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1) Peruse the different team conflict mediation techniques (negotiation, role clarification, or start-stop-continue). How you would apply this technique to resolve a situation where team conflict has arisen?
2) List some sources of conflict in. Select one of those sources, and create an exercise the team might do to overcome the conflict.
1) Role Clarification is a very effective conflict mediation technique in a team setting. If the team leader clarifies roles, responsibilities and work areas of each team member in advance, conflicts can be avoided or reduced in a team setting. During conflict situations, role clarification acts like a contract among the individuals who have entered into a conflict.
Role clarification removes role ambiguity and allows each team member to focus on their duties and responsibilities, without worrying too much about other's roles and responsibilities. Role clarification fixes responsibility for different tasks and activities and helps in proper allocation of tasks and duties in a team setting. All these factors ensure that the probability of a conflict arising due to confusion over roles and responsibilities is avoided or mitigated.
For example, if ...
This response discusses the importance of role clarification in team settings and causes of conflicts in teams. | <urn:uuid:4077102e-1393-498b-a95c-ac7562237719> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://brainmass.com/business/business-management/sources-conlict-teams-mediation-techniques-601001 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123046.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00013-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946356 | 239 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Some animals and insects on earth can see types of radiant energy that are outside of the range visible to humans. Some types of snakes called pit vipers can see in the infrared. Pit vipers are able to find small animals to eat even in the darkness. They see the infrared light given off by the animals.
Watch the quicktime movie to see how they do it.
Pit vipers have small pits alongside their face that are used to feel the infrared radiation. As they shift their head from side to side they find the small animal by determining the direction of the most intense radiation. | <urn:uuid:fb4bd0ba-0188-4cc3-a85c-7560c0b8130b> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.windows2universe.org/cool_stuff/Exploratour_1e.html&edu=mid | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982967784.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200927-00172-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962535 | 120 | 2.765625 | 3 |
BIG IDEA: I CAN READ GOD’S WORD DAILY!
AIM: The ‘Daily’ Childrens Lesson on Joshua 1
RECAP: In the last couple of sessions, we have been looking at how God’s Word is ‘Sweet!’ and that means it is really good! We thought about the Israelites and how they were fed bread from heaven, and how we each need feeding spiritually too – from God’s Word. In the ‘Chew’ session we thought about how we need to think and pray over it as we read. In the ‘Digest’ session we were challenged to remember God’s Word. Now this week we’ll be thinking about what it means to ‘daily’ feed on God’s Word.
- Pin the Gumball. (regular/widescreen) You will need round colored stickers. Use the gumball machine printable and encourage kids to try and pin their gumball (round sticker) into the gumball machine.
- Construct with Candy. (regular/widescreen) Kids compete to construct a contraption with candy. The leader then decides which team has made the most creative contraption.
- Candy Ring Pass. (regular/widescreen) Using a lifesaver candy or another type of ring candy. Children must pass the candy using a straw in their mouths from one person in the team to another until they reach the front of the line. The winning team will pass their candy ring the fastest.
- Sugar Fix. (regular/widescreen) Children compete to eat a whole pack of candy – it could be a sherbet dip or something that doesn’t take too long to eat. The winner is the child that finishes their candy first.
BIG VERSE: O taste and see that the Lord is good: blessed is the one who trusts in him. Psalm 34:8.
SET the Scene:
Read Joshua 1. Explain that Moses had been a great leader and all the people of Israel had respected him. To follow such a great leader would not be easy and was a very important job for someone to take on. The person to follow Moses as leader would have to be ready for a challenge. They would need to be ready to listen to God and do as He said.
SPOT the Simple Meaning:
1) FOLLOWING GOD’S WORD DAILY BRINGS SWEET RESULTS
Find a toy or a gadget that needs instructions before you can assemble everything. Try to assemble the item without the instructions or encourage teams to try to do this if you have more than one of the same item. Make sure it is something that is difficult to assemble.
Say: It can be easy to think that we don’t need God’s Word to live our lives. Perhaps we think we can make our own rules up and muddle our way through life. Lots of people do!
When we assembled this item, it was difficult – or impossible – to assemble it without the instructions. Why? [Get feedback] It’s because the maker made it and they know how to assemble it. They know all the parts that are needed to make it work and how it all fits together to work in the best way possible. We don’t know how to make it or how it works – so we need the instructions!
It’s the same in our lives. We can try and muddle through life, but the best way to do life is to have the instructions from the maker of life. Who is the maker of life? [God!] That’s right! So we need His instructions, His guidelines to help us get the best out of it. When we read God’s Word daily – every day – day and night – it helps us to live the best life and to build a life that is brilliant! It helps us to build a life that honors and respects God and that helps us to grow into the best people that we can be! It helps us to get the most out of life. In this way reading God’s Word brings SWEET results when we read it daily because God’s Word is so good that reading it brings amazing results in our lives!
SEARCH the Scriptures:
Candy Capers. (regular/widescreen) Have children search out different words from the ‘Big Verse’ and then put them into the correct order the fastest. The words could be hidden on balloons or tucked away in different areas of the building or outdoors. You could even play a relay race where children must throw candies into a bucket from a large distance in order to retrieve a word from the bible verse. With each word stick a candy next to it or on it so whoever finds it/wins it first can eat the candy.
- What did God tell Joshua to do?
- Why did God tell Joshua this?
- How did God tell Joshua he would have success?
- How do you think you can have success in your life?
SENSE How You Feel:
As the children make one of the items below encourage them to think about how reading God’s Word brings sweet results!
- Make some sweet cookies using candy and icing sugar to decorate your cookie.
- Make some rainbow candy bark. Just because… it looks so delicious!
- Using chocolate Swiss rolls or Cadburys chocolate rolls make chocolate truffles for every child to eat or take home for family and friends. First take the chocolate rolls and break them up into lots of little pieces. Then squish them together and roll them into balls. Then roll them in chocolate sprinkles. Ta-da! Easy truffles!
- Have an ice cream party with lots of ice cream, sprinkles and candy to celebrate the end of the ‘Sweet!’ teaching session as you discuss the questions below.
- Do you read the Bible every day? Why/why not?
- Is there someone else that you know reads the Bible every day? What are they like?
- How have you seen God’s Word bring sweet results in the lives of those around you?
- How has reading the Bible given you sweet results in your life?
You will need the Sweet Results Printable.
Write or draw a list or picture of the sweet results you would like to see take place in your life. Then ask God how you can get those sweet results and what He wants you to do to prepare you for those things. When we are willing to prepare ourselves, by reading the Bible and finding out God’s thoughts we are showing God that we care about what He thinks and that we are willing to do what He wants. The Holy Spirit can help you to live in such a way that the results are sweet when you follow His instructions! | <urn:uuid:8de07994-c63b-4f16-b759-a343eb3c23b7> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://ministryark.com/lesson/daily-childrens-lesson-on-joshua-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256184.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521002106-20190521024106-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.950965 | 1,429 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Construction project accounting is a hybrid method that combines both financial and management accounting. While not completely unique in its context, it does require a particular process. The two specific parts of construction project accounting are job order costing and percentage-of-completion reporting. Accountants must report this information accurately in order to present a reliable picture of profit and loss.
Job Order Costing
Job order costing is a cost allocation process for all items used in a construction project. Accountants will allocate the actual cost for materials used and labor hours spent directly on the project. A third cost to consider is overhead. This includes all costs for items not directly related to the construction project. These costs can include trucks or equipment used for the project, small items not purchased directly for the project and similar other items.
Percentage of Completion
The percentage of completion process allows a company to recognize income for a construction project at specific points. Each project must have a stated completion date. The number of months or years will then represent when the company can recognize income. For example, the company may recognize income at 20, 40, 60 80 and 100 percent completion. The factors that help decide when to recognize income include costs incurred, recent estimate of project cost and recent gross profit estimates.
To accurately pinpoint profit, construction companies will multiply the total project revenue by the current period’s percentage of completion. This figure less current construction costs for the year will determine the profit to recognize. For the subsequent year, the company will multiply the second year percentage of completion by the total project revenue. This figure less recognized revenue from the first year indicates the revenue to recognize for year two. Subtracting construction costs will then return the profit for year two.
Construction companies typically use the percentage of completion method as it gives a better presentation of financial data. If the company waited to recognize income only at projection completion, several months or years could pass without reporting profit. The only time when the contract method makes sense is when a company will only spend a few months on construction projects, such as three months or less. This time period may be harder to report information under the completion method. | <urn:uuid:f93bb460-2bed-4c7d-b6ad-6b15df3e2f58> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.ehow.com/info_8083582_accounting-construction-projects.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424889.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724162257-20170724182257-00624.warc.gz | en | 0.92476 | 435 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Topic 10.2 10.2.1 Calculate and predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of offspring of dihybrid crosses involving unlinked autosomal genes. 10.2.2 Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes. 10.2.3 Explain how crossing over between non-sister chromatids of a homologous pair in prophase I can result in an exchange of alleles. 10.2.4 Define linkage group. 10.2.5 Explain an example of a cross between two linked genes. 10.2.6 Identify which of the offspring are recombinants in a dihybrid cross involving linked genes. Observations: • Seed shape – some round, others wrinkled (allele for round is dominant) • Seed colour – some green, others yellow (allele for yellow is dominant) Mendel crossed true breeding plants with each other • One parent: homozygous dominant for both traits (round and yellow seeds) • Other parent: homozygous recessive for both traits (wrinkled and green) R = allele for round peas r = allele for wrinkled peas Y = allele for yellow peas y = allele for green peas Parent Round phenotypes yellow Green wrinkled Parent genotypes RRYY rryy Parent gametes RY ry F1 genotypes RrYy F1 Round phenotypes yellow Allowing heterozygous offspring to selfpollinate yields following proportions: • Round and yellow 56.6% • Wrinkled and yellow 18.2% • Round and green 19.4% • Wrinkled and green 8% Ratio • 9:3:3:1 Sex chromosomes: X and Y (one pair) Autosomes: any chromosome not X or Y (22 pairs) Sex-linked gene or trait is located on a sex chromosome. Autosomal gene or trait is located on one of the autosomes. On which type of chromosome is the gene for protein production in the testes found? So, the gene is known as ___. On which type of chromosome is the gene for protein production in the pancreas found? So, the gene is known as ___. Two non-sister chromatids can swap segments of their DNA A maternal chromosome can end up with a segment of a paternal chromosome and vice versa Any two genes which are found on the same chromosome are said to be linked to each other. Linked genes are usually passed on to the next generation together. Linkage group - groups of genes on the same chromosome inherited together Linked genes are the exception to Mendel’s law of independent assortment Fruit fly gene for body color is in the same linkage group as the gene for wing length G – grey body g – black body L – long wings l – short wings GGLL – gray body, long wings ggll – black body, short wings G L G L Two horizontal bars symbolize homologous chromosomes and that the locus of G is on the same chromosome as L A cross between homozygous dominant true-breeding fruit fly (GGLL) and a homozygous recessive true-breeding fruit fly (ggll) would result in flies which were all heterozygous for both of the traits (GgLl) If heterozygotes for these traits are mixed with homozygous dominant flies, then one could not determine the genotype by sight. Cross “mystery” fly with homozygous recessive (ggll) Assuming the mystery fly is heterozygous (GgLl) for both traits: gl GL Gl gL gl GgLl Ggll ggLl ggll A new shuffling of the alleles has created a new combination which does not match either of the parents’ genotypes The term recombinant is used to describe both the new chromosome and the resulting organism. Recombinants form through the process of crossing over Topic 10.3 10.3.1 Define polygenic inheritance. 10.3.2 Explain that polygenic inheritance can contribute to continuous variation using two examples, one of which must be human skin colour. Involves two or more genes influencing the expression of one trait Increased number of possible genotypes Believed that most human traits are too complex to be determined by one gene When an array of possible phenotypes can be produced, it is called continuous variation • Examples: skin color, height, body shape, and intelligence • These traits are also influenced by environmental conditions When only a number of phenotypes can be produced, it is called discontinuous variation • Examples: earlobe attachment, widow’s peak, blood type CONTINUOUS VARIATION DISCONTINUOUS VARIATION Height in humans 60 50 40 30 Frequency 20 10 0 4 6 Blood Type 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 % of populatio n A B AB O Iris is made up of zones, rings, streaks or speckles of different colored pigments with varying intensities What color are your eyes, really? Since there is so much variety, eye color must be influenced by multiple alleles and has continuous variation. Many societies feel the need to label people with categories Oversimplification serves more administrative purposes than any biological purpose So what is the purpose of skin?! PROTECTION FROM THE SUN’S HARMFUL ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION!!! Melanin protects from serious sunburn which can lead to melanoma Melanin is found in all individuals except albinos Concentration of melanin varies How can one increase the melanin level in their skin? EXPOSE ONESELF TO SUNLIGHT Tanning is a natural defense against the negative effects of excess sunlight UVB radiation helps the skin to make vitamin D Vitamin D is necessary for proper growth and bone formation It is good to have a MODERATE amount of sunlight In regions of low Sun exposure people need light-colored skin Why? How do people of varying degrees of skin color relocated to parts of the world that receive differing amounts of sunlight get vitamin D? How do others fight off the sun? Should there be equal esteem for all humans? Why is human diversity so often used to divide and discriminate, rather than be appreciated, respected, and celebrated? | <urn:uuid:04b831d8-e2c7-44eb-b6bd-934014803625> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://slidegur.com/doc/57906/dihybrid-crosses-and-gene-linkage | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542939.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00493-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892956 | 1,278 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Blue Day with Picasso
Just before Half Term, our children had the opportunity to look at the work of Pablo Picasso during a particular time in his life.
They examined how he used his feelings to create iconic art pieces in blue or varying shades of blue. The Blue Period came after tragedy in his life and our children learnt about the meaning of ‘feeling blue’. The Blue day aimed at conveying a simple message that we all have our bad days and that they are an intrinsic part of being human. It is important for us to recognise our feeling of sadness and ‘feeling blue’ whilst knowing the ways to deal with it. Using blue as inspiration the children created artwork, writing and images around this concept. There was also the opportunity for them to learn about and listen to a variety of "Blues" music.
For photographs, please see our Gallery | <urn:uuid:b4d1a7dd-54ae-453e-bb26-4c0f0c7e9dbd> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.charvilleacademy.org/news/?pid=3&nid=1&storyid=120 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949107.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330070451-20230330100451-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.973285 | 181 | 3.75 | 4 |
by Austin Bay
Last week, U.S. officials expressed grave concern that in the
near future Afghanistan's Taliban regime would poison food supplies Western,
regional and global relief agencies are delivering to starving Afghans.
Subsequently, World Food Program (WFP) and other U.N. agencies reported
there's no known instance of the Taliban tainting donated food. Food
shipments into Taliban-controlled territory have been "stolen, yes, but not
tampered (with)," one U.N. official observed.
The usual pull and pull of charge and counter-charge in war?
Agreed there's a propaganda component to this exchange (U.S.
spokesmen called it a "pre-emptive" move based on multi-source
intelligence), but this is much than the bark, woof and pulp of political
warfare. It's an indication of how central to success immediate humanitarian
aid is and long-term recovery assistance will be if America intends to win
this global war on terror.
At the moment, food supplies, medical assistance, disaster
relief and long-term development aid may not appear to be quite as important
to the American war effort as B-2 bombers and Ranger battalions, but as this
war extends and months turn into years, the ability to feed, fuel, heal and
clothe victim populations will be critical to victory.
Prior to Sept. 11, the Taliban's Afghanistan confronted a major
humanitarian crisis. A U.S. government analysis from June 2001 rated the
Afghan situation as one of four looming major humanitarian emergencies
(Colombia, Iraq and North Korea being the other three). Up to 5 million
Afghans would need assistance due to drought, increased fighting, logistics
challenges and donor fatigue. The study foresaw a 1 million ton grain
deficit and factored in the global economic slowdown (a slowdown Sept. 11
Now, as winter approaches, the U.N. says 6 million Afghans
confront extreme deprivation.
The U.S. either supplies or pays for 80 percent of WFP-delivered
food in Afghanistan. Washington also funds some WFP distribution operations.
During the first eight months of 2001, the U.S. supplied Afghanistan with
292,000 tons of wheat. (If the State Department were really prosecuting an
effective "information war," it would have an assistant secretary on Qatar's
Al Jazeera TV news service hammering that fact at the top of every hour.)
While U.S. airdrops of food to refugees in central Afghanistan
do get press attention, relief experts say the Afghans will need 52,000 tons
of food a month during winter. About 280,000 tons should be available in the
region by the end of November. This means secure land routes for truck
convoys are a must to move and distribute in bulk.
To get the trucks rolling, three key land corridors must be
secured. In the west (Iran border), the aid route runs through the town of
Herat. In the more thickly populated south, the city of Qandahar is the main
distribution point. Up north, near Uzbekistan, the road winds through the
city of Mazar-i Sharif.
In the dry language of State and Defense, these corridors become
"political and military objectives." Securing passage of food deliveries,
contrary to the conventional wisdom, may be, in the long term, much more
essential to winning the Afghan phase of this war than quickly seizing Kabul
by military attack. Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan have both publicly committed
to opening their borders for food distribution, a political signal that
someone understands aid deliveries are crucial.
Providing humanitarian aid promotes Washington's goal of
toppling the Taliban regime and building a counter-terror coalition more
directly than the rhetoric of daily Beltway press conferences indicates. For
countries who cannot contribute to the military effort, donating to the
"relief and aid arm of the anti-terror coalition" publicly reinforces the
"collective security" policies America is pursuing.
Osama Bin Laden also bears responsibility for magnifying the
humanitarian calamity. Bin Laden's first act in his nihilistic anti-American
assault was to assassinate Northern Alliance leader Ahmed Massoud. Bin Laden
saw the murder as "win win" -- if the Northern Alliance didn't collapse, then
the Afghan war would expand and the humanitarian crisis escalate. Bin Laden,
like Saddam Hussein toward Iraqi Kurds and Shias, demonstrates a barbarian
willingness to sacrifice Muslims (in Bin Laden's case, Afghan tribesmen) to
further his own self-aggrandizing aims.
Maybe this point's too subtle for U.S. TV, but it's not too deep
for the BBC, which more Afghans listen to anyway. "Rich kid" Bin Laden has
apparently done a poor job masking his upscale Arab disdain for Afghan
tribesmen. Afghan sources report Al Qaeda's "internationalists" treat the
locals shabbily -- as tools to be used then discarded.
Bringing humanitarian aid to the fore of the American war effort
will not only serve coalition political interests, but will save several
million precious human lives. | <urn:uuid:29d81032-85f5-4231-b02e-c7ff6ced43d1> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.strategypage.com/on_point/20011031.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164710506/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134510-00027-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926981 | 1,103 | 2.625 | 3 |
Morgan, Garrett A., Sr.(born: 1877 - died: 1963)
Garrett A. Morgan, who was born in Paris, KY, patented the breathing device - a gas mask - and the traffic signal. He owned sewing equipment and a repair shop, and a personal care products company. Morgan invented zig-zag stitching for manual sewing machines. Garrett Augustus Morgan, Sr. was the son of Sydney and Elizabeth Reed Morgan; he was the seventh of their eleven children. The children attended Branch School, located in the African American community of Claysville, later renamed Garrett Morgan's Place. Morgan quit school when he was in the fifth grade, and when he was a teen, he took a job in Cincinnati, OH. He would later move on to Cleveland, where he founded the Cleveland Association of Colored Men, which was later merged into the Cleveland Branch of the NAACP. Morgan also founded the Cleveland Call newspaper. For more see The Fascinating Story of Black Kentuckians, by A. A. Dunnigan; Created Equal, by J. M. Brodie; and Garrett A. Morgan in the Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Biography (2000). | <urn:uuid:b5f02c37-d7f2-405d-8549-7cca2b454683> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/653 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224651815.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605085657-20230605115657-00350.warc.gz | en | 0.975422 | 235 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Some time ago, an 8-year-old named Kobus Snyman found some turtle bones on his father's farm in South Africa. He wasn't quite sure what he had, so he did what others might do in the same situation: he took the bones to a local museum.
The six-inch turtle specimen then made its way to scientists studying the ancient evolution of turtles and, specifically, how and why turtles evolved to wear protective shells.
The researchers had seen other specimens of a 260-million-year-old species of turtle, but Snyman's was the most complete they had access to, offering the scientists a rare look at a well-preserved "Eunotosaurus africanus."
It also, they say, solved a mystery. That's because scientists never quite understood why turtles had shells in the first place. Were they always for protection? It seemed like an awfully cumbersome way to go about it, and, as it turns out, the shells weren't originally for protection at all.
Instead, they were for digging into the ground and burrowing, mostly to try and escape the blazing African sun.
"Why the turtle shell evolved is a very Dr. Seuss like question and the answer seems pretty obvious — it was for protection," says Tyler Lyson, who led the research. "But just like the bird feather did not initially evolve for flight — we now have early relatives of birds such as tyrannosaur dinosaurs with feathers that definitely were not flying — the earliest beginnings of the turtle shell was not for protection but rather for digging underground to escape the harsh South African environment where these early proto turtles lived."
Sometimes your most important defenses, in other words, are unintended consequences. | <urn:uuid:3cfcd025-509e-4f11-ace0-b5432e3dd02e> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.thisisinsider.com/first-turtle-shells-protection-fossil-mystery-2016-7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249468313.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223041554-20190223063554-00595.warc.gz | en | 0.982983 | 351 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Whether it’s due to age, our body clock or the daily rigours of juggling work and family commitment, every woman experiences some form of body pain in varying degrees in her life. Find out here what are the top 10 most common pains, what are the possible causes and how to ease them.
This common pain can be caused by many things, including: Lack of sleep, poor diet, dehydration, allergy, caffeine (too much or lack of), stress, loud noises. Hormonal changes can also cause headaches, and for women, period pains are sometimes accompanied by mild headaches.
The time of the month is something every woman is most familiar with. Period pains, however, vary from slight discomfort to excruciating cramps. Most common areas of pains are the lower back and abdomen, but sometimes you might experience full body aches in more severe episodes.
Unlike a regular headache, migraines are more severe as it’s a pulsating and constant pain you feel in your head. Accompanying symptoms include sensitivity to light, pain in the eyes and temple, and in more serious cases, nausea and vomiting. There are no known causes for most migraines, but hormonal changes, stress and change in environment and climate are said to be some possible causes.
Toothache, for many people, is one of the worst pain experiences. There are many causes for toothaches, and these range from simple gum sensitivity (often to cold drinks or foods) to dental cavities and tooth decay. Other possible reasons are dental health complications such as wisdom tooth, ingrown tooth or gum disease.
Pains and aches in the shoulder are very common among working professionals. Causes include poor posture and sitting in chairs with no proper support for long periods of time. For office workers, hunching over a keyboard can cause shoulder aches. Another common cause is not sleeping well due to poor posture caused by a pillow or mattress with poor support. If the pain is severe, it could also mean arthritis or a torn cartilage or bone spur.
Another most common pain among adults, backaches also range from mild to severe (where the afflicted finds it hard to even walk). While poor posture from sitting, standing and lying down are common causes, a backache could also signal muscle sprain, ligament strains or, in more serious cases, a slip disc. It is also the most common pain experienced by pregnant women.
If you exercise rigorously or play sports, muscular aches are common. The pain normally comes the next day, especially after an intense workout the day before. But there are also other causes of muscle aches, such as a viral infection such as flu and cold or food poisoning.
Fatigue from walking long distances causes calf pain, and this is sometimes made worse by improper footwear or demanding shoes like high heels. Calf pain can also be caused by muscle or ligament strains on the leg. A muscle cramp in the middle of the night can cause pain in the calf, and sometimes the pain lasts for days.
The cause for this type of headache is not clear, but medical experts have identified several common triggers such as stress and anxiety, lack of sleep, poor nutrition or dehydration. Unlike a normal headache or the hammering pain of a migraine, tension headaches tend to be a dull ache with the sensation of tightness or pressure across the forehead.
A neck ache is commonly caused by poor posture while sitting, walking or when sleeping. A poor pillow is usually one of factors for sufferers of neck pains, as it does not offer enough support for the neck.
RELIEF IN JUST 10 MINUTES
When pain hits, the first thing you want is relief, whether for a good night’s sleep through the night or to last you through the day if you are on the go.
Nurofen Express is the latest pain relief that is designed to work fast and effectively. It contains the anti-inflammatory painkiller ibuprofen – the World Health Organisation (WHO) lists ibuprofen as one of the most important medicines needed in a basic health system – to treat mild to moderate pains of the types described here in just 10 minutes. Nurofen Express does not need to be prescribed and can be purchased over the counter, and is easily available at leading pharmacies.
Keep a pack with you at all times, so you can get instant relief when pain hits you.
Nurofen Express ($7.10 per box) is available at major retailers nationwide and for online purchase by clicking here.
*If pain persists, you should visit your GP or a doctor at once, as this could signal symptoms of more serious ailments or diseases.
Brought to you by Nurofen Express | <urn:uuid:e5775875-b9ac-4a16-ada8-1c6ca8357164> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.womensweekly.com.sg/health/wellbeing/the-top-10-body-pains-every-woman-encounters-what-causes-them-and-how-to-ease-the-aches/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806338.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121094039-20171121114039-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.949144 | 972 | 2.625 | 3 |
Creating evolutionary phylogenetic networks is currently a somewhat ad hoc procedure, with a number of competing strategies based on various models of how gene flow occurs.
One possibility is to use multi-labeled trees. Here, multiple gene trees can be represented by a single multi-labeled tree (a MUL-tree), which in turn can also be represented as a reticulating network. A MUL-tree has leaves that are not uniquely labeled by a set of species (ie. each species can appear more than once). This means that multiple gene trees can be represented by a single MUL-tree, with different combinations of the leaf labels representing different gene trees.
The most obvious uses of a MUL-tree are where there are multiple copies of genes within an organism, as each gene copy can be represented independently in the MUL-tree. This will apply when there has been gene duplication, for example, or when there has been polyploidy (ie. multiple copies of the entire genome). Computer programs such as PADRE or MulRF can then be used to derive an optimal single-labeled species network from the MUL-tree.
However, this same strategy can also be used whenever there is conflict among gene trees. In this scenario, the conflicting genes are treated as different leaves in the MUL-tree. One labeled leaf would have the data for the first gene, with the second gene entered as missing data, and the second leaf would then have the inverse situation (the data for gene one are missing and those for gene two are present).
This can be illustrated by a recent example of the Erica (heather plants) genus, from Mugrabi de Kuppler et al. (2015). The authors were interested in whether the observed gene tree conflict in Erica lusitanica could be the result of hybridisation between morphologically dissimilar species, as this has previously been suggested.
They collected sequence data for a number of plastid regions as well as the nuclear ribosomal ITS region. The observed conflict was between the plastid (chloroplast) and nuclear sequences. They note:
A targeted supermatrix strategy was employed, whereby more variable ITS and trnL-trnF spacer sequences were obtained for most samples, and the other, mostly less variable chloroplast markers were added for selected taxa in order to improve resolution of deeper nodes in the chloroplast tree.
Where gene tree conflict was identified, the taxa with conflicting phylogenetic signals were duplicated in a combined matrix following the approach of Pirie et al. (2008, 2009) in order to infer a single multi-labelled "taxon duplication" tree. [This occurred for only one species. Thus, one leaf label for E. lusitanica has the data only for the chloroplast sequences, and the other leaf has the data only for the nuclear sequence.]
The figure shows the result of the coalescent BEAST analysis of the multi-labeled data, with E. lusitanica appearing twice in the MUL-tree. Inset is the resulting single-labeled network, with E. lusitanica appearing once, as a reticulation.
This is an interesting application of MUL-trees. However, there are two issues that I wish to highlight about the procedure.
First, the reticulation as shown in the example is not actually time-consistent, given that the horizontal axis of the MUL-tree is scaled to time. This could, for example, be resolved by having "E. lusitanica CP" attached to a ghost lineage.
Second, the data matrix from which the MUL-tree is created will have a non-random distribution of missing data, by definition. This non-randomness is known to have a bad effect on likelihood analyses (Simmons 2012). In the example, the non-randomness is exacerbated by further non-randomness in the acquisition of the plastid sequences. So, if this form of MUL-tree analysis is to be pursued then maybe this potential limitation should be investigated.
Mugrabi de Kuppler AL, Fagúndez J, Bellstedt DU, Oliver EGH, Léon J, Pirie MD (2015) Testing reticulate versus coalescent origins of Erica lusitanica using a species phylogeny of the northern heathers (Ericeae, Ericaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 88: 121-131.
Pirie MD, Humphreys AM, Galley C, Barker NP, Verboom GA, Orlovich D, Draffin SJ, Lloyd K, Baeza CM, Negritto M, Ruiz E, Cota Sanchez JH, Reimer E, Linder HP (2008) A novel supermatrix approach improves resolution of phylogenetic relationships in a comprehensive sample of danthonioid grasses. Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution 48: 1106-1119.
Pirie MD, Humphreys AM, Barker NP, Linder HP (2009) Reticulation, data combination, and inferring evolutionary history: an example from Danthonioideae (Poaceae). Systematic Biology 58: 612-628.
Simmons MP (2012) Radical instability and spurious branch support by likelihood when applied to matrices with non-random distributions of missing data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62: 472-484. | <urn:uuid:b81f1b2c-6375-4a6a-8730-a05e81ea5dd5> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/2015/09/uses-of-mul-trees-for-evolutionary.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496901.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330085157-20200330115157-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.927938 | 1,137 | 3.5 | 4 |
Renal dysplasia is a congenital disease in which one or both of a pet’s kidneys develop abnormally. With renal dysplasia, the kidneys are typically small, deformed, and never fully mature. This condition often results in poor kidney function and, in many cases, kidney failure. While renal dysplasia is much more common in dogs, it can also affect cats. Read on to learn the causes, symptoms, and treatments of renal dysplasia in dogs and cats.
Causes of Renal Dysplasia in Dogs and Cats
The exact causes of renal dysplasia -- also known as progressive juvenile nephropathy and familial renal disease -- are not fully understood. In some pets, the condition is inherited through a recessive gene. Commonly affected dog breeds include the Alaskan Malamute, Bedlington Terrier, Chow Chow, Cocker Spaniel, Doberman Pinscher, Golden Retriever, Keeshond, Lhasa Apso, Miniature Schnauzer, Norwegian Elkhound, Samoyed, Shih Tzu, and Standard Poodle.
Some experts believe that the condition can also be caused by something called an intrauterine fetal infection, which is a bacterial or viral infection of fetal tissues that occurs in the mother’s uterus during pregnancy. Possible causes of intrauterine fetal infections include the canine herpesvirus, poisoning, and fetal trauma.
Symptoms of Renal Dysplasia in Dogs and Cats
Despite the fact that renal dysplasia is congenital (present since birth), symptoms often do not appear until weeks, months, or several years into a pet’s life. In some cases, a pet may not show any symptoms, or may show symptoms that are mild enough to go unnoticed.
The symptoms of renal dysplasia will vary depending on the severity of the condition, but will commonly include:
Treatment for Renal Dysplasia in Dogs and Cats
Visit your veterinarian if your pet is showing symptoms of renal dysplasia. Your veterinarian will diagnose the condition through a physical examination and testing. Testing may include full blood work and chemistry, a urinalysis, an x-ray, and/or ultrasound to evaluate kidney structure, and a kidney biopsy. A kidney biopsy is the only test that can definitively diagnose the condition.
Renal dysplasia can be tricky to treat. In most cases, a pet with two dysfunctional kidneys will end up suffering from kidney failure and is not likely to survive long-term. The outlook is better for pets with only one dysfunctional kidney, however those cases are rare.
The treatments available for renal dysplasia are intended to stabilize the pet and promote normal kidney function. Common treatment options include:
Pets suffering from renal dysplasia may benefit from a special diet that is low in salt and easy to metabolize. Your veterinarian may recommend a food or prescribe a specific diet. Vitamins and supplements may also be useful to make up for any nutrients that the pet is losing through excessive urination.
Many pets with renal dysplasia become dehydrated and require hospitalize to restore fluid levels. All pets suffering from renal dysplasia should have regular access to fresh, clean water.
Your veterinarian may prescribe medications to treat complications associated with renal dysplasia. For example, if your pet’s dehydration is the result of vomiting or diarrhea, your veterinarian may prescribe an antiemetic or antidiuretic. If your pet is suffering from bone pain, your veterinarian may prescribe painkillers. Never give your pet any medication without first consulting your veterinarian, as some medications could make your pet’s condition worse.
In severe cases, your veterinarian may suggest kidney dialysis or a kidney transplant. However, these procedures tend to be costly, and are usually only offered through specialized clinics.
There is no way to prevent renal dysplasia, however because the disease is sometimes inherited, you should not breed affected pets.
More on Kidney Health
Canine And Feline Kidney Failure Symptoms - What You Need To Know
Prescription Diets For Dogs With Kidney Disease
Warning Signs Of Kidney Failure In Cats | <urn:uuid:5a415787-55de-499f-b72a-f3d3f9ef4ce2> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.petcarerx.com/article/renal-dysplasia-in-dogs-and-cats/2749 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931006637.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155646-00029-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924486 | 862 | 3.171875 | 3 |
In the BigO project students become citizen scientists. They collect information about their lifestyle, health behaviours and the environment they live in. They do this with a specially developed app called ‘myBigO’ (available for Android and iOS. By answering questions, taking pictures of foods they consume and food advertisements they encounter in their living environment (i.e. never exact locations, always anonymized), the citizen scientists collect data about their behaviour and local living environment (see video). This data is anonymized, the exact locations and identities of students is never known or stored.
This information is used to find out what places in Europe and what behaviours need more attention in public health policies in order to counteract obesity in children.
The information gathered by the citizen scientists, is being used to create models of how the various environmental and behavioural factors influence the prevalence of obesity. Because of the amount of information available data that is collected, scientists will be able to create complex models to predict how specific policies will effect obesity levels in the communities.
The BigO project can in this way be used to help public health authorities design strategies that are more effective in promoting health and lowering obesity rates in children.
On the BigO YouTube channel you can find more information on how the app works.
Video showing the use of myBigO app
myBigO App Manuals
How to use manual | <urn:uuid:02bd2f29-8e1b-4c47-afa3-9d2e1c970afa> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://bigoprogram.eu/mybigo-app/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370507738.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402173940-20200402203940-00298.warc.gz | en | 0.916691 | 280 | 3.390625 | 3 |
If someone takes too much of a drug they may overdose and you will need to get them medical help as quickly as possible.
SIGNS TO LOOK OUT FOR
- Hyperthermia (overheating)
- Severe nausea and vomiting
- Rapid heart rate/chest pains
- Unexpected hallucinations
- Difficulty breathing
- Blue/pale tingeing of knees, hands and lips
Some drugs, such as MDMA, have serotonergic properties, meaning they affect the levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Too much serotonin can cause serotonin syndrome which can be potentially life threatening.
Rigid, jerky, twitchy unusual movements, often involving the legs shaking; fully dilated pupils; overheating; shivering; racing heart; the person appearing agitated and confused. If in doubt, ring for an ambulance. It is important if they have rigid, jerky movements, not to hold people down because of the risk of muscle tissue breaking down (rhabdomyolysis). As with people who have been using volatile substances (solvents) it can also be risky to startle or frighten people as this can lead to heart failure [UK DrugWatch, Overdose and Emergencies Sheet, 2014].
- Keep calm
- Get help
- Call 999 (or 112)
- Give as much information as possible including location, age, gender, what has happened and what they have taken
- Stay with the casualty and reassure them
- Be honest with medical staff and hand over any packets or paraphernalia
- If unconscious put in the recovery position (or on their side)
- If they stop breathing perform CPR (chest compressions)
- If opiate related (e.g. casualty has taken heroin or is on a methadone prescription) administer Naloxone.
- Leave them alone
- Inflict excessive pain to wake them
- Give them stimulants or any other drug
- Give them anything to eat or drink (apart from small sips of water)
- Put them in a bath/shower
- Walk them about
- Attempt to restrain them
Some people can take too much of a drug and be okay physically but become worried, scared or anxious. It is important to take them seriously and remember that mental health can be an emergency too. Get help if needed. | <urn:uuid:f9d35816-03d4-4c24-8a33-c6b3314f58ed> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.crew.scot/drugs-information/what-you-need-to-know/overdose/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506477.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401223807-20200402013807-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.938497 | 482 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Sucedió en el Perú video: ChavinEdit
The following is a fragment from the article Chavin Culture in Wikipedia. Tasks on this page: (1) Transcription, runtime counters and translation of video. (2) Mark up the articles with cite, clarify and caveat flags with footnotes. (3) Amplify footnotes and edit original articles.
The Chavín culture represents the first widespread, recognizable artistic style in the Andes. Chavín art can be divided into two phases: The first phase corresponding to the construction of the "Old Temple" at Chavín de Huántar (c. 900–500 BC); and the second phase corresponding to the construction of Chavín de Huantar's "New Temple" (c. 500–200 BC).
A general study of the coastal Chavín pottery with respect to shape reveals two kinds of vessels: a polyhedrous carved type and a globular painted type.[n] Stylistically, Chavín art forms make extensive use of the technique of contour rivalry. The art is intentionally difficult to interpret and understand, since it was intended only to be read by high priests of the Chavín cult who could understand the intricately complex and sacred designs. The Raimondi Stela is one of the major examples of this technique.
Chavin art decorates the walls of the temple and includes carvings, sculptures and pottery. Artists depicted foreign things such as jaguars and eagles rather than local plants and animals. The feline figure is one of the most important motifs seen in Chavin art. It has an important religious meaning and is repeated on many carvings and sculptures. Eagles are also commonly seen throughout Chavin art. There are three important artifacts which are the major examples of Chavin art. These artifacts are the Tello Obelisk, tenon heads, and the Lanzon. Tello Obelisk is a giant sculpted shaft which features images of plants and animals. It includes caymans, birds, crops, and human figures. The illustration on this large artifact may possibly portray a creation story. Tenon heads are found throughout Chavin de Huantar and are one of the most popular images associated with the Chavin civilization. Tenon heads are massive stone carvings of fanged jaguar heads which stick out from the tops of the interior walls. Possibly the most impressive artifact from Chavin de Huantar is the Lanzon. The Lanzon is a 4.53 meter long granite shaft displayed in the temple. The shaft goes extends through an entire floor of the structure and the ceiling. It is carved with an image of a fanged deity and it is the main cult image of the Chavin people.[n] | <urn:uuid:2fa80524-6721-40f8-9053-d64c53edc8e3> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://academia.wikia.com/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320243.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624082900-20170624102900-00389.warc.gz | en | 0.930158 | 573 | 3.546875 | 4 |
UC Davis and public television station KVIE have collaborated to create a six-segment, 30-minute show called the “Curiosity Project” that will debut at 7 p.m. Wednesday (Nov. 14).
The program explores the deeper stories behind six of our professors: What inspired them down the road of science and academia? What drives their research and their passion to help others? What do they teach us about the world?
Viewers will encounter Katia Vega, an associate professor of design, who is defining a field of “beauty technology” where tattoos can do things like gauge a person’s blood glucose level; and Professor Lee Martin, the founder of UC Davis’ Beta Lab, as he travels to schools around the area to teach young people about the joys of creating in a mobile maker lab.
The program also features Mark Winey, dean of the College of Biological Sciences, whose passion for biology was fueled by a sister who suffered from illness as a child. How did the doctors find out exactly what was wrong with her? How could this illness be prevented? These were the sparks of curiosity that led him down a road of science and discovery that continues to this day.
Also featured: Elena Siegal, an associate professor at the Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing. She transitioned to a career in health care after spending most of her work life in business and finance. They will hear what motivated her to prompt this change.
Viewers will learn about people who wouldn’t let great challenges overcome their desire to learn more about the world and help others. For example, Geerat Vermeij, a distinguished professor of earth and planetary sciences, has lived with blindness since he was a child and today thrives as one of the world’s foremost experts in the evolution of seashells, studying the parallels of their evolution with that of human economies.
The “Curiosity Project” also includes Raquel Aldana, UC Davis associate vice chancellor for Academic Diversity and a professor of law. Like so many of our UC Davis students, she was the first in her family to receive a college degree and overcame great obstacles as an immigrant. The segment shows how her background shaped her sense of social justice and why she remains so passionate with inspiring young people to become leaders. | <urn:uuid:9896f512-78f3-4319-8eb3-52018ca894be> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/curiosity-project-will-launch-kvie | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999620.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624171058-20190624193058-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.97339 | 477 | 2.625 | 3 |
It's hard to argue with the success of Career and Technical Education (CTE) programs, which teach transferable workplace skills and academic content in a hands-on context. U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan recently characterized CTE programs as providing "instruction that is hands-on and engaging, as well as rigorous and relevant." He went on to say that CTE programs "are helping to connect students with the high-demand science, technology, engineering and math fields -- where so many good jobs are waiting." Furthermore, in recognizing CTE month on the House floor, Rep. James Langevin recently stated, "CTE is an investment in the future of our economy, our workforce and our country."
Despite these benefits of CTE, only about one in four students (28.6%) earned five or more CTE credits, according to the most recent data from the National Center for Education Statistics. Most students have some interaction with CTE during their high school experience, but few are immersing themselves in CTE programs.
One reason why more students are not pursuing CTE programs is that critics characterize it as a track for students who are less likely to attend college. This line of thinking is detrimental to students, employers and the future of our country. Students should no longer need to decide between college readiness and career preparation -- it's possible and increasingly necessary to achieve both.
A recent Gallup-Lumina Poll found that when hiring, U.S. business leaders say candidates' knowledge and applied skills in a specific field are more important factors than where the candidate went to school or what their major was. To be successful in the workplace, college-bound students still need specific knowledge and skills, which they can get from CTE programs.
Additionally, the Gallup-Purdue Index finds that college graduates who had an internship or job in college where they were able to apply what they were learning in the classroom, who were actively involved in extracurricular activities and organizations, and who worked on projects that took a semester or more to complete, doubled their odds of being engaged at work. Yet, just 6% of college graduates say they had all three of these experiences. These are exactly the types of experiences that CTE programs offer to students.
Critics may argue that enrolling in a CTE program may divert college-bound students' attention away from college preparation classes. However, a recent study found that 80% of students taking a college preparatory academic curriculum with rigorous CTE met the standard for college and career readiness, compared with 63% of students taking the same academic core without rigorous CTE. Further, while national graduation rates have inched up in recent years, students with a concentration in CTE are nearly 15 percentage points more likely to graduate high school than the national average. These data suggest that whether students take one CTE course or enroll in an entire CTE program, CTE should be a part of every student's education.
As a student, I was actively involved in a variety of CTE programs. While the experience I gained through livestock judging may not seem like it directly prepared me for my role at Gallup, I often rely upon skills such as:
- working long hours toward a goal
- building relationships with instructors both in and out of the classroom
- keeping accurate records and managing budgets
- fundraising to cover the cost of materials, registration fees and travel
- representing the school or even the state at contests
- the joy of winning and the agony of defeat
- being part of a team
- serving as a mentor and being mentored by others
Regardless of the actual content being taught, these experiences build the transferable skills that lead to success in college and career, while painting a realistic picture of the future students will face in the working world. CTE should not just play a prominent role for a few students; it should be the new normal in education. | <urn:uuid:b6031cd0-0834-4e98-ad3d-54f24d5c4ead> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://news.gallup.com/opinion/gallup/181922/career-technical-education-rule-not-exception.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178376206.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307074942-20210307104942-00239.warc.gz | en | 0.974762 | 799 | 3 | 3 |
Cheshire County, New Hampshire facts for kids
Quick facts for kids
Cheshire County Courthouse in Keene
Location within the U.S. state of New Hampshire
New Hampshire's location within the U.S.
|• Total||729 sq mi (1,890 km2)|
|• Land||707 sq mi (1,830 km2)|
|• Water||22 sq mi (60 km2) 3.1%%|
|• Density||109/sq mi (42/km2)|
|Time zone||UTC−5 (Eastern)|
|• Summer (DST)||UTC−4 (EDT)|
Cheshire County is a county located in the southwestern portion of the U.S. state of New Hampshire. As of the 2010 census, the population was 77,117. Its county seat is the city of Keene. Cheshire was one of the five original counties of New Hampshire, and is named for the county of Cheshire in England. It was organized in 1771 at Keene.
Cheshire County comprises the Keene, NH Micropolitan Statistical Area.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 729 square miles (1,890 km2), of which 707 square miles (1,830 km2) is land and 22 square miles (57 km2) (3.1%) is water. The highest point in Cheshire county is Mount Monadnock, in the northwestern part of Jaffrey, at 3,165 feet (965 m).
- Sullivan County (north)
- Hillsborough County (east)
- Worcester County, Massachusetts (southeast)
- Franklin County, Massachusetts (southwest)
- Windham County, Vermont (west)
|U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 73,825 people, 28,299 households, and 18,790 families residing in the county. The population density was 104 people per square mile (40/km²). There were 31,876 housing units at an average density of 45 per square mile (17/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 97.75% White, 0.37% Black or African American, 0.31% Native American, 0.47% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.18% from other races, and 0.89% from two or more races. 0.72% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 16.2% were of English, 13.1% French, 12.7% Irish, 9.3% American, 8.7% French Canadian, 6.7% Italian and 6.5% German ancestry according to Census 2000. 95.5% spoke English, 1.4% French and 1.2% Spanish as their first language.
There were 28,299 households out of which 30.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.50% were married couples living together, 9.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.60% were non-families. 25.50% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.96.
In the county, the population was spread out with 23.30% under the age of 18, 11.70% from 18 to 24, 27.00% from 25 to 44, 24.30% from 45 to 64, and 13.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 94.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.70 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $42,382, and the median income for a family was $51,043. Males had a median income of $33,821 versus $25,328 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,685. About 4.40% of families and 8.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.50% of those under age 18 and 6.30% of those age 65 or over.
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 77,117 people, 30,204 households, and 19,284 families residing in the county. The population density was 109.1 inhabitants per square mile (42.1/km2). There were 34,773 housing units at an average density of 49.2 per square mile (19.0/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 96.3% white, 1.2% Asian, 0.5% black or African American, 0.3% American Indian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.4% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 20.7% were English, 19.1% were Irish, 12.0% were German, 8.8% were French Canadian, 8.7% were Italian, 5.0% were Scottish, and 4.7% were American.
Of the 30,204 households, 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.9% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 36.2% were non-families, and 26.2% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.88. The median age was 40.7 years.
The median income for a household in the county was $53,828 and the median income for a family was $65,936. Males had a median income of $46,014 versus $35,864 for females. The per capita income for the county was $27,045. About 6.0% of families and 10.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.5% of those under age 18 and 6.8% of those age 65 or over.
- Keene (county seat)
Cheshire County, New Hampshire Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia. | <urn:uuid:68a5e771-ed83-4101-9030-4350aa3d746b> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://kids.kiddle.co/Cheshire_County,_New_Hampshire | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154878.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804142918-20210804172918-00580.warc.gz | en | 0.966615 | 1,342 | 3.015625 | 3 |
By Carol Markham, CWC Conservationist
The dazzling colors of deciduous trees are upon us, freckling our landscapes with vivid shades of autumn. Meander down any country road or through your local neighborhood, and the hillsides and yards are ablaze with magnificent hues of red, yellow and orange. As colder days approach, these leaves will dance, twirl and fall gracefully, garnishing our lawns with brilliant colors. To many, this spells w-o-r-k, but the benefits and beauty of trees and leaves in your yard outweigh the time and effort it takes for fall cleanup and winter readiness.
The environmental, economic and personal benefits of a yard dotted with trees are enormous to a homeowner and their surrounding community. In addition, with many of us experiencing the death of our native ash trees, we need to think about replacing what we have lost. Native trees increase property values and save homeowners money on energy costs. They help buffer noise pollution and can moderate local climates by providing shade and cooling our homes. Trees slow water runoff, thus preventing soil erosion into our streets and waterways. They store carbon and clean the air. Trees regulate temperature extremes, increase wildlife habitat and improve the land’s capacity to adapt to climate change. Phew! Who would have imagined the rewards we receive just by having trees in our yards! And we didn’t even mention the beauty and structure trees give to our landscapes! Even the most brilliant of painters could not capture the true beauty that our trees give to us this time of year.
With this splendor comes an explosion of color that eventually ends up on the ground. This color carpet is not only stunningly beautiful but, if managed properly, also adds free natural fertilizer to our lawns every fall. What a perfect scenario for feeding and nurturing our grass heading into the cold winter months! These leaves are wonderfully small pieces of free fertilizer that every homeowner should want to take advantage of. And the easiest way to do this is to mow and mulch them right into your lawn. Mulching mowers can shred unwanted leaves into tiny, organically-rich particles that will eventually decompose. These leaf particles add valuable nutrients back into the soil and improve water absorbency, resulting in a stronger, healthier lawn. This thin layer of mulched leaves can also help protect your lawn from harsh winter conditions, ensuring a healthy lawn next spring. Instead of removing this bountiful beauty with rakes and plastic bags, we should be reaping the benefits and nutrients they offer and give them back to our tired end-of-summer lawns.
So…plant a native oak, maple or birch…and enjoy the glory of its year-round benefits as well as its spectacular leaves. The Chautauqua Watershed Conservancy would be happy to offer free assistance on selecting a tree and its best location in your yard. Just email Carol the Conservationist at [email protected] and schedule your yard consultation today! You, your yard, and your community will be thankful you did! | <urn:uuid:f7570a4e-2d76-4dac-8c57-5051fed1b49f> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://chautauquawatershed.org/2020/10/11/the-power-of-trees-leaves/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587770.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025220214-20211026010214-00559.warc.gz | en | 0.939356 | 629 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Living with wildlife
Wild animals can have a big impact on how you live; some people may want to deter certain species from their garden whilst others may want to encourage them to move in.
We've put together a series of guides designed to help you happily live with a range of wildlife species commonly found in houses and gardens across England and Wales.
Wild birds and netting
Bird deterrent netting that’s not been properly installed or looked after can trap and even kill wild birds. If you know of a building where birds are getting caught in netting, please report it to us!
For more information on this project, read our Wild Birds and Netting (PDF 480KB) leaflet.
Wild animals and glue traps
We believe that glue traps cause unacceptable cruelty, and their indiscriminate nature means that many non-target species, even pets are caught out and suffer.
We believe that if these traps must be used, it should only be by trained professionals. If you know of a shop that sells these traps to the public, please report it to us!
For more information on this project, read our Wild Animals and Glue Traps (PDF 140KB) leaflet. | <urn:uuid:7f06b318-6e09-456e-a2dc-440443e92479> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/wildlife/livingwith | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463611569.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528220125-20170529000125-00125.warc.gz | en | 0.937852 | 244 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Scientists are harnessing the power of a parasitic worm to design a microneedle device that's more than three times as powerful as conventional surgical staples -- without the risks and side effects.
The technology, described online Tuesday in the journal Nature Communications, could be used for delicate procedures such as skin grafts for burn victims and face transplants. They could even be used to deliver drugs into the body.
Current post-op techniques come with major drawbacks. Chemical adhesives can malfunction when blood is present. Sewing and stapling people back up is often painful, can introduce infection and sometimes causes a fair amount of damage – puncturing deep into tissue and damaging blood vessels.
And since staples are generally used just around the edges of a skin graft, the graft doesn’t always stay flush with the body as it stretches and bends, and can fail if fluid collects between the body and the graft.
Lead author Jeffrey Karp, a researcher at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, has a habit of looking to the natural world for adhesive ideas, such as gravity-defying gecko feet or grasping porcupine needles. Studying parasites for a solution to the issue was not much of a stretch.
"Parasites have all sorts of neat tricks that they use to latch onto and colonize hosts," Karp said. "So we thought maybe if we looked into how parasites can colonize their hosts, we might be able to identify new mechanisms of adhesion."
The researchers came across the parasite pomphorhynchus laevis, or the spiny-headed worm, which dwells in fish and attaches to hosts by sticking its proboscis into the intestinal wall and then inflating the appendage’s tip, mechanically locking it into place.
A device inspired by this remarkable ability would have to be stiff enough to penetrate tissue, but inflatable enough to fill open spaces.
To mimic the powerful proboscis, the researchers built a tiny array of cone-shaped microneedles with a stiff center made of some polystyrene and an outer layer with some polyacrylic acid mixed in (the same stuff that sucks up liquid in disposable baby diapers).
When a graft covered in the microneedles is inserted into the skin and makes contact with the water in natural tissues, the polyacrylic acid in the tips swells up, providing that mechanical lock with minimal pain and risk of infection.
The systems were 3.5 times stronger than surgical staples, and easy to remove – the needles deflate when they’re dried out.
"Currently we’re developing a degradable version of it," Karp said. "We have a list of materials we’re exploring right now."
Follow me on Twitter @aminawrite. | <urn:uuid:9bb665bb-6036-46ef-82cf-8da918a42975> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-spiny-headed-parasitic-worm-skin-graft-bioinspired-20130416-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736678118.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215758-00234-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941998 | 578 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Raising Healthy Children
One of the greatest legacies any parent can give a child is a framework for living an enduring healthy lifestyle.
It is hard to underestimate the power parents have on their children’s development, which is why parenting is such a profound responsibility.
The attitudes and habits formed in childhood can determine your child’s health in his or her adult years. Here are some ideas for parents who are looking to raise healthy children that grow up to be healthy adults.
Start Early: Good eating, sleeping, and exercise habits should begin early in childhood. It’ll save you (and your adult child) from the difficulties of breaking bad habits later on.
Be Family-Centric: Make healthy living a family affair. Consider the impact even small actions can have. Did you know that kids who eat more frequently with their families tend to choose healthy foods like fruits and vegetables over sugar-sweetened beverages and fried foods? Likewise, kids who eat more often with their families generally have a lower rate of eating disorders and less weight concerns in the future.1
Plan for Healthy Meals and Snacks: Modern lives are busy, but try to plan ahead by stocking healthy foods and snacks in the house. You may even want to cook a few meals during the weekend for the week ahead. If you’re looking to improve dieting behaviors, be sure to move slowly with these changes. The less the kids notice, the more effective the transition will likely be. Expose your child to different foods by pairing them with foods he or she already likes.
Be Active: It may be harder than ever to tear children away from the phone, computer, and TV, but it’s crucial that children engage in active play. It doesn’t have to be an organized event. Challenge your child to a push-up contest, or offer to play goalie so he or she can practice soccer kicks. Connect physical activity to a positive experience.
Be a Role Model: Lessons are difficult to teach if the teacher is not practicing what he or she preaches. Be sure to lead by example.
1. DailyNews, Aug 22, 2019
The content is developed from sources believed to be providing accurate information. The information in this material is not intended as tax or legal advice. It may not be used for the purpose of avoiding any federal tax penalties. Please consult legal or tax professionals for specific information regarding your individual situation. This material was developed and produced by FMG Suite to provide information on a topic that may be of interest. FMG Suite is not affiliated with the named broker-dealer, state- or SEC-registered investment advisory firm. The opinions expressed and material provided are for general information, and should not be considered a solicitation for the purchase or sale of any security. Copyright 2021 FMG Suite. | <urn:uuid:fe3813f7-60a3-4a17-afd9-ab98acb97bfb> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.boardwalkfinancial.com/resource-center/lifestyle/raising-healthy-children | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487582767.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210612103920-20210612133920-00003.warc.gz | en | 0.961729 | 578 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Finance and Trade Under Edward III the London Lay Subsidy of 1332. Originally published by Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1918.
This free content was digitised by double rekeying. All rights reserved.
CALAIS UNDER EDWARD III
Calais in the twentieth century is a typical port and manufacturing town of modern times, with its extensive harbour, partly of natural formation partly of special construction, huge factories for the manufacture of silk and cotton net and other products, and canals and railways linking up its various districts (fn. 1) There do not seem to be any maps of the town in the fourteenth century extant, if indeed any ever existed, so that to obtain information of it as it was nearly 600 years ago one is dependent upon such slight descriptions as the chronicler or records afford, and with these as a basis one must endeavour by comparison with later maps to form some idea of the mediæval town For this purpose the map and the general view during the time of Henry VIII, published by the editor of Turpin's "Chronicle of Calais," are the most useful
Apparently, when conquered by Edward III, it covered an area of about 200 acres, corresponding to the district of the modern town known as Calais-Nord (fn. 2) It was defended by two walls and two ditches, the latter of which could be flooded by sea-water, (fn. 3) whilst the harbour, formed by a piece of land jutting east, was an additional defence to the north At the extreme north-west was the castle, the fortifications of which were merged in the town walls In the centre was the market place There was also a suburb beyond the walls stretching east, south and west, (fn. 4) which coincided to some extent with a part of the modern St Pierre, or Calais-Sud
On the 4th of August, 1347, (fn. 5) after eleven months' heroic resistance which has made it famous in the annals of history, Calais surrendered to Edward III, and thus became for two hundred years a centre for the English wool trade with the continent, and a convenient landing place for English armies. During that period the King of England did indeed in the words of Geoffrey Harcourt "carry the keys of the kingdom of France" (fn. 6) at his girdle
Having taken the town, Edward ordered the Chancellor, the Treasurer and the Archbishop of Canterbury (fn. 7) to summon John de Pulteney, William de la Pole, Roger Norman, and any other wealthy merchants whom they chose, and to require them to go to Calais for a month or six weeks, taking with them merchants and others suitable for giving aid and counsel with regard to its administration He also issued a proclamation throughout England that houses would be assigned to all English persons wishing to reside there who crossed over before a certain date, such houses to be granted for a reasonable rent to the new burgesses, who should have "liberties, privileges and immunities, so that with their families and goods they may be able to remain and live there safely" (fn. 8)
In consequence nearly two hundred men received grants of lands and tenements, (fn. 9) variously designated as inns, houses, messuages, cottages, shops and cellars, bakeries, gardens, void places and walls Amongst the recipients were a number of well-known financiers of the king Peter de Melchebourn was granted an inn, Walter de Chiriton messuages and gardens, Gilbert de Wendlyngburgh inns, Thomas de Swanlond, Henry Picard, John Golbeter and John Stodeye received messuages, and Matthew Canaceon inns and shops There is little information about the occupations of the new burgesses or the places from which they went Three leather workers, three mercers, two clerks, two serjeants-at-arms, a vintner, a goldsmith, a locksmith, a merchant, a taverner, a saddler, a barber, a spicer of the queen, and a porter of the king are mentioned Towns in various parts of England, and Gascony and Pavia occur as the original homes of the immigrants in a few cases
As a result many of the native inhabitants were expelled According to Froissart, (fn. 10) after prisoners had been taken all the rest of the people were driven out except a priest and two other old men who knew the ancient laws, and who were retained to assign the heritages Other chroniclers (fn. 11) give similar accounts The expulsion can hardly have been so indiscriminate as the chroniclers state however, for although a charter, which may be called for the purpose of distinction Edward III's charter, granted at an early date, ordered the removal of all natives, there was a saving clause "except those who have special leave of the king to remain there," (fn. 12) and the fact that three months after the conquest Edward confirmed the charter granted previously by the Countess of Artois seems to prove that a considerable number did remain.
From the outset there were two distinct branches of government, one consisting of royal officials, and the other consisting of representatives of the burgesses-the municipality It seems advisable to deal first with the question of the royal officials and their authority, as they formed the pivot round which the administration revolved
Immediately after the conquest there is reference to four royal officials, the captain, marshal, seneschal and constable, (fn. 13) the last three of whom are not mentioned at a later period In Edward III's charter (fn. 14) certain duties pertaining to the offices of captain, marshal and seneschal were laid down These were of a judicial character for the most part It was ordained that in cases arising between the king's soldiers, the captain and the marshal should be judges, and in those arising between the king's soldiers and the inhabitants, the captain, marshal, and seneschal should share the jurisdiction The seneschal was also given cognizance of all cases between inhabitants, and of those in connection with lands and tenements, and of all other royal pleas How far his jurisdiction over the inhabitants extended is not clear, as the municipality had both civil and criminal jurisdiction In addition to his judicial power the seneschal was given the con trol "of the houses of the king's herring-women, and of the lands, rents, and all other profits belonging to the king within the town and without, to make the king's profit of them" He also shared with the captain supervision of the marshes, in order "to ordain that all the defaults be redressed and repaired at all times that it shall be necessary, in the manner which shall be to the greatest profit of the king and the town" (fn. 15) From this it appears that during the very earliest period of Edward III's administration the seneschal was the chief royal official The first captain, John de Montgomery, who only held that office for a short time, (fn. 16) was apparently merely given the judicial power and control of the marshes mentioned above Whether that judicial power was exercised by his successors is not clear, as there is no mention of it in the letters of nomination to the position
The authority of the captain however gradually increased, and from 1349 onwards certain powers were with one exception always conferred on him (fn. 17) These were the right to punish all who were rebels to him in things pertaining to the salvation and defence of the town, and the right to remove all servants of the king found neglecting their duty in its fortification, and put other men in their places (fn. 18) This authority was often supplemented For example, Robert de Herle when captain was authorised to receive and hear all appeals made to the king (fn. 19) During part of the time the captain was controller of all payments made by the treasurer, (fn. 20) and also held the office of constable of the castle (fn. 21) Evidently to be captain was no sinecure, for in 1351 Edward III made certain promises to Herle whom he re-appointed to the office for the duration of a year (fn. 22) He promised that the wages of Herle and that part of the garrison which was apparently his retinue should be paid beforehand each quarter of the year, and that the town should always be victualled for at least six months in advance If the king failed in this after he had been warned, and suitable amendment was not made at the end of the quarter, he granted that it should be "lawful for the said Sir Robert to depart from the said town with his men, horses and their equipment, without hindrance or challenge of our said lord the king, his heirs, his council, or of any other in time to come" Moreover, if the town were besieged, the King promised within a month after he was informed of it, to send a relieving army of a hundred men at arms and a hundred archers A similar agreement was made later with John de Beauchamp (fn. 23)
In the year 1361 (fn. 24) the title of captain was changed to governor, and the office was endowed with powers of supervision, and full jurisdiction of all kinds high and low, in all causes both civil and criminal The governor had all the powers held by the captain except that he was not given the wardenship of the castle Later however that too was added, (fn. 25) and he retained it until almost the end of his governorship (fn. 26) Only two men, Henry Lescrope and Bartholomew de Burghersh, seem to have been given the title of governor, the former of whom held it from 1361 to 1365, and from 1366 to 1369, whilst the latter seems to have held it for a few months between these two periods (fn. 27) In 1369 Lescrope was appointed captain, apparently with merely military authority, and received his command shorn of the wide powers of jurisdiction in all civil and criminal cases which had characterised his period as governor (fn. 28) His successors to the captaincy were given authority similar to that exercised by previous captains Apparently during the years 1361-1369, therefore, the royal power reached its climax The title of the chief royal official during that period, "gubernator," itself implies more real authority than "capitaneus," and the fact that the power of civil and criminal jurisdiction was conferred on the governor must have given him considerable authority Apparently he exercised his power in conjunction with the municipality, for that body, or one or more special members of it, had also civil and criminal jurisdiction
Other royal officials besides the captain or governor were the treasurer, the master of the mint, the captain, warden or constable of the castle, the keeper or receiver of the victuals, to whom provisions were sent for the fortifications, and the bailiffs In the charter of the Countess of Artois, (fn. 29) which describes the municipal constitution before the conquest, and which Edward III confirmed soon after the town fell, there is frequent reference to a bailiff His duty was to represent the lord, and to attend to the lord's interest in the administration of the laws Under Edward III there was more than one bailiff, for on the 4th of December, 1347, William Stury besides being appointed to the office of seneschal, was made chief bailiff, (fn. 30) and later mention is made of bailiffs (fn. 31) Evidently there were officials possessing this title throughout Edward III's reign, for at a later date when the French laws were swept away, reference is made in 1368 to the bailiffs, (fn. 32) and in 1370 to the bailiff (fn. 33)
Having considered the royal officials and the part they played in the administration of Calais, we may now turn to the ordinary inhabitants, the duties devolving upon them, the privileges the king granted to them, and the various councils by which they were represented to a greater or lesser degree. The history of the town from this point of view can be divided into four periods, marked off distinctly from one another by changes in the municipal constitution
The first period covers the years from the conquest to 1363, and is characterised by the fact that the town retained its old French municipal constitution by which it had been governed before the conquest In Edward III's charter several grants were made for the benefit of the townsmen It was promised that the ancient customs and franchises should be kept in every detail, that all foreign merchants going to the town by sea or land to sell their merchandise should be free from all manner of customs and tolls as long as it pleased the king, that the captain and marshal should not take any wages from any man for anything concerning the safe keeping of the town, nor for default, but that transgressors should be punished "by their body and in no other manner," and that the watch should be kept by the king's soldiers as well as by the burgesses The question of the watch is constantly cropping up The tenements granted to the inhabitants immediately after the conquest were held "on condition that they bear themselves faithfully towards the king and do what shall be due for the safe-keeping and munition of the town and that the heirs render yearly a reasonable farm"
On the 3rd of December, 1347, Edward III confirmed the charter of the Countess of Artois, (fn. 34) which described the laws and constitution previously to the conquest The municipality consisted of thirteen échevins Every year the outgoing officials elected five of those for the ensuing year, (fn. 35) and the five thus chosen co-opted the remaining eight The échevins made laws, raised the "taille" (fn. 36) and "assise" (fn. 37) with the counsel of the other good men and true, and had judicial authority together with thirteen cormans (fn. 38) elected in the same manner as themselves (fn. 39) If one inhabitant of the échevinage committed an assault against another outside the échevinage, and the deed was not redressed where it was done, it was tried at Calais In connection with jurisdiction there was also each year a court of "frank verity" to enquire into "all things concealed" (fn. 40) during the previous year The members of this court were apparently nominated by the échevins Many transgressions were punished by fines paid to the lord of the town, an additional fine sometimes being paid to the injured party The most serious crimes, such as murder and arson by night, were punishable by death and forfeiture of goods to the lord Larceny of the value of two sous and upwards was punishable in the same way, larceny of the value of less than two sous by the loss of an ear, and for a second offence by death and forfeiture of goods The offender who broke laws made by the échevms lost his service for a year and a day, and paid a fine to the lord One or two glimpses into the ordinary life of the burgess can be seen Saturday was market day The lord of the land had two annual festivals, one from the last day of Easter to the 24th of June, the other from the 29th of September to the 30th of November
M Daumet in "Calais sous la Domination Anglaise" (fn. 41) thinks that under Edward III the cormans were abolished, and the power of the échevins was limited to administration, criminal jurisdiction and jurisdiction over foreigners, as a result of the granting of judicial functions to the captain, marshal and seneschal As Edward III confirmed the charter of the Countess of Artois without reservation, however, a fact which M Daumet himself seems to imply, are we not more justified in thinking that there was a dual jurisdiction of municipal and royal officials, which indeed seems to have been the case throughout the reign ?
Apparently Edward III kept good control over the aldermen, if the following entry in the Close Rolls (fn. 42) is illustrative of his general policy "To the constable of the Tower of London or to him who supplies his place Order to release Richard Atte Wode, the king's serjeant-at-arms and échevin of Calais, from prison, as the king, on learning that Richard made several illicit meetings with the men of that town to the terror and disturbance of the people there and the danger of the loss of the town, appointed Thomas de Kingston, constable of Calais castle, to take Richard's key from him and to send him to the Tower to be detained there, and the king has pardoned Richard at the request of certain magnates and because he submitted himself to the king's favour, and by a security found before the king" He was released on the mainprise of a certain serjeant-at-arms "that he would behave faithfully henceforward in that town and if he should hold meetings or commit other like delict there that he should incur forfeiture of life and members and of his lands goods and chattels" The king had been informed of Richard Atte Wode's offence by the captain (fn. 43)
But the burgesses were by no means oppressed by the rule of Edward III It was to Edward III's interest that they should be friendly disposed towards him, and with this intent his policy towards them was directed A few months after the fall of the town letters were issued to the mayor and bailiffs of Dover and several other ports, as well as to the captain of Calais, (fn. 44) stating that it was the king's will that the common landing place for traffic between England and France should be Calais, and not Whitsand or Boulogne or elsewhere, and instructing those officials to take measures for the carrying out of that intention Although this attempt to make traffic with France all go through one channel was obviously not initiated in the interests of the inhabitants, yet it is equally certain that the plan would benefit them considerably In 1348 a similar ordinance was made, promulgated in a letter to the captain, (fn. 45) with the difference that "a true merchant with his merchandise" was exempt from the regulation At the same time the burgesses were declared free from exactions of goods and money granted to the king by the commonalty of the kingdom of England, and from pontage and all other payments through the whole of the kingdom of England for a period of three years, saving the usual customs and subsidies (fn. 46) In this year also a more important concession was gained Edward III granted that a staple should be held for cloth, feathers, tin and lead for a period of seven years (fn. 47) In 1358 the burgesses petitioned the king concerning a tenement question (fn. 48) They asked that when tenements held in fee simple became vacant, the bailiffs (fn. 49) and échevins might have the administration of them for a year, if the heirs were absent or if there were no heirs, "since it often happens that those holding houses in the same town granted to them and then heirs. die suddenly, at sea or elsewhere," the ordinary proceeding in such cases being of course their immediate transference into the king's hands Edward granted this demand as a reward for keeping the watch, "considering the various cares and great labours which those burgesses by continuous vigils for the guardian ship of the aforesaid town thence sustain, and that they may sustain more willingly in the future cares and labours of this kind"
Although Edward III granted many privileges it is not to be supposed that the advantage was all on the side of the townsmen In 1363 an order concerning the restitution of a tenement to a certain burgess, of which he had been deprived by mistake, mentions "burdens, so for the guard and fortification of the aforesaid town, as other burdens whatsoever incumbent on the same tenement in times of war and peace which burdens indeed far exceeded the annual value of the aforesaid tenement before this time" (fn. 50)
In 1361 (fn. 51) the king ordered the bailiffs, échevins and commonalty to elect six men to come to him at Westminster, and discuss how the town might be governed to the best advantage of the townsmen and the king, and what profit accrued to the kings of France and other lords before the king of England possessed it Six representatives came to England and were apparently interviewed by the king on these subjects, "probably at the conference of representatives of the eleven staples summoned for the end of May" (fn. 52)
In the early part of 1363 the great staple for wool, woolfells and leather, which had been removed from the continent to England in 1353, (fn. 53) was established at Calais (fn. 54) This begins the second period of the history of the municipal constitution under Edward III, for until the next year the town council was in the hands of the merchants of the staple A letter patent of the 1st of March, (fn. 55) issued from Westminster, ordained that twenty-six English merchants chosen by the king and mentioned by name "be there to govern the town and the people and merchandises which shall come here, and that of the said twenty-six English merchants be two mayors and twenty-four aldermen, by whom the burgesses and others who shall come to the said town shall be received and governed, and that they be between them a community and have a common seal" (fn. 56) The organisation of this company was simple The members had to elect two mayors from themselves yearly They could expel anyone from their number for sufficient reason, and elect a successor in his place from English merchants resident in Calais or England, and similarly if any member died they had to elect another from such English merchants. Amongst the members of this corporation was Adam de Bury, who played an important part elsewhere in the economic history of the reign of Edward III
Further details of the powers given to the company were contained in the letter of the 1st of March All franchises and charters granted to the town before that time were declared null and void The mayors and aldermen could make laws for its administration, and the old laws were not to be in force unless re-enacted by them They, or four, three, or two of them could hold civil and criminal pleas, but, if complaint arose about their judgment, suitors were allowed to go to a higher court, which would sit once a year in March, and be composed of the governor, the treasurer, the two mayors, and two merchants apparently not members of the company, chosen by the aldermen If anyone objected to the inclusion of the mayors on a plea of wrong done by them, their places might be taken by two merchants elected in the same manner as the two previous ones Apparently civil and criminal jurisdiction had to be administered on the same lines for both burgesses and merchants according to merchant law, with the exception that pleas of lands, rents and tenements had to be tried according to the laws of England or the usage of the country If any burgess or merchant in Calais or the March were imprisoned or his goods seized on any pretext, such a man or his goods had to be presented to the company in order that the case might be tried before them by jury If this were between denizens, or between denizen and foreigner, and done within the franchise of Calais, it must be tried by denizens if between denizen and foreigner, and committed outside the franchise, by both denizens and foreigners in equal numbers, in which case the sovereigns of the place where the deed was done might be present if they so desired The mayors were given power to take recognizances of debts of all people, to make obligatory letters according to statute merchant, and to make execution of them according to staple law The town, échevinage and haven with all profits except those obtained from the mint, were handed over to the mayors, aldermen and burgesses in return for the payment of a fixed sum, 500 marks a year They were also granted forfeitures of staple merchandise, which had apparently been coketted but had not been taken direct to Calais, afterwards found in the town, and half such merchandise found elsewhere in the king's possessions (fn. 57)
The company was given complete control of lands and tenements, and no one could hold a tenement without its consent, and then he must be English. (fn. 58) Descent of property had to be in accordance with the law of England, "and if any alienation or devise by testament or infeudation be made to others than to Englishmen, be the same lands, tenements, and rents so alienated or devised seized into the hands of the said mayors and aldermen, to hold to them and their successors, to the common profit of themselves and of the burgesses of the community aforesaid" No land or tenement could be sold or leased except to Englishmen on the same penalty (fn. 59) The company could elect the bailiff and certain other ministers, (fn. 60) and change them at will The same franchises, quittances and immunities which were enjoyed by the citizens of London were granted to the mayors, aldermen and burgesses, together with those granted to merchants by the Statute of the Staple They were freed from all kinds of tolls upon their goods and merchandise throughout the king's realm and power, saving the usual customs and subsidies The letter ended with the promise that if the king failed in his word with regard to the above concessions "then the said mayors, aldermen and burgesses can safely depart from there with their goods and merchandises, without hindrance of us or of our heirs, and without bearing the charge of the farm, or of other things belonging to the said town, haven and échevinage, from that day forward saving always to us that if default be found after this time in the above mentioned things, it shall be quite lawful for us and our heirs by advice of our council to amend, repeal and adjust at our will, and if the said mayors, aldermen and burgesses will not assent to what shall be thus amended, repealed or adjusted, then it shall be quite lawful for them to depart with all their goods and chattels, women and children, out of the said town of Calais, and to return to England discharged of the farm and of all other charges of the said town from that hour forward, without challenge, hindrance or disturbance of us or of our heirs, or of our ministers whomsoever, on this side the sea or overseas"
A letter of the same date as the previous one released the governor and treasurer from the guardianship of the town, and commanded them to hand it over with all its belongings to the mayors and aldermen (fn. 61)
In spite of all these elaborate regulations the union of town and staple government did not last long. It seems to have worked unsatisfactorily The mayors and aldermen quarrelled with the other merchants, (fn. 62) and by the end of the year Edward III found it necessary to order the governor and treasurer to assemble mayors, aldermen, merchants and others whom they thought fit, in order that arrangements should be made until the king could devise a new form of administration In the early part of 1364 the governor and treasurer, together with Adam de Bury, three other nominees of the king, and those whom they thought suitable to join them, were appointed to assemble on the 1st March, (fn. 63) in order to survey the state of the town and the fortifications, to discover whether the mayors and aldermen had undertaken their duties faithfully, and to hear and terminate complaints against those officials The reason given by the crown for this step was that "by the very grievous complaint of the prelates, lords, and others of the commonalty of our realm of England, we have heard that diverse unsuitable impositions, customs and charges are put upon the wools and other merchandises of our said kingdom, by the said mayors and aldermen in the said town of Calais and several wrongs and grievances done to the merchants and others, who come to the said town for the cause of trading, to the great impoverishment of the peers and commons of our kingdom aforesaid"
M Daumet summarises the text of the resulting inquest, the original of which he has seen in the Public Record Office From this it appears that in addition to excessive impositions upon merchandise, the mayors and aldermen had issued troublesome rules, had concerned themselves with their own interests to the neglect of those of the king and townsmen, had raised taxes for their own profit, and had allowed foreigners to hold inns, with the result that the town had decreased in prosperity, that it had a bad reputation, and that if things were not altered both English and foreign traders would cease to congregate there The inquisitors stated that they could not prove whether the wrongs had been done by indi vidual members or by all, and could not value the damage done (fn. 64)
Soon after this the town council and staple were separated, and thus terminates the second period of the history of the municipal body After March there is mention of a mayor of the staple (fn. 65) and a mayor of the town (fn. 66) In July the treasurer was ordered to pay the wages of the mayors and aldermen from the 1st of March "to the time of the last ordination concerning the town of Calais made by us" (fn. 67) At the same time twenty-one merchants of the company of twenty-six were exonerated from all money received from the profits, the farm, and the imposition of 40d on each sack of wool ordained by the king and council, and from all kinds of transgressions against the king during the past year, (fn. 68) for £600 which the company paid over and above the farm, (fn. 69) but "those of the aforesaid aldermen who lately were ordained by us and our council to delay in the said town of Calais in the fortification of the same we will not in any way have excused" M Daumet suggests that the payment of £600 was the means employed by the mayors and aldermen to extricate themselves from their position after the charges brought against them in the inquest (fn. 70)
Details of a new municipal constitution are found in an ordinance of 1365 (fn. 71) It was decreed in that year that the council should consist of one mayor and twelve aldermen The mayor was given jurisdiction in all actions and complaints except those belonging to staple merchandise, which had to be settled by the mayor and commonalty of the staple, and he was made comptroller of the treasurer. One wonders to what extent he really enjoyed these powers, as the governor was endowed with the same authority The mayor must also have eight men sufficiently armed for the search-watch, and for the cost of these and for his own wages must be paid £200 a year Of the twelve aldermen one must be the marshal, and have a valet under him to summon the watch, the payment for himself and the valet being £20 a year, and another be the water-bailiff, taking "for himself and a valet guarding the high tower (fn. 72) £20 a year" Of the other ten aldermen six had to be "merchants of good renown," of whom one must be the mayor of the staple, and take for all cost £50 each a year, whilst the remaining four had to be "the more important burgesses," and take for all costs £40 each Each of these ten aldermen had to provide six men sufficiently armed for the search-watch Three of the six merchants mentioned in the letter were members of the company of 1363 Apparently the usual method of appointment of these officials was nomination by the king for an indefinite period, (fn. 73) although the corporation could appoint a successor to any alderman found inefficient, or who withdrew from his office A number of less important municipal officials and their wages were also specified in the ordinance of 1365. There had to be a recorder taking £20 a year, a common clerk taking 100s, two serjeants and fourteen valet porters for the mayor, the wages of the former being 40s a year, those of the latter 5d a day, eight valets for the scout-watch taking 6d a day, a valet day-watch under the mayor paid 5d a day, and a town crier paid 2d a day Also there must be two clerks under the treasurer, one "to receive the 4d on each sack entering the said town, and all the other tolls and customs on all manner of merchandise," and the other "to receive the 8d on each sack of wool going out," each to receive £10 a year These exactions were levied for the payment of the above mentioned wages and the works of the town and haven, and must not be confused with the ordinary customs and subsidies levied in England The assize of wine, ale and beer had to be received from denizens and foreigners as in times past The mayor and aldermen were freed from the 500 marks of fee farm specified in their previous charter, (fn. 74) because the revenues were taken into the king's hands
As time went on the judicial power of the mayor was more particularly defined Questions of lands and tenements were settled according to the English law and custom, other pleas and quarrels according to the law and custom used in Calais before that time (fn. 75) Cases arising between a merchant or officer of the staple and a burgess, unconnected with merchandise, were tried before the mayor of the town in the presence of the mayor of the staple, those connected with merchandise or debt, before the mayor of the staple in the presence of the mayor of the town (fn. 76) Apparently it was intended that trial by jury should be used The mayor appointed in 1370 was Adam de Bury, (fn. 77) and he retained the office until 1372 (fn. 78) Of the twelve aldermen appointed that year (fn. 79) one was made mayor and five were made aldermen in 1365, whilst one of the latter also had been alderman in 1363
The municipal council established in 1364 was the least independent of all the municipal bodies under Edward III's administration He apparently nominated its members, and took the control of taxation directly into his own hands, instead of leaving it in the hands of the representatives of the burgesses
In the parliament of 1372 the burgesses of Calais made numerous petitions to the king (fn. 80) They asked that they might devise freely by will to English people their lands and tenements as the burgesses in the city of London did, that property should only be inherited by English heirs, that each burgess should be inhabited in the town within a year and a day after he had made oath, and that no alien should become a burgess nor purchase a heritage They complained that several houses had fallen down and been destroyed, some of which had come into the king's hands, so that he had lost their rent and watches, and they petitioned that he would allow the lands, tenements and void places belonging to the king to be granted in fee by the captain and treasurer to English people for a reasonable rent They demanded that all houses should be granted on condition that the holders bore the charge of the watch, or did the watch themselves Edward III's reply to most of these requests was in the affirmative, but he declared that any true and loyal man could inherit by purchase or otherwise, whilst the demand that aliens should not become burgesses was ignored The further petitions made by the burgesses that they might buy and sell victuals and merchandise in England, Ireland, Wales, Berwick, Calais, and its march free from all kinds of exactions, and that they might have common pasture for their cattle in the échevinage between Calais and Wale, and Calais and Sangatte, Edward III declared should be granted if such were the case before the conquest The burgesses also asked that the king would hand over to them "the lands in the échevinage of Calais, and in the lands of Merk, of those who were sworn to him in time of peace, and now are turned and become his enemies in France, for the same rent and service that they bore anciently to their lords" The king's answer concerning this seems strange, "It is granted that they have the fishery, and all other profits belonging to the town in ancient times before the conquest" These petitions and answers were quoted in a letter to the ministers, and the answers were given the force of a decree
It appears that at this time the burgesses also demanded the restoration of Edward III's charter, except that the law of land and tenements might be as in the city of London (fn. 81) As that charter contained the ratification of the Countess of Artois' charter, they were evidently demanding a return to the state of affairs immediately succeeding the conquest, when the municipal council consisted of a bailiff, échevins and cormans Edward III therefore appointed a commission of five, amongst whom were the governor and treasurer, to consider the advisability of such a proceeding The request seems peculiar side by side with the anti-French petition concerning property, but perhaps it was merely a protest against Edward III's autocratic nomination of the chief municipal officials, and a desire to get back some share in their appointment
There seems to be no further information concerning the commission, but in 1376 the Calaisiens petitioned the king in parliament a second time (fn. 82) Almost all the demands of 1372 were repeated, including the request for the confirmation of the charter of the Countess of Artois, with the exception that the law of lands and tenements might be amended according to English law In addition they now demanded government by a mayor and twelve aldermen, instead of by a bailiff, échevins and cormans, with "the mayor at their election from one of the said aldermen as they do in the city of London," that the mayor might take £100 a year from the king, and bear the charge of six men for watch and ward as the aldermen did at that time, instead of taking £200 a year, and bearing no expense for watch and ward as mayors had done in the past, (fn. 83) that no burgess should be taken from the franchise for any plea by writ of the king or otherwise, that no plea of lands, tenements or of any other contract, civil or criminal, should be adjudged in any court except that of the mayor and aldermen, and that the mayor, aldermen and burgesses should have power to make ordinances for the good government of the town which should be considered firm and stable (fn. 84)
Letters of July and October, the one patent, the other to the burgesses of Calais, (fn. 85) with some slight alterations embodied almost all the answers to these petitions, and gave them authoritative force The first letter decreed that the town council should consist of a mayor and twelve aldermen The aldermen, who must be English, had to be elected by the burgesses from themselves as often as it was necessary, (fn. 86) and on election take an oath to the king Every year they had to elect a mayor from themselves, who likewise took an oath to the king on election All officers and ministers must bear their share of all costs for which burgesses were liable The mayor was given jurisdiction in all causes, civil and criminal, pleas of lands and tenements to be judged according to the law of England, other pleas according to the law henceforth used in the town, saving pleas between soldiers which must be settled by the captain, pleas between soldiers and burgesses which must be judged by the captain and mayor together, and staple jurisdiction In order to help the burgesses to bear financial burdens, "namely, in the maintenance of the mayor and aldermen and the other officers aforesaid, as in the repairing of the pavement and the common fountains and the gutters . . which need great reparation as we have learned," they were granted "the assise of bread, wine and beer, and the stallage of the drapers and butchers, and the toll for fixing stalls of other merchants there in the market place, and also the exits and amercements and other profits arising from our court held before the said mayor and aldermen, . . saving always to us and our heirs fines for blows, spilling blood, escheats, and all lands, tenements, goods and chattels there confiscated" The mayor and aldermen were exonerated from the watches of six armati and archers which were due from each of them by virtue of their offices, on condition of course that they did the watches due from their tenements
The second letter included almost all the contents of the first, and further decreed that burgesses could devise their lands and tenements by will to English people as in London, that they could buy victuals in England and the March of Calais and take them to the town free from toll and custom, that questions of lands, tenements, debts or other contracts should not be tried by any other court than that of the mayor and aldermen, except by way of error, or unless the quarrel concerned the king, and that no alien or anyone unless he was English could become a burgess without special permission from the king It is noticeable that Edward III did not grant to the mayors, aldermen and burgesses the power to make laws In spite of this omission, however, the fact remains that by the year 1376 the principle of self-government had been introduced into the administration After a period of twenty-nine years the burgesses had gained the right to elect their representative body
A few words may be said here with regard to the finance of the town There were various sources of revenue There were the taxes levied by the municipal council, the rents from the land and houses, the profits from the mint and exchanges, and various other sources, such as the customs duties mentioned in 1365, and the profits from the municipal court mentioned in 1376 On the assumption that all the revenue obtained was used for expenses in connection with the administration, the town was unable to support itself In 1363 certain forfeitures of staple merchandise were granted to the mayors, aldermen and burgesses When the company of twenty-six merchants was dissolved there was mention of a tax of 40d levied at Calais on each sack of wool, which appears to have been levied "for repair of the said town" (fn. 87) In 1363 the Commons petitioned in parliament against this tax, which was an extra impost over and above the usual customs and subsidies, on the plea that it was used to enrich the merchants of the staple, (fn. 88) but it was evidently continued until 1365, for in that year the Commons again petitioned in parliament that it might be removed (fn. 89) In the same year and later reference was made in parliament to the large sums of money which had been used for the town (fn. 90)
Many regulations were made with regard to the coinage Soon after the conquest the king appointed a certain William de Salop as warden of the mint, (fn. 91) with power to make the assay of the money as often as was necessary. In 1348 the moneyers were ordered to coin silver money corresponding with that made in England, (fn. 92) but in the next year Edward III informed the captain and council (fn. 93) that they might give orders for the coining of such money as they thought advisable
In 1363 fresh regulations were made In the early part of that year an exchange of money, gold and silver plate, and broken silver was set up at Calais, (fn. 94) and as a result a certain Adam de Saint Ive of London, who had been granted the farm of the exchanges of England, was released from part of the farm, because "profit which used to arise of the exchanges in England is rather taken at Calais to the king's use" The letter of the 1st March establishing the staple company ordained that the master of the mint should be chosen by the king and council, that the mayors and aldermen could appoint the wardens and changer, and with the assent of the governor and treasurer remove them if found guilty of default, and that the master, wardens and changer must be laymen The same day an indenture was made between the king and a certain Henry de Brisele, (fn. 95) witnessing that the king had made the latter master of the mint, and embodying certain regulations The master had to coin gold and silver money agreeing with that coined in the Tower of London There must be three kinds of gold money, nobles, half nobles and ferlings, valued at 6s 8d, 40d, and 20d each, respectively, and four kinds of silver money, groats, half groats, sterlings and mailles, valuing 4d, 2d, 1d, and half a steiling each, respectively Of every pound of gold by weight four ounces had to be coined in nobles, six ounces in half nobles, and two ounces in ferlings of nobles, of every pound of silver by weight three ounces must be made in groats, four ounces in half groats, four ounces in sterlings, and one ounce in mailles, and "for the common profit," each year one hundred pounds of silver by weight had to be made in silver ferlings, four of them worth a sterling The coinage had to be tested every three months before the governor, treasurer and two mayors, in the presence of the wardens and master, who must notify the king and council in England what was the result This did not satisfy Edward III however A part of each kind of money thus tested must be sent under the seal of the above officials to England, and again tried before the king and council The king undertook "to cause proclamation to be made once every month in the town of Caleys and the échevinage forbidding any man, rich or poor, for any sort of merchandise great or small, victual, labour or aught else, openly or privily to receive or pay any money but the king's money made in the said town on pain of losing the value thereof and his body at the king's will, or to bring to Caleys or the seigneurie round about any sort of false or counterfeit money on the same pain, the informer to have one third of money found counterfeit" The charters of liberties previously granted to the moneyers were confirmed, and the master took oath before the king's council to do his duty, finding mainpernors before the governor and treasurer of Calais for 1,000 marks to recompense the merchants who took gold and silver to the mint Three days after this indenture the officers of the exchanges were given privileges similar to those of the officers of the London and Canterbury exchanges (fn. 96) They must not be placed on assizes, juries or any recognitions, if guilty of wrong doing they must be tried by the master and wardens, except with regard to pleas belonging to free tenement and the crown, and they must be free from all taxation upon themselves or their property in England or Calais
The regulation that no money should be used except that which was specified was evaded (fn. 97) In June Edward III informed the company that people had made "subtle exchanges of moneys, so of our kingdom of England as of other parts, with money made in the said town of Calais," ordered a proclamation to be issued that this must be stopped, and stated that he was going to appoint a commission to make a scrutiny and that after eight days from the proclamation all money not made in the town would be cut in two parts and returned to the owners A few days later the treasurer and master of the mint were ordered to execute this, (fn. 98) but to leave enough money in the hands of travellers to take them where they wished to go
The next year lending for interest was prohibited, (fn. 99) the reward for anyone who brought an offender to law being the fourth penny of what was forfeited as punishment In that year too (fn. 100) the king complained that although he had established a mint and caused the coinage to be made like that of England for the advantage of the merchants, the merchants were selling their goods "by way of loan, without paying anything of gold or silver," in order to destroy the coinage "Seeing how the moneys of gold and silver, which are much better than the moneys of other countries, are from day to day taken and carried out of our kingdom because of the gain of the merchants, and if no bullion of gold and silver be taken to our coinages our said kingdom will be destitute within a short time of moneys," all men buying wool and other merchandise of England, Wales and Ireland, sold in Calais or taken outside it, had to take a certain amount of bullion, assessed on the quantity of goods bought, to the mint, sufficient security to be taken from buyers by the survey of the treasurer and master of the mint, before the mayors and aldermen The treasurer and master of the mint had likewise to see that the merchants bartering "wools of simple price or refuse of wools" for other merchandise took bullion to the coinage (fn. 101)
In 1365 (fn. 102) a proclamation was ordered to be made to the effect that no one must exchange money except with known merchants and for trading purposes, after which no ordinances concerning fresh regulations for the coinage were made throughout the reign Indentures made after 1363 between the king and the master of the mint (fn. 103) corresponded in all important details with that made between Edward III and Brisele in 1363.
With regard to religious matters The town was situated in the diocese of Thérouanne (fn. 104) At the time of the conquest there were three churches, (fn. 105) those of St Mary, St Nicholas and St John or Maison Dieu, the two latter of which had hospitals attached, and a house of Carmelite Friars (fn. 106) During the period of repopulation "all the Calais chaplains and clerks" were driven out, (fn. 107) "on account of the peril which might happen from them," and it was decreed that two chaplains should be ordained as priests of the churches At the same period (fn. 108) certain dwellings kept vacant by the departure of their original holders, were granted to the Carmelite Friars for the extension of their premises In 1351 a house of Augustinian Friars was established, (fn. 109) a habitation in mortmain being granted to them in the parish of St Mary, on condition that they should not cause any houses to be thrown down there without the consent of the captain and treasurer, and that the prior provincial of the order in England should place only English friars in the monastery
As the town was situated in a French diocese it is not surprising that there was friction between the king of England and the bishop of Thérouanne In 1372 Edward III presented a certain Geoffrey de Westwyk to the church of St Mary (fn. 110) Two years later we find the king complaining that owing to the war between France and England the bishop had not yet confirmed his nominee, Geoffrey de Westwyk being afraid to approach the bishop on the subject, "on account of fear of death" Edward III therefore ordered the captain, treasurer, mayor and aldermen to hand over to his protegé all the fruits and issues of the church, which had been seized into the king's hands owing to the war, and to allow him to collect such in the future, until he had obtained the church "canonically and pacifically," on condition that he did his duty faithfully as pastor
Various religious bodies had considerable rights There were "rents and services due to the church and the hospital of St Nicholas," (fn. 111) rents and profits due to the Abbot of Boulogne and the Master of the Charterhouse of St Omer, (fn. 112) "a quit-rent to the Masendewe," (fn. 113) and a yearly rent of 107s 3d due to the Carthusian convent of St Omer, (fn. 114) all which profits apparently were drawn "from the common purse as from the other lands and tenements" In 1352 Edward III decreed that the Carmelite Friars should receive a grant "of 20 marks yearly of the king's alms to be taken by the hands of the treasurer of the town" (fn. 115)
The church was prohibited from acquiring more land than it possessed at the conquest The retention of what it held at that time was guaranteed by the Treaty of Calais, (fn. 116) but in 1363, 1372, and 1376 alienation in mortmain of land and tenements was forbidden (fn. 117)
The arrangements for defence were twofold, those dealing with the food supply, and those dealing with the fortifications Every facility for exporting food stuffs from England to Calais was given When free export of corn and victuals was forbidden, licences were granted to take them to the town, or it was exempted from the regulation (fn. 118) Provisions were bought and purveyed in England, (fn. 119) and dispatched to a special officer deputed to receive them, the receiver or keeper of the victuals (fn. 120) In spite of all the care taken to keep a good supply of provisions there was a shortage of corn in the summer of 1355, (fn. 121) for in July of that year an order addressed to the sheriffs of London, and the mayors and bailiffs of a large number of other towns, commanded "proclamation to be made that all merchants and others who have any corn and especially oats, and wish to sell it, shall bring the same with all speed to Calais, where there is now a great scarcity of corn, and where they will find numerous buyers and prompt payment, as the king has learned that there is a great scarcity of corn and especially of oats at Calais, whereby a great peril may come to the town"
Great efforts were made to keep the fortifications in repair, and to defend them properly Soon after the conquest it was decreed that all people except those who had the liberty of the town, or who were employed in its fortifications, should pay on entering or leaving a tax of 3d, one penny for murage, and the remaining two pennies for the repairing of the harbour (fn. 122) The king bought and purveyed materials such as timber, lime and stone for the works, and stones for the war machines, as he bought and purveyed victuals for the inhabitants (fn. 123) It is certain that some of the war machines at least were discharged by means of gunpowder, for in 1363 there is mention of "attilium pulverum" (fn. 124)
No one who was an inhabitant could be a member of the garrison, "lest the soldiers there should be overwhelmed" (fn. 125) How many men constituted the garrison is unknown When Robert de Herle was made captain of the town in 1351, there were in his retinue alone ten knights, forty-nine esquires, and sixty archers on foot, (fn. 126) in that of John de Beauchamp (fn. 127) in 1356, nine knights, forty esquires, and thirty archers on horseback When Henry Lescrope was made captain of the town and castle in 1369, (fn. 128) it was ordained that there should be in his company (fn. 129) or retinue forty-nine men-at-arms and fifty archers His wages should be 4s, those of "forty-one esquire men-atarms" 12d each, and those of the fifty archers 6d each a day It was decreed at the same time that a knight of the captain's company must always remain in the castle with fourteen of the men-at-arms and twenty archers, and the remainder be at the disposition of the captain, over and above eighty men-atarms, two hundred archers, and the retinues of the mayor and aldermen of the town already in the garrison The captain and his men, together with those remaining on garrison duty during war, were granted the gains of war as they were accustomed in times past The captain and his men-at-arms were granted also the accustomed regard
From time to time persons were appointed to supervise the fortifications, (fn. 130) to see that they were well supplied with victuals, to take sufficient security from the men of the garrison that they would remain at their posts, to remove those found to be inefficient, and to imprison deserters
In connection with the defence of the town the watch of the burgesses should be mentioned, and the part played by the great staple when established there, which consisted in the provision of a number of men-at-arms and archers by each staple merchant, amounting in all to one hundred swordsmen and two hundred archers, (fn. 131) to act as a guard when the captain had withdrawn the usual garrison on a hostile expedition
In addition to the land defences there was also at the beginning of the reign a small fleet of seven ships stationed in the harbour, (fn. 132) under the control of the captain of the castle
One of the greatest benefits that Edward III. conferred on the town was the establishment of staples In 1348 "certain men" of Calais persuaded the king that it would be to his own and the town's advantage if the staple for cloth was set up there, and accordingly a grant of a staple for cloth, feathers, tin and lead, to last for a period of seven years, was issued on the 5th of April (fn. 133) This was not pleasing to the English people, and before the end of the year they complained that it was injurious to the king and themselves, and petitioned for its removal So on the 1st of December Edward III summoned the men, or at least four of them, by whom he had been encouraged originally to fix the staple at Calais, to come to London in the ensuing February, and show him and his council the advantage accruing to himself and the town from the staple, and what that advantage was likely to be in the future, "wishing to be done what might be of more advantage so to us and the said town of Calais as to our same people" Already he had attempted to conciliate his subjects by granting special licences to take goods elsewhere, (fn. 134) but apparently the result of the February conference was the removal of the staple, for licences cease after the 1st of April, 1349
When parliament met in 1362 (fn. 135) part of its chief business was to discuss whether Calais, "which belongs to our said lord the king, and where he has full jurisdiction, would be a good and suitable place for the wools and residence of the merchants" Complaint was made that previously when the staple had been in the dominions of a foreign power, the wools had been greatly reduced in value owing to misdeeds and outrages perpetrated on English subjects, which could not be remedied because the king had no authority, and also owing to the feebleness of the money received for the goods, and the unsatisfactory exchanges The lords gave their opinion "that the said town would be a good and suitable place, if it were inhabited with good merchants and well governed And the knights of the shires examined on this matter before the lords said that they had spoken to several merchants about the matter, of whom some said that the repair would be good for the said town, and others the reverse And therefore they prayed that they might be excused from saying one or the other, since knowledge of that matter lay with merchants more than with any other And so this article remains pending the opinion of and agreement with merchants and others" From a letter to the mayors and aldermen two years later (fn. 136) it appears that all merchants advised the fixing of the staple at Calais
Accordingly on the 9th of February, 1363, (fn. 137) an ordinance was made by the king and council complying with this advice It was decreed that the town should be the staple for wool, woolfells, leather, cloth, tin, lead, worsted, cheese, butter, honey, feathers, felt, woad, grindstones, sea coal, "and other merchandise whatsoever, except namely lead which we will to be retained in our kingdom for a certain time, and tin and cloths, which if they be not taken to the said town of Calais, we will permit to be carried to the parts of Gascony, and to other parts in the west and south subjected to our dominion, and not elsewhere" Both aliens and natives might export As a check to evasion of the decree all ships-masters and merchants taking staple merchandise out of the kingdom, must take oath in the presence of the collectors of customs in the ports assigned for export, that they would take their goods to Calais, and obey the mayors and aldermen in all things Letters patent, indented under the coket seal had to be made, one part of which must remain in the hands of the collectors of customs, and the other be delivered to the mayors and aldermen by the ships-masters
The words "other merchandise whatsoever," lead to the supposition that there was an attempt at this time to accomplish some new enterprise, and to make Calais the sole mart for all English exports whatsoever, with the two exceptions mentioned above The evidence on this point is unsatisfactory In April, (fn. 138) horses, falcons, woollen and linen thread, and in May, (fn. 139) wine, corn, beer, animals, flesh and fish, were forbidden to be taken from the kingdom without special licence, the commons having petitioned in parliament that the latter commodities, that is the food stuffs, might remain in the kingdom (fn. 140) A prohibition of the unrestricted export of so many articles, together with the fact that there is no mention of Calais either as the sole mart for these commodities, or the only place to which licences could be issued, seems to contradict the statement that the town was the staple for all exports from England Moreover in July (fn. 141) the men of Sandwich and the sea coast near, complained that Flemish traders importing victuals had ceased to export chalk, lime, brushwood, tan, bacon, pigs, and honey to their own land, because of the ordinance, "to the damage of the men of the coast aforesaid" The Flemish traders were allowed to continue exporting these goods, " as by the coming of the men of Flanders great advantage and profit arose, whereof the whole country of the said coast had great part of their living, and the goods aforesaid are not among the merchandise specified in the proclamation to be taken to Calais, nor was it the king's intention that the passage of goods of small value should be restrained by colour of the proclamation" (fn. 142) On the other hand next year Calais is again referred to as the mart for "all wool, hides and other merchandise" (fn. 143)
The staple was restricted in two ways, by the granting of licences to take staple goods elsewhere than to Calais, (fn. 144) and by the prohibition of export of some of those goods without licence, which meant that a licence would be required to take them to the staple The first restriction of the latter kind was the one with regard to woollen thread, which apparently included worsted, mentioned above (fn. 145) A further restriction was the result of the petition of the Commons against the exportation of food, for in October (fn. 146) aliens and natives were prohibited from taking red herrings, cloth, corn, malt and beer out of the kingdom without special licence, except "cloths of worsted, and other narrow cloths by merchants of Germany to Germany, and herrings and certain woollen cloths by the merchants of Gascony bringing wines to England, to whom it shall be lawful to buy herrings and cloths below or up to the value of their wines which they shall have led thus into England, having made oath that the herrings and cloths thus bought by them are being taken to Gascony and not elsewhere" This was a serious reservation, for whilst now cloth could be taken to Germany and Gascony under certain conditions without licence, it could only be taken to the staple with one. (fn. 147) Later, merchants wishing to take cloth from the county of Devon to Gascony could do so without licence (fn. 148) In 1367 (fn. 149) a further regulation was made with regard to cloth It was decreed that no native should take worsted cloth, and that no native or alien should take sea-coals, millstones or felware outside the kingdom without special licence, except only to Calais
It has already been shown how after the location of the staple at Calais the government of town and staple was put into the hands of the two mayors and twenty-four aldermen, how the mayors and aldermen quarrelled with the other merchants, and how in 1364 owing to a complaint of the English people that those officials had been putting extortionate impositions upon staple merchandise, Edward III appointed a commission to enquire into the matter, with the result that the municipality and the staple each came into existence as a separate body From the details in connection with all this it is obvious that there were two divisions of merchants bringing goods to the staple, the actual merchants of the staple, that is the staple company, and the merchants who were not of the company, but under its control It does not transpire whether the company, although not known as two mayors and twenty-four aldermen, still numbered twenty-six after 1364
The ordinance of 1365 which described the new municipal constitution laid down certain regulations about the staple (fn. 150) The mayor of the staple must have cognizance of all quarrels touching the staple He must take as wages £40 a year, and for his regard what was decreed by the staple company from their own goods or the profits of their court, without any tax upon merchandise for the purpose. The wages of all staple officials except those of the mayor had likewise to be paid from court profits, and the constables had not to be paid more than they had formerly received at Bruges All officials must be appointed and dismissed by the company John de Norfolk was appointed by the king as searcher of forfeitures, (fn. 151) his wages being 12d a day, and Richard de Cayton was elected by the merchants as weigher of wools for the usual wages The wools had to be weighed "in the house near the moneyage, which house was ordained and directed for that cause at the commencement of the staple there, on account of peril of fire, and for several other reasonable causes" Four Lombards were mentioned as correctors of wools for the men of Lombardy (fn. 152)
Further details of the staple are recorded in a letter patent of the succeeding year (fn. 153) The company was given free election yearly of all its officials, including the mayor and two constables, the three latter to be chosen from the company, and to have recognition in all pleas concerning staple merchandise between merchant and merchant The company must have a gaol to guard prisoners, or otherwise hand them over to the gaoler of the town, who must "find sufficient security to them concerning replying for those prisoners at the mandate of the same mayor and constables" The mayor could receive recognitions of debts of merchants or others, in the presence of one or both of the constables, who must do execution with regard to the recognitions according to the ordinance of the staples The merchants of the staple could sell all their merchandise and other possessions wholesale, but not retail or by parts The mayor and constables had power to grant houses necessary for the households and merchandise of the merchants of the staple, from merchants and burgesses, in the staple court, by the common consent of merchants specially elected for this purpose
In 1367 (fn. 154) it was ordained that wools which had to be weighed on the suspicion that they were not properly coketted, should be weighed before the treasurer and the mayor of the staple, and the defects be certified in chancery under the seals of those officials (fn. 155) and the searcher of forfeitures The same year (fn. 156) Edward III promised that the English merchants of the staple should be free from the custom and subsidy on all cloth sent to Calais, to be used for their own and their servants' livery Evidently merchants of the staple wore a distinctive dress
In this year too there were dissensions between the merchants of Lombardy and the merchants of the staple (fn. 157) The former complained that from the time of the establishment of the staple at Calais, certain of their number, together with certain of the latter, had been brokers, but that now a number of the English brokers were preventing their Lombard fellow officials from doing their duty Edward III commanded the governor, treasurer and mayor of the staple, or two of them, to end the dispute if possible, but if they were unable to do so to send the parties to Westminster, where the king and his council would settle it, in which case each party would be under the penalty of £200
The customs and subsidies payable on staple merchandise were collected at the English ports from which the goods were shipped, (fn. 158) specified by the letter patent of 1363 as those towns assigned for export by the statute of the staple The customs fixed by that statute (fn. 159) were 6s 8d on each sack of wool, 6s 8d on every three hundred woolfells, and 13s 4d. on each last of hides, for natives, and 10s, 10s, and 20s, respectively, for aliens The subsidies varied From 1363 to 1365 they were 20s on each sack of wool, 20s on every three hundred fells, and 40s on each last of hides, (fn. 160) from 1365 to 1368 40s, 40s, and 80s, respectively, (fn. 161) and from 1368 to 1369, 36s 8d, 36s 8d, and 80s, respectively (fn. 162)
In 1369, (fn. 163) on the petition of parliament, the staple was removed from Calais, on account of the risk to the goods at sea, as a result of the renewed outbreak of war with France
As early as 1370, (fn. 164) however, the mart for wool, woolfells and leather was set up a second time, although it seems to have been removed the next year (fn. 165) After Whitsuntide in 1372 (fn. 166) it was re-established, and apparently remained until the end of the reign (fn. 167) How far these staples of 1370 and 1372 were staples for other exports besides the three chief products of England is not quite clear Together with the various petitions made in parliament by the Calais burgesses towards the end of 1372, (fn. 168) was one that wools and other little merchandise might "be sold there and not elsewhere, for when the staple was entire at Calais, and the captain made any chevauchée upon our enemies, the mayor of the staple made watch within the said town with about a hundred swordsmen and about two hundred archers of the merchants and their servants, who do not take any wages of the king And now they are gone to the great peril of the said town" The same request was made in the petitions of 1376 (fn. 169) It was decreed in reply to the first petition that the mart for wools, woolfells and leather should be there "as shall please the king, and of the remainder be as has been accustomed before this hour," which appears to have authorised a return to the state of affairs before 1369 (fn. 170) In reply to the second petition it was ordained that the town should be the mart for wools, hides, woolfells, lead, tin, cloth called worsted, cheese, butter, feathers, woad, honey, felperie, and tallow (fn. 171) It is evident that both demands requested measures against the infringement of the staple, which seems to have been a particular evil at this time In 1373 the Commons protested in parliament against it, (fn. 172) and in 1376 (fn. 173) one of the charges against Latimer and Lyons in the impeachment of those ministers, was, that together with a number of privy councillors, they had persuaded the king to grant licences to export goods elsewhere than to Calais, and had levied extortionate impositions to their own profit on those taking out such licences
In December of 1376 there is again a reference to Calais as the staple for all exports from England, with the exception of a few specified articles (fn. 174) An ordinance was made to the effect that all merchants, native and alien, exporting the above mentioned articles, "and other merchandise whatsoever," except woollen cloths made in England, dried herrings, grindstones, sea coals, corn and logs of wood, must take their goods to Calais and not elsewhere
M Daumet shows that in 1376 the staple organization was established on the same lines as it had been previously An ordinance of July renewed the privileges granted formerly to the company, and granted others Amongst the latter, power was given to the mayor and constables to make ordinances which they judged necessary for good order, and to fix with the common consent the tax to be paid upon goods entering the mart, (fn. 175) which must be used to pay the wages of the employees All the members of the company when going to Calais were exempted from personal tolls collected at Dover, and from taxes upon bread, wine, beer and other victuals bought for their own consumption at Calais An ordinance of December confirmed that of July, with the addition that all traders going to the town were excused from personal tolls at Dover It was also specially decreed that Italians could buy wools in the town and take them to Italy, after giving security that they would not sell them in Flanders, or in any other country this side the mountains, (fn. 176) so that the privileges of English merchants might be safeguarded in the north-west of Europe | <urn:uuid:de919698-6c89-4e9e-951d-a2c6e743278b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.british-history.ac.uk/manchester-uni/london-lay-subsidy/1332/pp312-348 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988725470.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183845-00410-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980349 | 15,610 | 3.078125 | 3 |
This study was made in the Çanakkale coast between April 2015 and March 2018. Number 11, 12, 13, 14 hooks were
used in the feathered handline. The colors are white, gray, yellow, green, orange and mixed color used as feather color.
Leaders with 10 cm length and 0.10 mm diameter which were equipped with hooks were knotted to 0.15 mm diameter
mainline and distance between leaders were 15 cm. According sea stream, 100-500 gr weight is used. The target species
Atherina boyeri (Risso, 1810) (Big-scale sand smelt) (414 70.29) are the most commonly caught species. The other
target species, Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792) (European pilchard), was caught 13 individuals (2.21). As the
non-target species, the most caught species was Scomber japonicus (Houttuyn, 1782) (Chub mackerel )(59) (10.02).
427 target species (72.5) and 162 non-target species (27.5) were caught in this target feathered handline. According
to this study, number 12 hook has maximum catch rate (168 individuals) and number 14 has minimum catch rate (123
individuals). According to catch effect of feathers color, white color has maximum catch rate (200 individual) and green
color has minimum catch rate (81 individuals). | <urn:uuid:78fb881e-814e-4865-80e6-6e8c7162fe64> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://avesis.comu.edu.tr/yayin/e72cfe27-d377-43dd-b8c1-ba7629228916/canakkale-bolgesinde-kullanilan-sardalye-sardina-pilchardus-walbaum-1792-gumus-atherina-boyeri-risso-1810-capari-takimlarinda-av-kompozisyonun-belirlenmesi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100942.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209170619-20231209200619-00824.warc.gz | en | 0.939182 | 312 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Sleep and rest are effective ways to reduce the symptoms of fatigue, one of the most common effects of a brain injury. However, for many brain injury survivors, a good night’s sleep isn’t always easily achieved.
Despite being extremely tired, many people have difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking too early in the morning. A lack of sleep has many negative effects on a person’s physical and mental wellbeing, especially in the early stages of brain injury recovery. It may also exacerbate some of the symptoms of the brain injury, such as memory loss, lack of concentration, poor balance and mood changes.
It is important to remember that increased sleep need and napping in the daytime can be an important part of the brain healing process and this should not be interfered with in the early stages of recovery.
We’ve put together some top tips to promote a good night’s sleep:
Try to go to sleep and wake up at the same time each day. This helps to regulate your body’s internal clock.
If you work full-time during the week it might be tempting to lie-in late at the weekends, however doing so can disturb your natural sleep-wake rhythm.
The mind has a strong association between the bedroom and sleep. Therefore, it is important to create a relaxing environment free from electronic gadgets, bright lights and noise.
Ideally, the bedroom should be dark, quiet, tidy and kept at a temperature somewhere between 18C and 22C.
Thick curtains or black-out blinds can be useful for blocking out natural light and, if noise is a problem, consider investing in some earplugs.
Electronic devices, such as TVs, mobile phones and computers, emit high levels of blue light.
Sleep experts recommend switching off such technology at least two hours before bed.
This is because blue light exposure can trick your brain into thinking it’s still daytime and reduce the quality of your sleep.
Used in moderation, caffeine maybe beneficial for enhancing focus and energy for some people. However, if consumed too late in the day it can have a negative impact on a person’s ability to fall asleep and on their sleep quality.
One study found that participants who consumed caffeine up to six hours before bed had a significantly reduced sleep quality.
Therefore, it is best to avoid drinking coffee, tea, or large quantities of caffeinated soft drinks after lunchtime.
If you enjoy a cup of tea or coffee in the evenings, stick to decaffeinated options. You can also try herbal or fruit teas, but speak to your doctor if you are on any medications to ensure they do not interact.
Remember that a lot of fluid consumed late in the day may cause rising during the night to visit the bathroom, this is a major cause of sleep disturbance. Try to limit fluid intake in the two hours before bed.
It can be very tempting to nap during the day, and sometimes necessary, especially if you’re living with brain injury-related fatigue.
However, if you have difficulty falling asleep at night, long daytime naps might be the problem as they can confuse your internal clock and reduce your sleep drive.
It’s important to remember however, that the effects of napping depend on the individual. Some brain injury survivors might need to nap more than others as a result of their fatigue.
If you’re concerned about how napping might be affecting your sleep, speak to your GP about your circumstances.
If you have trouble falling asleep, relaxation techniques may help. Here are just a few that might help:
Relaxing and winding down before bed is an important stage in preparing the body for sleep. There are lots of ways to relax and what works will vary from person-to-person. Here are just some suggestions from our social media followers:
Keeping a sleep diary can be a useful way to help you understand why you might be having difficulty sleeping.
There are many different sleep diary templates available. You can download one example here.
Being stressed can make falling asleep harder and can impact upon sleep quality. Aiming to reduce your stress levels could have a positive affect on your sleep. You can find advice on coping with stress after brain injury here.
These top tips are not designed to replace expert medical advice. If you’ve been having difficulty sleeping for a while you should speak with your GP to rule out any underlying sleep disorders.
Your GP will be able to recommend techniques and treatments suitable for your unique situation and may prescribe medication, such as sleeping pills, in some cases.
We asked psychologist and Clinical Director of Sleep Unlimited, Dr David Lee, for his expert advice on getting a good night's sleep following a brain injury.
Friends of Headway Individual membership Join/Renew | <urn:uuid:e741e328-59da-454c-bb7e-4fd322c3b78c> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.headway.org.uk/about-brain-injury/individuals/brain-injury-and-me/top-tips-for-a-good-nights-sleep/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027319915.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824063359-20190824085359-00296.warc.gz | en | 0.947231 | 988 | 2.71875 | 3 |
While the Rainforest Alliance Sustainable Agriculture Standard forms the foundation of Rainforest Alliance certification, it is complemented by general Certification Rules and Policies on Pest Management. For certain countries and topics, additional policies have been developed as needed. Below is a brief summary of the various frameworks. All of these documents can be found in our Resource Library.
The Sustainable Agriculture Standard
The Rainforest Alliance Sustainable Agriculture Standard for farms and producer groups involved in crop and cattle production is based on our Theory of Change. A “Theory of Change” is a logical framework that defines the means by which a mission-driven organization seeks to achieve its core goals and objectives through targeted sets of activities or investments.
The Sustainable Agriculture Standard is rooted in the following sustainability principles:
Effective planning and management system
To make their businesses more sustainable and productive, farmers must keep an eye on their farms’ many social, environmental, and economic facets—e.g., how much energy and water is used, what percentage of their farm area is devoted to production, how many seasonal workers do they hire, and more. Certified farms implement an integrated farm-planning and -management system, establishing procedures and systems for ensuring continuous improvement on the path towards sustainable agriculture.
Certified farms protect their natural ecosystems and do not contribute to deforestation. They also help to conserve the broader landscape of which they are a part by maintaining wildlife corridors and aquatic ecosystems, and by avoiding negative impacts to nearby protected areas. They support the protection of endangered species and other native flora and fauna, by prohibiting hunting, safeguarding against the spread of invasive species, and taking steps to minimize human-wildlife conflict.
Natural Resource Conservation
The careful conservation of natural resources, such as water and soil, is a foundational basis for sustainable farming and helps to increase a farm’s resilience to climate change. Certified farms work to minimize soil erosion and compaction, improve soil fertility, treat wastewater, conserve water and energy, manage solid waste, and reduce the use of pesticides by applying integrated pest management techniques.
Improved Livelihoods and Human Well-being
Certified farms are good neighbors and good employers. They do not use forced labor or engage in labor discrimination, and they protect the health and well-being of all of their workers. Minors below the age of 15 years cannot be hired by a certified farm. Workers are paid at least the legal minimum wage and overtime rates of the country where the farm is located, and they have access to safe drinking water, healthcare, and education. Community rights, including the rights of indigenous peoples, are fully respected.
Sustainable Cattle Production
On farms that include cattle in their certification scope, cattle are raised in accordance with responsible practices. Farms manage responsible animal husbandry through an animal welfare program. On farms and at their handling facilities, cattle are not mistreated. Animals are provided shelter, food, and water in sufficient quantity and quality to ensure good health and productivity. Certified cattle production systems reduce greenhouse gas emissions through improved diet, optimized productivity, and manure and urine processing.
The Certification Rules define the rules for a single farm or a group administrator of several farms to become or remain certified to the Rainforest Alliance Sustainable Agriculture Standard for farms and producer groups involved in crop and cattle production. The Certification Rules include the description of the rights and obligations of audited and certified organizations, from the application until the moment the organization’s certificate is granted, suspended, or cancelled.
The Certification Rules also describe the Standard’s performance system. There are two types of criteria in the Standard: Critical and Continuous Improvement Criteria. The Critical Criteria establish the fundamental baseline for certified farms and producer groups, and cover the highest-priority and highest-risk environmental, social, and labor issues. The Continuous Improvement Criteria trigger a sequential progression of sustainability performance over a six-year period beginning with the first certification audit.
This performance system recognizes that sustainability is a path and a process over time, rather than a final or fixed destination. In order to remain certified, farms and group administrators have to demonstrate an increasingly higher degree of compliance with the Continuous Improvement Criteria over time.
Pesticide Management Policies
The objective of the Sustainable Agriculture Standard’s pesticide management approach is that highly hazardous pesticides are prohibited and pesticide risks to people, wildlife, aquatic ecosystems, and pollinators are minimized through targeted risk mitigation practices. Producers apply Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices to minimize pest-related production losses. Reducing pesticide use and preventing negative effects of pest control activities benefits farmers, workers, communities, and natural ecosystems.
Managers of certified farms develop and implement an IPM plan that is based upon the prevention and monitoring of pests and aims to avoid economically significant crop losses while reducing pesticide risks. The farm managers also determine pest management steps based on the analysis of pest monitoring records. Pests are managed using biological controls or other non-chemical methods where feasible. When pesticides are used, preference is given to non-restricted low toxicity pesticides, and pesticides are applied only to the parts of the crop affected by pests. All workers involved in pest management activities are trained about the contents of the IPM plan.
To support the Sustainable Agriculture’s Standard’s criteria around pesticide management, two additional policies apply, which can be found in the Resource Library:
- Lists for Pesticide Management - lists of Prohibited and Risk Mitigation Use Pesticides of the Rainforest Alliance Sustainable Agriculture Standard for farms’ and producer groups’ crop and cattle production.
- Exceptional Use of FAO / WHO Highly Hazardous Pesticides.
Local and Topic Specific Policies
For specific topics and for specific countries, additional policies may exist. While these documents are primarily designed to help certification bodies audit against the Sustainable Agriculture Standard, you can find the complete set of documents in the Resource Library.
For any questions, please contact our Certification Program team at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:e6a3b95a-f572-4ceb-8742-56c16534fe25> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/business/sas/how-certification-works/farm-certification/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864968.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522205620-20180522225620-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.928755 | 1,214 | 2.921875 | 3 |
If you have been searching high and low for a quick and easy explanation of SaaS — Software-as-a-Service, PaaS — Platform-as-a-Service, and IaaS — Infrastructure-as-a-Service. This article will break down each of these different models into straightforward, easy to understand sections. Explaining the major differences between each and their use cases.
Each and every day more and more businesses are moving their systems into the cloud, transferring from local hardware in favour of virtual infrastructure. That said, it’s not only hardware that is moving to the cloud, with almost every modern application, program, and service now including something that relies on the cloud to function, even if it is only syncing capabilities. As a result, you’ll start to see a lot more abbreviations like Saas, Paas, and IaaS in the modern tech world. Seeing as they probably sound a little complicated let’s discuss them individually in a little more detail below.
What Do All These Abbreviations Mean?
SaaS — Software-as-a-Service: Software or an application available on the Internet. What could it be? Just about anything! Mailing tools, website analyzers, image-processing services, ERP systems, and so on. Using SaaS solutions, you only use the service; with the provider taking full responsibility for its maintenance, software updates, and of course hardware upgrades.
PaaS — Platform-as-a-Service: Is a platform for use with limited functionality. The simplest example being a site builder.
IaaS — Infrastructure-as-a-Service: Is a rental infrastructure consisting of hardware and software. IaaS allows everyone to customize it for themselves by creating virtual computers, additional file storage, or developing their own software if needed. This service is more suitable for business as it is highly customisable. But can easily be utilised by individuals if needed.
When Do You Need IaaS?
IaaS, as we elaborated on above, is a business-orientated cloud solution that provides Infrastructure as a service, giving you all the necessary equipment, operating system licenses, and software. From there, corporate infrastructure is built from the ground up giving users the freedom to customise and use each aspect as needed. It’s also very cost-effective as all hardware maintenance is dealt with by the provider.
Today, there are hundreds of providers that offer these services with varying levels of support and complexity. For example, SIM-Networks offers customers its cloud infrastructure solution, SIM-Cloud IaaS. This model is a Public Cloud service, which allows each individual user to rent only the necessary resources required, yet at the same time does not interact with other users in any way. Because of this, this model is by far the most in-demand for small and medium-sized businesses.
Now It's Time to Discuss the Various Cloud Models.
Let's talk more about the Public Cloud. This model assumes that there is one cloud infrastructure shared among users, where each of the user’s rents a required amount of cloud resources and pays only for that. If required, later on, the resources can be expanded on or reduced depending on demand, with flexibility being key. It’s crucial that in a public cloud users do not overlap with each other, however physical hardware resources may be shared.
As a rule, large companies generally choose a Private Cloud systems, as big business is generally more secretive and prone to outside attack or compromises. With a private system, there is one cloud service, with only one company using it. And does not share any resources with other users, both hardware and software-based.
A hybrid cloud system combines both of the above types and is preferred for seasonal business when work and resource loads increase and decrease significantly during certain periods of the year. A hybrid cloud system is a combination of private and public, where private hosts the main infrastructure of the company (which is constantly in demand) And Public hosts any aspects that either increase or decrease in demand. It's also very common for a public system to host information that doesn't need to be heavily protected or isolated.
Although that was a brief overview, hopefully, it has broken things down and made them a little easier to understand. However, if you do have any more question or need to delve into specifics, you can find more details on the website of the cloud service provider. | <urn:uuid:6d1c9962-423f-46a3-a38d-8e77ae119eba> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.downloadsource.net/lets-discuss-complex-things-with-simple-words-what-is-iaas-infrastructure-as-a-service/n/16378/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510387.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928095004-20230928125004-00162.warc.gz | en | 0.943482 | 923 | 2.8125 | 3 |
So we got this hefty asteroid approaching Earth tomorrow. 1998 QE2 will pass a safe 3.6 million miles (5.8 million km) or 15 times the distance of the moon at 3:59 p.m. Central time tomorrow afternoon. The 1.7 (2.7 km) mile wide space rock was discovered in August 1998 and while it still has no formal name, we’ll become closely acquainted via optical and radio telescope over the next several nights.
Many asteroid approach Earth much more closely but QE2 is exceptional because it’s larger than your average Earth-approacher and is making its closest pass for at least the next two centuries.
NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, Calif., will show live images of the asteroid on NASA TV and host a discussion with NASA Administrator Charles Bolden and experts from JPL and the Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex from 12:3-1:30 p.m. CDT today May 30. Scientists at Goldstone will be using radar to track and image the asteroid. You can watch it on NASA TV or Ustream.
Be aware that the live images will show 1998 QE2 as a slowly moving “star”. It’s much too small and far away to show any detail in optical telescopes. Pictures created using the 230-foot Goldstone radio dish to ping the asteroid with radio waves will show details as small as 12 feet (3.75m), but these won’t be available in real time. They require time for processing.
From 7-9 p.m. CDT tonight Bill Cooke of the Meteoroid Environment Office at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., will host an online chat on 1998 QE2. Click the link a few minutes before 7 p.m., log in to the chat module that appears on the page and ask away. You can also watch it live during closest approach on SLOOH starting at 4 p.m. CDT tomorrow May 31.
If you’re game, you can even see the asteroid for yourself. You’ll need at least a 4-inch telescope and reasonably dark skies. Unfortunately it’s not visible with the naked eye or standard binoculars. For the next few nights 1998 QE2 will shine around 10.5 – 11 magnitude as it exits the constellation of Hydra and moves through the zodiac constellation Libra.
Libra’s well up in the south-southeast for much of the northern and southern hemisphere as soon as the sky gets dark. No setting the alarm for some ungodly hour. The farther south you are, the higher in the sky the asteroid will be.
The wide-view map shows the asteroid’s position at 10:30 p.m. CDT now through early June. At closest approach tomorrow, 1998 QE2 will move about one degree (two full moons side by side) every 3 hours, a motion you easily detect in just a few minutes using low power in your scope. You’ll be looking for a faint “star” that won’t stay put but slowly moves to the east as the seconds and minutes tick by.
I usually “lay a trap” and find a relatively bright star or stars the asteroid will pass through some minutes ahead of time. Then I stare into the eyepiece and wait for the asteroid to enter the field of view. The maps should work for most locations on the planet, but don’t be surprised if 1998 QE2 arrives a bit early (or late) and tracks a bit north or south of the plotted path. Look around a little instead of staring at the exact spot you’re expecting to see it.
Once you find it, hold on tight for the ride. Don’t let go – at least for a few minutes. It’s fun to jump on an asteroid and go for a cruise across the star fields. You may even see its light vary as tiny world rotates on its axis, presenting first one side and then another to your eyes. My favorite moments are when an asteroid passes really close to a star, making its motion obvious in seconds. Zoom!
To get hi-res versions of all three maps that you can print out and use at the telescope, just click each image. That’ll take you to my Flickr site. Right-click each map and select “Original” and then make a print out. If you have your own night sky program, go HERE to grab 1998 QE2′s orbital elements and create your own charts.
Good luck and may you find your lucky asteroid. | <urn:uuid:1e629323-889d-47c8-91b4-c871ddf389ff> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://astrobob.areavoices.com/2013/05/30/how-to-zero-in-on-asteroid-1998-qe2-during-fridays-flyby/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163990831/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133310-00049-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928335 | 976 | 3 | 3 |
The shoulder is vulnerable to a many differing problems due to its complex nature - combining several joints, tendons and muscles which allow for a broad range of movement. The shoulder is inherently unstable and its function can be likened to a seal trying to balance a ball on it's nose! It is very reliant of good muscle strength and function for support and stability and when this is not present, one of the common painful conditions which may develop is shoulder impingement also referred to as rotator cuff tendinopathy or impingement syndrome.
Treatments include Physiotherapy (usually the first approach) which may involve exercise, manual therapy and medical acupuncture/dry needling, as well as other procedures such as local injections and surgery in certain cases.
Impingement relates to a narrowing of the space between the acromion (a bony prominence at the tip of the shoulder blade) and the head of the humerus (top end of the arm bone) moving too close to one another resulting in compression and irritation of the rotator cuff tendons which pass between. This may occur for a variety of reasons, one of the more common being poor muscle function resulting in instability. When this occurs the head of the humerus moves about excessively in the shoulder socket and is more likely to ride upwards and catch the tendons beneath the acromion.
When the rotator cuff tendons become compressed and irritated, this may over time result in a 'breaking down' of the tendons referred to as as 'tendinopathy'. Ideally the problem would be treated early and settled before the more advanced stages of tendinopathy develop.
Pain-free movement of the shoulder joint is assisted by lubricating sac's called a bursae which reduce friction or act as buffers between moving parts. These bursae can also sometimes swell and become inflamed resulting in pain. One of the more common to become inflamed sits near the rotator cuff tendons and should be differentiated as a separate or associated problem.
Pain from the rotator cuff tendons and associated structures can occur for a number of reasons and sometimes with no apparent cause. Sports enthusiasts who engage in throwing activities or any sport which requires repetitive use of the shoulder are at risk, especially if the lack adequate strength and stability in elevated arm positions. Sports such as tennis, swimming or basketball are some examples.
Minor injuries as a result of sudden impact can also be a cause of developing rotator cuff pain.
You will typically experience pain when you lift your arm above shoulder height (often with a catch of pain mid way) but in some cases pain will be felt even when the arm is used at lower levels. There may be sensations of aching pain radiating down the arm from the outer part of the the shoulder. It is common for the neck and upper back to become stiff and painful as well. Everyday tasks and sports may be limited by pain.
Quite often such pain from the rotator cuff can be mild and does not necessarily cause a stop in sport immediately. This results in some athletes pushing through the pain rather than resting which can go on to cause more severe symptoms.
When pain continues at rest and or when normal movement is restricted it is advised to seek a professional medical assessment and treatment, such as from a Chartered Physiotherapist.
The first response to pain and dysfunction should be rest from aggravating activities. Anti-inflammatory medicines may be taken to help reduce swelling and pain in the early stages.
If the pain has not settled and movement is still restricted after 3-4 days it is recommended to consult a Chartered Physiotherapist who will carry out an assessment to determine the cause of the impingement and then focus on further reducing pain, restoring movement, strength and function as required.
If necessary, local injections can be used to help assist the treatment process. If needed surgical treatment options exist which can create more space for the rotator cuff however conservative treatment such as physiotherapy should always be tried first. | <urn:uuid:4a2c539e-658d-4a2d-8523-3b117ea646b2> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://mmphysiotherapy.com/team-talk/how-to-treat-shoulder-impingement.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107898499.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028103215-20201028133215-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.956845 | 815 | 2.78125 | 3 |
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Grimms' fairy tales analysis literary devices in grimms' fairy tales symbolism, the language of the grimms' fairy tales is pretty easy to understand. Snow-white and the seven dwarfs in english as “grimm’s fairy tales,” is a timeless literary with a skin as white as snow, lips as red as blood,. Kartik prabhakar mr jason kinsella humanitas english b 18 march 2011 snow white: literary devices literary devices create many different familiar settings and.
Dream big, princess explore the world of snow white through games, videos, activities, movies, products, and more. Types of papers: literary analysis analysis robin hood snow white: snow white falls into a deep,. Cinderella by brothers grimm a short story analysis 0318 cinderella’s mother dies, and and have been adapted to popular disney films such as snow white.Download
2018. Education database. | <urn:uuid:0a9da9db-5546-46c4-af57-99102d96f4e7> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://tthomeworkigez.tycoa.us/snow-white-literary-analysis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676594954.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723051723-20180723071723-00617.warc.gz | en | 0.867353 | 697 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Listening to music lifts our spirits. It truly is a Universal language, as well as a spiritual one. We can sense this intuitively without knowing the science behind it. We play our favorite song on our smart phones, and a smile ignites across our faces. But, even with its obvious sway over us, we may not realize that music is reorganizing our brains just like an adaptogenic herb, or a session of meditation.
Adaptogens are herbs that can reorganize cells in our body – they adapt to our greatest needs – be they stress reduction or the boosting of our immune system. It seems music can do the same thing.
Music was likely invented for human enjoyment in Paleolithic days, but the music of the Universe, what the Pythagoreans called the “music of the spheres” is likely as old as the Universe itself. NASA has even recorded the “song” of the Earth, and each planet is said to have its own musical vibration.
Similarly, the ancient Greek initiates understood the therapeutic benefits of music, which were likely gleaned from the Egyptians. Early Chinese, Tibetan, Hindu, Persians, and other cultures all knew scales which were meant to induce certain hypnagogic states – but we really have no idea how far back the use of music goes into human history. Even Neanderthals could sing or chant. Undoubtedly music has been an essential evolutionary tool – but how exactly is it rewiring your brain?
In recent research, scientists used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI technology) to watch blood flow in the brain as people listened to their favorite tune.
They found that when subjects listened to songs from their preferred musical genres, they exhibited enhanced levels of brain connectivity. This brain state – called full-brain or whole brain processing – allows deeper creativity, happiness, and cognitive functioning.
The study reports that the biggest change inspired by music was noted in the resting-state network associated with internal peace, or “the introspective and adaptive mental activities in which humans spontaneously and deliberately engage in every day.”
This brain area allows us to day-dream, use right-brained creativity to solve left-brain-created problems, and to practice greater empathy and self-awareness.
Another study states that this brain area called the default mode network (DMN) is like “a toggle switch between outwardly focused mind states and the internal or subjective sense of self, this network appears to include mind-wandering experiences such as imagining the future, the discovering of new possibilities (hopes), and the affective significance of aspirations or dreams,” regardless of our listening preferences – from Beethoven to Mos Def, if its music we love, its rewiring our brains.
What’s more is that listening to a great song allows us to process psychosocial interactions and utilize divergent thinking – the very state of mind that is being coercively and covertly manipulated out of us by the Deep State.
Even more fascinating is that music therapy – the simple listening of beneficial sound waves – can regenerate the brain, improving memory, and acting as a tonic for the brain, even in tiny babies.
Researchers propose that music modulates the secretion of steroid hormones, which ultimately incites repair and regeneration of cerebral nerves.
And finally, listening to music allows greater neural plasticity. Cortical plasticity allows brain circuits to flexibly adjust and optimize thought processing in a manner that reflects the environmental and behavioral demands. The more plastic our brains are – the more moveable – the more we can adapt to stressors we face in our every-day world.
Is it any wonder that we’ve loved music as long as we can remember, and that even our cellular memory tugs at us to listen to our favorite song? Now the research behind how music affects our brain makes the fun of listening to Bob Marley’s “One Love” on top volume in our cars make plenty of sense.
While you’re here…
…We have a tiny favor to ask of you. Government think tanks have teamed up with social media companies and Google to censor independent media websites and government criticism. Despite this big tech crackdown on the free press, we have been very fortunate, and tens of thousands of people continue to read The Mind Unleashed every single day. But we need your ongoing support to keep working as we do.. And because we value open and accessible information for all, we would never hide our content behind a paywall. Unlike Fox News or CNN, our editorial independence means we set our own agenda and voice our own opinions. We are not subject to the whims of billionaire shareholders. We are editorially independent, and that makes websites like this an important part in the war for truth and justice. Hopefully we’re wrong, but without your help, we're afraid big tech companies may soon make The Mind Unleashed algorithmically disappear from the Internet. We need your support to keep delivering quality independent news. Every contribution, big or small, will go directly into funding independent journalism. Thank you. Click here to support us | <urn:uuid:3b13de67-29fa-4890-b814-f460db1676fc> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://themindunleashed.com/2017/12/your-favorite-song-is-rewiring-your-brain-heres-how-music-is-changing-you.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526536.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720153215-20190720175215-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.94958 | 1,047 | 3.25 | 3 |
Xuyu Qian yanked open an incubator door at the University of Pennsylvania to reveal rows of cylindrical tubes swirling, like shaken-up snow globes, with a strange and exotic flurry. The pale, peppercorn-sized spheres were lab-grown globules of human brain tissue, or, as Qian occasionally refers to them, “minibrains.”
“Minibrain” is a controversial nickname, loathed by some scientists who fear it conjures alarmist images of fully functioning brains trapped in vats, while the reality today is balls of cells that can’t think or feel.
But the term vividly evokes the aspirational goal of this fast-moving area of research: to mimic the complexity of the human brain and illuminate the biology of the human mind, one of science’s darkest black boxes. As the technology, which scientists refer to in journal articles as “cerebral organoids,” improves, the more the “minibrain” title fits.
Today, organoids that resemble different regions of the human brain are routinely spun up from stem cells in large batches in laboratories around the world. Researchers have refined their recipes since the technique was first described five years ago, but the process is surprisingly hands-off: after a few nudges from scientists, stem cells grow into spheres with about a million neurons through a naturally occurring choreography that mirrors early brain development in the womb. At Day 100, Qian’s minibrains resemble a portion of the prenatal brain in the second trimester of pregnancy.
“People are more worried about if they reach a certain level — if it’s really like a human brain. We’re not there; we’re very far from there,” said Hongjun Song, who leads the laboratory at Penn’s Perelman School of Medicine, where Qian works. “But the question people ask is, ‘Do they… | <urn:uuid:5c192a55-4e19-4550-9370-1f40a5eed29d> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://futureprimate.com/2018/09/06/lab-grown-brain-bits-open-windows-to-the-mind-and-a-maze-of-ethical-dilemmas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987838289.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20191024012613-20191024040113-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.911871 | 409 | 2.53125 | 3 |
English walnut trees (Juglans regia) are sometimes referred to as the common walnut or Persian walnut tree. They are nut-producing trees with an extensive growing region: English walnuts are indigenous to southeast Europe and yet are found growing throughout regions all the way to China. They can grow to reach heights of 60 feet with an equal spread. Plant English walnut trees in full sun and make sure you provide them plenty of room to grow.
Dig planting holes for English walnut trees that are at least 18 to 20 inches in diameter and between 10 and 12 inches deep. A good planting location is one that can provide full sun and protection from strong winds. If you are planting more than one English walnut tree, space the planting holes 30 feet apart from each other.
Prune off any broken branches or roots from each of the trees, if you're planting bare-root English walnut trees.
Remove the English walnut tree from its growing container (if planting container-grown English walnuts). Turn the container vertically on the ground. Using a hammer, a stout block of wood or any similar object, firmly strike at the base of the container to slide the container off the root system. Loosen any compacted or encircled roots from the root ball.
Set the English walnut tree into a previously dug planting hole. If you are planting ball and burlapped English walnut trees, peel back the burlap to expose half of the root ball. Spread out the roots of the English walnuts in the planting hole.
Add a few shovels full of garden soil in and around the root ball of the English walnut tree. Make sure the topmost roots of the English walnut are sitting approximately 2 to 3 inches below the level of the surrounding garden soil.
Scoop in more garden soil to fill the planting hole half-full of soil. Then, pour enough water into the planting hole to fill it about two-thirds full. Scoop in more garden soil to fill the planting hole full of soil after the water has dissipated.
Place a 7- to 8-foot-high planting stake spaced 6 to 8 inches away from each English walnut tree. Tie the planting stake to the English walnut tree using strips of muslin, burlap or gardeners twine. To prevent sun-damage to freshly planted trees, Oregon State University recommends painting white exterior paint that has been diluted with water to a 70 percent paint solution. Use a paint brush or other applicator and paint up to the first branch. | <urn:uuid:4fd092f0-39d4-4793-bf47-4f5bbf3a5b0c> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.gardenguides.com/99185-grow-english-walnut-trees.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737927030.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221847-00230-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927027 | 523 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Wednesday, August 18, 1999 Published at 09:59 GMT 10:59 UK
Alzheimer's 'a second childhood'
Alzheimer's can impair everyday skills
People with Alzheimer's disease would be happier if they were treated as infants instead of as adults, researchers have said.
They said dementia could indeed be a form of second childhood, after they found that people with the disease lost essential skills in the same order in which they developed them as a child.
As Alzheimer's progresses, sufferers find it increasingly difficult and then impossible to perform even the simplest everyday tasks - such as washing, eating and dressing - without supervision.
However, a leading charity has said it may be dangerous to treat people who have lived a full life as children.
'Patients can be happy'
The findings of the study, which was conducted over 20 years, were presented at an international conference of specialists in the disease in Vancouver.
Dr Barry Reisberg, the outgoing president of the International Psychogeriatric Association, led the study.
He said: "Alzheimer's patients actually can be happy and right now there are hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions, who are suffering because we do not know how to care for them."
The World Health Organization estimates that 15 million people worldwide have the disease.
Dr Reisberg said researchers at New York University found that Alzheimer's patients lose physical and mental abilities in exactly the opposite order that children gain them.
Eventually, they return to an infant-like state, he said, and compared adults in the advanced stages of Alzheimer's to children under two years old - able to smile but unable to speak or walk.
The researchers labelled the process "retrogenesis".
Dr Reisburg said the public sees a correlation between the problems of old age and those of children.
The researchers noted that Shakespeare talked of "second childishness" in As You Like It and Aristophanes wrote that "old men are children twice over".
They suggest that if Alzheimer's patients were treated like infants they would endure less physical suffering, but so far only "adult measures" have been applied.
"It's not a matter of increasing resources. It's a matter of knowing what to do," Dr Reisberg said.
Potentially dangerous approach
The Alzheimer's Disease Society said the research was interesting but was unhappy with elderly patients being treated as children.
"We don't think it's OK to treat people who've lived a very long life, who have a wealth of experience and who've done a lot with their lives as children," a spokeswoman said.
"That might be quite a dangerous thing to do." | <urn:uuid:8a66f757-cc5c-454e-bd01-eb4d610e5272> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/423657.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719041.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00349-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969324 | 545 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Charles de Gaulle
The World Wars
During World War I de Gaulle served with distinction until his capture in 1916. In The Army of the Future (1934, tr. 1941) he foresaw and futilely advocated for France the mechanized warfare by which Germany was to conquer France in 1940. In World War II he was promoted to brigadier general (1940) and became undersecretary of war in the cabinet of Premier Paul Reynaud.
De Gaulle opposed the Franco-German armistice and fled (June, 1940) to London, where he organized the Free French forces and rallied several French colonies to his movement. He was sentenced to death in absentia by a French military court. The Free French forces were successful in Syria, Madagascar, and N Africa. In June, 1943, de Gaulle became copresident, with Gen. Henri Honoré Giraud, of the newly formed French Committee of National Liberation at Algiers. He succeeded in forcing Giraud out of the committee, and in June, 1944, it was proclaimed the provisional government of France.
Sections in this article:
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:c8f01e85-5e01-4d54-9c84-b17663dd8974> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/people/de-gaulle-charles-the-world-wars.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430455180384.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501043940-00060-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967353 | 251 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Respiratory failure can occur when not enough oxygen passes from the lungs into the blood or when the lungs can't properly remove carbon dioxide from the blood.
What you should know about respiratory failure
- Acute respiratory failure occurs when fluid builds up in the lungs’ air sacs. This prevents the lungs from releasing oxygen into the blood, causing a buildup of carbon dioxide.
- Low oxygen levels and high carbon dioxide levels in the blood can occur at the same time, leading to respiratory failure.
- Chronic respiratory failure can be caused by trauma, injury or a disease like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Our pulmonology team provides the following treatments for respiratory failure:
- Bi-Level Positive Airway Pressure (BIPAP)
- Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
- Oxygen therapy
- Ventilator (both invasive and non-invasive) | <urn:uuid:f31ba3f4-30b8-472d-bcad-eecfe1f849a8> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.geisinger.org/patient-care/conditions-treatments-specialty/2018/05/11/18/09/respiratory-failure | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578655155.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424174425-20190424200425-00517.warc.gz | en | 0.838684 | 185 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Conduct disorder is a disorder of childhood and adolescence that involves long-term (chronic) behavior problems, such as:
- Defiant or impulsive behavior
- Drug use
- Criminal activity
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Conduct disorder has been associated with:
- Child abuse
- Drug addiction or alcoholism in the parents
- Family conflicts
- Genetic defects
The diagnosis is more common among boys.
It is hard to know how common the disorder is, because many of the qualities needed to make the diagnosis (such as "defiance" and "rule breaking") can be hard to define. For an accurate diagnosis, the behavior must be far more extreme than simple adolescent rebellion or boyish enthusiasm.
Conduct disorder is often associated with attention-deficit disorder. Both conditions carry a risk for alcohol or other drug addiction.
Conduct disorder also can be an early sign of depression or bipolar disorder.
Children with conduct disorder tend to be impulsive, hard to control, and not concerned about the feelings of other people.
Symptoms may include:
- Breaking rules without obvious reason
- Cruel or aggressive behavior toward people or animals (for example: bullying, fighting, using dangerous weapons, forcing sexual activity, and stealing)
- Failure to attend school (truancy -- beginning before age 13)
- Heavy drinking and/or heavy illicit drug use
- Intentionally setting fires
- Lying to get a favor or avoid things they have to do
- Running away
- Vandalizing or destroying property
These children often make no effort to hide their aggressive behaviors. They may have a hard time making real friends.
Signs and tests
There is no real test for diagnosing conduct disorder. The diagnosis is made when a child or adolescent has a history of conduct disorder behaviors.
A physical examination and blood tests can help rule out medical conditions that are similar to conduct disorder. Rarely, a brain scan may also help rule out other disorders.
For treatment to be successful, the child's family needs to be closely involved. Parents can learn techniques to help manage their child's problem behavior.
In cases of abuse, the child may need to be removed from the family and placed in a less chaotic home. Treatment with medications or talk therapy may be used for depression and attention-deficit disorder, which commonly occur with conduct disorder.
Many "behavioral modification" schools, "wilderness programs," and "boot camps" are sold to parents as solutions for conduct disorder. These programs may use a form of "attack therapy" or "confrontation," which can actually be harmful. There is no research to support these techniques. Research suggests that treating children at home, along with their families, is more effective.
If you are considering an inpatient program, be sure to check it out thoroughly. Serious injuries and deaths have occurred with some programs. They are not regulated in many states.
Children who have severe or frequent symptoms tend to have the poorest outlook. Expectations are also worse for those who have other illnesses, such as mood and drug abuse disorders.
Children with conduct disorder may go on to develop personality disorders as adults, particularly antisocial personality disorder. As their behaviors worsen, these individuals may also develop drug and legal problems.
Depression and bipolar disorder may develop in adolescence and early adulthood. Suicide and violence toward others are also possible complications of this disorder.
Calling your health care provider
See your health care provider if your child:
- Regularly gets in trouble
- Has mood swings
- Is bullying others or cruel to animals
- Is being victimized
- Seems to be overly aggressive
Early treatment may help.
The sooner the treatment for conduct disorder is started, the more likely the child will learn adaptive behaviors and prevent some of the potential complications.
Nurcombe B. Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. In: Ebert MH, Loosen PT, Nurcombe B, Leckman JF, eds. Current Diagnosis & Treatment Psychiatry. 2nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 2008:chap 36.
Thomas CR. Evidence-based practice for conduct disorder symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;45:109-114.
Whittinger NS. Clinical precursors of adolescent conduct disorder in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46:179-187. | <urn:uuid:63c41cdb-0055-471a-bff5-896edbe1df75> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.mch.com/behavioral-and-emotional/conduct-disorder.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637898844.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025818-00146-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931323 | 920 | 3.734375 | 4 |
New research suggests that some birds may know who their human friends are, as they are able to recognize people's faces and differentiate between human voices.
Being able to identify a friend or potential foe could be key to the bird's ability to survive.
Animal behaviour experts from the University of Lincoln in the UK and the University of Vienna worked with pigeons and crows in two separate studies.
Research published in Avian Biology Research shows that pigeons can reliably discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar humans, and that they use facial features to tell people apart.
The team trained a group of pigeons to recognise the difference between photographs of familiar and unfamiliar objects. These pigeons, along with a control group, were then shown photographs of pairs of human faces. One face was of a person familiar to the birds whilst the other was of someone they had not seen before.
The experimental group birds were able to recognise and classify the familiar people using only their faces, whereas the birds without prior training failed. The results show that pigeons can discriminate between the familiar and unfamiliar people and can do this on solely using facial characteristics.
Lincoln's lead researcher on the project, Dr Anna Wilkinson, from the School of Life Sciences, said: "Such advanced cognitive processes have rarely been observed in pigeons and suggest that they not only recognise individual humans but also know who they know -- something which could be very important for survival. Some humans feed pigeons, others chase them. To know individuals and act appropriately to them is enormously advantageous."
In a separate study, published in the journal Animal Cognition, the team investigated the ability of carrion crows to differentiate between the voices and calls of familiar and unfamiliar humans and jackdaws, or 'heterospecific individuals' ie. those outside of their own species. Previous research has focused on crows' ability to recognise and communicate with their own species.
The crows responded significantly more often to unfamiliar than familiar human voices and, conversely, responded more to familiar than unfamiliar jackdaw calls. According to the research team, the results provide the first evidence that birds can discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar heterospecific individuals using auditory stimuli.
- Claudia Stephan, Anna Wilkinson, Ludwig Huber. Have we met before? Pigeons recognise familiar human faces. Avian Biology Research, 2012; 5 (2): 75 DOI: 10.3184/175815512X13350970204867
- Claudia A. F. Wascher, Georgine Szipl, Markus Boeckle, Anna Wilkinson. You sound familiar: carrion crows can differentiate between the calls of known and unknown heterospecifics. Animal Cognition, 2012; DOI: 10.1007/s10071-012-0508-8
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:ebb4cc19-1b5f-4188-b5e8-ba33fa2fe38f> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/120622163056.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997883466.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025803-00174-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944412 | 574 | 3.75 | 4 |
Lead researcher Professor Adrian Martineau from Queen Mary University of London said: “New treatments are urgently needed to prevent COPD attacks. Our study shows that giving supplements to vitamin D-deficient COPD patients nearly halves their rate of potentially fatal attacks.
“Vitamin D supplementation is safe, and it costs just a few pence to supplement a person for a year – so this is a potentially highly cost-effective treatment that could be targeted at those who have low vitamin D levels following routine testing. “Around a fifth of COPD patients in the UK - about 240,000 people - have low levels of vitamin D. Reducing risk of attacks in such a large group would have major benefits for patients and for the NHS, since many attacks require costly hospital admission.” The study, published in the journal Thorax, is based on a new analysis of data from 469 patients across three clinical trials in the UK, Belgium and the Netherlands.
Clinical trials investigating effects of vitamin D supplementation on COPD have shown conflicting results. By pooling all the individual patient data from different clinical trials, the team set out to determine whether vitamin D might have a protective effect on certain groups of COPD patients. The analysis found that vitamin D supplements, given by mouth, reduced the rate of moderate/severe COPD exacerbations in patients with low vitamin D levels (less than 25 nmol per litre of blood or 10 nanograms per millilitre).
Doses of vitamin D ranged from 30 micrograms daily to 2500 micrograms monthly. Supplementation did not influence the proportion of participants experiencing serious adverse events, indicating that it was safe.
Giving supplements to patients who did not have such low levels of vitamin D did not reduce their risk of COPD attacks. The researchers therefore highlight that this would need to be a targeted therapy, with doctors first testing vitamin D levels in COPD patients who experience frequent attacks, and then giving vitamin D supplements to those who are deficient.
This echoes the Queen Mary team’s previous studies which found that vitamin D had the strongest protective effects against asthma exacerbation and acute respiratory infections such as colds and flu in people who had the lowest vitamin D levels to start with.
Public Health England and the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition advise a daily intake of 10 micrograms of vitamin D. The study is limited in that the data come from a relatively small number of trials, so the authors warn that the findings should be interpreted with a degree of caution. | <urn:uuid:7c5e3b34-ac87-46d9-8676-d30d1e15c83a> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://scienzaonline.com/scienceonline-news/item/2170-treat-vitamin-d-deficiency-to-prevent-deadly-lung-attacks.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057417.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923044248-20210923074248-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.942285 | 512 | 2.703125 | 3 |
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Tutorials : Feb 15, 2007 ( )
Assay: Perfect Match Versus Single-Base Mismatch
MicroRNA Detection Combining xMAP® and Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA™) Technology !--h2>
MicroRNAs are a class of noncoding regulatory RNA molecules that affect gene expression by binding to 3´-untranslated regions of messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Although recently identified as a new class of molecules, initial studies indicate that microRNAs may regulate a significant number of genes within the genome—as many as one-third—and comprise a hidden level of gene regulation that influences a wide range of biological activities and cellular processes, such as cellular proliferation, maintenance, and death; differentiation of cell lines; developmental patterning and timing; and carcinogenesis. Recent findings further suggest that various diseases and conditions are associated with specific microRNA patterns, which may lead to the development of targeted treatments.
As the number of studies involving microRNAs increases, researchers are progressively more interested in accurate, easy-to-use technology that is specifically designed for microRNA analysis; however, microRNA analysis presents several challenges because the microRNAs are short sequences ranging from 17–23 nucleotides in length that are highly similar to each other in sequence with inherently different melting temperatures. The unique combination of a bead-based array and Tm-normalized locked nucleic acids offers a solution for these challenges.
Luminex (www.luminexcorp.com) recently introduced FlexmiR™, a line of products designed specifically for microRNA analysis. FlexmiR was developed by Exiqon (www.exiqon.com) in collaboration with the Luminex Bioscience Group. The FlexmiR microRNA products combine Luminex’ xMAP multiplexing technology with Exiqon’s Locked Nucleic Acids (LNA™) to deliver highly specific results in a simplified workflow.
The favorable reaction kinetics of the liquid bead array delivered by xMAP technology gives faster, more reproducible results than with solid, planar arrays. This “liquid array” approach also offers excellent manufacturing and assay standardization due to the nature of the microspheres when compared to competing flat arrays, which are limited by solid-phase kinetics.
LNA is a conformationally restricted nucleic acid analogue in which the ribose ring is “locked” with a methylene bridge connecting the 2´-O atom with the 4´-C atom, which increases the melting temperature of the nucleic acid duplex by 2–8°C per LNA monomer when integrated into one strand. The FlexmiR microRNA products incorporate LNA technology within the oligonucleotide capture probes to greatly increase the affinity of the probes for their complementary mature microRNA targets leading to significant increases and uniformity of assay specificity.
The FlexmiR microRNA detection panels for human and mouse/rat targets give researchers the ability to measure the expression of microRNA sequences from the public miRBase database using total RNA samples without the need for RNA size fractionation or amplification. The general flow of FlexmiR products allows researchers to biotinylate the 3´ end of total RNA, followed by a hybridization step where the labeled microRNA hybridizes specifically to LNA capture probes coupled to xMAP microspheres. The detection of the biotinylated microRNA is achieved by the reaction with Streptavidin-Phycoerythrin (SA-PE) and final read of the samples in a standard 96-well plate on a Luminex analyzer.
The experiments described here examine the capability of FlexmiR microRNA products to discriminate between two closely related microRNA family members. The capture probes have been Tm-normalized to hybridize optimally under the designed conditions by varying the LNA content and the length of the capture probes.
Three experiments were designed to examine the discrimination capability of FlexmiR microRNA capture probes using two closely related microRNA family members, hsa-miR-196a and hsa-miR-196b from miRBase version 8.0. These two microRNAs are 21 bases long and differ by only a single nucleotide at position ten from the 3´-end:
hsa-miR-196a (5´-UAGGUAGUUUCAUGUUGUUGG -3´)
The microspheres used in the experiment were from one of the available microsphere pools in the FlexmiR MicroRNA Human Panel, which contains 73 different microsphere sets coupled to different LNA-spiked capture probes specific for 73 different targets, including one set specific for hsa-miR-196a and another specific for hsa-miR-196b. The experiments were executed against synthesized DNA oligonucleotides with corresponding sequences to hsa-miR-196a and hsa-miR-196b with 5´ biotin modification.
The first experiment evaluated the microsphere pool against the hsa-miR-196a oligonucleotide individually at 5 femtomole (fmol). The second experiment evaluated the microsphere pool against the hsa-miR-196b oligonucleotide individually at 5 fmol. The third experiment involved mixing both the hsa-miR-196a oligonucleotide and hsa-miR-196b oligonucleotide each at 5 fmol and evaluated this combination against the pool of 73 microsphere-LNA probe sets.
For each experiment, the FlexmiR MicroRNA Human Panel Instruction Manual protocol was followed to perform hybridization of the synthetic oligonucleotide(s) to the LNA-doped capture probes coupled to the xMAP microspheres. Detection of the biotinylated oligonucleotides was achieved by the reaction with the Reporter Molecule, streptavidin-phycoerythrin conjugate, and final read of the samples in a microtiter plate on a Luminex 200 analyzer with Luminex IS Software Version 2.3. Samples were run in triplicate and an averaged value was reported.
The first experiment resulted in 6,479 Median Fluorescence Intensity (MFI) for the hsa-miR-196a oligonucleotide at 5 fmol with a signal of 874 MFI for hsa-miR-196b (Table and Figure 1). The second experiment yielded 265 MFI for hsa-miR-196a and 6,556 MFI for hsa-miR-196b at 5fmol (Table and Figure 2). The third experiment resulted in 6,776 MFI for hsa-miR-196a oligonucleotide and 7,684 MFI for hsa-miR-196b oligonucleotide each at 5 fmol (Table and Figure 3). For all three experiments, the measured signals remained below 70 MFI for all 71 remaining LNA capture probes coupled to microspheres.
Signal intensity of the perfect match capture probe was more than seven times higher than the single base mismatch capture probe for Experiment 1 (Figure 1) and it was about 25 times higher for Experiment 2 (Figure 2). In the presence of both targets, signal intensity of hsa-miR-196a oligonucleotide and hsa-miR-196b oligonucleotide had a coefficient variance of 3% and 11% respectively when compared to the signals of each target when they were run individually in Experiments 1 and 2.
All three experiments were repeated and the results were reproducible.
The potential for the FlexmiR microRNA product line lies in its unique combination of LNA and multiplexing technology, which provides the ability to offer quick and highly specific detection of microRNA targets in a simple workflow. These experiments, summarized in Figure 4, demonstrate that adjusting LNA content and the length of the capture probes enables Tm normalization of capture probes and provides normalized hybridization conditions suitable for all microRNAs.
Using LNA-modified capture probes with a uniform melting temperature (Tm) results in FlexmiR’s sensitive and precise detection of two closely related targets—even targets that are different by only a single nucleotide—which provides solutions to the challenges of discriminating short sequences with varying melting temperatures and high degrees of similarity.
The database of identified microRNA is growing rapidly. As the scientific community studies various microRNA sequences and begins to focus on critical, relevant microRNA, it will need technology that can help focus studies on the diseases and conditions of interest and that can easily expand or subtract feature sets. Hard-coded planar arrays will be at a disadvantage in offering the customization needs of emerging microRNA research.
The ability to customize a set of microRNAs while maintaining high specificity and simple workflow attributes should prove useful to those interested in focusing research to specific microRNA targets or patterns.
© 2016 Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, All Rights Reserved | <urn:uuid:4312015c-00a0-4a8f-872a-5547adc07798> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.genengnews.com/keywordsandtools/print/1/11965/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661327.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00161-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915131 | 1,885 | 2.78125 | 3 |
paraplegia (pârˌəplēˈjēə) [key], paralysis of the lower part of the body, commonly affecting both legs and often internal organs below the waist. When both legs and arms are affected, the condition is called quadriplegia. Paraplegia and quadriplegia are caused by an injury or disease that damages the spinal cord, and consequently always affects both sides of the body. The extent of the paralysis depends on the level of the spinal cord at which the damage occurs. For example, damage to the lowest area of the cord may result only in paralysis of the legs, whereas damage farther up on the cord causes possible loss of control over the muscles of the bladder and rectum as well or, if occurring even higher, may result in paralysis of all four limbs and loss of control over the muscles involved in breathing.
Most frequently the cause is an injury that either completely severs the spinal cord or damages some of the nervous tissue in the cord. Such damage could result from broken vertebrae that press against the cord. Diseases that cause paraplegia or quadriplegia include spinal tuberculosis, syphilis, spinal tumors, multiple sclerosis, and poliomyelitis. Sometimes when the disease is treated and cured, the paralysis disappears, but usually the nerve damage is irreparable and paralysis is permanent. Treatment of paraplegia and quadriplegia is aimed at helping to compensate for the paralysis by means of mechanical devices and through psychological and physical therapy.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on paraplegia from Infoplease:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Pathology | <urn:uuid:d102b954-62e0-493c-af6d-8c1edb77608f> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/paraplegia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119653672.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030053-00035-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913523 | 357 | 3.484375 | 3 |
File(s) under permanent embargo
A transmissible cancer shifts from emergence to endemism in Tasmanian devils
Introduction Emerging infectious diseases pose one of the greatest threats to human health and biodiversity. Phylodynamics is an effective tool for inferring epidemiological parameters to guide intervention strategies, particularly for human viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, phylodynamic analysis has historically been limited to the study of rapidly evolving viruses and, in rare cases, bacteria. Nonetheless, application of phylodynamics to nonviral pathogens has immense potential, such as for predicting disease spread and informing the management of wildlife diseases.
We conducted a phylodynamics analysis of devil facial tumor disease (DFTD), a transmissible cancer that has spread across nearly the entire geographic range of Tasmanian devils and threatens the species with extinction. DFTD is transmitted as an allograft through biting during common social interactions, susceptibility is nearly universal, and case fatality rates approach 100%. The goals of our study were to (i) characterize the geographic spread of DFTD, (ii) identify whether there are different circulating tumor lineages, and (iii) quantify rates of transmission among lineages.
Rationale In principle, phylodynamics should be readily extended to the study of slowly evolving pathogens with large genomes through careful interrogation of genes to identify those that are measurably evolving. By testing individual genes for a clocklike signal, these genes may then be used for phylodynamic analysis. We demonstrate this proof of concept in DFTD.
Results We screened >11,000 genes across the DFTD genome, identifying 28 that exhibited a strong, clocklike signal, and performed the first phylodynamic analysis of a genome larger than a bacterium. We demonstrate here, contrary to field observations, that DFTD spread omnidirectionally throughout the epizootic, leaving little signal of geographic structuring of tumor lineages across Tasmania. Despite predictions of devil extinction, we found that the effective reproduction number (RE), a summary of the rate at which disease spreads, has declined precipitously after the initial epidemic spread of DFTD. Specifically, RE peaked at a high of ∼3.5 shortly after the discovery of DFTD in 1996 and is now ∼1 in both extant tumor lineages. This is consistent with a shift from emergence to endemism. Except for a single gene, we found little evidence for convergent molecular evolution among tumor lineages.
Conclusion We have demonstrated that phylodynamics can be applied to virtually any pathogen. In doing so, we show that through careful interrogation of the pathogen genome, a measurably evolving set of genes can be identified to characterize epidemiological dynamics of nonviral pathogens with large genomes. By applying this approach to DFTD, we have shown that the disease appears to be transitioning from emergence to endemism. Consistent with recent models, our inference that RE ∼1 predicts that coexistence between devils and DFTD is a more likely outcome than devil extinction. Therefore, our findings present cautious optimism for the continued survival of the iconic Tasmanian devil but emphasize the need for evolutionarily informed conservation management to ensure their persistence.
National Institutes of Health
Department/SchoolSchool of Natural Sciences
PublisherAmer Assoc Advancement Science
Place of publication1200 New York Ave, Nw, Washington, USA, Dc, 20005
Rights statementCopyright © 2020, American Association for the Advancement of Science | <urn:uuid:825dd17a-0f68-45ec-92da-4751ab9cd1e1> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://figshare.utas.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/A_transmissible_cancer_shifts_from_emergence_to_endemism_in_Tasmanian_devils/22994396/1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233505362.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921073711-20230921103711-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.899413 | 768 | 2.640625 | 3 |
A group of leading mental health experts has called for researchers to abandon a £1m project that would involve administering a combination of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and the banned recreational drug ketamine to patients. The project's aim is to test the combination as a new method of tackling depression.
However, several psychologists and psychiatrists, including the author Oliver James, say they have grave concerns about the use of the powerful mix of therapies that the research study – backed by the UK National Institute for Health Research – intends to test. They first question the safety of ECT, in which an electrical current is passed through the brain to produce an epileptic fit, an event some doctors claim improves a patient's condition. The group also argues that there is no evidence ketamine has any lasting beneficial effects.
"Participants are being told that ketamine is believed to work together with the effect of ECT to improve mood, but the evidence for the effectiveness of either treatment individually is very weak and evidence for a combined effect even weaker," said Professor John Read of Liverpool University's Institute of Psychology. There was a risk a patient could suffer severe adverse symptoms.
The main centre for administering the ECT-ketamine study is based at Manchester University, whose website claims it is the largest research study of ECT in the UK for more than 30 years. Several other centres – including clinics in Stockport, Leeds and Salford – would be involved. The project's website adds that ECT is the most effective antidepressant available. "However, it is associated with confusion and impaired cognitive function, including memory and executive function," the site acknowledges. The study's aim is to find if ketamine can reduce impairments associated with ECT and reduce a patient's depressive symptoms. "Patients who consent to take part in the study will be randomised to either receive ketamine or a placebo injection," the website adds.
But critics say, in a letter to the project's organisers and backers, that its supporters appear "to be making inaccurate statements about the risks and benefits to people who are depressed – some of them suicidally depressed – and who may therefore feel desperate enough to accept any treatment that is offered to them".
The study's critics argue that ketamine is a powerful hallucinogenic drug. Giving it to someone who then has ECT, which leaves them in a disorientated state, will increase their discomfort, they say. As David Harper, a clinical psychologist at the University of East London, pointed out: "The potential risks of combining an already risky ECT procedure with a hallucinatory drug seem very much to have been downplayed in this study." This point was stressed by James. "It is absolutely ludicrous to claim that a powerful euphoria-inducing drug like ketamine is going to be a long-term or a short-term method for controlling clinical depression," he said.
The group's other main objection is to the study's claim that ECT is safe and effective. It is sometimes associated with long-lasting cognitive dysfunction and involves a small but significant mortality risk, usually through cardiac arrest or stroke, it states. "We believe that ECT recipients should be informed of that risk," they add in their letter. | <urn:uuid:8ea75fb0-e45a-4a7b-a274-11c781601eac> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/jun/22/critics-attack-ect-ketamine-therapy-depression | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049275981.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002115-00207-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966113 | 655 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Thesis statements worksheets
Thesis Statement Excercises (printable version here) Joe Essid, University of Richmond Writing Center David Wright, Furman University English Department. Thesis Statements A thesis is just a fancy way of making a statement of what you believe and why you believe it When you write an essay, you MUST clearly state. THESIS STATEMENTS What is a thesis statement? A thesis statement: tells how the students will interpret the significance of the subject matter. Home Practice developing thesis statements with this writing introduction worksheet! Students will learn how to improve their writing with a strong, attention grabbing .
The thesis statement is what gives an essay direction Knowing how to write a thesis statement — the topic, a claim about that topic, and three points to. Creating Thesis Statements Worksheet Subject and Commentary A topic sentence is the sentence that conveys a central position of a paragraph Like a topic sentence. Then, construct complete thesis statements by stating the topic and opinion in one sentence, using academic language 3.
Thesis statements worksheets
By the end of this tutorial, a student will be able to: Practice drafting a clear and concise thesis statement Be able to analyze a literary work and draft a thesis. Thesis Statement Worksheet Directions: State if the following thesis is weak or strong Why? Example: Crime must be stopped Weak because it is a general statement. Thesis Statement Worksheet NAME: Part 1 - The Basics 1 Take a look at the following thesis statements and re-write them correctly on the lines below.
Practice developing thesis statements with this writing introduction worksheet! Click here to view and print the worksheet for home or class use. Practice developing thesis statements with this writing introduction worksheet! practice exams, quizzes & worksheetsThesis Statement Worksheet. Directed Learning Activity: Creating Dynamic Thesis Statements What are three things you know about thesis statements? 1 WHAT IS IT. Thesis Statements Showing top 8 worksheets in the category - Thesis Statements Once you find your worksheet, just click on the Open in new window bar on the.
This handout describes what a thesis statement is, how thesis statements work in your writing, and how you can discover or refine one for your draft. For example, look at the three stages of the thesis statement below and see how it develops How strong and interesting are the thesis statements. About This Quiz & Worksheet Check your understanding of writing a thesis statement with this quiz and worksheet To pass the quiz, you'll need a solid understanding. Practice developing thesis statements with this writing introduction worksheet! Click here to view and print the worksheet for home or class use. Writing Essays→ Thesis Statement Level: Middle School A thesis statement starts your essay with clear direction It presents a topic, narrows that topic down to.
Find writing a thesis statement lesson plans and teaching resources From revising thesis statements worksheets to esl writing thesis statement videos, quickly find. Thesis Statement Worksheet By Nancy Armstrong Directions: For each of the following statements, identify whether the statement is strong, too narrow, or too broad. Writing a Thesis Statement / 2 justify some behaviours that we intuitively would condemn as evil Therefore, it cannot always tell us what we are morally required to do. Thesis Statement Showing top 8 worksheets in the category - Thesis Statement Once you find your worksheet Thesis Statements – Web Worksheet By Nancy Armstrong. 5 Thesis statements cover only one point A thesis statement, especially for a longer research paper, might make multiple points Example.
- Creating Excellent Thesis Statements Worksheets Author: Shaun's Computer Last modified by: Shaun's Computer Created Date: 5/30/2012 6:54:00 PM Company.
- Look at the characteristics for thesis statements presented below, and complete the exercise: 1 A strong thesis statement takes a stand on the prompt.
Developing Your Thesis Statement A thesis statement can be one of the greatest unifying forces in an essay A good thesis holds together the various parts of a paper. Unclear thesis statements emanate from the minds of writers with an unclear purpose Teach students how to write effective thesis statements by teaching the following. | <urn:uuid:97cb2cb7-3f99-4e07-b888-dc1a21208783> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://zhcourseworkxaoj.studentveteransadvocacygroup.org/thesis-statements-worksheets.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171043.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00478-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880872 | 862 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Madagascar Weather, climate and geography
Weather and climate
Best time to visit
Madagascar’s highly diverse subtropical climate means it pays to do some research before you plan a trip. Rainy season runs from December to March. This is when the rainforested eastern and northern parts of the country are battered by tropical storms brought on by cyclone season, and temperatures tend to hover around 30ºC (86ºF). Despite being rainy season up north, during this period, the central parts will be a lot drier and cooler, with temperatures around 25ºC (77ºF). The southern and western coasts are the driest parts of the country.
Dry season runs from April to October but tourist numbers don't start to swell until early May. Peak months are July and August, due to the timing of school holidays in Europe and the USA. If visiting for wildlife, September to December is also a good time to visit, as many of the snakes and lizards populating the island come out of hibernation during this time. The mountains, including Antananarivo, are dry, cool and windy during this time of year, shifting to warm and thundery from November to April. Due to the extreme storms and occasional cyclones, travelling to Madagascar between January and March is ill-advised.
To cope with the Madagascan climate, lightweights should be worn during the summer on high central plateaux and throughout the year in the north and south. Cotton and natural fibres work better in this sweaty weather. Warmer clothes are advised for during the evenings and winter in mountainous areas. Rainwear is advisable as a precaution.
Located 500km (300 miles) off the coast of Mozambique in the Indian Ocean, Madagascar is world’s fourth-largest island. Accompanied by several much smaller sibling isles, it is characterised by a central chain of high mountains, the Hauts Plateaux. This spiny ridge dominates the main island’s terrain and is a dividing line that marks Madagascar’s east-and-west differences in ethnicity, climate, and scenery.
On the east coast, a skinny strip of lowlands, settled from the sixth century by Polynesian seafarers, is largely covered by dense rainforests. The broader west-coast landscape, once clad in dry deciduous forests, is now mostly grasslands. On both coasts, the climate is wetter towards the north although the east coast receives the monsoon. Semi-desert and forests of cactus-like scrub characterises the island’s southern tip with much of Madagascar’s flora and fauna is wholly unique. Busy capital city, Antananarivo, is situated high up in the Hauts Plateaux and almost denotes the island’s geographical centre. | <urn:uuid:ebd4d643-92a5-4ea2-955d-c4ae30859b4e> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/madagascar/weather-climate-geography/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402130531.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200930235415-20201001025415-00497.warc.gz | en | 0.960774 | 584 | 3.125 | 3 |
When it was first released in 1977, ¡Alambrista! depicted something previously unseen in American fiction films—the lives of undocumented Mexican immigrants from their point of view. Though writer-director-cinematographer Robert M. Young was not Latino and didn’t speak Spanish, his film convincingly conveyed the perspective of a people whose labor is welcomed at the same time that they are exploited and ostracized. A prime reason ¡Alambrista! was important then—and is now—is because it balanced, deepened, and enriched our national conversation about immigration.
The film was also noteworthy for Young’s innovative use of cinematic skills he had acquired as a documentary filmmaker to thrust the viewer into the experience of his undocumented Mexican protagonist. How Young came to make ¡Alambrista! is a fascinating journey in its own right, involving considerable professional, artistic, and political growth on his part. Young had been making a name for himself as a documentarian since the mid-1950s, working on everything from nature films to cinema-verité-inspired investigations for NBC White Paper, the acclaimed and controversial television public affairs series. One of these was Sit-In (1960), a record of the civil rights struggle in Nashville, Tennessee. That led him to collaborate with Michael Roemer, a fellow filmmaker at NBC, on his first fiction project, Nothing But a Man (1964), on race relations. Directed by Roemer and coproduced, cowritten, and photographed by Young, Nothing But a Man was praised by the Washington Post as “one of the most sensitive films about black life ever made in this country.”
In his first decade of making films, then, Young’s aesthetic was emerging. In part, he was a curious and dedicated documentarian, ready to go to great lengths to get the story, and willing to follow wherever it led. He was also a committed journalist with an activist streak, drawn to projects that touched on issues of social justice. And despite his documentary roots, he was gravitating toward narrative storytelling.
Much like the Italian neorealists, Young discovered the effectiveness of using documentary techniques to tell fictional stories. But the Italians—De Sica, Rossellini, and Visconti, for instance—were experienced narrative filmmakers who appropriated documentary techniques to lend a sense of authenticity and immediacy to their contemporary tales of ordinary people. Young was coming from the opposite end of the filmmaking spectrum.
Steeped in the documentary tradition of journalistic objectivity, he wrestled with a paradox then slowly dawning on him: fiction could be truer than reportage. “I wanted desperately to be able to make a film out of life,” he has said of this period in his professional career, and a documentary didn’t always “go where you need it to go.” In certain cases, he came to realize, events could be made more compelling if given narrative shape. “I wanted to be inside the situation,” Young said, “not standing at a distance with the camera on a tripod,” the vantage point of the traditional documentarian. Fictional filmmaking was the way inside.
It was another documentary, however, that led to ¡Alambrista!, his first foray into fiction film directing. That short documentary, Children of the Fields (1973), was produced for a television series on children sponsored by the Xerox Corporation and dealt with migrant farmworkers. To make it, Young immersed himself in the lives of Mexican American migrant laborers in the Southwest. He befriended the Galindo family—Polo; his wife, Lili; and their five young children—who all toiled in the fields. They agreed to permit Young to follow them during the harvesting season and to be the subjects of his film.
In the course of making Children of the Fields, Young was introduced to, and became fascinated by, another segment of the migrant worker population, undocumented Mexican immigrants. “I saw these people living in junkyards,” Young said later, “and I heard stories about people who were here without papers, and I just determined that I was going to make a film about them.” As he envisioned it, ¡Alambrista! would be a narrative film relating a story unknown to most Americans—that of the undocumented Mexican migrant experience, distilled into the quest of one man, Roberto Ramírez (Domingo Ambriz), who comes to the U.S. seeking work to support his family back home.
Seed money for the film came from a $12,500 Guggenheim Fellowship, which Young used to return to the Southwest to begin researching the lives of Mexican farmworkers (with the help of Polo Galindo, who served as his guide and translator). Young wrote the script in six weeks, and KCET, the Los Angeles public television station, agreed to air the film as part of its Visions series, giving Young a $200,000 budget to make it. Casting little-known actors in the main roles and nonactors in most of the minor ones (except for Ned Beatty, Jerry Hardin, and Julius Harris), he worked documentary-style, directing and shooting the film himself (with Tom Hurwitz on second camera), supported by a skeleton crew. To help his actors build their characters organically, he shot in sequence, starting in Northern Mexico, then moving on to locations in California, Arizona, and El Paso, Texas.
Wanting to bring viewers inside Roberto’s life as an immigrant laborer, Young employed cinematic techniques he had developed to chronicle the Galindos in Children of the Fields. His intimate camera-to-subject distance ensured an up-close-and-personal view of Roberto and the other immigrants at work. A handheld camera enabled him to catch action on the fly and permitted his actors to move about freely. In the scene where la migra suddenly arrive to arrest the migrants in the field, for instance, Young’s camera races alongside Roberto as he scrambles between rows of tomato plants, desperately trying to avoid capture. Extensive use of wide-angle lenses allowed Young to compose his signature deep-focus shots containing a facial close-up on one side of the frame and a long shot of the background on the other. In this way, a single frame could include specific details without losing sight of the big picture—Roberto’s face as he picks tomatoes and the numerous faceless laborers stretching beyond him into the distance. A preponderance of low-angle shots, too, brought viewers down to ground level, where the crops are picked. No American feature film had ever taken viewers as deep into the world of undocumented immigrants as ¡Alambrista!.
The finished film was broadcast by KCET and other PBS affiliates in the fall of 1977 and received positive reviews. It had a successful festival run as well, winning the inaugural Caméra d’Or award for best first feature at Cannes in 1978 and best film at the San Sebastián Film Festival the same year. Despite the acclaim, however, ¡Alambrista! never had a national theatrical run in the U.S. It showed up here and there over the next few years, on the art-house circuit and on college campuses, but by the mid-1980s it had disappeared from distribution altogether and was on the verge of becoming a lost film.
And it remained so until 1999, when two academics, Davíd Carrasco and Nicholas J. Cull, teamed up with Young to form the Alambrista Multimedia Project. Their goal was to release a DVD of a new director’s cut of the film, with a more authentic musical soundtrack by Jose B. Cuellar. The DVD would be part of an educational package including a book of essays about the history of Mexican immigration to the U.S. and the making of the film. That set, “Alambrista” and the U.S.-Mexico Border, was published by the University of New Mexico Press in 2004. And it is that version of the film being presented here.
In reediting ¡Alambrista!, Young added some things and cut others. Though the original was peppered with lighter moments to counterpoint the harshness of Roberto’s life, Young thought the film needed more, and so he added previously deleted footage of Joe (Trinidad Silva), Roberto’s comical compatriot, such as a sequence in which Roberto and Joe help an Anglo family of migrant workers fix their car, then hitch a ride with them. Young also felt that the film needed tightening, so he trimmed it considerably (from 110 minutes to 96). The resulting director’s cut is stronger and more focused, a feat Young accomplished without omitting anything substantial from the 1977 version or diminishing its power.
Maintaining the spirit of the original was crucial in order for today’s viewers to fully appreciate its impact. ¡Alambrista! wasn’t just a landmark film in portraying the perspective of undocumented aliens and injecting that viewpoint into the national discourse on immigration. That is a remarkable achievement in itself, but ¡Alambrista! did more: it played a key role in the history of Mexican American film, ushering in its second wave.
The short documentaries of the first wave of this cinema (1969–77), such as Luis Valdez’s I Am Joaquin (1969), were do-it-yourself works made “by, for, and about” Mexican Americans. Frustrated by their inability to enter mainstream filmmaking and angered by the demeaning, stereotypical representations of Latinos in movies, first wave directors sought to make films that would educate Chicanos about their history, build cultural pride, boost self-esteem, and dismantle Latino stereotypes. For these filmmakers, ¡Alambrista! was a revelation, a sterling example of how the Mexican American experience could be the basis for fiction films with broad appeal. It launched the second wave of Chicano filmmaking (1977–87)—which had the same goals as the first but embraced narrative film and expanded its reach to the larger U.S. viewing public—including Young’s The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez (1982), which also premiered on PBS, and Gregory Nava’s El Norte (1983). And this phase in turn laid the groundwork for third wave films like La Bamba (1987, Luis Valdez), Born in East L.A. (1987, Cheech Marin), and Stand and Deliver (1988, Ramón Menéndez), which were made inside the Hollywood studio system. Young has participated in this wave as well, coproducing actor-director Edward James Olmos’s film American Me (1992).
Beyond its historical significance, however, ¡Alambrista! affected many of us who saw it all those years ago on an emotional level as well. The shared experience of leaving the homeland for el norte, repeated over centuries by generations of Mexican immigrants, is a kind of origination narrative of our ethnic group. Its essential elements—the journey north, the border crossing, the arrival in the U.S., the adjustment to a new culture and language, the challenge of beginning a new life—are events most Mexican Americans can locate in their family history. But they were nonexistent on American movie screens until ¡Alambrista!—the first and arguably best rendering of the Mexican American diaspora story.
Of course, immigration is at the heart of the American experience, so in that sense Roberto’s story is universal—a Mexican American variation on the familiar Coming to America theme. And now, with the release of this edition, it is at last readily available to the mass audience for which Young originally intended it. | <urn:uuid:b6191cfa-afd7-4f63-a274-a662c4acc688> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/2256--alambrista-inside-the-undocumented-experience | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335303.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929003121-20220929033121-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.967413 | 2,452 | 2.53125 | 3 |
One of the things that make COVID-19 so frightening is its unpredictability. The severity of COVID-19 symptoms is on a spectrum that ranges from severe respiratory distress syndrome and death to mild, cold-like symptoms. In fact, some patients have no visible symptoms at all — these are the famous ‘asymptomatic’ cases that we’ve heard about in the news and on social media.
Asymptomatic cases are thought to contribute a great deal to the “silent spread” of the pandemic. Although an infected person might look and feel perfectly healthy, they can spread the virus just as easily as someone who coughs or who any of the other COVID-19 symptoms. This group of infected cases is actually very dangerous because they could unwittingly contribute to the spread by not realizing they are carriers, as opposed to people with symptoms who might immediately isolate themselves once they realize they are sick.
But a new study published today in the journal PLOS Medicine suggests that the fraction of asymptomatic cases isn’t larger than 20%.
The researchers at the University of Bern, Switzerland analyzed 79 studies that reported empirical data on 6,616 people infected with SARS-CoV-2 between March and June, 1,287 of whom were deemed asymptomatic.
“About 20% of COVID-19 infections remain asymptomatic, however, there is much uncertainty around this estimate. It can range between 17% and 25%, with a prediction interval of 3%-67%, meaning that if a new study is conducted, 95% of the times, the proportion asymptomatic is between 3 and 67%. We embarked on the study to determine the true proportion of people with SARS-CoV-2 infection that would remain asymptomatic throughout the course of their infection. When the pandemic started, we simply did not know enough about the existence of, or transmissibility of, asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection,” Michel J Counotte, post-doctoral epidemiologist, Diana Buitrago-Garcia, PhD student, and Nicola Low, Professor of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland, told ZME Science.
All people infected with SARS-CoV-2 are initially asymptomatic. However, between 2-14 days after the initial infection, many may go on to develop symptoms. Perhaps a better phrasing is that all infected cases are initially presymptomatic, and many such presymptomatic cases have been classed as asymptomatic by previous studies.
“It has become clear that many people report sensationally high proportions of ‘asymptomatic infection’ because they pick up on studies that have tested for SARS-CoV-2 at a single time point. These studies, without follow up, cannot distinguish between being truly asymptomatic (a person who never developed symptoms) and pre-symptomatic (a positive individual who started without symptoms and later on developed them),” the authors told me in an email.
For their study, the researchers compiled all studies on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 starting from December 2019 to the present day in a single, searchable database. Of course, this also posed some challenges due to the sheer volume of scientific studies.
After they carefully combed through thousands of COVID studies, the researchers settled on 79 studies that reported asymptomatic cases in a variety of settings, including outbreaks in nursing homes, on the Diamond Princess cruise ship, in small family clusters, and in hospitals.
Although most studies at the beginning of the pandemic suggested that a high proportion of infected cases were asymptomatic, this systematic review shows that the true number of asymptomatic cases is much lower. In reality, about 80% of infected people with the novel coronavirus end up exhibiting some symptoms.
The earlier confusion is owed to “sample size and how the population was selected, additionally the definition of an asymptomatic individual needed to take into account the course of the disease, follow-up of participants, and the definition of a truly asymptomatic or presymptomatic as mentioned before,” the researchers said.
That being said, when you combine presymptomatic and asymptomatic infections in a community, the numbers add up considerably, contributing to the silent spread of the pandemic.
“People should be aware that a minority of SARS-CoV-2 infections is truly asymptomatic. Most people who do not have any of the symptoms associated with COVID-19 when they are tested (usually because they are a contact of a confirmed case) are presymptomatic. This means that they are likely to develop symptoms in the coming days,” the authors told ZME Science.
“Keep in mind that a person with either asymptomatic or presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection can still transmit the virus. In our study, we found that people with true asymptomatic infection are probably less able to transmit SARS-CoV-2 than those who go on to develop symptoms.”
“At a practical level, if you do not currently have any symptoms, but have suspicions about having COVID-19 or have been in contact with someone who tested positive, get tested. Treat yourself as though you were infected, and isolate yourself from others while you wait for the results. Follow the recommendations of your health authorities.” | <urn:uuid:cfc4eb82-66eb-4d83-bf0c-353ce273bc05> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.zmescience.com/science/true-number-asymptomatic-cases-042342/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500273.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205161658-20230205191658-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.963009 | 1,162 | 2.984375 | 3 |
A rat has four sacral vertebrae. The two anterior sacral vertebrae are attached to the hip bones.
The two coxal bones (os coxae) or hip bones comprise the pelvic girdle. Each bone is firmly united dorsally to the two anterior sacral vertebrae. Ventrally the two are held together by connective tissue at the pubic symphysis. The lateral surface of each bone bears a deep pit, the acetabulum, for the reception of the head of the thigh bone (femur). Unlike the pectoral girdle the direct attachment of the pelvic girdle to the backbone furnishes a rigid support for the strong and active hind legs of the animal. The coxal bone consists of three fused elements, the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Femur or thigh bone
The femur, or thigh bone, consists of a long body with processes at each end for attachment of muscles, or for articulation with other bones. The proximal end is Y-shaped. The medial branch of the Y is capped with a hemispherical knob, the head, which fits into the acetabulum. The head is held in place by the round ligament (ligamentum teres femoris) of the femur, attached to the center of the articular surface. The head is joined to the shaft by the narrow cylindrical neck. Head and neck together resemble a small "toad stool," the neck corresponding to the stalk of the "stool."
The massive lateral branch of the Y, the great trochanter, is continued as a high thin ridge down the lateral surface of the femur. This ridge is sometimes referred to as the third trochanter, and the lateral branch of the Y as the first trochanter, the two being considered components of the greater trochanter. The lesser or second trochanter is a knob ventral to the base of the neck on the flexor surface of the femur. The intertrochanteric crest connects the greater and lesser trochanters. The trochanteric fossa is a deep depression at the base of the medial side of the greater trochanter. The lateral and medial condyles are large ventral swellings at the distal end of the femur. They are separated from each other by the deep intercondyloid fossa, which is continued on to the extensor surface of the bone as the grooved patellar surface for articulation with the patella. The two condyles articulate with the proximal end of the tibia.
The patella is a sesamoid bone lying in front of the knee joint.
The tibia extends from the knee to the ankle. The fibula is a slender bone posterior to the tibia. The two are anchylosed in the lower third of the tibia. These two bones resemble an archer's bow, the fibula representing the cord, the forward bending tibia the wooden bow. The shaft or body of the tibia decreases in thickness distally. Beyond the anchylosis it is cylindrical in cross section, but triangular proximal to this point. Thus the bone presents three surfaces:
a concave anterolateral surface,
a convex antermnedial surface,
and a posterior surface with two pronounced longitudinal grooves.
A ridge, the anterior crest, is located proximally on the anterior side of the bone at the angle formed by the lateral and medial surfaces. The bone articulates with the femur proximally. The articular surface is divided into two large concave condyles, separated from each other by a longitudinal groove, the intercondyloid fossa. Each of these is opposed to the convex surface of one of the femoral condyles. The tibia and fibula articulate distally with the talus (astragalus) bone of the heel. The tibial part of the articular surface contains two longitudinal grooves, separated by a ridge. The medial malleolus forms the medial boundary of the inner groove. The fibula bears the lateral malleolus upon its lateral surface. The slender fibula expands dorsally, where it is attached by a ligament to the external condyle of the tibia.
The tarsus, or ankle, contains eight bones arranged in two rows, one distal and one proximal, with one bone between the rows. The proximal row contains the talus and calcaneus. The talus articulates with the tibia and fibula. The calcaneus, or heel bone, is shovel-shaped and is the largest bone in the tarsus. The "handle," or heel process, is directed posteriorly, forming the support for the heel. When the toes are depressed the trochlea of the talus acts as a fulcrum, the heel process as a lever moved by the posterior leg muscles. The length of the heel process makes it a relatively efficient lever. There are also four sesa-mold bones in the tarsus.
There are five long, cylindrical metatarsal bones in the foot, those of the great toe, or hallux, and of the little toe being shorter than the remaining three.
Each toe, or digit, possesses three phalanges, except the hallux, which has two. Each terminal phalanx ends in a curved claw. | <urn:uuid:e375e6e9-715d-4ff8-89c4-1656b1079c95> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://miekeroth.com/sketchfab_apps/hips_hindlegs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592387.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721051500-20180721071500-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.884886 | 1,135 | 3.171875 | 3 |
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"Obey the Law of Necessity."
General Jovellar. "I have received Final Orders."
Artist: Thomas Nast
Since 1868, Cuban rebels had been fighting for independence from Spain in a guerrilla war which would last until 1878. Many Americans sympathized with the Cubans, and a few fought alongside them as mercenary soldiers. The Virginius was a ship captained by Joseph Fry, an American soldier of fortune, which was used in an attempt to smuggle arms to Cuban rebels. It sailed fraudulently under the neutral American flag and carried counterfeit American registration.
On October 31, 1873, the Virginius was captured by Spanish officials in international waters, and 36 crew members and 15 passengers, including several American citizens and British subjects, were executed. The story made headline news in the United States, with commentators calling for the administration of Ulysses S. Grant to take swift action. Rumors circulated widely, and large crowds at public meetings across America called for war.
Secretary of State Hamilton Fish directed Daniel Sickles, the U.S. minister to Spain, to demand restitution from the Spanish government, and to close the embassy and leave the country if Spain did not meet the demand within 12 days. Sickles delayed his departure by one day, and on November 27, 1873, Spain agreed to release the ship and its survivors. In 1875, Spain paid an indemnity of $80,000 to the United States and made a similar payment to Great Britain.
In this Harper's Weekly cartoon, Spanish president Emilio Castelar forces General Joaquin Jovellar, the chief Spanish military official in Cuba, at gun point to return the Virginius to American authorities. The general stares fearfully into the skull-emblazoned barrel of a cannon etched paradoxically with "Let Us Have Peace," the slogan of Grant's 1868 presidential campaign. On board the massive American vessel are (left to right): Secretary of State Fish, President Grant, and Navy Secretary George Robeson.
Although American tempers were inflamed, there did not seem to have been a deep and lasting desire for war during the Virginius Affair. One reason was that the Spanish monarchy had briefly given way to a struggling republic (September 1873 - January 1874), with which Americans could identify. Another was that Americans became distracted by an economic panic which the United States was experiencing at the time. Perhaps most important, though, was the war-weariness still evident in the aftermath of the Civil War.
Such would not be the case two decades later. In 1895, another war for Cuban independence began, leading to the Spanish-American War of 1898 and the subsequent establishment of an American protectorate in Cuba.
Cartoon and explanation provided by HarpWeek. | <urn:uuid:53ad895c-596b-40e5-969a-c174f39cd2c2> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://events.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/harp/0110.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891817999.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180226025358-20180226045358-00516.warc.gz | en | 0.961981 | 672 | 2.890625 | 3 |
HOUSTON-- A cargo resupply demonstration mission by Orbital Sciences Corp. drew to a close Tuesday as the International Space Station detached and released the Dulles-based Cygnus spacecraft from the orbiting laboratory.
Cygnus, which was launched from Wallops Island on September 18, had been attached to the space station's Harmony module for 23 days. It delivered about 1,300 pounds of cargo, including food, clothing and student experiments.
Prior to its departure from the station, Cygnus was loaded with items no longer needed aboard the station. The astronauts aboard the station detached the spacecraft using the station's robotic arm and released Cygnus at 7:31 a.m. EDT.
Orbital Sciences engineers now will conduct a series of planned burns and maneuvers to move Cygnus toward a destructive re-entry in Earth's atmosphere on Wednesday.
Cygnus was launched Sept. 18th on an Antares rocket from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport at NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility.
The mission was part of a $1.9 billion NASA contract to deliver essential cargo to the International Space Station. | <urn:uuid:65efdc38-9b7e-4bff-83c1-a4b3fa0eb354> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.wvec.com/news/regional/Spacecraft-launched-from-NASA-Wallops-leaves-space-station-228863111.html?ref=next | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500830834.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021350-00271-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945217 | 233 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Human beings like pictures which is probably why there’s the old adage “A picture’s worth a thousand words.” We take computer graphic output for granted now, but even in the earliest days for Teletypes and line printers, there was artwork made from characters ranging from Snoopy to Spock. [Wenting Z] continues the tradition by creating an FPGA that converts VGA video to ASCII art and outputs it via DVI.
The device uses a Xilinx Virtex device and uses about 500 LUT (look up tables) which is not much at all. You can see a video (that includes an overlay of the source video) of the device in action below.
In fact, we think of art like this as a computer phenomenon, but [Flora Stacey] created a butterfly on a typewriter in 1898 and ham radio operators were doing art using paper tape for the last half of the twentieth century. Even before that, In 1865, Alice in Wonderland had a certain passage that was typeset to suggest a mouse’s tail. Perhaps the pinnacle is the famous ASCII version of Star Wars.
This is decidedly less mechanical than some of the other ASCII art projects we’ve seen. If you have a taste for more text art, have a look at some other examples, including a very old advertisement that uses character art.
Continue reading “FPGA Makes ASCII Video”
Computer graphics have come a long way. Some video games today exceed what would have passed for stunning cinema animation only a few years ago. However, it hasn’t always been like this. One of the earliest forms of computer-generated graphics used text characters to draw on printers.
Early computer rooms were likely to have a Snoopy character on green and white fan-fold paper. Calendars with some artwork were also popular (see left, and find out about the FORTRAN that created it, if you like). Ham radio operators who use teletypes (RTTY, in ham parlance) often had vast collections of punched tape that held artwork. Given that most hams in the 1950s and 1960s were men and the times were different, a lot of them were more or less “R” rated.
Not all of them were, though. For example, Richard Nixon was decidedly “G” rated (see right). Simple pictures would use single characters, but sophisticated ones would use the backspace character to overprint multiple characters.
Ham Radio Art
You often hear this described as ASCII art, today, although hams usually use 5-bit BAUDOT code, so that’s a misnomer for those images, at least. Of course, today, people aren’t keen on storing roll after roll of paper tape (or even owning a tape reader) so there have been several projects to capture this art in a more modern format.
Although there is still some RTTY art activity, picture sending has been mostly replaced by slow scan TV (SSTV) which sends actual still images or other modes like FAX. Some of the newer digital modes even have the ability to send pictures. You can be discussing your radio for example, and then show the other ham a photo of the radio.
Continue reading “Retrotechtacular: ASCII Art In The 19th Century” | <urn:uuid:7310ce5d-8787-4ad1-8bef-9c9081265dff> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://hackaday.com/tag/ascii-animation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574018.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920113425-20190920135425-00220.warc.gz | en | 0.967724 | 691 | 3.09375 | 3 |
We are matheticians! Through the implementation of the Common Core State Standards of Mathematics, our students are deepening their understanding of math concepts and building critical thinking skills.
All grade levels focus on the 8 Mathematical Practices:
- Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.
- Reason abstractly and quantitatively.
- Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.
- Model with mathematics
- Use appropriate tools strategically.
- Attend to precision.
- Look for and make use of structure.
- Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning
Our curriculum is developmentally appropriate and encompasses the following components:
- Counting and Cardinality
- Operations and Algebraic Thinking
- Number and Operations in Base Ten
- Number and Operations - Fractions
- Measurement and Data
- Ratios and Proportional Relationships
- The Number System
- Expressions and Equations
- Statistics and Probability
To view the Common Core State Standards in Mathematics, please visit: http://www.corestandards.org/Math/ | <urn:uuid:5a9ff301-dfd1-4fa7-9eca-1ee153ebdafa> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://holycsc.org/academics/mathematics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506528.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923162848-20230923192848-00717.warc.gz | en | 0.847265 | 233 | 4.40625 | 4 |
Beijing, the capital of the economic giant, China, is in the news currently for a far different reason – two patients have developed pneumonic plague. The patients, who hail from Inner Mongolia’s northwestern corner, are being treated at a high-level hospital there, amidst 21 million other people. The health authorities say they have put in place adequate protection and control measures to keep the plague from spreading.
3d representation of the Yersinia pestis bacteria better known as the bubonic plague. Image Credit: MichaelTaylor / Shutterstock
Pneumonic plague is capable of killing within 2-3 days, and is termed “the most virulent form of plague” by the World Health Organization (WHO). The symptoms of pneumonic plague include fever with chills, nausea and vomiting.
Pneumonic plague spreads like wildfire, through close contacts. Transmission is via droplets, which are carried through the air to infect persons in the vicinity, to cause huge epidemics. In this case, the contacts of the patients have been screened and are being managed appropriately.
The other forms of the illness are bubonic plague, which is also dangerous, but relatively less so, and septicemic plague. Both are caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which jumps from rats to fleas and then to humans. The bacterium has been lurking in several animal populations in Asia, Africa and the American continents. The plague is popularly known as the Black Death, and is often thought to have caused the pandemic which ravaged Europe in the 14th century, killing half of the population in just six years. it spread from the Mediterranean area, where it is thought to have been first brought by shipborne rat. Another major outbreak was in the Shakespearean period when about 25% of the people in his town died.
Today, such high mortality is unlikely, because bubonic plague responds to antibiotics with fairly good recovery rates – although plague is still a lethal illness if not treated.
Plague in China
The last high-profile case was in 2014, when a man died of the disease in Gansu, China, leading to the quarantine of 151 people who had been in contact with him. The town of Yumen, where he died, was also cordoned off as a whole, police manning the perimeter roadblocks to prevent any of the 30,000 inhabitants from leaving or anybody from outside entering the town. Since then, 5 people have died of the plague in China, until the present time – including a couple who died of bubonic plague in Mongolia.
The WHO has been notified of the disease, and its China coordinator Fabio Scano confirmed that all efforts were being made to contain and treat the cases identified, and to intensify surveillance measures. Chinese authorities are also, typically, censoring social media, to prevent panic from spreading. For instance, on Weibo, the local equivalent of Twitter, the hashtag “Beijing confirms it is treating plague cases” was removed to prevent discussions around this topic.
Weibo users wanted to know how the patients reached Beijing, while another reached back into folklore to prophesy the coming of the plague, saying, “Bird flu in the year of the rooster... swine fever in the year of the pig. Next year is the year of the rat...the plague is coming.”
Plague over the world
However, plague has not suddenly risen from the ashes. In 2015, there were 11 cases in the US, with 3 deaths, between April and August, in six different states. In fact, every year there are about 12 or so deaths from plague in the US, especially in rural settings.
In 2017, there was a much larger outbreak in Madagascar, with over 2400 cases of which over 200 died. In fact, plague epidemics strike every year in this country, and it is also endemic in the Democratic Republic of Congo and in Peru.
Plague cases have popped up in other countries too. According to WHO estimates, up to 1,500 cases are reported each year – and that doesn’t even take into account unreported cases, of which there are many. Plague is very much a current concern, in other words, and scientists stress that we need to prepare for a pandemic of respiratory disease – now!
In September 2019, scientists warned grimly that should a pandemic happen, as is quite possible, due to plague or any other quickly-spreading illness, the outcome could be devastating. They say, “There is a very real threat of a rapidly moving, highly lethal pandemic of a respiratory pathogen killing 50 to 80 million people.” | <urn:uuid:bfc2e991-29ed-48b7-9727-3acc01382327> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.news-medical.net/news/20191117/The-Black-Death-still-lurks-all-over-the-world.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141188947.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126200910-20201126230910-00386.warc.gz | en | 0.973609 | 956 | 3.25 | 3 |
Reblochon is a French cheese from the Alps region of Haute-Savoie and has been granted the AOC title. Reblochon was first produced in the Thônes and Arly valleys, in the Aravis massif. Thônes remains the centre of Reblochon production; the cheeses are still made in the local cooperatives. Until 1964 Reblochon was also produced in Italian areas of the Alps. Subsequently the Italian cheese has been sold in declining quantities under such names as Rebruchon and Reblò alpino.
Reblochon derives from the word 'reblocher' which when literally translated means 'to pinch a cow's udder again'. Although graphic, this refers to the practice of holding back some of the milk from the first milking. During the 14th century, the landowners would tax the mountain farmers according to the amount of milk their herds produced. The farmers would therefore not fully milk the cows until after the landowner had measured the yield. The milk that remains is much richer, and was traditionally used by the dairymaids to make their own cheese. The Chartreux monks would bless the houses of the mountain peasants in return for these "cheeses of devotion". Raw-milk Reblochon is no longer available in the United States due to recent enforcement of laws concerning the pasteurization of soft and semi-soft cheese.
Reblochon is a soft washed-rind cheese made from raw cow's milk. The cow breeds best for producing the milk needed for this cheese are the Abondance, Tarentaise and the Montbéliarde. Produced from the day's second milking, this cheese measures 14 cm across and 3–4 cm thick, has a soft centre with a washed rind and weighs an average of 450g. As proof of its being well-aged in an airy cellar, the rind of this cheese is covered with a fine white mould. The optimal period to savour this cheese is between May and September after it has been aged six to eight weeks. It is also excellent from March to December.
Reblochon has a nutty taste that remains in mouth after its soft and uniform centre has been enjoyed. It is an essential ingredient of tartiflette, a Savoyard gratin made from potatoes, cream, onions, and ham. In 2002, 17.4 million kilograms of Reblochon were produced. | <urn:uuid:628bd52c-62f3-4de6-ba20-6da9529408d7> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.cheesewiki.com/reblochon | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583700734.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120062400-20190120084400-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.976628 | 516 | 2.515625 | 3 |
TOKYO--Much as material scientists dream about it, convincing an insulator to conduct electricity is no easy feat. It typically requires doping the insulator with conductive impurities, a finicky process that works with only a limited number of materials. Now researchers have stumbled onto an easier approach that could be put to use in solar panels, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), and other applications where conventional opaque wiring affects transparency or the transmission of light.
The new conductor is a calcium-aluminum oxide known as C12A7. Like many ceramic oxides, including glass, C12A7 is optically transparent but electrically insulating. C12A7 crystals consist of a latticework of molecular cages, each defined by six positively charged calcium ions. Some of these cages contain so-called free oxygen ions. These negatively charged oxygen ions balance the positive charges of the calcium ions.
Partly by chance, a team led by Hideo Hosono and colleagues at an Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO) project of the governmental Japan Science and Technology Corp. in Kawasaki discovered a process that could make C12A7 conduct electricity. Hosono heated C12A7 crystals at 1300°C for 2 hours in a hydrogen atmosphere, so that hydrogen ions replaced the free oxygen ions in the cages. Hydrogen ions are particularly photosensitive, and the team found that shining ultraviolet light on the annealed material transforms it from an insulator into a reasonably efficient conductor. Hosono theorizes that the UV light causes the caged hydrogen ions to emit an electron, which jumps to a nearby empty cage. The hydrogen atoms then combine to form stable H2 molecules, leaving the electrons free to migrate through the crystal as an electric current. In a further twist, the team reports in the 3 October issue of Nature, the crystals could be turned back into insulators. All the researchers had to do was heat them to above 320°C, then the H2 molecules split and recaptured the electrons.
Turning such a highly insulating material into a conducting material "is quite an accomplishment," says Thomas Mason, a materials scientist at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. He adds that the process opens up the possibility of imprinting a microelectronic circuit on a thin, transparent film with a single flash of UV light through a patterned mask: The lines and points exposed to the light would become conducting wires and junctions, all separated by the insulating regions. Such circuits are currently used to control the pixels of liquid crystal displays; but forming them requires a time-consuming multistep photolithographic process. Hosono says that "invisible electronic circuits" could allow windows to double as solar panels and be put to use in other yet-to-be-imagined applications. | <urn:uuid:baf73e40-b7a0-4520-92ee-075181bc234b> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://news.sciencemag.org/2002/10/unbearable-lightness-conducting?mobile_switch=mobile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042986451.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926611 | 571 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Looking up at the sky during a dark and clear night is a luxury not everyone can enjoy. Mainly because we have so much artificial lighting that stargazing is becoming a rare treat that requires going out of cities and towns. Going on a stargazing walk might seem romantic, but might it be the case that over time – and having so little of it – we have forgotten this humbling experience? Does it not make us wonder anymore?
I do not have an answer, of course. I can imagine a dystopian world in which we read books and study wavelengths setting aside the original fascination: looking up at the sky.
Looking up at the sky was the driving force. Being able to explain what we saw was the next challenge. And we went from making up those explanations to (fortunately) studying them. Now we know we are part of a star system composed of a series of rocky and gaseous planets; that we are in one of the arms of a spiral galaxy; that there is a black hole – one of the tame ones – at the centre of our galaxy, the Milky Way; and that there are many more galaxies like ours. But not only that: we also know that those other galaxies have their own solar systems, other stars like our Sun with planets being born around them; we know how some stars are born and die; we have discovered worlds similar to ours… And now we are quite certain of our expiration date.
Our ability to observe the sky started with the obvious (what our eyes could see) and, in a very short time, turned to those other light ranges that were beyond our reach. The electromagnetic spectrum broke open and gave us the option to seek further explanations for more or the mysteries around us. One of them was, for example, that of dark clouds, mistaken at first as «holes» in the sky, apparently empty areas. But they were definitely not empty. They were, as I was saying, opaque clouds which, due to our primitive tools, prevented us from seeing what was actually happening within. Mulling it over, the enquiring minds of research teams found the answer. Those areas had to be studied in other wavelengths like infrared, which «bypassed» the cosmic dust that made those clouds opaque. And they continued with the rest of the spectrum, including radio waves. What for? Well, to study the coldest stuff, the least energetic objects: the dance of molecules and their ball of atoms. That is how, back in the 1940s, the bases for what we now know as astrochemistry (or laboratory astrophysics) were set.
«Looking up at the sky was the driving force. Being able to explain what we saw was the next challenge»
This discipline, drawing from astrophysics and chemistry, studies the molecules in the universe. This is not easy because they tend to huddle up in scores and make it very difficult to identify them (like finding someone at a crowded concert looking from an elevated position… well, much more complex, actually, but you get the gist).
Astrochemistry studies their abundance and composition and posits potential chemical pathways that might have led to the presence of such molecules in a particular environment. But they do not just look up at the sky: to make sure that what we propose is possible, we try to reproduce that chemical «walk» in a laboratory and check whether our hypothesis coincides with the results of experiments. Only then can we be sure that what we deduced is a real possibility. Laboratory astrophysics helps us understand what happened that allowed us to be here today. Thus closes a circle (or, rather, a loop): looking up at the sky to study the chemistry of the cosmos on Earth and try to understand the universe.
Please keep looking up at the sky once in a while. | <urn:uuid:cd391a0e-f97f-466b-bb05-56b48f02c64f> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://metode.org/issues/seccions-revistes/science-drawer-seccions/laboratory-astrophysics.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146665.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227063824-20200227093824-00320.warc.gz | en | 0.972877 | 776 | 2.875 | 3 |
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Little known and widely feared, the Asiatic wild dog has few fans. But they included dedicated Smithsonian scientists.
By Allie Killam
Photos courtesy of the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute
"What’s the scariest animal in the forest?” Researcher Kate Jenks posed that question to a group of rangers in Thailand’s Khao Yai National Park. Their prompt response: the dhole. Also known as the Asiatic wild dog, this elusive, endangered canid lives in packs throughout South and Southeast Asia.
About the size of a border collie, the dhole usually sports a reddish coat and a bushy tail. Very social, it communicates with other pack members by whistling. “It’s not like a howl,” explains canid biologist Nucharin Songsasen of the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institure (SCBI). “It’s more melodic, like a whistle.” This vocalization earned dholes the nickname of “whistling hunters.”
Like African wild dogs, dholes hunt quickly and efficiently, teaming up to take down deer, ibex, mountain sheep, wild pigs, and other prey. They tear rapidly into their meal, sometimes feasting while the victim is still alive.
Only about 2,500 dholes survive in the wild. Given their secretive nature and a relative lack of field research, it’s incredibly difficult to pinpoint the animals’ whereabouts. Dholes have vanished from some places where they were seen 30 years ago, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) estimates that their numbers are declining.
An Unpopular Animal
As a research assistant in the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) lab at SCBI, Jenks first learned about dholes during a 2004 trip to Thailand, where she went to study clouded leopard distribution. She spent her days setting up camera traps in Khao Yai, where rangers told her about the wild dogs.
The whistling hunters fascinated Jenks, and they became her research focus as a graduate student at the University of Massachusetts. She moved to Thailand in 2005 to study them in depth.
One of the first things Jenks learned is that dholes are not popular. Many locals, she found, would agree with what naturalist E.G. Phythian-Adams wrote in Jungle Memories in 1949: “Except for his handsome appearance, the wild dog has not a single redeeming feature, and no effort, fair or foul, should be spared to destroy these pests of the jungle.”
Dholes, it turns out, are blamed for hunting domestic fowl. “They’re often made the bad guy,” says Songsasen. “Nobody cares about the little red dog.” In fact, officials in Thailand complain of dhole “overpopulation” and have sought to control their numbers.
“Well, wait a minute,” thought Songsasen, who is also coordinator of the IUCN’s Dhole Working Group. “Those animals are listed as endangered. We don’t really know exactly how many of them there are in Thailand.” But, she explains, conservationists can’t effectively combat overpopulation claims without scientific evidence. Compiling that evidence is a key task for the working group. Researchers are gathering existing knowledge about dhole distribution and trying to assess the species’ status throughout its range. “International collaboration is essential,” says Songsasen. “Thailand is not unique. Dholes are regarded as pest species in other countries as well.”
The whistling hunter also gets blamed for depleting the tiger prey base. But Jenks thinks that’s a bad rap. “There haven’t been tigers in the park for years because of poaching,” she explains. “Like the wolves here, dholes get blamed. People don’t really know the impact they’re having.”
Picturing a Predator
Given those gaps in scientists’ understanding of dholes, Jenks’s mission for her Thailand research was to learn more about the animal’s distribution in its range. Did the range overlap with tiger territory? And what was the wild dog’s prey base? A deeper understanding of dhole populations was essential for protecting this endangered animal. Jenks worked collaboratively with Songsasen, Peter Leimgruber, and other SCBI scientists, as well as partners at the Thailand Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Kasetsart University, and the Zoological Park Organization.
Jenks’s first task upon moving to Thailand was to begin the slow process of obtaining permits to capture dholes and put radio collars on them. Before they could do that, however, researchers first had to find the animals. To do so, Jenks backpacked through the Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary, setting up camera traps. The cameras would show where dholes were located within the sanctuary.
That was the plan, anyway. However, the few camera traps Jenks and her collaborators could afford to begin with were quickly destroyed by very curious elephants. The team’s proposed solution to that problem was to hide the cameras in metal boxes. That sounded simple, but it wasn’t.
“In Thailand,” Jenks recalls, “it turned into a big scavenger hunt to find a shop to create it, to find the metal. We ended up making metal boxes and bolting them to the trees so the elephants can’t knock them off. It’s one of those fun things that happen in the field and you don’t plan for.”
Two years passed as the cameras shot photos of dholes, clouded leopards, ungulates—and elephants, of course. Because dholes live in packs of roughly 20 members, it was initially difficult to distinguish by photo which dhole belonged to which pack. Luckily, one female had no color in its tail. That helped the researchers determine that all the dholes in the park belonged to the same pack.
Emails From the Wild
In January 2008, the research team received its long-awaited permits for capturing dholes. Jenks and company set the traps eagerly and waited. And waited. And waited. Dholes, it turned out, were too smart to get caught, no matter how attractive the bait.
Finally, in January 2011, one dhole was captured, anesthetized, and collared. “They’re quite unique when you see the real thing,” says Songsasen. “Before he went to sleep, he made these amazing vocalizations. We were all standing there having goose bumps. We think he communicated with his pack members.”
The GPS transmitter within the collar collects information on dhole movement constantly, but doesn’t transmit until the pack comes within range of a cell phone tower. All the information collected since the previous transmission is then sent via email and text message. Jenks laughs and says although she is now back in the States, it’s a welcome surprise when her dhole emails her.
When Jenks does hear from her dhole, she shares the data with SCBI’s Peter Leimgruber, who has successfully used radio collars to track numerous species around the world. He is particularly interested in how endangered species interact with their environments. He explains, “The biggest threat to biodiversity is habitat loss. Where do the species live, and how is that affected by human life?”
Data from Jenks’s dhole showed that it (and likely its pack) stayed within the protected area of the wildlife sanctuary. Contrary to villagers’ fears, the wild dogs were not venturing into human communities and stealing chickens. The culprits may have been jackals, feral forest dogs, or even loose domestic dogs. Nailing down exactly what’s happening would require additional research.
While Jenks’s fieldwork focused on Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary, she also sought to understand what was happening in other dhole habitats. She collaborated with staff from other parks and sanctuaries that had camera traps. They shared their images with Jenks.
Jenks also conducted several hundred interviews with people living close to protected areas in southeastern Thailand. She asked what they knew about wildlife, and learned their attitudes regarding certain species. The most surprising result of the study was the inability of locals to identify a dhole via photograph. Only 20 percent of nearly 800 interviewees correctly identified a dhole. The rest couldn’t distinguish between dholes and jackals or feral forest dogs. This, Jenks thinks, may help explain why dholes get blamed for all negative experiences with wild canids.
The inability to differentiate between species inspired hope in Jenks that one day there could be an educational effort that will better inform Thai residents about their wild neighbors. Being the only American in the area, Jenks was often the object of curiosity, but she believed that being watched was worth the positive attention it brought to the dhole, proving it an animal worth studying. “Here’s this foreigner coming to work on this,” villagers seemed to think. “Maybe we should pay more attention.”
Her most rewarding experiences were the small interactions she had with the people in the market. “They would ask about what I was doing,” she says. “Those people would never have any contact with scientists in conservation research, and it was neat to touch them. People would get excited to see the different photos.”
As a complement to her fieldwork, Jenks collaborated with a Thai veterinary school to collar 20 domestic dogs. The collars recorded two weeks’ worth of movement. Once the information from the collars is analyzed and mapped, researchers will have a clearer picture of whether domestic dogs roam within the range of the dhole pack that Jenks studied.
As happens often in science, Jenks’s research raised more questions than answers. Upon completion of her Ph.D., she returned to the United States. Leaving her fieldwork in Thailand was wrenching. “I feel like it’s just the beginning,” she explains. It took years to accomplish the collaring of one dhole, but further field research must await funding.
Still, the team has begun to draw some preliminary conclusions. “From the little data that we have, this species only lives in protected land,” explains Songsasen. Protected land areas are often surrounded by development, causing habitat loss and concern for genetic diversity. Songsasen hopes that the next phase of field research can include a focus on the threat of inbreeding, since dholes are concentrated in protected areas.
The team also has a clearer picture of the significance of dholes within their ecosystem. “They’re becoming even more important,” says Jenks, “because of the disappearance of tigers and leopards, which are being poached out. Lots of protected areas in Thailand are without the big predators, so the dholes become the only ones who can take down prey species.” Despite their unfavorable reputation, the wild dogs are actually keeping the ecosystem in balance.
Changing the dhole’s reputation will take time and education. Jenks’s interviews revealed a range of varying attitudes. Seventy seven percent of respondents agreed that dholes should be protected. Yet the closer respondents lived to a protected area, the more likely they were to view dholes as dangerous.
Songsasen hopes SCBI’s work will inspire a greater appreciation of the whistling hunter. “Our research has stimulated others in Thailand to study dholes,” she says, “so this will eventually raise the profile of the species, I hope.”
Meanwhile, the radio-collared dhole still wanders the forest with its pack, transmitting data on the wild dogs’ movements. And camera traps still snare images of these elusive animals. Each piece of new information equips scientists to better understand—and protect—this Asian wildlife wonder.
-- ALLIE KILLAM was an editorial intern for Smithsonian Zoogoer. | <urn:uuid:a9d95035-efb7-45f6-ac00-160842e5474c> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/Zoogoer/2012/3/Dhole.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010856682/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091416-00030-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963155 | 2,584 | 3.109375 | 3 |
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New study: Fracking prompts global spike in atmospheric methane
14 August 2019
As methane concentrations increase in the Earth’s atmosphere, chemical fingerprints point to a probable source: shale oil and gas, according to new Cornell University research published today in Biogeosciences, a journal of the European Geosciences Union.
The research suggests that this methane has less carbon-13 relative to carbon-12 (denoting the weight of the carbon atom at the centre of the methane molecule) than does methane from conventional natural gas and other fossil fuels such as coal.
This carbon-13 signature means that since the use of high-volume hydraulic fracturing – commonly called fracking – shale gas has increased in its share of global natural gas production and has released more methane into the atmosphere, according to the paper’s author, Robert Howarth, the David R. Atkinson Professor of Ecology and Environmental Biology at Cornell University in the US.
About two-thirds of all new gas production over the last decade has been shale gas produced in the United States and Canada, he said.
While atmospheric methane concentrations have been rising since 2008, the carbon composition of the methane has also changed. Methane from biological sources such as cows and wetlands have a low carbon-13 content – compared to methane from most fossil fuels. Previous studies erroneously concluded that biological sources are the cause of the rising methane, Howarth said.
Carbon dioxide and methane are critical greenhouse gases, but they behave quite differently in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide emitted today will influence the climate for centuries to come, as the climate responds slowly to decreasing amounts of the gas.
Unlike its slow response to carbon dioxide, the atmosphere responds quickly to changes in methane emissions. “Reducing methane now can provide an instant way to slow global warming and meet the United Nations’ target of keeping the planet well below a 2-degree Celsius average rise,” Howarth said, referring to the 2015 Paris Agreement that boosts the global response to climate change threats.
Atmospheric methane levels had previously risen during the last two decades of the 20th century but leveled in the first decade of 21st century. Then, atmospheric methane levels increased dramatically from 2008–14, from about 570 teragrams (570 billion tons) annually to about 595 teragrams, due to global human-caused methane emissions in the last 11 years.
“This recent increase in methane is massive,” Howarth said. “It’s globally significant. It’s contributed to some of the increase in global warming we’ve seen and shale gas is a major player.”
“If we can stop pouring methane into the atmosphere, it will dissipate,” he said. “It goes away pretty quickly, compared to carbon dioxide. It’s the low-hanging fruit to slow global warming.”
The research published in Biogeosciences was funded by the Park Foundation and the Atkinson Center.
Please mention the name of the publication (Biogeosciences) if reporting on this story and, if reporting online, include a link to the paper (https://www.biogeosciences.net/16/3033/2019/) or to the journal website (https://www.biogeosciences.net/).
This press release is produced in collaboration with Cornell University. The research is presented in the paper ‘Ideas and perspectives: is shale gas a major driver of recent increase in global atmospheric methane?’ published in the EGU open access journal Biogeosciences on 14 August 2019.
The study was conducted by Robert W. Howarth (Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, US).
Citation: Howarth, R. W.: Ideas and perspectives: is shale gas a major driver of recent increase in global atmospheric methane?, Biogeosciences, 16, 3033–3046, doi:10.5194/bg-16-3033-2019, 2019.
The European Geosciences Union (EGU) is the leading organisation for Earth, planetary and space science research in Europe. With our partner organisations worldwide, we foster fundamental geoscience research, alongside applied research that addresses key societal and environmental challenges. Our vision is to realise a sustainable and just future for humanity and for the planet. We publish a number of diverse scientific journals, which use an innovative open access format, and organise topical meetings, and education and outreach activities. The annual EGU General Assembly is the largest and most prominent European geosciences event, attracting over 16,000 scientists from all over the world in 2019. The meeting’s sessions cover a wide range of topics, including volcanology, planetary exploration, the Earth’s internal structure and atmosphere, climate, as well as energy and resources. The EGU General Assembly 2020 is taking in Vienna, Austria, from 3 to 8 May 2020. For information and press registration, please check https://www.egu.eu/gamedia closer to the time of the event, or follow the EGU on Twitter and Facebook.
If you wish to receive our press releases via email, please use the Press Release Subscription Form at https://www.egu.eu/news/subscribe/. Subscribed journalists and other members of the media receive EGU press releases under embargo (if applicable) 24 hours in advance of public dissemination.
Biogeosciences (BG) is a not-for-profit international scientific journal dedicated to the publication and discussion of research articles, short communications, and review papers on all aspects of the interactions between the biological, chemical, and physical processes in terrestrial or extraterrestrial life with the geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. The objective of the journal is to cut across the boundaries of established sciences and achieve an interdisciplinary view of these interactions. Experimental, conceptual, and modelling approaches are welcome.
Robert W. Howarth
David R. Atkinson Professor of Ecology and Environmental Biology
Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology
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Rh HDFN (also known as Rhesus Disease) is a condition where antibodies develop in a pregnant woman’s blood and subsequently destroy the blood cells of the baby she is carrying.
All women with a RhD negative blood reading during their antenatal screening are offered prophylaxis with anti-D immunoglobulin (anti-D Ig), as an injection at different stages of pregnancy and postpartum to prevent this happening.
The study looked at records between 1996 and 2011 taken from the Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT) reporting system, the UK confidential haemovigilance scheme that records adverse transfusion events and their causes.
Over the 15 year period there were 1,211 errors recorded with a steady increase in reports each year. Overall, clinical errors were responsible for 72.5% of all reports and laboratory errors for 27.5%.
The main cause for errors was omission or late administration of anti-D Ig with 609 (50%) of all reported cases, of these 90% occurred through avoidable clinical errors such as delayed administration, inadequate labelling and poor documentation.
Other areas of concern for errors included 280 (of the 1,211 errors) cases of anti-D Ig being wrongly administered to women with a Rhd positive blood type, 108 cases administered to women who were already sensitised to RhD and 50 cases due to inadequate storage and stock management.
These errors resulted in 19 cases where detectable anti-D Ig was wrongly attributed to prophylaxis, nine cases of babies suffering Rh HDFN with one neonatal death and three instances where babies required red cell transfusion support.
The paper concludes that there are significant problems relating to poor practice in this area. It calls for further education and training for obstetric staff both in hospitals and in the community to help reduce the rate of errors.
Dr Paula Bolton-Maggs from the SHOT Office, University of Manchester and co-author of the study said:
“Our findings show that over the 15 year reporting period the same mistakes were being made repeatedly by clinical and laboratory staff.
“Clinical errors have the greatest potential for harm because once the woman is sensitised to RhD it places her current and any future pregnancies at risk.
“Failure of staff to follow basic protocols, poor communication and inadequate interpretation of laboratory records compounds a poor understanding of the significance of good practice around anti-D Ig in maternity services.
“These are clinically significant problems that require active attention at a national and local level as reported errors could be avoided by putting in place appropriate checks.”
John Thorp, BJOG Deputy-Editor-in-Chief, added:
“Haemolytic disease caused by anti-D Ig is a preventable cause of death and serious morbidity. It often requires neonatal care admissions and transfusions for newborns in severe cases. If left untreated it can lead to future learning difficulties, blindness, deafness, cerebral palsy or stillbirth.
“Nowadays it is fairly uncommon due to the administration of the generally successful anti-D Ig prophylaxis programme. However, this literature shows strong evidence of potentially avoidable errors that are still putting babies and mothers at risk.
“Further education and training on anti-D could lead to better outcomes and improve patient safety.”
For more information please contact Caitlin Walsh, Media Officer, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists: 020 7772 6300 or [email protected]
BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology is owned by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) but is editorially independent and published monthly by Wiley-Blackwell. The journal features original, peer-reviewed, high-quality medical research in all areas of obstetrics and gynaecology worldwide. Please quote ‘BJOG’ or ‘BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology’ when referring to the journal and include the website: www.bjog.org as a hidden link online.
Sign up for new content alerts from BJOG: http://bit.ly/newBJOGcontent
Please include a link to the paper in online coverage: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.12175
Paula HB Bolton-Maggs, Tony Davies, Debbi Poles, Hannah Cohen. Errors in anti-D immunoglobulin administration: retrospective analysis of 15 years’ reports to the UK confidential haemovigilance scheme. BJOG 2013; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.12175 | <urn:uuid:9b6409ee-c18f-4516-9914-83343298305d> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.healthcanal.com/disorders-conditions/36963-new-study-says-errors-are-reducing-the-effectiveness-of-anti-d-injections-in-the-prevention-of-rhesus-disease.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027320734.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824105853-20190824131853-00403.warc.gz | en | 0.933285 | 991 | 3.09375 | 3 |
The earliest known mention of Singapore was a 3rd century Chinese account which described Singapore as "Pu-luo-chung" ("island at the end of a peninsula"). Little is known about the island's history at this time but this matter-of-fact description belies Singapore's colourful past. By the 14th century, Singapore had become part of the mighty Sri Vijayan empire and was known as Temasek ("Sea Town").
This was no less accurate than the 3rd century name. Located at the natural meeting point of sea routes at the tip of the Malay Peninsula, Singapore had long known visits from a wide variety of sea craft, from Chinese junks, Indian vessels, Arab dhows and Portuguese battleships to Buginese schooners.
During the 14th century, this small but strategically-placed island had earned a new name - "Singa Pura", or "Lion City". According to legend, a visiting Sri Vijayan prince saw an animal he mistook for a lion and Singapore's modern day name was born. The British provided the next notable chapter in the Singapore story. During the 18th century, they saw the need for a strategic "halfway house" to refit, feed and protect the fleet of their growing empire, as well as to forestall any advances by the Dutch in the region. It was against this political backdrop that Sir Stamford Raffles established Singapore as a trading station. The policy of free trade attracted merchants from all over Asia and from as far afield as the United States and the Middle East. By 1824, just five years after the founding of modern Singapore, the population had grown from a mere 150 to 10,000.
In 1832, Singapore became the centre of government for the Straits Settlements of Penang, Malacca and Singapore. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and the advent of telegraph and steamship increased Singapore's importance as a centre for the expanding trade between East and West.
Singapore had been the site of military action in the 14th century when it became embroiled in the struggle for the Malay Peninsula between Siam (now Thailand), and the Java-based Majapahit Empire.
Five centuries later, it was again the scene of significant fighting during World War II. Singapore was considered an impregnable fortress, but the Japanese overran the island in 1942. After the war, Singapore became a Crown Colony. The growth of nationalism led to self-government in 1959 and on 9 August 1965, Singapore became an independent republic. | <urn:uuid:092a5aff-8cb2-4685-b00a-10ad99ed1dea> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://www.yoursingapore.biz/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027318011.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190823062005-20190823084005-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.978225 | 524 | 3.6875 | 4 |
ANN ARBOR, Mich. (WXYZ) - We went to the University of Michigan to visit their wind tunnel. It's part of their Aerospace Engineering Department and they can simulate hurricane force winds.
Chris Chartier is the senior engineering technician in U of M's Aerospace Engineering Department. He taped a pennant to a pole that he fastened to the base of the wind tunnel and then he slowly increased the speed.
By watching it, you can quickly imagine what people in a hurricane's path would experience – especially anyone who hasn't gotten to what they think is a safe, sound structure.
“Eighty miles an hour is very difficult (to walk in), 90 probably lose your footing around 90,” Chartier says.
A category one hurricane starts with speeds of 74 miles an hour. A category 5 begins at 157.
Chartier says even in a simulator--the force is unexpected.
“When you get inside and you feel the forces inside, you are not expecting that,” he says. “Someone with a small frame would be able to stand up easier than myself because there are more forces.”
Those in the path of Irma are now preparing for what is said to be a potentially catastrophic hurricane.
One look inside Michigan’s wind tunnel you can only imagine.
For anyone interested in finding out about Michigan's Aerospace Engineering, you can register to visit them on December 2, 2017, for Aerospace Day. The events will include blimp and hovercraft races.
Like Us. We Like You.
Get local stories delivered directly to your newsfeed. | <urn:uuid:86dcdd8b-e03e-4593-b1f8-18deae2483c9> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.wxyz.com/weather/weather-news/university-of-michigans-wind-tunnel-shows-the-power-of-hurricane-force-winds | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806465.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122050455-20171122070455-00645.warc.gz | en | 0.952657 | 332 | 2.796875 | 3 |
production...then cracked, usually into two halves, with a chopping knife, exposing the meat, which is about 50 percent water and 30 to 40 percent oil. About 30 nuts provide meat for 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of copra. Whole copra, also called ball or edible copra, is produced by the less common drying of the intact, whole nut kernel.
Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article.
Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review. | <urn:uuid:bcdd3b73-1519-45b2-bd22-33af2221589f> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.britannica.com/topic/whole-copra | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398455246.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205415-00086-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933454 | 113 | 2.65625 | 3 |
According to a new report by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), drinking alcohol while pregnant could lead to lifelong cognitive and behavioral issues.
While previous studies have hinted that a little bit of alcohol consumption during pregnancy may be harmless, the AAP has issued a new warning that no amount of drinking is safe while pregnant.
Dr. Janet Williams, the report’s co-author, states, “The only guarantee of having no effects from alcohol is no prenatal alcohol exposure,” adding that “alcohol has subtle yet important lasting effects on academic performance, attention, behavior, cognition, memory, language skills, and visual and motor development.”
The new report, published online today in the journal Pediatrics, suggests that there is no safe trimester to drink alcohol and that all forms of alcohol, including wine and beer, pose similar risks. The report further states that binge drinking poses a higher risk in line with the excess amount of alcohol consumption. Binge drinking in women, according to Williams, is defined as drinking four or more drinks in the span of two hours.
Commenting on previous studies that suggest drinking a small number of drinks while pregnant is safe, Williams explains that these studies actually don’t conclude that alcohol is safe. Instead, they show that based on specific participants and conditions, the evidence that alcohol exposure is the attributable factor is insufficient.
However, despite the new research, Williams suggests that many women tend to rationalize their alcohol consumption while pregnant, believing that it’s either too low or infrequent enough that it’s a non-factor.
Christina Chambers, a professor of pediatrics at the Center for Better Beginnings at the University of California, San Diego, offers this advice: “Women of childbearing age who drink alcohol should consider their pattern of drinking. For example, avoid binge drinking and avoid pregnancy as long as they are drinking. If pregnancy is planned, then alcohol can be discontinued.”
Both Williams and Chambers note that alcohol consumption is risky during all stages of pregnancy, although neither would state that the risk is higher in certain stages.
Physicians have been warning about the hazards of drinking while pregnant for decades. Yet, nearly half of all women of childbearing age in the U.S. have reported that they consumed alcohol within the last month while nearly eight percent continue to drink alcohol during pregnancy.
Concerning the AAP report, Chambers notes it “is an important stand to take, and hopefully it will lead to less stigma associated with [fetal alcohol spectrum disorders] and to more access to and uptake of prevention and treatment services.”
Source for Today’s Article:
Dotinga, R., “No Amount of Alcohol Safe During Pregnancy, Doctors Say,” Medicine Net web site, October 19, 2015; http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=191281. | <urn:uuid:00fbe8d0-e202-4c80-8a0d-37b6c9fcafa6> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.doctorshealthpress.com/health-news/setting-the-record-straight-no-amount-of-alcohol-safe-while-pregnant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998607.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618043259-20190618065259-00389.warc.gz | en | 0.950759 | 604 | 2.671875 | 3 |
This tutorial covers the following topics:
- How to create a source reference
- How to edit a source reference
- How to add and edit an annotation
- How to delete and undelete source references
How to create a source reference
1. Click Sources in the navigation bar at the top of the screen to begin adding references to the project.
2. Click New Source.
Once you select what the source is, a new source form will appear in the next screen (below).
Note: If you have selected in your profile to display "Show Me" help screens when available, a help screen will appear first.
- Show Me is an online tutorial to demonstrate how to evaluate the source.
- Source Check lists other related forms that may fit your source.
- If you are comfortable citing a particular type of source and wish to hide this additional help, check the “Hide this help screen next time” box at the bottom of the page.
4. On the form, fill in as many details about your source as possible. Help text pops up with tips as you move from field to field. Click on the blue information icon to view the tip.
5. A Guide at the top-right of the screen displays a formatting template. Click the blue tab (MLA Guide in the above screenshot) to open the guide. As you enter information in the form, the corresponding element is highlighted in the template.
7. As you type into a field, NoodleTools automatically checks for common errors with capitalization, abbreviations, and more. When a yellow warning popup appears above the field, read the suggestions on how to correct the potential problem.
8. Click Save the form to add your reference to your source list.
9. If there are multiple references in your source list, a link Jump to citation I just edited at the top of your bibliography takes you to the one you just added (which will also be highlighted in your list).
How to edit a source reference
1. Find the source reference you wish to edit and select Edit on the Options menu.
2. Modify the information about your source. You can either:
- Correct individual fields,
- Use the dropdown list(s) at the top of the form to change the source or content types (e.g., Journal instead of Magazine or Editorial instead of Article), or
- Modify the publication medium if necessary by selecting a different tab at the top of the form (e.g., Web Site instead of Print).
3. Check for any new data required if you have updated the publication medium or source/content type.
4. Click Save.
How to delete and undelete source references
Deleting a reference from your source list:
Find the entry you wish to remove and select Delete on the Options menu.
Click OK when asked Are you sure you wish to delete the selected entries?
Deleting multiple references at once:
Mark the checkboxes on the left to the references you wish to delete.
Scroll down to the bottom of the screen and click Delete.
Click OK when asked Are you sure you wish to delete all of the entries that are selected above?
- Click Undelete at the top of the screen.
- A Restore deleted citations window will appear that allows you mark checkboxes next to the items you wish to recover.
- Click Undelete.
NOTE: Notecards become unlinked from a source when the reference is deleted (they become “thought cards”). If you restore a reference, you will need to relink its notecards (either by editing each notecard and selecting the right item from the Source menu or by selecting multiple notecards on the Notecard Tabletop and clicking Link to source to relink all of them). | <urn:uuid:6da8df88-a9c1-476a-83a2-f73f88d5e314> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://noodletools.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/6000055001-how-to-create-and-edit-a-source-reference | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.843551 | 792 | 2.6875 | 3 |
As a poet and as a human being, Longfellow was rather a shining example of insight, strength, optimism, courage, and good coming from the forging fires of sorrow, loss, grief, and great struggle. While many poets’ words live on because of their artistry, I would argue that Longfellow’s words live on more because of their heart and unending perseverance, hope, and faith in the face of tragedy and disappointment. “In “Loss and Gain” Longfellow writes of regret, of longing, of the wisdom born of humility, and of the hope that can come when we have faith in the future” (original source unknown).
I find encouragement in his words here shared, the kind of encouragement that helps me to hold onto hope another day in the face of my own loss and grief.
Loss and Gain
By Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
When I compare
What I have lost with what I have gained,
What I have missed with what attained,
Little room do I find for pride.
I am aware
How many days have been idly spent;
How like an arrow the good intent
Has fallen short or been turned aside.
But who shall dare
To measure loss and gain in this wise?
Defeat may be victory in disguise;
The lowest ebb is the turn of the tide. | <urn:uuid:93d4b5ae-8148-48f6-a66b-c9c700043126> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://thekintsukuroilife.blog/2017/12/19/classics-loss-and-gain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998708.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618083336-20190618105336-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.960706 | 289 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Imagining Science brings together internationally recognized artists, scientists, and social commentators to feature a body of original artwork and essays which explores the complex legal, ethical, and social concerns about advances in biotechnology, such as stem cell research, cloning, and genetic testing. Many important questions and themes emerge from this exchange, highlighting the linkages between scientific and creative research. This collaboration also stresses the vital role art can play in critiquing these biomedical technologies, particularly as advancements in science begin to challenge our ethical boundaries.
"Brothers Tim and Sean Caulfield have collaborated with scientists, artists and social commentators to help everyone see science through art, and come to understand through visual and literary description how art dramatically affects (and is linked to) some of the world's most pressing issues. Their new book...is the first of its kind to explore the ethical questions raised by biotechnology and social progress through art and essays. Through stunning original art and powerful, concise essays, Imagining Science creatively explores such controversial issues such as: stem cell research; creating half human, half beast 'Chimeras'; the influence of art on public policy; ramifications of technology on our environment; synthetic biology; and cloning and genetic testing.... Few books are ever the 'first' to do something truly unique. Imagining Science is one of these few." Charmed Magazine: Baltimore Life, Arts & Culture, January 2010 [see full review at http://www.charmedmag.com/2610/book-imaging-science/]
This intriguing book is the brainchild of brothers Sean and Timothy Caulfield, both professors at the University of Alberta. From contributors in the worlds of art and science, essays, photographs, paintings and poetry explore the ramifications of bio-technology on the world. Each entry emphasizes the complexity of the topic, stressing how science and art often combine to present a more powerful argument than either could alone. All demonstrate how even microscopic elements in the laboratory impact life and that all of life is connected. Much of this book was part of an exhibit at the University of Alberta art museum. Distributed by Michigan State University Press. Oversize: 11x 10 inches. (Annotation ©2009 Book News Inc. Portland, OR)
"...Imagining Science [is] an innovative collaboration among scientists, artists, bioethicists and others that investigates numerous contentious bioethical issues, such as stem cell research, genetic testing, patenting of genes and genetic selection of offspring.... In his introductory essay, Timothy Caulfield touches on the controversial social, ethical, legal and religious issues gripping the field of biotechnology and opines that artists are an important voice among the various commentators. Indeed, some artists play the role of provocateur, presenting works inspired by the imagined (or unimaginable) possibilities of biotechnology and some of these works bring the public face-to-face with challenging and troublesome issues in a direct visceral way. The book features the work of 10 artists, along with 18 essays and a poem, all of which aim to shed new light from differing perspectives on biotechnology and the interplay between art and science.... It should appeal to a broad audience of general public as well as professionals (including artists) involved in the biosciences. When you look through it, have Google near at hand since the contributors provide or spin off many juicy references. While reading this book, I spent as much time eagerly surfing as I did looking at the actual pages. Probably a sure sign of a good read in our age." Stuart Kinmond, CMAJ, June 23, 2009
"Compiled and co-edited by Sean and Timonty Caulfield, Imagining Science is a distinctive collection of informative essays and memorable original artwork by artists, scientists and social commentators from around the world addressing complex and controversial legal, ethical and social concerns about advances in biotechnology ranging from stem cell research, to cloning, to genetic testing. The result is a synthesis of seminal scientific and creative research. Imagining Science is a unique series of collaborations highlighting the functional role art plays in accessibly assessing biomedical technologies and challenging ethical, religious and philosophical boundaries. Thoughtful and thought-provoking, Imagining Science is highly recommended for personal, professional, academic, and community library reference collections and supplemental reading lists." Midwest Book Review, September 2009
"...The current Art Gallery of Alberta exhibit is a more direct result of a 2007 Banff Centre residency between international artists and scientists. At the center of the residency swirled questions concerning the legal, ethical and social implications in technological advances, and how these issues intersect within the realm between the arts and sciences. ... Increasingly, the strange and the unknown are becoming known, and the limits of how far we go to explore the abyss of knowledge is the shakable foundation of the bioethical dilemma. New York-based Adam Zaretsky explores these limits with the heart of an artist and the soul of a scientist. ... Citing the creation of transgenetic creatures as art, where scientists have to choose a gene to create an organism between the imagination and an objective reality, Zaretsky is transparent about his practice, his concerns, and acknowledges that researchers for the most part have no clear idea of where and how far they are willing to go. 'The things I see in the labs: frogs with eyes coming out of the back of their heads that are connected to the part of the brain that hears instead of sees' he shares within shades of ambivalence and awe. 'Science lives on the edge of knowledge, trying to capture it, torture it until it reveals to us its secrets so that we can claim it. I think these ethical conundrums are worth it. I admit that it's not just a dream, but a nightmare, a real return of the repressed. We're afraid of creative thought leading the way.'" Amy Fung, Vue Weekly, Nov. 20, 2008.
"[The editors'] combined expertise guided their excellent selection of contributors to provide a thoughtful and accurate mapping of the larger conversation about bioscience, technology, art, and social concerns.... Imagining Science makes clear that the art/science interface is becoming a productive field of study with a growing group of its own theorists, critics, curators, and historians. To those already entrenched in the debate, Imagining Science offers a fresh perspective, summarizing the hot topics. For the uninitiated, the collection of words and images is an inviting introduction....It deserves to be read closely and considered carefully. Imagining Science should be a springboard to further exploration of the rich interaction of science with other powerful social forces and institutions." JD Talasek, Issues in Science and Technology, Winter 2010 [Full review at http://www.issues.org/26.2/br_talasek.html]
"Imagining Science is an exploration of where and how art and science interact....[It] addresses those expectations and perceptions [of science] with lush photos of evocative art installations and colourful prints beside clear, concise articles on everything from bioethics and genetics to policy and food. Most importantly, however, it brings these disparate groups of artists, scientists, and social commentators together." Kathleen Bell, SEE Magazine, July 30, 2009
"[The book] touches on the controversial social, ethical, legal and religious issues gripping the field of biotechnology and states that artists are an important voice among the various commentators. Indeed, artists can play the role of change agent, presenting works inspired by possibilities of biotechnology. The book features the work of 10 artists, along with 18 essays and a poem, all of which aim to bring differing perspectives on biotechnology and the interplay between art and science." Canadian BioTechnologist 2.0 [Blog accessed August 10, 2010] | <urn:uuid:06fb973a-089e-4e48-8ba2-09c9261c1454> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://49thshelf.com/Books/I/Imagining-Science | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247512461.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222013546-20190222035546-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.930869 | 1,578 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Attitudes to property taxes here could be described as hostile and therefore introducing a Site Value Tax will not be straightforward. The proposal has merit however, and it's worth looking at in more detail
We Irish are not unique in our negative attitude to property taxes, which are widely seen as being unfair and discriminatory. One of the main reasons for this unpopularity relates to property taxes being seen as a tax on wealth rather than on cash flow. Another reason is that such taxes appear unrelated to ability to pay, particularly for pensioners who have benefited from historical price increases.
Assessment methodologies which are often not readily understood by electorates nor by the politicians they elect also cause problems. Sometimes property taxes are poorly administered and the systems and procedures used are not kept up to date, as doing so results in winners and losers and the latter will vent their anger at any tax increases inflicted on them at the next electoral opportunity.
Nonetheless, nearly all developed western countries levy property taxes as a means of funding local government. While many countries have experimented with site value taxes they remain uncommon. In places, the original site value tax has been modified with the passage of time and more traditional approaches to property taxes adopted later in response to changing circumstances.
There is a question about introducing site value taxes to a developed economy where historical patterns of property ownership grew up in the absence of such a tax. Considerable redistribution effects could be experienced over a short time if such a system were to be introduced.
Site value taxation rests on the premise that property value is made up of two elements: the value of the site or land, and the value of the improvements to the land. The idea is the tax falls on the value of the land element of the property only and not on the value of the improvements to land in the form of buildings or other development works. The logic here is taxes on land do not affect its supply and nor can land be moved out of the jurisdiction to avoid the tax, a reality that is of particular importance for local government taxation. Moreover, improvements to a property do not give rise to increased taxes, a key deficiency with traditional property taxes based on market value.
To bring the tax into operation requires the value of the site to be assessed on the assumption that it is free and clear of existing buildings and available for development. In most instances this would roughly be the market value of the property less the cost of constructing the existing building. Where there is development potential the site value might exceed the market value of the property in its existing use. Where there are no buildings, for example in the case of agricultural land zoned for development, the tax would be based on the value of the land, assuming it is to be sold on the market for development.
A fundamental requirement for fairness is an accurate assessment of the value of the site, separate from the value of the buildings on the site. This poses a considerable valuation challenge unlikely to be met by self assessment, necessitating the creation of a specialised valuation office.
Once all sites have been valued the expenditure of a local authority would be spread across all property owners on the basis of their relative site values. In a local authority area the formula for determining the levels of tax for each property owner is straightforward. The relevant expenditure of the local authority is determined by elected representatives and is then divided by the total of the site values in the local authority's area, giving a figure per euro of site value. All a property owner has to do to work out their tax liability is multiply that figure by the site value of their property.
For the process outlined above to work it would be necessary to provide for the public availability of credible and statistically sound evidence of property transactions to allow taxpayers to make comparative judgements about their site values and to allow for accurate valuation. The proposal in the programme for government to amend the Data Protection Act and maintain a House Price Database is useful here but it is the ability of the public to check property values at a very local level that is needed to build acceptance of site value taxes.
The second requirement is the creation of an accessible and publicly available system for defining and identifying individual property interests. This would be needed to be able to identify sites with sufficient accuracy to value them and, perhaps even more importantly to allow taxpayers to determine the fairness of their assessment by comparison with other properties.
The third requirement is a need for local authority boundaries that relate in a realistic way to the spatial dispersion of economic activity and the coherence of settlement patterns now prevailing in Ireland. It is entirely unlikely that the existing county system would be suitable as a basis for local government if real fiscal responsibility is to be achieved at local level.
If such a tax were to be brought into operation the implications for planning are considerable. It is likely the pressure for rezoning would be reduced as, once zoned, a tax liability would arise on the land. The planning system is likely to work more satisfactorily if the pressure for speculative rezoning is eliminated.
All in all a site value tax has the potential to improve the planning system, reduce property speculation, lead to the more sustainable use of the existing stock of property and provide for local fiscal responsibility.
These are important gains but they would only be achievable if a properly resourced administrative structure was put in place and backed by appropriate legislation and reform of local authority boundaries. This is a big undertaking likely to take some years to bring to fruition.
Tom Dunne is head of the School of Real Estate and Construction Economics at DIT Bolton Street | <urn:uuid:8b307d24-f55c-4704-93ca-011656b7784a> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://tribune.ie/business/news/article/2009/nov/15/a-yard-stick-for-working-out-property-taxes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107875980.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021035155-20201021065155-00691.warc.gz | en | 0.958268 | 1,119 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Terms Used In New Hampshire Revised Statutes 21:51
- Complaint: A written statement by the plaintiff stating the wrongs allegedly committed by the defendant.
- Jurisdiction: (1) The legal authority of a court to hear and decide a case. Concurrent jurisdiction exists when two courts have simultaneous responsibility for the same case. (2) The geographic area over which the court has authority to decide cases.
- Plaintiff: The person who files the complaint in a civil lawsuit.
The word "petition" when used in connection with the equity jurisdiction of the superior court, and referring to a document filed with the court, shall mean complaint, and "petitioner" shall mean plaintiff. | <urn:uuid:fe8a670f-aac1-4ced-9edd-7acebdfce463> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.lawserver.com/law/state/new-hampshire/nh-statutes/new_hampshire_revised_statutes_21_51 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334802.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926051040-20220926081040-00697.warc.gz | en | 0.906782 | 145 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Between the warm weather of summer and the desire to get in shape while cutting fuel costs, children aren’t the only ones riding bikes in traffic these days. Even when you have the right-of-way as a cyclist, drivers might not see you or expect you—and the results can be deadly. Following these bicycle safety guidelines will help keep both adults and children safe, whether they’re riding around with friends or commuting to work.
Always Wear a Helmet
Recent studies have shown that wearing a helmet while biking can reduce your risk of a serious head injury by 70 percent. It’s not always comfortable to wear, but a helmet can help keep you safe during a bicycle accident. Don’t ride without one.
Dress to Stand Out
When you’re riding in traffic, you want drivers to see you so they can give you space and avoid you, in the daytime as well as at night. Wearing “light colors” is a bit nondescript because wearing white can cause you to blend in, for example. Instead, Cycling Weekly recommends wearing fluorescent colors in the daytime since the daylight gives these colors and extra glow. Bright greens, yellows and oranges also work well. Avoid dark colors, especially at night. Wear reflective clothing at night whenever possible.
Follow Traffic Rules
When you’re on a bike, act like you’re driving a car. Ride with the traffic on the right side of the road, use hand signals for braking and turning, stop at red lights, etc. Bicyclists who flaut the rules when it’s “convenient” are the ones most at risk for getting hit.
When riding in traffic, ride in as straight a line as possible, avoiding sudden stops and quick turns that might throw a nearby driver off guard. Do your best to position yourself where drivers expect you to be on the road, and you’ll avoid most mishaps.
Keep a Sharp Eye Out
As a cyclist, you will likely see other drivers before they see you—so anticipate their moves. Look far ahead to watch for traffic entering the street at intersections. If you’re riding by parked cars, glance into the windows to watch for drivers who might throw a car door open in front of you. Looking ahead and anticipating can protect you from injury or death.
If a driver’s negligence results in injury for you or someone you love, we can help. Call our Washington D.C. personal injury attorneys for more information. | <urn:uuid:765448bc-16bf-458a-a135-864ebc0d9bb7> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.rhllaw.com/blog/bike-safety-guidelines-for-kids-and-adults/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487611089.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210613222907-20210614012907-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.942131 | 522 | 2.78125 | 3 |
In 2016, the Dutch government collected 23.6 billion euros in environmental taxes and levies. This was 8.7 percent of total government tax revenues including social contributions. In 2009, the share was still 10.0 percent. With a share of almost two-thirds, Dutch households bear the heaviest burden. The share of environmental taxes and levies has decreased since 2010.
Environmental taxes and levies can be used as a policy instrument to change production and consumer patterns. An environmental tax is a tax on goods or activities which have proven any specific negative impact on the environment. Environmental taxes flow in the general budget and are often coupled to possession and use of cars and energy consumption. Energy tax and motor vehicle tax are examples of environmental taxes. Revenues of levies are used to cover the cost associated with particular environmental activity, like sewerage charges and waste water levies.
The Dutch government collected 20.7 billion euros in environmental taxes and 2.8 billion euros in levies in 2016. This is an increase of more than 3 percent compared to 2015. Although revenues from environmental taxes and levies have seen an increase over the past few years, total tax revenues have risen more steeply, resulting in a lower share of environmental taxes. Therefore, there is no further 'greening' of the tax system.
Excise duties on petrol and other mineral oils, motor vehicle tax and energy tax accounted for 8.1 billion euros, 5.6 billion euros and 5.0 billion euros respectively in 2016. Revenues from energy tax increased the most compared to one year previously, namely by 10.7 percent, partly due to tariff increases on the consumption of natural gas. In 2013, a new surcharge on storage of sustainable energy (ODE) was introduced, which was used to finance renewable energy subsidies.
Revenues from the tax on newly purchased passenger cars and motorcycles (bpm) rose to 1.6 billion euros; 6.1 percent more than in 2015. Households paid 28 percent more bpm. Raised tariffs account partly for this increase. For the bpm, the CO₂ emission limits for petrol and diesel cars were tightened and tariffs for the three highest categories of CO₂ emissions were increased in 2016.
Revenues from coal tax decreased from 195 million euros (2015) to 3 million euros (2016). Coal that is used in coal-fired plants for the generation of electricity has been exempt from coal tax from 2016 onwards.
Compared to other European countries, environmental taxes are relatively high in the Netherlands. Of the 24 OECD countries, the Netherlands ranks 4th place with 8.7 percent (2016). The share is highest in Slovenia at 10.6 percent, while Iceland ranks lowest, 3.2 percent. In neighbouring countries Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom, the environmental pressure is considerably lower than in the Netherlands. The average share of environmental taxes and taxes of the 28 countries of the European Union is 6.3 percent.
|Environmental taxes, 2016| | <urn:uuid:809a4ddc-c4aa-45ea-a430-32afdaefeced> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/society/nature-and-environment/green-growth/green-policy-instruments/indicatoren/environmental-taxes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676594790.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723012644-20180723032644-00588.warc.gz | en | 0.929002 | 612 | 3.359375 | 3 |
All Sierra Club
Conservation Issues of the Ventana Chapter | monterey county
The Los Padres National Forest and the Ventana Wilderness
Club participates in FireScape wildfire planning for Los Padres National Forest
by Mike Splain
It's no secret that our corner of the Los Padres National Forest desperately needs a formalized wildfire management plan. Without clearly defined objectives and protocols, every ignition leads to a crisis. Fortunately, District Ranger Sherry Tune has drawn on her vast knowledge (gained from prior wildfire experience on Arizona's Coronado National Forest) to develop a formal management plan.
Joe Rawitzer (CDF- retired) and USFS Battalion Chief Mike Strawhun demonstrate fuel flammability at Big Sur Station. Photo: Mike Splain
The planning process is called FireScape (Fire Integration in Restoration Ecology using Science and a Collaborative Approach with a Partnership Emphasis). It began in early March with two workshops in Big Sur Valley. Participants included local homeowners and fire personnel, as well as agency employees, scientific researchers, and conservation advocates from the California Wilderness Project, Ventana Wilderness Alliance, and of course, Sierra Club.
These initial workshops focused on developing a geographic scope and identifying targets for the FireScape process. The group agreed on six primary targets: 1) fire-adapted human communities, 2) watersheds, 3) fire-adapted / fire-sensitive biotic communities, 4) riparian areas, 5) cultural resources, and 6) aesthetics and wilderness qualities. Subsequent workshops identified threats to these targets and opportunities to protect them.
The emphasis on "fire-adapted human communities" with defensible space around homes has been promising. Pre-suppression fuel treatments, as well as fire line creation and maintenance are likely outcomes of the process. It is heartening that the vast majority of participants have expressed sincere concern for healthy watersheds and wilderness values. In an effort to ensure that fuel treatments on public lands are applied with maximum effectiveness and minimum resource damage, the Ventana Chapter is committed to working with the FireScape process through to implementation.
A common theme that has surfaced throughout FireScape workshops is the need for more data. The complex topography of the northern Santa Lucia Range precludes a "one size fits all" approach to fire management. Anyone who has ever hiked in the backcountry knows the limitations of maps as a planning tool. To address this knowledge gap, we have been manually documenting fire breaks and hand lines within public lands. The end result will be a geo-referenced photodocumentary (in publicly-available Google Earth format) that should prove invaluable for future planning, implementation and emergency response.
Please stay tuned for updates as FireScape approaches completion. For more information contact Ventana Chapter Wilderness Chair, Mike Splain- . | <urn:uuid:537e1e7d-47c5-428a-ac14-b0a571828b5a> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://ventana.sierraclub.org/conservation/lospadres_ventwild/firescapeWilfirePlanning.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115862636.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161102-00130-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903385 | 573 | 2.75 | 3 |
At present, we parents do not have the option of determining whether a next-born child will be active or quiet, able-bodied or disabled. But we at least have some control over the child’s age relative to that of his older sibling. Here I am going to explore the serious (and not so serious) consequences of each birth spacing.
1 Year Age Gap
- It consolidates the exhausting years that you are in "baby mode". Especially handy for older mothers.
- If you work you will be on maternity leave while your eldest is still very much a baby, so you'll be around for important milestones such as first steps and words.
- Your children will go through the same stages in fairly close succession, which makes it easier to hand down clothing, toys and equipment rather than arranging storage for years.
- This age gap is thought to be best at unifying the family. "The early hardship of caring for two young children can help draw fathers into the action. The tasks are so demanding that even the most alienated and reluctant father would have to step in" (Hart).
- Your children may have the same friends, watch the same TV, and play the same games, all of which often means less work for you.
- You can organise family outings without having to wait years until the youngest child is ready to participate.
- They'll play well together. “Siblings who know they need each other to continue their games are motivated to sort out their disagreements” (Baby Centre). In other words, as the importance of companionship goes up, the importance of rivalry goes down.
- Your existing child is less likely to reject the new baby as they won’t fully understand issues such as displacement, territory or personal possessions. Having not experienced an extended period of exclusive parental attention, they develop lesser expectations of receiving preferential treatment from parents. These benefits have been shown to extend into adolescence (Kidwell).
- Studies have shown that girls benefit intellectually from closer-spaced sibling age gaps. However the reverse is true for boys (Rosenberg and Sutton-Smith).
- The closer the age gap, the more creative your children are likely to be, regardless of gender (Baer et al).
- The ever-increasing age of first-time mothers can make it feel like that their so-called biological clock is ticking faster and faster. Having your children in quick succession can pacify fertility fears.
- This age gap can also help career and childcare choices. If you’re working it can be easier to organise childcare for children of a similar age, rather than having years of juggling different childcare arrangements. You may save money because you can get a nanny for both children - this can work out cheaper than two daycare places.
- Looking after a baby while you're pregnant can be very tiring. Your body won’t have fully recovered from the last pregnancy. You may be excessively tired and easily run down. Iron and calcium stores will not have had time to replenish (Winkvist et al; King).
- Anything less than an 18 month gap has been shown to reduce a woman's life expectancy (Centre for Population Studies; The Independent).
- Giving birth within 12 months of a prior birth is associated with complications such as placental abruption, which happens then the placenta separates from the uterine wall, and placenta previa, which occurs when a portion of the placenta covers the cervix (MayoClinic).
- Having a gap of less than 17 months is associated with a significantly increased risk of having a baby of prematurely and underweight. The risks are highest for babies conceived less than six months after the birth of a previous child (World Health Organisation; Conde-Agudelo et al).
- You may feel that you haven't had enough time alone with your first-born before the next arrives.
- Tandem breastfeeding is not appealing to everyone. Even if you like the idea, some babies self-wean during pregnancy (due to taste changes and possible drop in supply) so your breastfeeding relationship with your firstborn could be prematurely cut short.
- The early years may pass in a blur. It will be an all-consuming experience of sleepless nights, nappies, breastfeeding, pureed food and laundry.
- Being so close in age may mean that you are less able to enjoy your babies as individuals.
- Your toddler may not be sleeping through regularly when your baby arrives.
- In the early years, outings will be limited as you struggle to attend swim lessons, the park, and Mother & Toddler groups with both children.
- Your children will be at an increased risk of attachment problems. The theory is that neither child gets enough attention from the mother to create the close mother-child bond that children need to flourish (Kauai Longitudinal Study).
- At school, your younger child may feel like they are in the older child’s shadow academically. Being closer in age encourages competitiveness.
- A recent study suggests that children who are born only a year after an older sibling are three times more likely to be diagnosed with autism (Pediatrics). This is because women are more likely to have depleted levels of nutrients such as folate and iron, as well as higher stress levels, after a recent pregnancy (affecting fetal brain development).
- In the future, when your children want to start college, it’s going to cost a lot of money in a short space of time (Powell).
- You are likely to need extra equipment, like a second cot (if you haven’t transitioned number-one by number-two’s arrival, or if your cot was intended to convert to a bed), a second car seat and a double stroller.
2 Year Age Gap
- Having a 2 year gap may capitalise on changes to your body as a result of the previous pregnancy and birth that benefit carrying another baby (Zhu et al). For example, it may be that increased blood flow to the uterus from the last pregnancy benefits the next baby, but that there is a limited time window of about two years before blood flow returns to pre-pregnancy levels.
- You’ll remember how to care for a newborn whilst also having the confidence that comes with being a more experienced mum.
- Your children will play reasonably well together.
- Firstborns often take to their newly acquired status as the older child by showing new self-reliance in matters such as dressing, toilet use and feeding, even volunteering to give up their “babyish” bottles and by contentedly entertaining themselves.
- This age gap has been shown to enhance the older child’s ability in maths and in reading (Notre Dame University).
- If you suffer from morning sickness or other pregnancy issues, your toddler is old enough to observe it yet still too young to understand, and thus may become distressed.
- There is likely to be times during pregnancy when you will need to lift your toddler which can put undue stress on your abdomen.
- You'll be slammed with first-trimester exhaustion at a time when your wobbly toddler is learning to run and climb, and needs constant supervision.
- Sibling jealousy will be at its worse than it would be with a smaller or larger age gap (Cave and Fertleman 2012). At the age of two children are at their most egocentric and become frustrated easily when they cannot control their environment, which leaves them prone to jealousy (Bounty).
- You have the double pressure of an irritable newborn and toddler tantrums. It may seem at times that you have a very disharmonious household.
- When you go out you’ll have worry about packing enough nappies for the newborn as well as packing extra clothes and making sure you know where the nearest bathroom is for your toilet-training toddler.
- The younger sibling is twice as likely to be diagnosed with autism than a child with a larger age gap (Pediatrics).
- Children are more likely to have a negative view of themselves and their parents when their closest siblings are around two years apart (Kidwell). It is believed that children of this age are simply not ready yet to share their parents and thus experience intense resentment towards new siblings and lowered self-esteem because they’ve been “jilted". (If the space between siblings is under one year or over four years, the negativity disappears).
- If your newborn is a constant crier this could distress your toddler. Two year olds are beginning to develop empathy and concern, yet are still too young to understand that crying babies are displaying normal, healthy behaviour.
3 Year Age Gap
- Your elder child should cope well with your pregnancy, understanding on a basic level, morning sickness and your need for rest.
- She will have her own established life and friends which will continue once the baby is born. This adds a helpful layer of consistency and familiarity to her life when she needs it most.
- This age gap is best for the health of the new baby, with a decreased risk of being born prematurely or underweight (Conde-Agudelo et al). In fact, a 3 year gap is nature’s preferred pattern. This is because until babies began using bottles, and a surplus of food for their mothers became available, women’s bodies were unlikely to conceive again until at least 3 years after birth.
- This age gap between children is so common that your firstborn will have friends with similarly spaced siblings, which is very convenient for double playdates.
- By the time your second baby arrives you should have caught up on sleep.
- You’ll have time with just your baby while your older child is at pre-school.
- Some of the most intense parts of parenting become easier with a calmer, and more independent 3 year old.
- Sibling jealousy is still intense. Your older child will understand exactly what the new arrival means, and may compete furiously for her share of you. She is old enough to make comparisons, but not mature enough to understand that babies need more of your care.
- Feeling that her security is being threatened can cause your older child to lash out at their younger sibling. Physical aggression peaks at age 3 (Tremblay).
- Your older child’s tiny-part toys are all over the house, which could pose a danger to your baby.
- Those baby activities you enjoyed with your firstborn are impossible with a lively preschooler in tow.
- Your older child can bring home illnesses from preschool (chicken pox, viral diseases, colds) which could prove harmful to your baby with their immature immune system.
- Be prepared for for an influx of questions re: the birds and the bees, genitals, boobs, and other topics some parents find embarrassing.
Four Years+ Age Gap
- This gap is good for your eldest child's self esteem - they are more secure and more independent as they have had your attention for years. The rationale here is that the longer a parent-child relationship remains exclusive, or at least has the appearance of exclusiveness, the greater the chance it will gather sufficient strength to withstand a second child’s intrusion.
- Many feel that older children, because of their greater intellectual maturity, are in a better position to understand and therefore be spared, jealousy. Your children won't feel that they are competing for the same kind of attention from you. The older child "does not see a baby as competition, but as an adorable being to enjoy and nurture. She sees a baby as an addition to her life rather than a threat to her primary relationship with mom or dad...She is not with the baby sharing mom, but with the mom sharing the baby" (Aldort).
- Your older child may be mature enough to attend the delivery, which can aid bonding.
- If the birth involves a hospital stay, your older child is likely to cope better with being separated from you.
- She is likely to be more gentle with the new arrival. Physical aggression in children is at its most frequent from ages two to four and gradually declines thereafter (Tremblay).
- Studies have shown that boys in particular benefit intellectually from a large sibling age gap, particularly if they are the eldest child (Rosenberg and Sutton-Smith).
- You’ll have plenty of time with your baby whilst your older child is at school.
- At about the age of five, children develop a distinct self-sufficiency that makes it easier for you to balance the needs of more than one child. Most can get themselves a snack, entertain themselves in their room, or have a friend over while you're busy with baby.
- When you are in the middle of nursing, the older sibling can answer phone calls, get you a drink of water, fetch a baby wipe, etc.
- You’ll have the confidence that comes with having been a parent for years. It's likely that you'll be more relaxed this time and less likely to worry about the little things.
- Some parents report “enjoying their children more” because they are able to concentrate on each child without feeling constantly under pressure.
- Your older child will be more skilled at patience, sharing, compassion, and cooperation.
- You and your partner will have had time to build a strong, stable relationship.
- You extend your parenting years, delaying the quiet of the empty nest.
- Waiting for years before having another child may not be an option for a mother who is reaching the end of her child-bearing years.
- Having a gap of more than five years is associated with a significantly increased risk of having a baby who is premature or underweight, suffers from dystocia and other problematic labour or delivery as well as increasing the chance of the mother suffering from preeclampsia and excessive amounts of protein in urine (Conde-Agudelo et al; MayoClinic).
- You’ll be stretching out the exhausting early years – particularly if you plan a third child.
- You may feel a bit rusty and out of practice those first few nappying and feeding sessions. It can be hard to get back into baby mode after enjoying the freedom of a more self-sufficient child.
- Baby-care advice is always changing, for example weaning recommendations and vaccination schedules change every few years.
- It may be tough to deal with sleep deprivation and hard to keep up with an energetic toddler when you’re a few years older.
- If your eldest child is four, they will be starting school (reception class in the UK) which is a stressful event in itself. Adding a new sibling to the mix will exacerbate the stress.
- Breastfeeding in front of an older child (who is perhaps a teenager) can feel uncomfortable, but rest assured it's helpful for him to understand that nursing is a normal, healthy process.
- Your children are less likely to play well together - one is creating a Lego castle while the other is trying to eat it.
- When your sociable older child goes to parties and concerts, you’ll struggle with a toddler in tow.
- On family outings, their needs will be different. There is often no way to satisfy both children, all at the same time. You and your partner may find yourselves driven in opposite directions, each with only one child.
- Your children's bond may be weaker. “Having one child followed by a long gap before another child can be like having two singletons. They may grow up having little in common” (Baby Centre). For instance, preteens do not consider themselves in the same league as children, and teenagers feel well above preteens. In most places, children born four years apart will not be together during preschool, junior school, high school, or even college. | <urn:uuid:637ba3eb-b703-4133-b6e0-4ca4070dbec7> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.thealphaparent.com/2012/07/what-no-one-tells-you-about-child.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709101476/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125821-00057-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959454 | 3,300 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Each sheet summarises information on the soil's characteristic properties, and associated land use suitability and management. A photograph of a representative profile is provided for each soil. Technical terms are defined in soil sheet glossary. Information is presented under the following headings: soil series and groups, occurence, native vegetation, soil profile description, characteristic soil properties, soil classification and agricultural land use and management.
Number of Pages
Mallee region (WA), Mount Beaumont region (WA), Condingup region (WA), Land use, Land use planning, Soil, Soil properties, Western Australia, Vegetation, Soil types, Soil management, Community involvement, Esperance region (WA), Salmon Gums region (WA), Community education, Land management
Department of Agriculture and Food, Landcare Western Australia, Esperance Land Conservation District Committee, and Mount Beaumont / Howick Catchment Group (W.A.). (1996), Soil information sheets for the Mount Beaumont, Mallee and Esperance agricultural areas. Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia, Perth. Report 21/96.
This file is 17.7 MB. Files over 3MB may be slow to open. For best results, right-click and select "save as..." | <urn:uuid:431fff65-c00c-4cd9-a61e-375d23633cb1> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/misc_pbns/9/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300810.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118092443-20220118122443-00488.warc.gz | en | 0.81816 | 294 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Internet Safety and Cyberbullying
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June is National Internet Safety Month. Use this free Share My Lesson collection to find strategies to use with preK-12 students to help them evaluate online activities, ensure they are exploring the internet safely, and be aware of fake news and what to do about cyberbullying. You'll find free lesson plans, resources and activities good for the classroom, schoolwide and ones that parents can use at home.
Be sure to check out the blog post: Tips to Ensure Online Safety and Summertime Fun.
See all Summer of Learning resources.
Share a Lesson
If you have a resource to share for this collection on cyberbullying and internet safety, upload it and let us know! | <urn:uuid:631a9601-bb31-4bbb-90d4-5e7fb3cda86f> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://sharemylesson.com/collections/internet-safety?theme=286546 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867493.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625053151-20180625073151-00159.warc.gz | en | 0.906728 | 158 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Noticed higher energy or water bills this summer?
You may have if you’ve been cranking the AC or watering your garden more to combat the extreme heat. And you’re right to take action.
Instead of reacting, though, approach the dry spells and heat proactively. Pick drought-tolerant trees and choose water-wise planting and irrigation strategies, especially if your state is currently in severe drought. Remember though, wait until fall to plant new trees!
What States Are Currently Experiencing Drought?
As of June 7, 2022, 40.1 percent of the U.S. and 47.57 percent of the lower 48 states are in a drought, according to the National Integrated Drought Information System. The U.S. Drought Monitor reports the following states as currently having more severe droughts. It’s important to follow these trends as a part of water-wise landscaping.
- California: 97.5 percent of the state is in severe drought, 59.8 extremes, 11.6 exceptional
- Arizona: 77.9 percent of the state is in severe drought, 26.8 percent is in extreme drought, and 3 percent is in exceptional drought.
- Texas: 65 percent of the state is in severe drought, 40.1 percent extreme, 15.6 percent exceptional
- Utah: 99.9 percent of the state is in severe drought, 82.7 percent is in extreme drought, and 5.7 percent is in exceptional drought.
- Nevada: 99.5 percent of the state is in severe drought, 55.4 percent is in extreme drought, and 21.3 percent is in exceptional drought.
Water-Wise Landscaping: Things To Consider When Selecting Trees
Landscaping using drought-tolerant plants has become popular in recent years, particularly as a result of lingering drought in some areas.
To do this right, there are some principles you can follow in selecting the right plants for your water-wise landscape.
- Choose native tree species. Using the plant hardiness zone map, pick plants that are adapted to your local climate and site conditions. Native varieties will be able to better adapt to excessive limits that emerge in their natural environments. They also require less maintenance and fewer inputs.
- Opt for trees with smaller leaves. Small leaves like elm and linden cool more easily and provide better water efficiency than those with larger leaves.
- Look for trees with deep, upright crowns. They are more effective at using water than trees with flat, wide-spreading crowns.
- Seek trees with multilayered crowns. These trees like oaks and hickories have many living branches and leaf layers, making them more water-efficient than trees with leaf canopies that concentrate leaves in single layers along the outer edge of crowns like beech trees.
Tree Watering Tips For Drought-Like Conditions
While there is not an exact recipe to follow for how often and how much you should water your trees since this can be dependent on your soil type and rainfall, there are a few guidelines you can follow in your water-wise landscape.
Newly planted trees will always have the most critical watering needs so they can develop their root systems. This amounts to 2 to 3 gallons per day for 6- to 8-foot trees in the first few weeks of planting.
Established trees, on the other hand, can receive 2 to 3 gallons of water weekly. This is for a small tree planted one to two years ago. Larger trees will require more water, particularly during drought periods.
However, during drought, you should always follow water restrictions in your local area first.
As for a method of watering, slow and steady is the best approach. Slow watering delivers water 6 to 12 inches into the ground instead of just wetting the soil surface. This ensures water is targeted toward tree roots and doesn’t run off.
Heat-And Drought-Tolerant Plants
Set yourself up for success by picking trees in your planting zone that will also tolerate drought.
Note: Most of these trees offer the best drought tolerance when they are established.
- Eastern red cedar (zone 2-9): Heat-tolerant evergreen, and one of the most drought-tolerant evergreen trees.
- Bur oak (zone 3-8): Large shade tree with some drought tolerance.
- Northern red oak (zone 3-8): Fast-growing tree with fall color and some drought tolerance.
- Kentucky coffee tree (zone 3-8): Drought-resistant shade tree.
- Ginko (zone 3-8) : A unique tree with fan-shaped leaves that is not only drought tolerant, but also pollution-, salt-, pest-, and disease-resistant. (first photo)
- Hackberry (zone 3-9): A tough tree that can stand up to strong winds.
- Elm (zone 3-9): A tree with a tall, arching habit and leafy canopy. There are disease-resistant varieties of this classic street tree as well.
- Hawthorne (zone 3-9): A smaller tree with four-season ornamental interest.
- Honey locust (zone 3-9): Smaller leaves assemble in the shape of bird feathers. This tree like moist soil but can survive periods of drought and high heat.
- Red maple (zone 3-9): This tree offers stunning fall color as well as drought tolerance.
- Sumac (zone 3-9): Fern-like leaves give this tree character. (second photo)
- Chestnut oak (zone 4-8): Part of the white oak group, chestnut oak got its name from its preference for growing in mountainous, rocky soils.
- Eastern redbud (zone 4-9): This tree boasts a pink floral fireworks show in early spring.
- Sassafras (zone 4-9): Once established, this drought-tolerant tree can be used as a shade tree, specimen tree, or street tree.
- Shagbark hickory (zone 4-9): This type of large, shade tree has unique, peeling bark.
- Black walnut (zone 4-9): Known for its ornamental value, black walnuts have an attractive oval crown and edible nuts.
- Sawtooth oak (zone 5-8): Distinctive, sawtooth-edged leaves give his drought-hardy shade tree its name.
- London planetree (zone 5-9): Disease-resistance; mottled bark; and large, distinctive leaves with lighter undersides make London planetree a great choice.
- Chinese pistache (zone 6-9): A heat- and drought-tolerant tree that is also winder-hardy and pest- and fire-resistant.
- Loblolly pine (zone 6-9): A great screen tree with an oval shape that also provides shelter and food for wildlife.
- Crape myrtle (zone 6-10): A multi-stem or single trunk tree with dainty white, pink, purple, or red flowers in late spring/early summer. (third photo)
- Leyland cypress (zone 6-10): This evergreen has a dense, broad-columnar shape and can be used as part of a hedge for privacy or a single specimen.
- Live oak (zone 7-10): A picturesque addition to your home landscape, this oak is a very adaptable shade tree with strong, dense wood. | <urn:uuid:fdbfb098-0c75-4a1b-bc63-81b4b55c2adf> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://blog.davey.com/how-to-pick-the-right-trees-for-drought-prone-landscapes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100427.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202140407-20231202170407-00841.warc.gz | en | 0.907119 | 1,570 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Bears Ears, Gold Butte Designated National Monuments
Rising from the center of the southeastern Utah landscape and visible from every direction are twin buttes so distinctive that in each of the native languages of the region their name is the same: Hoon’Naqvut, Shash Jáa, Kwiyagatu Nukavachi, Ansh AnLashokdiwe, or “Bears Ears.” For hundreds of generations, native peoples lived in the surrounding deep sandstone canyons,desert mesas, and meadow mountaintops, which constitute one of the densest and most significant cultural landscapes in the United States. Abundant rock art, ancient cliff dwellings,ceremonial sites, and countless other artifacts provide an extraordinary archaeological and cultural record that is important to us all, but most notably the land is profoundly sacred to many Native American tribes, including the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe, Navajo Nation, Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah Ouray, Hopi Nation, and Zuni Tribe. http://bit.ly/2imSgZA – President Barack Obama via the Salt Lake Tribune
President Declares Bears Ears National Monument in Southern Utah
President Barack Obama on Wednesday protected a sprawling landscape in southeastern Utah that many had either hoped or dreaded would join the outgoing president’s long list of national monuments. The 1.35 million acres of public lands surrounding San Juan County’s Cedar Mesa will be known as Bears Ears National Monument, named after the pair of buttes protruding from a ridge joining the mesa and the Abajo Mountains to the north. http://bit.ly/2imLDGY – Salt Lake Tribune
President of the Navajo Nation, Russell Begaye, Comments upon Bears Ears Designation
I am very proud to be both Navajo and American. As the President of the Navajo Nation, I’ve dedicated my life to ensuring that, as a Najavo, my story — and our stories — are part of our collective American history. Today, I want share one of those stories with you. There was a time when our nations, American and Navajo, were at war with each other — when the U.S. Cavalry forcibly rounded up Navajo men, women, and children, and marched them at gunpoint to a foreign land hundreds of miles away. During this time, some of my Navajo ancestors successfully hid at a sacred place of prayer, shelter, and fortitude: the Bears Ears area of Utah. This beautiful piece of land stretches for over a million acres of land across the southern edge of the state. Its ancient cliff dwellings, ceremonial sites, abundant rock art, countless cultural artifacts, winding creek beds, and expanses of desert land, contain the great history of my nation. http://bit.ly/2hDAXQh – The White House via Medium.Com
Archaeology Southwest’s William Doelle on the Historic Monument Designations
President Obama has, through the authority provided him by the Antiquities Act of 1906, proclaimed the Bears Ears National Monument in southeastern Utah. Archaeology Southwest has long urged greater federal protections in the region, and we joined the Bears Ears Inter-Tribal Coalition and the Friends of Cedar Mesa in their efforts to have the monument declared. William Doelle, president and CEO of Archaeology Southwest, an Arizona-based nonprofit, shares the following statement: “We celebrate the president’s designation of Bears Ears National Monument under the authority of the Antiquities Act of 1906, which was established to protect places of national cultural significance. Bears Ears far exceeds that standard—the region’s well-preserved archaeological sites and cultural landscapes have limitless scientific value, of course, but they also tell essential stories about being human that are meaningful to all people. “With this proclamation, President Obama profoundly conveys our shared respect for the lives of those who came before, their descendants, and ourselves as Americans.”
President Cements Environmental Legacy in Nevada and Utah
President Barack Obama expanded his environmental legacy in the final days of his presidency with national monument designations on lands in Utah and Nevada that have become flashpoints over use of public land in the U.S. West. The Bears Ears National Monument in Utah will cover 1.35 million acres in the Four Corners region, the White House announced Wednesday. In a victory for Native American tribes and conservationists, the designation protects land that is considered sacred and is home to an estimated 100,000 archaeological sites, including ancient cliff dwellings. It’s a blow for state Republican leaders and many rural residents who say it will add another layer of unnecessary federal control and close the area to new energy development, a common refrain in the battle over use of the American West’s vast open spaces. Utah’s attorney general vowed to sue. http://wapo.st/2imVgW2 – Washginton Post
Utah Residents Express Outrage and Praise for Bears Ears
Utahns’ reactions to the announcement of the new 1.35-million-acre Bears Ears National Monument in southern Utah were immediate and ardent. http://bit.ly/2imVf4l – Salt Lake Tribune
Editorial: Monument Critics Should Take a Deep Breath
Some of the most spectacular scenery in the world lies in southern Utah, a wonderland of rust-red rock shaped by channels of cool water, punctuated by craggy buttes and Native American ruins and artifacts. After Wednesday, more of this priceless landscape will be formally protected — if, that is, the country’s incoming Republican leaders do not allow anger at President Obama to impair their judgment. The White House announced Wednesday that Mr. Obama designated 1.35 million acres of breathtaking lands — known as Bears Ears, after two buttes that jut prominently into the air — a national monument. The designation caps a presidential term that saw conversion of several natural and culturally significant areas into protected zones, achievements that may turn out to be the most persistent element of Mr. Obama’s legacy. Utah leaders responded with fury, arguing that the president is behaving imperiously, and promised to push for a rollback. In fact, Mr. Obama took a moderate approach, and his critics should take a deep breath. http://wapo.st/2hDDUju – Washington Post
Saline Soils at Chaco Imply Importation of Maize
According to a new study published in the Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, the ancient inhabitants of Chaco Canyon likely had to import corn to feed the multitudes residing there. The study, by University of Colorado Boulder researcher Larry Benson, shows that New Mexico’s Chaco Canyon had soils that were too salty for the effective growth of corn and beans. “The important thing about this study is that it demonstrates you can’t grow great quantities of corn in the Chaco valley floor,” Dr. Benson explained. http://bit.ly/2hDx5yN – Sci News & http://bit.ly/2hDAYDv – Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports (Paywalled)
More BLM Lands Protected
The federal Bureau of Land Management wants to halt new mining claims from sprouting up on more than 1 million acres of land in the California desert. On Wednesday the bureau will propose the temporary withdrawal of more than 1.3 million acres of the state’s National Conservation Lands from the “adverse impacts of mining.” The stoppage will take effect immediately until a thorough evaluation is completed in two years. The evaluation will decide if the ban will become permanent. The proposal would not prohibit ongoing or future mining on valid existing claims, only new claims, according to bureau spokeswoman Martha Maciel. http://bit.ly/2imIW8f – San Bernardino Sun
The Story of the National Park Service’s Artist in Residence Program
Tanya Ortega has been working with America’s national parks system since she was 17 and spent the summer in Yellowstone National Park. In addition to being fortunate enough to live and work in those unparalleled surroundings for the entire season, she also was exposed to the legendary paintings of the region that landscape artist Thomas Moran created in the early 1870s that were instrumental in the creation of the park. So the Santa Fe native understands as well as anybody the value of putting artists in a position where they can be inspired by and capture the wonders of those American treasures. Two years ago, she started her own nonprofit organization in her hometown that would create artist-in-residence programs at a variety of national parks, allowing painters, photographers, musicians, filmmakers, dancers and others to experience a prolonged stay and receive exposure to the parks. After a year of preparation, the National Parks Arts Foundation program was launched this year, and Ortega, the executive director, said 78 artists participated around the country, including five at National Park Service properties in this area — four at Chaco Culture National Historic Park and one at Aztec Ruins National Monument. http://bit.ly/2imLHX2 – Farmington Daily Times
Congratulations to Archaeologist and Runner Neil Weintraub, the Arizona Daily Sun Male Citizen of the Year
As the director and co-founder of the Northern Arizona Trail Runners Association, Neil Weintraub is synonymous with one of Flagstaff’s favorite outdoor pastimes. But it’s how he uses his passion to help others that makes Weintraub the Arizona Daily Sun’s Male Citizen of the Year. “He epitomizes the best that volunteerism brings, including fostering friendship and pride in local treasures, while creating healthy outlets for persons from all walks of life across Northern Arizona,” said a group letter submitted to the Daily Sun by more than 100 members of the local running community. http://bit.ly/2hDrus2 – Arizona Daily Sun.
“Looking northward from Aacqu and the tall rock monolith on which the mother pueblo sits, there is an opening, like a gateway, between two mesas. Looking northward, too, from Aacqu, one can see Kaweshtima — Snow Peaked — a dark blue misted mother mountain. Those Aacqumeh names do not appear anywhere except in the people’s hearts and souls and history and oral tradition, and in their love. But you will find the easy labels: Mt. Taylor, Elevation 11,950 ft., and Acoma: The Sky City.” Simon Ortiz, a poet from Acoma Pueblo and a major figure in the 20th-century Native American Renaissance, wove together those words about his home together in 1980 in the piece “Fight Back.” Acoma is a solid drive of 3 1/2 hours from Taos and sits just 66 miles to the west of Albuquerque on the old Route 66. Even though the heart of Acoma Pueblo — Old Acoma, the “Sky City” — is just a short way off the freeway, understanding the mythic and monumental stories of that community is not as easy as just taking an exit. http://bit.ly/2hDwa14 – The Taos News
Lecture Opportunity – Cave Creek
Desert Foothills Chapter – AAS presents on January 11th from 7:00 PM to 9:00 PM at no charge, Carrie Cannon. Where lies the cure to diabetes? “Ask the prickly pear, or the mesquite bean pod… maybe they will tell you.” This is the answer you may hear from elder instructors of the Hualapai Ethnobotany Youth Project. The ethnobotanical story of the Hualapai Tribe begins with the plant knowledge the people inherited from their great grandparents who lived entirely off the land. Hualapai grandchildren live in a modern world of cell phones, text messages, and Apple iPods. Information in this presentation shares knowledge about the project’s examination of the crucial role plant resource acquisition plays in Hualapai culture; knowledge that was fine-tuned and perfected over millennia. The meeting is held in the community building (Maitland Hall) at The Good Shepherd of the Hills Episcopal Church, 6502 East Cave Creek Road, Cave Creek, AZ 85331 (near the Dairy Queen). http://bit.ly/2imIwP4 – Desert Foothills Chapter of the Arizona Archaeology Society
Lecture Opportunity – Taos
The Taos Archaeological Society is pleased to present Angie Krall, Forest Archaeologist, who will lecture on “What’s New on the Old? New Archaeological Discoveries in the San Luis Valley,” on Tuesday, January 10, 2017 at 7 pm at the Kit Carson Electric Board Room, 118 Cruz Alta Road, Taos. Contact Don Keefe @575-224-1023 or Phil Aldritt@575-770-3408 for questions or further information.
Lecture Opportunity – Tucson
Old Pueblo Archaeology Center’s January 19, 6-8:30 p.m. “Third Thursday Food for Thought” dinner (Village Inn Restaurant, 6251 N. Oracle Rd., Tucson) features historian Jim Turner’s Arizona Humanities-supported free presentation “Native Roads: A Pictorial Guide to the Hopi and Navajo Nations.” This virtual tour highlights the Four Corners region’s prehistoric sites, trading posts, history, folklore, legends, and geological wonders enshrined in Fran Kosik’s Native Roads: A Complete Motoring Guide to the Navajo and Hopi Nations, which Jim recently edited for republication. No entry fee. Guests may purchase their own dinners. Reservations required before 5 p.m. January 18: 520-798-1201 or [email protected].
Lecture Opportunity – Santa Fe
Southwest Seminars Presents Dr. Severin Fowles, Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Barnard College/Columbia University and Author, The Making of Made People: The Prehistoric Evolution of Hierocracy Among the Northern Tiwa of New Mexico and An Archaeology of Doings: Secularism and the Study of Pueblo Religion, who will give a lecture Interpretations of Archaic Northern Rio Grande Rock Art on January 9 at 6pm at Hotel Santa Fe as part of the Ancient Sites Ancient Stories Lecture Series. Admission is by subscription or $12 at the door. No reservations are necessary. Refreshments are served. Seating is limited. Contact Connie Eichstaedt 505 466-2775; email: [email protected]; website: southwestseminars.org
Lecture Opportunity – Winslow
The Homol’ovi Chapter of AAS (Arizona Archaeological Society) is pleased to present Rob Weiner on Wednesday, 11 January, at 7 p.m. at the Winslow Chamber of Commerce Visitor Center (Historic Lorenzo Hubbell Trading Post), 523 W. Second St, Winslow, AZ, with a talk entitled, “New Perspectives on Chaco Canyon: The Importance of Mesoamerican Exotica and Gambling.” Rob was the Cordell Prize winner at the 2016 Pecos Conference and is a Research Fellow with the Solstice Project. His research focuses on the Chaco Phenomenon with particular emphasis on ritual, cosmology, and Native oral traditions. You can also join us for dinner at 5 p.m. at the Historic La Posada Turquoise Room (on your own tab).
Editor’s Note: We at Archaeology Southwest would like to take the opportunity to first, wish everyone a Happy New Year.
As 2017 begins, however, we recognize that this year will present new challenges in our practice of preservation archaeology; we will be counting upon your support and personal involvement to take action to help preserve important places of the past. Archaeology Southwest welcomes the submission or announcements of positive, civil events or actions that encourage public participation in the preservation process, and we are willing to engage in open dialog with those whose viewpoints differ from our own. If you would like to share information concerning future public meetings, educational events, or other types of public outreach, please send your announcements to [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:3af716e0-e71f-49d3-a072-f05828e1c020> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.archaeologysouthwest.org/2017/01/01/bears-ears-gold-butte-designated-national-monuments/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743105.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116152954-20181116174954-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.921553 | 3,406 | 2.8125 | 3 |
What evidence proves that all life has evolved?
Ask anyone what evidence proves that all life evolved from simple forms, and they will often point to the fossil record.
Evolution scientists have relied for decades on the fact that there are millions of fossils all over the world to support their claim that life has evolved from a single microbe into the full complex array of marine animals, plants, insects, amphibians, reptiles, dinosaurs, birds, marsupials, and mammals that have ever inhabited the earth.
The very existence of fossils equates evolution, according to adherents.
But what do the fossils actually reflect, even according to evolutionists themselves?
The clear evidence of the fossil record:
- Represents stasis (stable, unchanging life forms)
- Sudden appearance of species, fully formed, without precursor
- Great gaps between species in form and location
- Contradictory evidence (supposed “related” species out of order, in the “wrong” time period, or physically impossible . . .)
- Unpredictable evidence (evolution/preservation scenario predictions not reflected)
These problems are common and unsolvable.
Within academia, scientists ardently debate over fossil:
- Time placement
- “Transitional” status
THEREFORE: the interpretation that fossils demonstrate evolution is not founded on settled facts.
Darwin himself treated his theory with more honesty than we do today, after 150 years of proclaiming its scientific superiority:
Chapter 10, “The Imperfection of the Geological Record” in Darwin’s book Origin of the Species:
“But just in the proportion as this process of extermination has acted on an enormous scale, so must the number of intermediate varieties, which have formerly existed, be truly enormous. Why then is not every geological formation and every stratum full of such intermediate links? Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely-graduated organic chain; and this, perhaps, is the most obvious and serious objection which can be urged against the theory.”
Darwin “On the Absence of Numerous Intermediate Varieties in any Single Formation”:
“. . .the absence of innumerable transitional links between the species which lived at the commencement and close of each formation, pressed hardly on my theory.”
Darwin conceded in “The Summary of preceding and present Chapters”:
“He who rejects this view of the imperfection of the geological record, will rightly reject the whole theory.”
Darwin poignantly points out in chapter 10 in “On the Sudden Appearance of Whole Groups of Allied Species”:
“. . . negative evidence is worthless.”
Scientists recognize that little has changed in their discoveries to fill in the gaps of this record. They simply fill the gaps with theories, and declare evolution as settled scientifically.
Here is how evolutionists generally view the fossil record:
The fossils record the evolutionary history of life as it progresses from a single cell toward today’s diversity. They have created a time scheme for how long these stages would take, and in what order, called the Geologic Column. They then place fossils in the geologic era that corresponds to the assumed evolutionary timeline (such as Cambrian, , Permian, Jurassic, Cretaceous. . .)
This column is artificial, and appears nowhere on earth. In fact
In addition to a complete lack of transitional evidence, here are some extraordinary problems with the fossil record:
- Polystratic fossils: fossils that cross multiple strata in the “geologic column”: A fossil like a tree or a large animal that has been preserved across many layers of strata deemed by evolutionists to be millions of years in deposition. No tree or dead animal can survive the elements upright for hundreds of thousands to millions of years waiting for its other half to be buried in sediments.
- “Misplaced fossils”: a specimen that belongs in another geologic era—particularly an early appearance. These are common and innumerable. If evolution is true, there should be no occurrence of a fossil appearing hundreds of thousands to millions of years before it evolved. Each of these completely discredits the hypothesis. When fossils appear BEFORE they “evolved,” scientists use a variety of methods to question the find, or explain it, or simply ignore it.
- Catastrophic fossils: While all fossils demonstrate catastrophe, there are some finds so extraordinary, one wonders how evolutionists avoid their implications. These massive graveyards, preserving hundreds of species, including enormous dinosaurs, are encased in enormous loads of sediments, clearly deposited in a single incident. This is what dinosaur national monument demonstrates, but the record of these clearly catastrophic events is inexplicable under the slow, steady processes of uniformitarianism.
Here are some more unusual ones, discovered by researchers such as Carl Baugh in Glen Rose Texas who have their own Creation Evidence Museum displaying these fossils (creationevidence.org):
- A human footprint found in strata otherwise dated by evolutionists in the “Permian” era—before dinosaurs
- Human Footprint crossed by a dinosaur footprint
- A Hammer & Handle found in strata otherwise placed by evolutionists in the Lower Cretaceous—2 geologic eras early
There has also been extensive controversy within the evolutionary community over the date of a trail of human footprints in volcanic ash in Laetoli, Tanzania.
Evolution scientists have dated the Ash that these footprints were laid in at 3.5-4 million years old, but many concede that the footprints display walking in the normal human manner. There is no evidence that these side-by-side tracks have been left by an ape of any form—no knuckle-walking prints, turned feet, or off-set great toe are visible, but the prints show human arches and gait. More problematic is that these prints have been attributed to evolution’s darling Lucy (Australopithecus aferensis) because this was the only possible “hominoid” that dated so early. However, paleo-anthropologists have since quietly debated whether this ape is even a viable candidate for human ancestry, because of her undeniably apelike skeletal features.
In spite of this internal debate, evolutionists continue to credit these bipedal footprints to the apes that most serious anthropologists consider incapable of walking upright in the human manner, but rather in the ape manner, and only temporarily. They collectively maintain this fiction because these footprints sit in an ash matrix that has already been dated millions of years too old for any possible homo candidate.
There are thousands more examples of misplaced fossils detrimental to the evolution timeline because they are found, encased in undisturbed sediments of an impossibly early era. Moreover, the overwhelming occurrence of clear catastrophic evidence contradicts both the evolutionist’s predicted method of burial, and the timeline of hundreds of millions of years.
A last example is Archaeopteryx. This is a fully formed bird, which has been placed by evolutionists a full geologic era (in the Jurassic) BEFORE the dinosaurs it supposedly evolved from even appeared ( in the Cretaceous). Based of the convoluted constraints of their own timeline, they are forced to date these numerous Archaeopteryx finds “millions” of years earlier than its proposed ancestors. Evolutionists don’t seem deterred by this inverted–impossible–evidence.
So what do the millions of fossils encased all over the surface of the planet reveal?
They are clear evidence for a catastrophic flood. Think about HOW a fossil is created:
Fossils are ONLY made when a specimen is quickly covered by water-borne sediments. This is an extraordinary event. Very few fossils are created today, and always through extraordinary, or catastrophic events
Ordinarily, if something dies and is exposed to the environment, it will break down, fall apart, get dissembled, and generally will never be preserved.
Fossilization occurs when a specimen is quickly encased in waterborne sediments. This encasement stops the natural decomposition process, protects against predation, seals out oxygen, gradually squeezes out the water through the pressure of the sediments, then infuses the specimen with minerals.
In spite of the rare and catastrophic nature of fossilization, every continent is covered with tremendous fossil-bearing sediments up to a few miles thick. Every mountain, valley and cliff, from the Dead Sea’s Great Rift Valley, to the top of Mt. Everest, from the Gobi Desert, to Antarctica—every continent and nearly every surface is encased with fossils from water-borne sediments.
And not only do we find massive graveyards of encased fossils, but we find land animals preserved with marine species. Enormous dinosaur graveyards are found encased in sediments embedded with clams, whales found in the same strata as mammoths, mammals encased with fish—all manner of species, and many non-marine species are commonly found encased in these inexplicable watery graves.
As an example, one of many remarkable sites around the world, Dinosaur Provincial Park in Alberta, Canada has uncovered at least 36 different dinosaur species, 250 of which were completely articulated skeletons (preserved whole). This again establishes that a catastrophic, and tremendously voluminous, rapid burial event occurred.
This 28 square-mile park represents only a small portion of the over 400 foot thick sediment deposits, which has revealed 300 different fossil species of plants and animals encased in this “late Cretaceous” site. In addition to the dinosaurs, the list includes 84 species of fish, frogs salamanders, turtles, lizards, crocodiles, pterosaurs, and—yes, incredibly—mammals and birds.
Wherever you see packed or lithified sediments, there is a great chance you’ll see fossils. Look around wherever you go. Almost everything is covered by sediments. Notice the cliffs, hills, canyons. I find fossils in exposed local canyons. It’s all a testament to the Global Flood.
The fossil evidence does not logically demonstrate the theory of evolution because these world-wide graves are inexplicable.
In fact, if scientists were honestly looking to see if there was any evidence of a world-wide flood, these millions of uniquely preserved fossils, encased in miles of unblemished loads of sediments, on every continent, and even embedded in the mountains, would be exactly the kind of evidence expected.
The fossil record does not in fact preserve an evolutionary progress or order. Fossils are all mixed together—land species with marine species, dinos & marine life, dinos and mammals, Cambrian with cretaceous. The record of evolutionary progress is a fiction.
Logically, fossils—like any graveyard–are a record of what died, not what lived. This record unquestionably testifies of a unique worldwide cataclysmic event that quickly trapped all manner of life, great sizes and minute in massive graves of enormous extent. This phenomenon is impossible, and has never been witnessed, under the gradual, non-catastrophic, ongoing geological processes we witness today.
- The fossil record CONTRADICTS the evolution narrative
- All EXPECTED evidence FOR a Global Flood is present, lacking nothing
Without bias, the Fossil Record VALIDATES the Biblical Flood.
“And God said to Noah, “The end of all flesh has come before Me, for the earth is filled with violence through them; and behold, I will destroy them with the earth. . . And behold, I Myself am bringing floodwaters on the earth, to destroy from under heaven all flesh in which is the breath of life; everything that is on the earth shall die. But I will establish My covenant with you; and you shall go into the ark-you, your sons, your wife, and your sons’ wives with you. And of every living thing of all flesh you shall bring two of every sort into the ark, to keep them alive with you; they shall be male and female.” Genesis 6:13, 17-19
“And the waters prevailed exceedingly on the earth, and all the high hills under the whole heaven were covered. The waters prevailed fifteen cubits upward, and the mountains were covered. And all flesh died that moved on the earth: birds and cattle and beasts and every creeping thing that creeps on the earth, and every man. All in whose nostrils was the breath of the spirit of life, all that was on the dry land, died.” Genesis 7:19-22
Unsure if you will go to heaven? Click Here | <urn:uuid:7a1f7ae9-152d-42de-8b49-39e361f6313d> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://mywordsforhim.com/a-god-hug/skeptics-reason/scientific-fields/fossils/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104204514.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702192528-20220702222528-00638.warc.gz | en | 0.933772 | 2,654 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The Immigrant Learning Center (ILC) published a study that shares the stores of 36 children of immigrants from a wide variety of countries of origin and family businesses. In the report aptly titled Adult Children of Immigrant Entrepreneurs: Memories and Influences , there is conclusive evidence that the children are heavily influenced by their immigrant entrepreneur parents, fostering in them a desire to pursue an education and what has been dubbed the American dream. All of the young adults interviewed developed a strong work ethic due to witnessing firsthand the experiences of their parents’ struggles as they integrated into their new home in the U.S. They spent a fairly long amount of time along side their parents in their place of business and gained valuable experience taking on various activities, especially when interacting with customers and engaging in other business-related tasks. And because they often had better English language skills than their immigrant parents, many of them served as de facto language brokers. This time spent working with their parents provided them with valuable business and social skills, giving them the confidence that allowed them to excel in school. Because of their own struggles, education is valued very highly by the immigrant entrepreneur parents, and consequently stimulated their children to achieve high education levels. Many of the young adults interviewed had pursued graduate school degrees after graduating from college. They related how their immigrant parents wanted them to excel educationally, get good and stable jobs, and live more comfortable lives than their parents had. They realized that their parents had performed difficult manual labor, and had sacrificed their weekends and worked all the time so that they could pursue higher education. The ILC found that “there is an inherent appreciation among the adult children of immigrant entrepreneurs for the sacrifices their parents made to ensure that they have successful careers and lead normal lives in their adopted homeland.” As with many American families, the immigrant entrepreneurs highlighted in this study want their children to excel and have opportunities that they themselves did not have. The children saw the tremendous sacrifices their parents made for them, and were consequently motivated to not only excel in school and in their careers, but to also chose careers that allow them to give back to the community. Clearly, the American Dream is alive and well in these immigrant families. | <urn:uuid:4e84ceeb-599a-40b2-ae98-e5f974bc7a85> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://pozogoldstein.com/entrepreneur-immigrant-parents-children/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813622.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221123439-20180221143439-00414.warc.gz | en | 0.98731 | 442 | 2.765625 | 3 |
About the Project
This project is one of the 2013 WISE Awards finalists.
The project provides cultural resources and educational exhibitions to pupils and young students across the country thanks to partnerships with major museums in Taiwan and abroad. Making use of replicas, exhibitions can be displayed in remote villages and schools located on outlying islands.
By integrating aspects of culture such as aesthetics and lifestyle into school curriculums and forming partnerships with local communities, the Foundation is able to establish a multicultural platform that promotes lifelong learning. Moreover, exhibitions also foster creative ways of teaching while encouraging students to think outside the box and share their ideas, greatly enhancing their communication skills.
Context and Issue
In Taiwan, social science and humanities education is beginning to fall behind math and physical/natural sciences to an alarming extent. Creativity is often stifled in favor of memorization of information tailored to passing standardized tests.
Students of today face change at an unprecedented rate and enjoy ever-increasing cross-cultural interaction. It is thus essential they are given exposure to new ways of thinking and to culture and provided with appropriate tools to handle the unknown challenges that will impact them in the future.
A very effective tool is the ability to use creativity to understand the world, solve problems and learn independently. Students can also use these problem-solving skills to understand their own culture in the context of the global stage.
Solution and Impact
The project seeks to unlock and promote the innate problem-solving creativity of learners and encourage the creative exploration of new information about the world. It does so by exposing students to traveling art, history and science exhibitions.
The 22 exhibitions of this mobile museum project have served to promote art and cultural education and provide resources to schools for the Ministry of Education which does not fund such programs. The project has also served to inspire students and teachers’ creativity through creative curricula and independent learning. Students participate in the setting up of the exhibitions at their schools and teachers are inspired to integrate creative content into the classroom courses following the exhibitions. These actions have had such widespread impact in Taiwan that in nine years the exhibition has reached over a tenth of the total population of Taiwan (more than 2.3 million participants) including schools and communities in underprivileged areas and incarcerated youths.
It is planned to expand the number and type of Eastern and Western culture exhibitions to reflect a broader range of culture and encourage more forms of expression and creativity. Problem- and project-based learning will also be integrated into exhibition updates. It is hoped to expand the reach of the exhibition into a global setting by including Taiwanese schools overseas and through a related program that is designed to share Chinese art and culture exhibitions with foreign schools in Taiwan and abroad. The project should also reach more elementary, junior high and senior high schools and the program will be available through an online learning environment in order to expand its reach.
The activities and materials available in some of the earliest exhibitions are being expanded to reflect this change in direction. This will be supported partly by working closer with the Ministry of Education and the National Palace Museum. Exhibitions are being digitalized and physical and virtual tools continue to be developed. The project is currently working with Taiwanese schools in Vietnam and negotiating with Taiwanese schools in Indonesia to host exhibitions and provide community outreach to the local communities and other international schools in their area. | <urn:uuid:410826d1-f578-4a3e-922d-313a6e065df6> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.wise-qatar.org/project/immersed-creativity-china/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178376467.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307105633-20210307135633-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.965103 | 671 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Large repunit factors
A number consisting entirely of ones is called a repunit. We shall define R(k) to be a repunit of length k.
For example, R(10) = 1111111111 = 11×41×271×9091, and the sum of these prime factors is 9414.
Find the sum of the first forty prime factors of R(109). | <urn:uuid:97dbb7c8-37a2-49cb-8d7f-ae591397a8e0> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://projecteuler.net/problem=132 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813626.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221143216-20180221163216-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.829217 | 81 | 2.6875 | 3 |
In Bloom: Washington’s Cherry Blossoms
The arrival of Washington’s cherry blossoms is a highly anticipated event that draws thousands of people to the National Mall and Tidal Basin every year. Since 1935, the Cherry Blossom Festival has marked this annual occasion with parades, performances and exhibits. This year’s festivities will surely be no exception. But while many people flock to our nation’s capital to enjoy the visual splendor of cherry trees in bloom, the historical significance of these trees should also be celebrated.
It may be common knowledge that the original 3,020 cherry trees planted in Washington, D.C., were a gift of friendship from the nation of Japan to the United States. According to the National Park Service, in 1912, these trees were shipped by boat from Yokohama, Japan, to Seattle, where they were then loaded onto a train bound for Washington. Upon the arrival of the trees in late March, First Lady Helen Taft and Viscountess Chinda, wife of the Japanese Ambassador, held a ceremony to honor the friendship between their two countries. They planted the first two cherry trees on the north end of the Tidal Basin. From 1913 to 1920, nearly 1,800 cherry trees of the Somei-Yoshino variety were also planted along the basin. The other 11 varieties took root in East Potomac Park and on the grounds of the White House.
While initially given as a gift, these cherry trees have become part of a long-term exchange of culture and blossoms between Japan and the United States. In 1965, the Japanese government gave 3,800 more cherry trees to “Lady Bird” Johnson, an environmental enthusiast and First Lady. Many of these trees were planted around the Washington Monument. Later, in 1982, the United States allowed Japan to take hundreds of cuttings from the trees by the Tidal Basin to grow cherry trees with a similar genetic make-up. These would replace many cherry trees that had been destroyed in Japan when a river’s original course was altered. These and other gestures involving cherry trees have come to symbolize the enduring friendship and peace between the United States and Japan. Hopefully, these trees will continue to foster goodwill and an appreciation of trees for many years to come.
Although Tokyo’s cherry trees bloomed early this year, residents of Washington, D.C., have been patiently waiting for the District’s trees to show signs of spring. Horticulturalists with the National Park Service, however, have predicted that “Peak Bloom Date” for this year’s buds will happen this week–between April 3 and April 6. According to the Park Service, the Peak Bloom Date is defined as the day when 70 percent of the blooms are open on the cherry trees surrounding the Tidal Basin. Although the blooming period starts a few days before this date, and can last as long as two weeks, be strategic when planning your visit to see these beautiful trees in action.
Can’t make it to this year’s Cherry Blossom Festival? Watch the Smithsonian’s beautiful timelapse video of last year’s blooms: | <urn:uuid:e197415b-6276-455c-8ca2-3c35fc08c0b6> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.americanforests.org/blog/in-bloom-washingtons-cherry-blossoms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537376.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00213-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955922 | 654 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Cupro is commonly known as a Japanese based developped material. - It is a kind of Rayon (Viscose ) group of Fibres.
It is more like Liocell , it is reprocessed cellulose. It is made from regenerated cellulose fiber .
Cuprammonium, gives the name to the fibre Cupro , it is used in making of process the wood pulp which is the base material. With the process, the wood pulp is dissolved in an ammoniac copper oxide solution.
Cupro fabric breathes like cotton, drapes beautifully, and feels like silk on your skin. Its slinky, curve-hugging drape makes it great for elegant dresses and blouses.
What is Cupro ? : Cupro is a regenerated cellulose fiber, soft, strong and silky, produced by treating cotton cellulose with cuprammonium salts. It is also called Cuprammonium Rayon. Cupro was first made in 1890s in Japan and Italy.
Trade names are used within the rayon industry to determine the type of rayon used: • BEMBERG, for example, is a trade name for cupramonium rayon that is only produced in Italy. • MODAL is a widely used form of rayon produced by Lenzing Fibers Corp. which is based in northern Austria. Galaxy, Danufil, and Viloft are rayon brands produced by Kelheim Fibres, a German manufacturer. • GRASIM (India) is the largest producer of rayon in the world (claiming 24% market share). - | <urn:uuid:98b75067-fa29-4c61-b59c-d3e99ece7c7e> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://forum.daffodilvarsity.edu.bd/index.php/topic,50012.0/prev_next,next.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735989.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805212258-20200806002258-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.949061 | 335 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Dobell, Sydney Thompson
Dobell, Sydney Thompson dōbĕl´ [key], 1824–74, English poet. He is best known for the melodramatic, extravagantly emotional poem Balder (1853). In 1855 he published jointly with Alexander Smith (1830–67) some sonnets on the Crimean War.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: English Literature, 19th cent.: Biographies | <urn:uuid:c215fc6b-99b9-4b50-b070-a703e33bec2d> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/people/arts/english-lit-19th-cent/dobell-sydney-thompson | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363312.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206194128-20211206224128-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.811619 | 113 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The ambo is a typical piece of furniture of the Christian Church since its origins. It is an elevated platform of various dimensions and materials, always decorated with engravings of solemn symbolic value. In its simpler forms, it is comparable to a normal lectern but it is often made in a more complex structure that can be accessed through some steps. The ambo can be supported by columns, in a number that always has symbolic meaning, but can also be solid. Furthermore, the ambo is a furniture intended for lectures, never for sermons, where instead the pulpit is appropriate. On the ambo during liturgy go up:
– The lecturer, that reads an extract from the Old Testament and an Epistle;
– The psalmist, that starts singing some;
– The deacon, that raves the Gospel.
The ambo is destined for the Liturgy of the Word, so it must be solemn and unique. It has to capture the eyes of the devoted with its majesty, has to be properly illuminated and, when possible, elevated. Candles and votive candles are lit around the ambo and often around it some ornamental plants and flowers are put, to underline the importance. The ambo is an extremely significant element in the Church, almost a monument kept within. For this reason during centuries, many artists have been called to create ambos of great meaning and splendor. | <urn:uuid:057934f9-0b26-4db9-a532-f8e763c1a97b> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.holyart.com/blog/church-supplies/ambo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890187.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121040927-20180121060927-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.962315 | 288 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Humans have viewed mosquitoes as pesky insects that should be avoided or even exterminated at all costs. As if these mosquitoes’ stinging and itchy bites aren’t enough, science proves time and time again how they’re vessels of life-threatening pathogens. Sometimes, we can’t help but wonder if they contribute at all to our ecosystem.
Like any insect or living creature for that matter, Mosquitoes also have their designated ecological niche, a role they play to help nature achieve an optimal balance. Perhaps, a closer look at it could give us a better idea of why they behave the way they do aside from flying around in search of their next blood source. How to live in peaceful coexistence with them, if that’s ever possible, is also a topic worthy of discussion.
What is the role of mosquitoes in the ecosystem?
Contrary to the negative connotations we have of mosquitoes, they actually play several beneficial roles in the environment.
Nature is home to over 3,500 species of mosquitoes. If anything, only a minute portion of these are ever attracted to human blood. Most of these species thrive through various other means, including nectar from plants and honeydew. In their search for food, mosquitoes also act as pollinators. They’re known to visit flowers at dusk when there’s a lower chance of human presence.
In their larvae form, mosquitoes are prey to many predators, such as avian and aquatic creatures. On the other hand, adult mosquitoes are also eaten by other insects and insect-eating animals, such as frogs, bats, and birds. When they die, the decomposed bodies of mosquitoes make for plants’ source of nutrition.
Why do mosquitoes bite?
Mosquitoes, specifically female ones, sustain themselves with human blood because the scent in human skin and sweat resembles that which they could detect on certain flowers. Note, however, that not all humans have this due to genetic differences.
Various studies suggest that mosquitoes are also more likely to bite hosts holding a temperature that’s optimal for them, that drank liquor, or are pregnant. Aside from that, blood is also known to contain the nutrients that female mosquitoes need to make their eggs.
Where do mosquitoes tend to live?
As we all know, mosquitoes lay a hundred eggs at a time in stagnant freshwater, may it be in swamps, puddles, ponds, or even melted snow patches. A recent study by the Journal of Medical Entomology suggests that mosquitoes could lay eggs not directly on the surface of pooled water but somewhere near it. That being said, unhatched young could thrive even on moist leaves or swampy areas and hatch in as fast as three days.
This scientific finding could tell a lot about how the growth in their population could be mitigated, a good reference for property owners and providers of mosquito control services.
How do we keep our homes from becoming mosquito breeding sites?
We can now conclude that not all mosquitoes are born to pester or unintentionally inflict a debilitating disease on us. That being said, we are left with a gray area, that is, we cannot identify which one out there is bound to puncture us with their straw-like itch-inducing mouths. To know whether our genetic makeup makes for that flavorful blood meal for them is expensive science, too.
What’s in our control, however, is reducing their chances of breeding anywhere on our premises. Mosquitoes don’t discriminate and would pounce on every chance at seeing a pool of standing water or even crevices where they are less visible. These are things you can heed—just make sure to do so, especially when summer is approaching:
- Empty buckets, pots, bins, and other containers and place them upside down when not in use.
- Dispose of empty disposable containers and other clutter, such as wrapping papers or bags and broken toys and equipment.
- Water in pet dishes, birdbaths, and livestock water bowls should be replaced regularly.
- Inspect your house for areas where rainwater may have been trapped, including your gutter, window sills, and plant holders, and drain the water.
- Inspect outdoor faucets and other water sources for any dripping and fix them.
- Fill in patches of grass or pavement in your yard where puddles tend to form.
- Consult mosquito control experts who can assess your area for potential breeding sites and recommend the best possible treatment.
Mosquitoes are susceptible carriers of illness-causing pathogens. Nevertheless, their ecological functions cannot be discounted, especially with global pollinators facing a recent decline. To coexist with them without waging war seems like a remote possibility, but efforts to identify species that are immune to these pathogens are underway. Until then, let’s all keep our households mosquito-free! | <urn:uuid:f3249a6b-f2e0-470b-bb8b-b1a5325be204> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.dragonflypower.com/why-mosquitoes-behave-the-way-they-do/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710710.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129164449-20221129194449-00704.warc.gz | en | 0.957845 | 998 | 3.984375 | 4 |
French Literature Of The 19th Century:
Glance At The Eighteenth Century
Madame De Stael
Classicism And Romanticism
Read More Articles About: French Literature Of The 19th Century
Glance At The Eighteenth Century
( Originally Published Early 1900's )
Literature of a high order was virtually extinguished in France during the terrors of the Revolution. The public mind was too excited by grim realities for the necessary calm to consider works of the imagination or reason. Yet the mind must still be supplied with intellectual food, and found it in parliamentary eloquence and journalism. The latter, indeed, may be said to have been created for France at this time. There was also, strange to say, considerable scientific writing; chemistry and natural philosophy were cultivated throughout the stormiest period. But literature proper had to await a breathing time, when public thought could regain its balance and recover from the shock of the explosion. The national ideal had been cast from its throne at the very time and by the very means which were expected to extend its sway over the earth.
Before the Revolution, while France in general was still professedly and really Catholic, the skepticism of the English deists of the Eighteenth Century had permeated its higher literature. Voltaire had early and prophetically declared, in view of the general borrowing from the English, "we shall imperceptibly acquire from them their noble freedom of thought and their profound contempt for the petty trifling of the schools." The French wits and thinkers went far beyond their English teachers. Nothing was free from their mockery, which was open and undisguised. The church, the government, the throne, did not escape. The Classicism, which had prevailed in literature for nearly two centuries and formed its finest models, was contrasted with the Gothic freedom of Shakespeare and Milton. But in pure literature the classic spirit was not lightly to be extinguished. The Encyclopaedists, D'Alembert and Diderot, with their destructive criticism, did not in their great work undertake to dispel all illusions. They restricted themselves to statement of facts. But in the salons profound human problems were discussed and solved by means of epigrams. Faith was undermined and when the fearful time of trial came, it fell, and great was the fall thereof. Church, state, religion, literature, went down in one vast ruin blent. At the close of the Century France, so far as literature is concerned, was living on husks. The soul seemed to have left the body of her poetry; the outward form of the drama was devoid of substance; philosophers discoursed in lifeless platitudes. Brunetière, the greatest living French critic, declares that the decay of classicism in his country's literature was due to its rule of preserving the impersonal. In literature abstractions were sought for, the presentation of real character was excluded. The decadence of the later Eighteenth Century literature was derived from these two causes, the growth of philosophic materialism on the one hand, and a sham idealism on the other.
The powerful Voltaire, the crowned laureate of the nation, the perfect embodiment of the Gallic mocking spirit, never disturbed the prescribed rules of literature in poetry or prose. However revolutionary in actual effect were his utterances, in form they were of perfect propriety according to the canons of the time. He therefore re-mains distinctly the national classic, whose precise work is imperfectly comprehended outside of France. But Rousseau, his younger contemporary, the gloomy, dreary Swiss republican, was more than a Frenchman he belonged to all Europe. He was the inventor of new modes of thought and writing, the apostle of sentimentalism, the teacher of love of nature, the reformer of education, the reconstructor of human society. In due time his ideas germinated. All Europe heeded his voice and gave reality to his dreams. Literature, education, government, society, took on new forms according to his bidding. One man, of little account in literature, Rouget de Lisle, was inspired at the opening of the Revolution to give voice to the impassioned feelings of his countrymen in the spirit-stirring "Marseillaise," still the national song of France.
Three other men of moderate power have had a lasting influence on French literature. Beaumarchais, in his Figaro comedies, taught the Nineteenth Century how the drama can sparkle with wit, satire, wholesome merriment, but, like too many others, tainted it with indelicacy. Bernardin de Saint-Pierre was the successor of Rousseau in propagating love of nature and made the world his debtor by the romantic story of "Paul and Virginia." The third figure is André Chenier, guillotined at thirty-two, who combined the sensuous feeling of modern verse with a marked classic simplicity. These three, so different in life and work, were yet, each in his own peculiar way, harbingers of the coming Romanticism. They agreed in proclaiming individualism as a protest against the impersonal ideals of the later decaying classicism.
Even the pioneer scientists, like Buffon, and philosophers, like Condorcet, showed regard for this individual-ism. Man in himself was to be regarded as greater than mathematical and political and theological systems. Henceforth the human heart was to be the theme and realm of an awakened literature. None of these forerunners saw the tendency of their own work, but in retrospect it is possible to trace a sure movement toward the old faiths that had been so violently flung off. The transition from lifeless classicism and materialistic philosophy to sunny Romanticism and renewed Christianity may be dated from the very opening of the Nineteenth Century.
By the Revolution of the 18th Brumaire (9th of November, 1799), Napoleon Bonaparte was made First Consul and became virtually supreme dictator of France. His unparalleled military and unscrupulous political glories had raised him to that proud eminence. Fully aware of the unstable foundation of his suddenly acquired power, he was desirous to cement it with the potent traditions of the past. Utterly indifferent as he was personally to spiritual considerations, he was well aware of their incalculable influence on the mass of mankind, and he saw clearly the growing desire of the people for much that they had lost. The failure of the vaunted Revolution to realize the sublime dreams of its self-deceived promoters was palpable to all. For liberty, equality, fraternity, they had received slavery, anarchy, bloodshed. They longed for the restoration of order, for a government which should possess the ability and will to maintain itself unmoved against foreign enemies and domestic factions, for the restoration of the Christian worship. Napoleon declared that his object in the permission of public worship was to gain the hearts of the people. In return for the contemplated ridicule of the skeptics he won the gratitude of millions throughout the Empire. But further he made way for an unexpected triumph of Catholicism which not only greatly assisted him at the time, but eventually revolutionized the literature of France. | <urn:uuid:c5e2ecc6-d98e-4249-9d22-0cc3073c20bc> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.oldandsold.com/articles35/french-lit-1.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689897.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924062956-20170924082956-00296.warc.gz | en | 0.978474 | 1,455 | 3.125 | 3 |
BTS 1850: Introduction to the Bible (Hunter and Rios)
Resources discussed during Library Visit
Why use Bible Dictionaries?
Bible Dictionaries define and explain biblical words, events, people, and themes, sometimes at considerable length.
This preliminary understanding will be helpful when you move on to research in commentaries, journal articles, and books related to your passage.
We recommend the following sources to begin your research. However, we have several more Bible Dictionaries in our collection that you can find using our library catalog!
New Interpreter's Dictionary
- The New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, 5 vols. byCall Number: Ref BS440 .N443 2006
IVP Bible Dictionaries - New Testament
- Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels, 2nd ed. byCall Number: Reference - BS2555.2 .D53 2013
- Dictionary of Paul and His Letters byCall Number: Reference - BS2650.2 .D53 1993
- Dictionary of the Later New Testament and Its Developments byCall Number: Reference - BS2625.5 .D53 1997
- Dictionary of New Testament Background byCall Number: Reference - BS2312 .D53 2000 | <urn:uuid:8aa10566-a966-4f1d-aa68-62288af4a63a> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://guides.northpark.edu/c.php?g=1315889 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646144.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530194919-20230530224919-00428.warc.gz | en | 0.756951 | 262 | 3.4375 | 3 |
April 16, 2019 was an important day for many of us. But do you know why? It was Tax Freedom Day — the day when the average American theoretically earned enough to pay his or her tax obligations for the year. According to the Tax Foundation, Americans will pay $3.4 billion in federal taxes in 2019, more than they spend on food, clothing, and housing combined.* But it wasn't always this way. In fact, income taxes are a fairly new development in the overall history of America. So how did we get to this point?
In the beginning...
The United States was founded, in part, on the premise that colonists didn't want to pay taxes without representation, which led to the famous tossing of tea into the Boston Harbor and the American Revolution. However, not long after the colonies gained their freedom from England, Congress passed the Stamp Act of 1797, which essentially was our nation's first estate tax. Otherwise, from the early 1790s to 1802, the U.S. government was supported by taxes on such items as spirits (alcohol, not the ghostly kind), sugar, tobacco, and corporate bonds.
Wars played a big part in the history of taxation in this country. To fund the War of 1812, Congress taxed sales of gold, silverware, jewelry, and watches. In 1817, tariffs on imported goods provided the main source of revenue to run the government.
With the onset of the Civil War, Congress enacted the nation's first income tax law, the Revenue Act of 1861, which included a flat tax of 3% on annual incomes exceeding $800 to help pay for the costs of the war. That tax law was repealed and replaced by the Revenue Act of 1862, which established the Office of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue (forerunner to the Internal Revenue Service), levied excise taxes on most goods and services, and replaced the flat tax with a progressive tax.
The 16th Amendment
However, it was not until 1913 with the adoption of the 16th Amendment to the Constitution, that the income tax became a permanent fixture in the American tax system. Congress now had the authority to tax income of both individuals and corporations. It didn't take the IRS long to start inundating us with forms, beginning in 1914 with the introduction of the first income tax form, the dreaded Form 1040. Enactment of the Revenue Act of 1916 introduced tax rates and income scales.
Here's a sobering fact: In 1913, the top federal income tax bracket was 7% on all income over $500,000, and the lowest tax bracket was 1%. During the Great Depression, Congress raised the highest tax bracket to 63%. Wars can be expensive, as evidenced by the jump in the highest tax rate to 94% during World War II. In 2018, the highest income tax rate was lowered to 37%.
Trying to get it right
Over the years, there have been frequent attempts to reform the tax law in some manner. We've seen the adoption of the alternative minimum tax, Social Security tax, taxes on cigarettes and alcohol, gasoline taxes, aviation taxes, property taxes, telecommunication taxes, not to mention state and local taxes. To quote Will Rogers, "The difference between death and taxes is death doesn't get worse every time Congress meets."
Tax laws are always changing and will likely remain a political hot potato. Only time will tell what changes are ahead, but there is no doubt that through taxation, what the government giveth, it inevitably taketh back again.
*Tax Freedom Day 2019 was April 16, as calculated by the Tax Foundation, taxfoundation.org.
The tax information provided is not intended to be a substitute for specific, individualized tax planning advice. We suggest that you consult with a qualified tax advisor.
Content prepared by Broadridge Advisor Solutions, Copyright 2019 | <urn:uuid:ff1478c2-a0b8-4d1a-9c82-7b2b05360d06> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.hollanderlone.com/blog/federal-income-tax-how-did-we-get-here | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371813538.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408104113-20200408134613-00326.warc.gz | en | 0.975015 | 784 | 3.875 | 4 |
If you're looking for the perfect math activity to celebrate fall with your little learners, then check out this adorable autumn symmetry exercise! The only things you'll need for this fun fall activity are a box of crayons, our handy printable template, and a little imagination! Read on to find out more.
First, you'll want to print out the symmetry worksheet we created especially for this activity. You can find that right here. Once you've printed a copy for all of your students, they can use crayons, markers, or colored pencils to complete each picture (sunflower, pumpkin, acorn, leaf) to make it a symmetrical shape.
When students draw the other half of the object, they should be sure that the side they draw looks identical to the partial object that's given. That's all there is to it!
What are some of your favorite ways to teach symmetry in your class? We'd love to hear from you! Please share your ideas in the comment section below.
If you're looking for more printable symmetry resources, visit the Super Teacher Worksheets Symmetry Page!
Would you like to explore more fun fall activities that you can use with your students? Be sure to check out the Super Teacher Worksheets Autumn Worksheets Page!You may also like: | <urn:uuid:4c4d1663-aca2-4ff3-bf3f-b8bba5779ee5> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.superteacherworksheets.com/blog/seasonal-symmetry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703529179.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210122082356-20210122112356-00087.warc.gz | en | 0.926937 | 273 | 3.46875 | 3 |
On September 17, 1941, early in World War II, Niels Bohr, the father of the quantum theory, and his protégé Werner Heisenberg, discoverer of the uncertainty principle, spent a fateful evening at Bohr's residence in Copenhagen. Heisenberg's revelation to Bohr then that he was working on an atomic bomb was an important clue to the WWII German bomb project. The reconstruction of this meeting would become the subject of Michael Frayn's play "Copenhagen." Drawing on documents and recollections, including letters made available after the writing of the Frayn play, this talk will put the events of the meeting and its aftermath in historical perspective, as well as provide background on the science and the intertwined lives of the principals.
ANL Physics Division Colloquium Schedule | <urn:uuid:6a885754-9918-448e-b92a-c31422d75c1c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.phy.anl.gov/events/Colloquium/classified/abstracts-2006/feb16.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718423.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00428-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95557 | 165 | 2.625 | 3 |
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol is a germicidal agent that has been used to preserve wood and glue as well as to protect textiles against mildew. Production of this chemical (for sale as an end product) was discontinued in 1975 by Dow Chemical Company, the only manufacturer of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in the United States, because of the high cost of removing toxic dioxin impurities. However, a small quantity (2,204 pounds) was imported for domestic use in 1976.
A bioassay of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol for possible carcinogenicity was conducted by administering the test chemical in feed to F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice.
Groups of 50 rats of each sex were administered 2,4,6-trichlorophenol at one of two doses, either 5,000 or 10,000 ppm, for 106 or 107 weeks. Matched controls consisted of 20 untreated rats of each sex. All surviving rats were killed at the end of administration of the test chemical.
Groups of 50 male mice were administered 2,4,6-trichlorophenol at one of two doses, either 5,000 or 10,000 for 105 weeks. Groups of 50 female mice were administered the test chemical at one of two doses, initially either 10,000 or 20,000 ppm, for 38 weeks. Because of excessively lowered body weights in the dosed groups of the females, the doses for the females were then reduced to 2,500 and 5,000 ppm, respectively, and administration at the lower doses was continued for 67 weeks. The time-weighted average doses for the female mice were either 5,214 or 10,428 ppm. Matched controls consisted of 20 untreated mice of each sex. All surviving mice were killed at the end of administration of the test chemical.
Mean body weights of dosed rats and mice of each sex were lower than those of corresponding controls and were dose related throughout the bioassay. Survivals to the end of the experiment were 68% or greater in all groups of rats and 80% or greater in all groups of mice.
In the male rats, lymphomas or leukemias occurred at incidences that were dose related (P=0.006) and in direct comparisons were significantly higher in the low-dose(P=0.019) and high-dose (P=0.004) groups than in the corresponding control group (controls 4/20; low-dose 25/50; high-dose 29/50). Leukocytosis and monocytosis of the peripheral blood and hyperplasia of the bone marrow also occurred in some dosed male rats not having lymphoma or leukemia.
In female rats, monocytic leukemia did not occur at incidences that were significant. However, as in the male rats, leukocytosis and monocytosis of the peripheral blood and hyperplasia of the bone marrow occurred in the dosed female rats but not in the controls (blood leukocytosis and monocytosis: controls 0/20, low-dose 6/50, high-dose 3/50; bone marrow hyperplasia: controls 0/20, low-dose 16/50, high-dose 2/50).
In both the male and female mice, hepatocellular carcinomas or adenomas occurred at incidences that were dose related (P<0.001), and in direct comparisons were significantly higher in the low- and high-dose male groups and the high-dose female group (P< 0.001) than in the corresponding control groups (males: controls 4/20, low-dose 32/49, high-dose 39/47; females: controls 1/20, low-dose 12/50, high-dose 24/48).
It is concluded that under the conditions of this bioassay, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol was carcinogenic in male F344 rats, inducing lymphomas or leukemias. The test chemical was also carcinogenic in both sexes of B6C3F1 mice, inducing hepatocellular carcinomas or adenomas. | <urn:uuid:f360d03c-a541-4fe4-b362-422042d12862> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/publications/reports/tr/100s/tr155/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487626008.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210616190205-20210616220205-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.961762 | 880 | 2.71875 | 3 |
One such place is the monitoring of military equipment. “Everything the Department of Defense puts out has to have antitamper protection so that if someone gets their hands on the seeker head of a missile, or an entire aircraft, it would be very difficult to reverse-engineer it,” says Christian Adams, a chemist at Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control. The memory chips that control such antitamper systems, says Adams, require very low continuous power over a long time. Military specifications also require that these devices withstand extreme conditions that normal batteries can’t tolerate: they must operate in temperatures from -65 to 150 ˚C and withstand high-frequency vibrations, high humidity, and blasts of salt. “If the battery freezes out or dies out, the memory circuit loses its configuration,” and the device fails, says Adams.
“Widetronix is the first out of the gate with something that can be tested to military specifications,” says Adams. Lockheed received the company’s prototypes last week. If the betavoltaics pass the test, Lockheed will probably have them in antitamper products in about a year’s time, he says. Lockheed is also working with the company to develop higher-power betavoltaics for remote monitoring of missiles. Sending out a radio signal to say “I’m healthy” requires microwatts of power, says Adams. Widetronix is also testing its batteries with medical-device company Welch Allyn. It expects to sell the batteries for $500.
City Lab’s Cabauy says that though the prospect of nuclear batteries, especially for medical implants, may raise eyebrows, tritium is safe. Besides the beta particle, other products of tritium’s decay are an antineutrino and an isotope of helium that is not radioactive. “A piece of paper can stop the radiation from tritium,” says Cabauy.
The future promise of betavoltaics might be in very cheap sensors embedded in buildings and bridges where “you don’t ever want to change the battery,” says Amit Lal, professor of electrical and computer engineering at Cornell University. However, this would require companies such as Widetronix to move to longer half-life materials, such as nickel isotopes that last 100 years. While tritium has a half-life of only 12.3 years, one of its chief advantages, besides safety, is that it can be secured cheaply from Canadian nuclear reactors that produce heavy water as a by-product. Longer half-life isotopes such as nickel-63 must be purchased abroad at high prices. “Since the end of the Cold War, there is no government support for radioisotope infrastructure in the United States,” says Lal. “Making batteries that last forever is probably good reason to build that infrastructure.” | <urn:uuid:25ca368f-3a86-4308-a8ae-e6b62570060c> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.technologyreview.com/news/416312/a-25-year-battery/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443738017788.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001222017-00011-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950089 | 611 | 2.765625 | 3 |
A U.S. government panel has recommended the use of a once daily pill to help prevent HIV infection. The pill has been shown to be very effective in studies. The Food and Drug Administration, the FDA, now has until June 15 to decide whether to approve the panel’s recommendation.
The Food and Drug Administration’s Antiviral Drugs Advisory Committee has endorsed the use of Truvada as a prevention method.
Mitchell Warren, head of the AIDS advocacy group AVAC, says it’s a combination pill.
“It’s made up of two different antiretrovirals – tenofovir and emtricitabine. And those two drugs had already been approved by the FDA a number of years ago individually; and then about 8 years ago they were approved as the combination drug. But all of those approvals related to the use of the drug for treating people who are already infected with HIV,” he said.
But since it now would be used as a prevention method it needs new FDA approval.
Warren said, “It’s the first time that the FDA is considering a pill for prevention of HIV. The data presented came from a number of trials looking at the potential benefit of providing this drug to HIV uninfected people, who are at high risk of HIV in hopes of preventing transmission.”
The evidence is based on trials where participants included men who have sex with men and discordant couples. That’s where one partner is infected and the other is not. The prevention method is called preexposure prophylaxis.
“If you are at risk of HIV, if you perceive yourself to be at risk, if you’re able to take this pill everyday as part of a combination of activities, including getting frequent HIV testing, you can reduce your risk of infection quite substantially. And that’s a huge step forward in adding a new option for men and women to prevent HIV,” he said.
The FDA often follows the recommendations of its advisory committees, but approval is not guaranteed. The agency must consider a number of things before deciding. One is what would the drug label say? Would it list only specific high risk groups like men who have sex with men or recommend it for both men and women?
It also must require the manufacturer – Gilead – to produce a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy. This would help ensure safe and effective use of Truvada, including extensive training for health providers and testing to ensure people are indeed HIV negative before taking the pill.
Warren says another big issue affecting Truvada is cost.
“One often hears in the United States where this is described as a $14,000 a year pill. Rarely does anyone pay that. And one of the really exciting things – when Gilead presented all of the data they actually said publically that they plan to create a patients assistance program. So if you are HIV infected and don’t have insurance, there are programs that Gilead supports to make the drug available at very low cost or in some cases even free,” he said.
The drug would be much cheaper in developing countries, possibly several hundred dollars a year. But that’s still high by developing country standards. Warren says that price could be negotiated and reduced if PEPFAR, the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, plan to use Truvada. | <urn:uuid:9ae4a7f5-7d78-4cbc-bef7-e09b4b34d306> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.voanews.com/a/decapua_hiv_fda_11may12/566194.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982295966.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195815-00244-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965331 | 728 | 2.625 | 3 |
Who is Juan Ponce de Leon?
By VISIT FLORIDA staff
Who is Juan Ponce de León? His accidental discovery of Florida led to his settling the coast.
On Easter Sunday, March 27, 1513, a small fleet of three Spanish ships first sighted land off the Atlantic coast of the peninsula they would name Florida, in honor of the feast day (Pasqua Florida) on which it was discovered. In command of the expedition was Juan Ponce de León, veteran of the second expedition of Christopher Columbus, recently-deposed governor of San Juan del Puerto Rico, and holder of a royal contract issued the previous year to grant him the right to settle and govern the fabled island of Bimini, and any nearby lands he might discover.
Ponce's fleet of three ships had sailed from Puerto Rico just over three weeks earlier, passing northwest through the Bahamas on their way to the as-yet unexplored territory to the west. Though surprised by the unexpected land mass of the North American continent, over the course of the next two and a half months following first landfall, Ponce's fleet scoured the entire southern coast of Florida, rounding the Florida Keys and reaching the west coast in Calusa Indian territory before returning to Puerto Rico via Cuba.
In addition to making several landfalls during which the Spanish skirmished with the native inhabitants of this new land, Ponce is also credited with discovering the currents of the Gulf Stream, which would ultimately shape Spanish maritime fortunes through the Florida Straits for centuries to come.
In the aftermath of his accidental discovery of the "Island" of Florida, Ponce quickly moved to consolidate and reinforce his claim to the new land, obtaining the title of Adelantado of both Florida and Bimini, and a revised contract with the Spanish crown, in the fall of 1514. At the same time, however, the new Adelantado of Florida was also named captain of an armada commissioned to search out and destroy the Carib Indians in the lower Caribbean, a task which ultimately occupied the next six years, delaying his return to Florida.
During this period, however, other Spaniards began to encroach on Ponce's newly-discovered territories. Exploratory slaving expeditions to the mainland were increasingly common during these years, including at least two that apparently reached the northern coast of what would become greater Spanish Florida by 1516. At least two formal complaints against such activities were lodged by Juan Ponce de León by 1517, including a lawsuit against Diego Velázquez, lieutenant governor of Cuba, who was accused of having brought back 300 Indian slaves from the islands of Bimini and Florida, at that time under Ponce's jurisdiction.
It was only in February of 1521 that Juan Ponce de León finally launched his second expedition to Florida, this time with two ships and colonists planning to settle along the coast as originally instructed. Still not entirely sure that Florida was a separate land mass from Cuba (despite Alonso de Pineda's 1519 circumnavigation of the Gulf of Mexico), Ponce de León led his ships back to the site of earlier skirmishes along the southwest Florida coast.
While primary accounts of this expedition are unavailable, secondary sources agree that the nearby Indians once again attacked the Spanish not long after their arrival, wounding Ponce himself and forcing a retreat to the nearby Spanish town of Havana, where the expedition's leader soon perished from his wound. His remains were later transferred to San Juan, Puerto Rico, where they lie today. | <urn:uuid:a6c95f23-495f-4778-8435-94ec60e81a66> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.visitflorida.com/en-us/things-to-do/arts-history/who-was-juan-ponce-de-leon.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123632.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00462-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976078 | 728 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Restorative dentistry is a specialized field of dentistry that focuses on restoring teeth to their original, healthy condition. It includes procedures such as fillings, crowns, bridges, implants, and dentures. This type of dental care often helps repair damage caused by decay, trauma, or abnormalities in the teeth and gums. Restorative dentistry not only restores the appearance of the teeth but can also help improve overall oral health by preventing further damage and decay. With modern advances in technology and materials, restorative dentistry can help people regain a beautiful smile that looks natural and functions properly for years to come.
What are the Benefits of Restorative Dentistry?
Restorative dentistry can provide enormous dental benefits. These benefits range from aesthetic improvements and improved oral health to increased self-esteem and confidence. Aesthetic enhancements include enhancing one’s smile, as restorative dentistry provides a wide range of options for restoring and replacing missing teeth.
In addition to improved aesthetics, restorative dentistry also helps improve oral health by strengthening existing teeth with fillings or bonding materials and reducing the chances of tooth decay in the future. The process can also sometimes restore natural chewing function and speech articulation capabilities.
Lastly, since it often leads to an improved appearance of one’s smile, restorative dentistry can positively boost self-esteem and confidence levels.
Our Restorative Services
We offer a wide range of restorative services at Lake Merced Dentistry to ensure our patients maintain optimal oral health. We provide comprehensive care with a gentle touch so patients can enjoy a pleasant and comfortable experience during their appointment. Our team of highly trained professionals will help you keep your teeth healthy and strong for years to come.
Dental Fillings: Dental fillings are extremely common restorative dentistry procedures. They fill in decayed or damaged portions of teeth, such as cavities and chips. With proper care and regular dental check-ups, dental fillings can help ensure optimal oral health for years.
Dental Crowns: Dental crowns, also known as caps, are a type of restoration consisting of a custom-made dental prosthesis that fits over the natural tooth. They are typically made from porcelain or ceramic and can be matched in color and texture to your existing teeth. Crowns can fix various dental issues, such as broken teeth, discoloration, and severely worn down teeth, and support weakened root structures. In addition, we can use them cosmetically to close gaps between teeth or improve the overall look of a smile.
Root Canals: Root canals are a common dental procedure that involves the removal of infected or decayed teeth. We typically perform this procedure when an infection has spread deep into the tooth’s roots and you cannot treat it with antibiotics alone. During the process, your dentist will remove any damaged tissue surrounding the root canal and then clean and seal the area. The result is a healthy, functioning tooth with no pain or discomfort.
Bridges: Dental bridges are permanent dental restorations used to replace one or more missing teeth. Bridges are typically made from porcelain or metal and consist of artificial teeth held in place by two crowns that bond to the adjacent natural teeth. This provides a sturdy, natural-looking bridge lasting up to 15 years with proper care and maintenance. Dental bridges also help maintain the shape of your face and prevent adjacent teeth from drifting into the space caused by missing teeth.
Dental Implants: Dental implants are a permanent solution for replacing missing teeth. They consist of titanium rods surgically placed in the jawbone, upon which a replacement tooth or bridge is secured. They provide an aesthetic improvement to the smile, and dental implants can also reduce bone loss in the jaw and improve overall oral health. Furthermore, they offer superior durability and longevity compared to other treatments, such as dentures or bridges.
Restorative Dentistry in Daly City, CA
Our comprehensive approach to restorative dentistry is designed to help patients achieve and maintain a healthy, beautiful smile. Our experienced dentists Dr. Jiahua Zhu, Dr. Behdad Javdan, Dr. Semi Lim, Dr. Bing Elliot Xia, and Dr. Amrit Sethi at Lake Merced Dentistry, are committed to providing the highest quality of care for all of our patients. We understand the importance of proper oral care and are dedicated to helping patients achieve a lifetime of optimal oral health. Schedule an appointment today. | <urn:uuid:fdda7a01-bd30-4a6b-b174-4690f1741d4a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.lakemerceddentistry.com/restorative-dentistry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511364.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004084230-20231004114230-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.938062 | 920 | 2.625 | 3 |
While we might regularly speak of collaboration, we rarely reflect on the term’s realisation outside theoretical realms. What is collaboration and what does it actually mean to collaborate? Its Latin origin, ‘con’ and ‘laborare’, indicate a process of working together. The collaborator also relates to the French collaborateur: an employee or a colleague. Its linguistic meaning refers to equal partners collaborating with each other, in order to achieve a common goal. Collaboration, too, has a historically negative connotation from wartimes, specifically in the German language (Kollaboration), in which the collaborator was known as a traitor who would collaborate with the enemy in a one-hand-washes-the-other deal. Browsing the word in the Internet offers a few more nuances and meanings to choose from: Thesaurus suggests several synonyms, such as cooperation, alliance, participation or simply teamwork. And Wikipedia lists exemplary classic cases of collaborations, which include, for instance, the utopian communities of Israelian Kibbuzim, the joint ventures of large capitalist enterprises and – quite surprisingly – it introduces the otherwise little known former art school Black Mountain College as an example of collaborative academic practice.
While paradoxically Wikipedia’s wide readership, and a majority of people in the European art scene never even heard of Black Mountain College, most will be familiar with Black Mountain’s famous teachers, such as Josef and Anni Albers, Jon Cage, Robert Creeley, Merce Cunningham, Buckminster Fuller, Robert Motherwell, and many of its students, such as Kenneth Noland, Robert Rauschenberg, Dorothea Rockburne or Cy Twombly. Significantly less popular than one of its influential predecessors – the Bauhaus – Black Mountain College was radically collaborative in its practice of interdisciplinary work, in its educational system and its encouragement of creative production, fostering the emerging avant-garde from music, poetry, art, theatre, design, architecture, economics, psychology, math and physics. Set in utopian circumstances on the countryside, Black Mountain College was located in an isolated and rural part of North Carolina, while the school maintained its network with New York’s art scene. Founded by Andrew Rice, Theodore Dreier, Frederick Georgia, and Ralph Lounsbury – all of which had just been fired by Rollins College – in 1933, and forced to close under the direction of Charles Olsen in 1957 due to a lack of financial stability, Black Mountain existed in a time that motivated many to retreat into collective and idealist formations, developing alternative lifestyles during the time of the Great Depression and World War II.
Collaboration, as it was practiced at Black Mountain College, was largely inspired by the progressive ideas of the pedagogue John Dewey, who is best known for his sentence “Learning by doing” (1911). Black Mountain College followed strategies of his “Cooperative Learning” practice and considered both knowledge and social skills, in the classroom, the studio and outside, as equally important parts of teaching and learning. After purchasing extra land next to their campus, the college included the construction of their “Studies Building” in their work program between 1940-1941, having both students and faculty participate in the creation of an educational building. Likewise, farm work, joint dinners, theatre evenings and regular classes belonged to the educational model of the college. Also Dewey’s aesthetic theory influenced their process-based notion art: He considered art not as a finished ‘work’ but as a process of experience that affects life. In his book Art as Experience (1934) he defines this experience as a product “of continuous and cumulative interaction of an organic self with the world.”
With our project Black Mountain Research, we – students and scholars from the university, curators and researchers from the museum – accompanied the preparations and the realisation of the exhibition “Black Mountain. Ein interdisziplinäres Experiment 1933-1957” at Hamburger Bahnhof – Museum für Gegenwart, Berlin and continuously re-encounter the question if and how a system such as Black Mountain could be established in our current society? Could it be re-invented or is it only a template? What can we learn from its community structures? Which practices did we forget over time? Which ones have we been we ignoring? What has changed since then? What needs to be re(dis)covered?
As opposed to today’s frequent stream of information through digital techniques, Black Mountain was isolated from urbanisation. It was liberated from exam systems, grades and strict schedules. Black Mountain created an access to a free education system, which was in part possible because of the school’s rejection of its own commercialisation by accepting to function with hardly any funding. More significantly, however, Black Mountain College was successful in its experimental nature, because of its collaborative, cross-disciplinary and cross-hierarchical practices within the community they had established – a basis of trusting in the group and in inspiration that motivates and enhances each other’s practice. Collective conscious, in the sense of the term’s coinage by French sociologist Émile Durkheim in The Division of Labour in Society (1893), had a higher priority than determined, effective techniques of commercialising the student’s and the teacher’s art and research.
What we lack today – this is no news to anyone – is time. On the contrary, our current educational systems, including those in the arts, enforce an early professionalization and a quick employability; the rapid finding of an aesthetic language or of a strong position that serves as a signature gesture for one’s own individual career. What we also lack – this might involve a bit of pathos and really is no news either – is concentration and focused work provided by an isolated location outside an urban, information-generating society that the newly invented social phenomenon ‘Generation Y’ already began to despise. But what we really lack – and this is what I would like to pledge for – is a curiosity not only in our own optimisation, but especially in the development of our community; in our collaborators: our partners, who we are working with. A curiosity in collaboration as an act of multi-disciplinary experimentation.
By Anna-Lena Werner
PhD Student at Freie Universität Berlin & Research Associate for Black Mountain Research | <urn:uuid:f3546e6b-2b72-49f8-b7c9-91bbf8bd3168> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://black-mountain-research.com/2015/06/15/collaboration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247486480.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218114622-20190218140622-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.96167 | 1,335 | 3.0625 | 3 |
A new “Business Model” for responding to forced protracted displacement means communities are able to welcome additional populations in ways that are dignified and contribute to longer-term sustainable development.
This requires managing protracted and forced displacement as both a humanitarian and development issue. Solutions and interventions for protracted displacement need to be integrated effectively in local and national systems, emphasising the important role governments play.
The nature of protracted displacement requires moving beyond traditional humanitarian responses, forming innovative partnerships, drawing on the strengths and expertise of different stakeholders and capitalising on the displaced as contributors, not burdens to host communities.
Read our fact sheet (May 2016). | <urn:uuid:5a21f1cc-adf3-423a-82b3-09302d0f9d22> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.rescue-uk.org/resource/address-forced-protracted-displacement | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363598.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208205849-20211208235849-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.904451 | 128 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Protecting Our Youth: the Importance of Teen Suicide Prevention and Awareness
October 23, 2019
DISCLAIMER: If you or someone you know is experiencing a mental health crisis or is in immediate danger, contact 911 right away for assistance.
Growing up is hard—changes are happening both internally and externally, and there’s pressure coming from all different directions to excel, overachieve, and stand out. But what happens when emotional conflict escalates beyond what’s expected?
While, unfortunately, not a “new” phenomenon, teen suicide drew national attention once again in 2019 after two survivors of the shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, committed suicide in March, a little over a year after the initial tragedy.
Whether you’re a parent, teacher, counselor, older sibling, or a teenager yourself, you’re probably asking yourself, “What can I do to protect the adolescents and youth adults in my life?” Though it certainly might not feel like it to someone who’s struggling with suicidal thoughts, suicide is one of the only causes of death that’s 100 percent preventable. Keep reading for more information regarding:
- Teen suicide (including facts, figures, and warning signs)
- Raising awareness and prevention strategies
- Treatment options for adolescent depression
A Closer Look at Teen Suicide: Facts, Figures, and Warning Signs
According to the United Health Foundation, suicide was the second-leading cause of death among adolescents and young adults ages 15 to 24 in 2017, with over 6,200 suicide deaths taking place within that age group over the course of the year. Furthermore, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance reported that 17.2 percent of high school students seriously considered suicide and 7.4 percent attempted suicide.
Sex — Females are more likely to attempt suicide, but males are more likely to die by suicide. This disproportion appears across all ages groups for a variety of reasons that mostly relate back to the social constructs surrounding gender. For instance, females are more likely to seek help than males, and males are more likely to attempt suicide through more violent methods (e.g. firearms), thus resulting in more deaths.
Race and Ethnicity — In the United States, Native Americans and Alaskan Natives are the racial and ethnic groups that are at the highest risk for suicide, followed by non-Hispanic whites. However, it’s important to remember that suicide can affect anyone regardless of race and ethnicity.
Sexuality — LGBTQ+ teens are more likely to attempt suicide than teens who identify as cisgender and heterosexual. These teens are also more likely to be bullied and experience harassment.
While there are many reasons that a teen might consider suicide, but broad contributing factors include a history of mental health conditions and conflict between parents or peers.
What Makes a Teen More Likely to Consider Suicide?
- They’re experiencing conflicts at school or at home.
- They are depressed or have a different diagnosed or undiagnosed mental health condition.
- They feel as though no one cares and/or have low self-esteem.
- They have a problem with drugs and/or alcohol.
- They have suffered a stressful or traumatic event like an unwanted pregnancy, the death of a loved one, trouble with the law, etc.
What Warning Signs Should You Look For?
- Changes in eating and/or sleeping patterns (not eating much, eating too much; not sleeping enough, sleeping too much)
- Easily irritated or prone to unexplained outbursts (reckless, violent, or rebellious behavior)
- Withdrawal from family and friends
- Diminished interest in activities that they used to enjoy
- Talking about death and suicide, even jokingly
- Giving away possessions
- Declining grades in school
Raising Awareness and Prevention Strategies
Decreasing the frequency of teen suicide requires a multifaceted two-fold strategy. Raising awareness and learning prevention strategies are actions that everyone can take part in to help reduce suicide rates among adolescents and young adults.
Educating teens about the importance of mental health is an essential preventative measure that needs to be taken by parents and school systems alike. Many adolescents and young adults might not recognize symptoms of a mental health condition or might even mistake warning signs as a “normal” part of growing up. This confusion and lack of information can make suicidal thoughts all the more dangerous, as teenagers—and even young children—might not know how to find help or that help is even an option.
Sometimes, it’s too difficult to ask for help in-person—or sadly, in some cases, teenagers don’t have an adult in their life who they can go to for support. These are some mental health helplines that you or your teen can call, text, or message in times of crisis.
- Suicide Prevention Lifeline — Call 1-800-273-TALK (8255) or visit the website to chat with a representative.
- Teen Line — Call 310-855-4673, text “TEEN” to 839863, or download the Teen Talk App.
- The Trevor Lifeline — Call 866-4-U-TREVOR (488-7386).
- IMALive: An Online Crisis Network — Visit the website to talk to a certified crisis-intervention volunteer via instant message.
If you’re the parent of a teenager who struggles with a mental health condition, you might not know the best way to show them that you’re there for them, no matter what. While verbal assertion is certainly a valuable means of expressing how much you care, there are other ways that you demonstrate your support for your child as well.
Being a Good Listener
Most of the time, your teenager isn’t looking for someone to solve all of their problems for them—they just want someone to listen. Make yourself a trusted outlet for your child by practicing good listening skills, which means hearing what they have to say without interrupting or giving advice (unless, of course, they’re asking for it). If you’re not sure if your teenager is asking for help or simply in need of a good listener, just ask!
Encouraging Their Recovery Efforts
For the majority of people who suffer from a mental health condition, recovery isn’t a definite place or point in time but an ongoing process that might even take a lifetime to figure out. As a parent, your job is to get your child the help that they need and encourage them every step of the way. However, it’s important that you establish boundaries and understand that they might not be comfortable with you being present during every consultation or appointment. Usually, this doesn’t mean that your teenager doesn’t trust you or doesn’t appreciate what you’ve done for them—they probably just don’t want to upset you, and they might even feel guilty talking about how they feel in front of you since they know that you’re trying your best.
Taking Part in an Awareness or Fundraising Walk
Suicide affects a lot of people, whether they’ve experienced suicidal thoughts in the past, know someone who has, or have lost a loved one to suicide. For this reason, there are a number of nonprofits dedicated to raising awareness about suicide and contributing to suicide-prevention efforts. These organizations typically host fundraising events such as community walks to create a sense of unity among survivors and remind those who struggle that they’re not alone.
The American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (AFSP) is America’s largest nonprofit dedicated to suicide prevention and raising awareness about suicide. Every year, AFSP hosts the Out of the Darkness Overnight Walk, a 16-mile walk that starts at dusk and ends at dawn.
In addition to the Overnight, AFSP also hosts smaller community walks that are shorter and have smaller fundraising goals. Awareness walks are a great way to bond with your teenager and show your support for them by taking action.
If your teenager is feeling depressed or suicidal, finding treatment is the first step to them getting better. When it comes to mental health treatment, there is, unfortunately, no one-size-fits-all method, which means there is a variety of approaches to treating any type of mental health condition.
Counseling, or psychotherapy, is usually initial treatment option that medical professionals advise for depression, especially for teenagers. Certain therapists even specialize in adolescents and young adults, as younger clients usually require different approaches than adults. Your teenager might be reluctant to see a therapist, but as a parent, it’s your job to make sure that they get the help that they need.
If your teenager’s symptoms don’t improve with therapy, their therapist will probably recommend seeing a psychiatrist who can talk to you about medication. Not all medications are safe for adolescents and teens, but your medical provider or psychiatrist will be able to recommend a drug that has been approved for your child’s age group.
Not everyone responds to medication, and though treatment might start with therapy and medication, it doesn’t have to end there. There are several non-pharmaceutical ways to treat depression that are available to your teen if they aren’t getting better with medication.
If your teenager has been diagnosed with depression but isn’t showing a significant response to traditional treatment, they might have treatment-resistant depression, which occurs in up to a third of people who suffer from depression. But as science advances, more treatment options are becoming available, and it’s important that your teenager understands that recovery doesn’t happen overnight.
Breaking the Stigma: Stop Wondering—Start Talking
The stigma around suicide can make it difficult to talk about. However, it’s absolutely vital that we do, even if it’s uncomfortable. Communicate to your teenager that they can come to you with any problem or ask for help at any time. If you’re worried about your teenager or start seeing warning signs of suicidal behavior, start a conversation immediately about how they’re feeling and what you can do to help. When it comes to suicide, there truly is no time to waste. | <urn:uuid:c9593ac9-6e27-4a78-9319-98875ed97125> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.mytransformations.com/post/teen-suicide-prevention-and-awareness | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657181335.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200716021527-20200716051527-00314.warc.gz | en | 0.936726 | 2,142 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Tricks to Effectively Residence Education Your Kids
Helping Your Child Succeed in A Homeschooling Program
Homeschooling a toddler is an actual problem but one can find this expertise lets you create a strong connection with your youngster whereas giving them a very good schooling. It is crucial that you are ready and know what to count on earlier than you decide to get started. Read this article to study more about homeschooling.
When your youngster has a question, do not answer it immediately! Show them how one can analysis the reply on their very own, so they can know the right way to do it when you’re not round. There are a lot of websites providing easy data which youngsters of any age may understand, so point them in that route.
Find a homeschooling-help group. While homeschooling is perhaps very appealing, it may also be very lonely for each of you and your youngster. Examine neighborhood bulletin boards or the internet to find different households in your area which can be homeschooling. Parents can get together to discuss methods that are profitable and provide each other support. Youngsters will profit from group activities similar to local field journeys or tasks.
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Once you need great concepts, take your youngsters to the native library or craft retailer as they often have free courses, clubs, or other events. You will get a real feel for what your kids wish to do, and what they dislike and keep a logbook so you recognize what to touch on four classes down the highway.
Keep a journal of your actions. You possibly can monitor the techniques that you have used. You can then look back to find the methods that had worked well on your kids and what did not. It’s going to aid you to provide you with a homeschooling regimen that works nicely for your family without making an attempt the identical things over and over.
Plan out a ton of activities to accentuate your child’s studying. In more information that they’re learning about historical past, have them act out the time they’re learning about. They will gown up, converse like individuals of that time, and even interact in battle, if that is what the subject is. It provides them a chance to actually exercise what they’re studying, immersing them in the subject and ensuring they are taught as a lot as possible from the lesson plan you current.
theft education class online https://courses.educationonline.school/courses/theft-8 is an amazing homeschooling resource. There are numerous sources to be discovered on the web. Many are free, very cheap, or require a nominal subscription. Take benefit on any trial presents and weigh each useful resource on its reserves. Homeschooling forums can even offer you unparalleled recommendation if you find yourself facing challenges with homeschooling.
Brainstorm ways in which your baby might need an occasion to socialize with others. Be artistic and provides your little one multiple opportunities to play with others. Start a group with different households and go on discipline trips together. You too can sign your little one up for sporting applications, like baseball or soccer, to ensure they’re remaining social. Your youngster may socialize in Girl Scouts or Boy Scouts.
It will be significant to include recess into your homeschooling routine. Recess at public faculties are becoming shorter and shorter, but it is a vital time in your little one. It is a time for them to expel their further power, which permits them to concentrate higher whereas they are learning. Try to include just a few of these breaks in your kid’s day.
Before beginning http://pinterest.com/search/pins/?q=courses , be sure to verify your state regulations and ordinances. Each state varies on what they require from homeschoolers, and you want to ensure that your homeschool expertise and curriculum to meet the fundamental requirements in your area. If you do not do this, it could cause issues in your children later in life and might even imply that the time they spent homeschooling doesn’t really depend toward their training.
Search around your space for homeschooling sources. Relying on where you live, you can gain entry to a number of cultural occasions at a low price, equivalent to museum tours and opera. As well as, there could also be a club or on-line forum devoted to homeschooling dad and mom in your area. Tips on How you can Successfully Homeschool Your Youngsters allows you to achieve some useful advice from others and even share your personal.
If something in your homeschooling strategy will not be effective the first time, then permit yourself another strike at it. However, if it isn’t efficient for the second time, then you must just give it up and transfer onto one thing else. You should not waste valuable time trying to get one thing to work when it clearly won’t. The objective helps your youngster study, so quickly move on to one thing else that can work.
Do you assume homeschooling is the most effective resolution in your case? theft course online https://courses.educationonline.school/courses/theft-8 to start by performing some analysis on state laws and official curriculum should you believe homeschooling your little one is your best possibility. Remember that creating a strong community is vital and can help you achieve homeschooling your baby. | <urn:uuid:b2780c1c-1baa-4b0d-b0cf-befc5450d63d> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://onetwotree.space/tricks-to-effectively-residence-education-your-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104375714.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704111005-20220704141005-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.955917 | 1,133 | 2.59375 | 3 |
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