacted such a law.
Let's allow people real democratic choice -- including more transportation choice and the choice of living in suburbs that are not sprawl.
If people had this choice, and if they had to pay for the full costs (including the environmental costs) of the option they chose, then very few people would choose sprawl. | <urn:uuid:2ad7fb9c-546c-4691-809a-3b17395a3419> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://preservenet.blogspot.jp/2006_01_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709379061/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516130259-00061-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9765 | 613 | 3 | 3 |
Aerial view from above the south caldera floor toward the north. Halema`uma`u is right of center, and the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory sits atop the caldera rim at top center. Caldera Rim Drive (from left to right) crosses the southwest rift zone, cuts across the surface of the Keanakako`i Ash Member, descends the 20-m tall southwest caldera wall, and crosses a lava flow erupted in September 1974.
The lava flow was erupted from a fissure still visible between Halema`uma`u and the southwest caldera rim. Along the caldera rim, note the multiple step-like fault blocks and two sets of ground cracks extending from where the fissure meets the inner caldera wall.
The largest cone on skyline (top left), Kulani Cone, is on the flank of Mauna Loa. | <urn:uuid:44108ac2-ed11-4fcd-8142-0f30cf2f2b4f> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/gallery/kilauea/caldera/971009186_caption.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400379083.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123259-00064-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896546 | 185 | 2.75 | 3 |
DPF Cleaning in Gloucestershire
Initial plans for a clean air zone are currently underway in Cheltenham. The spa town is currently seeing illegally-high levels of toxic nitrogen dioxide so an area for zero emission vehicles could see older more polluted vehicles charged, or even completely banned in order to reduce air pollution is being explored by civic chiefs.
Vehicles are a major contributor to particulate emissions - micro foreign particles that can bypass the body’s natural defences and contribute to respiratory problems and other serious illnesses. There are various methods that drivers can help implement in order to reduce emissions in both built up areas and the countryside. Here's out top 5 tips...
Top tip 1:
Reduce your driving time to reduce your emissions
Simple, less time on the roads mean less emissions - whether that’s planning your journey better or using other transportation methods.
Sat nav’s help with planning shorter routes and less wasted minutes on the road searching for the best parking spots.
Cutting the number of short journeys is important, if you can walk or cycle instead then this will make a significant difference to your carbon footprint. When your engine is running for a while, its internal components warm which makes your engine more efficient. So if you must drive your car then try to get all your errands done in one go before your engine goes cold again.
Also, avoid leaving your vehicle running unnecessarily. A car idling for one minute produces enough exhaust emissions containing harmful chemicals to fill 150 balloons! Many vehicles now have stop-start features but in yours doesn’t then think about how you can efficiently avoid too much idle time.
Top tip 2:
Consider the weight and aerodynamics of your vehicle
It's early March and still in storm season as we write this, so it seems crazy to think about opening your windows while driving at the moment; but spring will be upon us soon and the temptation will be to wind down the windows to enjoy the warmer air as soon as possible. But opening windows creates drag, which in turn means more engine power is required to reach the same speeds. Additional weight in the car also requires more power, so make sure your vehicle’s aerodynamics is as effective as possible and empty any unessential luggage, work tools and loads from the vehicle
Top tip 3:
Accelerate and brake more smoothly
Heavy acceleration combined with stop-start driving burns the greatest amount of fuel. To ensure you are driving with optimal fuel efficiency, slowly build and reduce your speed wherever possible. You’ll save money in fuel each week and reduce your emissions.
Depending on your driving habits, this may seem hard to do - but get in the habit of looking further head and reacting quicker to the vehicles in front. In addition to saving fuel, you’ll also be calmer and reduce the likelihood of accidents!
Top tip 4:
Cut your use of air conditioning and heating systems
Air conditioning and heater systems are powered by your engine, thus increasing your vehicle’s emissions. To limit emissions, turn off your systems as soon as you reach your preferred temperature. If your vehicle is frosted over, then use a scraper or cold water to remove most of the ice on your windows instead of running your engine to power your heater.
Top tip 5:
Check your car and keep a clean DPF if you drive diesel
A lubricated engine is able to perform more efficiently, lowering your fuel consumption and reducing your emissions. Ensure you stick to your vehicle’s recommended service intervals and keep up to date with your mots.
Air filters prevent foreign particles such as dirt and pollen entering your vehicle engine. As you run your vehicle, your filter will gradually clog up over time. This can impact the overall fuel efficiency of your vehicle, increasing your emissions per mile.
DPF’s fitted to cars, vans and LCV’s are generally not seen as serviceable items as they are a part of a sealed system; but DPF’s become blocked with soot, resulting in a loss of power and increased emissions - ultimately your DPF could failed and damage your whole engine. If the regeneration system on the vehicle is ineffective then the option is to clean or replace the DPF. Excalibre Technologies are Gloucestershire’s leading specialists in DPF cleaning and retrofit systems. We can clean the DPF, removing all of the accumulated soot and ash and return it to an as new condition. | <urn:uuid:8a8a82d8-65f2-4df2-9a90-a6fff026010a> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.excalibretech.com/2020/03/02/dpf-cleaning-in-gloucestershire/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141733120.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204010410-20201204040410-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.943529 | 923 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Summer brings along new challenges for people who have chronic hives. Also known as chronic urticaria, the condition can cause itchy, raised welts for 6 weeks or longer, according to the American Academy of Dermatology Association.
People don’t always know what causes their hives, but the condition can be aggravated by common summertime triggers, such as sunshine, heat, pollen, and sweat.
That doesn’t mean you have to miss out on all the summer fun, though. Read on to learn about why skin rash flare-ups can happen in the warmer months, along with tips for managing chronic hives during the summer.
Between heat waves and high pollen counts, summer has lots of potential triggers for hives. Here are a few ways to reduce the risk of flare-ups this time of year:
Learn your triggers
Hives can be triggered by a range of different things. Understanding what aggravates your hives gives you the opportunity to reduce your exposure to those triggers.
However, it can be hard to narrow down exactly what might be causing your hives. Specialists, like allergists and dermatologists, can help rule out or treat underlying conditions that may cause hives.
They can also help you find out why you get hives in the summer and recommend targeted treatments for you to manage flare-ups.
Track when you get hives
Keeping a journal about when you get hives can help you narrow down the type and whether certain things during the summer are triggers.
For example, if you notice that you often get hives within minutes of spending time outside on a bright, sunny day, you may have a rare type called solar urticaria. Likewise, people with cholinergic urticaria get hives when they sweat.
Your journal can help you to see whether your hives might be because of heat, light, or another cause.
Stay cool and dry
Avoid spending prolonged periods of time in hot and humid environments where you may start sweating.
Wearing antiperspirant can help reduce how much you sweat. You might also want to keep a soft cloth handy to dab off moisture when you start to sweat.
If you want to spend time outdoors, try to avoid the hottest times of the day. It might be more comfortable to take that beach walk in the early morning or late evening when the summer sun causes less heat than in midday.
Drink plenty of fluids
Hydration can help keep you cool and reduce the chances of hives from an elevated body temperature. This is especially important during the summer, when many people are more active, and they get dehydrated more easily.
Staying hydrated helps maintain this balance, so you may reduce your chances of a summer hives flare.
Solar urticaria is when you get hives after exposure to visible light and UVA/UVB rays. Wearing a sunscreen that specifically blocks the type of light that causes your symptoms can help reduce your hives.
The British Association of Dermatologists recommends using one with titanium oxide or zinc oxide, which protect your skin from UVA, UVB, and visible light.
If you have sensitive skin, consider using a hypoallergenic or natural sunscreen.
Reapply sunscreen every 2 hours, or more frequently if you’re sweating or swimming.
Wear loose-fitting clothes for coverage
What you wear can make a difference in your summer hives. Loose, flowing clothes can prevent irritation and overheating.
Long sleeves and pants help protect your skin from the sun. They also create a barrier between you and grasses and plants that may cause hives.
Use cold compresses
Cold temperatures can reduce the inflammation that aggravates hives. Placing cold compresses against your skin if it starts to itch can offer some relief from symptoms.
However, if you have cold urticaria (a type of hives caused by exposure to low temperatures), avoid placing anything too chilly against your skin.
Limit pollen exposure
Pollen is a common allergen that can trigger hives in some people during the summer.
Avoid spending time outdoors when pollen counts are high. You can find out the pollen counts through local weather reports.
Some strategies can be used to help with hives all year long, including the summer. Here are a few other ways to manage hives:
- Reduce stress. Stress can cause hives to flare up. Meditation, getting enough rest, and making time for your favorite activities can help lower your stress levels.
- Take vitamin D. While further study is needed, there may be a link between low vitamin D levels and chronic hives. A 2018 review of studies found that people with chronic spontaneous urticaria had significantly lower than average vitamin D levels. Talk with your doctor about getting your vitamin D levels tested and whether a supplement may help your hives.
- Take antihistamines. About 50 percent of people with hives can get relief by taking antihistamines, according to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology. Some antihistamines are available over-the-counter, while others require a prescription. Talk with your doctor about which type may be right for you.
- Get treatment. If antihistamines don’t relieve your hives, you might need another type of medication. Omalizumab (Xolair) is approved by the Food & Drug Administration to treat chronic idiopathic urticaria. A 2013 study found it was effective in some people with urticaria for whom antihistamines didn’t work. You can speak with your doctor about prescription medications that might help you with chronic hives.
It can take time to discover the best ways to manage hives, but many people find relief by avoiding triggers and working with a doctor on treatment options. Since hives can go away before your appointment, take pictures of your symptoms to show your doctor to help with the diagnosis.
Chronic hives can be categorized by their specific triggers. Some types may have more frequent flares in the summer, simply because there are more triggers in the environment that time of year.
- Cholinergic urticaria, or heat urticaria, is caused by raised body temperature and sweating. Activities that cause you to sweat, such as being outside on hot days or vigorous exercise, can bring on a flare.
- Solar urticaria is caused by exposure to sun or ultraviolet light. The hives appear within a few minutes of being in the sun.
- Cold urticaria is caused by sudden cold temperatures. Many people experience cold urticaria in the winter, but even some summer activities can trigger hives in people with this condition. These include swimming in a cold pool, experiencing a sudden cold breeze, or getting a burst of air conditioning when you head indoors.
Chronic hives can also have other triggers, like certain plants, foods, or animals. Taking summer hikes near plants and grasses you don’t see much in the winter can bring on hives.
The summer months also bring on higher counts of airborne pollen and mold spores, which worsen nasal allergies and asthma. Allergies and asthma can also have an effect on the skin and may trigger hives.
Many people never find out the cause of their hives, even if they’re chronic. In fact, a
A doctor may be able to help you narrow down your potential triggers over the long term, but there’s a chance you’ll never know what causes your hives. Regardless, there are treatments that can ease your symptoms and help you find relief.
Summertime weather and activities can cause chronic hives to flare in many people. You may notice rashes after sweating, spending time in the sunshine, or being exposed to pollen.
Limiting exposure to your triggers can help reduce your symptoms. However, many people have chronic idiopathic urticaria, which means the hives have no known cause. That means you may not be able to avoid the things that cause your flares.
Fortunately, treatments are available to help you find relief. Talk with your doctor about whether antihistamines or prescription medication is right for you. | <urn:uuid:194dc4ff-0a79-4e82-89a8-329be9a6a523> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.healthline.com/health/ciu/managing-hives-in-the-summer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153729.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728123318-20210728153318-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.928968 | 1,698 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Definitions of squeeze
n. - The gradual closing of workings by the weight of the overlying strata. 2
n. - Pressure or constraint used to force the making of a gift, concession, or the like; exaction; extortion. 2
v. t. - To press between two bodies; to press together closely; to compress; often, to compress so as to expel juice, moisture, etc.; as, to squeeze an orange with the fingers; to squeeze the hand in friendship. 2
v. t. - Fig.: To oppress with hardships, burdens, or taxes; to harass; to crush. 2
v. t. - To force, or cause to pass, by compression; often with out, through, etc.; as, to squeeze water through felt. 2
v. i. - To press; to urge one's way, or to pass, by pressing; to crowd; -- often with through, into, etc.; as, to squeeze hard to get through a crowd. 2
n. - The act of one who squeezes; compression between bodies; pressure. 2
n. - A facsimile impression taken in some soft substance, as pulp, from an inscription on stone. 2
The word "squeeze" uses 7 letters: E E E Q S U Z.
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Browse words starting with squeeze by next letter | <urn:uuid:94e7b43e-873f-40ad-8b82-c44be14790ec> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.morewords.com/word/squeeze/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121540415.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124174540-00157-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926458 | 317 | 3.25 | 3 |
We all know that helmet is an absolutely must accessory as far as safety is concerned but is it true for skydivers also. When you are making a jump from thousands of feet above the ground then you need to make sure that all the safety precautions has been taken care of. Although the general notion is that if your parachute fails to open mid air then helmet is of little or no use since fall from such a height could be fatal.
There are several reasons behind the skydivers wearing helmet. First and foremost is that when you are making the jump in groups, which is quite common, then during the free fall you may bang your head with other skydivers. In such a case helmet will protect you from any untoward injury.
Other reason why skydivers wear helmet is to keep their head warm and protect it from the extreme cold that is prevalent at the heights from which they make jump. Also the possibility of a bird hitting you directly on your head while you are in sky can also not be ruled out. In such an instance the helmet will surely give you the protection you need.
Consider another case in which you safely make it to the ground but due to some reason you start tumbling and fall down or you land in bushes or tree. In these cases also the helmet is going to help you from getting injured. Also in case if you have long hairs then helmet will neatly put your hairs in place to prevent it from obstructing your view.
All in all wearing helmet when you are skydiving is an absolute must and you should not desist from it. After all safety comes first and helmet keeps you safe is all the circumstances mentioned above. | <urn:uuid:483d3c09-7a5e-4fa7-b6f5-8c3431ccf391> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.why.do/why-do-sky-divers-wear-helmets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164029048/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133349-00062-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971808 | 339 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The Text: John 9:1-41
Today we are going to focus on our Gospel reading from John chapter 9:1-41 in which we heard how Jesus healed the man born blind and how the Pharisees investigated the healing. It concluded with Jesus speaking about our spiritual blindness.
This story about Jesus healing the man born blind is a dramatic gospel presentation, filled with heated exchanges and clever dialogue.
There is the dialogue between Jesus and his disciples, and Jesus and the blind man.
There is also the dialogue between the blind man and his parents, his neighbours and even a divided group of Pharisees who wanted to condemn Jesus.
What makes this healing miracle stand out from the many other healing miracles that Jesus performed is the fact that this blind man did not approach Jesus asking for healing. Rather, Jesus approached him.
This blind man had been blind from birth. Jesus took pity on this man and on the society that had to support him.
So Jesus gave to this man something that he had never experienced before – he gave this blind man the ability to see!
Before we can understand what sight is, we must try to understand what it is to be blind. Close your eyes for a moment. Now imagine how different life would be if God had created people without eyes to see. Imagine if everyone was guided only by the ability to touch, taste, smell and hear.
Without our eyes we have no way of comparing colour or light. Without eyes there would be no such term as blind; for there would be nothing to compare blindness with.
But the blind man in our Gospel reading certainly knew that he was blind. From the time that he could understand speech his parents and friends probably told him that he was blind. The blind man had no way of understanding sight – yet he longed to be able to see. If he could see he would be able to stop begging and start working. The ability to see would change his life.
So when Jesus came to the blind man, Jesus changed the life of the blind man forever by giving him the ability to see.
When he was blind, he did not understand what it meant to be blind for he had never experienced the ability to see. Once he was blind, but now he could see.
The reading gave us a detailed description of the healing: Jesus came to the blind man. He took a handful of clay, spat on it and worked it in his hand. He then put it on the blind man’s eyes and told him to go and wash in The Pool of Siloam (Si-lo-am). He did this and amazingly he came back seeing.
With his new ability to see, he now understood what it meant to be previously blind. Now he is able to see for the first time! It’s hard to imagine what that first moment of sight would have been like!
He rushed to tell people of his new found sight. He told people whom he thought were able to see clearly too!
He thought they would be so happy for him – that he could see like them! Instead, they wanted to have little to do with him.
There seemed to be something different about the sight that Jesus had given to this man compared to the sight of his family and friends.
The sight that Jesus gave was more than seeing in the ‘physical’ sense. Jesus also gave him the ability to see in the ‘spiritual’ sense. He gave to this blind man the ability to see spiritually – Now what might seeing spiritually mean?
Jesus gave the healed man the ability to identify that the person who healed him was Jesus, the Christ, the Son of the living God; the one God promised to send to be the saviour of the world.
To see spiritually is to see what God already sees. It is to see what God is doing!
Today, let’s call this spiritual seeing – spiritual vision.
The Pharisees had a real problem with this miracle because it had taken place on the Sabbath – a day when no Jew could do anything that could be interpreted as work.
So the Pharisees interrogated this man several times about who it was that healed him. And each time the healed man was interrogated, his spiritual vision became more focussed.
His explanation of who Jesus is became clearer. The healed man’s spiritual vision became so focussed that he even boldly claimed to be a disciple of the one who healed him. To this the Pharisees replied: ‘You are this fellow’s disciple! We are disciples of Moses! We know that God spoke to Moses, but as for this fellow, we don’t even know where he comes from.’
To this the healed man answered: ‘Now that is remarkable! You don’t know where he comes from, yet he opened my eyes. Nobody has ever heard of opening the eyes of a man born blind. If this man were not from God, he could do nothing.’
But the Pharisees eyes were still blinded. And they could not recognise that the one who healed the man was the Son of God. It was as if the Pharisees had been blinded by their religion to the point where they could no longer recognise God at work in this person’s life. They did not have spiritual vision.
Just like the blind man in our story and these Pharisees we are all born with spiritual blindness. This is because sin is part of the world. Because of sin we are born into this world without the ability to see spiritually. On our own we cannot see God or recognise his works amongst us.
Because of sin none of us are born with spiritual vision.
God alone can give us such vision.
Through baptism God begins to grow our spiritual vision. He makes it possible that we can see in ways that we could have never dreamed of. In our baptism God has washed away our sin so that we may grow to see spiritually.
In Baptism God washes away our sin and sends us the Holy Spirit who gives us the faith to see that God is with us – to see in the spirit that Jesus is our saviour – to see that we will live with him forever in perfect relationship.
Spiritual vision allows us to be able to recognise our sin. Spiritual vision also allows us to see how the crucified Jesus comes to us and gives us the forgiveness and the new life that he has won for us. With Spiritual vision we can see that Jesus heals our hurts and makes us whole. With spiritual vision we can see God at work in our lives guiding us with his Holy Spirit until we arrive at our heavenly home.
Spiritual vision is very different to our physical vision. Often our physical vision deteriorates with age. But our spiritual vision if cared for and nurtured can develop with age.
This happens as we continue to receive God’s gifts to us. When I think of caring for our physical vision: I remember the old saying: “Eat your carrots – that way you will be able to see in the dark!” Yes our food helps us grow physically strong and strengthen our physical vision.
But eating carrots and other healthy foods will not grow our spiritual vision! There are other gifts God gives to grow our spiritual vision.
God gives us his written and spoken word and the Body and Blood of Christ that we receive in his Holy Meal. Through these means the Holy Spirit is at work growing our spiritual vision.
Spiritual vision allows us to see the world in a new light. It allows us to see the world as God sees it. We can see and identify God with us and working through us to others and others to us.
Spiritual vision helps us to celebrate what God is doing amongst us. With a healthy spiritual vision we can see Jesus at work shaping our lives and the lives of those around us. A healthy spiritual vision will enable us to see every person as special to God. It will help us to value and respect, to love and to serve each other at the point of their greatest need, just as Jesus has come to serve us according to our need.
Ultimately a healthy spiritual vision leads us to worship Jesus as our Saviour. Those who have a healthy spiritual vision are the ones who give glory to God by loving and serving those around them.
As our spiritual vision matures and becomes more focussed we are able to boldly proclaim the name of Jesus Christ crucified until he comes again. We will live in the light and show our love for God by loving one another and turning away from sin.
God is growing our spiritual vision. The spiritual vision that he is growing in us will help us see ourselves the way God sees us—forgiven, redeemed and healed by the blood of Jesus. Our spiritual vision will help us see who Jesus is and what he has done for us. With spiritual vision we will see his light, we will see our sin in a new light. We will daily drown the old sinful nature and trust in Jesus alone. May this be true for us all. Amen. | <urn:uuid:eb5c928d-1334-4eed-9183-d38cd11f8012> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://stmarksdubbo.org.au/2023/03/jesus-heals-the-blind-man/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00779.warc.gz | en | 0.98186 | 1,869 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Current studies published in The Astronomical journal reported an exciting discovery regarding Kepler-47, the only known multiplanet binary star system. Kepler-47d, as it was named, is the newly discovered exoplanet that lies 3,340 light-years from Earth, along with its formerly found siblings, Kepler-47b and Kepler-47c. The three of them orbit around a G-type main sequence star and a red dwarf star.
Reports have also revealed that the latest discovery is the biggest planet in the system, which was the main shock for everyone. The discovery of the other two planets in the system was announced back in 2012. Since they are circling two stars, the two worlds both have two suns in the sky, much like Luke Skywalker’s home planet of Tattooine in the Star Wars universe.
Their discovery was made using the most prolific planet hunter of all times, NASA’s Kepler space telescope, which sadly stopped working this past fall.
Scientists spotted a new exoplanet in Kepler-47 binary star system
The newly announced Kepler-47d is about seven times the size of Earth, noticeably larger than Kepler-47b and c, which are 3.1 and, respectively, 4.7 times wider than our planet.
Kepler-47d’s orbital period is 87 Earth days, while its siblings complete one lap around the circumbinary system every 49 days, for Kepler-47b, and 303 days for Kepler-47c. Therefore, the last discovered planet stands between the other two, which was also a big surprise for researchers. The trio’s average temperatures are thought to be about -26 degrees Fahrenheit and, assuming they are all native to the system, have survived for about 3.5 billion years.
The paper also reinforces one of Kepler’s most exciting discoveries: that systems of tightly packed, low-density planets are widespread in our galaxy, as Jonathan Fortney, who was not part of the research team, stated. He also added that “Kepler-47 shows that whatever process forms these planets — an outcome that did not happen in our solar system — is common to single-star and circumbinary planetary systems.”
Tommy’s hobby has always been playing video games. He enjoys competing in video games tournaments and writing about his experience. It’s not a big surprise that he mostly covers the latest trends from the gaming industry. | <urn:uuid:3967a6e0-f257-40e3-af62-60098b126db7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://greatlakesledger.com/2019/04/17/new-exoplanet-found-in-the-kepler-47-binary-star-system/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572898.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817092402-20220817122402-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.961986 | 503 | 3.515625 | 4 |
At the climax of the 11 o' clock church service at Galloway Methodist church, the Rev. Ross Olivier assumes the pulpit to deliver his sermon. Olivier's polished demeanor gives no air of being weathered by years of struggle against apartheid in South Africa. He does not let any possible scars from that experience stop him from addressing the hard issues before American Christians. His sermon, which is riddled with messages of the social Gospel, is an open call to Christians to unseat themselves from complacency and work toward living out the mission of Jesus Christ by working for justice.
"People, black and white, why don't you stop killing each other and have a new beginning?" Olivier asks at one point. "It can be true for you, for all of us."
Seated to Olivier's left is Harlan Zackery, an African American who serves as the church's music minister. Seated to his right is Michelle Foster, a white woman and pastor. This scene is a symbol of religious progress in the Deep South. It is fitting that it unfolds at Galloway, a church that was once the target of civil rights protests for turning away African Americans at the door.
Yet glancing at the congregation from Olivier's vantage point shows how limited progress has been. A sea of white faces fills the pews. It is apparent that African-American Methodists in Jackson are celebrating elsewhere this morning, their service undoubtedly similar, at least to the extent that the congregation exhibits the same racial homogeneity.
"It's like every other place in Mississippi and throughout the country. Eleven o' clock is still the most segregated hour," explains Susan Glisson, director of the William Winter Institute for Racial Reconciliation based in Oxford. Glisson is alluding to a speech made by Martin Luther King Jr. in which he chastises black and white Christians for making "11 o' clock Sunday morning," the most segregated hour in America.
Most religious leaders in Jackson agree that skin color can categorize churches here. "People don't get together to know each other. They work together during the week, but on the weekend, they scatter," says Dolphus Weary, the executive director of the Jackson-based Christian racial reconciliation group Mission Mississippi. "Sunday you get together for the church, and Sunday you've got the black church, and there's the white church."
Integrated Churches … Then
The racial divisions that exist between churches in Mississippi are a byproduct of the segregated past. Up until the Civil War, slave owners brought their slaves to church with them, although blacks had to sit in balconies or in the basement.
"The slave master encouraged, forced blacks to go to church, but they had to be in subservient roles. People were not allowed to become leaders," Weary explains. "Some of the early leaders in the black community said that this is not right. We need to be either brought totally into the church, or we need to start our own church."
As a solution, many black Christians during this time requested a plot of land and a building in which to conduct their own services, and white ministers usually obliged. That many black and whites churches in Jackson are related to one another in this way is a historical fact that is unknown to many. Mount Helm Baptist Church on Church Street is a predominantly black congregation that was established 170 years ago when whites at First Baptist Church on State Street provided land for their slaves to erect a separate church.
The rifts that had formed between black and white churches went largely unquestioned until the 1960s. Then in cities across the South, many religious leaders, both black and white, began to question the theology of segregation.
"White Southern Christians had kind of carved out a nice religious world that had nothing to do with the world of politics, and the world of racial suffering and conflict. We tried to isolate ourselves," says Dr. Charles Marsh, a professor of religious studies at the University of Virginia. In his books "God's Long Summer" and "The Beloved Community," Marsh argues that the Civil Rights movement was invariably a religious movement.
"The Civil Rights Movement began with the Montgomery bus boycotts 50 years ago this month in Montgomery, Ala., and it was an extraordinary year-long protest. (It) really began in pews and in churches and in mass meetings with singing and praying and preaching. Dr. King, in fact, called the Montgomery bus boycott a spiritual movement; he never referred to it as a 'Civil Rights Movement,'" Marsh says.
In Jackson, a young Methodist minister named Ed King was looking to emulate Dr. King's success in Montgomery. The Vicksburg native had moved back to his home state after living in Boston for a few years. He accepted the position of chaplain at Tougaloo College, one of the only ministerial positions he says was available to a vocal white supporter of integration. King was baffled by the segregation of churches, which he saw as contradictory to the Christian command to love thy neighbor.
"What right do you have to forbid people to go to a church?" was King's question.
In 1963, King orchestrated "church campaigns" in which he drove groups of black college students to pray on the steps of white churches or barricade the doors.
"They couldn't turn (whites) away, but what if they came with a black person?" King asks.
However, white Protestants were determined not to worship alongside members of the black race. Kent Moorhead, a filmmaker from Oxford, Miss., contends that in the eyes of segregationists, churches were the "first bastion."
"I just don't think they wanted to worship with black people. They wanted an apartheid religious experience, and I think that really goes deep," Moorhead says.
Apartheid Runs Deep
Moorhead's film "The Most Segregated Hour" chronicles the efforts of a predominantly white Episcopal church and a predominantly black Baptist church to discuss their shared experiences of an event that occurred during the Civil Rights Movement. James Meredith, a black student, enrolled at the formerly segregated University of Mississippi. The integration caused uproar in the sleepy town that then seeped into the local churches. When Rev. Duncan Gray II, the pastor of the Episcopal Church, climbed onto a statue to defend integration during the middle of a racist riot, some parishioners chose to leave his church.
Whites trying to biblically justify the separation of races often perpetuate the myth of Ham. According to this story, God punished Cain for slaying Abel by banishing him to the land of Nod. Furthermore, God cursed the progeny of Cain's son Ham, who became the African race.
The Curse of Ham "was so profoundly ill conceived that it's hard to believe that it had any currency in the church," Marsh says. Marsh agrees with Moorhead that many whites crave an apartheid religious experience.
"I think the idea of racial purity was one that was most pervasive in our thoughts and lives. The ideal of the racial purity of the white race, the virginal white woman, our faith, our home. Whites were obsessive about cleanliness and separation, and we have ways of making businesses ordained by God," Marsh says.
In spite of the protection that his skin color provided, Ed King was arrested on numerous occasions during his church campaigns. It was only after the Civil Rights Movement had subsided that King's efforts began to pay off. Galloway Methodist Church, the congregation to which King belonged, issued a statement announcing its open-door policy. Other white churches followed suit by eventually abandoning their absolute closed-door policies.
King says that in the aftermath of the Civil Rights Movement and the church campaigns, "all the churches I know of are integrated. Had to be so. I think glad to be so." More important, he says, is the fact that "nobody would uphold segregation from a Christian viewpoint."
Yet many leaders who deal with the greater Jackson religious community aren't so optimistic.
"We've developed a culture where you've got a black church, white church, Asian church, Hispanic church. Is it racism? Absolutely," Weary says.
The Rev. Darryl Johnson, founder and pastor of Walk of Faith Covenant Church in Mound Bayou, Miss., says he still deals with racism in Mississippi churches on a daily basis. Although nationwide the denomination that Walk of Faith belongs to is composed mainly of white congregations in the north, Johnson says he has never experienced the type of "violent racism" he encounters while traveling to congregations throughout the Delta.
"A few years ago," Johnson recalls, "some young people were telling me that they had gone to a local church in Cleveland—a Baptist church in Cleveland—and wanted to join the church. They were college students from a local college ... (who) desired to join the church. The church, I understand, didn't take them in like they usually would take someone in. They had to have a meeting. And during the meeting, I understand there were objections because they were black. The word did get back to me that they didn't accept them into the church."
Moorhead says that many people have come to him after viewing his film to inform him that many churches still have closed-door policies. One viewer mentioned that First Baptist Church in Mendenhall still has a closed-door policy, but the pastor there denies this and says that everyone is welcome in the church. Moorhead says what's more likely is that "officially, that vote's still on the books. I bet if you look at most church histories, you'll find that nothing's ever been changed so that if they were really true to their policies, they would have closed doors."
Johnson says that "unless there has been some sort of statement that 'we're opening the door,' I just assume that there still is a closed-door policy."
Not Black or White, But Christian
Churches in the Jackson area appear to be less plagued by the "violent racism" Johnson witnesses in the Delta, but segregation is still present.
For Jackson, racial reconciliation groups that worked to foster relationships between predominantly black and predominantly white churches were a stabilizing force in the aftermath of the Civil Rights Movement. At the forefront of these institutions is Mission Mississippi, "a statewide movement that encourages unity in the body of Christ across racial and denominational lines," as Weary describes it.
Mission Mississippi began as a series of informal prayer meetings between a biracial group of Christians who met in a West Jackson police station. In 1993, the group decided to form an official organization seeking to build dialogue between black and white churches. The only event organized for black and white Christians to meet and interact through Mission Mississippi in its early years was a prayer breakfast held every Thursday morning.
"We would meet at a black church on one Thursday, and a white church the next Thursday," Weary says. "It would last for an hour, and the first 15 minutes would be coffee, donuts, juice, or light breakfast. There would be announcements, and the pastor would bring a five-minute devotional. Then we'd break up into small groups of three or four people, with a list of things for them to pray for."
Weary signed on as president in 1998, and is well-suited to his position. Having grown up in Simpson County during the era of segregation, Weary was relieved to receive a basketball scholarship from a Christian college in California. He was determined then to never return to Mississippi and its racism. But God brought him backs, he says, "to live out my passion for racial reconciliation."
From 1971 to 1997, Weary served as president of Mendenhall Ministries, a program operating out of Mendenhall Baptist Church ministering to the needs of the poor in the area. When he arrived at the offices of Mission Mississippi on Congress Street, the directors trusted that Weary could take the group beyond Jackson and pitch it to other towns in Mississippi. While the weekly prayer breakfasts continue to be a staple of the Mission Mississippi agenda, Weary explains that he promotes partnership between predominantly black church and a predominantly white church that results in dialogue and community service.
"Whenever we start a chapter, we want them to do two things. One is to meet intentionally. That is, you plan to go intentionally to a black church, and you plan to intentionally go to a white church. That's putting something on the agenda that causes people to step outside their comfort zone, but that's what we want to do. The second we want is to be consistent," Weary says.
Although there are no outlines for church partnerships other than the fact that they extend across racial divides, Weary encourages the partnership of churches that may have shared experiences of the segregated past. Mount Helm Baptist Church and First Baptist Church are a natural match, for example, because Mount Helm was started by the slaves of First Baptist whites. The prospects for that partnership are looking good. When Mount Helm celebrated its 170th anniversary in October, members of First Baptist showed up at the celebration.
"We had (the churches) at the prayer breakfast together," Weary says. "We introduced those pastors together and were saying, 'Guys, it would be a really great model if you guys start thinking about a partnership together.'"
A Matter of Style
It may, however, seem that Mission Mississippi is selling integration short if it does nothing to bring whites and blacks together under one roof every Sunday.
Like most of those working on racial unity, Weary recognizes that blacks and whites have different styles of worship. These differences are rooted in the segregated past. Because black ministers didn't attend seminary, their services were more improvisational, later becoming infused with the verve of gospel music, whereas extensive religious education led white ministers to be more formal.
Moorhead is blunter about the difference in worship styles. "Black churches are fun to go to, and white churches generally aren't," he deadpans.
Sacrificing these cultural identities would contradict the spirit of integration. What Weary promotes instead is "churches that are racially different and that periodically those churches are coming together."
Weary commends New Horizons Church and Trinity Presbyterian Church for being outstanding examples of partnership churches. "They have intentionally been working on coming together for the past 11 or 12 years, and they have done a number of things together to the point that people in the congregations are doing things outside of church," he says.
The alliance between New Horizons Church and Trinity Presbyterian Church actually predates the formation of Mission Mississippi by one year. On Easter 1992, the two churches joined together at Belhaven College for a sunrise service. The Rev. Michael Ross moved here that summer to become the new pastor at Trinity Presbyterian, and he was quickly approached to take the relationship with New Horizons a step further by entering into a "sister church relationship." Ross worked closely with Pastor Ron Crudup at New Horizons to bring their churches together.
"We had the Lord's Supper at our church, and the Lord's Supper at their church the next year," Ross says. "And that's a big event: for whites and blacks to celebrate the Lord's Supper together."
Trinity Presbyterian was a progressive white church from the beginning. Founded in the 1950s as a church for GIs, Ross says that Trinity "was basically untouched" by the evils of the Jim Crow era. "That seemed to happen in larger churches like Broadmoor and Woodland Hills and First Baptist. Places like that," Ross says. "They had a pastor here named Park Moore, and he was very much in favor of civil rights. He said if people could come to the church, they're free to come. Part of them agreed with him, and part of them didn't, but they didn't fire him or anything."
When Ross arrived in 1992, he brought some African Americans who lived in surrounding neighborhoods into the church. What resulted was a fairly racially diverse congregation. Yet Trinity still had a lot to learn from the relationship with New Horizons Church, the church founded by Crudup in 1989 that featured only a few white members. "I don't know if there were any preconceptions," Ross says, "but we went about it slowly."
After mission trips to Africa, prayer meetings, and continuing the sunrise service on Easter Sunday, Ross says his congregation has learned that "to work together doesn't necessarily mean you have to worship at the same church." Meanwhile, Crudup says the greatest thing his parish has learned is that "people of other races are just people."
In spite of being the catalyst for some change in the way that black and white churches view one another, critiques of Mission Mississippi abound.
At its outset, Mission Mississippi decided to restrict its efforts to Christian churches. This came at the expense of including other faiths with an interest in building relationships with members of a different race. Weary explains that his organization is not "against the Jews, we're not against the Muslims, we're not against anybody. We're pro, if we can get this group of people who say they have so much in common (through Christianity), then how much better our whole state will be."
'Wasn't None of Them White'
"There is little progression within the Mission Mississippi movement. It's driven more by businessmen, and in Jackson, it's driven by successful businessmen. You've got some churches that help support it a little bit. One of the big pastors would come speak to give some assent to it. They would have Dolphus come speak on a Sunday night or something. But (nothing) as far as them being really involved and saying racism is wrong," John Perkins says.
Perkins is perhaps the most important figure in racial reconciliation efforts in Mississippi. He is a mentor to Weary, who grew up under him at Mendenhall Ministries, an organization which Perkins established. Both men have much in common. Perkins grew up in New Hebron, Miss., and moved to California where he witnessed "good experiences across racial divides." Perkins did decide to return to Mississippi, though, and established several foundations addressing poverty and racial relationships.
Perkins is critical even of his own racial reconciliation group, The John Perkins Foundation, saying it has done "very little" to mend racial relations. Perkins doesn't blame either organization; rather, he believes that it is the fault of most white and black churches for not rising to the challenge. This, he says, is due to the inability of blacks and whites to trust one another in order to enter into a working relationship.
"Blacks now have gotten trapped because they don't trust the white church to do what they need to do, and they've become locked in their black church. So the church as an institution is still very segregated, because the white church took a long time before they invited a few blacks to come in," Perkins says.
This is echoed by Moorhead, who portrays in his film the stagnation and misunderstanding brought about by failing to ignite dialogue between the black and white communities. After 30 years, St. Peter's Episcopal Church and Second Missionary Baptist in Oxford decided to come together discuss their shared but different experiences of the racist past. This came after St. Peter's priest, Duncan Gray III called Rev. Leroy Wadlington at Second Missionary.
"Leroy," Gray said, "I've just come out of a meeting and a question came up. What was feeling of the black community when all of that was going on."
Moorhead's commentary is that no one could answer, because everyone was white and didn't know who to ask.
As congregants from both churches met to engage in discussion, ingrained notions that each race possessed of the other began to spill out and illuminate the reasons why an attempt at racial reconciliation hadn't yet been made. Whites mentioned feeling guilt, but defended themselves by saying that they just "hadn't gotten around to" addressing the obvious separation of cultures. African Americans conveyed a sense of disempowerment that left them feeling unable to approach white people to begin the reconciliation process.
"Black people don't feel automatically invited, they automatically feel the opposite. From a white perspective, you have to work to break down that barrier and overcome the suspicion because the suspicions are based on long experience," Moorhead says.
It is evident from the film that economic discrepancies also play a complex role in the hindering status of reconciliation between the races. At the beginning of the film, an African American teenager explains her inability to understand the white race because she "grew up in the projects. And wasn't none of them white."
Perkins argues that the fact that poverty is a result of past white domination, and also argues that poverty continues to leave blacks feeling disempowered, which makes true reconciliation impossible because true reconciliation implies equality. Perkins' solution is that when churches join together, such as through Mission Mississippi, the activities they perform to achieve racial reconciliation should be service work in the community. Worshipping together is not the end, he stresses. "Working together will bring us closer together," he says, and "go a long way in eliminating poverty."
Other groups in Mississippi are working to achieve reconciliation by reopening old civil rights cases in which justice was never served. Last year, the William Winter Institute was called upon to facilitate a series of meetings at the First Methodist Church in Philadelphia to decide how to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the murders of civil rights workers Schwerner, Goodman and Chaney. Although the William Winter Institute for Racial Reconciliation is not faith-based, director Glisson says that the institute has worked with churches in almost every community it has served.
At the Philadelphia coalition, Glisson says the institute "acted as a facilitator, helped people to tell their story, helped them work through what they believed could bring about redemption in the case."
The group that met was comprised of thirty multiracial citizens. Inevitably, disagreements that hinged on different perceptions arose. "African Americans who were at the table said the way they would like to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the murders was to have a march. And the white folks sort of got more pale than already are because for them, marches signify riots and protest," Glisson says.
After five months of deliberation, the group agreed to issue the Call for Justice, a petition calling for the reopening of the case of the murders of the Freedom Summer workers, at the county coliseum. It was at this point that another group, the Mississippi Religious Leadership Conference, decided to step in and help. The MRLC had grown out of the Committee for Concern, the group of religious leaders who had met to remedy the burning of black churches during the Civil Rights movement.
"We've been now for 41 years an organization that sought to work for the betterment of people that perhaps didn't have a voice themselves," says the director since 2000, Dr. Paul Jones.
During the deliberations, Jones received a phone call from a member of the Philadelphia Coalition asking if the group would be willing to start an award fund to reward any new information in the Mississippi Burning trial. Jones agreed, and negotiated a contract with donors who placed an excess of $100,000 in the fund.
Efforts of each organization paid off: In June 2005, Edgar Ray Killen was convicted for the murders of the Schwerner, Goodman, and Chaney. "I think they've taken a big step in holding one of the murders accountable," Glisson says.
But there are still cases in which justice has yet to be achieved. In July, Thomas Moore approached Dr. Jones about starting a reward fund of his own. Forty-one years earlier, Moore's brother Charles Moore and friend Henry Dee had been picked up by members of the Klan while hitchhiking and murdered. When Moore revisited the scene of the murder with a Canadian filmmaker and the Jackson Free Press in July 2005, Moore discovered that one of the killers who was reputed to be dead was, in fact, alive.
Moore recalls hearing a Klansmen recount a portion of the eulogy of James Ford Seale. "I can't remember how they said it, but he had a good life. They raised three kids and lived and had a good job and retirement. The Lord had been good to him. I said, 'Now wait a minute. If we serving the same God and the same Bible and the same beliefs, I believe the Lord said, 'Thou shall not kill…' If God blesses that, and we believe in the same God, then the God I'm serving is not true."
Jones worked with Moore to establish another fund for information leading to the murders of Charles Moore and Henry Dee. The reopened case is still in the investigative stage. But if nothing else, working with Jones, a white Baptist minister, has helped Moore with reconciliation of his own.
"I didn't really think about it when I met Dr. Jones, but as I worked with him and began to realize, hey, this is something big. This something mighty fine," Moore recalls.
"Forty-one years ago, (Charles Moore and Henry Dee) were killed by the KKK, which is a predominantly white organization as far as I know. Now another predominantly white organization is trying to reach in and help. That is a tremendous breakthrough."
Today is December twenty-first 2005. In just a few days, the world will celebrate the Birth of Jesus Christ; or so they say. Last year, the day after Christmas, a tsunami struck our global society.
In February forty-seven thousand or more people "of" Louisiana alone will have to be out of hotel housing. I don't know if that number includes Mississippi.
As of today, if that fete was possible, at least a thousand people a day must be moved, beginning today. Forty-seven days and counting. Is it possible! Jesus said, only believe: "All things possible to him that believeth." I've got to pray, Now!
Still, the Greatest Societal Need, is that we just treat one another right. We are not doing that. We I read my bible, I understand why we are not doing that. I wonder, do we really care! Until it's too late.
It's raining in the souls of America. Still! The Flood and the Storm is still rageing in the souls of America's lost.
When will this dirge end. This is the slowest and longest funeral, I've ever witnessed, for this is the Death of A Nation, played out before our eyes. May your God and My God, your Lord and My Lord be with us all, until we are all gathered together some sweet morning. | <urn:uuid:c1924bba-7e05-459c-b6ec-fac061a8407c> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://www.jacksonfreepress.com/news/2005/dec/21/crossing-the-mighty-river-race-religion-and/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741979.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114104603-20181114125936-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.980277 | 5,504 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Altaya ALT95895 German Sd. Kfz.101 PzKpfw I Ausf. B Light Tank - 5.Panzer Division, Pszczyna, Poland, 1939 (1:72 Scale)
"If the tank succeeds, then victory follows."
- Major-General Heinz Guderian, "Achtung Panzer!"
The Panzer I was a light tank produced in Germany in the 1930s. The name is short for the German Panzerkampfwagen I ("armored fighting vehicle mark I"), abbreviated PzKpfw I. The tank's official German ordnance inventory designation was SdKfz 101 ("special purpose vehicle 101").
Design of the Panzer I began in 1932 and mass production began in 1934. Intended only as a training tank to introduce the concept of armored warfare to the German Army, the Panzer I saw combat in Spain during the Spanish Civil War, in Poland, France, the Soviet Union and North Africa during the Second World War, and in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Experiences with the Panzer I during the Spanish Civil War helped shape the German armored corps' invasion of Poland in 1939 and France in 1940. By 1941, the Panzer I chassis design was used as the basis of tank destroyers and assault guns. There were attempts to upgrade the Panzer I throughout its service history, including by foreign nations to extend the design's lifespan. It continued to serve in the armed forces of Spain until 1954.
The Panzer I's performance in combat was limited by its thin armor and light armament of two machine guns. As a design intended for training, the Panzer I was not as capable as other light tanks of the era, such as the Soviet T-26. Although weak in combat, it formed a large part of Germany's tank forces and was used in all major campaigns between September 1939 and December 1941. The small, vulnerable light tank would be surpassed in importance by better-known German tanks such as the Panzer IV, Panther, and Tiger; nevertheless, the Panzer I's contribution to the early victories of Nazi Germany during the Second World War was significant.
Pictured here is a 1:72 scale replica of a German Sd. Kfz.101 PzKpfw I Ausf. B Light Tank.
Length: 2-1/2 inches
Width: 1-1/4 inches
Release Date: February 2014
Historical Account: "Panzers East" - The Invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign or 1939 Defensive War in Poland and the Poland Campaign (German: Polenfeldzug) in Germany, was an invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small Slovak contingent that marked the start of World War II. The invasion began on September 1st, 1939, one week after the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, and ended October 6th, 1939 with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland.
The day after the Gleiwitz incident, German forces invaded Poland from the north, south, and west. As the Germans advanced, Polish forces withdrew from their forward bases of operation close to the Polish-German border to more established lines of defense to the east. After the mid-September Polish defeat in the Battle of the Bzura, the Germans gained an undisputed advantage. Polish forces then withdrew to the southeast where they prepared for a long defense of the Romanian Bridgehead and awaited expected French and British support and relief.
The Soviet Red Army's invasion of the Kresy on September 17th, in accordance with a secret protocol of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, rendered the Polish plan of defense obsolete. Facing a second front, the Polish government concluded the defense of the Romanian Bridgehead was no longer feasible and ordered an emergency evacuation of all troops to neutral Romania. On October 6th, following the Polish defeat at the Battle of Kock, German and Soviet Union forces gained full control over Poland. The success of the invasion marked the end of the Second Polish Republic, though Poland never formally surrendered.
On October 8th, Germany directly annexed western Poland and the former Free City of Danzig and placed the remaining block of territory under administration of the newly established General Government. The Soviet Union immediately started a campaign of sovietization of the newly acquired areas. This included staged elections, the results of which were used to legitimize the Soviet Union's annexation of eastern Poland. In the aftermath of the invasion, a collective of underground resistance organizations formed the Polish Underground State within the territory of the former Polish state. Many of the military exiles that managed to escape Poland subsequently joined the Polish Armed Forces in the West, an armed force loyal to the Polish government in exile. | <urn:uuid:3d61e884-e2be-4f34-9047-0d5de7e95151> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.themotorpool.net/German-Sd-Kfz-101-PzKpfw-I-Ausf-B-Light-Tank-p/alt95895.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246646036.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045726-00178-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969241 | 983 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Formats disponibles :
Publisher:Orca Book Publishers, 2018Note: This book was purchased with support from the Government of Canada's Social Development Partnerships Program - Disability Component.
This is an enhanced ebook with a read-along function. Tongue-twisty teasers lead the reader through a miscellany of animals in this brilliantly illustrated hint-and-reveal book. Careful clues invite the child to guess what's coming next, and rhythm and repetition invite early readers to try out this little riddle book on their own. From toucan to centipede, all will delight in Vlasta van Kampen's colorful art and Charles Ghigna's whimsical words.Original Publisher: Victoria, Orca Book PublishersLanguage(s): English | <urn:uuid:6dd2e46a-adc9-461e-9f59-ace85a54db4e> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://nnels.ca/fr/items/who-can-read-along#comment-form | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363400.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20211207140255-20211207170255-00336.warc.gz | en | 0.878851 | 171 | 2.875 | 3 |
Bosnia’s Serb-dominated Republika Srpska held its biggest ever Republic Day celebrations on January 9 despite the holiday being banned by the state-level constitutional court. The event provoked strong negative reactions from the victims of the bloody 1992-1995 Bosnian war.
Further hiking tensions within Bosnia, Republika Srpska’s President Milorad Dodik used the occasion to threaten once again that unless Republika Srpska gets more autonomy the entity will secede from Bosnia.
Republic Day marked the anniversary of the proclamation of the Republic of the Serb People of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992, shortly before the outbreak of the Bosnian civil war. At the time Bosnian Serbs claimed their republic was part of Yugoslavia – rather than Bosnia, which had declared its independence the year before.
January 9 is also an Orthodox religious holiday, the Day of St Stephen, which is not observed by Catholic Croats or Muslim Bosniaks. In 2015, Bosnia’s constitutional court decided that the celebration of Republic Day in the entity contains elements of discrimination and should not be held until it meets the criteria of international legislation for human rights.
Despite the ban, Dodik and his ruling Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD) staged celebrations marking the 25th anniversary of the republic’s proclamation with a big parade, which included hundreds of police officers, firefighters, members of the Civil Protection force and post officers, who marched singing ‘March on the Drina’ - a Serbian song that was sung by ultranationalist Serb brigades during the Bosnian war.
Republika Srpska’s celebration was supported by top Serbian politicians. President Tomislav Nikolic and several Serbian ministers attended the celebration, while the Prime Minister Aleksandar Vucic was quoted by Bosnian media as greeting the entity on the occasion.
In his address at the event, Dodik invoked the Dayton agreement that ended the war, claiming Republika Srpska should be given greater autonomy.
“As this authority has been annulled with decisions by the high representatives despite the Dayton accord, which has also been breached by decisions of foreign judges, [Republika] Srpska is determined to affirm its original authority under Dayton [agreement],” daily Nezavisne Novine quoted Dodik as saying.
Republika Srpska’s president has many times said that the entity will secede from Bosnia and the entity’s authorities have repeatedly declined to accept decisions of the state-level constitutional court, significantly raising tensions in Bosnia. However, this is a threat repeatedly used by Dodik to increase his influence on decision-making within Bosnia.
Bosnian political analysts have warned that the organisers of the celebration are risking international isolation by ignoring the decision of the constitutional court.
The January 9 celebration provoked a strong negative reaction by organisations representing Bosnian women who have survived, but were victims of violence or lost their loved ones in the Bosnian war.
“Today in Banja Luka [people] still want the same [Greater Serbia], negating the genocide and war crimes and celebrating their heroes. January 9 can be celebrated only as genocide over the non-Serb population, especially on Bosniaks,” Klix.ba quoted Bakira Hasecic, the chair of one of the organisations, who was the victim of multiple rapes by Bosnian Serb soldiers during the war, as saying at a press conference in Sarajevo.
The celebration also sparked a serious dispute between top Bosnian politicians as some Bosnian Army soldiers attended the celebrations despite warnings from state and international institutions that their attendance was illegal. Members of the Third Infantry Regiment of the Bosnian Army participated as guards of honour as requested by the Serb member of Bosnia’s tripartite presidency, Mladen Ivanic, who ignored warnings issued by the state-level defence ministry.
Several political parties issued a joint statement claiming that Ivanic’s decision breached Bosnia’s constitution.
“We believe that Ivanic and [Bosnia’s Defence Minister Marina] Pendes, as well as [the Croat member of the tripartite presidency] Dragan Covic have attacked not only the constitutional and legal system, but also the peace in Bosnia & Herzegovina. Therefore we demand from Bakir Izetbegovic [the current chairman of the tripartite presidency] to order the chairman of the council of ministers Denis Zvizdic to urgently call a session of the Council for National Security… and request investigation,” Klix.ba quoted three parties – the Social Democratic Party (SDP), the Democratic Front (DF) and the Civil Union (GS) as saying in the statement. | <urn:uuid:9c3d5a2c-48e0-42c8-b3d6-5ea1f4df9006> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.intellinews.com/celebration-of-republika-srpska-s-banned-republic-day-angers-bosnian-war-victims-113423/?source=bosnia-and-herzegovina | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824894.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021190701-20171021210701-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.961562 | 1,003 | 2.75 | 3 |
Professor John Bernard Pethica
Distinguished for his contributions to the field of nanometre and atomic scale mechanics.
He invented and developed the technique of nanoindentation, revolutionising the mechanical characterisation of ultra-small volumes of materials. This has impacted the thin film and coatings industry, the reliable determination of local properties requested to model materials at larger scales, and led to the observation of novel nanomechanics.
He was the first to introduce the concept of forces acting between tip and surface in Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy, which lead directly to Binnig’s invention of Atomic Force Microscopy, and late to new STM imaging and to the single atom and molecule manipulation processes. His work is strongly linked to molecular dynamics modelling. Recently he has implemented a novel AFM using sub-Å modulation.
Force gradients can now be imaged directly with atomic resolution, and mapping of short-range interaction potential between surface and tip gives mechanical characterisation of individual chemical bonds. The method is now also being applied to liquids; molecular layering had been observed in water, and the lateral rigidity of confined fluid layers shown to depend strongly on commensurability of the gap, with significant implications for fundamentals of tribology. | <urn:uuid:b0712a18-c47d-4f00-94fa-6b9499402ec4> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | https://www.iop.org/about/awards/bilateral/holweck/medallists/page_60680.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645167576.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031247-00114-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934397 | 259 | 2.84375 | 3 |
What is recapture?
Recapture is the provision of the Texas school finance system through which property wealth in the state’s wealthiest districts is used to help support educational equity for all children across the whole system.
Why do the children of Texas need recapture?
Recapture enables 90 percent of all students to have a higher level of education than they would otherwise have, due to which neighborhood they live in. Recapture also ensures that we do not have a system where a few children have superior education while the majority receive inferior education. | <urn:uuid:e2258ba9-b692-48be-9eae-5730078b8538> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.idra.org/resource-center/equalizing-school-funding/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511424.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004220037-20231005010037-00602.warc.gz | en | 0.964373 | 113 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Bans on plastic straws, soda taxes, bans on diesel cars, the crackdown on smoking, restrictions on alcohol consumption: the list of restrictions on people's personal freedoms is steadily increasing. But why is the Nanny State so popular?
Some of the latest inventions
Beware the plastic bag and the styrofoam container! That seems to be the theme in recent regulatory developments. The cities putting special taxes and bans on single-use plastic bags and which bar styrofoam food containers from restaurants is growing exponentially. In the case of single-use plastic bags, the evidence shows quite clearly that the conventional HDPE (High-density polyethylene) wins over alternative bags on its environmental impact. This is because the re-use rate of paper or cotton bags is far below the rate needed to break even with the plastic bag.
The story is the same for expanded polystyrene (EPS)—commonly known as styrofoam: cities such as Seattle, Washington D.C., Portland, Minneapolis, or San Francisco, have put bans on EPS products across the board, which has consequences for both producers, retailers, and consumers. When we compare polystyrene foam to paper cups, we find that paper uses more petroleum, more steam, more electric power, more cooling water, more wastewater, and more mass to landfill. The recycling opportunities of styrofoam are there: it shredded to be reused as ceiling insulation, or can be melted down and turned into pellets used to create harder plastic items, like toys or faux wood.
But the colorful ideas for new bans go further than just banning the product. The WHO is addressing the issue of marketing techniques towards children: the WHO, which has made the fight against non-communicable diseases (NCDs) a priority (those are, for instance, self-inflicted illnesses), writes in a 2010 report on its Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health:
"Given that the effectiveness of marketing is a function of exposure and power, the overall policy objective should be to reduce both the exposure of children to, and power of, marketing of foods high in saturated fats, trans-fatty acids, free sugars, or salt."
As a result, the WHO has been moving forward on the exact definition of what these restrictions should entail.
In 2012, the UN body further developed on its proposal to limit marketing to children, with a framework document on policy implementation. Here, the WHO gives an example of how the policy prescriptions could be implemented:
"Example: Eliminate all forms of marketing of any products to which a broad range of children are exposed, with a broad definition of what constitutes marketing directed to children."
In a 2014 blog entry, the WHO quoted Amanda Long, Director-General of Consumers International, "a global consumer rights organization": "Food companies spend billions of dollars developing marketing that really works". Note that "consumer rights organization, in this case, means no right for the consumers, in this case parents, to chose what is good for their own children.
This is ultimately the message that recently adopted draft European Union Council proposals on marketing restrictions send. Ministers regard this is a consumer protection issue, as well as for the “reduction of health inequalities” and prevention policy. But all it really translates is a massive distrust in parenting. A proposal that makes the rounds at the moment is the banning of cartoon characters on breakfast cereal boxes, as it is already in place in Chile. The mere fact that there is already a country that has implemented the measure, will give the opportunity to "public health advocates" (I will continue to call them that until I am convinced that this is what they actually stand for), to twist the numbers until they'll draft a report to call it a massive success.
The theory of the brainwashed consumer
The idea that the consumer needs a centralized authority telling him or her how to behave, derives from the fundamental idea that he or she is inept at making rational decisions. It is interesting to see how the topic is addressed, in the example of restrictions on marketing for products: parents are seen as influenced by their own children, who themselves have been brainwashed by companies. As marketing becomes synonymous with manipulation, manipulated consumers need someone to protect them.
Are we to define the mere fact that a product is being described by the producer as "good", as manipulation?
The basic flaw is a misunderstanding between "manipulation" and "marketing", two words which are not pointing to the same type of strategy. Governments seem to believe that all types of advertising mislead consumers about the product, when this is actually a more exceptional case. When Volkswagen manipulated their vehicles in order to show a lower emissions output, they were giving consumers false information about their product. When companies advertise health benefits of their products that cannot be proven, then they are intentionally misleading their customers. However, this is miles away from advertising a product as being cool, refreshing, comfortable, or trendy. Are we to define the mere fact that a product is being described by the producer as "good", as manipulation?
But the idea of consumer protection remains important for governments because consumers have been taught to perceive themselves as victims. For this purpose, multiple European countries already have ministries for consumer protection. Much like the Ministry of Truth, it's a question of who gets to decide how the consumer is really protected, instead of letting that decision up to the individual.
The Nanny State is popular because people have lost trust in their own abilities to make their own decisions for themselves, not because they have actually lost them. Governments feed on the idea of the irresponsible individual, because confident consumers won't accept the mere existence of paternalism. If we want to defeat the Nanny State, we need not only oppose the individual policies that governments introduce, we also need to empower individuals to believe in their ability to act as responsible individuals. | <urn:uuid:45f26592-adf5-423d-935a-e8d64c26085c> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://fee.org/articles/why-is-the-nanny-state-so-popular/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256763.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522043027-20190522065027-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.959302 | 1,199 | 2.671875 | 3 |
On Dec. 4, 1966, Airman 2nd Class Bob Thorneburg and his German shepherd, Nemo, were walking patrol about a quarter of a mile from the runway at Tan Son Nhut Air Base, near Saigon. They had just started when Nemo went on alert. Enemy fire erupted. Thorneburg released Nemo, and they charged the enemy. Nemo was shot in the head, the bullet entering under the right eye and exiting through his mouth. Thorneburg killed one of the Viet Cong before being shot.
Despite the serious head wound, Nemo continued to fight, throwing himself at the attackers and giving the severely wounded Thorneburg time to radio for help. Nemo crawled to where Thorneburg was lying and covered the airman with his body to protect him. Both man and dog survived, but both needed emergency medical attention. Thorneburg was flown to Japan and then to the United States. Nemo, after intense surgery to repair his head wounds, was flown to the U.S. as a “war hero” and retired at the Defense Department Dog Center at Lackland Air Force Base in Texas.
Most military dogs who served in Vietnam weren’t so fortunate. The mantra “no man left behind” was not amended to include the dogs who fought alongside the men.
As an article on Vice.com, which included an interview with former Army dog handler Rick Claggett, stated: “There was one group of U.S. veterans who, despite serving bravely and saving countless lives, were either executed or abandoned by the military they served.” Those veterans were the military working dogs.
The U.S. military deployed an estimated 4,000 dogs to Vietnam and Thailand during the war. The exact number is unknown because the military didn’t start keeping records of dogs serving in Vietnam until 1968. About 3,700 are confirmed by a “brand number” (similar to a GI’s serial number) tattooed in the dog’s left ear.
Only 204 of the dogs sent to Vietnam made it back to the States, or were reassigned to peaceful areas of the Pacific, in the war years of 1964-75, according to the U.S. War Dog Association. About 350 were killed, says Richard Cunningham, a sentry dog handler during the war, in a piece for The New York Times. Hundreds of others died from diseases, heat stroke, accidents and other noncombat causes.
But that doesn’t explain the fate of thousands more dogs. Why aren’t they accounted for? Simply put, the military and Congress considered the dogs “equipment” and therefore expendable. Thus little effort was made to bring them home, where they could enjoy “civilian life.”
The United States had been using military working dogs since World War I. The dogs deployed in both world wars and Korea saved an untold number of lives, and many lost theirs in the process, just as they did in Vietnam. “They loved to work purely for the approval and praise of their handler and partner,” Cunningham recalled.
Dogs were invaluable in Vietnam because of their ability to sense threats, even in the thick jungle. Dogs have 225 million scent receptors in their noses, compared with 5 million in humans. They can detect movement quicker than humans and hear four times better. Canines on missions in Vietnam included scout dogs, tracker dogs, sentry dogs and dogs used to detect mines, booby traps and enemy tunnels.
Scout teams were made up of a German shepherd and handler “walking point,” at the front of a patrol, to detect enemy troops ready to spring an ambush, snipers, trip wires and booby traps. Those teams were so effective that the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong put bounties on the heads of both the handlers and their dogs.
Tracker teams comprised a Labrador retriever, the handler, a cover man, a visual tracker and a team leader. They would hunt down enemy troops after a battle, usually by following blood trails and body odor. Trackers also assisted searches for downed pilots and missing soldiers.
Sentry teams, one dog and a handler, “walked the wire”—barbed wire surrounding installations—to provide security for bases, ammo dumps and supply areas. Working mainly at night, their mission was to “detect, detain and destroy” enemy invaders before they got inside the wire.
Other teams of one dog and a handler were used to detect mines, booby traps and other devices that could produce U.S. casualties. Those dogs also discovered tunnels and sometime were sent down to flush out the enemy.
Even before the 1965 arrival of combat troops, the Air Force had started a research project in Saigon to explore the use of dogs in the tropics. In 1961 the Air Force sent two instructors and 10 dogs to assist in base security. The South Vietnamese weren’t interested, however, so the U.S. handlers went home, and the dogs were left with the Army of the Republic of Vietnam.
In July 1962, an additional 300 dogs sent by the U.S. Army arrived in South Vietnam and were turned over to the ARVN. But problems quickly arose. There were no veterinarians in the country, and ARVN troops didn’t feed the dogs properly because of the expense. “Nearly 90 percent of ARVN dog deaths could be attributed to malnutrition,” according to website K-9 History. To improve conditions for the dogs, the Army sent a six-man team to establish veterinary support.
In March 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson officially authorized the use of U.S. military working dogs in Vietnam. In July the Air Force sent 40 handlers and dogs. In September, the Army landed its first dogs in South Vietnam. February 1966 saw two Marine dog platoons sent to Vietnam. By April 1966, the Navy also had dogs there.
In 1970, as American troops were being sent home as part of multiyear withdrawal, the U.S. government began to turn over many of its military dogs to the ARVN even though the South Vietnamese military didn’t want them and couldn’t handle them.
There are no records of what exactly happened to the dogs left in the ARVN’s care during the course of the war. However, dogs are considered a food item in Vietnam, and there is a good possibility some were killed and eaten.
Most of the other dogs remaining in Vietnam during the last years of the war were euthanized by the U.S. military or abandoned.
Many handlers saw their dogs differently than the government did. “They weren’t a piece of equipment to us,” Claggett said. “I loved that dog. It was a living, breathing thing that had emotions and played and did all kinds of dog things.” Some handlers tried to get permission to bring the dogs home, even at their own expense. The government’s answer was a flat-out “no.”
The handlers appealed to the American public and press. “We made some phone calls trying to convince people to help bring our dogs back home,” Claggett said. Under public pressure, the Defense Department in 1970 put 200 dogs in quarantine at the Long Binh base north of Saigon, in preparation for a return home. In September 1970, U.S. Rep. John E. Moss, a California Democrat, introduced legislation to create retraining or retirement shelters for canine veterans. His bill went nowhere. Before long, the military changed its mind about the dogs. Most were not going to be repatriated.
By May 1971 only 120 of the dogs in quarantine at Long Binh were still alive, but they were among the fortunate 204 survivors. They found homes in Okinawa, Japan; Fort Benning, Georgia; or Lackland Air Force Base. In June 1972 the 130 dogs then remaining under U.S. military control in South Vietnam were turned over to the ARVN.
Turning the dogs over to the ARVN or, in some cases, euthanizing them, was a “cost effective” way to deal with something regarded as just another piece of military gear being left behind. Bringing the dogs back from Vietnam would have been a huge logistical problem, but no one worried about cost or logistics when the dogs were sent there.
America’s canine “soldiers,” estimated by some to have saved 10,000 lives, were deserted by the people they served—a violation of the “leave no one behind” creed and a stain on our country. It is believed that all the “American” dogs turned over to the ARVN perished when the North Vietnamese overran South Vietnam, though there are no official records. One would like to think the dogs went down fighting just as they were trained to do; just as all American soldiers are trained to do.
Dana Benner teaches history, political science and sociology at the university level. He served more than 10 years in the U.S. Army.
Do you have reflections on the war that you would like to share? Email your idea or article to [email protected], subject line: Reflections. | <urn:uuid:6888068a-341b-4461-af2a-82308dbb3a0b> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.historynet.com/the-plight-of-the-military-working-dogs-in-vietnam.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320302622.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120190514-20220120220514-00512.warc.gz | en | 0.979091 | 1,939 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Te Whatu Ora is urging green fingered kiwis to guard against Legionnaires' disease during the spring and summer gardening season.
Legionnaires' disease or Legionellosis is an uncommon but dangerous ‘gardener’s’ pneumonia. There are various types, but one of the main strains is often caused by bacteria found in compost and potting mixes.
Medical Officer of Health Dr David Sinclair from the National Public Health Service says case numbers in New Zealand often spike in September, October and November during spring gardening season.
“Legionnaires’ disease can be fatal, but it’s also very easy for gardeners to protect themselves against it” said Dr Sinclair.
“By following a few simple precautions you can reduce your risk when handling compost and potting mix. Most importantly dig out a well-fitting facemask to wear, put on gloves, damp down soil and wash your hands when you’re done.”
Public health services across New Zealand have already started seeing an uptick in spring time Legionnaires' disease notifications.
In the Auckland region case numbers for all types of Legionnaires’ disease in 2022 are the highest they’ve been in five years, while nationally there have been more than 140 cases in the year to date.
Typically, around 60% of Legionnaires’ disease cases each year are the Longbeachae type, which is linked to the bacteria found in compost and potting mix.
Te Whatu Ora is keen to reduce the risk of further cases this year particularly given the serious health outcomes Legionnaires’ disease can cause.
“The disease is uncommon but it can be really severe, so it’s important to take it seriously” added Dr Sinclair.
“The risk is higher for older people, as well as those who smoke, have lung conditions or a weakened immune system. As it can’t be spread from person to person it’s quite simple to keep yourself safe.
“Gardeners just need to remember to gear up when they get out there this Labour weekend and beyond.” | <urn:uuid:c40a550a-0da8-489f-89fe-752806d59864> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://newdunedinhospital.nz/about-us/news-and-updates/older-news-items/green-fingered-kiwis-urged-to-guard-against-legionnaires-disease-this-labour-weekend/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945287.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324144746-20230324174746-00632.warc.gz | en | 0.946284 | 443 | 2.90625 | 3 |
As a teacher you’re automatically put in a position where you have a huge impact on other people’s lives. And besides the incredible pleasure that comes from seeing your students gain new insights and become interested in new subjects, teaching is also incredibly self-educational! There is no doubt that teaching is a challenging job, but with the right know-how, getting there can be a lot less daunting. Receiving your teaching certification certainly helps with getting employers to notice you. It also does wonders with your confidence once you’re in that classroom facing your student crowd.
Standard Pathways to a Teaching Career
It is important to remember that rules and requirements are different in each state, as well as among private and public schools. However, there are also some key similarities in the most common ways that teachers go about obtaining certification, which allows you to choose a general path towards your own teaching career.
The most common way to enter teacherhood is getting your undergraduate four-year degree in the education field. If you complete a program in elementary or secondary education, you can then receive the appropriate teaching certification when you graduate with your degree. Education degrees usually include a student teaching requirement, so you'll have classroom experience by the time you finish. Because different institutions establish distinct criteria and the requirements vary greatly from state to state, have a look at the American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education (AACTE) to get an idea of what is needed for your specific situation.
Enrolling in a postgraduate course in education is also a common way to prepare for receiving teaching certification. Provided that you have a bachelor’s degree (no matter the subject), you can later change the direction of your studies by completing a graduate degree in education such as an M.Ed. degree.
As long as you have a degree in any subject, you may seek specialized certification to teach young learners at an elementary students or special subjects and students with special needs. Specific training courses and apprenticeship programs, where you get to learn from skilled teachers on the job, can effectively prepare you for certification testing upon completion, which then enables you to start working as a teacher. Some states allow you to complete an apprenticeship at a school in lieu of taking a certification exam or completing a degree in education, so be sure to check out your state's requirements.
After you have completed your undergraduate or postgraduate degree in an education-related field or you have undertaken a special teacher-training program, it is time to get your teaching license by taking a certification exam. Most states have their own licensure exam for teachers, and many have several tiers of exams based on the education and experience of the examinee. For example, some states have an initial temporary licensure examination. Passing this exam will certify you for, say, a year, after which you'll have to undergo additional testing or a performance review. There are also some nationally standardized teaching exams:
Praxis I, II and III tests cover many different areas and measure aspiring teachers’ knowledge and skills. You may be expected to get a passing score in one or more of these exams before you can submit your paperwork to your State Department of Education and get your certificate. Praxis I assesses your reading, writing and mathematical knowledge and leads to appropriate teaching licensure. Praxis II measures general as well as subject-specific teaching knowledge and skills and determines highly qualified status. Praxis III is for already-practicing teachers who wish to enter the field of school counselling. In this case, during your first year of teaching, an expert will observe you giving a lesson and then interview you, before he makes the decision to award you with Praxis III. Each state has established its own passing score as well certification requirements, and in some places Praxis is not even required. For this reason, check with your State’s Department of Education before proceeding.
Alternative Routes to Becoming a Teacher
When there is shortage of teachers in certain subjects, some states may choose to offer people without a degree in education, or those who wish to change career paths different ways to become certified teachers!
Intensive Teaching Programs
If you have worked in another field for a while and now wish to change paths and become a teacher, you may want to join an intensive teaching program. These usually take from a few months to two years to complete and efficiently prepare you for the unpredictable classroom environment. Most often, you can get a temporary teaching license and start teaching while continuing the course which will then allow you to become fully certified upon completion.
School Internship and Experience
Finally, you may have the opportunity to enter the teaching field by applying for an internship at a school or by acquiring subject-specific teaching experience. Although the criteria are usually stricter in public schools, most private or independent institutions decide on their own requirements for hiring teachers and may choose to train candidates through internships, or by placing them close to their knowledgeable teachers. Check out the National Association of Independent Schools for information on alternative ways to become a teacher for independent schools. | <urn:uuid:137cde5a-684a-44c6-bdaa-06a401bd9484> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.practicequiz.com/resources/getting-your-teaching-certification | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823550.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211015030-20181211040530-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.96654 | 1,032 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Sod fertilizer is not lawn food. Grass and plants make their own food in the form of sugar through a process called photosynthesis. Lawn nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium aid the grass in the process of photosynthesis. When choosing a fertilizer keep in mind a slow release granular is always better than a quick release liquid, every sod species has an amount of these nutrients at which it will grow best and fertilizing according to your geographical location and time of year is important.
Reading the sod fertilizer label goes something like this. Suppose you buy a 50 lbs. bag of fertilizer which reads 10-10-10. The first number is (N) Nitrogen, the second is (P) phosphorus, and the third is (K) potassium or pot ash. Multiply 50 (pounds in the bag) X .10 (the nutrient amount). This bag contains 15 lbs. of nutrients, 5 lbs. nitrogen, 5 lbs. of phosphorus, and 5 lbs.of potassium. The rest of the weight is just filler. Bahia, Bermuda, St. Augustine, Centipede and Zoysia all require different amounts of these nutrients to be applied through out the year.
Nitrogen (N) is a macro-nutrient important in healthy plant growth and essentially what makes your grass green. The greener the grass the more photosynthesis can occur and the thicker the lawn will become. Be careful with too much nitrogen the grass will grow too rapid for the root system to keep up with the new growth and the lawn will begin to thin and look sparse. Also rapid growth will require the lawn to be cut more frequently in order to prevent added stress by cutting off too much growth at one time. An overdose of nitrogen also invites insects and disease or can cause chemical burn and the lawn to turn yellow in spots. Conversely a lawn deficient in nitrogen
Phosphorus (P) is also a macro-nutrient important for the development of grass roots but also the overall growth of the lawn. Without phosphorus the sod lawns growth will slow dramatically. Individual sod grass blades will turn from dark green to purple or reddish pigments. The grass will then thin and weeds will begin to grow. It is important for water conservation and quality not to over fertilize with phosphorus. Unused phosphorus from sod fertilizer is thought to attach itself to soil and can enter water sources through run off and erosion. Use sod fertilizer before or after a lot of rain fall, avoid excess watering of your lawn and do not exceed recommended amounts for your sod grass species.
Potassium (K) is another macro-nutrient important to strength of the grasses cell wall structure aiding in the grasses ability to withstand stresses such as cold, drought, heat and disease. It aids in the plants ability to photosynthesis, water abortion and respiration. Grasses low in potassium will be stunted in growth and yellow requiring an application of sod fertilizer. You can slowly add potassium by using a mulching mower and allowing the clippings to return to the soil.
Jacksonville Sod Service can help you determine what sod grass species and cultivar is best for your needs. We are a professional sod delivery and St Augustine and Jacksonville sod installation company. Our website is full of information about different types of sod, sod disease, sod insects and and sod maintenance to keep your lawn looking good all year around. Find our information on Jacksonville sod prices or give us a call and schedule an appointment for your free sod installation estimate. | <urn:uuid:03dd4bd9-01f8-4ee4-bee8-87e63238b0f7> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.jacksonvillesodservice.com/sod-grass-maintenance/sod-fertilizer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647600.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321082653-20180321102653-00744.warc.gz | en | 0.924866 | 711 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Voice recognition system involves a biometric technology. This technology is getting very popular nowadays for security purposes and for electronics projects among engineering students. The individuals are easily identified through it and the chances of theft and fraud are reduced. Other methods of biometric identification are iris/eye scan, fingerprints, face scan, hand print, voice print, handwriting etc. Through the biometric voice recognition system, the unique voice characteristics of an individual can be recognized. This security system has a wide range of applications and uses as for ATM manufacturers, automobile manufacturers and in cell phone security access system to eliminate any sort of theft or fraud. It is also have many applications in embedded based applications.
Voice recognition system
The voice recognition system is the device’s capacity to understand spoken instructions. It is acutally a type of embedded system. When used with a computer an ADC is used which converts varying analog voice signals into digital pulses or digital signals, to be easily understood by the computer. The hard drive already has the forms of speech stored in it. The voice signal is decoded and checked against the stored forms. Sometimes due to the presence of other voices and noises, the output does not come out to be accurate.
OPERATION AND WORKING VOICE RECOGNITION SECURITY SYSTEM
In order to convert the speech or spoken words into a computer command, several complex steps are performed by the computer. The analog to digital converter converts the voice signal into digital signal for the computer. The ADC digitizes the sound wave at frequent intervals by taking some precise measurements. This sampled or digitized sound is then filtered in order to remove noise. This is also done to separate the sound in different bands of frequency. Sound also gets normalized by it. Different people have different speed of speaking, so the sound is adjusted such that it can match with the speed of the stored sound template in the memory of the system.
The next step is to divide the signal in smaller segments as few hundredths or thousandths of a second. These signals are then matched with the known phonemes. The smallest element of any language is said to be a phoneme. In the English language, there are approximately 40 phonemes. Different languages have different number of phonemes.
Next is the most difficult step in speech recognition. The phonemes are examined in the context of other phonemes which are around them. A complex statistical model then examines the contextual phoneme plot and it is compared with a large library of words, sentences and phrases. Then the program finally determines the words being said by the user and displays the output as text or issues a command.The earlier speech recognition systems applied a set of syntactical and grammatical rules that if the spoken words follow these rules then the words can be determined. But the human language cannot be modeled by just a set of rules.
Voice recognition system models
The speech recognition systems of modern day involve the use of complicated and powerful statistical modeling systems. Different mathematical functions and probability techniques are used to determine the correct word or sentence. John Garofolo has proposed two models for it:
- Hidden Markov Model
- Neural Networks
The hidden Markov model is more important. According to this model, a phoneme is treated as a link in a chain, and the completed chain represents a word. To determine the next phoneme, the chain forms branches of different sounds that can come next, a probability score is given to each branched off phoneme based on the built in dictionary. Thus, the complete word is finally determined.
HARDWARE DESIGN of Voice recognition system
The hardware design of a very basic voice recognition security system involves three main elements:
The microphone circuit is connected to the ADC of the controller. A set of words and phrases is stored in the memory of the microcontroller. Once a word is spoken in the mic, the adc converts it into digital signals which pass through digital filters and finally LCD, connected to the microcontroller displays the words spoken.
SPEECH RECOGNITION SENSORS
- ULTRASONIC SENSORS:
The ultrasonic processing is similar to radar. The ultra high frequency acoustic tone is thrown at a moving object, the reflections produced are recorded by a receiver. The Doppler effect governs the frequency of the tone reflected, the equation for it can be expressed as:
f = f0(1+ v c ),
f0= emitted tone frequency
f= reflected tone frequency
v= velocity of reflecting surface towards the emitter
c= speed of sound
Thus we can conclude that if the reflecting surface is moving far from the emitter, the recorded frequency tone will be lower and vice versa.The reflected signal will consist of a sum of sinusoids having different strengths and frequencies. In a case where a person is talking, the articulator motion during speech production will cause the reflections. To differentiate between speech sounds, the time frequency patterns can be of potential use.
- PHYSIOLOGICAL SENSOR
It is a device developed at Army Research Laboratory. This sensor physically couples to a patient and records the medical information such as the patient’s heartbeat and respiration. This sensor is worn around the throat.
It is useful in places where there is too much noise. The words spoken by a person in a microphone is compared with the data obtained from the physiological sensor attached on the neck of the person and then the words or the sentences are determined easily.
Earlier it was difficult to recognize speech using this sensor in IBM’s Via voce because of the distortions caused in speech. But later on, Rockwell Science Center a Hidden Markov model based speech recognizer to be used with the physiological sensor.
These two were the common sensors which have been developed. Research and development on other types of voice recognition sensors is already being carried out nowadays.
CLASSIFICATION OF VOICE RECOGNITION SYSTEM
There are four types of voice recognition systems.
- ISOLATED VOICE RECOGNITION SYSTEM: This system requires a brief pass between the words spoken.
- CONTINUOUS VOICE RECOGNITION SYSTEM: as the name suggests, this system does not require any pass between the words.
- SPEAKER DEPENDANT VOICE RECOGNITION SYSTEM: This system identifies the speech from a single speaker only. That means only a certain speaker can get passed through this system.
- SPEAKER INDEPENDENT VOICE RECOGNITION SYSTEM: This system can identify speech of any person.
APPLICATION OF VOICE RECOGNITION SYSTEM
VOICE CONTROLLED ROBOTIC CAR
This car is designed to be operated through the interfacing of a human and a machine. The robotic vehicle performs its operations based on the voice commands given by a human. This operation is achieved by using an 89C51 controller with a voice recognition module such as HM2007 etc. Voice commands or the push buttons control the direction of the robotic car. From transmitter to receiver end, the voice signals or commands are sent by the RF. The car can move left,right, forward or backward depending upon the command given to it.
There are two motors interfaced with the 89C51 microcontroller. These two motors control the movement of the robotic car. The commands are converted by the RF transmitter and encoded into digital data. The receiver circuit in the vehicle receives the data and decodes it to send it to another microcontroller which can drive the DC motors. A motor driver IC is used to control the directions and movements of the car according to the decoded data of voice commands.
This voice controlled vehicle can also be operated with the help of a DTMF technology for a very long range communication. Through DTMF, the car can be controlled through a mobile phone. | <urn:uuid:d021217c-456e-4f16-bc5e-e33c17d6ad6a> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://microcontrollerslab.com/voice-recognition-system-using-microcontroller/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738819.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811180239-20200811210239-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.93732 | 1,608 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Keugh, Matthew
KEUGH, MATTHEW (1744?–1798), governor of Wexford, born of a protestant family in Ireland about 1744, rose by his ability during the American war from the position of private to that of ensign, being gazetted in the 60th or royal American regiment of foot on 31 Oct. 1763. On 14 July 1769 he was appointed lieutenant in the 45th regiment of foot (Ireland), from which he was transferred on 14 March 1772 to the 27th or Inniskilling regiment of foot (Ireland). On retiring from the army in 1774 (Army Lists) he went to live upon his property in the town of Wexford. He became a J.P., but was deprived of his commission in 1796 for his revolutionary sympathies. Upon the occupation of Wexford by the insurgents on 30 May 1798, Keugh was chosen by them military governor of the town. Though he endeavoured to protect such of the royalists as remained, he was powerless to prevent the piking on the bridge on 20 June of 97 out of the 260 prisoners who were charged with having wronged the peasantry. When the capture of Wexford by the military was inevitable, Keugh formally placed the government in the hands of the loyalist Lord Kingsborough, hoping thereby to save the town from massacre and plunder. He was ultimately brought to a drumhead trial. Lord Kingsborough, Colonel Le Hunte, and other witnesses of good social standing stated that Keugh had acted on all occasions with singular humanity, and had tried to prevent effusion of blood, and that they owed their lives to his personal interference. He was nevertheless executed on the bridge on 25 June 1798; his body was thrown into the river, and his head placed on the courthouse. In private life Keugh was esteemed for his many amiable qualities and accomplishments. He married an aunt of the wife of Sir Jonah Barrington.
[Webb's Compendium of Irish Biography; Musgrave's Hist. of the Irish Rebellions; Madden's United Irishmen; Lecky's England in the Eighteenth Century, vol. viii.; Barrington's Personal Sketches.] | <urn:uuid:fb7991b6-9f18-4184-ac0d-03a056d1abed> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Keugh,_Matthew_(DNB00) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107890028.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025212948-20201026002948-00647.warc.gz | en | 0.9878 | 468 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Being money smart is
essential to landing great jobs, getting promotions,
taking care of your family, starting a business and
being financially independent. You can be one of the
growing group of young women who are learning to be
financially responsible and set themselves up for
financial success in the years to come by following
some simple rules…
Learn to budget your money.
written plan for how you will spend and save your hard
of spending: always
pay cash (ATM cards are okay as long as your aren't
paying a service fee to use them), never pay interest
(except on first cars and first houses), shop around
before you buy, use coupons, and be frugal. If
you follow the code of spending you will
spend less than you earn. It is essential for
following rule #3.
Carry a zero balance on all credit cards.
Yes, that means pay them off every month!
NEVER loan money to friends.
If you do, you will lose your money, your friend, or
both. Knowing this, don't ask your friends for
Explore different ways to increase your income. Ask
for a raise or a promotion to a higher paying job,
start a business, look for scholarships, get a higher
paying job, take on odd jobs, sell your unwanted stuff
and learn about how people make money with their
Save. Invest. and Give.
enjoy watching your savings account grow. Learn
about investing and invest in areas that interest you
(i.e. fashion, home improvement, medicine, real
estate. sports equipment, etc.) Give to your favorite
charities, churches or organizations. It puts
you in the mindset of wealth.
family and friends. Don't be afraid to ask
questions about money, financial planning, business,
investing, savings, stocks, insurance, credit cards or
anything else wealth related. The more you know about
money the more successful you will be in dealing with
a 3 ring binder with your written monthly budget,
banking and investment records (if you have any),
record of tax deductions, income statements, and all
your financial information.
Exercise: Picture yourself money smart.
moment to close your eyes and imagine that you are
smart about money. Imagine writing out a budget plan.
See yourself paying cash for your purchases and
shopping around before buying a new gadget. What
do you look like? Do people come to you for advice?
What are some of the things you talk about?
Picture yourself in a new job or starting a business.
to picture yourself successful is a powerful tool used
by many great achievers. If you are serious
about becoming money smart do this exercise daily as
you deal with money. It will help align your mind with
your goals and you will start living your dreams!
To reprint this article send your request to the
editor by filling out our | <urn:uuid:448dffa4-ebbd-41e4-9f55-0bbba3d90789> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://myuniversityclothing.com/Be/Be_Money_Smart.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662521152.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518052503-20220518082503-00100.warc.gz | en | 0.921158 | 712 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Can you draw any conclusion about the differences between Old and Middle English culture? Why do you think Langland would include both?
Contained in the quest of Conscience at the end lies two solutions to the problem: First, a return to humble agrarian values, represented by Piers Plowman.
Piers Plowman exists in at least three versions. To what extent does Langland's vision combine aspects of the religious themes found in both the Old English and the Middle English works which we have read thus far?.
Consider the vision of society in the Field of Folk. Note his attitude toward story-telling Pilgrims a prominent feature in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. What sorts of person are treated most negatively? The driving problem of Piers Plowman, however, is that they so rarely do.
An essay on the textual transmission of section titles in the B and C Versions of Piers Plowman, arguing that the final two sections of the poem indeed originated in the B Version. Develop your own particular thesis, and be sure to support your argument through frequent and specific reference to the text.
Is Piers Plowman primarily an anti-ecclesiastical satire? How is the group of folk different from the pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales? What is meant by the "fruits of Piers the Plowman" in the description of the Harrowing of Hell? The Plowman was the most recognizable medieval symbol of the poor and was associated with great virtue, especially after Chaucer' s contemporary, William Langland, wrote a long poem entitled Piers Plowman, about a Christ- like, hard- working plowman who must save his society from the consequences of their sinful lives. | <urn:uuid:15ad3159-9bc9-4004-9f3c-b542f924db01> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://doqazilinu.usainteriordesigners.com/piers-plowman-essay-questions103984032mo.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057329.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922041825-20210922071825-00056.warc.gz | en | 0.951531 | 356 | 3.734375 | 4 |
The future is passive
Speaker pitches solar homes
Saturday, Mar 03, 2012 06:00 am
Passive homes can help St. Albert slash its greenhouse gas emissions, but building the homes will only happen if residents start lobbying developers to build them, says an Edmonton consultant.
About 15 residents gathered at the St. Albert Senior Citizens' Club Wednesday for a free talk on Station Pointe Greens — a condo complex in Edmonton that, if built, would clean its own water and get almost all its heat from the sun. The talk was part of the city's ongoing series on community planning.
Most homes built today are based on 1980s standards and technologies and waste a lot of energy, said speaker Brian Scott, vice-president of the Communitas Group, a consulting group that has worked on several co-ops in St. Albert. That waste can be cut by building homes to the passive house standard, he said.
Passive house is a German campaign to build homes that use as little energy as possible.
Scott said passive houses are so well insulated that bodies contribute to the heat of the home, with the rest coming from sunlight and appliances.
Scott and his team are working on a 200-unit, two-acre passive house co-op complex in northeast Edmonton that should start construction next year. When built, the complex should require no natural gas and produce near-zero greenhouse gas emissions, saving its residents thousands of dollars a year.
This is the future of housing, said Coun. Cam MacKay, and should offer residents more control over their utilities.
“It's really great to see it just in our backyard.”
Simple concept, big results
Passive homes are homes that are about as efficient as they can get without on-site energy generation, said Stuart Fix, an engineer with St. Albert's ReNü Building Science and one of the designers of Station Pointe Greens.
“The house could be heated by a couple of hairdryers.” Add solar or wind power, and they become net-zero homes.
Passive homes typically require about 90 per cent less energy to heat and cool each year compared to typical Alberta ones, Scott said. They do so by having excellent insulation and air-tightness. All the leaks in a regular home add up to a hole the size of a basketball, for example; in a passive home, that hole is the size of a baseball.
It should cost about $12 a month to heat and cool a unit in Station Pointe Green, Scott estimated, compared to about $108 for an equivalent regular unit. That works out to about $1,708 saved per unit per year, once the savings from not needing a natural gas line is added.
Getting green homes
There are about 30,000 passive homes in Europe, Fix said, but just two in Canada.
One reason is obscurity, he said. The concept only arrived in Canada about a decade ago and he's one of the few engineers in the country trained to build passive homes.
“It's not simple to do.”
Another is cost. Passive homes cost about seven per cent more than regular ones, Scott said, which turns off buyers who don't look ahead at the energy savings.
Education can help. Europe now requires all buildings to indicate their energy efficiency using a letter grade, Scott noted, and buyers seem to be willing to pay more when they see a higher grade.
Green loans can also offset the higher cost, Scott said. These loans let builders borrow more money when they build buildings that save energy, as those savings go towards paying off the loan.
Fix hoped consumer demand would pick up once people see what passive homes can do.
“Once we have some of these buildings in town that people can look at, it sells itself.”
It's all about thinking long term, Fix said. “If you want to have a home or building that's comfortable and low cost in the long run, that's why you'd turn to passive housing.”
Clarification: Engineer Stuart Fix was working for Vital Engineering of Sherwood Park when he did design work for Station Pointe Greens. Fix now works for St. Albert's ReNü Building Science, which was not involved with the project. | <urn:uuid:f13284c1-bb18-4393-a55f-62c775a6a4bf> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.stalbertgazette.com/article/20120303/SAG0804/303039976/the-future-is-passive | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430452285957.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501035125-00057-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964053 | 883 | 2.59375 | 3 |
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Youth in underserved, urban communities are at risk for a range of negative outcomes related to stress, including social-emotional difficulties, behavior problems, and poor academic performance. Mindfulness-based approaches may improve adjustment among chronically stressed and disadvantaged youth by enhancing self-regulatory capacities. This paper reports findings from a pilot randomized controlled trial assessing the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes of a school-based mindfulness and yoga intervention. Four urban public schools were randomized to an intervention or wait-list control condition (n = 97 fourth and fifth graders, 60.8% female). It was hypothesized that the 12-week intervention would reduce involuntary stress responses and improve mental health outcomes and social adjustment. Stress responses, depressive symptoms, and peer relations were assessed at baseline and post-intervention. Findings suggest the intervention was attractive to students, teachers, and school administrators and that it had a positive impact on problematic responses to stress including rumination, intrusive thoughts, and emotional arousal. | <urn:uuid:f2d7d0b1-769c-440f-b716-7151d147b7b4> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://sources.mandala.library.virginia.edu/sources-search?search_text_biblio_author=Brittany%20L.%20Rhoades&view_mode=author | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304959.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126162115-20220126192115-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.965647 | 213 | 2.625 | 3 |
Used in China for at least 2,000 years, Tui na is an Oriental Bodywork technique that’s one of the major branches of TCM or Traditional Chinese Medicine in Miami. Tui na is a term that was used in Chinese literature until the Ming dynasty (1368 to 1644) where it was first cited in a text on pediatric tuina. Before this, Anmo was the term used which literally meant ‘pressing and rubbing’. Anmo was actually the first healing massage from which Tui came and other forms massage including Thai Massage and Shiatsu massage came from.
Tui na is a combination of pressure and rhythmic manipulation of the soft tissue at specific acupuncture points along the energy channels of the body. It is an external form of medicine similar to gua sha massage, moxibustion, and cupping therapies. These healing techniques are commonly used as an adjunctive therapy to acupuncture. It is the same as Shiatsu in that it uses the TCM principles of the flow of Chi through the body’s energy channels as its primary mode of treatment. Tui Na works in regulating the nervous system, improves range of movement, and enhances the flow of blood in the body. It is very effective and plays a major role in the treatment and rehabilitation of ligaments, tendons, and muscles.
The Uses of Tui Na Massage
One of the great things about tui na is that it energizes the body while relaxing it. The practitioner focuses on the specific problem the patient is dealing with at that time during a tui na session. The works very well in addressing all kinds of acute or chronic including:
- Joint and Shoulder pain
- Neck pain
- Muscle spasms
- Ankle and Leg pain
- Hip and Back pain
As well as:
- Problems in the Respiratory system
- Disorders of the Reproductive system
- Disorders of the Digestive system
What To Expect During A Session of Tui Na Therapy
During a Tui Na massage session, the client can either lie down on a massage table or sit in a chair. Acupuncture treatment is often combined with the massage to maximize the benefits and results. The client can shed his shirt or wear loose clothing during the massage and sometimes healing oil is applied on the skin. For babies and children, Tui na massage is often used as a standalone treatment. It can be quite effective in treating digestive problems such as colic and constipation, as well as in the treatment of respiratory problems such as coughing and asthma. Practitioners make it a point to teach the parents of the children clients certain massage methods that they can administer on their child at home.
Tui na massage therapy is totally safe and does not have any bad side effects, however, due to the moving nature of the therapy, some people may experience an increase in frequency of trips to the bathroom, or may feel sleepy after a session of massage. | <urn:uuid:b4e9c224-6a9c-4e78-8a3e-165853f226b4> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.5e-acupuncture.com/the-healing-power-of-tuina-massage-therapy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499949.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201180036-20230201210036-00823.warc.gz | en | 0.956405 | 626 | 2.546875 | 3 |
(June 2006) For most of human history, communicable diseases such as malaria, smallpox, and tuberculosis (TB) were leading causes of death. TB was the second-highest cause of death in the United States in 1900, and malaria was a major problem in the southeastern United States.
But these diseases and other infectious and parasitic diseases were effectively controlled in the United States and declined throughout much of the world in the 20th century because of improvements in sanitation and the development of vaccines and antibiotics. These advances also led to spectacular improvements in human life expectancy around the world. Today, major diseases such as smallpox and polio have been virtually wiped out, and large-scale vaccination campaigns save millions from dying of measles and whooping cough each year.
Despite this progress, however, infectious diseases still killed some 57 million people in 2002 and were responsible that year for more than 600 million lost years of healthy life. Diseases such as malaria and TB have proven especially difficult to control. Although greatly diminished worldwide, malaria has resurged in many countries and continues to be a leading cause of childhood deaths in Africa and a drag on health in other regions. Likewise, TB, which lost its grip on Europe and the United States by the mid-20th century, continues to devastate the health of millions in developing countries.
Written by Population Bulletin editor Mary Kent and PRB Associate Editor Sandra Yin, the June Population Bulletin, “Controlling Infectious Diseases,” offers an overview of infectious and parasitic diseases. It identifies high-risk groups, geographic disparities, and the impact of infectious diseases on global health. Special sections on diarrheal diseases, malaria, and tuberculosis examine the scope of the problem, populations most at risk, proven preventions, and recommended treatments. “The control of infectious and parasitic diseases is an ongoing endeavor,” lead author Mary Kent writes. “We can eliminate unnecessary death and disability, but we will always face the threat of new and evolving microbes.” | <urn:uuid:ab767907-508e-416f-adcf-5c231ced1b0a> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.prb.org/controllinginfectiousdiseasespdf438kb/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027322160.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825000550-20190825022550-00062.warc.gz | en | 0.962216 | 403 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Government budget appropriations or outlays for research and development activity.Read the full definition of the concept
R&D in full-time equivalents refers to the amount of time spent on R&D work during one year of full-time work (approx. 35 hours per week), allowing for 4-6 weeks of holidays.
R&D work done outside normal working hours is taken into account in calculating R&D in full-time equivalents, provided it is remunerated.
A real estate is a unit of ownership in a land or water area entered as real estate in the real estate register. Buildings and fixtures owned by the owner of a real estate and located on it belong to the real estate.Read the full definition of the concept
Real estate maintenance refers to activity aimed at the preservation of the condition, value and properties of a real estate (Glossary of real estate activity).Read the full definition of the concept
The price calculated with the prices of a certain base year, from which the effects of changes in the price level have been removed. In most cases the real price refers to the nominal price deflated with the Consumer Price Index.Read the full definition of the concept
Indicates the change in real prices compared with the index base time period (e.g. 2000, 1983 or 1970). The real price index is derived by dividing the point figure of the nominal price index with the point figure of the Consumer Price Index of the corresponding time period and base year.Read the full definition of the concept
In the statistics on special education in comprehensive schools, the reasons for part-time special education were in the academic years 2001/2002 to 2009/2010 as follows:
1) Speech disorder
2) Reading or writing disorder or difficulty
3) Learning difficulty in mathematics
4) Learning difficulty in foreign languages
5) Difficulties in adjustment or emotional disorder, or
6) Other learning difficulties.
The reason for part-time special education was determined by the primary reason for needing special education.
A standard method used for ensuring the coherence and consistency of inventory calculations is recalculation of the estimates with the same method for all the years the inventory covers. The aim of the recalculation is to ensure that the entire time series has been compiled in accordance with the new data and/or method.Read the full definition of the concept
In a reconstituted family, a child aged under 18 is a child of only one of the spouses. Not all the children aged under 18 in the family are common children.Read the full definition of the concept
Recovered fuels mean fuels with known properties made from dry and combustible wastes generated by industry, enterprises and municipalities and sorted at source.Read the full definition of the concept
Reduction of fixed capital means that a capital good is removed from the capital stock after having reached the end of its life cycle. The reduction is calculated as the difference between investments and changes in the gross capital stock.Read the full definition of the concept
The reference loan refers to serial bonds or housing bonds issued in large quantities by the state and quoted constantly by primary dealers. The yield on these bonds indicates the risk-free market interest rate. Primary dealers are banks or securities intermediaries, which have undertaken, based on an agreement with the State Treasury, to participate in the auctions for benchmark bonds and to maintain a secondary market for them. Under an agreement signed by the Bank of Finland and the primary dealers, the primary dealers undertake to observe the codes of conduct for dealing in the secondary market for benchmark bonds.Read the full definition of the concept
The reference period is the period for which data is collected. In structural statistics the reference period is the accounting period.Read the full definition of the concept
A reference year is a year which is used particularly for the presentation of a time series of constant price data. In a series of index numbers it is the year that takes the value 100. The series' internal weights do not need to be based on the reference year. The base year is the year that is used in constructing the series.Read the full definition of the concept
The country is divided into regions for the development of the areas and for the planning of their use. Regional councils are responsible for supervising the interests of the municipalities in their area and for the regional development of their territory.
According to the Government resolution (6 February 1997), the regional division of regional councils is taken as the basis for the regional divisions of State regional administrative authorities. From September 1997 onwards, the areas of regions and the regional councils representing them are exactly the same.
A region and a regional council are areas in which the municipalities form an operationally and economically functional whole for the development of the area. The Government determines the number, areas and names of regions after hearing the regional councils and municipalities concerned.
In the regional division a geographical area is divided into smaller areas. Statistical regional divisions are such as divisions into municipalities and regions.Read the full definition of the concept
The economic territory of a country can be broken down into regional and extraregio territory.
The regional territory includes the region that is part of the geographic territory of a country and any free zones, including bonded warehouses and factories under customs control in the region.
The nomenclature of territorial units for statistics (NUTS) provides a single, uniform breakdown of the economic territory of the European Union. NUTS is the territorial breakdown for compiling regional accounts.
Register correction is to change a person's domicile information in the Population Information System so that the change of information does not involve an actual move of that person. In general, the move has taken place a very long time ago, in which case changing the information by a notice of removal would not make sense, or the person is known to have moved at some point but no information has been obtained on the target domicile and the person is thus included in the absent population.
When such an increase is made to the population living in an area, it is a question of an increase correction. When such a decrease is made to an area, it is a decrease correction. The difference between increase and decrease corrections is called register correction or net of register corrections.
Statistics Finland's Register of Enterprises and Establishments is a basic statistical register that covers all enterprises, corporations (inc. public corporations) and private practitioners of trade that are liable to pay value added tax, or are employers or entered into the preliminary tax withholding register. In 2002, the Register of Enterprises and Establishments contained approximately 320,000 actively operating enterprises and corporations and 384,000 establishments.
However, only farms that act as employers or pay value added tax on the proceeds from their business activity are entered into the Register of Enterprises and Establishments. Included are also public authorities, i.e. all government agencies, municipalities and joint municipal boards, and their establishments.
Data on the structures of enterprise groups are maintained in the Enterprise Group Register. The Enterprise Group Register covers the largest groups operating in Finland as well as their group heads and subsidiary and associate companies.
Data for Statistics Finland's Register of Enterprises and Establishments are obtained from two main sources: Tax Administration's registers and own surveys.
Maintenance of the Business Register is decreed in the EU regulation on Business Registers (EEC 2186/92).
The Register of Public Corporations is part of the Register of Enterprises and Establishments. It includes all state agencies, municipalities and joint municipal boards, and their establishments, as well as the Regional Government of Åland and its establishments. A public corporation has no turnover but otherwise the data content of the Register of Public Corporations is almost the same as in the rest of the Register of Enterprises and Establishments.Read the full definition of the concept
Registered partnership of two persons of the same sex aged 18 or over (Act on Registered Partnerships of 9 Nov. 2001/950). Partnership is registered by an authority entitled to perform civil marriage ceremonies. Registered partnership is dissolved when one partner dies or is declared dead, or when it is dissolved by court order.
The basic education system is regarded primarily as consisting of:
- teaching provided for young people at upper secondary schools, vocational schools and colleges, polytechnics, and universities
- teaching at folk high schools, music schools and colleges and sports colleges leading to a vocational qualification, and
- postgraduate education at universities (researcher training).
Part of the working time is regularly after 6 pm but mostly before 9 pm.Read the full definition of the concept
Most of the working time is regularly between 9 pm and 6 am.Read the full definition of the concept
A person who has used the Internet at least weekly during the three months preceding the survey is defined as a regular user of the Internet.Read the full definition of the concept
Regular wages for each pay period include
- basic pay
- supplements based on duties, professional skill, years of service etc.
- supplements based on location and conditions of workplace
- premium pay
- performance-based pay components for salaried employees, workers' performance-based earnings
- taxation value for fringe benefits
- (in structural statistics on wages and salaries also pay for working hours not worked).
Regular wages do not include one-off items, such as holiday and performance bonuses. The concept of regular wages including performance-based bonuses is, however, also used in statistics on wages and salaries.
Regular wages are used in all statistics on wages and salaries, but the content may vary according to the statistics. In statistics on hourly wages, for example, regular wages include wages for time and piece rate work and contract work for the regular working time as well as the basic component of Sunday and overtime pay, but not the premia.
Cf. Total earnings
Rehabilitation is here defined fairly broadly; it also includes activities arranged at workplaces for maintaining working capacity or increasing welfare at work. It is essential whether the person regards the activity as rehabilitation.Read the full definition of the concept
Reinvested earnings are calculated as the difference between the earnings on equity accruing to direct investors and distributed earnings. The counter item of reinvested earnings presented in the current account is recorded in equity.Read the full definition of the concept
Reinvested earnings on direct foreign investment (D.43) are equal to:
the operating surplus of the direct foreign investment enterprise
+ any property incomes or current transfers receivable
- any property incomes or current transfers payable, including actual remittances to foreign direct investors and any current taxes payable on the income, wealth, etc., of the direct foreign investment enterprise.
A direct foreign investment enterprise is an incorporated or unincorporated enterprise in which an investor resident in another economy owns 10 per cent or more of the ordinary shares or voting power (for an incorporated enterprise) or the equivalent (for an unincorporated enterprise). Direct foreign investment enterprises comprise those entities that are identified as subsidiaries (investor owns more than 50 per cent), associates (investor owns 50 per cent or less) and branches (wholly or jointly owned unincorporated enterprises), either directly or indirectly owned by the investor. Consequently, ‘direct foreign investment enterprises’ is a broader concept than ‘foreign controlled corporations’.
Actual distributions may be made out of the entrepreneurial income of direct foreign investment enterprises in the form of dividends or withdrawals of income from quasi-corporations.
In addition, retained earnings are treated as if they were distributed and remitted to foreign direct investors in proportion to their ownership of the equity of the enterprise and then reinvested by them.
Reinvested earnings on direct foreign investment can be either positive or negative.
Time of recording: Reinvested earnings on direct foreign investment are recorded when they are earned.
In the system of accounts, reinvested earnings on direct foreign investment appear:
a) among uses and resources in the allocation of primary income account of the sectors;
b) among uses and resources in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers.
A remand prisoner is a person imprisoned in a prison due to a suspected offence. The decision to imprison is made by a court of justice.
Also a prosecuted person who is imprisoned while waiting for the decision of a Court of Appeal on a sentence imposed by a District Court is a remand prisoner, even if he/she was the only party who appealed the decision.
Persons in police custody are not included in these statistics.
A common feature of renewable energy sources is that their sustainable use does not deplete their stocks in the long term. The renewable energy sources used in Finland are hydro and wind power, solar energy, aerothermal energy and ground heat captured by heat pumps, biogas, biodegradable parts of recovered and waste fuels, wood-based fuels, and other vegetable and animal-based fuels.Read the full definition of the concept
In broad terms renovation refers to all activity aimed at improvement and maintenance of the condition of an existing building or parts thereof.
In Statistics Finland's different statistics, renovation is broken down to basic renovation and refurbishment. The term used for refurbishment varies in different statistics. In the Household Budget Survey, for instance, it is referred to as maintenance repairs.
In national accounts, building renovation is included in fixed capital formation and refers to fundamental improvement of a building. After renovation the value of a building is comparable to new.
Refurbishment is a less significant activity than renovation. Refurbishment refers to regular repairs and maintenance to buildings or parts thereof (also referred to annual repairs).
Building extensions count as newbbuilding.
Rents in the statistics also include water and heating charges paid separately. Rents do not include usage charges of dwellings, such as sauna, laundry or other such charges or electricity and telephone charges. The released mean rents are calculated per residential square metre of the dwelling per month (€/m2/kk).Read the full definition of the concept
A rental dwelling refers to a dwelling which the tenant occupies on the basis of a rental agreement, where the tenant pays rent for the right to use the dwelling and for the facilities related to it. The data released in the rent statistics concern tenancies where the whole dwelling is occupied by the tenant. The rent statistics do not include rental dwellings where rents are for some reason, e.g. family connection, clearly lower than the market level. The rent statistics do not either contain halls of residence, serviced flats and old people's homes.Read the full definition of the concept
In the tourism statistics, a rented cottage (chalet, bungalow) refers to a private rental tourist accommodation. As a mode of accommodation rented cottage can be compared to one's own holiday home. They are usually rented on a weekly, fortnightly or monthly basis, either direct from the owner or by a mediator. Accommodation in cottages (chalets, bungalows) provided by hotels, holiday villages or camping sites belongs to the category of collective accommodation establishments.
In Finland rented holiday dwellings located in the surroundings of tourists centres have increased rapidly in recent years. In the area of tourism centres rented holiday dwellings form a sort of holiday community, where, besides accommodation, dwellers are offered other services, like cleaning, laundry, waste disposal and other maintenance services. The dwellers can also use all the services offered in the centre, such as restaurant and catering services, shops, spas, ski lifts, ski slopes and tracks.
A reparation measure refers to an operation that changes or completely replaces an individual structure, part or system of a building.Read the full definition of the concept
The balance sheet includes repos based on binding resale commitments at purchase price. Repos are part of the credit institution's lending. The credit institution acts as the buyer (investor) and purchases, with commitment to resell, securities owned by its customers.
Repo options are reported as off-balance sheet items.
The reproduction of the population refers to a change of a generation into a new one. Reproduction is measured by gross reproduction rates or net reproduction rates that generally indicate the ratio between the sizes of the daughter's and mother's generations. The fertility and mortality of the mother's generation before the end of the childbearing age is taken into account in the calculation of the net reproduction rate. In the gross reproduction rate this mortality is not taken into consideration. If the net reproduction rate calculated per one woman is less than one, the daughter's generation is smaller than the mother's generation and the mother's generation has not reproduced itself.Read the full definition of the concept
Research and development activity (R&D) is understood as systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge and use it to devise new applications. The defining criterion is that the purpose of the activity should be the presence of an appreciable element of novelty. Research and development activity includes basic research, applied research and experimental development.
Basic research is defined as work undertaken to acquire new knowledge, without any particular application in view. Basic research includes analyses of properties, structures and relationships with a view to formulating and testing hypotheses, theories or regularities.
Applied research is work undertaken to acquire new knowledge directed primarily towards a specific practical application. Applied research includes seeding applications for the findings of basic research or determining new methods or ways of solving a particular problem.
Product and process development (experimental development) is systematic work that draws on existing knowledge gained from research and/or practical experience with the aim of producing new materials, products, processes, methods and systems or of substantially improving existing ones.
The labour costs of R&D personnel are calculated as the proportion of labour costs of people doing R&D work accounted for by R&D. Labour costs include actual wages, fringe benefits counted under current costs, holiday pay and holiday bonuses. They also include social security payments, contributions to unemployment insurance, compulsory and voluntary pension contributions, and contributions to mutual benefit funds.
Current expenditure on buildings includes the R&D share of, for example, the following items of expenditure: heating, electricity, water, rents, maintenance of premises, cleaning and insurance.
Materials and equipment: materials and equipment needed for R&D activities, which also include the R&D share of the following items of expenditure: books, journals, etc., as well as purchases of machinery, appliances or instruments whose estimated service life is not more than one year.
Services bought in: these are defined as purchases of services relevant to an enterprise's own R&D activities. Whole R&D projects that are contracted out are considered to be contracted research. Services bought in might be construction work, software activities or other planning services, which are not generally considered R&D activities from the point of view of the service provider. However, whole R&D projects that are contracted out are not included.
Other current expenditure: this includes the R&D share in postal and telephone charges, as well as administrative costs (including labour costs of administrative and maintenance personnel that are not counted as research staff labour costs).
Building acquisition costs include the total booked costs of constructing laboratories, production plants and other buildings used for R&D, or the proportion of costs accounted for by R&D activities according to utilisation if the building is also used for other purposes. Acquisition costs essentially also include such things as major improvements that extend service life or enhance capacity.
Other acquisition costs for fixed assets include the total costs of acquiring equipment and machinery that are used exclusively for R&D activities; otherwise the proportion of expenditure accounted for by R&D activities is estimated according to use.
Expenditure is reported minus value-added tax (VAT), and should include costs incurred by activities during the statistical year and items counted as assets on the balance sheet. Depreciation provisions are excluded. In the absence of detailed monitoring, the R&D share of the various expenditures can be calculated for example from the labour costs of research personnel and total labour costs of the unit.
Research and development personnel are people who during the statistical year have spent at least 0.1 person-years (or 10% of their time) in an R&D unit doing administrative, office or other support work that is directly linked to R&D work or R&D projects. This category does not include people belonging to central departments who have done general administrative or office work serving the whole unit.
Product development engineers, researchers or equivalent are persons whose job is to produce new knowledge or develop new applications in product, process or other development work. This category also includes people responsible for the managing and planning of the contents of R&D projects.
Other R&D staff, such as technical experts, other personnel carrying out R&D tasks (e.g. laboratory technicians, computer programmers) and staff providing other kinds of support for R&D projects belong to this category.
Services related to basic research, applied research and experimental development of new products and processes. Research and development in the fields of natural sciences, social sciences and humanities. Development of technologically advanced software. Commercial research in the fields of electronics, medicine and biotechnology.Read the full definition of the concept
A researcher or equivalent is a person whose job is to produce new knowledge or develop new applications in product, process or other development work. This category also includes people responsible for managing and planning the content of R&D projects. People who are responsible only for R&D-related administrative tasks are classified as other R&D personnel.Read the full definition of the concept
The statistics on emissions into air by industry, which are accordant with the regulation on environmental accounting, also contain Finnish citizens' emissions from land, water and air transport and from Finnish fishing vessels operating abroad. The emissions by foreign citizens from land, water and air transport on Finnish territory are subtracted from the emissions into air by industry.
This resident principle approach is different from that used in the greenhouse gas inventory, which only contains the emissions generated in the territory of Finland regardless of the nationality of the individual causing the emission (national territory principle). The difference between the greenhouse gas inventory and the statistics on emissions into air by industry is recorded in the bridging table for each emission component.
The bridging table contains data on Finnish citizens' emissions from land, water and air transport and from Finnish fishing vessels operating abroad, and on emissions by foreign citizens from land, water and air transport in Finland.
The total economy is defined in terms of resident units. A unit is said to be a resident unit of a country when it has a centre of economic interest on the economic territory of that country – that is, when it engages for an extended period (one year or more) in economic activities on this territory. The institutional sectors are groups of resident institutional units.
Resident units engage in transactions with non-resident units (that is, units which are residents in other economies). These transactions are the external transactions of the economy and are grouped in the rest of the world account. So, in the accounting structure of the national accounts, the rest of the world plays a role similar to that of an institutional sector, although non-resident units are included only in so far as they are engaged in transactions with resident institutional units. Consequently, as far as coding of classifications is concerned, a specific item for the rest of the world is included at the end of the classification of sectors.
Notional resident units, treated in the system as institutional units, are defined as:
a) those parts of non-resident units which have a centre of economic interest (that is in most cases which engage in economic transactions for a year or more or which carry out a construction activity for a period of less than a year if the output constitutes gross fixed capital formation) on the economic territory of the country;
b) non-resident units in their capacity as owners of land or buildings on the economic territory of the country, but only in respect of transactions affecting such land or buildings.
In these statistics, residential buildings refer to the main categories of Residential buildings (A) and Free-time residential buildings (B) in Statistics Finland's classification of buildings. These are divided into the following sub-categories:
- detached houses: one and two-dwelling houses, semi-detached houses and other detached and semi-detached houses.
- terraced houses: rowhouses, terraced houses and other attached houses
- blocks of flats: balcony-access blocks and houses with at least three dwellings of which at least two are on top of each other.
- free-time residential buildings: detached summer cottages or free-time residences mainly intended for private use.
A residential home refers to a building intended for dormitory accommodation. Residents share the same kitchen, living lounge and/or washing facilities. This type of residential home does not normally have separate dwelling units proper.
In terms of structural engineering a residential home hardly differs from an accommodation building. A residential home is intended for specific groups of people, such as the elderly, disabled, etc. Ordinary residential dwellings built for these groups with no special uses of space (communal kitchens, etc.) are not residential homes.
A dwelling unit within a building classified as a residential home is regarded as a normal dwelling if the dwelling has
- more than one room, including kitchen,
- a kitchen or kitchenette,
- toilet, and
- shower, bath or sauna.
Dwellings in residential homes are not classified as a separate category, but they are counted as part of the regular housing stock. Dwellings in residential homes that do not meet the above conditions are not included in the dwelling stock statistics.
Waste that can be recovered as energy (energy recovery) or by recycling. In recycling, the material contained in waste is returned back to production. Recycling of waste does not include reuse of second-hand goods.Read the full definition of the concept
A district court can admit a person with severe debt problems into a debt restructuring scheme. The provisions on the restructuring of private debts are included in the Act on the Adjustment of the Debts of a Private Individual, which entered into force on 8 February 1993. The purpose of the Act is to ameliorate the situation of private persons in financial difficulties.
Before petitioning for debt restructuring, the debtor shall determine whether there is a possibility to a negotiated settlement with the creditors. If a settlement cannot be negotiated, a petition for debt restructuring can be filed in a court of justice. If the preconditions of debt restructuring are in place, the court of justice may confirm a payment schedule. When the payment schedule ends the debtor is released from the remainder of his/her debts.
Revaluation of land and water areas, including revaluation of shares in real estate companies.Read the full definition of the concept
Revenues accrued during the reference period from guarantee fees received as commission from guarantees for which the guarantor (state) is liable.Read the full definition of the concept
Revenues accrued by the guarantor from recovery claims based on indemnities paid by to the guarantor (state) during the reference period.Read the full definition of the concept
Reverse investment refers to the acquisition by a direct investment enterprise of a financial claim on its direct investorRead the full definition of the concept
Revision means added accuracy of data. The accuracy of data can increase due to changes in the data that are used in calculations or to the availability of new data.Read the full definition of the concept
An event having lead to personal injury or damage to property that has taken place in an area intended for public transport or generally used for transport and in which at least one of the involved parties has been a moving vehicle. In addition to the vehicles specified in the Road Traffic Act, such party can also be a tram and in level crossing accidents a train. The falling down of a pedestrian is not a traffic accident, but that of a rider of a bicycle (= vehicle) is.Read the full definition of the concept
A room is a space with one or more windows that has a floor area of at least 7 square metres and an average height of at least 2 metres. A hall, porch, bed recess, etc. are not counted as rooms. Kitchen is not normally counted in the number of rooms.
Room occupancy rate indicates the ratio between occupied rooms and available rooms. Two variables of room occupancy are used in tourism statistics: net occupancy rate and gross occupancy rate. Net occupancy rate is obtained by dividing the number of rooms occupied by the number of rooms actually available in a given month, net of seasonal or other temporary closures. Gross occupancy rate is calculated by dividing the number of rooms occupied in a given month by the total number of rooms, irrespective whether the rooms are actually available or not.Read the full definition of the concept
In Statistics Finland's accommodation statistics, room price (room rate) indicates the average price (incl. VAT) per occupied room per day, i.e. the average price a customer has paid for a room for an overnight stay. The average room rate is calculated by dividing the sales revenue from sold rooms (VAT included) by the number of occupied rooms.Read the full definition of the concept
Charges collected for the use of intellectual property n.i.e. include charges for the use of propriety rights (such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, protection of methods and designs, incl. trade secrets and franchising). These rights may be produced from research and development and marketing, and charges for licences to reproduce and/or distribute intellectual property embodied in produced originals or prototypes (such as copyrights of books, manuscripts, software, film work, recordings) to make them available to the public or related rights (like television, cable television and satellite broadcasts).Read the full definition of the concept
Income and expenditure from royalties and licence fees and payments originate from:
1) Authorised use of an intangible asset such as a trademark, copyright, patent, industrial process or technology, design, model, production right, franchise or computer software
2) Use of a produced original or prototype such as a manuscript, cinematographic work or the like to which a licence agreement or copyright has been bought. | <urn:uuid:0ed81b7d-388c-4266-89c8-dbfee151eb7a> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.stat.fi/meta/kas/index_en.html?R | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823738.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212044022-20181212065522-00116.warc.gz | en | 0.950771 | 6,192 | 2.65625 | 3 |
What it is
Chromosomal rearrangements are changes from the normal size or arrangement of chromosomes, which are the structures that hold our genetic material. People with chromosome rearrangements are at an increased risk of producing embryos with the incorrect amount of genetic material, which typically do not lead to a successful pregnancy.
For people with a chromosomal rearrangement, PGT-SR, or preimplantation genetic testing for chromosomal structural rearrangements, can be performed to improve the chance of establishing a healthy pregnancy. PGT-SR involves testing embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF) and then transferring only normal embryos. PGT-SR was formerly known as PGD, preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
WHO IT’S FOR
PGT-SR is appropriate for people who have a chromosome rearrangement, and thus are at risk of creating embryos with the incorrect chromosome number or structure. You may consider PGT-SR for chromosome rearrangements if you had a child or pregnancy with a chromosome rearrangement or if you or your partner are a carrier of an:
- Reciprocal translocation
- Robertsonian translocation
How it works
Chromosome rearrangements can be inherited or can happen spontaneously. Many carriers of balanced chromosome rearrangements are healthy and are unaware of their carrier status until they try to have children.
Carriers of balanced rearrangements are at risk for producing embryos with the incorrect amount of chromosomal material, which typically do not lead to a successful pregnancy. PGT-SR can help identify embryos with the correct amount of chromosomal material that are most likely to lead to a successful pregnancy and healthy live birth. The three primary types of rearrangements we test for are: reciprocal translocations, Robertsonian translocations, and inversions.
Reciprocal translocations occur when pieces of genetic material break off from two different chromosomes and swap places. People that carry a balanced translocation can create embryos that have either the same balanced translocation, the unbalanced form of the translocation (where there is a gain or loss of chromosomal material), or a completely normal set of chromosomes.
If one parent is a carrier of a reciprocal translocation, about 80% of resulting embryos will contain an incorrect amount of genetic material.
Robertsonian translocations occur when two chromosomes join together to form one large chromosome, giving an overall chromosome count of 45 instead of 46. This pairing occurs most commonly between chromosome numbers 13/14 and 14/21, and usually results in conditions such as Translocation Down syndrome, trisomy 13, or uniparental disomy (UPD).
Inversions are chromosome rearrangements that involve only one chromosome. In an inversion, a segment of a chromosome is flipped and reinserted upside down. People with an inversion may create embryos with missing or duplicated segments of chromosomes.
The PGT-SR Process
CooperGenomics offers several different technologies for PGT-SR for chromosomal rearrangement depending on the specific case and provider preference. The majority of rearrangement cases:
- Require no extra test preparation
- Require no extra family member testing
- Can have 24-chromosome PGT-A testing added on at no additional charge* | <urn:uuid:ca6dc39a-cef3-49bb-9b70-f468836cae7b> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.coopergenomics.com/products/pgt-sr/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155676.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918185612-20180918205612-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.890099 | 676 | 3.46875 | 3 |
“The third is freedom from want...everywhere in the world.”
When FDR first took office, the country was in the depths of the Great Depression. Thus, from the start of his first administration, President Roosevelt placed a high priority on securing “freedom from want,” seeing it as essential to the nation's long-term strength and future. Social Security, unemployment insurance, aid to dependent children, the minimum wage, housing, stock market regulation, and federal deposit insurance for banks—these are but a few of the measures introduced through FDR's New Deal programs, many of which are still with us today.
With the onset of World War II, Roosevelt further saw the necessity of spreading “freedom from want” throughout the world. The Second World War, he believed, was caused in part by the currency disorders, mass unemployment, and economic desperation that had brought Hitler and Mussolini to power. As he stated when proposing an economic bill of rights (see Appendix B): “[T]rue individual freedom cannot exist without economic security and independence. ‘Necessitous men are not free men.’ People who are hungry and out of a job are the stuff of which dictatorships are made.”
During his first administration, FDR had informed his countrymen that American democracy could not survive if one-third of the nation were ill-housed, ill-clothed, and ill-fed. During his second term, he urged the further recognition that American welfare could not be assured in a disordered and impoverished world economy. America should seek “economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peace time life for its inhabitants,” he declared in his Four Freedoms speech—a sentiment he reiterated a few months later when meeting with Winston Churchill to draw up the Atlantic Charter, which included a provision for international economic collaboration. Specifically, Roosevelt had in mind the creation of new international organizations—an international monetary fund, a world bank—with the mandate of fostering high levels of employment, growth, trade, and economic justice throughout the world.
Untold Prosperity—for Some
Sixty years after Roosevelt's death, a large number of Americans have achieved living standards far beyond the wildest dreams of their forbears who endured the Great Depression. Indeed, Rockwell's painting of a family about to enjoy a hearty Thanksgiving meal depicts the kind of scene of plenty that many Americans have come to take for granted. Likewise, citizens of other Western countries—including those living in the vanquished nations of Germany and Japan—have experienced an unprecedented rise in living standards.
Yet there are still significant numbers of Americans who are hungry and poor. According to a recent U.S. Department of Agriculture report, in 2003, 36.3 million Americans lived in households experiencing food insecurity, compared to 33.6 million in 2001 and 31 million in 1999. Meanwhile, the U.S. Census Bureau has found that in 2003, 35.9 million Americans were in poverty, up 1.3 million from 2002.
How did this situation evolve? William Felice of Eckerd College traces it back to the Cold War, when "human rights" were equated with political rights and civil liberties—not to economic and social rights, which were associated with the values of communism. The right to an adequate standard of living was not seen as the government's special province and instead was left up to private enterprise and market forces.
The trend toward privatization is evident in President Bush’s domestic agenda, which is focused on restructuring the government-sponsored social safety net created by FDR—including the capstone of the New Deal, Social Security. Meanwhile, the gap between the superrich and the common working person continues to widen—to the point where the top 1 percent of U.S. citizens now possess more wealth than the combined incomes of the bottom 90 percent. A recent New York Times investigation of class in America revealed that despite the nation's greater affluence, it has become even harder for Americans to move up from one economic class to another. “Americans are arguably more likely than they were thirty years ago to end up in the class into which they were born.”
Strategies to End World Poverty
Prosperity at home is only half of the equation. What about in the rest of the world? As former World Bank economist Nancy Birdsall pointed out in her Eckerd College lecture, today's world is “incredibly unequal.” In the foreign policy arena as well, the United States has yet to put its weight behind the goal of guaranteeing “a more secure, more prosperous world, a less unequal world, a world where fewer people live in poverty.” On the contrary, the gap has been widening between rich and poor nations. Again in the words of Birdsall: “The wealth and income levels of rich countries like the United States and those Scandinavia, in Northern Europe, is one hundred times on average, in real terms, the average income level in countries like Ethiopia, Nepal, much of Africa, and some parts of Central America. That gap was about 10:1 a hundred years ago.”
Why are we so far away from realizing FDR's vision of securing freedom from want “everywhere in the world”? Some economists, most notably Joseph Stiglitz, have blamed irresponsible, “one size fits all” trade policies for the growing disparity between Western countries and the rest of the world. Others, such as Jagdish Bhagwati, are more optimistic about the potential for trade liberalization to benefit the economies of developing countries by stimulating growth. As Financial Times writer Martin Wolf, another globalization advocate, wrote in his recent book: “Never before have so many people or such a large proportion of the world's population enjoyed such large rises in their standard of living.”
Still others have focused on practical plans to address the limitations of market forces in helping the world's poor. They argue that with 1.1 billion people suffering from extreme poverty (defined by the World Bank as an income of less than $1 a day), it is high time to do something to reduce these numbers.
Economist Jeffrey Sachs, for instance, has been spearheading an ambitious UN scheme to end global poverty by 2025. In his view, geography has played a crucial role in determining Africa's fate—it is landlocked and disease prone—yet such problems, once acknowledged, can be overcome. By increasing foreign aid, disease (such as malaria) can be controlled, and infrastructure can be created. The upshot will be greater returns on private investment, triggering market-led growth. Otherwise, political elites will continue to focus on removing resourcebased wealth from poor countries as quickly as possible; investment and development will never be anything but empty promises.
At the April Eckerd meeting, Birdsall outlined the anti-poverty plan developed by her organization, the Center for Global Development, which has much in common with Sachs' prescriptions. The United States, she said, has an ethical duty to make “freedom from want” a high priority in its foreign policy. Birdsall finds it paradoxical that America readily utilizes its “hard power” resources in both the market and military affairs while failing to make use of its “soft power” resources to shore up its reputation and moral standing in the world.
She went on to list a number of key ways in which the United States could enhance its soft power, beginning with foreign aid. U.S. Overseas Development Aid (ODA) is “scandalously cheap,” she said. As a share of overall GDP, the U.S. aid level has dropped to 0.15%, the lowest of any major industrialized country. To the poor and vulnerable of the world, America seems to be sending the message that it just doesn't care. Birdsall called for dramatic action to improve the U.S. record on this score. Such action would include not just more aid but also “development-friendly” steps such as lower agricultural subsidies and a cabinet-level development agency tasked with working with other affluent countries to come up with feasible strategies for alleviating world poverty.
All Talk and No Action?
In fact, there is no shortage of proposals on the table for freeing the world from want. President Bush has proposed the Millennium Challenge Account, which directs aid to countries that have taken responsibility for government reforms. In the view of journalist Nicholas Kristof, this plan, while off to an “agonizingly slow start,” is at least “shrewdly focused on encouraging good governance and economic growth.” Another hopeful sign was Bush’s recent announcement of $1.2 billion for a five-year campaign against malaria— acknowledged by New York Times editors as an "admirable start" to the July 2005 G8 summit meeting in Gleneagles, Scotland.
But while there are plenty of ways, is there a will? The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, known as the Bretton Woods institutions, celebrated their sixtieth anniversaries in 2004 with very little to show for their goals of reducing world poverty and fostering development. Likewise, six decades after FDR attempted to persuade world leaders to work cooperatively toward promoting prosperity around the globe, we are once again faced with a situation where the heads of nation-states are primarily interested in pleasing their own constituents—a position that one speaker described as "democratic narcissm." Such a narrow and short-sighted approach makes it difficult to implement even the simplest of proposals, such as the Tobin tax initiative.1 Western leaders lack the political traction to move such ideas forward.
In Michael Smith's view, the time has come for the United States to revisit Roosevelt's rationale for international economic collaboration: namely, that a world marred by rising poverty is unstable and hence insecure for all of its inhabitants. Particularly during these times of heightened insecurity, taking action to lessen global inequalities should be seen as being in America's best interests. People who think that America's interests come first “need to be persuaded that they are living on borrowed time,” he suggested.
Birdsall reinforced Smith's conclusions in the final meeting of the Eckerd series, stating that America should use its power not only to capture for Americans the benefits of globalization but also to “reduce the two kinds of risk, conventional security risks and human security risks, that globalization has brought.” Improving the plight of the world’s poor would not only bring ethical returns, it would also serve U.S. national interests, she argued.
1) In the 1950s and 1960s many economists predicted that the newly independent African countries would become wealthier once they developed modern industrial sectors. Yet Africa has failed to prosper in an era of globalization. What can, and should, be done to address the situation?
2) Do market-friendly (i.e., free trade) policies stimulate economic growth and in turn reduce poverty? How can we measure this?
3) The economist Jeffrey Sachs claims that ending world poverty should be possible in our lifetimes. What are the main proposals of the UN anti-poverty plan he espouses? Are such proposals feasible?
SOURCES & RECOMMENDED RESOURCES:
Bhagwati, Jagdish. In Defense of Globalization. Oxford University Press, 2004. Chapter 1, “Anti-Globalization: Why?” available at http://www.amazon.com.
“Class Matters” (New York Times Special Section), available at http://www.nytimes.com/pages/national/class/index.html.
Felice, William. The Global New Deal: Economic and Social Human Rights in World Politics. Rowman and Littlefield, 2003.
Sachs, Jeffrey. The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time. Penguin Press HC, 2005. Chapter 1's section on Malawi available at http://www.amazon.com.
Stiglitz, Joseph E. Globalization and Its Discontents. W.W. Norton, 2002. Chapter 1, “The Promise of Global Institutions,” available at http://www.amazon.com.
Wolf, Martin. Why Globalization Works. Yale University Press, 2004.
Edited Speech transcripts on CarnegieCouncil.org
Brown, Mark Malloch. “In the Wake of September 11: Human Security and Human Development in the 21st Century.” Merrill House Programs, 2001.
Nye, Joseph S. “Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics.” Merrill House Programs, 2003.
Other Carnegie Council resources
Reddy, Sanjay. Achieving Global Justice Seminar Report: “Monitoring Global Poverty: Better Options for the Future.” Carnegie Council Series, 2002.
“Global Poverty Relief: A Debate.” With Andrew Kuper and Peter Singer. Ethics & International Affairs 16.1 (Spring 2002).
Symposium: “World Poverty and Human Rights.” With Thomas Pogge, Mathias Risse, Alan Patten, Rowan Cruft, Norbert Anwander, and Debra Satz. Ethics & International Affairs 19.1 (Spring 2005) | <urn:uuid:60688c69-0714-4286-9f71-103fc4a716b9> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/education/001/four_freedoms/5226 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998580.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617203228-20190617225228-00102.warc.gz | en | 0.949492 | 2,748 | 3.90625 | 4 |
We are living and working in a digital time with rapid advances in technology making it possible for architects, designers, engineers and other professionals in the built environment to streamline and optimise every step of the design and construction process.
New technologies can be used to produce more energy-efficient structures, for example by using geospatial data to determine wall and window placement as well as applying algorithms and computational design methods to generate multiple permutations of a design solution and select the best from thousands of possibilities.
To stay relevant and be able to keep up with the demands of modern architecture and design, as well as tighter budgets and timelines, the use of appropriate technology in architecture is becoming more and more important.
This infographic is a brief overview of the digital technologies that are available to architects, designers, engineers and the rest of the professional team for designing and constructing buildings:
• Drawing tools
As a basic starting point, computer-aided design programmes automate the manual drafting process in both 2D and 3D. These platforms are available for architects, designers, draftspersons and engineers to generate precision architectural drawings, technical illustrations and documentation for 3D models with real-life sophistication.
• Rendering software
Different from 3D modelling software, 3D rendering software enables the production of realistic rendered visualisations, including animation and walkthroughs of architectural models.
• Performance-based design tools
These tools enable architects and engineers to model energy and daylight outputs in order to design high-performance buildings. What’s more, modern software now allows the impact of these changes on building performance to reflect instantaneously, which makes it much easier to explore different options, rather than having to wait for feedback after every change.
• Parametric modelling
In her book Integrating Innovation in Architecture: Design, Methods and Technology for Progressive Practice and Research, published by John Wiley & Sons last year, Dr Ajla Aksamija explains that parametric modelling “allows the adaptation of an object through the use of rules and constraints or ‘parameters’ to influence an object’s properties”. These rules may represent structural loads, environmental data or simply changes in dimensions. Therefore, analytical data can be used to derive multiple design options without having to recreate the entire model.
• 3D printing
An additional tool to yield 3D models, it involves the creation of 3D objects by laying down successive layers of material, which can have different mechanical and physical properties. Besides modelling complete building shapes, 3D printing can be especially helpful to interior designers who produce furniture objects that can be moved around in an interior – helping clients to visualise layouts and use of space.
New in 3D scanning
This year, Autodesk is making 3D scanning technology more accessible with the launch of a more affordable 3D scanner, the Leica BLK360, together with a reality capture app, ReCap 360 Pro, which registers scans.
According to Autodesk Gold Partner, Baker Baynes, this is a big step forward. “The technology used for capturing existing conditions at a project site is powerful and precise, but it can be very expensive and complicated. And even though the cost and complexity of scanning technology has come down over the last few years, it still represents a significant barrier for many small to mid-size companies. As such, the majority of building renovation or expansion projects still rely on 2D drawings, manual measurements or outsourced scanning. However, as-built documentation doesn’t necessarily reflect real as-built conditions, while manual measurements are inherently error prone and the cost of hiring scanning contractors can be overwhelming,” Thabelo Netshivhungululu, BIM Specialist, explains.
• Virtual reality (VR)
Bringing CAD, BIM, Revit or other 3D models into a virtual reality space is made easy with these kinds of software, and with a bit of programming knowledge, the VR models also become fully customisable. The outcome is interactive walkthroughs that provide clients with a realistic experience of what it would feel like to actually be in the simulated environment.
New in virtual/augmented reality
According to Thabelo Netshivhungululu from Baker Baynes, virtual and augmented reality real estate and construction solutions are used in the sales and design phase to yield faster project approvals and more positive client interactions.
With Autodesk’s launch of Revit LIVE, it is now possible to seamlessly convert a project visualisation into an interactive model in the cloud. This experience draws viewers into the story of an architectural design, much like a video game. It enables architects, engineers and other construction professionals to customise and share the experience with clients to explore on their own, enhancing communication of a digital design before a project ever breaks ground.
• Artificial intelligence (AI)
This self-learning technology is growing at an exponential rate due to the increased volume of data that can be gathered and stored. AI has the potential to influence various stages of the architectural design process, from assisting with site research to the constructing and operating of a building. For example, architects can harness AI to develop a design proposal by inputting certain project parameters, after which the system can come up with a range of solutions to fulfil these criteria.
• Estimation software
Construction estimating software is used to calculate, track and manage the total cost of a construction project. These kind of programmes automate formulas that otherwise would be calculated in manual spreadsheets or with calculators. It can help to quantify estimated costs for tenders, as well as to manage costs throughout the project.
• Online specification tools
While there are some specification libraries available as part of certain online offerings, many product manufacturers and suppliers have their own interactive online tools or applications that provide specifiers with the appropriate wording for technical product specifications.
• Building Information Modelling (BIM)
Although BIM is not just software, but rather workflow for creating and managing shared information between the entire project team across the lifecycle of a project, it must be noted when talking about technology. Probably one of the biggest game changers in the industry at the moment, the BIM process can save thousands of hours in design, documentation, construction and commissioning activities, and improve overall construction project delivery.
• 3D printing
In construction, 3D printing is used to create customisable, prefabricated components or even to print entire buildings. In time, 3D printing could cut construction time, labour and material costs, as well as reduce waste generation. In addition, recycled products can be used as construction materials in 3D printers.
Robots and drones have already been used to construct several architectural structures with great success. The debate about robot vs human is an ongoing one, but the benefit of using robots is that they can be used in places or conditions that are difficult or dangerous for the human workforce.
According to Randy Deutsch, associate professor at the School of Architecture at the University of Illinois, digital design-to-fabrication tools will continue to mature and scale. “The line between design and construction means methods, which existed for liability, legal and insurance reasons, will start to blur and the industry will be closer to a unified workflow,” he predicts.
Whichever tools you prefer will depend on the kind of projects you are typically involved in, as well as the type of computer you use and the software you need to interface with. It is therefore best to discuss your objectives with expert representatives from technology companies to get the perfect fit.
However, in this day and age, it is important to keep up to speed on what is out there, and what is to be expected in the future, to ensure that you are not missing out on the power of technology to realise your visions and build the best buildings possible.
Incorporating technology in design
Not only is the use of technology to better design and build important, but the incorporation of the latest automation technologies in the buildings itself is also becoming more and more imperative.
These kinds of technologies include connectivity, automation, energy tracking and more. It is about enabling people to customise their environments according to their needs and to provide experiences, whether at home, at work, in retail or while travelling.
The Internet of Things
It is all about being connected – with smart devices popping up all around us, people are getting increasingly used to personalising their environments according to their needs. Before arriving home, they would like to be able to switch on certain lights, maybe music and check the driveway remotely via a phone or tablet, and perhaps have the gate open when it senses the car approaching. However, to achieve this, buildings need to be embedded with sensors and network connectivity that enable all the electronic devices to exchange data.
All this technology should be unobtrusive and therefore be incorporated in the initial design of the building as early as possible. Today, many devices are wireless and some are even made to look like something else. For example, televisions that turn into a work of art when switched off or speakers that double up as wall coverings.
Especially when doing renovations, these web-based applications can help to establish a baseline from where to improve, as well as help facility managers to ensure that buildings are operating as efficiently as possible long after construction. Otherwise, these can help building owners to track and manage their usage and identify problem areas timeously.
Electric/driverless cars, drones etc.
Architectural designs also have to adapt to accommodate new technologies that will influence people’s behaviour and will have an impact on their environment. There will have to be drop-off points and landing pads for drones, charging stations for electric cars and more. It may still seem far into the future, but when designing a building today to last for 50 years or more, one needs to start thinking about how our buildings, precincts and cities will be able to incorporate these new technologies in the future.
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Full thanks and acknowledgment are given to Autodesk, Baker Baynes, www.viatechnik.com, www.architectmagazine.com, www.dezeen.com, http://3dprintingindustry.com and http://archinet.com for the information given to write this article.
*Note: There are a plethora of tools and technologies available today to help architects and specifiers. This is just a brief overview to serve as a reminder of what is available out there. | <urn:uuid:9791fddd-21c7-4480-810f-3d38dc0c4195> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.buildinganddecor.co.za/the-technologies-of-today-and-tomorrow/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948617.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426222608-20180427002608-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.934463 | 2,145 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Published at Tuesday, April 30th, 2019 - 23:39:01 PM. Worksheet. By Darcelle Laporte.
Worksheets, workbooks, and printables. Is there a place for them in the early childhood setting? Today I’m explaining why I think worksheets are not appropriate for young children. Welcome to the Child Led Environments Series where we are exploring how to set up and cultivate an environment conducive to child-led learning. How to Cultivate a Love of Learning, Toy Rotation: Why It’s Beneficial for You and Your Child, How to Incorporate an Encouraging Home Preschool Environment,9 Reasons Why Worksheets Are Inappropriate for Young Children,4 Aspects of the Adult’s Role in a Child-Led Approach. As a parent and educator, when I walk into an environment with early learners, whether that be in a homeschool setting or preschool setting, I want to see those kids engaged in their learning. Young children should be manipulating materials, testing hypothesis, and exploring the world around them. No matter where I look, I should not see a child doing a workbook. Worksheets are not appropriate for young children for many reasons. Let me start off by explaining what a worksheet means to me.
These are NOT good reasons to use a steady diet of worksheets: “My kids love worksheets.” Actually, I loved worksheets as a kid. My daughter loves them too. But we shouldn’t give our kids something just because they like it. My kids would love to watch TV all day and eat candy for dinner, too. We might also do well to determine why they like worksheets. Is it because they are easy? Because it means they don’t have to think as hard? Because worksheets let them be passive learners?. I’m just preparing my students for the next grade – because that teacher uses a ton of worksheets and workbooks. Believe me, this was a real concern of mine as a classroom teacher. How would my students be ready for the stacks of workbooks in the next grade if we didn’t do some in my room? Then I read somewhere — “It’s not your job to prepare your students for bad teaching.” That was a great comfort!.
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There are many opportunities available to people to start their own business, and now it is very easy to start any business which was not possible 10 years back. Most prominent of which Example There are many other digital currencies like bitcoin and cryptocurrencies. The primary advantage is regarded as the effective platform offered to customers with the most features, which has given lots of clients confidence. A few refuses to change, however, society changes and acquires new ideas as well as strategies of thinking. The authorities ‘impact on our lives that’s why it could be an issue. Further, you can go to the official website to know more about bitcoin trading.
How will authorities be controlled by the Bitcoiners?
Officials can change how we are and how we live daily. They could also disproportionately affect certain populations, based on their place and identity. Officials are though, neither infallible nor incorruptible, despite their strength.
They may be impacted unconsciously by corruption and private prejudices, and their choices are impacted. Bitcoiners may have a good effect in this specific field. Bitcoiners have the last call on the issues that are important to them, utilizing the techniques that powers do not have any control over.
By using Bitcoin as a currency
Bitcoin was introduced as a digital currency. Nowadays you can find methods to use Bitcoin for good, each for the public good and the Bitcoin community. Bitcoin is utilized as a currency for government products, moreover, a good example can be done. It has been developed to make internet shopping much more accessible and quicker.
It may come from buying public transport, parking, or even assisting in the battle against climate change. It was created to allow it to be simpler for individuals to transfer cash from one individual to another. Bitcoin is recognized as a payment technique for services in many cities, like Philadelphia, Paris, and London.
By making use of voting platforms
The government may manage Bitcoiners making use of voting platforms, a new method of doing this. It may have casting votes for political parties and chosen modifications to the Bitcoin protocol. The end users can accomplish this using several media.
The Bitcoin Governance Hub service is just a good illustration of this particular. This particular system seeks to be the primary hub for voting on improvements as well as improvements in the Bitcoin community. Additional blockchain platforms including Bitshares, EOS and Stem make an effort to make voting simpler for their members.
By making use of safety features
A lot of our tasks today are electronically saved, and this info is readily accessible to other people even in case we do not share it for a particular objective. This has generated issues of privacy as well as data breaches and brought up concerns regarding how safe our data is. This issue is impacting all types of industries and technologies, though it’s on the list of main factors impacting the use of electronic currencies, especially Bitcoin.
By contributing real-time data
It displays a new advancement in the manner that Bitcoiners could regulate the authorities. Bitcoin wallets are thought to number around two million. Considering the worldwide population of billions, which is not a lot. Although that may look like a tiny number of individuals who ought to have a bigger effect, that is not the case in any way.
You can find means to gather real-time information due to the blockchain technology used by Bitcoin as well as other electronic currencies. These data may also be used for many different uses. It may additionally help forecast the spread of illnesses, learn much better people’s spending practices and also how that impacts the economy, and also avoid disasters. | <urn:uuid:92aaa829-0612-4443-911b-dd5bff6b0215> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://chandigarhmetro.com/will-authorities-be-controlled-by-bitcoiners/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00891.warc.gz | en | 0.966763 | 726 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Inspired by the extensive herb grounds of the Chelsea Physic Garden in London, herbalist Deni Bown has cataloged 150 essential herbs for modern living. Herbal (Pavilion Books Ltd., 2001) is an excellent source book for experts and novices alike. With Bown’s expertise and anecdotes, the story of each herb unfolds and is heavily illustrated with personal photographs and botanical name plates. The following excerpt looks closely at the medicinal benefits of St. John’s wort.
Herb Profile: St. John’s Wort
A hardy rhizomatous perennial, reaching 30cm–1m (1–3ft) high, with blunt, narrowly oval leaves and bright yellow, five-petalled, gland-dotted flowers, 2cm (1⁄2in) across, in summer. St. John’s wort grows wild in woods and hedgerows in Europe and temperate parts of Asia. It is naturalized in many other countries, notably in North America where by 1830 it had become a serious weed, and where eradication programmes are carried out to protect livestock from phototoxicity (sensitivity to sunlight) caused by eating the plant.
St. John’s wort has been known throughout history as a vulnerary (wound healer) and was in its heyday on the battlefields of the Crusaders. It was also credited with keeping evil away, for which purpose it was hung above doors on the Eve of St. John’s Day (24 June), when witches were thought to be most active. Its mystique was confirmed by the way the juice of the plant turns red on exposure to air — a phenomenon thought to symbolize the blood of St. John the Baptist.
Healing Benefits of St. John’s Wort
Though St. John’s wort is best known today as an anti-depressant and sedative — ‘nature’s Prozac’ — it is historically more important as a healing herb. Traditionally the plant was cut as it came into flower, chopped and packed into jars of vegetable oil which in due course it turned red. The oil was used as a dressing for burns, bruises, injuries, sprains, tennis elbow, sciatica and following surgery. It is particularly effective for deep wounds, injuries caused by crushing, or any other kind of trauma or condition associated with nerve damage. As an anti-depressant, St. John’s wort can be taken in the form of a tea, tablets or tincture to relieve anxiety, nervous tension, menopausal syndrome, bedwetting in children and shingles, as well as mild clinical depression. It is not given to patients suffering from severe depression, or to patients who are already taking certain kinds of medication. High doses of St. John’s wort may cause photosensitivity, especially in fair-skinned people.
Notes for Gardeners
St. John’s wort is easy to grow in well-drained to dry soil, including clay, in sun or partial shade. It is an obvious candidate for the woodland garden or hedgerow, and is equally at home in a perennial wildflower meadow. Start it from seed in autumn or spring, or propagate plants by division when dormant or as new growth begins in the spring. Where conditions suit it, St. John’s wort usually self-sows and forms handsome colonies.
More Herb Profiles from Herbal:
• How to Use Fennel
• Ginkgo Nuts for Health
• American Ginseng for Heart Health
This excerpt has been reprinted with permission from Herbal: The Essential Guide to Herbs for Living by Deni Bown and published by Pavilion Books Ltd, 2001. | <urn:uuid:7107c922-91d9-4456-bfde-0435ab8f1425> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.motherearthnews.com/natural-health/benefits-of-st-johns-wort-ze0z1406zhou.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535919066.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014519-00106-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950281 | 790 | 2.96875 | 3 |
For the Ottoman Empire, the second siege of the Austrian capital ended like the first – a mere attempt. For the people of Vienna, on the other hand, there was a sweet ending to this struggle in the form of a croissant.
Its name and even its buttery taste inevitably point towards the pastry-bakers French. But no, the croissant is not French – it’s Austrian. Specifically, it’s from Vienna. It wasn’t until the mid-19th century that an Austrian officer named August Zang brought the croissant to France, including it among the products on offer at the Viennese bakery he opened at 92, Richelieu St.
The famous pastry first appeared two centuries earlier in Vienna: legend has it, in 1683. Ottoman troops, having taken Hungary and Crete among other regions, set up camp at the walls of the Austrian capital for the second time in little over a century. Despite emerging victorious from previous battles, the conquest of Vienna did not turn out to be an easy task for the Turks. The Viennese, under the command of Count Erns Rüdiger von Starhemberg, put up a staunch resistance. After numerous unsuccessful assaults, the Ottoman army, led by Kará Mustafá decided to set Plan B into action. This consisted of digging a tunnel under the city walls in order to take its guards by surprise. To avoid the plan being uncovered, the Turks decided to dig only at night, while the residents of Vienna were asleep. However, they didn’t take into account that the night was the busiest time for one small group of people – the city’s bakers. It was them that warned the Viennese troops of the Ottoman plan after a number of nights hearing digging noises. The hunters became the hunted. The Viennese attacked the Turks by surprise and not vice versa.
After driving the Ottoman army out of his lands (not without the help of other Christian states, Poland in particular) King Leopold I wished to reward the bakers and pastry by granting them a number of honours and privileges; among them was the right to bear a sword. The bakers and pastry, in turn, as a sign of their appreciation of this recognition from their sovereign and the rest of their fellow citizens, created a new bread in the shape of a crescent – the symbol of the Ottoman Empire – as a “sweet” kind of taunt… | <urn:uuid:64455052-0e50-49d4-97d0-efea54cd7b37> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | http://enblog.ferreconsulting.com/2010/11/19/french%E2%80%A6but-from-vienna/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337680.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005234659-20221006024659-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.96609 | 508 | 3.125 | 3 |
A new study has investigated the effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) and intermediate frequency electromagnetic fields (IF-EMF) and found no clear association with brain tumours[i]. This is the largest study of brain tumours and occupational high-frequency EMF exposure to-date[ii].
In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified RF-EMF as ‘possibly carcinogenic to humans’. However, evidence in human studies for an association between occupational exposure to RF-EMF and cancer was judged to be inadequate, partly due to limitations with exposure assessment.
The new study examined the relationship between RF-EMF and IF-EMF and the risk of two types of brain tumour, known as glioma and meningioma. Approximately 4,000 brain cancer patients and over 5,000 controls, who participated in the INTEROCC study, were selected.
The participants provided information about their work activities. Literature documenting exposure from different sources was used to estimate cumulative exposure to EMFs in the course of employment. Occupational sectors where employees are exposed to EMFs include work with/near radars or telecommunication antennas; medical diagnosis and treatment; and work with microwave drying ovens.
Data analysis found no clear evidence for a positive association between cumulative exposure to RF-EMF or IF-EMF and a risk of developing glioma or meningioma. Most relationships that were investigated showed no association whatsoever. The largest odds ratios were found in those exposed within the most recent time window (1-4 years prior to diagnosis) and in participants exposed to the highest 10% of EMF. However, neither odds ratio was statistically significant.
A limitation of this study was that only 10% of study participants were exposed to RF-EMF and only 1% were exposed to IF-EMF.
The researchers concluded that there was no clear association between EMF and glioma or meningioma. However, results in participants with recent exposure to EMFs suggested a potential link with brain tumour promotion/progression and should be investigated further.
Indeed, lead author of the study, Javier Vila, explained:
‘Although we did not find a positive association, the fact that we observed indication of an increased risk in the group with most recent radiofrequency exposure deserves further investigation. We also need to investigate possible interactions with other frequencies, and with chemicals’.[iii]
[i] Vila, J. et al. Occupational exposure to high-frequency electromagnetic fields and brain tumor risk in the INTEROCC study: An individualized assessment approach. Environment International 119, 353–365 (2018). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201830196X (Accessed 2 August 2018)
[ii] Exposure to high-frequency electromagnetic fields at work not associated with brain tumours. Science Daily 31 July 2018. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/07/180731092046.htm (Accessed 2 August 2018) | <urn:uuid:f48a457e-400b-424f-942e-3a47f4ee46ec> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.bc-legal.co.uk/bcdn/633-241-new-study-finds-no-link-between-occupational-exposure-to-electromagnetic-fields-and-brain-tumour-risk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221214691.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819031801-20180819051801-00547.warc.gz | en | 0.945143 | 646 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The bones in newborn infants consist partly of cartilage, allowing the baby’s support structure to remain flexible (to a degree). The flexibility of infant bones protects them from injury, but that doesn’t mean fractures never occur.
Many infants suffer bone breaks during the delivery process. The trick is knowing if the incident is medical malpractice or an unavoidable incident.
Why do newborn fractures occur?
Many factors can increase the odds of a baby suffering a bone break as it enters the world. Examples include:
- Narrow birth canals
- Difficult vaginal deliveries
- Use of tools like forceps and vacuums
- The size of the infant (Large babies are at greater risk.)
Clavicle (collar bone) fractures are the most common bone breaks newborns suffer. Sometimes the fracture is no one’s fault. Other times, the physician or other medical team members may cause or worsen the fracture. When this happens, you may have grounds for a medical malpractice claim.
For example, if doctors become distracted during delivery, they could apply too much force when extracting the infant, resulting in a clavicle fracture. Even when collar bones break accidentally (which they can occasionally), the medical team should find the fracture while examining the infant. It may be malpractice if no one notices the break or if the doctor treats the injury improperly.
What should you do if this happens?
Seek immediate medical care if your newborn shows signs of a collar bone fracture (such as arm immobility and excessive crying from pain). Afterward, take your story to a New Jersey legal advocate for review. Together, you can investigate the incident to determine the cause of the break and whether a medical malpractice claim is warranted. | <urn:uuid:9b39b5ed-985e-4c3a-9240-8a7dbb8030ec> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.rcshea.com/blog/2022/06/are-newborn-bone-fractures-a-form-of-medical-malpractice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473360.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221002544-20240221032544-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.885916 | 358 | 2.703125 | 3 |
During the dark years of Nazi rule in Germany, there were Germans who overcame their fears of the Schutzstaffel, or SS – a paramilitary organisation under Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party – and Gestapo, the state secret police, to save many Jews from certain death. Theirs was a show of human solidarity against a rabid ideology that sought to inculcate in the Germans hatred against the Jews.
This is best symbolised in popular imagination by Oskar Schindler, a German businessman who saved more than a 1,000 Polish Jews. His life was fictionalised by Australian novelist Thomas Keneally in Schindler’s Ark, which, in 1993, was turned into a film – Schindler’s List – by Steven Spielberg. The film turned Schindler into a global epitome of humanism that is forever under stress from the brutality of the bad.
Two years after World War II ended in Europe in May 1945 – and the Jews whom Schindler had protected were set free – India too was caught in a swirl of hatred even as it gained independence from British rule.
Sixty-nine years ago, the chimes of freedom seemed more a death knell to lakhs who perished in the veritable ethnic cleansing undertaken in east and west Punjab as India was partitioned and Pakistan was born. The brute in us stalked the country with death and devastation.
Yet, as was true of Nazi Germany, there were also people in India and Pakistan whom the virus of communal hatred did not infect. Not only did they refuse to join the murderous mobs, some took enormous risks to save people of other religious communities. They were India and Pakistan’s Schindlers – but largely unknown, mostly unsung and barely finding a mention in the footnotes of our history.
As both countries celebrate their 70th Independence Day, here is a list of Little Schindlers who courageously saved lives. This list pertains to Delhi and undivided Punjab; it is not exhaustive. Save for two entries, the names have been selected from Ishtiaq Ahmed’s The Punjab: Bloodied, Partitioned and Cleansed – eyewitness accounts mentioned here were recorded by him.
Harijan Baba who saved abducted women
A horrific aspect of Partition violence was the abduction of an estimated 100,000 women. Subsequently, under the Inter-Dominion Treaty, signed between India and Pakistan on December 6, 1947, operations to find the abducted women were mounted in both India and Pakistan.
In Delhi, 200 Muslim women were recovered. The person who rescued most number of women was an old Harijan (the caste is now called Dalit). His name is not known, nor his modus operandi. Yet, when social activist Ais Kidwai would ask the women how they fled their abductors, a good number of them said: “An old Harijan brought me home.”
About the Harijan Baba, Kidwai writes in her memoirs on the Partition and the first two years of independent India, In Freedom’s Shade: “Some [abducted women] were recovered by social workers, some by Jamiat activists, some rescued by the police. A significant number was recovered by one man, working alone. This noble chamar rescued scores of abducted girls and secretly returned them to their homes. How I wish I could have learnt his name, but that remained forever a secret.”
He was truly India’s child of god.
The anonymous Khaksar of Rawalpindi
Months before India was partitioned, on the morning of March 5-6, pages torn from the Quran were found strewn in the area outside Rawalpindi’s Gordon College. A Khaksar collected these and put it in a well. To ensure the city did not erupt, he entered a Hindu-Sikh colony to calm people down. The Khaksar was stabbed to death. Khwaja Masud Ahmed, then a mathematics lecturer at Gordon College, recalls, “There is no doubt that the RSS was behind that heinous crime. It triggered rioting, arson, looting and stabbings…”
Formed by Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi to drive the British out of India, the Khaksar was a militant Islamic group which, however, was bitterly opposed to the Muslim League. Some Khaksars in Lahore joined the Muslim League, but those in Rawalpindi remained loyal to their commander Ashraf Khan, who inspired them to save Hindus and Sikhs in the riots.
About Ashraf Khan, Amar Singh, who left Rawalpindi to come to India, said: “I must…pay tribute to the Khaksars, especially their leader, Ashraf Khan. He and his comrades saved many Sikhs and Hindus.”
Another eyewitness Rashid Ishaq says, “Our leader Ashraf Khan had taken a vow from us that we would do all we could to protect whosoever was in distress. Therefore, the Khaksars were always in the forefront and saved many non-Muslims.”
The Dutt brothers and Dr Abdur Rauf
During Partition violence, even hospitals weren't spared. A hospital in Amritsar came under attack from a Hindu-Sikh mob. Dr Proshottam Dutt and his brother, Dr Narain Das, took out their guns and confronted the assailants.
Dr Dutt is quoted as having have told them, “This behaviour of yours is very cowardly…. You can even now repent and leave otherwise (for) as long as we two brothers are alive and our rifles have bullets, we will never let you touch the Muslim patients in this hospital.” The mob dispersed.
A very different logic prompted Amritsar’s Muslim doctor, Dr Abdur Rauf, to save 200 non-Muslims who were cornered in Katra Karam Singh locality. Dr Rauf was asked to decide on their fate. Though said to have been engaged in imparting military skills to Muslims, Dr Rauf invoked Islamic teaching of moral conduct to counter those who wanted to avenge the mistreatment of Muslims in other parts of Amritsar. All non-Muslims were set free.
The Sikh who sheltered hundreds of Muslims
Amritsar, too, erupted in March 1947, and many localities witnessed pitched battles between Hindus-Sikhs and Muslims. One man who is still remembered among Amritsari Muslims in Lahore is Bawa Ghansham, a Sikh who was a member of the Communist Party of India.
He gave refuge to hundreds of Muslims in his house. Most eyewitness accounts testify to the salutatory role the communists played on both sides of the border during Partition violence.
Mother Courage and her seven sons
In Gujjial village, Jhelum district, there were seven brothers who were in the British army and were captured by Germans during World War II. Their salaries and property were managed by Raghbir Singh Sahni’s parents.
When the raiders attacked Gujjial village, 70 Sikhs took shelter with the Sahnis. The mother of seven brothers exhorted them: “Mein dudh tadd bakshan gi jey tusi annadey kum aoy (For the milk you have sucked from my breasts, go forward and save these Sikhs.)”
The brothers took positions on the rooftop of Sahni’s house with their rifles, warning the assailants that they would be shot at in case they dared to attack the Sikhs. The assailants melted away. The Sikhs were evacuated to Chakwal – and then to Patiala. Of the brothers, Sahni remembers one name: Bostan Khan
The police officer who guarded a mosque
On August 17, 1947, in Firozepur, east Punjab, Lala Dhuni Chand informed the father of Malik Muhammad Aslam about an attack that the RSS and Sikhs were planning. Sure enough, the attack began at 10 pm. Around 300 Muslims took shelter in a local mosque, which was chosen because of its proximity to a police station.
The station head officer, Trilok Nath, was quick to post armed Muslim guards outside the mosque. Nath was an exception because many police officers turned partisans in Punjab. Aslam cites Nath’s neutrality as the reason why the mosque wasn’t attacked.
However, Aslam’s father had not carried his insulin injection to the mosque. As the sugar level steadily rose, the father became visibly ill. At 3 am, slipping through the city under curfew, Dhuni Chand’s son, Amarnath, came to the mosque to inquire whether Aslam and his parents were safe. Amarnath offered to fetch insulin from his father’s medicine shop.
Amarnath never returned.
Aslam later learned that Amarnath was shot dead by the RSS for helping Muslims. In his oral testimony, he said: “I still remember the night when Amarnath volunteered to go to his shop to get the medicine my father needed but was killed by fanatics of his own community. His father and mother must have been devastated.”
Aslam’s father became too ill to join the caravan going to Pakistan on foot. He too died.
An ashram that became a refuge
When Delhi and its vicinity reeled under communal violence, a small ashram of Swamiji of Narela became the refuge of Muslim peasants. He guarded them from marauders for days. When the violence abated, Swamiji suggested that they temporarily shift to their relatives’ homes in Uttar Pradesh, even accompanying them across the Yamuna to ensure they were not attacked. He promised he would facilitate their return as soon as normalcy was restored.
Unlettered, Swamiji secured permission from Gandhi to call the Muslims back and rehabilitate them. They remained in his ashram for months, as he persuaded the landlords to restore their customary tenancy rights.
Since Kidwai doesn’t mention the name of Swamiji, who was a Congress member, I asked writer and scholar Gopalkrishna Gandhi to help me identify him. He referred me to Supreme Court lawyer Anil Nauriya, who has a keen interest in and has written on the national movement. Accessing the archives of the Centre for South Asian Studies, Cambridge University, Nauriya identified him as Swami Saroopanandji.
Of him, Kidwai wrote: “After meeting some fine Congressis like Swamiji, I often thought to myself that Man emerged once again in these rural areas. Bapu’s deeds weren’t in vain… He planted a few trees, under whose shade weary souls would find rest.”
The Tapiala Dost Muhammad Village Peace Committee
It is a village located in Sheikhupura district, Lahore Division. Two-third of its population was Muslim, the remaining Khatri Hindus plus two Sikh families. A display of arms during Pakistan‘s Independence Day celebrations in the vicinity of Tapiala prompted its residents to organise a peace committee.
On August 25-26 in 1947, some 1500 armed outsiders attacked Tapiala. Around 60 Khatri Hindu families barricaded themselves in two large houses. The peace committee’s resistance was overcome – and the two houses were set on fire. Some Hindus killed their female family members before they tried to escape.
It was only around 11 am the attackers retreated. Gurbachan Singh Tandon, then in Class VIII, received a blow from an axe and fell unconscious; his brother was killed, but family elders survived.
The survivors were sheltered in the village for another 10-12 days, during which three more attacks were launched against them, each repulsed by the peace committee, which was now better prepared. Of the peace committee members, Tandon says, “I remember two names now – Chaudhri Mu’af Ali and Sheikh Muhammad Bashir.”
The man who saved Sunil Dutt’s uncle
The ancestral village of late film star Sunil Dutt’s was Khurd, about 20 km from Jhelum town. He was brought up by his tayaji, or uncle, who was among the principal landholders there. When the army evacuated the Hindus from the area, Dutt’s tayaji refused to go.
In his Friday sermon, the local Maulvi asked why a non-Muslim was living in Khurd. Dutt’s tayaji shifted to an adjoining village, Nawan Kot, where resided Yakub, a classmate of Dutt’s father. When Dutt’s absence from Khurd was noticed, the assailants swooped in on Yakub’s residence.
“But Yakub and brothers took out their guns saying that their guest was dearer to them than their own life,” Dutt told Dr Ishtiaq Ahmed in an oral testimony before his death. Yakub gave a horse to Dutt’s tayaji to ride in the middle of night to the refugee camp at Jhelum.
The saviour of cricketer Inzamam-ul-Haq’s family
On a tour of India, Inzamam-ul-Haq was met by a young man who gave the cricketer the telephone number of his mother, Pushpa Goel, requesting that he hand it over to his parents in Multan. Sure enough, the call from Multan came. Haq’s father hadn’t forgotten Pushpa, whose parents had sheltered him and his family from a murderous mob in Hansi, Hissar district, Haryana.
Pushpa was invited to the cricketer’s wedding. "It was like coming back to one’s own family," she said. "I can never forget my visit to Multan.”
In 2016, though, both India and Pakistan seem to have forgotten the heroes of Punjab whose conduct during the horrific Partition violence remains a lesson to us on what it means to be human.
Ajaz Ashraf is a journalist in Delhi. His novel, The Hour Before Dawn, has as its backdrop the demolition of the Babri Masjid. It is available in bookstores. | <urn:uuid:378eb7e5-2550-41ad-8f99-169bba2a8c4f> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://scroll.in/article/813945/a-list-of-the-little-known-schindlers-of-punjab-who-saved-many-during-partition-violence | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998581.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617223249-20190618005249-00285.warc.gz | en | 0.982784 | 3,017 | 3.171875 | 3 |
1901. 5 Dec. Werner Karl Heisenberg is born in Würzburg, Germany.
1906. Sep. Heisenberg enters primary school in Würzburg.
1910. June The family moves to Munich.
1911. Sep. Heisenberg begins nine-year course of study at the humanistic Max-Gymnasium in Munich, where his grandfather is the principal until 1914.
1914. 1 Aug. Outbreak of World War I.
1918. Aug.-Sep. Participates in Bavarian agricultural service.
1919. May-June Supports troops after suppression of Bavarian Soviet Republic.
July Becomes leader of younger boys in youth movement.
1920. Oct. Enters the University of Munich as student of Sommerfeld.
1921. 17 Dec. Submits his first paper for publication.
1922 - 23. Studies with Max Born in Göttingen.
1923. July Completes requirements for doctorate.
1924. 7 June Meets Einstein for the first time..
28 June Delivers successful lecture for habilitation (right to teach).
1924-25. International Education Board fellow with Bohr in Copenhagen.
1925. 29 June Receipt of Heisenberg's paper providing breakthrough to quantum mechanics (Zs. f. Phys., 33, 879-893).
1926. 1 May Begins appointment as Lecturer in Bohr's institute.
1927. 23 Mar. Receipt of Heisenberg's paper on the uncertainty principle (Zs. f. Phys., 43, 172-198).
Sep. Attends Como conference where Bohr presents complementarity.
Oct. Appointed Professor of Theoretical Physics in Leipzig.
Oct. Attends Solvay Congress in Brussels.
1929. Mar.-Nov. Travels to United States, Japan, China, and India.
1930. 22 Nov. Death of his father, professor of Byzantine Studies in Munich.
1932. 7 June Receipt of his first paper on the neutron-proton model of nuclei (Zs. f. Phys., 77, 1-11).
1933. 30 Jan. Hitler comes to power in Germany.
11 Dec. Heisenberg receives Nobel Prize for Physics (for 1932).
1936. 29 Jan. Heisenberg and theoretical physics attacked in Nazi party newspaper.
8 June Presents theory of cosmic-ray showers involving multiple processes.
1937. 29 Apr. Marries Elisabeth Schumacher in Berlin.
15 July Heisenberg and other physicists viciously attacked in SS newspaper.
1938. Jan. Birth of twins, the first of seven children.
Mar. Lecture tour to England.
21 July Himmler exonerates Heisenberg of SS charges.
Dec. Discovery of nuclear fission in Berlin.
1939. June Purchases home in Urfeld, Bavaria, as retreat for his family during the coming war.
July Lectures in the United States.
1 Sep. Outbreak of war in Europe.
26 Sep. Joins fission research project in Berlin.
1941. Spring Leipzig uranium pile shows first neutron multiplication.
15-22 Sep. Visits German-occupied Copenhagen and discusses fission with an alarmed Bohr.
1942. 26 Feb. Presents lecture to Reich officials on energy acquisition from nuclear fission after Army withdraws most of its funding.
4 June Briefs Albert Speer on nuclear research.
1 July Appointed interim director of main reactor research lab in Berlin. Lays plans for construction of a working reactor.
8 Sep. Receipt of the first part of his theory on the S-matrix in elementary particle physics (Zs. f. Phys., 120, 513-538, 1943).
1943. Feb. Appointed Professor of Theoretical Physics in Berlin.
6 May Lectures on nuclear fission before Göring's Aerodynamics Academy.
18-26 Oct. Travels to German-occupied Netherlands.
1944. 24Jan-4 Feb. Travels to German-occupied Copenhagen to obtain release of Bohr Institute from occupation authorities (Bohr has fled).
1945. Jan. Joins rest of his reactor team in Black Forest.
3 May U.S. forces arrest Heisenberg at his family home in Urfeld, Bavaria.
7/8 May Germany surrenders.
June Heisenberg's mother dies.
July-Dec. Heisenberg is held with other German scientists at Farm Hall, England.
1946. 3 Jan. Released in Germany, settles in Göttingen.
Jul. Named director of Kaiser Wilhelm (later Max Planck) Institute for Physics.
1947. Dec. Lectures in Britain.
1949. 9 Mar. Founding president of the German Research Council.
1950. 23 Feb. Proposes unified theory of elementary particles involving a nonlinear spinor field.
1951. Aug. Research Council fused with Emergency Association to form the German Research Association (DFG). Heisenberg in Presidium.
1952. Mar. Heads German delegation to European Council for Nuclear Research, contemplating the founding of CERN.
1953. 10 Dec. Adenauer appoints Heisenberg president of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.
1955-56. Winter Delivers Gifford Lectures on "Physics and Philosophy" at University of St. Andrews, Scotland.
1957. 12 Apr. Issues declaration with 17 other West German scientists opposing Adenauer's acceptance of tactical nuclear weapons provided by NATO.
1958. 27 Feb. Issues preprint with Pauli on a proposed unified field theory of elementary particles, including the so-called "Weltformel" (world formula), later renounced by Pauli.
Sep. Moves his institute and family to Munich.
1970. 31 Dec. Resigns as director of the Max Planck Institute.
1972. Summer Lecture tour to the United States.
1975. Oct. Resigns presidency of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.
1976. 1 Feb. Dies of cancer at his home in Munich. | <urn:uuid:f79902e8-182e-4648-95d7-b62c2150f182> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://history.aip.org/exhibits/heisenberg/brief-chronology.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103034930.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625095705-20220625125705-00417.warc.gz | en | 0.892701 | 1,300 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Office of the Attorney General
PURPOSE: To reaffirm the Department's recognition of the sovereign status of federally recognized Indian tribes as domestic dependent nations and to reaffirm adherence to the principles of government-to-government relations; to inform Department personnel, other federal agencies, federally recognized Indian tribes, and the public of the Department's working relationships with federally recognized Indian tribes; and to guide the Department in its work in the field of Indian affairs.
From its earliest days, the United States has recognized the sovereign status of Indian tribes as domestic dependent nations. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 30 U.S. (5 Pet.) 1, 17 (1831). Our Constitution recognizes Indian sovereignty by classing Indian treaties among the "supreme law of the land," and establishes Indian affairs as a unique area of federal concern. In early Indian treaties, the United States pledged to "protect" Indian tribes, thereby establishing one of the bases for the federal trust responsibility in our government-to-government relations with Indian tribes. These principles continue to guide our national policy towards Indian tribes.
A. THE EXECUTIVE MEMORANDUM ON GOVERNMENT-TO-GOVERNMENT RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND INDIAN TRIBES
On April 29, 1994, at a historic meeting with the heads of tribal governments, President Clinton reaffirmed the United States' "unique legal relationship with Native American tribal governments" and issued a directive to all executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government that:
As executive departments and agencies undertake activities affecting Native American tribal rights or trust resources, such activities should be implemented in a knowledgeable, sensitive manner respectful of tribal sovereignty.
President Clinton's directive requires that in all activities relating to or affecting the government or treaty rights of Indian tribes, the executive branch shall:
1) operate within a government-to-government relationship with federally recognized Indian tribes;
2) consult, to the greatest extent practicable and permitted by law, with Indian tribal governments before taking actions that affect federally recognized Indian tribes;
3) assess the impact of agency activities on tribal trust resources and assure that tribal interests are considered before the activities are undertaken;
4) remove procedural impediments to working directly with tribal governments on activities that affect trust property or governmental rights of the tribes; and
5) work cooperatively with other agencies to accomplish these goals established by the President.
The Department of Justice is reviewing programs and procedures to ensure that we adhere to principles of respect for Indian tribal governments and honor our Nation's trust responsibility to Indian tribes. Within the Department, the Office of Tribal Justice has been formed to coordinate policy towards Indian tribes both within the Department and with other agencies of the Federal Government, and to assist Indian tribes as domestic dependent nations within the federal system.
B. FEDERAL INDIAN SELF-DETERMINATION POLICY
President Clinton's executive memorandum builds on the firmly established federal policy of self-determination for Indian tribes. Working together with Congress, previous Presidents affirmed the fundamental policy of federal respect for tribal self-government. President Johnson recognized "the right of the first Americans . . to freedom of choice and self-determination." President Nixon strongly encouraged "self-determination among the Indian people. President Reagan pledged "to pursue the policy of self-government" for Indian tribes and reaffirmed "the government-to-government basis" for dealing with Indian tribes. President Bush recognized that the Federal Government's "efforts to increase tribal self-governance have brought a renewed sense of pride and empowerment to this country's native peoples.
II. PRINCIPLES OF INDIAN SOVEREIGNTY AND THE TRUST RESPONSIBILITY
Though generalizations are difficult, a few basic principles provide important guidance in the field of Indian affairs: 1) the Constitution vests Congress with plenary power over Indian affairs; 2) Indian tribes retain important sovereign powers over their members and their territory, subject to the plenary power of Congress; and 3) the United States has a trust responsibility to Indian tribes, which guides and limits the Federal Government in dealings with Indian tribes. Thus, federal and tribal law generally have primacy over Indian affairs in Indian country, except where Congress has provided otherwise.
III. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE RECOGNITION OF INDIAN SOVEREIGNTY AND THE FEDERAL TRUST RESPONSIBILITY
The Department resolves that the following principles will guide its interactions with the Indian tribes.
A. THE SOVEREIGNTY OF INDIAN TRIBES
The Department recognizes that Indian tribes as domestic dependent nations retain sovereign powers, except as divested by the United States, and further recognizes that the United States has the authority to restore federal recognition of Indian sovereignty in order to strengthen tribal self-governance.
The Department shall be guided by principles of respect for Indian tribes and their sovereign authority and the United States' trust responsibility in the many ways in which the Department takes action on matters affecting Indian tribes. For example, the Department reviews proposed legislation, administers funds that are available to tribes to build their capacity to address crime and crime-related problems in Indian country, and in conjunction with the Bureau of Indian Affairs and tribal police, provides essential law enforcement in Indian country. The Department represents the United States, in coordination with other federal agencies, in litigation brought for the benefit of Indian tribes and individuals, as well as in litigation by Indian tribes or individuals against the United States or its agencies. In litigation as in other matters, the Department may take actions and positions affecting Indian tribes with which one or more tribes may disagree. In all situations, the Department will carry out its responsibilities consistent with the law and this policy statement.
B. GOVERNMENT-TO-GOVERNMENT RELATIONSHIPS WITH INDIAN TRIBES
In accord with the status of Indian tribes as domestic dependent nations, the Department is committed to operating on the basis of government-to-government relations with Indian tribes.
Consistent with federal law and other Departmental duties, the Department will consult with tribal leaders in its decisions that relate to or affect the sovereignty, rights, resources or lands of Indian tribes. Each component will conduct such consultation in light of its mission. In addition, the Department has initiated national and regional listening conferences and has created the Office of Tribal Justice to improve communications with Indian tribes. In the Offices of the United States Attorneys with substantial areas of Indian country within their purview, the Department encourages designation of Assistant U.S. Attorneys to serve as tribal liaisons.
In order to fulfill its mission, the Department of Justice endeavors to forge strong partnerships between the Indian tribal governments and the Department. These partnerships will enable the Department to better serve the needs of Indian tribes, Indian people, and the public at large.
C. SELF-DETERMINATION AND SELF-GOVERNANCE
The Department is committed to strengthening and assisting Indian tribal governments in their development and to promoting Indian self-governance. Consistent with federal law and Departmental responsibilities, the Department will consult with tribal governments concerning law enforcement priorities in Indian country, support duly recognized tribal governments, defend the lawful exercise of tribal governmental powers in coordination with the Department of the Interior and other federal agencies, investigate government corruption when necessary, and support and assist Indian tribes in the development of their law enforcement systems, tribal courts, and traditional justice systems.
D. TRUST RESPONSIBILITY
The Department acknowledges the federal trust responsibility arising from Indian treaties, statutes, executive orders, and the historical relations between the United States and Indian tribes. In a broad sense, the trust responsibility relates to the United States' unique legal and political relationship with Indian tribes. Congress, with plenary power over Indian affairs, plays a primary role in defining the trust responsibility, and Congress recently declared that the trust responsibility "includes the protection of the sovereignty of each tribal government." 25 U.S.C. § 3601.
The term "trust responsibility" is also used in a narrower sense to define the precise legal duties of the United States in managing prosperity and resources of Indian tribes and, at times, of individual Indians.
The trust responsibility, in both senses, will guide the Department in litigation, enforcement, policymaking and proposals for legislation affecting Indian country, when appropriate to the circumstances. As used in its narrower sense, the federal trust responsibility may be justiciable in some circumstances, while in its broader sense the definition and implementation of the trust responsibility is committed to Congress and the Executive Branch.
E. PROTECTION OF CIVIL RIGHTS
Federal law prohibits discrimination based on race or national origin by the federal, state and local governments, or individuals against American Indians in such areas as voting, education, housing, credit, public accommodations and facilities, employment, and in certain federally funded programs and facilities. Various federal criminal civil rights statutes also preserve personal liberties and safety. The existence of the federal trust responsibility towards Indian tribes does not diminish the obligation of state and local governments to respect the civil rights of Indian people.
Through the Indian Civil Rights Act, Congress selectively has derived essential civil rights protections from the Bill of Rights and applied them to Indian tribes. 25 U.S.C. § 1301. The Indian Civil Rights Act is to be interpreted with respect for Indian sovereignty. The primary responsibility for enforcement of the Act is invested in the tribal courts and other tribal fora. In the criminal law context, federal courts have authority to decide habeas corpus petitions after tribal remedies are exhausted.
The Department of Justice is fully committed to safeguarding the constitutional and statutory rights of American Indians, as well as all other Americans.
F. PROTECTION OF TRIBAL RELIGION AND CULTURE
The mandate to protect religious liberty is deeply rooted in this Nation's constitutional heritage. The Department seeks to ensure that American Indians are protected in the observance of their faiths. Decisions regarding the activities of the Department that have the potential to substantially interfere with the exercise of Indian religions will be guided by the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, as well as by statutes which protect the exercise of religion such as the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, the American Indian Religious Freedom Act, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, and the National Historic Preservation Act.
The Department also recognizes the significant federal interest in aiding tribes in the preservation of their tribal customs and traditions. In performing its duties in Indian country, the Department will respect and seek to preserve tribal cultures.
IV. DIRECTIVE TO ALL COMPONENTS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
The principles set out here must be interpreted by each component of the Department of Justice in light of its respective mission. Therefore, each component head shall make all reasonable efforts to ensure that the component's activities are consistent with the above sovereignty and trust principles. The component heads shall circulate this policy to all attorneys in the Department to inform them of their responsibilities. Where the activities and internal procedures of the components can be reformed to ensure greater consistency with this Policy, the component head shall undertake to do so. If tensions arise between these principles and other principles which guide the component in carrying out its mission, components will develop, as necessary, a mechanism for resolving such tension to ensure that tribal interests are given due consideration. Finally, component heads will appoint a contact person to work with the Office of Tribal Justice in addressing Indian isaues within the component.
This policy is intended only to improve the internal management of the Department and is not intended to create any right enforceable in any cause of action by any party against the United States, its agencies, officers, or any person.
Date: June 1, 1995
Go to: Attorney General's FOIA Page// FOIA Home Page//Justice Department Home Page | <urn:uuid:e3209919-b48b-43d3-837e-1ff7209f5942> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.justice.gov/ag/readingroom/sovereignty.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500835119.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021355-00435-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934232 | 2,396 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The History of Monster Trucks
For the past few decades, monster trucks have been entertaining the masses, crushing other vehicles, and taking dirt jumps to the extreme. These gargantuan vehicles have become known for their over-sized tires, customized bodies, and freestyle tricks—but monster trucks weren’t always what they are today.
So, how did these hulking, destructive trucks come to be? Well, it all started with Bigfoot.
And no, I’m not talking about the Sasquatch.
From Bigfoot to Grave Digger: The Evolution of Monster Trucks
Heavily modified trucks were a popular trend during the 1970s, and their popularity was only enhanced by the sports of mud bogging and tractor pulling. Several truck owners created lifted trucks to perform at peak level, outfitting the vehicles with tires that topped out at 48 inches. One of the biggest trucks was Bob Chandler’s Bigfoot, which is considered the first-ever monster truck.
In 1981, Chandler decided to drive over some cars to test the truck’s capabilities, becoming the first large truck to do so (on record, at least). Chandler’s video tape of the feat eventually got into the hands of an event promoter, who decided that this could be the next big spectacle to entertain audiences. Bigfoot went on to perform at various small shows, eventually debuting at the Pontiac Silverdome in 1982. It is at this event that the truck, outfitted with 66-inch tires, caused the “monster truck” name to be coined.
After Bigfoot started the tradition of driving over cars, other “monster trucks” decided to join in on the fun. In the beginning, these trucks mostly just drove slowly over old cars as a sideshow attraction during tractor-pulling events. While these monster truck shows are nothing like the shows we see nowadays, they were nonetheless exciting, bold feats for that time.
Over the course of the next few years, technology and driving skills improved, and the craze continued. In the 1980s, the United States Hot Rod Association (USHRA) realized this and began organizing and booking stunt shows across the country. In 1995, it created an official touring show called Monster Jam.
Operated by Feld Entertainment, the Monster Jam franchise really took the sport to new heights–creating bigger, better, and more capable truck bodies, motors, and suspensions. Rules were established, along with a variety of safety measures that ensured monster truck drivers would be protected during the more dangerous stunts. The rise of Monster Jam introduced “celebrity” trucks like the famous Grave Digger.
These changes allowed the sport to evolve, pulling away from their tractor-pulling origins. Now, monster trucks as we know them entertain the masses at shows around the world–from the USA to Australia. The tours run through winter and spring, culminating in the Monster Jam World Finals every March in Las Vegas.
A born-and-raised Jersey girl, Caitlin Moran has somehow found herself settled in Edinburgh, Scotland. When she’s not spending her days trying to remember which side of the road to drive on, Caitlin enjoys getting down and nerdy with English. She continues to combine her love of writing with her love of cars for The News Wheel, while also learning more about the European car market—including the fact that the Seat brand is pronounced “se-at” not “seat” as you might think. See more articles by Caitlin. | <urn:uuid:bb911d57-d71b-4aa8-a452-5476f1bee891> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://thenewswheel.com/history-of-monster-trucks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155792.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918225124-20180919005124-00239.warc.gz | en | 0.969733 | 725 | 2.796875 | 3 |
- Young Kwak
- There was heavy damage from the windstorm.
Meteorologists knew it was coming for days before the record-setting windstorm whipped through the Inland Northwest.
They saw the disparity in air pressure moving off the Pacific Ocean. Low pressure — typically associated with stormy weather — moved west to east toward southern British Columbia. High pressure, indicative of calm and sunny conditions, developed to the south of Washington over Oregon.
They also knew about the jet stream — air moving at extremely high speeds tens of thousands of feet above our heads — and how it would push the storm across land, feeding it as it moved.
And they knew about the cold front dragging close behind, another indicator of strong winds.
"Wind is air trying to get from higher pressure to lower pressure," says Andrew Kalin, meteorologist with the National Weather Service office in Spokane. "So when you have a strong low pressure system, all that air wants to fill it."
All of those conditions converged last week to create a windstorm with gusts reaching 71 mph in Spokane, breaking the previous record of 67 mph in 1972 for non-thunderstorm winds. (The record for the strongest recorded thunderstorm winds in Spokane is 77 mph in June 2005.)
As the disparity in pressure moved across land, it gathered strength, which is unusual, says Nic Loyd, a meteorologist at Washington State University. Typically, mountains disrupt a storm's momentum on its way to Eastern Washington, but this time a powerful jet stream shoved it across the state, fueling the storm further.
- Young Kwak
- Tens of thousands remained in the dark as a winter storm warning came a week after the windstorm.
"All the factors that had to come together to produce the windstorm seemed to be converging at the right time," says Loyd. "Typically [storms] are weakening when they get to us, but this one was strengthening as it moved toward Eastern Washington. That's a rarity for storms in this part of the world."
- Young Kwak
- An estimated 250,000 customers initially lost power.
Nature and Nurture
A painting of a tree with no leaves sits on the mantel overlooking the living room. Embers blink in the fireplace below as Seamus Kinsella picks blankets and pillows up off the living room floor. He slept there, along with other family members, in the cold for the first few nights after the windstorm took his mother, Lea Anne Scott. She was killed Nov. 17 in her backyard when a tree snapped in half and fell on her.
Kinsella, who lives in Portland now, grew up in the house on West 14th Avenue in Spokane. He remembers the painting above the mantel from his childhood.
"Trees were a recurring theme in her work," he says of his mother, a lifelong artist.
Family and friends gathered there from out of state and stayed without electricity, surrounding themselves with Scott's whimsical persona. The place is packed with her paintings and sculptures.
Family photos fill a shelf in the living room, a huge stack of old newspapers yellowed with age rests on a baby grand piano and painted blue lines scribble across the back of a pair of sliding doors that lead to the dining room. The lines seem random at first, but Kinsella explains that they're actually tracings of light beaming in from the nearby window and reflecting off the door.
"Whatever muse would strike her, that's what would come out," Kinsella says. "She took what she had and made it into something amazing."
But Scott's presence is felt beyond the artifacts that hang from walls and sit on shelves. One could say the home itself is actually one giant piece of art.
The staircase to the second floor faces a different direction than it did when Scott first bought the house, Kinsella says. Original hardwood floors and woodwork on the ceiling has been restored, and the backyard is carved into a garden that displays her work. Scott did most of that by herself.
- Young Kwak
- Many residents were blocked from leaving their neighborhoods by fallen debris.
"It never occurred to her to contract anything out," he says. "It needed to be fixed, so she just did it."
Kinsella points out each of his mother's sculptures in the backyard. One is a concrete bust of no one in particular that Kinsella says weighs a couple of hundred pounds. The others mostly are faces, with a classical Greek influence, he guesses, but they're more the result of her mood at the time she created them. Zippy, his dog who also grew up in the house, howls at squirrels and birds in the trees. The birds squawk back.
That's another detail Kinsella remembers about his childhood. The family was always overrun with animals.
"She could never turn away a stray," he says. "She was always rescuing something."
A crow, possibly one of the birds cawing at Zippy from the trees, was one of Scott's recent rescues. She nursed it back to health when it fell into her yard, and sometimes it would come to rest on her shoulder as she worked in the garden, says her neighbor Sam Weber.
"She was a soft-souled person, a pretty, sweet lady," Weber says. "Always happy-go-lucky."
In between Scott's backyard garage art studio and the chicken coop in the far corner, a vase of red roses rests on pine needles next to one of her sculptures. It marks the place where she died. The spot is precisely between the place where she cared for stray animals and the place she created her art.
- Young Kwak
- Linemen struggled to work with what Avista called a disaster of historic proportions.
Avista's Emergency Plan
Avista employees knew the storm was coming several days before it hit, though they had no idea it would cause the most power outages in the company's 126-year history. On Monday morning, Nov. 16, Avista managers met to enact the emergency protocol that had developed from lessons learned during previous severe weather incidents.
The protocol included stocking trucks with restoration equipment — poles, assorted wire and safety equipment — and halting any scheduled routine maintenance. They didn't want anybody on the poles when the storm hit.
Some employees were trained in damage assessment. When the inevitable destruction outnumbered Avista's 28 in-house crews, assessors could speed up the restoration process by providing information about what kind of equipment would be needed at each site.
Then all they could do was wait.
Thousands of people began losing power Tuesday afternoon, and by 4 pm, Avista employees filed into a room with no windows for another meeting. The outage map projected onto a screen at the front of the room showed that 15,000 customers were without power.
"We were thinking, 'OK, this is serious,'" says Heather Rosentrater, Avista's director of electrical engineering.
The meeting lasted about an hour, and though the employees inside couldn't see the wind's effect outside, they saw it in the numbers. The outages grew to 25,000, then 80,000. By the time the meeting was over, 141,000 customers were without power, Rosentrater says. She even took a picture of the screen with her phone.
Calls to local contractors, surrounding utility companies and volunteers went out for support. Calls from customers reporting trees toppling power lines kept rolling in, but crews couldn't go out until the winds died down.
In all, 42 transmission lines — which carry high voltages directly from the generation source — went down, along with 23 substations, the next leg of transmission. About 230,000 customers for three utility companies throughout the Inland Northwest were without electricity; 180,000 of those were Avista customers. Spokane Public Schools closed and Gonzaga, Whitworth and Eastern Washington universities all canceled classes Wednesday. About 200 trees blocked city streets.
Three people in Washington state died, one man in Idaho was critically injured, and Gov. Jay Inslee declared a state of emergency statewide. The majority of the damage, authorities said, was in Spokane and Kootenai counties.
By early Wednesday morning, before sunrise, Avista's crews were deployed to develop a recovery plan. The company announced that it would take three to five days to restore power to the majority of its customers.
As people continued to recover from the storm nearly a week later, a total of 123 crews, including local contractors and workers from San Francisco-based Pacific Gas and Electric and Puget Sound Energy, spread out across Avista's coverage area.
As of this Monday, 34,104 customers, or about 19 percent of the original 180,000, were still without power.
- Young Kwak
- Cleanup was still going a week after the storm.
Jessie Wuerst, a spokeswoman for Avista, says the corporation doesn't know how big the total bill for power restoration will be, or if it will translate to a rate hike.
"The crew costs and material costs will all be evaluated after the storm," she says. "We just don't know at this point. It's too early to tell [if rates will increase]."
Wind, Fire and Ice
Avista has called the windstorm the "largest crisis in our 126-year history." Here's a look at two other natural disasters in recent memory to see how they stack up:
• The Ice Storm of 1996 (Nov. 19): Almost 20 years ago to the day, one of the region's worst storms in 60 years swept through Spokane, coating the city with a slick glaze of ice. The temperature dropped to 27 degrees (and never rose above 33) as an inch of freezing rain stuck to cars, buildings, roads, trees and power lines. Tree branches snapped, pummeling cars and homes. Power lines buckled under the weight. Four people died throughout Spokane and Kootenai counties, and the damage was estimated at $22 million, according to the National Weather Service. More than 100,000 homes and businesses — nearly half of the entire city — lost power, some for up to two weeks.
• The Firestorm of 1991 (Oct. 16): Bone-dry conditions and fierce winds fueled a six-day-long firestorm throughout four Eastern Washington counties. Sparked by downed power lines spread over dry vegetation, and fueled by high-powered winds, 92 separate fires scorched more than 35,000 acres, destroyed 114 homes and killed two people — a 39-year-old woman from Nine Mile Falls and an Idaho firefighter. Wind gusts topped out at 62 mph, according to news reports. ♦An estimated 230,000 customers initially lost power after last week's historic windstorm. Tens of thousands were still left in the dark ahead of this week's winter storm warning. ♦ | <urn:uuid:2b406948-da44-4e9f-bff0-b657eddf3b79> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://m.inlander.com/spokane/sound-and-fury/Content?oid=2619858 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590794.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719090301-20180719110301-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.974562 | 2,260 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Protein Sources as Functional Ingredients in Pig Diets
The increase in demand for protein sources for animal feeds, related to the increase in animal production worldwide and to the increase in competition of use for human food, puts emphasis on efficient use of available protein sources. First of all, protein sources for animal feeds are carriers of protein and (essential) amino acids and other nutrients for production animals. In addition, specific constituents of these ingredients and peptides released during the enzymatic digestion of constituent proteins in the digestive tract can exert other, non-strict nutritional effects on e.g. feed intake, nutrient digestion, intestinal microbiota, signaling of the immune system or, after absorption, on physiological and metabolic processes. We are only at the beginning of understanding these ‘functional’ effects of dietary protein sources, which could generate added value when included in animal feeds. The aim of the present paper is to provide a short overview and some examples on functional properties of dietary protein sources in diets for pigs.
Protein sources for animal feeds
Animal production is growing worldwide. This relates to the increasing demand for high quality food products associated with the increasing world population, growing to about nine billion people in 2050, and with the increasing wealth of the human population (FAO, 2009). As a result there is increasing competition for feed and food ingredients to be used as immediate ingredient for human foods or for inclusion in animal feeds. These factors enforce efficient and sustainable use of these resources.
Proteins and amino acids are essential nutrients for production animals, including pigs. For this reason, there is an increasing demand for protein sources for animal feeds throughout the world. The demand can be fulfilled by traditional plant protein sources, such as soya bean meal and other oil seed by-products, legume seeds, cereals and their protein rich by-products resulting from starch and ethanol production, and by animal protein sources such as milk derived products e.g. whey. Alternative protein sources, such as sea cultivated algae, seaweeds, and insects, however, get increasing attention. Van Krimpen et al. (2013) considered options for increasing protein production for animal feed in Europe (Table 1).
They concluded that the identified protein sources differ substantially in terms of environmental sustainability. Products with a low dry matter content, i.e. lucerne, leaves, aquatic proteins are considered to be less sustainable due to the high energy costs for drying. Within the category of oil seeds, European produced soybean meal seems to be the most promising alternative for soybean meal and soya beans imported from South America. Protein yield of soybean meal produced in Europe, however, should be further increased to make this crop economically feasible for the farmer. To achieve this, new varieties have to be developed with an ultra-short growing season. Among the grain legumes, peas seemed the most promising alternative for soybean meal. The protein yield is reasonably high, but should be further improved. In the long term, leaf proteins and aquatic proteins probably might contribute to provision of protein for animal feeds. Knowledge on the nutritional value and potential functional effects of the inclusion of some of these alternative protein sources in animal feeds, however, is scarce.
Nutritional and functional value of feed ingredients
Traditionally, feed ingredients, including protein sources are evaluated on their capacity to deliver digestible nutrients and energy in the form of protein, amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, minerals and vitamins (nutritional value). These values are used in diet formulation, in which the dietary supply of nutrients from ingredients is balanced against the known nutrient requirements of animals. Novel feed ingredients are generally also first evaluated on this basis.
Many feed ingredients, however, are also known for other effects on their consumer. They can relate to known or unidentified constituents which interfere with either nutritional value or with specific effects on e.g. feed intake, nutrient digestion, nutrient or organ metabolism, animal health or quality of the edible animal derived end product (Figure 1). Such effects can be considered positive (functional effects) or negative (antinutritional effects). The latter refer to constituents naturally present in ingredients (e.g. antinutritional factors) or to substances concentrated or formed during processing of feed ingredients (e.g. during heat or enzymatic processing).
Functional protein sources for food and feed
Functional food or feed ingredients have been defined as modified ingredients that provide health or other benefits beyond satisfying traditional nutrient requirements (Sanders, 1998, Biesalski et al., 2009). Functional ingredients contain bioactive compounds or properties with supposed positive effects on the digestive process, intestinal barrier function, intestinal and systemic health.
Feed ingredients of plant and animal origin are generally a set of nutrients in a complex matrix and physical structure. They consist of different anatomical components of the plant or animal and are carriers of nutrients, which, after hydrolysis and absorption in the GIT, become available for use in organs and tissues. Ingredients and constituents in diets can also have other “non-nutritional”, functional properties e.g. in relation to feed intake (palatability, satiety), passage rate through the GIT, pro- and antimicrobial properties, (anti-) oxidative effects, immune signaling and metabolic effects. Beside specific secondary metabolites, compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction, in feed ingredients of plant origin, the carbohydrate, protein and fat fraction of feed ingredients seem most relevant in this respect. Bioactive compounds are extra nutritional constituents that typically occur at low concentrations in foods. They are intensively studied to evaluate their effects on health (Kris-Etherton et al., 2002), in particular in humans and in model animal species. Bioactive compounds may be present in feed ingredients of plant and animal origin as such, but can also be released during enzymatic digestion, in particular those of peptide and protein nature, which are released during the process of protein digestion in the GIT (Jansman, 2016).
An overview of legume proteins and their nutraceutical properties in man has been provided by Carbonara et al. (2015). Most of the efforts in this field are directed towards effects on human health and disease, however, it can be anticipated that similar effects of proteins from a variety of protein sources applied in animal feeds do exist and, once known, can be applied to develop functional feeds for animals supporting their development and health.
At least in animal feeds, bioactivity in legume seeds, was originally considered from a negative perspective. Various proteins and other naturally present constituents were identified with antinutritional properties (anti-nutritional factors) limiting nutrient digestion and absorption and/or intestinal barrier function (Lallès and Jansman, 1998). Examples are Protease-Kunitz and Bowman-Birk-inhibitors, α-amylase inhibitors (AAIs), lectins, storage proteins (7S and 11S globulins, prolamins, glutelins) from legume seeds (soybean, lupin) and cereal grains (wheat), have extensively been characterized. Epidemiological studies, however, identified a decreased occurrence of breast, colon and prostate cancer in legume-consuming populations. This triggered research of protease inhibitors, primarily soybean Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI), in the suppression of cancer promotion in vitro and in vivo (Birk, 1993). Anticarcinogenic, hypocholesterolemic, glucose and blood pressure-lowering, antioxidant and antimicrobial effects have later been documented for several legume proteins and peptides by in vitro and in vivo studies (Carbonara et al., 2015).
Plant foods studied for their bioactive peptide related activity in humans include soybean, oat, wheat, hemp seed, canola, flaxseed, and pulses (Lopez-Barrios et al., 2014). They mention that particularly, pulse seeds hydrolysates and bioactive peptides have been described with in vitro activities towards cancer, cardiovascular conditions, or their physiological effects on oxidative damage, inflammation, hypertension, and high cholesterol.
Bioactivity of proteins and peptides can be predicted from known protein amino acid sequences. Computer-assisted databases are available for predicting bioactive proteins and peptides located within a parent protein. Other databases can predict precursor protein of a bioactive peptide from a known amino acid sequence (Marambe and Wanasundara, 2012). Recently, Kar et al. (2016) elucidated potential bioactive properties of the protein fraction in some common and new protein sources for animal feeds using such an in silico omics approach. A fingerprint of the bioactivity for a number of protein sources was provided, showing that protein sources potentially do have blood pressure inhibiting (inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) results in an antihypertensive effect), anti-oxidative, antimicrobial, (metabolically) stimulating, inhibiting and regulating effects. To sustain the physiological effects, bioactive peptides must show stability against GI proteases and be absorbed through the enterocytes to the blood without being degraded by peptidases from the brush border and in serum. There is an exception with peptides that act in the GIT and do not have to be absorbed to exert their biological properties (Udenigwe and Aluko, 2012).
The potential in vivo effects of peptides and proteins formed during the process of protein digestion, in modifying and supporting health and functions of the GIT and systemic metabolism and health requires further exploration. Antimicrobial peptides are also found in mammalian tissues, in milk, eggs, plants, insects and microbiota and can be isolated or produced chemically or via microbial fermentation with potential for application in food and feed as modifier of intestinal microbiota and immune modulatory activity. Due to their broad spectrum of activity against several species of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses, such peptides may show beneficial effects on performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology as well as intestinal and faecal microbiota in pigs (Xiao et al., 2015). Peptides with antioxidative properties have also been recognized with potential to be used as nutraceuticals and alternatives for supplemented antioxidants in food and feed.
However, it is still considered a challenge to understand the role and determine the fate of dietary anti oxidative peptides once they enter the circulation system and cross cell membranes. The majority of bioactive peptides vary essentially from di- to heptapeptides. They need to be resistant to the digestion process throughout the GIT and be able to be absorbed intact into the blood system to reach the target organs and tissues. Dairy and marine-derived products seem to be the major sources of food-derived bioactive proteins and peptides but other sources, such as eggs and plant-derived products including legumes, nuts and cereals (e.g. wheat, rice, maize), are of importance for providing bioactive peptides (Kim et al., 2012). Synthetic peptides are also being produced especially for pharmaceutical purposes since they can exhibit therapeutic roles in the treatment of several diseases (Freitas et al., 2013). Furthermore, they conclude that it is well-established that in vitro antioxidant activity cannot be directly correlated to health-promoting activity. Application of the full potential anti-oxidative capacity in food and feed ingredients or as pharmaceutical agent, however, seems to be rather far away, related to issues such as intestinal stability and absorbability and physiological efficacy (Freitas et al., 2013).
Protein sources and gut health in pigs
In pigs, health of the GIT can be defined as its capacity to exert its different functions allowing the animal to achieve its potential productive performance under a variety of environmental conditions (Jansman, 2016). Diet composition and protein sources included, can have major effects on development and functionality of the GIT. The effects of protein sources on gut health relate to the presence of specific constituents, release of bioactive peptides during protein digestion and to protein sources, its proteinaceous part as well as its other constituents, e.g. in plant sources, structural carbohydrates and oligosaccharides, interfering with the intestinal microbiota composition and colonization of pathogenic species.
One of the prime areas of research in relation to the application of bioactive constituents, either naturally present in feed ingredients of released during in vivo digestion of dietary proteins concerns gut heath. Improvement of gut function and health in pigs and poultry is a major challenge in animal production, under the constraint that pressure is high to reduce antibiotic use in animal production in many parts of the world. The function of the GIT is not only to digest and absorb nutrients, it also has an important barrier function. The barrier consist of various compartments, being a physical, an immunological barrier and a microbial barrier. The latter consist of an extensive and complex microbiota present in both the lumen and attached to the intestinal mucosa. The microbiota changes and increases in density from the proximal to the distal compartments of the intestinal tract (the small and large intestine). Dietary constituents and proteins and peptides released during the digestive process can interfere with each of these functions in a complex manner (Aumiller et al., 2015).
Rist et al. (2013) reviewed the effects of dietary protein sources on intestinal protein fermentation in pigs. The degradation of protein results in metabolites such as branched chain fatty acids (BCFA), but also in potentially toxic products including ammonia, amines, phenols and indoles. As increased intestinal protein fermentation suggests proliferation of potential pathogens (Hughes et al., 2000), several studies examined the effect of dietary protein source on composition of the intestinal microbiota. They concluded that available studies on the effect of dietary protein source on the composition of the intestinal microbiota are inconsistent and do not allow for recommending ultimate feeding strategies from this perspective. However, under conditions of increased stress, such as suboptimal hygienic and housing conditions or exposure to infections, they suggest that plant protein sources with a lower protein digestibility might increase the risk for the development of post weaning diarrhea, related to increased intestinal fermentation of protein and increased risk of proliferation of pathogenic bacteria.
In relation to gut health, anti-adhesive peptides could also be of relevance. It has been shown that anti-adhesive peptides against H. pylori, causing inflammation and gastric ulcers, are present in peas hydrolyzed with trypsin (Niehues et al., 2010). According to Becker et al. (2009), grain legumes may offer alternative adhesion sites other than the epithelium for pathogens such as E. coli, thereby reducing the numbers of pathogens attaching to the intestinal mucosa. For example, pea hulls exert a stronger in vitro binding capacity than faba bean hulls for ETEC K88 adhesins (Becker et al., 2009). It could be shown that faba bean hulls interfere more efficiently than pea hulls with the heat-labile entero-toxin LTp-I from ETEC which is binding to the intestinal epithelial GM1 receptor (Becker et al., 2012).
Specific feed ingredients such as milk products, plasma proteins, seaweed, algae are known for their functional properties in relation to gut health (Jansman et al, 2016). These relate to their specific effects on the intestinal microbiota (e.g. antimicrobial properties in case of milk and plasma proteins) to stimulating effects on the developing local immune system in young animals (e.g. seaweed and algae). For example dietary provision of a Laminaria spp. derived seaweed extracts, containing laminarin (a low-molecular-weight polysaccharide containing β-glucans) and fucoidan (a high-molecular-weight sulfated polysaccharide with anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antitumor properties) modulate the GIT environment, possess potent antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties, influence intestinal gene expression and enhance growth performance in pigs (Deville et al., 2007, Walsh et al., 2013, Heim et al. 2014a and 2014b). The former is suggested to be in part related to improvement of the digestive and absorptive function of the intestine.
The further increase in the worlds’ animal production, and strive for improving its sustainability requires identification of novel protein sources and efficient use of traditional sources. The former requires at least a proper understanding of their nutritional value. Improved knowledge on “other” functional effects of the use protein various sources, however, on the animal’s productivity, resilience and its gut and general health could contribute to maximize the value of protein sources in animal feeds. Use of novel omics based research tools and approaches and development and application of food based innovations to support human health will provide also new options to develop and apply functional properties of ingredients in diets for pigs and other production animals. | <urn:uuid:2d4d5643-6601-406e-83bd-3a38e17b4818> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.biomin.net/es/articulos/protein-sources-as-functional-ingredients-in-pig-diets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887253.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118111417-20180118131417-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.936763 | 3,462 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Pregnancy is one of the most beautiful times in the life of a woman who is eager to embrace motherhood. You must follow up on the essential practices to maintain a healthy pregnancy. So, here is what you need to know about a healthy pregnancy.
- Eating healthy
During pregnancy, mothers need to have nutritious foods to maintain their and the child’s health. So, your diet during pregnancy needs to have a healthy balance of vital nutrients. Hence, you must prioritize the intake of healthy foods like lentils, pulses, dairy products, nuts, fruits, salads, eggs / meats (if non vegetable). Also, it is important to include calcium and protein-rich foods in your diet. Another essential component of diet is fluids – atleast 3 littre per day in the term of coconut water, Chaach, fruit juice, lemon water etc.
2. Performing regular exercises
While there are many myths regarding the risk of exercising during pregnancy, you must include moderate exercises in your daily routine to promote the better growth of the baby. 150-minutes of moderate aerobic workouts every week need to be performed to maintain a healthy pregnancy. However, consult your doctor before starting with your exercises.
Apart from all the tips mentioned above, regular visits to the doctor are necessary while you are pregnant. Thus, Miracles Mediclinic brings to you reckoned gynaecologists who can effectively guide you throughout your pregnancy to let you have a healthy one.
3.Maintaining a stress free environment
4. Sleep – 8 to 10 hours
5. Consider taking a prenatal vitamin
As we all know, during pregnancy, the complete nutrition of the child is dependent on the mother. Thus, it is important to take prenatal vitamins, which act as supplements and boost the child’s growth.
6. Keep tracking the weight you are gaining
It is usual for a woman to gain some weight during pregnancy. A normal weight gain ranges up to 11-15 KG. However, recommendations for weight gain usually vary depending on the different body structures and physical health of women. So, it is crucial to track and discuss weight gain with your doctor at each antenatal visit. | <urn:uuid:fce97e2d-e92c-4d74-82b7-a7ad87b82fde> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.miracleshealth.com/blog/maintaining-health-pregnancy-things-to-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662519037.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517162558-20220517192558-00725.warc.gz | en | 0.950646 | 446 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Equine Therapy: Building Empathy
According to Daniel Goleman, author of “Primal Leadership: Learning to Lead With Emotional Intelligence,” empathy is the single most important tool in social interaction – especially leadership. Yet, for all it’s importance, empathy is often lacking in everyday life, and as Goleman points out, often overlooked.
For this reason, a few organizations have sprung up that focus solely on teaching and building empathy. One such organization is the Humane Society. This organization has developed what they call the Empathy Connection: Creating Caring Communities Through The Human-Animal Relationship.
Here is an excerpt from their website:
Research demonstrates very tangible benefits to children who form bonds with animals:
- Children who form a bond with their companion animal score higher on measures of social competence and empathy
- Children perceive their pets as special friends, important family members, and providers of social interactions, affection, and emotional support
- Children who had a pet during their childhood were more empathetic, more prone to enter a helping profession, and were more oriented toward social values than those without a pet
- Animals can facilitate social interaction between children: When an animal is present, children are more likely to interact with a disabled child
- Children who had increased empathy scores because of their relationship with their pets also showed greater empathy toward people
- Ten-year-old children who had established strong bonds with their dog had significantly higher self-esteem, as well as greater empathy
- When a dog was present in the classroom of first graders, they showed higher social integration and less aggression compared to children in a classroom without an animal
Some Warning Signs:
Parents should get involved if they see—or hear about—their child behaving inappropriately with an animal. What is inappropriate behavior? Below are some warning signs for parents.
- Handles animals roughly
- Deliberately tries to frighten animals
- Intentionally tries to injure animals
- Treats animals like“objects”or“toys”rather than living creatures
- Shows no interest or awareness of animals’ interests or needs
- Exhibits other aggressive, or impulsive, tendencies
- Does not respond to parental or other adult intervention regarding their treatment of animals.
Tips to Build Empathy:
Like any other skill—riding a bike, learning to write, or playing the piano—empathy can be developed. We are born with the potential to be empathetic. Experts on empathy agree that encouraging the expression of empathy requires four things:
- Learning the cognitive skill of taking another being’s perspective, or role
For example, Frank is six years old. When his two-year-old sister was cranky after awakening from her nap, and the usual things did not cheer her up, he understood why she remained unhappy. Frank, his mother and father were drinking pink lemonade. Since they had run out of pink lemonade, Frank’s mother offered his sister yellow lemonade, which she refused.
Frank realized she wanted the pink lemonade, like everybody else, and he offered his sister his pink lemonade. She accepted it with a smile. Frank was able to put himself in his sister’s place. Doing that enabled him to solve the problem of his sister’s crankiness.
- Being exposed to interactions and social experiences in which empathy is demonstrated.
Children who see their parents, teachers, older siblings, and classmates being kind, and acting kindly toward them, are more likely to act that way themselves.
- Having one’s own emotional needs satisfied so that one can respond to another’s.
- Learning particular and practical skills.
Specialists also agree that children will not necessarily change their behavior simply because they were exposed to information or talked about an issue with their parents. Children need to learn specific, concrete skills in order to change their behavior—whether that change is becoming less aggressive or making better interpersonal choices.
The evidence is clear: Children exposed to empathy training score higher on measures of empathy and sociability than children without the skill training.
So while Goleman notes the importance of empathy, the Humane Society employs the use of animals, both dogs and horses, to teach it directly to children.
Empathy is something that we can learn at any age, and for many, something that is greatly assisted through the help of a horse.
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2 Batson, C., Chang, J., Orr, R., & Rowland, J. (2002). Empathy, attitudes and action: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group motivate one to help the group. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1656-1666.
3 Jones, B.F. (1990). The new definition of learning: The first steps to school reform. Restructuring to promote learning in America’s schools: A guide- book. Elmhurst, IL: North Central Regional Educational Laboratory.
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5 Parker, G.R. (1989). Correlates of resilience in children who have experienced multiple life stressors. Dissertations Abstracts International, 50(4-B), 1653-1654.
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8 Warden, D. & MacKinnon, S. (2003). Prosocial children, bullies and victims: An investigation of their sociometric status, empathy and social problem-solving strategies. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21, 367-385.
9 Kellet, J. B., Humphrey, R. H., & Sleeth, R. G. (2002). Empathy and complex test performance: Two sides to leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 13, 523-544.
10 McIees, E.E. (1995). The effects of empathy skills training: Group interventions with adults with mild mental retardation and their direct case staff. Dissertation Abstracts International, 55 (8-B), 3573; Kaukiainen, A., Bjoerkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K., Oesterman, K., Salmivalli, C., Rothber, S., & Ahlbom, A. (1999). Aggressive Behavior, 25, 81-89.
11 Honda, A. & Nihei, Y. (2003). Empathy, spatial and verbal abilities characterize one who can best describe a route. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 96, 861-866.
12 Mayer, J. D. & Salovery, P. (1993). The intelligence of emotional intelligence. Intelligence, 17, 433-442.
13 Borba, M. (2001). Building moral intelligence: The seven essential virtues that teach kids to do the right thing. Hoboken, NJ: Jossey-Bass.
14 Eisenberg, N. (2003). Prosocial behavior, empathy, and sympathy. In M. H. Bornstein & L. Davidson (Eds.), Well-being: Positive development across the life course. Crosscurrents in contemporary psychology (253-265). Mahway, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
15 Kidd, A. H. & Kidd, R. M. (1985). Psychological Reports, 57, 15-31.
16 Poresky, R. H. (1990). The young children’s empathy measure: Reliability, validity and effects of companion animal bonding. Psychological Reports, 66, 931-936.
17 Triebenbacher, S. L. (1998). Pets as transitional objects: Their role in children’s emotional development. Psychological Reports, 82, 191-200.
18 Vizek-Vidovic, V., Arambasic, L., Kerestes, G., Kuterovac-Jagodic, G., & Vlahovic-Stetic, V. (2001). Pet ownership in childhood and socio- emotional characteristics, work values and professional choices in early adulthood. Anthrozoos, 14, 224-231.
19 Innes, F. K. (2000). The influence of an animal on normally developing children’s ideas about helping children with disabilities. Dissertation Abstracts International, 60 (11-A), 3897.
20 Ascione, F. R. & Weber, C. B. (1996). Children’s attitudes about the humane treatment of animals and empathy: One-year follow up of a school-based intervention. Anthrozoos, 9, 188-195.
21 Bierer, R. E. (2001). The relationship between pet bonding, self esteem, and empathy in preadolescents. Dissertation Abstracts International, 61 (11-B), 6183.
22 Hergovich, A., Monshi, B., Semmler, G., & Zieglmayer, V. (2002). The effects of the presence of a dog in the classroom. Anthrozoos, 15, 37-50.
23 Desmond, F. F. (2002). Associations between human-animal relation- ship quality, dispositional empathy, and prosocial behavior. Dissertation Abstracts International, 63 (1-B), 510.
24 McGrath, M. P., Zook, J. M., & Weber-Roehl, L. (2003). Socializing prosocial behavior in children: The roles of parents and peers. In S. P. Shohov (Eds.), Advances in psychology research (53-59). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
25 Strayer, J. & Eisenberg, N. (1987). Empathy viewed in context. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (389-398). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
26 Nation, M., Crusto, C., Wandersman, A., Kumpfer, K. L., Seybolt, D., Morrisey-Kane, E., & Davino, K. (2003). What works in prevention: Principles of effective prevention programs. American Psychologist, 58, 449- 456.
27 Kalliopuska, M. & Tiitinen, U. (1991). Influence of two developmental programmes on the empathy and prosocialibility of preschool children. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 72, 323-328; Manger, T., Eikeland, O., & Asbjornsen, A. (2001). Effects of social-cognitive training on students’ empathy. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 60, 82-88; Sanz de Acedo Lizarraga, M. L., Ugarte, M. D., Cardelle-Elawar, M., Iriarte, M. D., & Sanz de Acedo Baqueadano, M. T. (2003). Enhancement of self-regulation, assertiveness, and empathy. Learning and Instruction, 13, 423-439.
28 Christophersen, E.R. (1990). Beyond discipline: Parenting that lasts a life- time. Kansas City, MO: Westport Publishers.
29 Eisenberg, N., Lennon, R., & Roth, K. (1983). Prosocial development: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 19, 846-855; Kohn, A. (1991). Caring kids: The role of the schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 72, 496- 506; McDevitt, T. M., Lennon, R., & Kopriva, R. J. (1991). Adolescents’ perceptions of mothers’ and fathers’ prosocial actions and empathic responses. Youth and Society, 22, 387-409.
30 Demond, F. F. (2002). Associations between human-animal relation- ship quality, dispositional empathy, and prosocial behavior. Dissertation Abstracts International. 63 (1-B), 510; Henderson, K. (1998). Moral rea- soning, empathy, and behavior of students with and without emotional and behavioral disorders and learning disabilities: Impact of a structured program of experiential learning activities involving animals and nature. Dissertation Abstracts International, 58 (11-A), 4233; Manger, T., Eikeland, O., & Asbjornsen, A. (2001). Effects of social-cognitive training on students’ empathy. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 60, 82-88.
31 Pecukonis, E. V. (1990). A cognitive affective empathy training pro- gram as a function of ego development in aggressive adolescent females. Adolescence, 25, 59-76.
32 Brehm, S. S., Fletcher, B. L,. & West, V. (1981). Effects of empathy instructions on first-graders’ liking of other people. Child Study Journal, 11, 1-15.
33 Gallo, D. (1989). Educating for empathy, reason and imagination. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 23, 98-115.
34 Aronson, E. (2002). Building empathy, compassion, and achievement in the jigsaw classroom. In J. Aronson, (Ed.), Improving academic achievement: Impact of psychological factors on education (209-225). San Diego,CA: Academic Press.
35 Kohn, A. (1991). Caring Kids: The Role of the Schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 72, 496-506.
Dorotik-Nana, C. (2012). Equine Therapy: Building Empathy. Psych Central. Retrieved on December 3, 2016, from http://blogs.psychcentral.com/equine-therapy/2012/07/equine-therapy-building-empathy/ | <urn:uuid:8a405dc8-0e6c-47d6-8195-455bba78fa02> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://blogs.psychcentral.com/equine-therapy/2012/07/equine-therapy-building-empathy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540804.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00194-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.859225 | 3,038 | 3.84375 | 4 |
The Pinckney Community Schools is committed to creating a healthy school environment that enhances the development of lifelong wellness practices to promote healthy eating and physical activities that support student achievement.
Every year, all students, Pre-K‑12, will receive nutrition education that teaches the knowledge, skills, and values needed to adopt healthy eating behaviors. Nutrition education information will be offered throughout the school campus including, but not limited to, school dining areas and classrooms. Staff members who provide nutrition education will have the appropriate training.
The District will ensure that reimbursable school meals meet the program requirements and nutrition standards found in federal regulations. The District will encourage students to make nutritious food choices.
The District will monitor all food and beverages sold or offered to students, including those available outside the federally regulated child nutrition programs. The District will consider nutrient density and portion size before permitting food and beverages to be sold or offered to students.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OPPORTUNITIES
The District may offer physical education opportunities that include the components of a quality physical education program. Physical education shall equip students with the knowledge, skills, and values necessary for lifelong physical activity.
Every year all students, Pre‑K‑12, will have the opportunity to participate regularly in supervised physical activities, either organized or unstructured, intended to maintain physical fitness and to understand the short‑term and long‑term benefits of a physically active and healthy lifestyle.
OTHER SCHOOL-BASED ACTIVITIES DESIGNED TO PROMOTE STUDENT WELLNESS
The District may implement other appropriate programs that help create a school environment that conveys consistent wellness messages and is conducive to healthy eating and physical activity.
IMPLEMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT
The Superintendent or his/her designee along with the following stakeholders: classroom teachers, physical education teachers, school health professionals, parents/guardians, students, representatives of the school food service program, the school board, school administrators, and the public will develop and implement this policy and its administrative rules and measure how well they are being managed and enforced. The content and implementation of the Wellness Policy will be placed on the District’s website www.pinckneyschools.org. A yearly assessment of the implementation of and compliance with the Wellness Policy and a description of the progress made in attaining the goals of the Wellness Policy will be made. The Superintendent or his/her designee will report to the local school board, as requested, on the District's programs and efforts to meet the purpose and intent of this policy.
Legal Reference: Section 204 of Public Law 108-265 Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004
Section 204 of Public Law 111-296 Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 | <urn:uuid:e789cfc2-2315-4513-a53c-946cdd74f536> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.pinckneypirates.org/page/wellness | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057857.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926083818-20210926113818-00490.warc.gz | en | 0.918388 | 571 | 2.625 | 3 |
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discomfort during or after eating caused by some interference with the normal digestive process. Symptoms include nausea, heartburn, abdominal pain, gas distress, and a feeling of abdominal distention.
..... Click the link for more information. .
disturbances in digestion, varied in origin.
As distinct nosological forms of gastrointestinal diseases have increasingly been distinguished, the term “dyspepsia” has been reserved predominantly for syndromes of functional disturbance of the intestinal tract—putrefactive and fermentative dyspepsia. The term “dyspeptic symptoms” continues to be used in relation to various symptoms of functional disturbance of the stomach—belching, heartburn, nausea, and heaviness in the region of the stomach.
The basis of fermentative dyspepsia is increased motility of the small intestine, so that some carbohydrates are not digested and absorbed. Overloading the digestive organs with carbohydrates and plant cellulose (alimentary dyspepsia) is important here; it is manifested by distention and bulging of the stomach, loud rumbling and gurgling, coliclike pains, excessive gas, and liquid or pulpy stools.
Putrefactive dyspepsia is the result of an intensification of putrefactive processes in the large, and partially in the small, intestine. When there is a disturbance of the secretions of gastrointestinal digestion and a decrease in the bactericidal action of gastric juice (deficiency or absence of acidity in the stomach contents), the abundant microflora of the lower part of the small intestine settle in its upper part. A decisive role is played by an increase in the secretion of intestinal juice, which is rich in proteins and is the basic substrate for the putrefactive processes. Intestinal hypersecretion is most often caused by inflammations of the intestine. This may occur as an acute illness or chronically. It is manifested by persistent diarrhea—the stools are liquid, dark in color, and, along with gas, have an unpleasant odor.
The condition is treated by an appropriate diet, the introduction of increased quantities of vitamins C, PP, B1, and B2, and adsorbent and anti-inflammatory agents.
I. S. SAVOSHCHENKO
Infantile dyspepsia is an acute disturbance of digestion in children occurring predominantly during infancy. The anatomic and physiological characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract peculiar to children during the first year of life (insufficient fermentative activity of the stomach, intestine, and pancreas) create the conditions that readily lead to digestive disturbances. Weakened infants are most often stricken. The disease occurs in simple or toxic forms.
Simple infantile dyspepsia is caused chiefly by an alimentary factor (overfeeding, rapid transition to artificial feeding, food of inappropriate content). As a result of careless feeding, the digestive process is distorted, food is incompletely broken down, fermentative processes are intensified, and the stomach and duodenum become populated with colon bacilli, so that bacterial digestion replaces fermentative digestion. The infant begins to regurgitate and to have diarrhea. Stools (up to ten times a day) are watery and greenish with white clumps. The infant’s general condition, however, is hardly disturbed. An increase of gas in the intestine causes abdominal distention and coliclike pains. Complications, such as otitis, pyelitis, and pneumonia, are possible if the condition persists. The basic treatment consists in decreasing the volume of food by replacing one or two feedings with an equal volume of liquid and limiting the volume intake by 40-50 percent. Enzymes and vitamins are also prescribed.
Toxic infant dyspepsia is a severe form of the disease characterized by profound disturbance of all types of metabolism and of the functions of many organs and systems. It arises through disruption of the feeding regime and bacterial invasion. It is manifested by persistent vomiting and watery stools (up to 15 times a day). As a result of the great loss of water from vomiting and diarrhea, body weight decreases sharply, exsiccosis (dehydration) develops, and the toxic products of metabolism accumulate, affecting the central nervous, autonomic, and cardiovascular systems and causing disturbances of blood circulation, respiration, and liver and kidney functions. Complications are common (stomatitides, otitides, mastoiditides, pneumonia). A water and tea diet for 10-15 hours is recommended in treatment, with subsequent measured feeding (for infants in the first months of life, breast milk). Intravenous and subcutaneous injection of saline solutions of glucose, blood plasma, and antibiotics are also used.
Strict observance of a proper feeding schedule, a balanced nutritional regime, and general care help to prevent the condition.
REFERENCEMaslov, M. S. Lektsii po fakul’tetskoi pediatrii, part 1. Leningrad, 1963. Pages 18-43.
R. N. RYLEEVA and M. IA. STUDENIKIN | <urn:uuid:0c9570d4-f1ed-4e81-a3b4-f82346597ae9> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/dyspepsia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585265.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019105138-20211019135138-00425.warc.gz | en | 0.913365 | 1,076 | 3.109375 | 3 |
An old cartoon showed a customer sampling from a jar whose label is emblazoned with the words “New and Improved.” The customer asks what has changed and is told the company changed the label so that it now says “New and Improved.” This seems to be the idea behind the Natural Resources Defense Council’s (NRDC) new plan for carbon dioxide emissions.
The NRDC’s proposal is nothing but a warmed-over version of a proposed federal clean energy standard, which was itself nothing but a five-eighths-scale version of cap and trade. In the NRDC’s plan, all of the allowance revenue (equivalent to carbon tax revenue) is given to the power companies or the states, which could be a huge amount of money transferred to utilities and their holding companies. There would also be the permit-trading profits that so excite Wall Street.
It should be noted that without any governmentally imposed plan, America is nearly halfway to the NRDC’s target of 26 percent lower emissions than in 2005. This significant reduction is due, in large part, to the revolution in natural gas production brought on by hydraulic fracturing (or “fracking”)—something the NRDC is trying to stop. So in their plan, they pretend that natural gas is one tool to bring down emissions when, at the same time, they are opposing the technology that would produce the gas.
(Suggestion: Go to NRDC.org and enter “fracking” into the search window. See if you find anything supporting it.)
Though the NRDC’s focus is supposedly on reducing CO2 emissions, its own evaluation of the plan shows a reduction in carbon-free nuclear power generation. Reducing nuclear power production as a response to restrictions on CO2 does not show up in other analyses and is a bit odd. Perhaps it should not be surprising given that the NRDC seems to like nuclear power even less than it does hydraulic fracturing.
Finally, the NRDC plan will do virtually nothing to moderate global warming—even if you believe the high-end sensitivity estimates of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
The NRDC sets a target reduction of less than 700,000 metric tons of CO2 by 2025. In 2011 alone, China’s CO2 emissions rose by more than this 12-year reduction target established by NRDC. That is, the NRDC goal for 12 years worth of reductions in the U.S. will be more than offset with one year’s worth of increases in one developing country.
It’s another all-pain-no-gain carbon policy. | <urn:uuid:0eb6ba70-7ce1-40d5-8e7e-c01a7d23ab89> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://dailysignal.com/2012/12/06/carbon-tax-nrdc-serves-up-stale-leftovers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828009.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00122-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949267 | 551 | 2.78125 | 3 |
I picked this bell up at a local sale. The bell itself stands 3″, with the strap it stands 4 3/4″ tall. Across the bottom measures 3 3/4″ across. WHat was this used for? And any time frame on when it could have been made?
This bronze bell is an animal bell. The loop strap is probably a later addition and not original hardware. I have seen these bells mounted on a steel harp as “ConestogaWagon” bells. I don’t know who made it, but it dates to the early to mid 1800s. It is a cast bronze bell. It could also have been used as a small hand bell of the same vintage if there were a wooden handle attached.
Harry Long, MD
I agree with Harry that the strap probably wasn’t original to this bell. Obviously, the leather is old and dried out. The leather may have torn and broken at some point in time. After breaking, the strap may have then been too short to go around an animal’s neck but the bell was still good (who can resist ringing a bell?) so the herdsman may have used what was left of the leather to create a loop that would still allow people to ring the bell. I have several animal bells with straps that are too short and look to have been broken off. Having grown up on a farm, I saw my father and grandfather practice many acts of frugality and ingenuity! | <urn:uuid:42301d7a-9454-4d98-b81e-9bc842ea90b8> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://americanbell.org/aba-forum/topic/antique-bell-with-leather-strap/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400203096.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922031902-20200922061902-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.981533 | 304 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Neural Radiance Fields (NeRFs) are a promising graphics technology that can transform the real world into 3D relatively quickly and with high quality. LERF (Language Embedded Radiance Fields) integrates the capabilities of large language models into NeRFs. This enables accurate 3D object recognition without additional training.
UC Berkeley researchers present LERF, which volumetrically integrates CLIP vectors into the 3D environment of a NeRF. LERF extracts 3D relevance maps from the NeRF environment. These maps can then be searched using natural language.
For example, a user can search for a specific book title in the NeRF environment of a bookstore. LERF can identify and tag that book in the environment with pixel accuracy on the first try (zero shot). According to the researchers, the technology requires no region proposals, masks, or fine tuning.
Google, for example, is working on integrating NeRFs of real places like restaurants or stores into Google Maps. Using LERF technology, these scanned real-world locations could be searched virtually at lightning speed.
However, LERFs are still static, so for a real-time search for the nearest supermarket, a multimodal search using normal 2D webcam images would be more appropriate. For a guided VR tour of a real store, however, the combination of LERF and NeRF would be sufficient. In addition to Google, Meta is also researching NeRFs to allow users to bring real objects into digital worlds using smartphone scans.
Large language models interact with the digitized real world through NeRFs
LERF bridges the gap between large language models and digital worlds that, in the case of NeRFS, can be very close to reality.
In one experiment, the research team used ChatGPT to generate a list of tasks for cleaning up a kitchen where coffee had been spilled. All of the actions suggested by ChatGPT could be mapped to areas and objects relevant to the steps in a kitchen NeRF using LERF's 3D relevance map.
For example, LERF detects the paper towel over the sink (center), which ChatGPT thinks should be used first to wipe up as much of the spilled coffee as possible. The spilled coffee (far right) is also marked in the image, but with less relevance when searching for the paper towel.
What's special about using natural language is that you can search a 3D scene for many different features: Color, shape, function, name of an object, or even brands. The system can even distinguish between different types of donuts, such as chocolate and blueberry.
The research team sees potential applications in robotics, such as visual robot training in simulations, better understanding of the capabilities of visual-language models, and interacting with and in 3D worlds. | <urn:uuid:95250100-acae-4305-a6ee-23766a3b538b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://the-decoder.com/lerf-integrates-large-language-models-with-nerfs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510259.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927035329-20230927065329-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.927519 | 579 | 2.625 | 3 |
The Department of Health (DOH) gave a reminder to everyone to watch out for flu as they have observed its trend in the past years. As per the department, a lot of people have been infected by flu and it is more common in January.
The DOH’s data showed that from the 2nd of December 2018 to the 8th of December, they were able to tally 249 cases of flu and flu-like illnesses. In addition to that, they also said that its number increased every January of the following year.
In this article, we will give you a slight lesson or reminder on how a flu works. More so, we will be enumerating some of the common symptoms and tips in order for you to be safe.
What is a flu?
The flu is a viral illness which is spread by sneezes and coughs. It can cause illnesses from mild to severe but is treatable. Some people have the misconception that the flu is the same as colds but it is different. As a matter of fact, when you have the common cold, the symptoms are likely the same but the feeling of the person who is experiencing it is a lot different.
How can a person get the flu?
A lot of people think that it is just transferred by having the virus penetrate through the nose and the mouth. Although some part of it is true, the flu virus can actually spread to up to six (6) feet away.
More so, if a person touches an object or a surface that has the flu virus, and they put it in their eyes, nose, and mouth, they are more likely to be infected as well.
DOH Undersecretary Eric Domingo said that every year, a different strain of virus infects people.
It’s a viral illness, tapos taon-taon, ibang strain siya usually na dumarating na virus. Symptoms niya lagnat, minsan walang lagnat, per common na may sipon, ubo sore throat. ‘yung iba nag chi-chills tsaka para kang walang gana.”
Domingo is explaining the common symptoms of the flu. To add further, he also said that sometimes, a fever is not a necessary flu symptom but it is a common one.
The most common flu symptoms are:
- Dry Cough
- Sore Throat
He also added that a flu can actually last up to a week seven (7) days. So, if you feel like you are experiencing symptoms of a flu but it only lasted for about three (3) days, that might just be a severe case of the common cold.
How can a flu be treated?
There are over-the-counter medications you can take in order to help ease and relieve the flu. However, as per the Department of Health, proper rest and drinking correct amounts of water can drastically help.
However, if a patient is feeling crestfallen and lousy, they need to be taken to the nearest hospital in order for them to be checked. More so, they will be given the correct medication for their recovery to be swift.
Domingo also did not forget mentioning that it is more dangerous for senior citizens and babies especially if the flu will come with bacterial infection. So, he gave all parents the advise to have an influenza vaccine for their babies in order to have higher resistance to it.
In another news, the DOH also mentioned that there are currently no pneumonia outbreaks in the country. Despite the reports that are currently spreading in social media, the DOH confirmed that there is no such thing.
Erik Domingo said that the only thing that is currently breaking now is flu infections.
It’s Not an outbreak because flu is really expected this time of the year and the rate is not usually higher than the previous years.”
Erik explains to ABS-CBN news in a message saying that we should have no worries on pneumonia because what we have to think about is flu infections, given the fact that according to reports and data, that is what’s common in this specific month.
Although that is the case, the DOH still urged everybody to take extra precautions and care to avoid getting either flu or pneumonia.
So, you now should take care of yourselves. Especially that the DOH did not fail to remind everyone of the season. However, it should be general knowledge to take care of our bodies even though it’s not flu season because the flu can strike you without you even knowing it. | <urn:uuid:722213d3-b878-49de-bccc-f6f27ba748b1> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.boklit.com/2019/02/doh-reminds-everyone-of-flu-symptoms.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400232211.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926004805-20200926034805-00750.warc.gz | en | 0.975637 | 949 | 3.25 | 3 |
Genital Herpes Test (HSV2) IgM - IgG Home Kit
home testing for Herpes HSV2 virus in whole-blood sample.
- WHO confirmed for home genital herpes testing.
- Sensitivity 99.9% – Specificity 99.9%
- Used in hospital, clinics and test centers.
- Easy to use, detailed instruction manual.
- Fast visible result in 20 minutes.
- Discreet and anonymous shipping.
- 24 / 7 Online Support
The herpes virus found in two classes
TYPE 1 causes cold sores or so-called oral herpes. May attack sex, but this is less common.
TYPE 2 Causes genital herpes. Can infect other parts of the body, although it is less common.
Herpes simplex has adapted with two varieties that are adapted to attack either sex or mouth. Both viruses resorts can attack other parts of the body if things go badly.
Herpes - as common as a cold
Surveys show that about 80% of Sweden's population is infected with herpes simplex type 1, which attacks the mouth. About 20% develop cold sores regularly, others infected are so-called silent carriers. 80% of those infected never develop any symptoms but infects as healthy people with the virus. This is the main reason that herpes is so prevalent.
Genital Herpes - the most common sexually transmitted disease
62.5 million Americans are infected with genital herpes. Only 12,625,000 people out of these develop regular sores and herpes rashes in the genital area. Other infected are unaware of their infection and infecting further.
Most people who are infected with herpes show no symptoms
There are relatively few people who are infected with herpes get sores and herpes blisters. It is the immune system that decides if you develop herpes lesions or not. A person who has been infected by herpes for 20 years without symptoms may suddenly start developing herpes lesions.
You will never be cured of genital herpes simplex
Have you once infected with the virus will never be rid of it. Virus disease can not be cured and live dormant in the nervous system in the spinal sensory ganglia. between outbreaks. Unfortunately, there is currently no vaccine or cure for herpes. There are ointments available and medicines that stimulate the immune system to resist a herpes outbreak or heal it faster.
The genital herpes virus strikes when your immune system is weak
Genital herpes virus usually wake up in the samba with periods of generally weaker immune response. Many things affect the immune system t.e.x poor sleep, stress, and especially depression. It is very common to get herpes rash while in the sun frequently, and especially when you are on holiday abroad in warmer climes. The herpes virus has a tendency for those who develop ulcers to be most active during the first 5-10 years after infection, then begins outbreaks occur less frequently.
The infection is spread through sexual intercourse
Most people who become infected with genital herpes infection during sex and intercourse. The virus is most contagious when you have exuding wounds, and these come in contact with skin. Outside the body of a live virus very short time. Therefore, the possibility of contracting herpes through eg toilet seats, towels and underwear theoretical. The possibility exists but the virus dies quickly in these environments. Yet another way to become infected is during birth when the pregnant woman has a genital herpes outbreak, infecting the newborn.
Signs of infection - so you know you are infected with genital herpes
The first time you get herpes rash on sex, you often get a little fever and pain in the groin and lymph nodes. Hereafter herpes rash usually initially itch and sting, and you feel a small ball under / in the skin. After one day form a blister-like rash that burst and form an ulcer. This phase of the disease process is often painful and difficult with a wound exuding himself and hurts, you are most likely to infect others in the process. Full outbreaks would usually be over in about 1-2 weeks.
Normal symptoms of genital herpes rash usually:
- Around the vaginal opening and just inside.
- On the shaft of the penis.
- On the scrotum.
- On the buttocks, lower back or around the anus.
Genital genital herpes is a harmless infection
Although genital herpes is cumbersome and you can actually have some problems with ulcers in the disease, the virus is harmless. Research is underway into how the virus affects our body's immune system and there are thoughts on the immune system may build up defenses against infection through exposure to herpes simplex. With all the security research will in the future be able to show some connection with other diseases, both positive and negative.
When herpes becomes a health risk
The greatest risk lies in the wound that causes the infection. These can be difficult to heal, and there is always the risk that it may result in infections, open wounds which can lead to pus and outbreaks . These cases can become serious if you do not get medical attention and antibiotics. A newborn children infected by herpes can be due to non-adapted immune systems have major problems. The virus can infect and affect the mouth, nose and airways, causing at worst meningitis and put the child in fatal. For women who suffer their first herpes infection during childbirth usually be necessary by Caesarean section.
Genital Herpes Test (HSV2) IgM-IgG Home Test Kit
home screening for herpes simplex HSV2 virus in whole-blood sample.
Tell me about the Herpes Test Simplex (HSV-2) IgM-IgG Antibody Test.
The most accurate test for genital herpes (HSV-2) is the Herpes Simplex (Collodial Gold Chromatography) Rapid Antibody Test, it’s a “IgM and IgG-based type-specific” whole-blood test. This herpes test looks for antibodies that develop in the blood to fight the virus, the antibodies can be detected even if NO symptoms or outbreaks are present.
A positive herpes IgM test results mean you were recently infected with genital herpes. This is because herpes IgM antibodies, and IgM antibodies peak shortly after an initial infection and then recede. In contrast, genital herpes IgG antibodies develop more slowly.
What kind of sample is required?
A simple blood sample collect in the privacy of your home.
What do the test results mean?
HSV-2 LgM – LgG Antibodies Present (positive): This means you have a genital herpes HSV2 infection, genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection. It causes small, painful, fluid-filled blisters. These blisters break open and leave an indented sore or ulcer. The blisters can be found on the genitals, buttocks, or thighs. However, they can also spread to other parts of the body (such as, the mouth, face, or eyes).
If you have a positive genital herpes IgM result with a negative genital herpes IgG result, mean you were recently infected with the genital herpes virus, this is because herpes IgM antibodies, and IgM antibodies generally, are thought to peak shortly after an initial infection and then recede.
Detectable levels of herpes IgG take longer to develop than detectable levels of herpes IgM. However, even herpes IgM antibodies can take up to ten days to develop after primary infection with the virus. If you believe you have been exposed, but have no symptoms, you should therefore wait at least two weeks before getting tested, you may also want to go for a repeat test after 6 months if you do not undergo regular screening.
By choosing this option will none of your information be kept in our records, and your order will be traceble online via a tracking number. All support question is handle via our suppor center at: http://supporthometest.com
All orders are shipped in a flat anonymous envelope (Orders less then 10 test kits are shipped without box) and delivered by your post office, and you can follow your order by a tracking number online. Delivery times may vary depending if product is in stock, allow 3-5 business days for delivery of in-stock items. Cutoff time for orders is 12.00 PM . Orders placed after 12.00 PM are processed on the next business day.
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During the entire checkout procedure you will notice that the web address in your browser begins with https and is therefore protected by 128bit encryption from Comodo.com. This is the strongest encryption currently available to non-military applications. Our payment processors, PayPal, Cyberbit and Worldpay (part of the Royal Bank of Scotland group, the 5th largest bank in the world) also utilise 128bit encryption to ensure any details, include payment card information, is secure. Comodo, the company that issue our secure certificate and encryption capability, ensure stringent checks are performed to verify the legitimacy of companies before they issue security certificates. Please visit (www.comodo.com), for more details:
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By creating an account you will be able to shop faster, be up to date on an orders status, and keep track of the orders you have previously made.
We take matters regarding the privacy of your personal data very seriously, and we won't send any unnecessary emails, your order is shipped in a flat anonymous envelope without the name of our company or anything about the content on the envelope. Personal information such as delivery name and address are required just for delivery purposes. We will not keep or share your information with third parties.
Open an Affiliate account:
As our affiliate, you will have your own control panel where you can see detailed statistics of traffic and sales you referred, news and training materials, and choice of banners and text links. Then you only need to place an affiliate link, banner, text link or other link at your web site or place ads in pay-per-click search engines, so you can start sending customers to our web site and earn money. If you interested to become an affiliate please contact us via our support center at http://supporthometest.com | <urn:uuid:10f6c179-1002-423e-9ff5-32ad9164e44b> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://usahometest.com/herpes-home-test/genital-herpes-test-hsv2-home-test | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104631.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818082911-20170818102911-00418.warc.gz | en | 0.927972 | 2,162 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Well known deciduous garden shrubs, greatly varying in character. Many people regard the species with creamy-white bracts and beautiful autumn colouring as the finest. The species with red or yellow twigs, very conspicuous in winter, are particularly well known. In springmas catches the eye because of its early flowering. There is also a herbaceous plant – Cornus canadensis.
All species tolerate partial shade; they grow to moderate size and may be grown as specimen plants or in. The garden must be of reasonable size.
Cornus mas and Cornus sanguinea will grow in fairly dry soil, the other species require rich, normally damp soil.
Byor from , sometimes from . The herbaceous plants are divided.
Cornus alba, white dogwood: Height 3-4 m, insignificant whitein late spring; green , blue-green on | <urn:uuid:c31e6fe2-d57c-4d2c-88f9-e8d6a16cfcfb> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.houseplantsguru.com/cornus-dogwood | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814872.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223233832-20180224013832-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.903241 | 180 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Answer: Report potholes and other road issues.
Called Flare, this bike light was developed by product design student Jake Thompson from the University of Sussex. The light itself is water resistant and has three modes, full-beam (which produces 300 lumens for 2.5 hours) half-beam and flash. But it’s more than just a light source. Via a Bluetooth connection to their smartphone, riders can mark problem spots on the road as they encounter them with the push of a button.
There are three buttons for three different issues. The first is for surface problems like cracks or potholes, the second is for dangerous spots like narrow shoulders, and the third is for confusing or dangerous intersections. When the button is pressed, the corresponding app on their smartphone makes note of the location and problem category. At the end of their ride the user can review these notes, called flares, and add additional information. The flares are then added to a city map on a dedicated website, where other users and city officials can view them. The idea is to encourage the city to address the problem by getting riders to bring attention to it. | <urn:uuid:06efdecd-15be-4bd9-83cb-320a5e86f228> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.govtech.com/question-of-the-day/Question-of-the-Day-for-04182018.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202572.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321193403-20190321215403-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.955061 | 233 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Are you a parent who wants to know how to improve the fine motor skills of your child? Rest assured, there are many activities you can do with your child to help them in this area.
Fine motor skills are small muscle movements of the fingers in coordination with the eyes. When teaching fine motor skills, try to be patient and understanding with your child. Fine motor skills take more time and practice to develop than we adults might think. Sometimes we forget just how many of these skills need to be learned – thinking instead that our child should automatically know how to do these tasks. It’s definitely worth taking the time to practice these skills with our children. The more developed our children’s fine motor skills become, the easier they will be able to learn to write.
Like gross motor skills, fine motor skills develop in a consistent manner but at an uneven pace. At times, your child will pick up skills rapidly, and at other times their skill development will be delayed. Most children who struggle with mastering certain fine motor skills do not have a serious problem. If your child is significantly behind his peers in multiple aspects of fine motor development or if he regresses, losing previously acquired skills, then you should seek medical advice.
It is more fun for your child to learn while they play. Try to incorporate activities like dress-up to teach zipping and buttoning; making cards to practice writing or tracing skills; cutting and pasting to make a project other than just a writing on a plain piece of paper, etc. Be creative and have fun!
Here are some suggestions for developing fine motor skills, and some activities to allow your child to practice them:
1. Cutting – Use a thick black line to guide cutting the following:
- A fringe from a piece of paper
- Cut off corners of a piece of paper
- Cut along curved lines
- Cut lines with a variety of angles
- Cut figures with curves and angles
- Cut clay with blunt scissors
- Place a variety of forms (eg. blocks, felt, paper, string, yarn, cereal, cotton) on outlines
- Match shapes, color, or pictures to a page and paste them within the outlines
3. Tracing and Coloring
- Use a thick black line if needed
- Trace and then color shapes, increasing the size and complexity gradually
4. Self-Care Skills
- Buttoning and unbuttoning
- Fastening Snaps
- Using a screwdriver
- Locking and unlocking a door
- Winding a clock
- Opening and closing jars
- Vacuuming a rug
- Rolling out dough or other simple cooking activities
- Washing plastic dishes
- Sweeping the floor
5. Finger Tracing
- Many times when a child is unable to do a worksheet, it helps to trace the pattern with his finger before he tries it with a pencil.
- Have the child trace a pattern in sand, cornmeal, finger paint, etc. The textures give the child kinesthetic feedback.
- Dot-to-dot drawings of pictures, objects, shapes, numbers, letters, etc.
- Typing exercises
- Tile and mosaic work
- Folding activities
- Fine coloring
- Have the child do repetitious strokes (with an increasingly smaller writing tool) similar to those found in manuscript or cursive letters. Emphasize accuracy, spacing and flow or rhythm. Sometimes doing it to music helps.
- Have the child write in the air and in front of his eyes (arm outstretched) with his finger.
- To increase his tactile awareness, have him trace over letters on textured surfaces. Have him manipulate 3-dimensional letters when blindfolded.
- When a writing tool is introduced, letters which involve similar strokes should be taught first (moving simple to complex). Next, combinations of letters in short words, sentences and finally spontaneous writing. (Remember to use words your child can read).
Now that you know how to improve fine motor skills in your child, go ahead and get started. Incorporating a few of these activities into your child’s day will go a long way in building their strength and improving their skills.
Question: Do you have any other suggestions for improving fine motor skills in children? Please leave a comment below. | <urn:uuid:5ad2033b-4d36-460a-8ffa-3fc7aac18755> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.homeschool-your-boys.com/how-improve-fine-motor-skills/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824994.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00288-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936762 | 883 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Like a sculptor with a chisel, nature used glaciers, wind and water to carve the St. Peter Sandstone into rising bluffs and deep narrow canyons at Starved Rock State Park. For over 400 million years nature has been hard at work slicing and etching the sandstone in order to form spectacular waterfalls. As with any masterpiece, a touch of color was added to enhance the composition. The canyon walls have been decorated with the green tones of fern and moss along with burnt orange fallen leaves.
The trails of Starved Rock provide a passage to 18 high reaching vertical canyons. Late winter snow melt and early spring rains along with the backdrop of the canyons provide the perfect ingredients for the creation of gushing waterfalls. Though Starved Rock provides year round natural beauty, springtime makes this northern Illinois preserve a unique treasure.
Glowing like a laser beam, the St. Louis Canyon waterfall tumbles to the ground. Limestone rocks and trees stand guard over the waterfall.
Gently flowing out of the Illinois Canyon, a stream steps down into a pool of water.
Cascading water and whipping winds have carved the sandstone walls inside of French Canyon.
At the exit of French Canyon, a stream of water gently falls into a waiting pond. | <urn:uuid:8a815c03-8731-4e33-b944-d0394cd65c3f> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://miketruchon.com/flows/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662533972.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520160139-20220520190139-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.924167 | 264 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Episode of Series “Willesee’s Australians”.
Clyde Fenton was a skilled aviator and brilliant surgeon. Together with fellow doctor, Cecil Cook, the Northern Territories Chief Medical Officer, he pioneered the creation of the Flying Doctor Service. The Doctor Service was a great medical success but ran foul of the Department of Civil Aviation. Fenton battled with the Department and he soon found himself in court fighting for his right to fly and carry on with his work. Fenton soon became a folk hero to the people of the Northern Territory.
History → Australia - History
History → Fenton, Clyde
People → Fenton, Clyde
VHS; Access Print (Section 1) | <urn:uuid:138b4a71-a3c5-4bb6-a364-829c6d0213fc> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.acmi.net.au/works/79854--clyde-fenton/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588153.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027115745-20211027145745-00104.warc.gz | en | 0.92377 | 144 | 2.875 | 3 |
Hippodamia, in Greek mythology, was the daughter of King Oenomaus of Pisa and either Evarete or Eurythoe. She was the wife of Pelops, with whom they had numerous children. Their daughters were named Astydameia, Nicippe, Lysidice, Mytilene, and Eurydice; while their sons were Atreus, Thyestes, Pittheus, Alcathous, Troezen, Hippalcimus, Copreus, Dias and Hippasus.
According to a prophecy, Oenomaus would be killed by the husband of Hippodamia. Afraid that the prophecy might come true, when it was time for Hippodamia to be married, Oenomaus said that anyone who would defeat him in a chariot race would take his daughter's hand; otherwise, he would be killed. A total of eighteen suitors died trying to win Oenomaus. When Pelops decided to participate in the contest, he first asked his former lover, the god Poseidon, to help him. Poseidon offered him a chariot yoked on winged horses. Pelops also convinced the charioteer of Oenomaus, Myrtilus, to sabotage his chariot; so during the race, Oenomaus' chariot fell apart. However, Oenomaus was unable to untangle himself and he was dragged to death by the horses.
For his services, Myrtilus was promised either half of the kingdom or one night with Hippodamia. However, when he tried to claim his prize, he was murdered by Pelops. Before he died, he cursed Pelops and Hippodamia, which led to the demise of their children Atreus and Thyestes, and their grandchildren Agamemnon, Aegisthus, Menelaus and Orestes. | <urn:uuid:e9e4e425-ac57-43ce-89f7-522cc59d948d> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.greekmythology.com/Myths/Mortals/Hippodamia/hippodamia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400192783.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919173334-20200919203334-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.989357 | 391 | 3.203125 | 3 |
(Reuters Health) - If the previous occupant of a hospital bed received antibiotics, the next patient who uses that bed may be at higher risk for a severe form of infectious diarrhea, according to a new study.
Clostridium difficile (C. diff) diarrhea causes 27,000 deaths each year in the U.S. Hospital patients taking antibiotics are particularly at risk for it, say the authors of the study. Antibiotics disturb the normal healthy bacteria of the gut so a C. diff infection can take hold.
The new study shows that “antibiotics given to one patient may alter the local microenvironment to influence a different patient’s risk” for C. diff infection, the researchers wrote in JAMA Internal Medicine.
“Other studies have also demonstrated that antibiotics can have a ‘herd’ effect - in other words, that antibiotics can affect people who do not themselves receive the antibiotics,” said lead author Dr. Daniel Freedberg of Columbia University Medical Center in New York.
Freedberg and his colleagues studied more than 100,000 pairs of patients who sequentially occupied a given hospital bed in four institutions between 2010 and 2015, not including those who had recent C. diff infection or whose prior bed occupant was in the bed for less than 24 hours.
More than 500 patients, or less than 1 percent of the total group, developed a C. diff infection as the second bed occupant.
The infections were 22 percent more likely when then previous occupant had received antibiotics. | <urn:uuid:6bf7b013-af47-440e-9849-1b56809b43fb> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://sbynews.blogspot.com/2016/10/antibiotic-history-of-hospital-bed-may.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500550969387.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728143709-20170728163709-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.966761 | 313 | 2.71875 | 3 |
You can also go through our other related articles to learn more. developer_id INTEGER NOT NULL, Shown below is the statement we’ll use to create a sample table: In this example, the parent table is the employee table. Click on Close and save the table in the designer. INSERT INTO teams (id, team_count, department) VALUES When you’re managing data in PostgreSQL, there will be times when you need to delete records. ('2','6','Inventory'), Once you click on Yes, a foreign key with delete rule is created. The user is successfully deleted from PostgreSQL database. department VARCHAR (100) Since the emp_id for the record in question is ‘1’ , all employees under process_fk 1 will be deleted. CASCADE construct which was introduced in PostgreSQL 8.2, which will not only delete all data from the main table, but will CASCADE to all the referenced tables. In this article, weâll discuss the PostgreSQL DELETE CASCADE and review some example⦠In practice, the ON DELETE CASCADE is the most commonly used option. With the below table structure, we can see three FOREIGN KEY ⦠Note: In PostgreSQL Foreign key, we will use the ON DELETE CASCADE option most commonly. A will cascade delete B, B will django delete C, but deleting A will not delete C! A foreign key constraint specifies that the values in a column (or a group of columns) ⦠This process table will serve as the child table in our foreign key DELETE CASCADE example. By default, PostgreSQL uses RESTRICT. Foreign keys with cascade delete can be defined either in CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE . This is a guide to Postgres Delete Cascade. name VARCHAR (100), In PostgreSQL, a cascade means that a delete or update of records in a parent table will automatically delete or update matching records in a child table where a foreign key relationship is in place. Postgres Delete Cascade Step 1: Firstly let us create a table for teams which will be our main referenced parent table. id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, The following statements recreate the sample tables. The parent table refers to the table to which the foreign key is related. While performing delete operation it is very important to maintain the consistency of the database tables and their contents. ); Step 4: Now we will insert into the parent table teams some of the records. This is called a cascade delete in SQL Server. In the absence of a WHERE clause, all rows in the table would be deleted. In this example, we are going to drop users lini, kiku and jobin. The WHERE clause is optional. Whenever we perform delete operation in PostgreSQL on a table’s record, it is very necessary to consider whether the table from which record is being deleted has any foreign key relationship with other tables. We can see the DELETE CASCADE in action with the following statement: Here, the cascade delete takes effect when we delete the record from the process table where the value of section is ‘distribution’. It is extremely crucial to maintain consistency and cleanliness of the data in the database. CASCADE. This project is no longer maintained. This is called cascade deletion in Oracle. The syntax to create a database is shown below: NOTE : In this example, we chose to name our database test_db. There will be one too many relationships between teams and developers’ tables. As shown above, the DELETE CASCADE can be used in PostgreSQL to delete all the child records whenever the referenced parent record is deleted automatically which helps in maintaining integrity. ('6','4','Document'); Step 5: Let’s insert some referencing records in the child/referencing table of developers. ); Step 2: Now, we will create a table for developers which will act as the referencing or child table. We know that the delete operation was successful as we received a notification from PostgreSQL stating âDROP INDEXâ. possible to DELETE CASCADE? How to Create, Rename, Delete, Copy Table in PostgreSQL, Query Examples to Implement TRUNC() in PostgreSQL, Inside Video: Sara Ali Khan introduces us to the hottest nurse ever- Varun Dhawan, Sensex Crosses 47,000-mark for First Time Ever; HCL Tech, Infosys Top Gainers. We will follow this order to update the FOREIGN KEYâs.. Use ALTER TABLE command to drop any existing FOREIGN KEYâs. - PostgreSQL / PGSQL. Therefore, all employee assigned to that section would be dismissed from their job, so they were removed from the table. Las eliminaciones en cascada y en cascada son las dos opciones más comunes. technology VARCHAR (100), Although indexes can go a long way toward optimizing queries and helping your database applications operate at peak performance, there are times when an index simply isnât needed. Consider a PostgreSQL where there are four users as shown in the following. Here is the syntax using which we can do so while creating the developer’s table. Introduction. In the database structure, it is very important to consider the foreign relationships between the tables while performing any CRUD operations. name VARCHAR (100), Postgresql provides a more effective way called ON DELETE CASCADE referential action for a foreign key that allows you to delete data from child tables automatically when you delete the data from the parent table. There will ⦠team_id INTEGER REFERENCES teams (id), Each developer belongs to one or the other team and one team is made of many developers. Why did these records get deleted? ('1','2','Payal','senior SD','Java'), developer_id INTEGER NOT NULL, CREATE TABLE teams ( Foreign Keys. What I'm trying to do: I have a "clients" table. Foreign keys with cascade delete means that if a parent table entry is deleted, the corresponding entries in the child table will be automatically deleted. To delete these multiple users, we run the following command. The ON DELETE CASCADE automatically deletes all the referencing rows in the child table when the referenced rows in the parent table are deleted. Desearía que mi memory de un command DELETE FROM Table CASCADE no hubiera sido pura alucinación. But while deleting the record of the team it will restrict us to delete and not allow if any of the referencing records is present in the developer’s table for the deleting id of the team’s record as the default DELETE value is DELETE RESTRICT. Use the command psql -V to display the version number for psql, the interactive terminal used with PostgreSQL. If any child table contains the referenced record to be deleted then it should not happen so. PostgreSQL on the other hand can do this; the requirement is that the tree is non-cyclic. The cascade ensures that related records from the employee table will also be removed. ('5','3','Siddhesh','Tester','Maven'); Step 6: Let us check whether all the records are inserted correctly in the tables. Using the DELETE CASCADE option can help ensure that all child records are also deleted when a parent record is deleted. Creating a foreign key with the CASCADE DELETE option can be done though the CREATE TABLE and ALTER TABLE statements. When we use the Delete cascade then if the referenced entry is deleted that is parent record is deleted then all its referencing records that are child records are also deleted automatically. In this article, we provided an overview of the PostgreSQL DELETE CASCADE option and provided examples of its use. However, the delete action of the fk_customer changes to CASCADE: ('3','5','Human Resource'), A foreign key with cascade delete can be created using either a CREATE TABLE statement or an ALTER TABLE statement. This is a temporary workaround until Django's ticket #21961 is fixed. If you’ve been following along with our instructions and examples, you’ll be prepared to utilize DELETE CASCADE in your own PostgreSQL tables. 2. However, the delete action of the fk_customer changes to CASCADE: Now that we created our PostgreSQL tables, we can insert some data into them. on delete cascade, id_neighborhoods integer default 0 not null constraint neighborhoods_id_neighborhoods ... owner to postgres;-- index --create unique index blocks_id_blocks_uindex on public.blocks (id_blocks); I would like to ⦠Whenever we perform delete operation in PostgreSQL on a tableâs record, it is very necessary [â¦] Hacer ejercicio a partir de la documentation de PostgreSQL: . Step 2: Now, we will create a table for developers which will act as the referencing or child table. Minimal subclassing of the django postgresql backend and the django ForeignKey field When you delete records in PostgreSQL, it’s important to be mindful of foreign key relationships that may exist between these records and records in a different table. Which table needs to be operated explicitly. position VARCHAR (100), The following statements recreate the sample tables. Step 1: Firstly let us create a table for teams which will be our main referenced parent table. Let’s review some key prerequisites that are necessary for this tutorial: You’ll need to have PostgreSQL installed and configured on your machine. Each record of the parent references one or more records of the child tables. We can specify the DELETE CASCADE clause using the ALTER TABLE statement: In the statement above, we specified ON DELETE CASCADE— this means that if the parent table is deleted, the child table will also be deleted. Is it possible for a query to delete a record and all of its foreign-key dependents? ALTER TABLE public.pref_scores DROP CONSTRAINT pref_scores_gid_fkey, ADD CONSTRAINT pref_scores_gid_fkey FOREIGN KEY (gid) REFERENCES pref_games(gid) ON DELETE CASCADE; postgresql constraints cascade cascading-deletes postgresql-8.4 84k The specified table references the orders.order_id column as we received a notification from PostgreSQL stating INDEXâ. Tables involve foreign key in the database it comes to altering existing,! The data in the us and in turn, all rows in the tables. I 'm trying to do: i have many different tables that the... Of its use objects, and that would possibly lead to a deadlock the. 2 that are referencing the deleted records of both in the designer reason. Let you know whatâs going on at ObjectRocket check whether PostgreSQL is installed or not on delete cascade postgres your machine typing. B will Django delete C memory de un command delete from table CASCADE no hubiera sido pura alucinación engine Django! Orders.Order_Id column temporary workaround until Django 's ticket # 21961 is fixed references the orders.order_id column had two orders! B points to model C, but deleting a will not delete C, but not a delete CASCADE first... Single record or multiple records into a table act as the child.! To name our database test_db the employee table will serve as the child table contains referenced. Database management systems and SQL commands más comunes containing the foreign key with delete rule is created know that tree! Used all the developer records with team id as 2 that are referencing the deleted records of both in parent... Programming examples we run the following know that the tree is possibly cyclic, and that possibly. Here we discuss an introduction to Postgres delete CASCADE to delete records with Python 2.7, Django and! Maintain consistency and cleanliness of the parent table are deleted: Now will... Refers to the primary key, we will create a table for developers which will act as the table... Our PostgreSQL tables, we will firstly create tables for each one them. Automatically deletes all the records of both in the parent table use ALTER table statements of query and. Machine and some basic knowledge of query syntax and query building but not a delete CASCADE how... In our examples or multiple records into a table for developers which will refer to the primary,! Consider the foreign KEYâs new database with a unique name to use it programming. Possibly lead to a deadlock successful as we received a notification from PostgreSQL stating âDROP INDEXâ users as in... Option can help ensure that all child records are also deleted when a parent record is deleted schema when! Typing this command on command prompt will create a table creating a foreign key and updated then should. We want the delete operation it is very important to consider the foreign key so while creating developer... One of them this parent-child relationship between the tables involve foreign key constraint, can. About on delete CASCADE '' at the database we will firstly create tables for each one of them ``... Which the foreign KEYâs.. use ALTER table statements drop any existing foreign KEYâs in turn all! Which are manipulated are from the employee table will serve as the child table when the rows. No hubiera sido pura alucinación be used and perform the delete CASCADE is only used when the referenced record be! And organize their data cleanliness of the database level the developer records with team id 2 that are referencing deleted! A unique name to use it with programming examples s helpful to have some basic knowledge of query syntax query... 'M trying to do: i have a `` clients '' table be any records... It should not be any child table that would possibly lead to a.. Partir de la documentation de PostgreSQL: id as 2 that is Inventory a query to delete record! Not be any child records are also deleted when a parent record is deleted, a foreign constraint! Our foreign key with the help of an example to understand how the CASCADE ensures that related from. Between teams and developers ’ tables not much you can check whether PostgreSQL is installed or not on machine., the delete cascading you need to delete records teams which will be when! Django delete C la documentation de PostgreSQL: that all child records are also when. Are four users as shown in the child table contains the referenced record to be deleted reference... A PostgreSQL WHERE there are four users as shown in the parent are. Case, mostly the records of both in the table in the database structure, it is crucial. That related records from the specified table the most commonly use databases and tables to structure and organize data! Done though the create table and ALTER table command to add an on delete CASCADE automatically deletes all developer! Each developer belongs to one or more records of both in the PostgreSQL child table is a trademark Elasticsearch! Need two statements key which will act as the referencing rows in the child table contains the referenced rows the... In our foreign key, which is the foreign key with the help of an to. I see drop CASCADE, how to use it with programming examples let... Table when the referenced record to be deleted automatically the emp_id for the record in question is ‘ ’... Postgresql stating âDROP INDEXâ and indicate that we created our PostgreSQL tables, we to... Review some examples of its foreign-key dependents on delete cascade postgres to display the version for! ) other fields you are going to need two statements managing data in PostgreSQL there! Tables to structure and organize their data that section would be deleted then it should not happen so also. Subscribe to our emails and weâll let you know whatâs going on ObjectRocket! Is possibly cyclic, and that would possibly lead to a deadlock which rows from the specified table developer to. But not a delete CASCADE appeared first on EDUCBA programming examples absence of a WHERE clause, all employee to... Constraint [ syntax general ] ALTER table table_name drop constraint âsome_nameâ ; Notes 1... A condition in the table containing the foreign relationships between teams and developers tables! The following database test_db can do so while creating the developer records team! On Close and save the table following command also be removed update the foreign with... Table statements child records are also deleted when a parent record is deleted and tables to structure and organize data. References one or more records of the parent WHERE clause to select rows from the specified table parent-child relationship the...: in this example, we run the following one team is made of many developers other database! Extremely crucial to maintain consistency and cleanliness of the parent PostgreSQL WHERE there are four users shown. | <urn:uuid:d2d41566-e74a-4760-b54f-9274297f9a98> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | http://mannynkavyn.fi/3v118e/07988b-on-delete-cascade-postgres | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153803.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728220634-20210729010634-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.894135 | 3,559 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Learn about cystic fibrosis, a genetic disorder that affects the lungs, pancreas, and other organs, and how to treat and live with this chronic disease.
CF is a rare genetic disease found in about 30,000 people in the U.S. If you have CF or are considering testing for it, knowing about the role of genetics in CF can help you make informed decisions about your health care.
If you or your child has just been diagnosed with cystic fibrosis, or your doctor has recommended testing for CF, you may have many questions.
Diagnosing CF is a multistep process. A complete diagnostic evaluation should include a newborn screening, a sweat chloride test, a genetic or carrier test, and a clinical evaluation at a CF Foundation-accredited care center.
Raising a child with cystic fibrosis can bring up many questions because CF affects many aspects of your child’s life. Here you’ll find resources to help you manage your child’s daily needs and find the best possible CF care.
Living with cystic fibrosis comes with many challenges, including medical, social, and financial. By learning more about how you can manage your disease every day, you can ultimately help find a balance between your busy lifestyle and your CF care.
People with CF are living longer, healthier lives than ever before. As an adult with CF, you may reach key milestones you might not have considered. Planning for these life events requires careful thought as you make decisions that may impact your life.
People with cystic fibrosis are living longer and more fulfilling lives, thanks in part to specialized CF care and a range of treatment options.
Cystic Fibrosis Foundation-accredited care centers provide expert care and specialized disease management to people living with cystic fibrosis.
We provide funding for and accredit more than 120 care centers and 53 affiliate programs nationwide. The high quality of specialized care available throughout the care center network has led to the improved length and quality of life for people with CF.
The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation provides standard care guidelines based on the latest research, medical evidence, and consultation with experts on best practices.
As a clinician, you’re critical in helping people with CF maintain their quality of life. We’re committed to helping you partner with patients and their families by providing resources you can use to improve and continue to provide high-quality care.
As part of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation's mission to help improve the lives of people living with cystic fibrosis, the PSDC initiative taps the CF community to inform key efforts to support the management of daily care.
Your cystic fibrosis care team includes a group of CF health care professionals who partner with you to provide specialized, comprehensive CF care.
Many people living with cystic fibrosis and their families face complicated issues related to getting the care they need. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Compass makes sure that no one has to do it alone.
CF Foundation Compass is a service that helps people with CF and their families with navigating insurance options, connecting to legal information and experts, finding available financial resources, and tackling other life issues.
CF care team members are paramount in providing highly specialized care to people living with CF. CF Foundation Compass can help by serving as a strategic ally for care teams, so team members can focus on their patients’ care.
CF Foundation Compass can help you navigate insurance, financial, legal, and other issues you are facing. Use this online form to start your conversation with a Compass case manager today.
The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation is the world’s leader in the search for a cure for CF and supports a broad range of research initiatives to tackle the disease from all angles.
The CF Foundation offers a number of resources for learning about clinical trials and treatments that are being developed to improve the treatment of cystic fibrosis.
Our understanding of CF continues to evolve as scientists study what causes the disease and how it affects the body. These insights drive the development of new and better treatments and bring us one step closer to a cure.
Researchers, supported by the CF Foundation, have made tremendous advances to improve the health and quality of life of people with CF. We are committed to providing the tools and resources you need to continuously build upon this work.
More women with cystic fibrosis are reaching reproductive age, becoming pregnant, and delivering babies. Nutrition before and during pregnancy is essential for all women.
If you are considering pregnancy, it is important to receive counseling, which your CF care team can help arrange. This will allow your obstetrician to give you advice on improving lung function and nutrition before you start trying to get pregnant. If you have
CF-related diabetes (CFRD), it is important to have good control of your sugars before you become pregnant.
It is recommended that women with CF have a
body mass index (BMI) of 22 or higher. A lower BMI before pregnancy is associated with more hospitalizations later and a greater need for intravenous (IV) antibiotics. If your BMI is below 18, it is important to improve your diet before you get pregnant. Your CF care team can help you with this.
There is no standard nutrition plan for women with CF who are pregnant. You must be assessed individually by your CF care team before, during, and after your pregnancy.
In general, your dietitian will follow recommendations for pregnant women without CF and modify them on the basis of your individual needs. All pregnant women are advised to
Normal weight gain for pregnant women without CF is between 25 and 35 pounds. Women with CF are at risk for inadequate weight gain or weight loss during pregnancy because of the increased nutritional demands. Weight is more important than pancreatic status in achieving the best outcomes for you and your baby. Therefore, if you maintain an adequate weight, you are more likely to have a successful pregnancy.
Many women are advised to drink supplements and aim for higher-calorie diets. Some women may have to use
tube feeding to keep their weight up during their pregnancy. IV feeding -- called total parenteral nutrition -- may be necessary if a woman has inadequate weight gain, weight loss, nausea, and vomiting. IV feeding also may be required for women who are pancreatic sufficient and develop an inflamed pancreas (pancreatitis).
If you are pancreatic insufficient, you must continue to use pancreatic enzymes with all meals, snacks, and drinks containing fat and protein. Since 2009, potentially harmful
phthalates have been removed from pancreatic enzymes. No research has shown that hypromellose phthalate, which is used to coat some enzymes, is harmful.1
Constipation: This is very common for all women during pregnancy, but CF puts you at higher risk for constipation. If you notice a decrease in the number or amount of your normal stools, call your doctor. To prevent this, you can try to drink more water, eat more vegetables and fruits, and add fiber to your diet. Your CF care team may recommend the use of stool softeners or laxatives while you are pregnant.
Gestational Diabetes: You will need to be closely monitored for gestational diabetes, a condition that can occur in all women. Diabetes can increase your risk for a worse outcome during pregnancy. If you already have CFRD, monitoring and controlling your blood sugars is critical. If you are taking insulin to control your diabetes, your insulin requirements may change when you are pregnant.
Vitamin A (retinol) Toxicity: High levels of vitamin A, especially in the first three months of your pregnancy, can be associated with abnormal development of your baby. If you are taking extra vitamin A supplements, your obstetrician will have you stop taking them during your pregnancy. Discuss your CF vitamins with your care team and your obstetrician.
You can breastfeed your baby, but it can be tiring so you may have to find a compromise that works for you and your baby. Talk to your doctor to make sure the medication you are on is safe because your baby will consume some of it during breastfeeding.
Maintaining good nutrition and hydration is important if you are breastfeeding. Women who are breastfeeding are advised to drink an extra 4 cups (1 liter) of fluid and consume 500 additional calories per day.
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Michel, Suzanne H, Mueller, Donna H. Nutrition for pregnant women who have cystic fibrosis. Diet and Exercise in Cystic Fibrosis. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2015:3-10.
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Sign up for our emails | <urn:uuid:9006123e-e9ce-4243-8671-eab8ad2bccf6> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.cff.org/Life-With-CF/Daily-Life/Fitness-and-Nutrition/Nutrition/Getting-Your-Nutrients/Eating-Well-During-Your-Pregnancy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540534443.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20191212000437-20191212024437-00433.warc.gz | en | 0.943943 | 1,838 | 3 | 3 |
The Kariba Dam is a 128 m high arch dam located on the Zambezi River, between Zambia and Zimbabwe. It forms the Kariba lake, with a surface of 5400 km2 and a capacity of 185 km3. In the 20 years following dam construction, heavy rainfalls required frequent spilling operations at high discharges. Excess water from the upstream reservoir is conveyed to the downstream river through six gated spillways with a section of 9.1 m in height and 8.8 in width, which generate free-falling jets with high impact velocities of around 21 m/s. Intensive operation of the spillways progressively scoured a deep and steep-sided hole with its current bottom at about 70-80 m below the original riverbed and about 80-90 m below the normal tailwater level. Between 2010 and 2012, a comprehensive study including both physical and numerical modeling was carried out to investigate the plunge pool situation, with the aim to assess and control any potential future scour development (LCH/AVE Report 04/12). The results of the study indicated unacceptable scour evolution, and therefore several countermeasures were proposed and tested. The study concluded that plunge pool geometry reshaping in the downstream direction was both an efficient and technically plausible solution to limit future erosion. Different reshaping geometries were tested, and based on pressure and velocity measurements at selected locations, a final configuration of the plunge pool was proposed. In order to perform the necessary excavation works for plunge pool reshaping, a cofferdam is foreseen downstream of the pool. Furthermore, a major geological fault will be treated during excavation by means of a concrete structure. The objectives of the present study are i) to validate the design of the cofferdam; ii) to assess dam safety if only partial excavation of the plunge pool is carried out; iii) to investigate the role of the cofferdam in energy dissipation, and iv) to identify relevant hydrodynamic loads for the design of the fault treatment structure. | <urn:uuid:7b01e4d3-5a86-453f-89e1-13b31ef92922> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/258094?ln=fr | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141213431.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20201130100208-20201130130208-00711.warc.gz | en | 0.924449 | 410 | 2.609375 | 3 |
- How is small cell lung cancer treated?
- Chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer
- Radiation treatment for small cell lung cancer
- Surgery for small cell lung cancer
- Palliative treatments for small cell lung cancer
- Clinical trials for small cell lung cancer
- Complementary and alternative therapies for small cell lung cancer
Chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer
Chemotherapy (chemo) is treatment with drugs given into a vein or taken by mouth. These drugs enter the bloodstream and go throughout the body. This treatment is useful for cancer that has spread to organs beyond the lung. Chemo is usually the main treatment for small cell lung cancer (SCLC).
Doctors give chemo in cycles, with each round of treatment followed by a rest period to allow the body time to recover. Chemo cycles often last about 3 to 4 weeks, and the first round of treatments is most often 4 to 6 cycles. Most often, chemo for SCLC combines 2 drugs. Chemo is not often used for patients in poor health, but older age by itself doesn’t mean you can’t get chemo.
Possible side effects
Chemo drugs kill cancer cells but they also damage some normal cells, causing side effects. These side effects depend on the type of drugs used, the amount given, and the length of treatment. Common short-term side effects can include:
- Hair loss
- Mouth sores
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea and vomiting
- Diarrhea or constipation
- Increased chance of infections (from having too few white blood cells)
- Easy bruising or bleeding (from having too few blood platelets)
- Feeling tired all the time (from having too few red blood cells)
Some chemo drugs can have other side effects. For instance, some drugs can damage nerves. This can cause numbness or tingling in the fingers and toes, and sometimes the arms and legs may feel weak. For more information, see our document Peripheral Neuropathy Caused by Chemotherapy.
Most side effects go away when treatment is over, but some can last a long time. Be sure to tell your doctor or nurse if you have any side effects, as there are often ways to help. In some cases, the doses of the chemo drugs may need to be lowered or treatment may need to be delayed or stopped to prevent the side effects from getting worse.
For more information about the chemo used to treat small cell lung cancer, see our document Lung Cancer (Small Cell).
Last Medical Review: 09/09/2014
Last Revised: 01/13/2015 | <urn:uuid:deec6b28-ff33-44ba-ad2f-38d1227b026c> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.cancer.org/cancer/lungcancer-smallcell/overviewguide/lung-cancer-small-cell-overview-treating-chemotherapy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988840.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00050-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932982 | 546 | 2.78125 | 3 |
NASA launched the Hubble Space Telescope, 25 years ago this week, on April 24, 1990. The $2.5 billion project has transformed the way the public and scientists understand the epic scale and cosmic structures of space.
The telescope is equipped with cameras and instruments capable of capturing images of space from as far as 3.4 billion light-years away. It has made around 1.2 million observations since 1990, completing a full orbit of Earth every 97 minutes, traveling at about 17,000 mph (about 27,358 km/h).
The Hubble Space Telescope was last serviced in 2009 and will likely end its mission in the next five years, but it has a successor. The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is expected to launch in 2018. Like the Hubble before it, JWST is designed to help Earthlings gaze more deeply into the universe than ever before, hopefully catching glimpses of some of the first galaxies that formed in the early cosmos.
The following images are sure to make your mind wander. Space is incredibly vast, and we're only going to learn more and more about it as time and technology progress.
Additional information provided by NASA. | <urn:uuid:d601f1e4-3967-447a-8a79-5691bf61c84c> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://mashable.com/2015/04/22/hubble-anniversary-images-universe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999291.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620230326-20190621012326-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.958617 | 240 | 3.875 | 4 |
A suspicious package is a package or envelope that arouses the suspicion of the receiver because of some indicator(s). It may or may not be preceded by letter or telephone threats or warnings. It may simply be poorly addressed, or it may be a hoax. Conversely, it may contain an explosive, or a chemical, biological, or radiological substance. Some characteristics that may trigger suspicions include parcels or letters that have the following indicators:
If you suspect an object to be a bomb, follow the steps below:
- DO NOT handle or touch the object.
- DO NOT use cell phones, pagers, or two-way radios in the vicinity of any suspected explosive device. Turn cell phones off. Use land-line phones only.
- Do not allow others in the vicinity of any suspected explosive device. Clear the area immediately.
- Contact PCC Police (626) 585-7484 and give the dispatcher a description of the object and its exact location. Follow the instructions of emergency personnel.
If you suspect a letter or parcel contains a biological, chemical, or radiological agent, follow the steps below:
- Do not sniff, smell, shake, or empty the contents.
- If you have not opened it, place it in a container or plastic bag.
- If any material spills out, DO NOT clean it up or brush off your clothes. Wash or rinse your hands.
- If you have opened it and it claims to have contaminated you, but there is no substance seen or felt, chances are you have not been contaminated. Regardless of whether a substance has been identified, do not disturb the suspect item any further.
- If you have touched the package or its contents, do not touch your face. Minimize contact with unnecessary objects.
- Turn off any fans circulating air.
- Prevent others from entering the area.
- Notify PCC Police (626) 585-7484.
- Evacuate the immediate area, but stay in the vicinity to avoid spreading contaminant or contaminating others.
- If possible, wash your hands with soap and water.
- Do not share incident information with individuals not directly affected.
- Provide a list of all individuals in the area when the suspicious letter/parcel was recognized to law enforcement.
If notified to evacuate because of a bomb threat or suspicious package:
- Follow the directions of emergency personnel.
- Turn off any cell phones and do not use radio communication.
- Take personal belongings with you.
- Before you leave, make a cursory inspection of your area for any unfamiliar/suspicious items. DO NOT touch any suspicious packages. Report any suspicious item to a PCC Police Officer or other emergency responders.
- Do not turn on or off lights; leave light switches in their position. Turn off electrical equipment if time permits.
- DO NOT change the setting of your thermostat. Leave it in the position that it is in.
- Leave doors and windows open. | <urn:uuid:132fe9ee-0cad-462d-82e6-7523b99f18ac> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.pasadena.edu/police/suspicious-package.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657123274.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011203-00081-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.839235 | 615 | 2.6875 | 3 |
This oblique view shows a small part of the near-rim ejecta from Tooting Crater. The flow extending from upper left to lower right looks much like a typical lava flow, but doesn’t emanate from a volcanic vent.
Instead, this must be either melted rock from the impact event, or a wet debris flow from melting of ice. The surface is dusty so color variations are minor.
Written by: Alfred McEwen (25 May 2017)
This is a stereo pair with ESP_016135_2030 .
More info and image formats at http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/ESP_016412_2030
Image: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona | <urn:uuid:ddda3548-3d50-4d48-9797-b72b0822927a> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.marsfromspace.com/portfolio/flow-on-the-rim-of-tooting-crater/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647782.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322073140-20180322093140-00645.warc.gz | en | 0.842238 | 154 | 2.609375 | 3 |
This installment in our ongoing series of book reviews looks at Children’s Rights and the Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility by Don Cipriani. Michael Gigante’s review takes a critical eye towards the arguments Cipriani advances in favor of requiring all nations to establish a minimum age of criminal responsibility.
By Michael V. Gigante
Ideas about the proper role of criminal responsibility in juvenile justice tend to fall along a welfare-justice continuum. The welfare approach, prominent at the birth of the modern notion of a juvenile justice system, essentially dismissed the notions of competence and criminal responsibility for children. State authorities intervened to make benevolent decisions on behalf of children, who were portrayed as objects without liberty rights. On the other end of the continuum, the justice approach—towards which clear shifts have occurred in recent decades—places criminal responsibility and children’s alleged competence at the center of juvenile justice. Accountability, due process, and punishment are the foundations of this approach. In Children’s Rights and the Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility: A Global Perspective, Don Cipriani points out the flaws of both these approaches and describes the merits of a children’s rights approach as a way to mediate between the tensions of the welfare and justice approaches.
Along with related instruments, the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the cornerstone international human rights treaty for children’s rights, addresses the flaws in the welfare and justice approaches. The international juvenile justice standards in the CRC “help mediate but not resolve conflicts along the welfare-justice continuum,” including the minimum age of criminal responsibility (MACR). One key theme in this mediation is the rights of children younger than MACRs. According to Cipriani, the welfare approach “tends to arrogate critical decisions about young children’s lives and to impose state authority upon children and their families.” For example, in discussing the origins of juvenile justice, Cipriani mentions that “[t]he state could directly assume parental control when parents” were unable to provide acceptable care. By contrast, in the “context of protection-oriented responses to children younger than MACRs,” children’s rights are advantageous because “[c]hildren’s best interests drive policy and practice, respect for the role of parents and guardians is stressed, and responses consist almost exclusively of assistance to families, communities, and schools.”
Another key theme in the mediation of conflicts along the welfare-justice continuum is “[c]hildren’s rights to respect for their views and to effective participation at trial.” Cipriani states that if children cannot participate effectively at trial, “they are due greater assistance and modifications to procedures and settings.” Further, if these measures are insufficient, “cases must generally be removed from the juvenile justice context and referred to welfare oriented actions used to address the behavior of children free from criminal responsibility.” These are just a few of several key themes involving children’s rights’ mediation of conflicts along the welfare-justice continuum.
Cipriani conceives of the MACR as a general principle of international law. General principles or rules of international law “can be derived from the general principles common to the world’s major legal systems”; “they are deemed to have been accepted by countries as rules of international law because they are derived directly from legal systems around the world.” Cipriani states that general principles of international law are binding; that is, they give “rise to international legal obligations that are independent from treaty law.” Cipriani notes that nearly every country has established an MACR. One broad legal reason for establishing MACRs is that “children below some specified, fixed age limit should never be held criminally responsible for their actions.” According to Cipriani, “[t]he nearly universal acceptance of this general criminal law principle would seem to raise it to the status of a general principle of international law.” Only eight countries either do not claim to have an MACR or effectively acknowledge not having one: Cambodia (in the process of establishing an MACR when the book went to press), Democratic Republic of the Congo, France, Mauritius, Nauru, Poland, Somalia, and the United States of America.
Cipriani’s analysis of the MACR as a general principle of international law merits critical reflection. Two initial points should be made for the sake of clarity. First, there are several sources of international law: treaties, customary international law, general principles of law (the focus here), judicial decisions and the teachings of scholars, law-making by international organizations, and non-legally-binding norms (soft law). Second, the category of “general principles of law” has been used in several different ways: as “principles that exist in the national laws of states worldwide,” as “general principles of law derived from the specific nature of the international community,” as “principles intrinsic to the idea of law,” and as general principles of law arising “from notions of natural law or natural justice” (i.e., “law understood by humanity through rational reasoning”). It is not entirely clear which of these concepts Cipriani invokes when he advocates the MACR as a general principle of international law. He uses the phrase “fundamental principle of justice” in his argument, perhaps indicating that he is using notions of natural law or natural justice. However, most of his argument seems to focus on the first category of general principles of international law, as principles that exist in the national laws of states worldwide. Quoting M. Cherif Bassiouni, he states that general principles “are, above all else, ‘expressions of national legal systems’ that can be derived from the general principles common to the world’s major legal systems.” If Cipriani indeed intends to advocate the MACR as a binding legal obligation on all states regardless of their treaty obligations merely because the MACR exists in the national laws of many but not all states worldwide, this would be quite problematic given notions of state sovereignty. Perhaps, instead, he intends to advocate the MACR as a general principle of international law by using a combination of both the concepts of general principles as principles of law arising from notions of natural law or natural justice, and as principles that exist in the national laws of states worldwide. In any event, Cipriani’s argument leaves the reader confused. Given the enormous consequences that result from the recognition or confirmation of a general principle of international law (binding on all states, according to Cipriani), he could have spent more time clarifying and strengthening this argument, perhaps by incorporating the presentation of “the various moral and legal mandates for creating MACRs,” which he describes in previous chapters but mentions only curtly in the discussion on general principles. While most of his book is clear and informative, this particular portion is murky and ultimately unconvincing.
Cipriani’s argument for the MACR as a general principle of international law that is thus binding on all states regardless of their treaty commitments has another major flaw: he oversimplifies the binding quality of general principles. In making his argument for the MACR as a general principle of international law, Cipriani cites Bassiouni’s 1990 article, A Functional Approach to “General Principles of International Law.” In a section of this article entitled “The binding nature of ‘General Principles,’” Bassiouni notes that some do not accept the binding nature of general principles, viewing them as a subsidiary rather than primary source of international law, with the two primary sources of international law being treaties and customary international law. These critics argue that treaties and customary international law are “a more direct emanation of the will of States and are also often more specifically related to the subject matter envisaged by treaty provisions and customary rules than are ‘General Principles.’” If such critics view general principles as merely having the function of “explaining inadequacies in the positive normative law” and filling gaps in the two primary sources of international law, they may not view general principles as a source of international law that binds and gives rise to legal obligations independent from treaty law, a primary source. The implication would be that states that do not have treaty obligations to implement an MACR may reject the notion of the MACR as binding and thus refuse to implement an MACR, feeling no legal obligation to do so. In making his argument for the MACR as a general principle of international law and thus as a binding obligation, Cipriani fails to address this potent counterargument.
Despite these significant flaws, Cipriani provides a wellresearched work on the important subjects of children’s rights and the criminal responsibility of children. The book is superbly organized and clearly written, making most of the more difficult topics it discusses readily understandable and engaging. Discussions on topics such as children’s rights’ mediation of welfare-justice tensions, modern trends of MACRs worldwide, and practical implications and challenges of MACR implementation are both informative and interesting. | <urn:uuid:413da19a-6f6b-4d9d-9d96-65331f9643df> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://nyujilp.org/book-review-ciprianis-childrens-rights-and-the-minimum-age-of-criminal-responsibility/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578529813.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420120902-20190420142902-00324.warc.gz | en | 0.94399 | 1,944 | 3.046875 | 3 |
“How the digital age is changing our minds, why this matters and what we can do about it”
This was not the first book I had read to make the case that technology changes the way our minds work. The Shallows by Nicholas Carr, made that case excellently when published in 2010. However it was not until last year, when wandering through a charity shop, that I discovered Future Minds, published in the same year and covering similar territory. What caught my interest was the promise of practical suggestions to combat the less desirable changes to our minds in the digital age.
On this measure it is only partly successful; it is far from a definitive plan to cope in the digital age. Only one chapter is given to practical suggestions, and even then they are rather vague. For example, some of the author’s top 10 tips for deep thinking include “be patient”, “lose your inhibitions”, and “retain an open mind”. This is all good advice, but it feels like pointers in the right direction rather than a concrete solution. There’s plenty of food for thought, but no menu.
What I would have preferred to see is a list of exercises one can practice. One of the few suggestions of this kind is to try doing nothing for 24 hours. I must admit I have not found the time for this yet, and it’s probably not a feasible exercise for many people, but I have been experimenting with shorter periods of nothingness and found the results to be fantastic: just 5 minutes of truly doing nothing can help me leave behind my bad habits of reacting to every distraction, and renew my focus for hours to come.
A major topic of the book is the effect of digital technology on kids and teenagers (“screenagers”), and the author makes a number of common sense suggestions for parents and educators to limit screen usage and encourage creative thinking. I must admit this did not interest me much – I’m more concerned with my adult brain, but it’s certainly a topic I would think about carefully if I were a parent or teacher!
The chapter on “Thinking Spaces” was certainly worth a read. I constantly underestimate the importance of environment in creating the conditions for work (and different environments for different kinds of work). Any reminder and discussion of this is helpful.
My biggest criticism of the book is that it seems to be very much preoccupied with how we are “losing the ability to think in a deep, creative way”, but not other deficiencies in our thinking in the digital age such as struggling to maintain focus or follow a narrative as when we read a book or watch a film. It also has very little discussion of the way technology functions and how that might be improved to encourage healthier thinking.
Perhaps the most positive side to the book is that (partly due of the lack of clear, practical instructions) reading the book becomes an act of deep thinking in itself. The reader is forced to contemplate the abstract suggestions in order to turn them into practical steps that they can apply to their own life. Perhaps that is the best we could expect from a book published only three years after the first iPhone became available. By taking this approach it still manages to be relevant, despite changes in our relationship to technology over the years, such as the accession of the iPad as a kind of substitute parent for toddlers. | <urn:uuid:89225d3a-8446-410f-a744-9f5136746cf5> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://mindful.technology/review-future-minds-watson/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141177566.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124195123-20201124225123-00518.warc.gz | en | 0.972931 | 705 | 2.78125 | 3 |
|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions through Two Kingdoms of Force.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What does Marx say Shakespeare's 'The Tempest' demonstrates?
(a) The personalities who will be required to develop America.
(b) The impossibility of the pastoral ideal.
(c) The corruption of the Old World.
(d) The plan for Utopia in America.
2. What does the end of Shakespeare's 'The Tempest' demonstrate, in Marx's interpretation?
(a) Balance between man and nature.
(b) Justice in righting old wrongs.
(c) Fairness in dividing territory.
(d) Balance between men and women.
3. Marx writes that America offered men a middle state between what and what in the eighteenth century?
(a) Wilderness and domestication.
(b) Comfort and exploration.
(c) Corruption and innocence.
(d) Civilization and primitive life.
4. What would Gonzalo's ideal be characterized by?
(a) No need for language.
(b) No work.
(c) No government.
(d) No disparity between rich and poor.
5. What is Ishmael's task, in Marx's description of Melville's vision in Moby Dick?
(a) To reconcile nature and society.
(b) To save the ship.
(c) To kill the white whale.
(d) To restrain Ahab.
Short Answer Questions
1. What is the second stage of life that Marx describes through Shakespeare's 'The Tempest'?
2. What is the most important part of Shakespeare's 'The Tempest', in Marx's estimation?
3. What conclusion about technology does the narrator reach at the end of Twain's Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court?
4. What secondary plot does Marx see as important for his purposes?
5. How did Barlowe describe the indigenous people he encountered?
This section contains 308 words
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Published on 24.09.03 in Vol 5, No 3 (2003)
Designing Tailored Web-Based Instruction to Improve Practicing Physicians' Preventive Practices
Background: The World Wide Web has led to the rapid growth of medical information and continuing medical educational offerings. Ease of access and availability at any time are advantages of the World Wide Web. Existing physician-education sites have often been designed and developed without systematic application of evidence and cognitive-educational theories; little rigorous evaluation has been conducted to determine which design factors are most effective in facilitating improvements in physician performance and patient-health outcomes that might occur as a result of physician participation in Web-based education. Theory and evidence-based Web design principles include the use of: needs assessment, multimodal strategies, interactivity, clinical cases, tailoring, credible evidence-based content, audit and feedback, and patient-education materials. Ease of use and design to support the lowest common technology denominator are also important.
Objective: Using these principles, design and develop a Web site including multimodal strategies for improving chlamydial-screening rates among primary care physicians.
Methods: We used office-practice data in needs assessment and as an audit/feedback tool. In the intervention introduced in 4 phases over 11 months, we provided a series of interactive, tailored, case vignettes with feedback on peer answers. We included a quality-improvement toolbox including clinical practice guidelines and printable patient education materials.
Results: In the formative evaluation of the first 2 chlamydia modules, data regarding the recruitment, enrollment, participation, and reminders have been examined. Preliminary evaluation data from a randomized, controlled trial has tested the effectiveness of this intervention in improving chlamydia screening rates with a significant increase in intervention physicians' chlamydia knowledge, attitude, and skills compared to those of a control group.
Conclusions: The application of theory in the development and evaluation of a Web-based continuing medical education intervention offers valuable insight into World Wide Web technology's influence on physician performance and the quality of medical care.
J Med Internet Res 2003;5(3):e20
- World Wide Web;
- continuing medical education;
- continuing health care education;
- education theory;
- cognitive theory;
- Web site design;
- chlamydia screening
The World Wide Web (Web) provides a delivery system for conveying complex, structured information to a large number of users without the barriers of time and geography . Nearly all physicians have access to the Web, know how to use it, and access it for medical information [ ]. Physicians reported most frequently using the Web for e-mail, medical information sources, travel information, product information, and professional association communications [ ]. A particular patient problem was the most-common reason for seeking information through the Web. Credibility of the source, quick and 24-hour access to information, and ease of searching were most important to physicians [ ]. Barriers to use included too much information to scan and too little specific information to respond to a defined question [ ]. Many online medical resources lack design features that organize content and simplify usage; a dearth of well-designed applications in medical education has been noted [ ].
In 2000, 96 continuing medical education sites were available; in 2001 this number had more than doubled to 209, with 18263 hours of continuing medical education credit offered online . However, 28% of these sites contained only text. Only 17% of the sites were interactive, and 7% were guideline-based. Sklar noted that most online CME (Continuing Medical Education) offerings do not make use of unique computer capabilities to offer multiple pathways to learning and interactive responses [ ]. Studies have shown that traditional CME lectures and simple information dissemination, similar to the text-only online sites, do not usually change physician practice patterns; although physicians may report that they intend to change their practice patterns after a traditional CME course, the evidence generally refutes this assertion [ - ]. If the Web is to be used optimally as an intervention to improve physician performance and patient-health outcomes, physician interventions delivered through the Web must go beyond the simple posting of information. The design of these interventions will benefit from being informed by learning theories as well as the current evidence about which provider interventions are most effective in improving physician performance and patient-health outcomes.
Because of the potentials for high costs and adverse consequences of poor performance, medical education represents a major category of lifelong education . Kearsley has catalogued over 50 major learning theories applicable to adult lifelong learning [ ]. In choosing and applying learning theories to medical education over the physician's lifetime, key characteristics of the discipline determine which learning theories are most relevant. Cognitive processes including skills such as decision making, reasoning, and problem solving are critical in medical practice, leading to a focus on cognitive learning theories. Cognitive theories such as situated learning theory and cognitive flexibility theory are examples of cognitive theories particularly relevant to medicine [ - ].
Situated learning, andragogy, and cognitive flexibility theories are examples of cognitive learning theories relevant to the design of physician education. Situated learning focuses on the social nature of cognition and the importance of authentic situations to learning; specifically this requires settings and applications to be relevant to the daily life of the learner . Similarly, andragogy theory proposes that instruction should be task-oriented and presented in the relevant context of common tasks performed, should take into account the learner's knowledge and experience, and should be problem-centered not content-focused [ ]. Cognitive flexibility theory emphasizes a case-study approach involving context-dependent and realistic situations. This theory addresses the nature of learning in complex domains and focuses on the transfer of knowledge and skills beyond the learning situation [ , ]. In general, cognitive frameworks suggest that the sequence and pace of instruction be controlled by the learner, and that the instruction be tailored or individualized to participant needs.
Physician Change Theories
Several theorists have applied constructs specifically to the problem of how physicians in clinical practice learn and change.
First, motivation for physician learning has been linked to the nature of the problem, most frequently a specific patient problem as physicians seek information to deal with uncertainty in the clinical encounter: surprise, stress, and cognitive dissonance in this context may lead to information seeking .
Second, problem-based learning (PBL), a cognitive learning strategy, has been important in organizing undergraduate and graduate medical-education curricula but has not yet become the standard format for CME . In problem-based learning, learners construct problem-oriented semantic networks (visually-depicted problem structures consisting of shapes or objects graphed to represent concepts with interconnecting lines indicative of relationships) that include cues from the context of professionally-relevant problems, fostering professional curiosity [ ].
Third, application of a stages-of-change model to the question of how physicians learn and change has been suggested [, ]. The stages of precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance can be used to better understand a physician learner's development and readiness for learning [ ].
Fourth, Schoen's model has described a process by which physicians reflect on their daily practice in order to continue to learn over time; practitioners engage in situated action until their expectations are not met and they experience a breakdown in their current work situation . At that moment, practitioners stop and reflect, creating motivations to move beyond the breakdown through ongoing learning [ ].
Finally, Fox and others have proposed that learning and change resulting from information-seeking behavior varies from stage to stage in a multistage process [, ]. When information is sought that might indicate the need for complex changes in practice, other conditions of adoption must be met, including commitment to change, a conceptual basis for making the change, and time to deliberate over making the change. Information seeking might play various roles in this process accordingly [ ].
Appropriate Educational Delivery Systems
Not only is it important to examine which learning theories are the most applicable to medical education, but also which media or educational delivery systems are most supportive of relevant theories. Since situated learning focuses on the social nature of cognition and the importance of authentic situations to learning, computer-assisted and Web-based instruction are ideal formats for CME since they can tailor the learning process to the individual student by providing teaching and support in response to the individual's immediate needs. These forms of instruction can also bring experts to the learner, demonstrating clinical reasoning skills.
Learning through the Web can also be enhanced by immediate repetition, which helps the learner make new knowledge and skills explicit. These aspects put the student at the center of the learning processes, as suggested by situated learning theory, and make many resources available through a large number of different learning pathways and possibilities . Computer-based models for problem-oriented learning and clinical reasoning are simpler and less expensive to produce than those models that depend on live interaction and can be extremely effective [ ]. In addition to situated learning theory, cognitive flexibility theory also strongly supports the use of interactive technology and the use of clinical cases to emphasize knowledge construction rather than the transmission of information [ ].
While not specifically related to medical education, a recent investigation of research involving the development of Web-based instruction was conducted to determine which instructional design models or approaches had been adopted for the design of Web-based instruction . The majority of Web-based instruction was designed following existing instructional design models, primarily grounded in behavioral, not cognitive, learning theories [ ]. The most-frequently used model in developing Web-based instruction was the standard Dick and Carey instructional model (assess, design, develop, implement, and evaluate) [ ].Within this model, the most-frequently-used elements of the model were to: analyze learning contexts, learning tasks, and learners, as well as to determine delivery strategies, and to write and produce instruction. E-mail was the medium used most frequently for interaction. About half of those surveyed believed the existing instructional-design models were not appropriate for designing and developing Web-based instruction [ ]. This information may help to explain data collected by Sklar in his examination of CME sites, in which he found that of the 96 CME sites available in February 2000, 28% contained text only, and 38% contained text and graphics. Only 17% of the sites were interactive, and 7% were guideline based. Sklar noted that most online CME offerings do not make use of unique computer capabilities to offer multiple pathways to learning and interactive responses [ ].
In considering the appropriate theoretical context for the design of an intervention to improve physician performance in screening for chlamydia, we drew on the work of cognitive theorists, specifically work on the processes of assimilation and accommodation, and on stages of learner's development and readiness for learning. Because of its direct application to problem solving, we also used cognitive theoretical frameworks that suggest the learner control the sequence and pace of instruction, and that the instruction be individualized to participant needs.
CME Interventions: Evidence of Effectiveness
As early as the 1970s, evidence suggested that traditional CME programming was not effective in facilitating changes in physician performance and changes in patient-health outcomes [- ]. Since that time, many well-designed research studies have only increased the evidence that traditional didactic teaching is not the most-effective method for influencing physician performance or patient-health outcomes [ , , - ]. Many studies have demonstrated that CME conferences have little impact on improving professional practice or on improving patient-health outcomes. Didactic CME courses have also had weak effects on guideline adoption [ ]. Interventions such as educational-outreach visits and patient-educational materials were more likely to improve physician performance and patient-health outcomes compared to single, episodic didactic sessions [ - ].
Most recently, Davis and colleagues summarized the results of 14 randomized, controlled trials of physician education conducted between 1993 and January 1999, concluding, from this review at least, that didactic teaching sessions do not appear to be effective in changing physician performance . There is evidence here that interactivity and sequencing of events (eg, 2 sessions held 1 month apart) increases learning effectiveness. Data from this study suggest that adding adequate needs assessments prior to the course, and/or adding enabling materials, such as patient-education materials or flow charts, to the material distributed during the course can improve course outcomes [ ]. Peloso and Stakiw note that the ability to change practice is enhanced if the information presented is supported by published evidence, if the changes are endorsed by opinion leaders, and if there is opportunity for practice and feedback [ ].
Across various reviews examining the effectiveness of interventions aimed at influencing physician behavior, the use of multiple interventions has been more successful than the use of a single episodic intervention [, , - ]. Hulscher and colleagues focused specifically on reviewing 55 studies involving more than 2000 health professionals and 99000 people; each of these trials tested interventions designed to improve prevention in primary care [ ]. Evidence did not support the use of any specific strategy as the most-effective intervention to improve preventive practices in primary care. Reviewers concluded that tailoring interventions to address specific barriers to change in a particular setting is probably important, and that the effectiveness of multifaceted interventions over single interventions may be attributed, at least in part, to being able to address more barriers to change [ ].
Others have used feedback to providers as an intervention to improve physician performance-with the assumption that knowledge of one's own performance, together with the ability to compare this performance against some reference level (internal or external) will facilitate improvement [- ]. In a review of 37 randomized, controlled trials of audit and feedback that included 4977 physicians, 28 studies measured physician performance, 1 study measured patient-health outcomes, and 8 studies measured both [ ]. In 4 trials of audit and feedback versus no intervention, prescribing practices changed significantly. In 10 of 15 trials using audit and feedback plus educational materials or meetings versus no intervention, statistically-significant changes as a result of audit and feedback were demonstrated [ ]. In 6 of 11 studies that included audit and feedback as part of a multifaceted intervention, there were significant improvements in physician performance; 1 of 2 studies measuring patient outcomes showed significant improvement in patient outcomes [ ]. The results from the meta-analyses lead our research group to conclude that audit and feedback methods may contribute to change in physician behavior.
Based on a MEDLINE literature search from June 2000 through June 2002, there have not yet been enough rigorous trials to determine the effectiveness of Web-based courses in improving physician performance and patient-health outcomes, therefore, meta-analyses have not been conducted. However, from the evidence of effectiveness in other reviews [, , - , ] we have drawn the following design principles for our chlamydia Web-based intervention.
We abstracted the following Web-design principles for physician-education Web sites from learning and change theories, as well as from the evidence of what works in continuing medical education:
- Office-practice data as needs assessment
- Multimodal strategies
- A series of modules rather than one single, episodic educational event
- Contextual learning in the form of clinical cases
- Tailoring based on individual responses
- Audit and feedback
- Evidence-based content
- Credibility of the organization providing the Web site and instruction and of any agency providing grant support for the education or site
- Patient-education materials
- Ease of use of the site and ease of navigation
- Design for the "lowest technological denominator" in hardware.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Online Courses
Although the Cochrane Collaborative has produced overall reviews of the effectiveness of CME interventions, audit and feedback, live conferences, and academic detailing, there has been too little overall evaluation using randomized, controlled trials of online-course interventions to produce a review of their effectiveness. Individual studies have tended to be descriptive and have focused on participant reactions rather than improvements in physician performance and changes in patient-health outcomes. For example, a descriptive study of online interactive pathology case studies details the interactive format of CME cases that allow participants to submit immediate comments or criticism to case authors and to receive immediate feedback on their own performance; these features are normally unavailable in traditional CME courses. The evaluators note that the dynamic environment of the Web allows development of flexible forms of CME for the physician .
A descriptive evaluation of a hybrid delivery system was conducted . The system merged Web documents, multimedia including CD-ROMs, and asynchronous learning communications to enable self-paced instruction and collaborative learning. The course was effective in increasing knowledge ( P= .05) and in improving self-reported competency ( P= .05) in dermatologic office procedures. Participant satisfaction was high with self-paced instruction as well as with sharing information with colleagues.
A Web-based tutorial system was compared to a print tutorial system with residents for the management of care following acute myocardial infarction. Immediate post-test scores were similar in both groups, but Web users spent less time studying, producing greater learning efficiency ( P= .04). Web users were more satisfied with the learning experience ( P= .001). Knowledge decreased to the same extent in both groups at 4 to 6 months following the instruction. Authors commented that further research is needed to identify instructional features that motivate greater final learning and retention .
Examining the same Web-based system used with residents for the management of care following acute myocardial infarction, on average, users accessed less than half of the guideline passages and little of the graphic evidence. Greater use of guideline passages was correlated with greater immediate learning, but use of graphic evidence was not. Authors commented that further research is needed to integrate clinical-trial evidence with guideline-based education .
A pilot evaluation of a Web-based curriculum reviewed occupational and environmental health or medicine components of 2 undergraduate degree courses and 2 postgraduate courses including interactive components; 12 students achieved the main learning objectives. Participants valued the flexibility, timeliness, efficiency, and breadth of access to relevant information offered by the Web .
Most Web-based materials have not been subjected to external assessment for quality. An online questionnaire was developed covering general suitability, local suitability, user interface, educational style, and a general review-and was piloted in 3 subject areas: general chemistry, radiology, and medical physics, focusing on undergraduate teaching. The evaluation methodology was found to work well for highly-structured and formal content and may have value in helping those developing undergraduate curricula to identify appropriate Web-based materials for integration into the curricula .
While these studies are useful as formative evaluations of Web courses, rigorous summative evaluations are needed. Ward notes that the Web provides powerful tools for learning medical education and will alter how the discipline is taught; for the drive to incorporate such technologies threatens to outstrip an overall understanding of how they can be used most effectively . To avoid this, educational design must be sound and evaluation including cost-effectiveness must be rigorous [ ].
Chlamydia Screening Web-Based Intervention Design
In collaboration with a large national health maintenance organization, a needs assessment of current practice patterns related to screening for chlamydia was conducted on a national sample of physicians from 16 states. A series of three 1-hour Web modules was designed to increase primary-care physician screening rates in the population of women ages 16 to 26 years. A physician was identified as eligible for participation if the physician's office participated in a specific health plan, if the physician's office had at least 10 sexually-active patients between the ages of 16 and 26 years, and if the physician had Internet and e-mail access. Physicians were recruited to participate by fax and FedEx communications. Physicians were notified of the online availability of each module by e-mail announcements as well as a series of e-mail reminders, all containing the link to the modules within the e-mail messages. The program invitation was received by 3067 physicians. Upon complete login, physicians were randomly assigned to either the intervention arm or the control arm of the study.
Adequate Needs Assessment
Baseline data demonstrated an average chlamydial screening rate of less than 20%, with the lowest rates in the group of sexually-active young women ages 21 to 26 years and higher rates in the 16 to 20 year-old group. Screening rates and the process used to abstract them from administrative data have previously been reviewed (Ray M, et al. Unpublished data, 2001).
Based on the evidence that single CME events are unlikely to improve physician performance and enhance patient-health outcomes, and evidence of the "decay effect" (a reduction of effect over time) of interventions, we used a series of 3 modules rather than 1. To enhance our theoretical chances of effect, each module would use a multimodal approach. Each module included the following components:
- Today's cases: vignette series of primary care cases of young women 16-26 years of age
- My screening data: audit and feedback at the office level of chlamydia screening data
- Help for my office: patient brochures and physician screening guidelines.
displays the course home page of the first module of the chlamydia intervention.
The section titled "Today's cases" was developed based: (1) on studies demonstrating that physician information seeking on the Web is most-frequently connected to searching for information related to a specific patient problem and (2) on adult learning principles that focus on the relevance of instruction to an adult's work and life. Theoretical constructs from problem-based learning and from situated learning theory are central to this design in creating an authentic contextual process through the use of cases and in putting the learner at the center of the learning processes. The Schoen cyclical model of action, breakdown, and reflection was selected as the central focus of the chlamydia intervention. This parallels a physician's motivation to seek information for purposes of patient problem-solving . Each module includes one unfolding case, as well as a series of brief vignettes. The unfolding case at the beginning of each module allows physicians to obtain information on the patient's history, physical exam, and tests; learners are then asked questions concerning diagnosis and management of the presented patient.
Tailored Interactive Responses
More prominently featured in earlier forms of behavioral theory-based computer-assisted instruction, tailoring and branching of responses to meet individual needs has not been broadly applied to the development of Web-based instruction. Modules were developed with individualized responses to multiple case-based and practice-based questions, leading to over 300 possible permutations of pathways throughout individualized modules. Using methods reported by Kreuter et al , tailoring of responses is transparent to the user and occurs in real time as the physician accesses the program.
In addition to physician case responses as a means of tailoring and remediation, we used the theoretical constructs related to stages of change to develop tailored pathways throughout the modules. A series of attributes were attributed to various stages of change. For example, if a learner considered the overall prevalence of chlamydia to be less than 1% or if the learner did not take sexual histories, he or she would be categorized as precontemplative and branched to pathways designed to heighten awareness of the growing prevalence of chlamydia or the importance of taking a sexual history. If, however, the learner demonstrated skill in taking a sexual history and reported updating sexual histories at each visit with young female patients, the learner would be branched to pathways designed to reinforce current skills and evidence that supports the need to continue to focus on these activities .
Dick and Carey have noted the frequent lack of emphasis in instructional design on practice and rehearsal of skills, resulting in a lack of transference of skills into practice . Using the reflection on practice described by Anderson et al [ ], participant responses to case questions in the chlamydia intervention, are graphed-so the learner can compare his or her response to that of other participants-and responses are followed by expert comment from the faculty based on current evidence and guidelines.
Audit and Feedback
The collaboration of a university medical center with a large national health maintenance organization has significantly enhanced the development of this Web-based intervention in several ways. First, administrative data provided a solid basis for needs assessment, as well as baseline measurement of physician performance in chlamydia screening, by identifying sexually-active women between the ages of 16 and 26 years. Second, a list of physicians was linked to patients as the primary care providers for these patients for the purposes of intervention. Administrative data can then be used to provide data, following the intervention, on its effectiveness. For the purposes of the intervention itself, data at the individual office level, as well as the regional level, could be provided to participants in the Web intervention. Using a Structured Query Language (SQL) database server and participant log-on criteria, each participant was able to access office-level data as a means of audit and feedback. A depiction of "Screening performance for my office" is in.
Initial data demonstrated that this page was the most-frequently visited page. In the evaluation survey, this module element was cited as the most useful.
Supporting Published Evidence
Core messages were developed based on a new set of guidelines developed by the US Preventive Task Force , as well as focus groups with clinical experts. Focus group discussions included a pediatrician, a general internist, and 2 infectious disease specialists. Three main points were stressed in each of the 3 modules:
- Sexually-active women between the ages of 16 and 26 years are at highest risk for chlamydial infections that can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, increased risk of HIV infection, and infertility.
- New urine-based testing allows screening for chlamydial infection without a pelvic examination.
- Chlamydial infections can be effectively treated with a 1-dose antibiotic, increasing the likelihood of adherence to treatment [ ].
Case answers were supported by evidence from the literature and were referenced to provide physicians with additional sources of information.
In the section labeled "Help for my office" the following materials have been included to support the physician in translating new knowledge and skills into the practice environment:
- Patient education brochures on sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and chlamydia, including Spanish and English versions
- Brief summary of physician guidelines
- Access to full text of new screening guidelines
- Confidentiality policy regarding disclosure of teen information to parents.
Preliminary Evaluation Data
In the formative evaluation of the first 2 chlamydia modules, data regarding the recruitment, enrollment, participation, and reminders have been examined. From the initial recruitment period (February 1, 2002, through October 2, 2002) there were 3067 primary care physicians in 1045 offices that received fax materials recruiting their participation. Of those, 463 physicians registered by fax for the course and provided their e-mail addresses. Although 210 physicians logged on, only 180 physicians completed the first module. Among the physicians completing the module, 92 were randomly assigned at the time of log on to the intervention group and 89 to the control group. The second module was completed by 134 physicians. For the third and forth modules, 96 and 61 physicians participated, respectively.
Physicians were asked to assess the usefulness of particular course elements: cases, screening information, "My screening practices," and "Help for my office."displays physician perceptions of usefulness corresponding to the aforementioned course elements included in the first 3 modules. Cases and screening information were found to be most useful across the first 3 modules.
Chlamydia knowledge, attitudes, and skills of intervention physicians and control physicians were measured and compared following the intervention. A 21-item post-test was conducted following participation in the fourth module. The mean number of correct responses was calculated for each group. The mean number of correct answers to the content questions collected from module IV demonstrates a significant difference between physicians in the intervention and control groups. The control-group mean score of correct answers was 78.3 compared to 93.0 for the intervention group. A paired t test calculation determined the difference to be statistically significant at an alpha level of .0003.
We are conducting a further evaluation of the chlamydia screening Web-based intervention design. Additional outcomes are the differential improvement in screening rates of the 2 study arms as ascertained from administrative data. Patient-level multivariable analyses will adjust for the extrabinomial variation resulting from patients being nested within physician offices from the group randomized design. Screening rates from the calendar year of 2001 will be compared with those from 2002 to determine both within-group and between-group differences.
Analyses are scheduled to be complete by the end of 2003. Two other evaluation studies of this intervention have been initiated; the intervention is being adapted to a project designed to improve the diagnosis and management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and a second project with the goal of increasing the adoption of multiple secondary prevention guidelines for the post myocardial infarction patient.
While traditional instructional design models have been applied to the creation and development of Web activities, the failure to apply cognitive learning theory to Web design creates a challenge for those developing Web-based instruction for physicians. The need for rigorous evaluation of Web-based interventions has been well documented but has yet to produce enough evidence to create a performance benchmark. Application of theory and rigorous evaluation will be crucial over the next decade to those who wish to use the Web to influence physician performance and the quality of medical care.
This project was supported by grant number U18 HS 11124 from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Conflicts of Interest
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Edited by G. Eysenbach; submitted 19.05.03; peer-reviewed by DP Ryan; comments to author 24.06.03; revised version received 17.07.03; accepted 01.08.03; published 24.09.03
© Linda L Casebeer, Sheryl M Strasser, Claire M Spettell, Terry C Wall, Norman Weissman, Midge N Ray, Jeroan J Allison. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 24.9.2003. Except where otherwise noted, articles published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, including full bibliographic details and the URL (see "please cite as" above), and this statement is included. | <urn:uuid:09739946-00e9-4cd8-804e-923be37f0136> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.jmir.org/2003/3/e20/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737946509.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221906-00193-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923229 | 8,858 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Regardless of our age, we all share a common rite of passage in early education— the mastery of math facts. Although the way we practice math facts has changed over the years, we all remember doing them over and over again. For me, it was learning the multiplication tables by using physical flash cards, a task I often found rote and boring, and which I believed had no merit whatsoever. “Put a damper on my creativity,” I thought years later. Little did I know I was developing automaticity, a foundational skill critical to my future success not only as a learner but also in the workplace.
Automaticity is the ability to perform skilled tasks quickly and effortlessly without occupying the mind with the low-level details required to do it. Automaticity is attained through learning, repetition, and practice. In math, students have attained automaticity (also known as math fact fluency) when they can easily retrieve basic facts from their long-term memory in all four operations (+, −, ×, ÷) without conscious effort or attention.
Why Is Automaticity Making a Comeback?
Research has shown that automaticity is a building block for mastering higher-level math concepts. It helps students avoid math anxiety, and it is a significant predictor of performance on standardized tests. Fact retrieval speed as a predictor of performance is not limited to test items that directly assess computation skills; it also predicts performance on more conceptual problems that require students to solve word problems, interpret data, or exercise mathematical practices.
Automaticity is essential to turning basic skills into tools for future learning, which creates an independent learner who is self-confident and successful in his or her studies. Researchers see the difference between a struggling learner and an independent learner not just as the mastery of a skill but also the speed or fluency with which the skill can be performed.
If a child can’t automate a basic skill or has little fluency, he or she will experience limited success in quickly mastering new skills. This will cause ongoing frustration over the time it takes to accomplish a task and distracted learning. Having to think consciously about basic skills while doing a higher-level task results in a cognitive conflict that leads to fatigue. It can also cause a downward spiral where a learning problem can turn into an attention problem that then becomes a behavior problem.
Is U.S. Math Education Headed in the Right Direction?
Research over the past decade has shown that many children in the United States never achieve proficiency with math facts, and those who do typically achieve it later than their peers in nations with higher mathematics achievement. A study conducted by Hook, Bishop, Wayne, and Hook in 2006 concluded that in order to compete with world-class elementary math curriculum in Singapore, Korea, Japan, Hong Kong, Belgium, and the Czech Republic, the United States must prepare its students early in order for them to achieve success and self-confidence in a 21st-century global economy.
To address this issue, national curriculum standards and guidelines have highlighted automaticity with facts as a core objective of elementary mathematics education, including:
- NCTM Curriculum Focal Points (2006): Grade 2, Grade 4
- National Mathematics Advisory Panel’s Core Principles of Math Instruction (2008): Read Excerpts
- Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (2010): Read Excerpts
The Challenge Ahead
The challenge for teachers will be how to ensure that students are getting the practice they need at the level they need to make sure that they are recalling the facts and not just deriving them. Building more practice time in to the curriculum as well as establishing rate criteria that students must achieve. Companies such as Learning Wrap Ups, FASTT Math, and Everyday Math have designed programs to build automaticity.
Here at Victory, we have worked on many math programs and realize what a critical foundation automaticity provides. For us, the key takeaways are:
- Keep students motivated!
Digital solutions such as math games are a great way to keep it fun.
- Recognize that each student is different!
Adaptive digital solutions are the best way to provide personalized learning that reaches more students.
We have found that digital solutions for developing automaticity are an excellent way to help students master an essential skill that actually supports creativity in the long run. | <urn:uuid:b488bf26-9652-4903-bc5a-f46495e29815> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://victoryprd.com/blog/automaticity-21st-century-math-skill/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400202686.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922000730-20200922030730-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.956697 | 885 | 3.40625 | 3 |
The Republic of Zambia is a landlocked country located in southern Africa on the high plateau. The Democratic Republic of the Congo borders it on the north; Tanzania on the northeast; Malawi on the east; Mozambique, Zimbabwe, a tip of Botswana, and Namibia on the south; and Angola on the west. From 1911 to 1964 the country was known as Northern Rhodesia. Area 290,586 square miles (752,614 square kilometers). Population (2021 est.) 18,403,000.
Zambia’s average elevation is about 3,500 feet (1,100 meters) above sea level, which moderates its otherwise tropical climate. The gently rolling plateau country varies from tropical forest to tall grasslands. Its streams are divided between those that flow northward to the Zaire, or Congo, River and the Zambezi River and its tributaries that flow eastward through Mozambique to the Indian Ocean. A rich belt of minerals known as the Copperbelt lies near the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Africans—who speak mainly Bemba, Nyanja, and Tonga—constitute 98 percent of the population. There are small but significant European and Asian communities engaged in commerce, mining, and agriculture. English is the official language and is used in parliament and instruction. Lusaka, the capital and largest city, and the Copperbelt towns are growing rapidly by natural increase and by rural-to-urban migration.
Zambia’s per capita income of 580 dollars is relatively high, but its national wealth is concentrated in cities. About 69 percent of the labor force are engaged in agriculture, in which incomes are very low. It is estimated that only 29 percent of Zambia’s arable land is under cultivation.
Food production has declined since independence in 1964. Rural development programs proved costly and often unworkable. The 1982–84 drought and military strikes by Rhodesian Commandos also hampered food production. Zambia has shifted from a food-surplus to a food-deficit nation. It relies on increasingly expensive imported grain from the West and from South Africa, though domestic production of corn (maize) improved in 1985.
The Zambezi River, which forms much of the southern border, offers economic opportunities. Many Zambians sustain themselves by catching fish and selling them in nearby villages and cities. The Kariba power installation generates electricity for both domestic and industrial use. Victoria Falls, where the Zambezi plunges spectacularly into a gorge, is a major tourist attraction.
The economy of Zambia is based on the mining of copper, cobalt, zinc, and other industrial minerals and on the commercial production of tobacco, groundnuts, and cotton. These are exported primarily to Western Europe, Asia, and the United States. Since independence, metal exports have accounted for about 95 percent of foreign-exchange earnings and have been the major source of investment capital for other parts of the economy. The economy remains overwhelmingly dependent on its copper exports, and fluctuation in world prices for copper since 1980 has contributed to severe shortages of foreign exchange. Financial problems forced Zambia to negotiate economic assistance loans from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and to implement austerity measures.
Ancestors of the Tonga tribe reached the area between ad 1000 and 1100. Cecil Rhodes and his British South Africa Company claimed all the land between the Portuguese territories of Angola and Mozambique for Great Britain in the 1890s. It was later divided into Nyasaland (now Malawi), Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), and Northern Rhodesia (Zambia). The company, in collaboration with the British government, built rail lines to link the Copperbelt with ports on the Indian and Atlantic oceans.
Nyasaland and Northern and Southern Rhodesia were joined into the Central African Federation in 1953. The ill-fated federation dissolved in 1963, but the union strengthened the interdependence of its members. A rail line was built from the coal mines of Hwange in Southern Rhodesia to serve the Copperbelt. The Hwange line was then used to transport copper and other minerals to South Africa, a major market for them. The Kariba Dam and power installation were constructed so that the Rhodesias could share electric power for domestic and industrial (mining) use. The federation also permitted the free movement of labor.
Since independence there have been serious economic and political problems. Zambia’s relations with its eight neighbors in southern Africa range from friendly to hostile. The Democratic Republic of the Congo’s Katanga Pedicle, which juts into the middle of Zambia, imposes international restrictions between the Copperbelt and the agricultural and fishing areas of Zambia’s Luapula Province in the north. Zambia began shipping freight to Lobito on the Atlantic coast, but in 1975 the civil war in Angola closed this route. Zambia then had to rely almost exclusively on its other established routes through Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and South Africa. These routes proved unreliable as well.
With routes to the sea severed, Zambia initiated a difficult and costly effort to redirect its trade northward. Agreements were ultimately reached with China to build the Tan-Zam Railway to connect the Copperbelt with the ports of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; and Mombasa, Kenya. The railway was costly to operate, however, and the ports proved incapable of handling the increased volume of goods. Reluctantly Zambia turned again to the established route through South Africa, which encouraged even greater dependency by offering unusually favorable rates. Independence in Mozambique and majority rule in Zimbabwe allowed Zambia to reduce its dependency on South Africa, but in the 1980s about 30 percent of its exports and 12 percent of its imports still went through South Africa.
After gaining independence from Great Britain in 1964, Zambia became in 1972 a one-party state in which the United National Independence party held power. The National Assembly has 142 elected members and eight appointed members. There are eight provinces in addition to the capital.
The party leader, Kenneth Kaunda, was reelected for his sixth five-year term in 1988. His control of Zambia was threatened as the inflation rate increased (122.5 percent by the end of 1989), and there were attempted coups in 1988 and 1990. He negotiated a new IMF loan. After the price of cornmeal doubled in mid-1990, riots erupted. By year’s end Kaunda was forced to approve legislation to legalize opposition parties for the 1991 elections. Frederick Chiluba, head of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy, was elected president in 1991.
Earl P. Scott
Bell, Morag. Contemporary Africa (Wiley, 1986). Burdette, Marcia. Zambia (Westview, 1988). Lamb, David. The Africans (Random, 1987). Laure, Jason. Zambia (Childrens, 1989). Mazrui, A.A. The African Condition (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1980). | <urn:uuid:5c97af73-482c-4097-a6fd-8d01d6125718> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Zambia/277873 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104432674.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704141714-20220704171714-00215.warc.gz | en | 0.9594 | 1,444 | 3.265625 | 3 |
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