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Was there a beginning of time? Could time run backwards? Is the universe infinite or does it have boundaries? These are just some of the questions considered in an internationally acclaimed masterpiece by one of the world's greatest thinkers. It begins by reviewing the great theories of the cosmos from Newton to Einstein, before delving into the secrets which still lie at the heart of space and time, from the Big Bang to black holes, via spiral galaxies and strong theory. To this day A Brief History of Time remains a staple of the scientific canon, and its succinct and clear language continues to introduce millions to the universe and its wonders. | <urn:uuid:19a374b5-5b1a-4ca6-8033-7977f5a994a6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://magrudy.com/books/science/physics/general_3692/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.936278 | 124 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Introduction of the problem
Occupational therapists are facing many challenges when measuring outcomes after intervention. This chapter gives the reader an overview of the background and setting of the problem, and how this research has been planned to investigate the problem.
Occupational therapists in mental health care settings find it difficult to produce convincing evidence of their contribution to health care. What they do looks simple (Mattingly & Flemming 1994). Making cards with patients, facilitating groups, planning and preparing meals with patients, teaching stress management, playing volleyball etc. seem to be simple tasks or activities. What happens behind the scenes, such as applying theoretical frameworks and models to guide clinical reasoning and activity analysis, building the therapeutic relationship, and adapting activities and the environment before deciding on these « simple » activities, are not always evident to patients, care givers, multidisciplinary team members, management, or to employers.
Occupational therapists rely on theoretical frameworks to guide practice, and several theories and models are available (Law, Baum & Dunn 2001a). These theories and models provide assessment and intervention methods, techniques or principles, but should also assist in providing evidence of the service delivered. Consistent and routine measurement of outcomes of the service could provide the much needed evidence of the effect of the service (Baum & Christiansen 2005a; Bowman 2006; Lakeman 2004; Laver Fawcett 2007; Law, King & Russel 2001a; Unsworth 2000). All measuring instruments, including outcome measures, should be supported by a theoretical framework or model of practice. When a specific theory is used in an outcome measure, it should support the clinician in the types of services that are delivered. For example if a clinician addresses balanced lifestyle and role performance in intervention, the guiding theory should include engagement and participation in occupation.
1.1 Introduction of the problem
1.2 Background and setting of the problem
1.3 Quantifying mental health outcomes in occupational therapy
1.4 Definition of the problem
1.5 Purpose of the study
1.6 Research aims and objectives
1.7 Value of the study
1.8 Concluding remarks
2.2 Key issues in outcome measurement
2.3 Strategies in the development of outcome measures
2.4 The outcomes research process .
2.6 Outcome measurement in occupational therapy .
2.7 Occupational therapy models .
2.8 Concluding remarks
3.2 Challenges in measurement of human behaviour
3.3 Tools and techniques in measurement of human behaviour.
3.5 Concluding remarks
4.1 Introduction .
4.2 Research approach for the three phases
4.3 Research design for the three phases
4.4 Phase 1
4.5 Phase 2
4.6 Phase 3 .
4.7 Ethical issues considered
5.2 Phase 1: Focus groups with occupational therapy clinicians and mental health care users
5.2.1 The sample
5.2.2 Analysis of the data from the focus groups with clinicians
5.2.3 Results of the nominal group technique .
5.2.4 Results from individual and focus group interviews with mental health users/clients .
5.3 Phase 2: Design and development of the outcome measure
5.3.1 Scale development .
5.3.2 Operationalisation of the domains
5.3.4 Guidelines for use of the instrument
5.3.5 Training of the clinicians in the use of the outcome measure
5.4 Phase 3: Pilot the outcome measure and investigate selected psychometric
5.4.1 Psychometric propertie
5.4.2 Clinical Utility .
5.5 Concluding remarks . | <urn:uuid:2de7359a-7a0e-4e88-a4f1-2a6ea826d41a> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.bestpfe.com/strategies-in-the-development-of-outcome-measures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662570051.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524075341-20220524105341-00603.warc.gz | en | 0.877627 | 804 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Traditionally, in India, China, Japan and the other Buddhist countries of Asia, one was expected to leave one’s home and family behind in order to begin the necessary training and practice of an “apprentice”. Thus, the ancient ceremony of ordination in Buddhism became known as Shukke Tokudo
, “Leaving Home to Take the Way”. Now, in modern Japan and in the West, one of the great changes in the nature of Buddhist clergy has been that most of us function more as “ministers” than “monks”, with family and children, often with outside jobs as “Right Livelihood” supporting us, while ministering to a community of parishioners. This, in keeping with changes in cultures and society, has done much to bring Buddhism out from behind monastery walls. While, now, we may be living in a monastic setting for periods of weeks or months (and thus can be called “monks
” during such times), we then return to the world beyond monastery walls, where these teachings have such relevance for helping people in this ordinary life. Thus, the term “leaving home
” has come to have a wider meaning, of “leaving behind
” greed, anger, ignorance, the harmful emotions and attachments that fuel so much of this world, in order to find the “True Home
” we all share. In such way, we find that Home that can never be left, take to the Way that cannot be taken.
Someone’s undertaking “Shukke Tokudo
” is not a “raising up” of their position in the Sangha
, it is not an honor or “promotion” into some exalted status, not by any meaning. Far from it
, it is a lowering of oneself in offering to the community, much as all of us sometimes deeply bow upon the ground in humility, raising up others and the whole world above our humbled heads.
It is to volunteer and offer oneself as the lowest ‘sailor on the ship’ at the beck and call of the passengers' well-being and needs, a nurse to help clean soiled linens, a brother or sister to sacrifice oneself for a family, a friend offering to help carry a burden. One must be committed primarily to serve and benefit others, and one must not undertake such a road for one’s own benefit, praise or reward.
What is more, the undertaking of “Shukke Tokudo
” is not the end of the road of training, not by any meaning. Far from it
, it is but the first baby steps. Perhaps, years down the road, the person will find that that they still have the inner calling to continue this path … and, perhaps, years down the road, they may have embodied this Tradition sufficiently to continue it and be certified as full “priest” and a teacher … but there is no guaranty of any of that. For this reason, one undertaking “Home Leaving” is not yet recognized in the Zen world as truly a fully ordained “priest” for many years, and is called an “Unsui”, meaning “clouds and water”. The best translation in English is “apprentice priest” or “priest trainee”. Perhaps, years down the road, some trainees will be felt to have embodied these traditions sufficiently in order to function independently as teachers … but not necessarily. For now, they are just school children expected to learn … with the future not assured. (Of course, we are all beginners, all children … all learning from each other … teachers learning from students too
We hope that, in the coming years, other people will feel this same calling. It must be by mutual decision. It is not something that should be rushed into, nor rushed through. Although people are all different, maybe a good time to first consider such a thing would be only after practicing for 5 years or longer, and then it should be deeply thought about (and non-thought about
) for longer still before first taking on the responsibilities of being an apprentice student-priest.
The purpose of priest training is to prepare individuals for a life dedicated to exemplifying the Dharma with integrity via empowering them to extend Buddhist teachings and Soto Zen practice out in the world, all in keeping with the traditional teachings of Soto Zen Buddhism and the philosophy of our Lineage.
Priest training encourages the continuing unfolding of the Bodhisattva ideal characterized by the Six Paramitas
of giving, ethical conduct, patience, energy, meditation, and wisdom. Yet the heart and flowering of our way is always Shikantaza
, sitting and moving in stillness without grasping or rejecting any of the constantly arising and changing phenomena of life as-they-are, the life practice of the Buddhas and Ancestors manifesting and realizing the Genjô-kôan
, the fundamental point actualized through this life-practice
Although much of the training and experience-gathering to be acquired, by necessity in our Lineage, must occur at a distance, with some ingenuity and in small steps and pieces, all must be part of an unbroken whole. It is the quality of the results which matter most, and the maintenance of integrity throughout, more than the traditional road followed to arrive at the destination. In this training, both teacher and student must use care, employ great effort and creativity, overcome any hurdles and pay constant attention to detail such that no aspect of training is neglected.
The period of formation that follows upon novice ordination (shukke tokudo
) may continue for any number of years prior to possible (although never inevitable) Dharma Transmission, but truly continues as a lifelong endeavor that will sustain individuals dedicated to exemplifying the Dharma and the the Bodhisattva ideal. Completing formal priest training will mean that an individual has internalized the tradition, is capable of transmitting it, and vows to devote her or himself to a life of continuous practice and service.The individual’s dedication to the elements of priest training must enable him or her to maintain a regular, disciplined zazen practice, to instruct and guide others in their practice, to present and discuss the history and teachings of Buddhism and Soto Zen, to perform services and ceremonies in the Soto style as appropriate and required in the circumstance, and to actively nurture and serve both Sangha and the larger community and society.
In addition, priest training must make the individual aware of the highest ethical standards which must always be maintained by a member of the clergy, thereby assisting him or her in maintaining such standards in his or her personal life at all times. Training will also enable the individual to demonstrate personal qualities that inspire trust and confidence and encourage others to practice. Finally, training will enable the individual to clearly understand – and communicate to others – the relationship of Zen teaching and practice to everyday life. | <urn:uuid:d0dbaa56-3843-441c-8db2-d7f3f03be410> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.treeleaf.org/forums/showthread.php?8241-Announcement-Treeleaf-Sangha-Winter-Retreat-2011&p=50989&viewfull=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982921683.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200841-00104-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962133 | 1,458 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Landscape Architecture is the planning, design, maintenance, rehabilitation, and preservation of green space, as well as the design of man-made structures. Studies of landscape architecture concentrate on subjects including regional planning, park design, historic preservation, urban design, site planning, and architectural design. The field of green space aesthetics of highways, parks, and gardens continues to provide novel answers to contemporary problems in this area. The programs include several features from other fields, such as botany, climatology, geography, and floriculture.
Studies in this field include subjects including plants and their uses, digital landscape graphics, social aspects of environmental design, cultural landscape, technical drawing, and the history of public places.
In addition to inventiveness in highlighting the practical uses of design ideas, students of landscape architecture also gain abilities in aesthetic sensitivity and environmental consciousness. A thorough understanding of biology, geography, and the basic traits of soil and air masses are prerequisites for becoming a landscape architect.
Careers in Landscape Architecture
Graduates of landscape architecture pursue professions in maintaining, managing, and restoring green spaces. They might be employed as landscape architects, cartographers, floriculture consultants, urban planners, and more. | <urn:uuid:a0c26073-28d9-454a-8b53-4e1f48a394da> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://schoolsfeed.com/landscape-architecture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474700.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228080245-20240228110245-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.938856 | 245 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Rufino José Maria early 19th c. — ?
Rufino José Maria was born in Oyo near the Bight of Benin in West Africa (modern day Nigeria) during the early nineteenth century. The Oyo Empire ruled much of Yorubaland, which had a large Muslim community that was composed of not only Yoruba-speaking inhabitants but also Hausa slaves. In 1817, tensions between Muslims and Oyo traditionalists erupted in the form of a slave rebellion. It was in this context of rebellion and turmoil that Rufino was captured and sold to Portuguese slave traders.
In 1822 or 1823, Rufino arrived in Bahia, Brazil, and was purchased by a druggist who lived in Salvador and trained Rufino as a cook. Between 1830 and 1833, Rufino was sold to José Maria Peçanha, a high court judge.
Two years later, Rufino obtained his freedom and adopted his former master’s name becoming Rufino José Maria. He then became involved in the business of the slave ship Ermelinda, not only as an employed cook but also as an investor. A British patrol ship captured the Ermelinda off the coast of Angola on October 21, 1841.
Though the voyage became an economic failure for Rufino, the time spent awaiting trial in Sierra Leone was one of religious inspiration. Rufino studied in Fourah Bay, where he improved his knowledge of Islam and the Arabic language. Rufino returned to Brazil and settled in Recife in 1845. There, Rufino began his profession as a healer, practicing a type of Islam that incorporated practices that reflected African religious traditions.
In 1853, a number of free people of color and freedmen in Recife, including Rufino, were arrested under suspicion of their involvement in a slave conspiracy. The authorities feared that the conspirators secretly taught enslaved people how to read and write in Arabic. During his interrogation by authorities Rufino, described as a “‘fat old man’ nearly fifty years old,” reportedly kept calm. Police determined that he was not a threat and released him.
In the economic, religious, and social contexts of his life, Rufino is representative of vast numbers of freedpeople, who gained valuable knowledge and livelihoods within the contraints of a system governed by slaveholding interests. | <urn:uuid:ee04f316-a868-4189-8401-e31efbc366e6> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://slaveryandremembrance.org/people/person/index.cfm?id=PP007 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584431529.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123234228-20190124020228-00578.warc.gz | en | 0.98611 | 495 | 3.578125 | 4 |
The absence and presence of water, exacerbated by climate change, can have direct implications on global security. The frequency, severity, duration, and timing of extreme weather events, including floods and droughts, can lead to loss of crops, displacement of people, damage to infrastructure, and disease outbreaks.
Furthermore, globalization, urbanization, and just-in-time supply chains are making global society more vulnerable to climate-induced disruptions. These disruptions can lead to complex and cascading impacts on communities and economies.
Water and climate insecurity threatens life, livelihoods, and prosperity. It is imperative that we address the global water and climate security challenges today and build resilience to the growing risks in the future. | <urn:uuid:72a7ff30-a890-4f14-8ca8-df7b8e624678> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.skollglobalthreats.org/global-threats/water-scarcity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124371.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00612-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945286 | 142 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Nonsense jokes can be really a nonsense, but funny too.
1Create a nonsense joke. It can be a sentence made of words that rhymes but there is no meaning in it. The words can also be jumbled.
2When you are ready to tell the joke, stand before your friend and say it out loud.
3You can imitate the sound of a robot or other things when you are telling the joke.
4Be original. Have confidence while you tell the joke.
5Don't hang on to topic which has clearly ended. If someone wants 'out', you should too. Don't try to impress someone who doesn't care.
6Spend more time reading or surfing the web to get good quotes (or stuff similar to it). This really helps.
7Don't be afraid to laugh about YOURSELF. A person who can look back at themselves in a fun way is better than someone who goes on and on joking about others(in a bad way).
8Try not to laugh for no reason, or purposefully just because you want others to look at you. No one likes these kinds of folks.
Ask a Question
- Know your audience. Not all jokes are not appropriate for all gatherings.
- Try not to tell a joke which you think that might not be funny to your friend.
Things You'll Need
- A voice
- Friends to tell jokes to | <urn:uuid:d9e5ba84-4d23-4c02-8a56-14ec2e3d5c49> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.wikihow.com/Tell-Nonsense-Jokes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828282.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00068-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948736 | 290 | 2.96875 | 3 |
What is branding? How would you define branding? Business Dictionary defines branding as, “The process involved in creating a unique name and image for a product in the consumers’ mind, mainly through advertising campaigns with a consistent theme. Branding aims to establish a significant and differentiated presence in the market that attracts and retains loyal customers.”
Branding is a powerful tool for marketers as they promote a company’s products and services. However, branding is more than a great logo, color scheme or tagline. While that might be how you remember certain brands, there is more to a brand than just the logo or tagline. Your brand is your identity and it offers a promise to customers. What do you stand for? Your customers and audience are included in your visual identity and perceptions about your business. How do you make them feel? Is your brand consistent? You should work with your products and services to develop your brand along with your customers’ needs. It is important to learn the needs of your customers when developing your brand.
Let’s imagine you are shopping at your local pharmacy for some cold medicine. You have the option of purchasing Nyquil or your pharmacy’s generic version of Nyquil. The main difference between the two is more than likely just the price. Which one do you purchase? Chances are you will purchase the one that you’ve seen in advertisements or heard your friends talk about from personal usage. This is part of brand awareness. Brand awareness is key when you are promoting a product or service. Does your brand offer awareness? What will differentiate you from your competition? People trust brands they recognize.
So what makes up a good brand?
Objectives of a good brand will:
- Specify your company’s identity
- Provide a clear mission statement or message
- Encourage buyers because it offers value (and uniqueness)
- Offer awareness
- Confirm credibility
- Connect emotionally to target prospects
- Promote customer loyalty
Can you think of some examples of good branding? What about Nike, Apple or Starbucks? What makes them good examples? It is more than the company’s revenue. It is about the company’s relationship with their customers. These brands are strong because of their customer loyalty. However, branding isn’t just for large corporate companies. Branding is for all businesses, no matter their size. For any business, it is important that you create a consistent, identifiable and strong brand for your target audience in order to thrive in the business world.
What will you offer your customers that they can’t find anywhere else? | <urn:uuid:710c830c-4d01-4cb2-982f-dc60cfe3d681> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.getsimple.com/blog/basics-branding/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499946.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201144459-20230201174459-00878.warc.gz | en | 0.955614 | 541 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Flint’s troubled water system got some good news this week.
The system is back in compliance with the Michigan Safe Drinking Water Act.
A year ago, tests showed higher-than-acceptable levels of total trihalomethanes, or TTHM, a disinfectant byproduct, in the city’s water.
The city had recently switched from the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department to the Flint River as its source for the city’s tap water.
But river water requires more treatment. The large amount of chlorine used to combat E. coli in the water resulted in the spike in TTHM.
It’s taken a year, but the system’s yearly average of TTHM has finally fallen back below acceptable levels.
Brad Wurfel is with the Department of Environmental Quality. He credits the city with taking the necessary steps to reduce TTHM, including the installation of new filters.
“We feel pretty comfortable that they’re on top of things right now,” says Wurfel.
The good news about TTHM comes as new concerns about lead levels in Flint water are growing.
Recent tests by researchers at Virginia Tech University have shown “serious” levels of lead in a sampling of Flint homes. The researchers have urged many homeowners to stop drinking Flint water.
State DEQ officials say they want to review the VT study findings, although Wurfel says their testing has not produced the same results. | <urn:uuid:544eda87-a9d1-4830-9728-744dafe895a5> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.michiganradio.org/post/good-news-flints-problem-plagued-water-system | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358956.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227114444-20210227144444-00425.warc.gz | en | 0.949082 | 313 | 2.890625 | 3 |
unbend (third-person singular simple present unbends, present participle unbending, simple past and past participle unbent or (archaic) unbended)
- To remove a bend so as to make, or allow to become, straight
- to unbend a bow
- To release (a load) from a strain or from exertion; to set at ease for a time; to relax.
- to unbend the mind from study or care
- You do unbend your noble strength.
- (nautical) To unfasten sails from the spars or stays to which are attached for use.
- To cast loose or untie
- Unbend the rope.
- To cease to be bent; to become straight.
- To relax in exertion, attention, severity, or the like
- 1918, Edgar Rice Burroughs, The Land That Time Forgot Chapter VI
- He spent the afternoon shaping a swagger-stick from the branch of jarrah and talking with Miss La Rue, who had sufficiently unbent toward him to notice his existence.
- (archaic) to enjoy oneself | <urn:uuid:dd4d5f81-c183-4281-8bcc-efe8e2f7fb14> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/unbend | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662321.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00237-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.8934 | 238 | 2.75 | 3 |
The southern section of Hungária Boulevard and its end in Pest were completed with Rákóczi Bridge in 1995. Preparation of the bridge had lasted decades, with over thirty different plans being drawn up before being opened to the public on 30 October 1995.
But why were so many versions needed? The construction of every bridge is preceded by several studies about what kind of bridge is needed, what it should look like, and what role it should play in transportation.
In the case of Rákóczi Bridge, ideas changed often, as they were always adapted to the current plans Hungária Boulevard. In the 1960s and 1970s, the Hungária Ring Road was seen as a ring motorway, necessitating a fitting bridge. There were new aesthetic expectations. The bridge should be simple, cheap and carry two-times four lanes. Plans for the first phase were limited to dual-carriageway design, which would later be expanded. As eventually happened with the Deák Ferenc Bridge.
Winning 1971 design for the bridge (Source: Városi Közlekedés, 1972/4)
The first design tender was issued in 1971. As the location of the bridge was given: right next to the Southern Connecting Railway Bridge, engineers were faced with a decision. Their designs either had to tower over the rail bridge or be aligned to it. Several ideas were submitted, and a plan for a massive six-span concrete bridge by the Budapesti Városépítési Tervező Vállalat ('Budapest urban development planning company') won the tender. Despite this, preparations were made to construct the steel truss bridge designed by FŐMTERV.
Plans for two-level steel bridge by FŐMTERV (Source: Városli Közlekedés, 1972/4)
However, in the 1970s, the role of Hungária Boulevard was re-imagined. The motorway was to be diverted further from the city, and thus plans for the bridge, known as Lágymányosi, were shelved for a few years.
With the widening of Árpád Bridge in 1984, the construction or reconstruction of bridges that had stood in Budapest, or been started, before the Second World War came to a close. Urban planners then began examining the best location for a new bridge in Budapest. It was evident that it would have to be somewhere in the south. After looking into several different locations, including in-line with Kondorosi út, or the location of Albertfalva Bridge, the original location next to the Southern Connecting Railway Bridge was chosen.
The surroundings of the bridge in 1980. The small lake next to the embankment was only cleared during construction (Photo: Fortepan/No.: 174885)
The plan was completed in 1986 and outlined a simple, not particularly good looking bridge, built for cars with a very narrow pavement. The most important requirements were quick, economic construction, with minimal Western imports. At the time, construction was slated to begin in 1989 and be finished by 1991.
Design variations from 1991–1992 (Photo: from documents owned by Tibor Sigrai, photographed by the author)
Naturally, history had a say in matters. In 1990 the old socialist councils were replaced by democratically elected local councils. In the 11th District the bridge and Hamzsabégi Road, leading to it, were central questions of the election.
The newly elected local council in the 11th District rejected the plans for the bridge. They would have preferred it be built further south, in line with Galvani Road. They also rejected the widening on Hamzsabégi Road into a major artery, and the idea to have traffic flow onto the bridge through it. Hamzsabégi road runs parallel to the train tracks and is a narrow road and a park.
Budapest City Council also had reservations about the plans and also supported the Galvani Road location. They were not fond of the plans for the bridge either. A more appealing, aesthetic bridge would be better.
Plans for a cable-stayed Rákóczi bridge (Photo: from documents owned by Tibor Sigrai, photographed by the author)
At the time there was a major argument supporting the construction of Lágymányosi Bridge, and which meant that calls for another location were null and void. Budapest was to host a world fair in what is today Infopark and on the Pest Embankment opposite.
The bridge was needed for the World Fair. Eventually, the Budapest City Council accepted the construction of the Bridge. A compromise was reached in Buda regarding the road network. Instead of Hamzsabégi Road, Egér and Szerémi Roads would lead traffic onto the bridge.
Simultaneously, the city had UVATERV, and the architect Tibor Sigrai redesign the bridge to carry trams as well.
An alternative design for the bridge (Photo: from documents owned by Tibor Sigrai, photographed by the author)
The design team led by Tibor Sigrai created nine(') designs before the city eventually accepted the plans. Sloping steel supports appeared on the ninth, finally constructed plan. The support towers were topped with steel pillars onto which lights were installed, as Sigrai did not support the option of running traditional lampposts across the bridge.
Wings holding mirrors were fitted on top of the pillars and illuminated by floodlights from below. At the time, such a system was world-class, the only other operating at Frankfurt Airport. However, the solution did not work well in an urban environment. The mirrors deteriorated quickly and became less reflective. Several complaints about lighting on the bridge were filled. The system was eventually replaced, and today the wins are filled with LEDs.
The bridge under construction (Photo: from documents owned by Tibor Sigrai, photographed by the author)
Three proposals were made for the colour of the bridge, presented on three mock-ups: red, orange and yellow. Budapest City Council chose red, however, as the primer and paint were incompatible, the red paint that once coated the bridge has now peeled off most of the bridge.
Interior of the support structure (Photo: Csaba Domonkos)
Construction began in 1992. The bridge was opened to traffic on 30 October 1995 in a remarkably modest ceremony held during the day for a handful of people. Not even the incumbent Prime Minister, Gyula Horn attended, despite it being the first new Danube bridge in the city in 50 years. Allegedly, the Prime Minister did not consider the bridge to be complete and also believed the construction to be too expensive.
Construction costs had even been slashed by only laying the structural support for the tramways, and not the tracks themselves. Those were completed only 20 years later in 2015.
The bridge in the spring of 2020 (Photo: Balázs Both/pestbuda.hu)
At the time, critics claimed that the bridge had become more expensive because it was designed for rail traffic and not tram traffic, which would have necessitated a much stronger structure. However, the bridge's designed, Tibor Sigrai did not confirm this claim.
Not everyone was satisfied with the new bridge. The residents of Pest called the Bridge to Nowhere. The road network on the Buda side was incomplete. After a sharp left turn, the roadway ran into the unfinished Szerémi Road, and trams did not cross the bridge. Many considered the cost of 16 billion HUF to be too high.
Maintenance access on the bride (Photo: Csaba Domonkos)
The Buda road network was only completed several years later. The structure is unique and has by the present day, become one of Budapest's busiest bridges.
The General Assembly of Budapest City Council chose the bridge's original name "Lágymányosi Bridge" a month before its opening. Over the years several other names were floated. The bridge was given its current name in 2011, on the 300-year-anniversary of the Treaty of Szatmár. The name refers not to a single person but the whole Rákóczi family and pays homage to their place in Hungarian history.
Cover photo: Rákóczi Bridge (Photo: Csaba Domonkos) | <urn:uuid:9158bd58-bcd0-4acd-ae7f-42fec92008b8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://pestbuda.hu/en/cikk/20201029_the_memento_a_world_fair_never_held_rakoczi_bridge_turns_25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.979645 | 1,771 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Created by MLSE Foundation in collaboration with Dr. Simon Darnell of the University of Toronto, the Change the Game research project is an anonymous online survey aimed at understanding sport and play-related access, engagement, and equity issues across Ontario in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Thank you for your interest. The survey is now closed. We are working to transform this page into a portal to share key learnings, insights, and recommendations from Ontario's youth and parents. Check back soon!
CHange The Game: Research Study
For questions, study info, and collaboration interest, please contact Bryan Heal, Change the Game Research Lead, at [email protected]
PAST RESEARCH PROJECTS
Increasing physical literacy in youth: A two-week Sport for Development program for children aged 6-10
This paper presents initial evidence that an intentionally designed two-week SFD day camp program successfully increased PL among youth facing barriers in a North American urban context, and explores the methodology used to teach and evaluate PL at a community-based SFD facility.
A study protocol for a 2-year longitudinal study of positive youth development at an urban sport for development facility
This paper outlines the study protocol measuring impact of an urban Sport for Development facility on positive youth development in youth facing barriers.
CHANGE THE GAME RESEARCH STUDY. A STUDY FOCUSED ON YOUTH SPORT ACCESS, ENGAGEMENT, AND EQUITY FACTORS IN THE WAKE OF THE PANDEMIC
Between March-May of 2021, MLSE Foundation and the University of Toronto engaged almost 7000 youth to understand sport and play-related access, barriers, and equity factors in the wake of the pandemic. Participants were representatively diverse according to race, geography, age, gender, ability and income, and the results were clear. | <urn:uuid:649e97af-3dcf-4bc3-998b-fa5f34c62877> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.mlsefoundation.org/how-we-give/research | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334802.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926051040-20220926081040-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.898754 | 408 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, by Harriet Jacobs is a powerful and moving quasi-autobiography about her slave life and struggle for emancipation. Jacobs was aspiring to be a girl to the victorian paradigm until slavery gave her a social mask that she could not change. Her organic sense of self was nothing like her social ascription that was forced upon her. The slavocrats of the south created demonically brilliant laws to keep the slaves blind of the outside world and from being able to understand literacy. Jacobs goes through great physical and emotional pain to argue that slavery destroys the morality of everyone around it. Her focus on the brutality and demonic brilliance of slaveholders brings attention to the unknowing people of the north and south. This paper is intended to explain the intricate material of this autobiography and provide information not explained in the book.
To begin, Jacobs position in the antebellum America is not what she truly is organically. Being born into slavery put a social ascription on her that masked whos she truly was. “Being herself means to discover the unity and harmony which exists in her own actual feelings and reactions”(114). As Jacobs aged, she started to understand how to find herself through her feelings and reactions. By the age of 15 Jacobs started being mentally attacked by her master, whispering foul words into her ear, sometimes assumed a gentleness, sometimes assumed a stormy mood. Jacobs soul revolted against his tyranny, but had nowhere to go to feel protected. She consents to a sexual relationship with a neighbor Mr.Sands and outwits Dr.Flint. Although miscegenation is considered taboo and she is not proud of it, Jacobs still avoids being raped by Dr.Flint. Living as a homo sacer in antebellum America was and inevitable fate for slaves across the south.
In addition, the slavocrats in the south created demonically brilliant laws to keep the slaves from knowing about the outside world. Their ideas were so demonically brilliant because if the slaves are not literate they cannot form their own ideas and communicate them. Jacobs, on the other hand knows how to read and write and Dr.Flint does not want her to teach the other slaves and threat... | <urn:uuid:0d9743ad-9ad5-4c7e-8a59-f5265596254a> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://ostatic.com/essays/incidents-in-the-life-of-a-slave-girl-essay-english-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710926.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203075717-20221203105717-00868.warc.gz | en | 0.965867 | 472 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Wed, Aug 10, 2011
Pre-Algebra, Square Roots
In this video we will learn about square roots. We will learn that the square of a number is that number times itself. We will also see its relationship to real numbers.
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© 2011 2011 Math TheSmartWay. | <urn:uuid:601fb901-b458-48b6-a742-ad447f2ce43a> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.maththesmartway.com/prealgebra/understanding-square-roots/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1387345762908/warc/CC-MAIN-20131218054922-00056-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910067 | 77 | 3.859375 | 4 |
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The Bible story of Adam & Eve shows how God created man for relationship. It is important children, as well as the rest of us, understand this and also the following:
When God made humans, He did more than speak; He touched. God took the dust of the ground and formed man. Then God breathed life into man. We humans were made different and made to be different. We were created in the image of God, to look like Him and to know Him.
God placed the first man Adam in a perfect garden and let him name all the animals. God saw that Adam needed someone like him, a helper. God caused Adam to fall into a deep sleep, took one of his ribs and formed woman. She was called Eve.
Adam and Eve walked and talked with God. They knew Him and had a relationship with Him. God had also given them a will. They could choose. He did not make them puppets where they had to do what He said.
God wanted them to be satisfied and choose Him and enjoy all the good things He gave them. But God gave them a choice - to love and obey Him or to reject Him and His love. True love cannot be forced; it has to be given as an act of our will.
God told them they could have everything in the Garden of Eden except they were not to eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. God wasn't keeping anything good away from them; He was trying to protect them from knowing evil.
- based on Genesis 2
This game can be used as a family or church group Bible activity. Most people call this game "Would You Rather"; it's point is to demonstrate how we each have the ability to choose.
You can either have kids stand on separate sides of a line or room to show their choice or have some sit and others stand. Begin by asking - "Would you rather"
Continue with similar choices. Point out that everyday we have choices to make and the most important choice is the same Adam & Eve had to make - to choose God or reject Him.
Special note: We do preview the websites to which we link, but are unable to peruse them completely. We try to check others' faith statements and make sure they do profess Jesus Christ as God's Son and salvation is found only in Him. It must, however, be your responsibility to personally dig into God's Word and allow the Holy Spirit to be your first and final teacher on all subjects.
"Our website may contain affiliate marketing links, which means we may get paid commission on sales of those products or services we write about. Our editorial content is not influenced by advertisers or affiliate partnerships. This disclosure is provided in accordance with the Federal Trade Commission’s 16 CFR § 255.5: Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising.”
Let us help you keep up with what's new at Creative Bible Study with free Bible study lessons and ideas straight to your email! Your information will be kept confidential and not be used for solicitation. | <urn:uuid:14664e80-fd20-4d10-8885-2de1f41d157a> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.creativebiblestudy.com/Bible-story-adam-eve.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512382.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019082959-20181019104459-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.983075 | 633 | 2.609375 | 3 |
European psychologists revealed that self-esteem depends on the age. The full study appeared in the Italian psychological journal Psicologia E Salute.
The study showed our self-esteem grows throughout adulthood but then plummets as we reach retirement age.
Researches examined the psychological state of 3,500 Europeans aged between 25 and 80. Younger participants demonstrated the lowest self-esteem. The self-esteem grew with age, peaking at the age of 60, which was then followed by a steep decline with seniors.
Researchers also revealed that women had lower self-esteem than man throughout their life.
Additionally, the study authors pointed out that higher income participants enjoyed higher self-esteem as seniors compared with their low income peers. The same was true for people who were satisfied with their family life.
Source of the image: photl.com. | <urn:uuid:f3e60d72-39ed-42f8-bf18-7d7bcae15730> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://geniusbeauty.com/news/self-esteem-grows/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999946.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625192953-20190625214953-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.979994 | 174 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Albarello drug jar for the Universal Electuary, Italy, 1601-1800
The Gothic lettering on the jar says Diacatholicon – Latin for “the Universal Electuary”. An electuary is a thick sticky liquid medicine and this treatment was so called because it was supposed to purge all the humours equally. Purging was believed to be one way to equalise the balance of the humours in patients and so restore them to health. Made from a blend of boiled ingredients, including rhubarb, violets, gourds, melons with liquorice, and sugar with crushed powder of cassia (similar to cinnamon), the treatment was also used for gout and arthritis.
Related Themes and Topics
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The fluids of the body whose balance is essential to well-being. They are blood, choler (yellow bile), phlegm, and melancholy (black bile). The system of the humours was closely related to the theory of the elements by the Ancient Greeks (especially Hippocrates), who were the first society to widely embrace the theory and apply it to medical practice. In Ancient Roman culture, the theory of the humours was embraced by Galen. During the neo-classical revival in western culture, the theory of the humours was a dominant form of medical practice. Its legacy in the form of activities such as blood-letting continued in England into the eighteenth century.
The ornamental, hard-shelled fruit of a vine.Hollowed gourds can be used as a number of things, including bowls or bottles.
Glossary: drug jar
A (usually earthenware) container designed to hold apothecaries' ointments and dry drugs.
The preparation and medicinal dispensing of drugs.
Inflammation of joints; swelling, pain and decreased mobility are typical symptoms.
A disease with painful inflammation of the joints caused by deposits of uric acid salts. It results in acute arthritis and chronic destruction of the joints. | <urn:uuid:28058c6b-4acd-47d0-9355-83b2b10e1be0> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/objects/display?id=4061 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122159.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00359-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938217 | 435 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The surname of SIBBONS was a baptismal name 'the son of Sebern'. Following the Crusades in Europe in the 11th 12th and 13th centuries, a need was felt for an additional name. This was recognized by those of nobler birth that it would add prestige and practical advantage to their status. The name was derived from the Old English name SAEBORN, meaning sea-warrior, and Monahcus Philipus Seberni, recorded in the year 1114 in London, appears to be the first of the name on record. Margareta filia Seberni was recorded in 1207, County Norfolk. At first the coat of arms was a practical matter which served a function on the battlefield and in tournaments. With his helmet covering his face, and armour encasing the knight from head to foot, the only means of identification for his followers, was the insignia painted on his shield, and embroidered on his surcoat, the draped and flowing garment worn over the armour. Other records of the name mention Alexander Sebern, 1273, County Huntingdonshire, and Geoffrey Sebern was recorded in the year 1300 in County Cambridge. Thomas Siborne of Yorkshire, was listed in the Yorkshire Poll Tax of 1379. In many parts of central and western Europe, hereditary surnames began to become fixed at around the 12th century, and have developed and changed slowly over the years. As society became more complex, and such matters as the management of tenure, and in particular the collection of taxes were delegated to special functionaries, it became imperative to distinguish a more complex system of nomenclature to differentiate one individual from another. Later instances include Robert Seaborn and Mary Banking who were married at St. George's, Hanover Square, London in the year 1789. Thomas Preece and Mary Seabourn were married in the same church in 1805. The eagle depicted in the arms is emblematical of fortitude and magnaminity of mind. The Romans used the figure of an eagle for their ensign, and their example has been often followed. It is the device of Russia, Austria, Germany and the United States of America.
Orders over $85 qualify for Free Shipping within the U.S. (Use coupon code: FREESHIP). | <urn:uuid:00e5653f-a92f-4dee-ab87-9e384d2b798a> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.4crests.com/sibbons-coat-of-arms.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689615.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923085617-20170923105617-00615.warc.gz | en | 0.98185 | 474 | 2.578125 | 3 |
YORK SUBWAY HISTORY
The New York
subway was originally built as three separate subway systems.
Rapid Transit or IRT was the first of these subway systems to open,
following more than twenty years of public debate on the merits
of subways versus the existing elevated rail system and on various
proposed routes. It opened on October 27, 1904. The first IRT line
to open ran between City Hall and Broadway and 145th Street.
Transit or BMT operated both elevated trains (els) and subways,
mostly within Brooklyn or connecting Brooklyn to Manhattan and Queens.
It was originally called the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company but
was renamed in 1923.
Subway System or IND first opened in 1932, as a municipally-owned
alternate to the two earlier private systems. The first IND line
to open was the 8th Avenue line.
The three lines
were unified and then operated by the New York City Transit Authority
(now MTA New York City Transit) in 1940. However, the distinction
between the three systems survives in the line numbering: IRT lines
have numbers, BMT/IND letters. There's also a more physical but
less obvious difference. IRT cars and tunnels are narrower than
BMT and IND ones. Neither BMT nor IND cars can fit into IRT tunnels
due to dangerously narrow clearances. IRT cars can travel on BMT/IND
lines when necessary, but are not used for passenger service on
those lines due to the dangerously wide gap between the car and
the station platform. | <urn:uuid:c698139b-97e4-49e7-b098-fad0601b2151> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://jigsawpuzzles.ws/jigsaw_puzzles/new_york_city/subway_trains/subway_s_810.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481428.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217010854-20190217032854-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.943709 | 329 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Adam Maltese from Indiana University and Robert Tai from Virginia University interviewed 116 scientists to try to find the inital spark
Adam Maltese from Indiana University and Robert Tai from Virginia University interviewed 116 scientists from across the US to find out what made them take up a career in science.1
The researchers contacted practising and retired scientists, either by phone or in person, from academia, industry, government and representing different ethnic groups. They used a software package, NVivo, which categorises the text according to common phrases or key words, to analyse the results. The 'initial' spark that led these scientists along their respective career paths came down to familiar influences:
- 65 per cent of the sample, both men and women, had been interested in science from a very early age, usually before the age of 9;
- 45 per cent said they had an intrinsic interest in the subject; an additional 40 per cent said they had a good experience of science at school; the remaining 15 per cent cited an influential family member. In fact the majority of respondents commented on the support they had received from their families over their formative years.
The findings also pointed to different sources of initial interest in science between men and women respondants. The majority of men cited 'intrinsic interest' while the majority of women cited school influences. Those with an intrinsic interest in science usually did science activities at home or spent time reading science or science fiction. School-based interest was most commonly associated with practical work though about a quarter of the respondents referred to the characteristics of their teacher. The way in which the teacher interacted with students, rather than their content knowledge, was seen as an important factor in generating interest in science.
- A. Thurston, K. J. Topping, A. Tolmie, D. Christie, E. Karagiannidou & P. Murray, Int. J. Sci. Ed., 2010, 32 (4), 501-522. | <urn:uuid:169ff71d-7c62-44fe-a11b-72c7fb933e14> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://edu.rsc.org/news/the-initial-spark/2020914.article | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141176049.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124082900-20201124112900-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.962822 | 399 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Vestibular Vertigo Wikipedia
Vertigo, also known as dizziness, is a relative term to the extra familiar vertigo, additionally referred to as nausea. A feeling that your entire body is dizzy and relocating an odd way. The lightheadedness comes on instantly, without advising as well as is usually for short time periods. Vertigo, like dizziness, is extremely frightening and also is the primary signs and symptom of many different problems that affect the mind, from high blood pressure to fainting. Vestibular Vertigo Wikipedia
Benign positional vertigo (BPV) is most likely one of the most usual source of vertigo, the sensation that the interior of your head or that your entire body is turning strangely. Typically this is accompanied by light-headedness, nausea, vomiting, collapsing, and a sensation of detachment from your environments. BPV commonly creates only brief episodes of wooziness, normally no more than 10 mins. It is commonly triggered by muscle spasms or by a lack of blood circulation to the nerves in the inner ear. Nevertheless, some individuals have no symptoms whatsoever. Vestibular Vertigo Wikipedia
Vestibular Vertigo Wikipedia
A lot of situations of lightheadedness are triggered by one or more of the problems that affect the mind and also hinder its capacity to function correctly. If you are experiencing signs and symptoms that you think are vertigo, your physician will most likely recommend antihistamines or tricyclic antidepressants as therapies for these problems. Antihistamines lower the task of the chemicals in the body that cause the reaction that causes vertigo. Tricyclic antidepressants are used to deal with allergies, stress and anxiety, as well as other comparable problems. Vestibular Vertigo Wikipedia
Certain medicines may likewise create vertigo. As an example, doxycycline can decrease the strength of your muscle mass that support your equilibrium. This decreases the quantity of liquid in your brain that creates your dizziness. Various other medicines that may include doxycycline are Prednisone, Acetylcholine, Phenytoin, as well as NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).
Vertigo that does not improve with over-the-counter therapy can be treated by your doctor. These treatments include prescription medications, surgical treatment, and antihistamines. If your wooziness is extreme, your doctor may recommend you to have a dedicated echocardiography system or VASER (vesicular stentibular shutoff stimulation) procedure. This procedure makes use of a laser to open the tightened capillary that cause the dizziness. The laser may also minimize the amount of liquid accumulation in your brain that creates dizziness.
Some people have troubles with wooziness without treatment. In these instances, it is important to figure out why you experience the signs and symptoms. Your medical professional might need to perform examinations such as an MRI or CT scan to determine the underlying problem. He might additionally execute some straightforward laboratory tests in order to eliminate or verify the diagnosis.
Several of the reasons that may lead to wooziness consist of a problem called sensorineural hearing loss. This condition occurs when there is damages to the inner ear. This can be triggered by an ear infection, an injury, or a negative effects of specific medications. Various other causes can be high fevers, ear infection, meniere’s illness, Meniere’s syndrome, or vestibular nerve cells.
If you are experiencing wooziness, you ought to make note of where your lightheadedness is influencing your equilibrium. You should additionally know if the adjustments in balance are happening for an extended period of time or if they are simply happening in a brief amount of time. This will aid your medical professional to figure out the cause of vertigo and additionally the correct therapy. If you believe that your lightheadedness results from a lack of balance, you must consult your medical professional. Your health care expert will certainly have the ability to supply you with valuable details concerning vertigo and also exactly how you can regulate the symptoms.
In order to establish the exact reason for vertigo, your healthcare expert will certainly probably have you undertake an extensive assessment to rule out any type of underlying physical reasons. Among the most usual sources of dizziness is reduced blood pressure or high blood pressure. If you have actually been detected with either of these conditions, you must follow your physician’s orders as well as adhere to your regular medicine. By decreasing your blood pressure, your dizziness could be removed. However, your problem may call for therapy to lower your high blood pressure naturally.
One more usual reason for vertigo is experiencing hearing loss. As we age, our hearing becomes much less efficient, which may result to vertigo. If you have actually been experiencing lightheadedness without any various other signs and symptoms, it might be difficult to determine the issue. Nonetheless, as quickly as you begin experiencing any type of type of audio or noise in your ear, you should right away call your physician.
Some signs that can recommend the presence of a vestibular migraine include: queasiness, vomiting, faintness, and also fainting. Due to the fact that these signs can be incorporated, your physician might execute examinations to confirm the visibility of vertigo. If your symptoms correspond, your medical professional may execute added tests such as catheterizations, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and also computerized tomography (CT) check. | <urn:uuid:ea947124-152a-48ea-8178-5b237feea759> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.grupocpd.com/vestibular-vertigo-wikipedia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499654.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128184907-20230128214907-00314.warc.gz | en | 0.945398 | 1,122 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Thanks Mom On Dealz!
Each week I try to bring you a craft you can do with your kids that is both educational AND frugal. We’ve been having some table manners issues with Will lately so this week I came up with a craft that is geared towards improving this behavior. I have included educational modifications at the bottom of the post.
1 toilet paper roll
1 paper plate
Various colors of construction paper ( or 1 color based on your preference)
tape or glue
1. Cut the center circle out of a paper plate. Write your topic in the middle. Ours was “Will’s Meal Time Rules”.
2. Set the circle on top of the toilet paper roll to mark where you will need to slit the roll to insert the plate.
3. Trace your child’s hand about 5 times. You can just trace it once and then cut all the sheets at once, but Will LOVES when we trace his hands.
4. Write a rule on each “hand”.
5. Tape or glue the hands around the plate and you have a “flower” of learning!
1. Write 1 word on the plate and have each hand be a rhyming word.
2. Write the title of a book on the plate and story elements on each hand (setting, problem, solution, etc).
1. Put “I Know My Shapes” on the plate and put different shapes on each hand for your child to identify.
2. Put “Math Symbols” on the plate and put math symbols on the hands. Have your child tell you what symbol represents (ie: + means to add).
1. Put a habitat on the plate and characteristics or animals that live in that habitat on the hands.
1. Put “I Am A Good Citizen” on the plate and put citizenship traits on the hands.
This post may contain affiliate links. Please read my disclosure policy here | <urn:uuid:57c8eec0-c3d4-49c3-9347-70066870d348> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.midgetmomma.com/frugal-fun/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947968.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425213156-20180425233156-00578.warc.gz | en | 0.902757 | 415 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Two middle schools in San Diego, Correia Middle School and De Portola Middle School, are excited to install new walking routes on their campuses. The routes range from 0.25 to 1.5 miles long, and they were designed to encourage students, staff, and visitors to get more active.
Along the route, colorful signs and painted sidewalk logos provide directions and mark distance.
Walking is one of the easiest, most popular, and most enjoyable forms of physical activity. Research has shown the benefits of walking: regular walks reduce the risk of chronic diseases, increase energy levels and morale, improve weight control, help build and maintain bones and joints, and increase flexibility and fitness. | <urn:uuid:7ddc80f4-6d0a-495c-a09c-6c7432c5c17b> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://ucsdcommunityhealth.org/news/san-diego-middle-schools-get-new-walking-routes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347389355.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525192537-20200525222537-00146.warc.gz | en | 0.949807 | 139 | 2.578125 | 3 |
If there was an easy answer, there would be a website for it. I thought it was heartening that "Youth smokers make more attempts to quit smoking than adult smokers."
This may be why education is an important part of the solution. If their fear of the consequences is greater than the social rewards, it may be easier for them to quit. Unfortunately, the social rewards can be quite high.
Though I would be tempted to forbid them to smoke and forbid their friends too, this is likely to alienate them. As with any adult behaviour, now they have to deal with the consequences. It is their response to these natural consequences that will determine whether or not they continue since this started as a choice.
However, depending on their age, I would take more decisive action. For a younger child, I would treat this much more severely and invoke the aid of a counsellor, supervise their activities more closely so that they had less opportunity to engage in the behaviour, and make their teachers and the parents of their friends aware. For those parents that were not supportive of my concerns, I would not allow my child to be at their house or with their child unsupervised by someone I trust. In short, I would treat this as I would if they were doing any drug recreationally.
If my child were closer 18, maybe as young as 16, I would approach it in the same way I would approach any decision I thought was not in their best interest:
- ask them about why they made this choice, how it makes them feel, and why they do or do not want to continue. There are reasons why they started and these need to be addressed.
- inundate them with information on the effects of smoking and drug addiction. They need to be aware that this is a gateway drug and that making this choice will make it easier to make other risky choices that they might not have otherwise made.
- explain how their actions affect me and our family
- explain my expectations of their behaviour and negotiate reasonable parameters which essentially prevent non-smokers from being affected by (coming into contact with) their smoking
- encourage them to put limits on their habit and identify when they would consider it bad/too much and seek help | <urn:uuid:c94db88e-5122-451d-8346-00be826c88ff> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://parenting.stackexchange.com/questions/3403/how-do-you-respond-to-a-teenager-who-has-started-to-smoke/3484 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510267865.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011747-00322-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988623 | 457 | 2.640625 | 3 |
This is the first of a special three-part series of investigations jointly run by chinadialogue and Yale Environment 360, with support from the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting
When Zhang Junwei’s uncle died in February 2012, he was only 50. In the three years that he had endured the cancer that killed him, surgeons had removed both his rectum and his bladder. “Perhaps he was better off dead,” said Zhang, reflecting on his uncle’s ordeal. “It was a release.” Two years after his uncle’s death, Zhang still refuses to name him, afraid that even now, talking about how his uncle lived – and died – could bring trouble down on the family.
Zhang’s uncle lived in Fenshui, in Central China’s Jiangsu province, a village of some 7,000 people that straddles a network of waterways on the western shore of Lake Tai, China’s third largest freshwater lake. Lake Tai boasts 800 square miles of fresh water, shared between Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and has been celebrated throughout Chinese history for its abundant fish and beautiful limestone landscape.
But as China’s industrial boom gathered speed through the 1990s and the early years of the 21st century, a new, metalled road connected the once sleepy village of Fenshui to the major highway networks being built across China. Factories began to cluster along the lakeshore and the village’s traditional single-storey whitewashed houses, with their signature black-tiled roofs, were steadily replaced with two- and even three-storey houses, as factory wages brought a surge of prosperity to Fenshui. Zhang’s uncle, like many of his neighbours, had found work in one of those factories.
His illness hit the small family hard. His only son was serving in the army when his father fell ill, and the soldier’s wage was too small to cover the medical bills. Zhang’s aunt took a factory job herself to support her sick husband, making the difficult choice to leave him unattended during her working day. The cancer was to consume the family’s savings entirely, all spent in a fruitless effort to save his life. The patient struggled through his final days at home, getting up to see to his own needs until the day he finally collapsed while fetching a drink of water. He died later that day.
Zhang Junwei (whose name has been changed to protect his identity) believes that the cancer that ended his uncle’s life was caused by soil pollution, a subject so sensitive in China that Zhang himself is still afraid to discuss it openly. Zhang has just turned 40 and, like his uncle, has lived all his life in Jiangsu, near the lake. His village of Zhoutie is just five miles from Fenshui and less than 40 miles from the county town of Yixing, in the heart of the Yangtze Delta, today China’s biggest regional economy. For more than 1,000 years, Yixing and its surrounding countryside was an important source of grain for China, celebrated in poetry as far back as 960 AD for its benign climate and fertile soil, and famous for the manufacture of a dense, brown pottery that is still highly prized in China as the ideal material for teapots.
But today Yixing and the land around it sit in China’s new industrial landscape. Since the 1990s, nearly 3,000 factories have been built on the once-beautiful shores of the lake. The chemical boom made Yixing one of China’s richest county-level towns, with a GDP that reached 106.6 billion yuan (US$17.06 billion) in 2012.
It is also still an agricultural area: the road from Fenshui to Zhoutie runs between flat, regular fields of vegetables, these days more profitable crops than grain for farmers who live close to urban markets. But many local farmers have given up eating the crops they grow. They know that their vegetables are planted in soil polluted with cadmium, lead and mercury, heavy metals that are dangerous to human health. Zhang confessed that he rarely eats local produce either. “There’s too much soil pollution,” he said.
A 'state secret'
Soil pollution has received relatively little public attention in China. Despite the fact that it poses as big a threat to health as the more widely covered air and water pollution, data on soil pollution has been so closely guarded that it has been officially categorised as a “state secret”. Until recently the Chinese government also resisted media efforts to draw attention to local cancer epidemics in China’s newly industrial areas. It was not until February 2013 that the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) finally admitted that “cancer villages” existed in China, and released a list that included the area around Lake Tai and the villages of Fenshui and Zhoutie. Some civil society experts have estimated that there are 450 cancer villages in China, and believe the phenomenon is spreading.
The story of the cancer hotspot of Yixing is characteristic: in the rush to develop that engulfed China from the 1990s, local officials were eager to invite factories and chemical plants into the area, and their already weak environmental controls were often disregarded entirely. “Government officials just care about GDP,” Zhang complained. “They were happy to welcome any polluting firm.” So, for a time, were the villagers who found jobs in the new factories.
Unprocessed industrial wastewater discharging from the factories in Zhoutie Town has caused excessive levels of cadmium found in the river silt (Image by Wu Di)
The first real signs of the troubles to come were in Lake Tai itself, and were the subject of a long campaign by another resident of Yixing township, the fisherman turned environmentalist Wu Lihong. In the early 1990s, Wu grew worried about the deterioration of Lake Tai’s once famously pure waters. He organised a local environmental monitoring group that he called Defenders of Tai Lake, to collect water samples from the lake and its feeder rivers.
For 16 years, Wu campaigned to draw attention to the lake’s declining health, despite harassment from local officials and police and, by appealing to senior government officials, he succeeded in forcing more than 200 factories to close. But his campaign abruptly ended on April 13, 2007, when he was arrested and later sentenced to a three-year prison term on charges of extortion and blackmail. The following month, the Ministry of Environmental Protection named Yixing a “National Model City for Environmental Protection”. Five days later, a toxic algae bloom turned the waters of Lake Tai into foul-smelling green sludge.
That episode, in the high summer of 2007, attracted international attention and was a major embarrassment for the national as well as the provincial government. According to the Lake Tai Basin Authority, more than 30 million people draw their drinking water from the basin’s 53 water sources. A Zhoutie local official admitted to the government newspaper People’s Daily that the algae bloom had caused a “water supply crisis”, and said the lake’s water “looked like soy sauce”. The authorities finally acted.
At the end of 2006, Yixing had been home to 1,188 firms producing chemicals. By October 2013, after six years of “rectification”, 583 had been closed down, merged or reopened as other types of business, as were 104 chemical plants in Zhoutie and 57 in neighbouring Taihua township. In late 2013, Yixing started a new round of chemical industry clean-up, with plans to deal with an additional 52 chemical firms over the next two years.
It all came too late for the campaigner Wu Lihong: he has now completed his prison term and his wife and daughter have moved overseas, but Wu himself remains subject to restrictions, including a ban on talking to the media. His harsh treatment is a reminder to other villagers that environmental activism carries a high cost.
Pollution remains a highly sensitive subject in the district. Most interviewees were too frightened to give their names, worried about how local officials might react. Others complained that official secrecy about pollution meant that they could not discover what dangers Zhoutie’s toxic legacy might pose to their own health and that of their families. Zhang Junwei recalled that, when the pollution was at its worst, even people’s sweat was discoloured. “Several of my relatives died from cancer very young,” he said.
Although the local government has now closed the worst of the factories, the pollutants those factories had released in their wastewater or sludge ended up in the soil, and the toxic waste from those polluting years continues to threaten the health of the people of the area and beyond.
Zhang Junwei and villagers like him are well aware that cancer rates in their district have risen, and they suspect that pollution is the cause. They say the number of cancer victims started to increase 10 years ago, when local farmers began to fall ill and die. Their suspicions were well-founded: when crops are grown in soil contaminated with cadmium or other heavy metals, the grain absorbs the toxins. But even today, despite this awareness of what pollution can do, local farmers have little choice but to continue to plant: these are families that reaped no direct benefit from industrialisation and still have few alternative sources of income. The poorest still eat locally produced food, knowing it is contaminated.
Linking pollution and illness
Establishing a clear connection, however, between pollution and cancer is scientifically challenging. At Hohai University, in Jiangsu Province, Chen Ajiang, a sociologist who heads the university’s Institute of the Environment and Sociology, admitted that the link between pollution and cancer is extremely complex, and it is difficult to pin down cause and effect.
In 2007, professor Chen won a government grant to study the interaction of human and water environments in the basins of Lake Tai and the Huai River. For five years, he and his four researchers carried out field studies in the provinces of Henan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Guangdong, looking for evidence of the health impacts of water pollution. Professor Chen believed that pollution-related illness was damaging economic development, keeping villagers in poverty or driving them away from their native villages altogether. Although he admits that the medical world has not yet identified an undisputed link between pollution and cancer in the villages he studied, his team established beyond doubt that cancer villages exist and that the lives of those who live in them are severely impacted.
The pollution that chemical factories released in gas and sludge, and in the wastewater they discharged into Lake Tai and other local waterways, has now accumulated in the surrounding soil, but the government has been reluctant to acknowledge the scale of the problem: in April, 2013, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development awarded Zhoutie a “Habitat Environment Prize”, an award, like the accolade given to Xining, that seems out of tune with the real state of Zhoutie’s environment.
The use of unprocessed wastewaster for irrigation has casued cadmium rice crisis in the local area (Image by Wu Di)
In April 2013, the Jiangsu Geological Survey published part of a report that showed that heavy metal pollution in the Wuxi, Suzhou and Changzhou areas has increased continuously since 2004, with once isolated spots of pollution from cadmium and mercury now expanding and merging to form larger, continuous areas. The report, New technologies for monitoring and preventing heavy metal pollution resulting from urbanization, revealed that between 2005 and 2011 increasing levels of cadmium were found at 37.5% of the sites sampled, with average increases of 0.03 milligrams (mg) of cadmium per kilogram (kg) of soil. At its highest, the annual average increase was 0.2 mg.
Continuous monitoring revealed an escalating pattern of pollution: in one unspecified area, researchers reported, cadmium levels higher than 0.4 mg per kg of soil were found only in relatively isolated patches in the land surrounding industrial development. But by 2012, large stretches of nearby farmland were polluted to the same levels, and rice and wheat produced in the area were contaminated.
It also described one case -- later identified as the township of Dingshu, 18 miles to the southwest of Zhoutie -- where, due to a cluster of township enterprises that were dumping their waste, cadmium levels in the river silt had reached 1500 mg per kg, and that rice produced on nearby land was contaminated with cadmium to levels of more than 0.5 mg per kg. China’s food safety standards rule that rice can contain no more than 0.2 mg per kg of cadmium, and the international limit is 0.4 mg per kg. Rice from Dingshu has long been in breach of those limits.
Dingshu is the centre of Yixing’s ceramics industry, home to many glazed tile factories, teapot factories and clay workshops. Yixing’s stoneware is an important source of revenue, but the factories have also badly damaged the local environment and contribute to the area’s soil pollution. Yixing launched a crackdown on ceramic factories in early 2011, but by June 2013 only 300 had been fully shut down.
The area’s problems illustrate the high price China is paying for 30 years of rapid economic development and the risks China’s increasingly serious soil pollution poses to its food. Official estimates say that China produces 12 million tonnes of heavy-metal contaminated grain a year, with an economic cost of more than 20 billion yuan (US$3.2 billion).
A lack of transparency
China’s official approach to soil pollution has been characterised by secrecy and obfuscation. Even now, a picture of the scale and severity of the problem must be pieced together from disparate reports.
In 2010, for instance, a report on soil protection policy from the international expert body, the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED), warned that overall trends in China’s soil pollution gave no cause for optimism. Quoting China’s official 1997 Report on the State of the Environment in China, it characterised the pollution of China's arable land as “rather severe”, with pollution affecting an estimated 10 million hectares of land. By the year 2000, according to that year’s report on the state of the environment, 36,000 of the 300,000 hectares of basic farmland monitored for harmful heavy metals were found to be more than 12% beyond the standard.
CCICED’s researchers were no more optimistic about China’s system of supervision and management of soil, finding that investment in soil pollution prevention and control was too low. They stressed that soil pollution reduces the quality of crops and recommended legislation to protect the soil and to control pollution, as well as improvement in China’s environmental soil standards.
There are now signs that the gravity of the soil pollution problem is belatedly forcing the Chinese government to begin to deal with a problem that has accumulated over many decades, and to reconsider its policy of pursuing economic growth at the expense of the environment. In July 2007, the Ministry of Land and the National Bureau of Statistics launched a nationwide soil survey. It was completed in 2009, but partial results were not published until December 2013. In April 2014, the government released partial results of a second soil pollution survey, conducted from April 2005 to December 2013, and covering 630 square kilometres (243 square miles) of farmland. The survey reported that about 16.1% of China's soil and about 19.4% of farmland were contaminated.
China has 135 million hectares of arable land in total, but the amount of available high quality arable land has been dropping due to advancing urbanisation and pollution. According to the recently released data, the government classifies more than 3 million hectares of arable land as moderately polluted. How much of that is contaminated with heavy metals is still not clear, though in 2011, Wang Bentai, then chief engineer of the State Environmental Protection Agency (now the Ministry of Environmental Protection) said that 10% of China’s arable land is polluted with lead, zinc and other heavy metals.
Starting to clean up?
Rising public concern about the impacts of pollution have begun to force a change in government attitudes, but changes at the top can take some time to percolate down to lower levels of government. In November 2013, delegates to the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee – an important party meeting – adopted a key strategy document that set out the government’s priorities for the immediate future.
The document, prosaically entitled Decision on Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reforms, promised that environmental protection would be given more importance in the performance evaluation of local and national officials, and that local officials would be considered directly responsible for pollution. Economic growth would no longer guarantee promotion for local officials. The government also promises to put in place the legislation and powers to allow polluters to be heavily punished, a promise that began to take shape in the new environmental protection law, approved in April 2014, which removed the caps that had kept fines for polluters low.
However, Zhuang Guotai, the head of the MEP’s Department of Nature and Ecology Conservation, has said that cleaning up soil pollution is a difficult and lengthy process that will require huge investment. In some cases, he explained, the pollution the ministry had identified in soil samples could be traced back decades: pollution from the pesticide benzene hexachloride, for instance, a substance banned in the 1980s, was still in evidence.
Mr Zhuang promised that an action plan to deal with soil pollution will pull together both central and local government and businesses, using market mechanisms to promote soil restoration, with rewards systems in place to encourage public participation. A new law on soil pollution is also promised. But soil remediation is expensive and complex, and there are no easy answers to a pollution nightmare that has brought early death to the afflicted villages, reduced harvests and rendered much of China’s home-grown food toxic.
The second part of this three-part investigation will be published next week.
Soil Pollution Series
Special report: the legacy of Hunan's polluted soils | <urn:uuid:d6bf81b9-cac3-4826-a24d-90b1f92c6ccb> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/7073-Special-report-The-victims-of-China-s-soil-pollution-crisis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125074.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00492-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974673 | 3,863 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Ornamental trees fit well in gardens and come in a variety of types. When thinking about ornamentals, most gardeners picture only flowering trees; however, you can choose from evergreens or deciduous trees that are flowering, dwarf or fruit-bearing. Trimming ornamental trees is basically the same as for other trees, but the timing of when to trim might vary.
Wait for the proper trimming time. For trees that flower, trim right after blooms die in late spring. For fruit producers, trim after the fruit has been picked. For evergreen trees, trimming can be done anytime, but the best time is before new growth in early spring.
Find the limbs that are to be pruned back and decide where to trim. Dead limbs should be cut completely off, while limbs with disease can be cut back a few inches below the sickness. For shaping, cut limbs to be shorter than those below them. If the top of the tree forms a fork, cut one of them out so that the tree continues to grow up without the risk of splitting. For dwarf trees, trim in very small lengths. These trees grow slowly; if you cut off more than a few inches, it could take a long time for it to grow back.
Place the trimmer blade or loppers in a location where another smaller branch is growing off of the limb. Set the blade at an angle. This is best for shaping or pruning diseased limbs. For dead limbs, place the trimmer about an inch out from the tree base, so that you cut off the entire branch. This way you won't damage the trunk.
Saw through the limb quickly so that it doesn't tear. If you can reach the branch, hold it with the other hand while you trim. If you can't, cut part way through the branch from the underside first and then turn the blade over and cut through the top in the same location. | <urn:uuid:a565bba4-3cc7-41b8-bbe6-4d826080ead1> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.gardenguides.com/119593-trim-ornamental-trees.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246642037.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045722-00170-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942728 | 396 | 3.09375 | 3 |
WASHINGTON — Oh, deer.
A new member of the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute’s endangered Eld’s deer herd has been added to the pack in Front Royal, Virginia.
The fawn was born Oct. 26., weighing in at 11 pounds, according to a news release.
She and her mother, Ampika, are being kept away from the larger Eld’s deer herd for six months.
The Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute is home to 12 male and 18 female Eld’s deer.
Scientists there are studying their reproduction and creating a self-sustaining population in human care with the help of animal keepers.
The endangered Eld’s deer are only 1,500 strong in the wild. They are hunted for their hides and antlers.
Given those numbers, the Smithsonian says they are at risk of inbreeding and losing genetic diversity.
Find more information at the Smithsonian’s website. | <urn:uuid:a72ed2d2-099a-4c54-9ea4-57ea97eccd86> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://wtop.com/animals-pets/2018/11/fawn-ing-over-smithsonians-new-deer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362297.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202205828-20211202235828-00034.warc.gz | en | 0.943878 | 193 | 3 | 3 |
The House of Medici or Famiglia de' Medici was a political dynasty, banking family and later royal house. The Medici produced four Popes of the Catholic Church, two regent queens of France and in 1531 the family became hereditary Dukes of Florence. The Medici Bank was one of the most prosperous and most respected institutions in Europe.
Acquiring the Shepherd's JournalEdit
At some point near the end of the 16th century, the de'Medici Family would acquire the Shepherd's Journal from King Philip II of Spain. They would bring the Journal back to Florence, Italy and have it added to the growing collection at the Uffizi Gallery.
Information regarding how and why the de'Medici Family obtained the book is not presently known. Some would believe they purchased it from Philip II, though his infatuation with the Journal was well known and was unlikely he would part with it for any price. It is likely believed the de'Medici Family made a power play for the Journal, reasoning that there was no legal ground for Cesare Borgia to have confiscated the Journal from Leonardo da Vinci on behalf of the Spanish government and was therefore the property of the Italians. | <urn:uuid:4802304d-60a8-4ad6-9341-11e43afd6002> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://atlantisthelostempire.fandom.com/wiki/House_of_Medici?veaction=edit | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347401260.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529023731-20200529053731-00184.warc.gz | en | 0.979437 | 248 | 3.203125 | 3 |
In 1973, the Inter-American Economic and Social Council issued a report that identified a pressing problem facing the countries of the hemisphere in the following terms: "Of the many socioeconomic maladjustments at present faced by Latin American countries, a critical one is the gap between opportunities for gainful employment and the size of the working-age population. The great importance ascribed to this problem lies in its very extent, the prevailing trends toward its worsening in almost the entire region, on its disastrous consequences for the welfare of a large proportion of the population, and on the decisive role it will play in the dynamics of the socioeconomic development of Latin America in the next few years." This concern with the quantity and quality of employment opportunities available to the labor force is shared by virtually all observers of the development process and by government and international agencies charged with the responsibility of facilitating the economic development of the Third World. A special urgency is attached to the problem of employment in view of the generally prevailing belief that employment conditions have been deteriorating generally in the less developed countries. For example, a recent report of the Inter-American Development Bank noted that "in Latin America today the rapid growth rate of the labor force is not for the most part being matched by increased opportunities for employment. As a result, both unemployment and underemployment are increasing in most countries.
Latin American and Iberian Institute
Employment, Unemployment, Underemployment, Latin America
Gregory, Peter. "Employment, Unemployment, and Underemployment in Latin America." (1981). http://digitalrepository.unm.edu/laii_research/31 | <urn:uuid:02883a52-d79d-4a88-a15c-378981c13a2f> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://digitalrepository.unm.edu/laii_research/31/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806225.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120203833-20171120223833-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.928753 | 333 | 2.71875 | 3 |
In financial accounting, an asset is any resource owned by the business. Anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value and that is held by a company to produce positive economic value is an asset. Simply stated, assets represent value of ownership that can be converted into cash (although cash itself is also considered an asset). The balance sheet of a firm records the monetary value of the assets owned by that firm. It covers money and other valuables belonging to an individual or to a business.
One can classify assets into two major asset classes: tangible assets and intangible assets. Tangible assets contain various subclasses, including current assets and fixed assets. Current assets include inventory, while fixed assets include such items as buildings and equipment. Intangible assets are nonphysical resources and rights that have a value to the firm because they give the firm some kind of advantage in the marketplace. Examples of intangible assets include goodwill, copyrights, trademarks, patents and computer programs, and financial assets, including such items as accounts receivable, bonds and stocks.
An asset is a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity. It is the result of a past event or transaction.
One of the most widely accepted accounting definitions of asset is the one used by the International Accounting Standards Board. The following is a quotation from the IFRS Framework: "An asset is a resource controlled by the enterprise as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the enterprise."
This means that:
Employees are not considered assets like machinery is, even though they can generate future economic benefits. This is because an entity does not have sufficient control over its employees to satisfy the Framework's definition of an asset. Resources that are expected to yield benefits only for a short time can also be considered not to be assets, for example in the USA the 12 month rule excludes items with a useful life of less than a year.
There is a growing analytical interest in assets and asset forms in other social sciences too, especially in terms of how a variety of things (e.g. personality, personal data, ecosystems, etc.) can be turned into an asset.
In the financial accounting sense of the term, it is not necessary to be able to legally enforce the asset's benefit for qualifying a resource as being an asset, provided the entity can control its use by other means.
Assets are listed on the balance sheet. On a company's balance sheet certain divisions are required by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), which vary from country to country. Assets can be divided into e.g. current assets and fixed assets, often with further subdivisions such as cash, receivables and inventory.
Assets are formally controlled and managed within larger organizations via the use of asset tracking tools. These monitor the purchasing, upgrading, servicing, licensing, disposal etc., of both physical and non-physical assets.
Current assets are cash and other assets expected to be converted to cash or consumed either in a year or in the operating cycle (whichever is longer), without disturbing the normal operations of a business. These assets are continually turned over in the course of a business during normal business activity. There are 5 major items included into current assets:
Marketable securities: Securities that can be converted into cash quickly at a reasonable price.
Often referred to simply as "investments". Long-term investments are to be held for many years and are not intended to be disposed of in the near future. This group usually consists of three types of investments:
Different forms of insurance may also be treated as long term investments.
Also referred to as PPE (property, plant, and equipment), these are purchased for continued and long-term use in earning profit in a business. This group includes as an asset land, buildings, machinery, furniture, tools, IT equipment, e.g., laptops, and certain wasting resources e.g., timberland and minerals. They are written off against profits over their anticipated life by charging depreciation expenses (with exception of land assets). Accumulated depreciation is shown in the face of the balance sheet or in the notes. An asset is an important factor in a balance sheet.
Intangible assets lack of physical substance and usually are very hard to evaluate. They include patents, copyrights, franchises, goodwill, trademarks, trade names, etc. These assets are (according to US GAAP) amortized to expense over 5 to 40 years with the exception of goodwill.
Websites are treated differently in different countries and may fall under either tangible or intangible assets.
Tangible assets are those that have a physical substance, such as currencies, buildings, real estate, vehicles, inventories, equipment, art collections, precious metals, rare-earth metals, Industrial metals, and crops.
Depreciation is applied to tangible assets when those assets have an anticipated lifespan of more than one year. This process of depreciation is used instead of allocating the entire expense to one year.
Tangible assets such as art, furniture, stamps, gold, wine, toys and books have become recognized as an asset class in their own right and many high-net-worth individuals will seek to include these tangible assets as part of their overall asset portfolio. This has created a need for tangible asset managers.
|Current assets||Liquid assets||Absolute liquid assets|
|Bills receivable||Bills receivable|
|Cash in hand||Cash in hand||Cash in hand|
|Cash at bank||Cash at bank||Cash at bank|
|Accrued incomes||Accrued incomes||Accrued incomes|
|Loans and advances (short term)||Loans and advances (short term)||Loans and advances (short term)|
|Trade investments (short term)||Trade investments (short term)||Trade investments (short term)|
|Look up asset in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.| | <urn:uuid:2a4f837e-a2b8-4288-9d4d-850fb121f694> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://www.theinfolist.com/php/SummaryGet.php?FindGo=Asset | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738727.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811025355-20200811055355-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.957499 | 1,227 | 3.5 | 4 |
|Posted on March 3, 2011 at 9:20 AM|
Using something like this will guide those of you who have not taught reading to get familiar with the phonograms. It's an excellent idea they have of printing them off and storing in loose leaf binder.
Too, if you want to put together your own prek, K or even 1st grade lesson plans, these are still taught and reviewed in those grades.
|Posted on November 15, 2010 at 9:08 AM|
This page is such a nice resource full of printables to teach any child to read. Even though it has been around the homeschool circles for a while, it is still a site worth mentioning for those that are new to homeschool or even those who have not used it before.A great resource tool that has charts, phonograms lists and explanations for how to teach phonics.
Read Full Post » | <urn:uuid:c8039164-7cad-4e2a-bd37-090a280ebb30> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.newbeehomeschooler.com/apps/blog/categories/show/863606-phonics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506580.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402014600-20200402044600-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.969666 | 185 | 2.90625 | 3 |
In yesterday's column, a reader asked whether she should be tested for genes linked to Alzheimer's disease. Today, I thought I'd give you my view on the larger question: Will studies of our genes change the practice of medicine and improve our lives?
My answer: During my career, progress in human genetics has been greater than virtually anyone imagined. However, human genetics also has turned out to be much more complicated than people imagined. As a result, we have not moved as rapidly as we had hoped in changing medical practice.
I graduated from medical school in the late 1960s. We knew what human genes were made of - DNA - and we were beginning to understand how genes work. We had even identified a handful of genes linked to specific diseases. We assumed that disease resulted from an abnormality in the structure of a gene.
If I had asked any biologist on the day I graduated, "Will we ever know how many genes we have, and the exact structure of each gene?" I'll bet the answer would have been: "Not in my lifetime, or my children's lifetime."
They would have been wrong. Today we do know those answers. Indeed, some diseases are caused by an abnormality in the structure of genes. In fact, sometimes it is very simple: One particular change at one particular spot in just one particular gene leads to a specific disease. Sickle cell anemia is an example.
Unfortunately, with most diseases it's not that simple. The first complexity: Most diseases are influenced by the structure of multiple genes, not just one. Examples are diabetes and high blood pressure.
The second complexity: Many diseases are explained not by an abnormal gene structure but by whether genes are properly turned on or off. Most cancers are in this category.
What do I mean by that? Every cell in our body has the same set of genes. Yet, a cell in our eye that sees light is different from a cell in our stomach that makes acid. Why? Because different genes are turned on in each type of cell.
Similarly, if a gene with a normal structure is not properly turned on or off, a cell can malfunction - it can become diseased.
The third complexity: We have 10 times as many bacterial cells living on and inside our body as there are cells in our body. And the genes of those bacterial cells - not just the genes in our own cells - affect our health, perhaps profoundly.
So, am I discouraged about whether progress in human genetics will improve our lives? To the contrary, I'm more convinced than ever that it will. And just as 40 years ago very few would have imagined what has been achieved by 2014, very few today can imagine what will be achieved in the next 40 years.
DR. ANTHONY KOMAROFF is a physician and professor at Harvard Medical School. Go to his website to send questions and get additional information: www.askdoctork.com. | <urn:uuid:79541467-ed1e-4bd2-a099-4a30240c3692> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://thetimes-tribune.com/news/health-science/genetics-will-better-our-lives-1.1636752 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982294097.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195814-00221-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979901 | 601 | 2.828125 | 3 |
St. Margaret Mary and the Sacred Heart
“Look at this Heart which has loved men so much, and yet men do not want to love Me in return. Through you My Divine Heart wishes to spread its love everywhere on earth.” – from St. Margaret Mary Alacoque’s vision of Jesus
Today, October 16th
, the Church honors and remembers the life of St. Margaret Mary Alacoque, known as Marguerite-Marie in her native France, who piously promoted devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. From the time she was a young child, Margaret had a love for the Blessed Sacrament, and preferred silence and prayer over typical play. After receiving first Holy Communion at the age of nine, she practiced mortification secretly, until paralysis left her confined to her bed for four years. She made a vow to the Blessed Virgin to pursue religious life and was then instantly restored to health. During her adolescence, at a time when Margaret’s family was suffering in poverty due to the death of her father and an injustice done to a relative, the girl sought solace in the Blessed Sacrament. She received visions of Christ during these years, usually as the Crucified or Ecce Homo; she was not surprised by these visions, assuming such events occurred to all people.
After joining the Visitation Convent at Paray-le-Monial in 1671, she began in 1873 to receive visions revealing the Sacred Heart of Jesus. She was rebuffed by her superior and by theologians for a time, about the validity of the visions, but remained humble, obedient, and charitable to those who persecuted her until the truth of the mission given to her by Our Lord convinced those who opposed her.
To read the rest of this article, go here. | <urn:uuid:e71c3361-8273-40ac-80ed-e064d05facf6> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://catholicinformation.aquinasandmore.com/2008/10/16/st-margaret-mary-and-the-sacred-heart/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298692.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00233-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978374 | 368 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Satellite images of Asian disaster
A week after the tsunami that hit Asia on 26 December the death toll is still rising. Nearly 140 000 people are confirmed dead, more than 1.8 million people need food aid and an estimated five million are homeless.
The tsunami formed when an earthquake of 9.0 magnitude vertically jolted the seabed by several metres, displacing hundreds of cubic kilometres of water. The epicentre was 320 km west of Medan, just off the west coast of the Indonesia island of Sumatra. The people of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India and Thailand are hardest hit but people in countries as far away as Kenya and Tanzania have also suffered damage and loss of life.
Since the disaster struck, three authorised users of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters have requested its support from the on-duty operator at ESA/ESRIN. Satellite images of the disaster areas taken before and after the tsunami have been supplied to the UN Office of Outer Space Affairs, the French Civil Protection and the Indian Space Research Organisation.
Current members of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters include ESA Member States, Argentina, Canada, India, Japan and the USA. Civil protection authorities from other countries can also submit requests by contacting their partner organisations through existing cooperation mechanisms to help them in the major relief efforts that are now underway. | <urn:uuid:540882ed-eb90-48a6-90d8-a7496eb9ff61> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Satellite_images_of_Asian_disaster/(print) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661775.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00027-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946071 | 275 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Bad breath in dogs and cats can be more than just an annoyance; it may be a sign of oral disease that, if left untreated, can lead to other serious health risks and significantly affect the quality of your pet’s life. Dental disease is one of the most common problems encountered in veterinary medicine today and it’s one that cannot be ignored. That’s why the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) is working to draw more attention to this issue by proclaiming February “National Pet Dental Health Month.”
According to the AVMA, 80 percent of dogs and 70 percent of cats have some kind of oral disease by the age of 3. Pets who develop dental disease may exhibit certain behavioral issues due to pain or show an unwillingness to eat hard foods. The disease will only worsen as your pet grows older, which is why early detection and treatment are essential. If left untreated, it can lead to more serious health issues involving the heart, liver and kidneys.
It’s important, therefore, for pet owners to be proactive in the dental health of their pets.
Brushing teeth should be a daily ritual for our pets, just as it is for us. A soft-bristled toothbrush and toothpaste formulated for pets can be used to brush your cat’s or dog’s teeth each day to help prevent plaque and tartar deposits. Nutrition is also an important factor in your pet’s dental health and overall well-being. Make sure your pet is eating a healthy diet each day and discuss their diet plan with your vet.
At least once a year, your pet’s teeth and gums should be checked by a veterinarian. Your vet will check for any early signs of a dental problem, such as bad breath, broken or loose teeth, discolored teeth or any covered in tartar, pain in and around the mouth, bleeding from the gums and mouth and any swelling in areas surrounding the mouth. Your vet may recommend a professional teeth cleaning, which is generally performed under anesthesia in order to thoroughly clean around the gum line. They will conduct a thorough dental cleaning, scaling and polishing your pet’s teeth to remove tartar and plaque buildup for white teeth and health gums.
Caring for your pet’s teeth is vital to keep them happy and healthy for many years to come. Be proactive with daily brushing and regular veterinarian checkups and watch for any signs of bad breath, swollen gums or yellow-brown tartar buildup. Your pet will thank you for it! | <urn:uuid:d163e04b-5b6b-4a14-aa12-a29641c8c5d8> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://blueskyvet.com/veterinarian-blog-bend/february-is-national-pet-dental-health-month | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662531352.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520030533-20220520060533-00533.warc.gz | en | 0.946449 | 526 | 3.28125 | 3 |
|Maintaining the Integrity of the Low-Elevation Granitic-Dome Communities of Carl Sandburg National Historic Site
||A vegetational survey was conducted for the granitic rock-outcrop communities at Carl Sandburg National Historic Site (CARL). Low-elevation granitic domes within the boundaries of CARL have been recognized as a critical resource within the Park (Har...
|Species-Area Relationships of Cliff System Vegetational Communities in Cumberland Gap National Historical Park
||A vegetational survey of vascular plants, bryophytes, and lichens was conducted on eleven discrete cliff systems in Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) during the summer of 2011 and 2012. A total of 231 species were collected and identifie...
|Nitrogen Availability and Vegetational Community Structure on a Cliff System in the Southern Appalachians
||While research in almost every ecosystem confirms the importance of nutrient cycling to community dynamics, it has been an under-investigated aspect of cliff ecology. This study explores the influence that nitrogen availability and other abiotic var... | <urn:uuid:aece254d-ecf1-4941-a0e4-0302cf800a95> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/clist-etd.aspx?ln=Walker&fn=Gary&org=ASU | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662018.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00171-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889624 | 224 | 2.828125 | 3 |
September 9, 2019 | Napoli Shkolnik News
You Are What You Eat
High sodium and low potassium diets may contribute to teenage depression, according to a new study. This finding may impact both patients and providers.
Such a diet indicates many processed foods and few fresh fruits and vegetables. Researchers at the University of Alabama-Birmingham found a conclusive link between depression and such a diet. Other observers theorized that the inverse may be true as well. If adolescents consumed more healthy foods, the theory goes, they would have more energy and feel better. This study is just the latest one to associate a poor diet with clinical depression.
Because of the limited sample size and the possible presence of other environmental or economic variables, the researchers stressed that their findings were preliminary and more study was needed.
Effects of Teenage Depression
A chemical imbalance in the brain triggers clinical depression, so this illness can strike any person at any time. Clinical depression is one of the most common mental illnesses in the United State, and as outlined below, also one of the most treatable ones. That’s assuming treatment is available.
Although it is a mental illness, clinical depression often has some physical symptoms as well. Some of these symptoms include:
- Insomnia: Many depressed people have a hard time quieting their minds and getting to sleep at night. Additionally, when they wake up, they have a hard time falling back asleep. As a result, they have a hard time functioning during the day.
- Heart Attack: Depression increases triglyceride levels as well as certain kinds of inflammation. These factors increase the risk of a heart attack and other heart disease. These factors also reduce the survival rate.
- Decreased Immunity: Depression affects the link between the brain’s hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the body’s autonomic nervous system. As a result, depressed people are less able to resist common infections, like head colds, and chronic diseases, like cardiovascular conditions.
Mentally, effects include decreased libido, difficulty making decisions, excessive clinginess, loneliness, and an unnatural preoccupation with death which could lead to suicidal thoughts.
Some combination of therapy and medication usually cures, or at least manages, clinical depression. There is no one-size-fits-all approach, and the prescribed treatment may involve some trial and error. So, the insurance company must be patient.
Many people respond well to psychotherapy, which is also called psychological therapy or talk therapy. Therapy often helps people develop better life skills and interpersonal skills, so they can work through problems without feeling overwhelmed.
The medical component often involves an SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) antidepressant. These drugs block serotonin reabsorption (reuptake), thus raising the brain’s serotonin levels. This chemical is a natural antidepressant.
Because of their effectiveness, SSRIs are the most commonly-prescribed antidepressants. They have some other uses as well, such as treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, as outlined below, these drugs also have some serious side-effects.
Prompt and proper diagnosis is important as well. The earlier depression treatment begins, the more effective it is. Unfortunately, many doctors confuse situational depression with clinical depression. These illnesses have similar symptoms, but they are medically quite different.
Many depression treatment centers effectively address this mental illness and all its physical and emotional effects. But insurance companies often do not use the same reimbursement policies for mental illness providers as they use for med-surge providers. The Parity Act prohibits such different treatments, but many insurance companies ignore this Act.
If your depression treatment center did not receive full insurance company reimbursement, you may have legal options.
SSRI Antidepressants and Side-Effects
Since depression has both mental and physical effects, drugs like Zoloft are incredibly powerful. As mentioned, many doctors prescribe SSRIs without seriously considering other options.
Many patients experience mild side-effects, such as dry mouth and dizziness. In other words, Zoloft often makes the symptoms worse before it improves them. If these mild symptoms persist for more than a week or so, your doctor may need to adjust your medication.
Some people experience more serious side-effects, such as reduced sexual performance, especially among men, weight loss, and ecchymosis (easily bruised). These effects could be indicative of a deeper problem.
The most serious SSRI side-effects include vision changes, bloody stools, and a long-lasting erection. SSRIs have also been linked to autism and birth defects. Additionally, there is evidence that the manufacturer knew about these serious side-effects and concealed the risk so sales would not suffer.
Legally, manufacturers are strictly liable for the injuries their dangerous drugs cause. Victims need not establish fault or negligence. Moreover, if the company intentionally disregarded a known risk, substantial punitive damages may be available, in addition to compensatory damages for things like medical bills and pain and suffering.
Depression is a complex illness which has a number of legal ramifications. For a free consultation with an experienced personal injury attorney in New York, contact Napoli Shkolnik PLLC.
You have a limited amount of time to act.
How Can We Help?
Do you need assistance with a legal matter? Our attorneys have the experience needed to guide you in the right direction. | <urn:uuid:0e9573f2-2252-4474-8384-0a6b82b9dea0> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.lexblog.com/2019/09/09/fast-food-teens-and-depression/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655886516.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704170556-20200704200556-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.946299 | 1,114 | 3.484375 | 3 |
a building in which a herd of cows is milked Compare parlour (sense 6)
noun 1. a low, usually three-legged stool with a flat seat in the shape of a half circle, used by a person when milking a cow. noun 1. a low three-legged stool
- Milk lameness
noun 1. (vet science) a disease of cattle that produce a high milk yield, characterized by hip lameness associated with a low concentration of phosphorus in the blood
noun, Pathology. 1. a painful swelling of the leg soon after childbirth, due to thrombosis of the large veins. noun 1. inflammation and thrombosis of the femoral vein following childbirth, characterized by painful swelling of the leg Also called white leg Technical name phlegmasia alba dolens milk leg n. A painful swelling of the leg […]
- Milk line
milk line n. See mammary ridge. | <urn:uuid:f71f3e31-41fa-470a-ac99-98972d82bd05> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://definithing.com/define-dictionary/milking-shed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689775.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923194310-20170923214310-00161.warc.gz | en | 0.901372 | 198 | 2.546875 | 3 |
RRS Sir David Attenborough icebreaker Review and Specifications
Specifications of RRS Sir David Attenborough icebreaker
|Year built||2019 new ship|
|Builder||Cammell Laird (Merseyside, Birkenhead, England)|
|Building cost||GBP 200 million (USD 250 million)|
|Owner||UK government (NERC)|
|Operator||British Antarctic Survey (BAS)|
|Speed||13 kn / 24 kph / 15 mph|
|Length (LOA)||129 m / 423 ft|
|Beam (width)||24 m / 79 ft|
|Gross Tonnage||1500 gt|
Review of RRS Sir David Attenborough icebreaker
RRS Sir David Attenborough is a British icebreaking vessel (currently under construction). After is launch in 2019, the icebreaker is used as a logistics (research / survey / cargo) supply ship serving British Antarctica-based scientific stations with roundtrip departures from Port Stanley (Falkland Islands). RRS stands for "Royal Research Ship".
Royal research ships are the UK's merchant navy vessels conducting scientific research for the British Government (HMG). The list of organisations that are allowed to operate RRS vessels includes NERC (abbrev "Natural Environment Research Council"), BAS (abbrev "British Antarctic Survey") and NOC (abbrev "National Oceanography Centre"). However, a warrant from the British monarch is required a vessel to be designated as RRS. The UK's current fleet of Royal Research Ships includes the follwoing vessels (the year built in brackets): RRS James Clark Ross (1990), RRS Ernest Shackleton (1995), RRS James Cook (2007), RRS Discovery (2013) and RRS Sir David Attenborough (2019).
RRS Sir David Attenborough ship was ordered by the British Government to replace two of the UK's existing polar vessels (operated under charter) - RRS James Clark Ross (1990) and RRS Ernest Shackleton (1995). The vessel is named after Sir David Frederick Attenborough (1926) - British broadcaster and naturalist, best known as the writer and presenter of "The Life Collection" (24-DVD box set by BBC Natural History Unit).
The ship's construction started in July 2016. In 2014, the British Government announced funding for an icebreaker construction project for BAS (British Antarctic Survey). The new icebreaker is fully equipped with latest technology instrumentation for polar research purposes.
The ship design was developed by the private contractor Houlder Ltd (basic design, facility configuration, consultation). In 2015, BAS contracted Rolls-Royce Marine to provide the ship's final (detailed) design. The British shipbuilding company Cammell Laird (shipyard Birkenhead, England) was selected for the vessel's construction. The ship's keel laying ceremony was held on October 17, 2016.
Sir David Attenborough icebreaker vessel details
The icebreaker features latest technology equipment for polar surveys (acoustic, seismic, subsea), including ADCP (acoustic), echo sounder, biological echo sounder, biological sonar, omnidirectional sonar, USBL, telemetry and net monitoring systems, onboard meteo weather station, cargo handling facilities, airborne robots, scientific moon pool, ROVs (remotely operated underwater vehicle / robotic submarines), marine gliders, Kayaks (large-capacity inflatable boats).
Other onboard facilities include electric winches (mechanical devices), containerized labs and workshops, dedicated scientific facilities (biosciences, geology and geophysical, oceanographic and atmospheric science), passenger staterooms, general lounge (mess hall), galley (kitchen), bar lounge, conference room (doubling as library), sauna room, fitness (gym room with exercise equipment), laundries, hospital (resident doctor).
- The ship is poweret by Rolls-Royce marine diesel engines (model "Bergen B33:45"), of which two 9-cylinder (power output 5400 kW) and two 6-cylinder) (power output 3600 kW).
- Propulsion is Rolls-Royce (diesel-electric) with 2-shafts, 5-bladed (4,5 m / 14,8 ft diameter) controllable pitch propellers.
- Rolls-Royce Marine is also the supplier of the ship's automation and control systems, as well of its dynamic positioning system, the Unified Bridge and deck handling systems.
- Displacement tonnage: 12,790 tons
- Max Draught: 7 m (23 ft)
- Icebreaking capacity: 2,5 m (8 ft). Ship's speed when breaking through 1 m (3 ft) thick ice is 3 kn (5.6 kph / 3.5 mph).
- Ice-class DNV GL ICE-05 (hull)
- Range: 35,000 km (22,000 ml)
- Endurance: 60 days
- The ship has one fore-located helipad (helideck and hangar) with capacity 2 small-sized helicopters.
- For safety reasons, passengers (scientists, cruise tourists) are not allowed in the following areas and facilities (unless specific permission has been granted): Navigation Bridge, Engine Room, all machinery spaces, galley (kitchen), engineering workshops, crew areas (cabins, Crew Mess Room, Crew Bar).
- Scientific staff is accommodated on the ship in 2-, 3- or 4-berth staterooms. Each of these passenger cabins is equipped with en-suite bathroom (WC, shower). Cabins shouldn't be locked while the ship is at sea (only when in port).
Note: In case of poor AIS coverage, tracking the vessel's current location is impossible. You can see the CruiseMapper's list of all icebreakers and ice-breaking research ships in the "itinerary" section of our Icebreakers hub. All states and their fleets are listed there.
RRS Sir David Attenborough icebreaker wiki
- On August 21, 2017, the ship's stern section (aka Block 10) left the A&P Tyne shipyard and on August 31 was deliverd to Cammell Laird's shipyard (Birkenhead, England). Commissioned by NERC, the polar research vessel is constructed by the shipbuilding company Cammell Laird (UK's largest ship repair and vessel conversion company). A&P Tyne's engineers and manufacturers invested over 175,000 man hours to construct the 899-ton stern section (length 23 m / 75 ft, width 24 m / 79 ft).
- On July 14, 2018, was the ship's launch, attracting numerous spectators at Albert Dock and Otterspool Park (Liverpool side of the river).
- The Rolls-Royce Bergen B33:45 engines (two 9- and two 6-cylinder) provide both propulsion and electric power generation. These engines run on low sulphur fuel and are fitted with Selective Catalytic Reduction and electronic management systems. The icebreaker complies with IMO's both standards - Tier 2 and Tier 3.
- In order to allow underwater survey works, the ship design required lowest possible levels of underwater radiated noise. This was accomplished by using modern diesel generator sets providing power to the vessel's electrical system and batteries (5 MW peak effect capacity). Using batteries additionally reduces fuel consumption, emissions and vibrations. The risk of sea pollution is also reduced by using electrical instead of hydraulic winches. | <urn:uuid:e9f536e1-0d94-4076-b274-6ece7b2fdf91> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.cruisemapper.com/ships/RRS-Sir-David-Attenborough-icebreaker-1833 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591543.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720061052-20180720081052-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.8931 | 1,580 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The following conservation-based marine research projects contributed to the rich history of Citizen Science engagement at the Port Townsend Marine Science Center.
Abalone Project: PTMSC volunteers worked with the Puget Sound Restoration Fund on this outreach project. Volunteers monitored the health and growth of juvenile abalone living in “halfway houses” — the PTMSC floating dock and in the Discovery Lab tanks.
Abalone Feeding Trials: PTMSC staff member Jamie Montague taught a course in ocean sciences at a local private school, Jefferson Community School. The students ran a long term study comparing the growth rates of juvenile abalone with different feed types. Students and PTMSC volunteers fed the abalone three times a week and collected growth data once monthly.
Dinophysis Monitoring: SoundToxins volunteers sampled the entire water column looking for where Dinophysis spp. might be (this species causes diarrhetic shellfish poisoning).
Dungeness Crab Larva Monitoring Project: PTMSCorganized volunteers at multiple sites in Jefferson County to trap megalops larvae of Dungeness crabs, in a study carried out by the Suquamish Tribe on the origins and movements of crab larvae in Puget Sound and Hood Canal.
Nature Mapping: Trained volunteers and PTMSC staff lead data collection on intertidal species diversity and presence of invasive species at multiple Jefferson Co. sites.
Ocean Genome Legacy Project: PTMSC staff and volunteers collected tissue samples from a variety of intertidal species and marine mammals. Tissues were analyzed for genomic information and filed in a genome bank – making the information available to researchers studying the decline of biodiversity in the marine environment.
Orca Project: Volunteers helped clean, measure, photograph, digitally scan and articulate (put together) a transient orca skeleton. This orca (CA 189) was found to have one of the highest levels of toxics ever recorded. The orca exhibit debuted on September 29, 2012 as part of a several new exhibits that focus on the presence of toxics in Puget Sound and the marine environment.
Plastics Ingestion Study: For four years, PTMSC collected data on plastic ingestion by Glaucous wing gulls on Protection Island. Volunteers dissected regurgitated boluses and characterized both diet and any plastics or other human-made contents. Read our peer-reviewed paper on this project.
Plastics in the Marine Environment: In this study led by PTMSC, volunteers sampled, sieved, and sorted sediments from beaches throughout Puget Sound and the NW Straits to determine the amount of plastic present on local beaches.
Salish Sea Hydrophone Network: PTMSC is one of five nodes in this Puget Sound-wide network of organizations using underwater microphones to monitor orcas. Data is collected by Orca Sound and is licensed through creative commons.
Sound Citizen Water Quality Monitoring — Volunteers have assisted researchers at University of Washington in an ongoing study that tracks the presence of cooking spices and toxins in Puget Sound, to investigate the connection between our urban landscapes and its marine waters. | <urn:uuid:55185b60-5661-49d9-a0ed-b96ba252ada6> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://ptmsc.org/programs/investigate/citizen-science/completed-projects | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323970.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629121355-20170629141355-00171.warc.gz | en | 0.917986 | 632 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Mars to come so close to Earth you could almost touch it
Assuming you had 57.4 million-mile long arms, that is.
A huge night for stargazers is nearly here: On Monday evening (April 14), Mars will make its closest approach to Earth in six years, just ahead of a total eclipse of the moon.
Mars will be at its closest to Earth since 2008 when the Red Planet comes within 57.4 million miles (92.4 million km) of our planet. While that close approach occurs during the daytime, at 8:53 a.m. EDT (1253 GMT), Mars will rise later in the southeastern night sky and shine throughout Monday evening as a sort of night sky preview for the first total lunar eclipse of 2014 early Tuesday (April 15).
You can watch live webcasts of Mars and the total lunar eclipse on Space.com, courtesy of the Slooh community telescope, NASA and the Virtual Telescope project. The Slooh Mars webcast will begin at 10 p.m. EDT (0200 April 15 GMT), with several lunar eclipse webcasts following at 2 a.m. EDT (0500 GMT) on Tuesday.
Editor's Note: If you snap an amazing picture of Mars or the total lunar eclipse, you can send photos, comments and your name and location to managing editor Tariq Malik at [email protected].
How to see Mars at its best
On April 8, Mars was at opposition to the sun, meaning it was on the opposite side of Earth from the sun — a celestial alignment that occurs every 26 months. The past several years have been lean ones for Mars observers.
Those who witnessed its spectacular 2003 Mars approach, which brought the planet within 34.6 million miles (55.7 million km) of Earth, have had to settle for increasingly poorer views of the Red Planet as the Earth-Mars orbital geometry became more unfavorable. But that trend is ending with Monday's event, Mars will make its closest approach to Earth since Jan. 3, 2008.
And yet, despite the improvement, this is still below-average in terms of favorability. Currently, a 6-inch telescope with an eyepiece magnifying 118-power will show Mars' rust-hued disk appearing as large as the full moon appears with the unaided eye and yielding detail only grudgingly. Even so, observers may be able to spot new features in the light and dark markings that cover the planet's surface.
On Monday at 2 p.m. EDT (11 a.m. PDT/1800 GMT), the moon will pass 3 degrees south of Mars, an invisible event because the Americas will be in daylight and the moon and Mars will be below our horizon. When they first appear in the east-southeast sky later that evening, they will have noticeably separated; the moon having moved on to the east, closer to Spica en route to its rendezvous with the Earth’s shadow.
Finally, at 8:45 p.m. local daylight time, compare Mars with the brightest star in the sky — the bluish Sirius (in the south-southwest) — when they stand at equal altitudes. The Observer's Handbook of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada says both will shine at the same brightness, a magnitude -1.5. Which do you think appears brighter?
Mars would likely garner most, if not all, of the attention on Monday night if it were not for the total lunar eclipse following soon afterward. But the Red Planet's close proximity to the soon-to-be-darkened moon will no doubt have not a few people asking the question: "Just what is that fiery-colored object that’s glowing high above the moon?" So at least in a literal sense, Mars will "top" the moon on Monday evening.
Total lunar eclipse could wow U.S.
Mars aside, the moon is poised to wow observers across most of North America with it is eclipsed by Earth's shadow between 2 a.m. EDT and 5 a.m. EDT (0600 to 0900 GMT) on Tuesday morning. [Total Lunar Eclipse of 2015: Complete Coverage]
Those in the eastern states will have this shady little drama take place between midnight and dawn, while those out based on the U.S. West Coast, in Alaska and Hawaii will see it in the middle of the night. Regardless, many stargazers will be out Monday evening to admire the full moon as it rises over the east-southeast horizon soon after sunset.
There is also religious significance in that this is also the Paschal Full Moon. Simply speaking, the Paschal Full Moon is the first full moon after the spring equinox. This moon sometimes occurs in March and sometimes in April.
The word Paschal means "Passover" in Greek (a transliteration of the Hebrew word "pesach"). Indeed, Monday evening marks the start of Passover. Monday's full moon is also significant because it is used to determine what date Easter will fall on each year. This is why Easter is a movable holiday, occurring anytime from March 22 to April 25.
Besides the moon and Mars, one other objects are likely to attract some attention. Just below the moon there will be a star shining with a bluish tinge. That will be Spica, the brightest star in the constellation Virgo.
While the moon might seem to overwhelm Spica with its brilliant light early Monday evening, it will be a different story some hours later when the moon is completely immersed in the Earth’s shadow and appears 10,000 to 100,000 times dimmer. Then Spica will stand out like a bluish jewel next to the dull ruddy ball of the totally eclipsed moon.
Joe Rao serves as an instructor and guest lecturer at New York's Hayden Planetarium. He writes about astronomy for Natural History magazine, the Farmer's Almanac and other publications, and he is also an on-camera meteorologist for News 12 Westchester, N.Y.Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook and Google+. Original article on Space.com.
- Close Mars, Lunar Eclipse And Lyrid Meteors - April 2014 Skywatching Video
- Mars Coming Close: Where To Look | Video
- Spectacular Night Sky Photos for April 2014 (Stargazing Gallery)
- Best Beginner Astrophotography Telescopes
Copyright 2014 SPACE.com, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. | <urn:uuid:5499e9c3-024e-40c5-a349-bc8c95675d6f> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://m.csmonitor.com/Science/2014/0414/Mars-to-come-so-close-to-Earth-you-could-almost-touch-it | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886124662.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823225412-20170824005412-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.929003 | 1,354 | 2.765625 | 3 |
An interesting question I myself never thought of also ... my guess would be the Ethernet cable have limitation on the distances. Hopefully someone here could give a more proper and technical explaination.
My teach always said, there is never a stupid question.Just question never asked and remain clueless
Ethernet had a maximum length of 100 m. Originally long distance communication was a analogue rather than digital. The serial cable had a series of pins for data and clocks. Eventually we had digital circuits. Finally we delevoped methods of carrying Ethernet over these digital circuits.
So now you can connect routers using Ethernet but technology cycles can be quite long. | <urn:uuid:5c4ce224-dd71-4bfa-9ac3-1959b69c4ea8> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://learningnetwork.cisco.com/thread/8713 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982931818.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200851-00129-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955759 | 129 | 2.734375 | 3 |
91-year-old chemist invents reusable wipe, a pandemic essential
A Philadelphia inventor has spent his entire life studying for this moment in history.“Bacteria has been growing. It’s been sneaking up on us all the time,” said Solomon Rosenblatt. He unraveled a small black cloth that could revolutionize the way we approach cleanliness in the future. Cleverly called, “IoWipe,” the product is a sponge cloth infused with the chemical element, iodine. “Iodine is nature’s antimicrobial,” Rosenblatt said. He cites that bacteria has not yet learned how to fight against the strength of this essential mineral. His discovery was decades in the making.
07.27.20 | 01:39 | CC | <urn:uuid:9038a4c1-a3c1-46cb-82e9-962585cebde9> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://abc.com/shows/localish/video/vdka19391351 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301730.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120065949-20220120095949-00381.warc.gz | en | 0.952101 | 167 | 2.9375 | 3 |
This might be an extremely easy question and I'm just over-thinking it, but could someone give me a hand with some grade 10 physics? 1. A downhill skier has an initial speed of 2.5 m/s. She accelerates up to a speed of 20 m/s in 3.8 s. a) Calculate the average acceleration of the skier. Okay, so I know that acceleration equals velocity over time, but I'm slightly confused. So I know how to calculate the acceleration of 20 m/s in 3.8 s. Which is ... (about) 5.26. But, I get stuck here. | <urn:uuid:c49ba70e-ac3e-4de7-8e2c-e152a08ddc27> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/acceleration-of-skier-on-slope.170153/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719273.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00128-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936609 | 131 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Sun protection in children is more important than at any other age. Even though skin cancer is rare in children, sunburn in childhood is a major risk factor for later skin cancer. Babies and very young children can be harder to protect due to their sensitive skin, and older children need encouragement to stay safe in the sun.
Why is sun protection so important during childhood?
A sunburn in the first 18 years of life is one of the highest risk factors for skin cancer when older.1
High sun exposure in the first 10 years of life more than doubles the risk of melanoma.2
Fortunately, the risk of melanoma in later life is lower if sunburn is prevented during childhood.3
Other skin cancers are also more common following sun exposure in childhood: Intensive sun exposure from time to time increases risk of basal cell carcinoma while long term low grade exposure increases the risk of squamous cell carcinoma.1
Children start to develop moles in the first years of life. They are genetically determined; in other words, if you have lots of moles your children are more likely to get lots of moles.4
Moles can develop due to sun exposure in childhood.5
This is important because high numbers of moles are a risk factor for development of melanoma in later life.1
People with more than 100 moles have almost 7 times greater risk of developing melanoma.6
Birthmarks are a type of mole, also known as a congenital mole. They are almost always harmless. In rare cases, very large congenital moles more than 20 cm diameter are present at or shortly after birth. Melanoma can occasionally develop in this type of mole.7 8
Skin cancer in childhood
Skin cancer in children is very rare. Australian statistics show that in 2017, a child under 15 is approximately 100 times less likely to develop a melanoma than a 50-year-old, and 200 times less likely to develop a melanoma than an 80-year-old.910
This means it’s not usually considered necessary for children to have regular skin cancer check-ups.
Sun protection for children
How to reduce exposure to ultraviolet radiation
The first step in preventing ultraviolet-induced sun damage is to reduce exposure to excessive sunlight. In infants under 6 months old, try to use these methods only (i.e. minimise or avoid sunscreen use if possible).
The Cancer Council suggests these approaches for reducing sun exposure:11
- Cover as much skin as possible with loose-fitting clothing made from light but tightly woven fabric.
- Use a hat that covers the ears and neck. Broad brimmed, bucket or legionnaire-style hats are suitable. Babies may be more comfortable in a hat which crumples when the head is down.12
Shade prams and strollers by draping fabric over them.
- Check regularly to make sure that children’s hats and clothing are still providing adequate coverage.
- Keep outdoor activities to the times of the day when ultraviolet radiation is least intense, usually before 10am and after 3pm.
- Stay in the shade if possible, and encourage children to play in the shade. But remember that even in the shade ultraviolet radiation can reach you after being reflected off surfaces outside. Make sure that you use other forms of sun protection as well.
- Provide a good example for children by protecting yourself against the sun.
Children and sunscreens
Children’s skin is easily damaged by ultraviolet radiation, but possibly also by sunscreen. It might not be possible to completely avoid sunscreen use, but in very young children, sunscreen should be considered the “last line of defence” against the sun.13
Reactions to sunscreen are unusual and can be due to sensitivity or allergy to one of many ingredients in sunscreen. Commonly, the ingredients which cause reactions are fragrances and preservatives, but sometimes reactions are due to the active ultraviolet absorber or shield.14
Sunscreens formulated for children don’t necessarily offer higher protection than sunscreens for adults. The main difference is that irritant ingredients such as pigments and fragrances are often left out to reduce the risk of a reaction.
Children’s sunscreens are more likely to include physical ingredients such as zinc or titanium dioxide. These ingredients form a barrier which blocks ultraviolet radiation and may be less likely to cause irritation or sensitivity in children’s skin than so-called than chemical sunscreens which react with ultraviolet radiation to absorb it and reduce its effect on skin cells.14
Children are more likely to apply enough sunscreen if they use a pump dispenser
Babies under 6 months are a special case. As well as having very sensitive skin, they have a large surface area in relation to their overall size. This means that sunscreen ingredients can theoretically be absorbed at a higher concentration. In general, it is probably safest to avoid sunscreen on very young babies and instead use clothing, hats and shade for sun protection.15 Fortunately, there is not strong evidence that sunscreen has caused harm to infants and it is most likely safe to use in small amounts on limited parts of the body.16
How to choose sunscreen for a child
When choosing a sunscreen for an infant or young child, there are several factors to consider:13
- Most important: The sunscreen must provide adequate ultraviolet protection. Check for SPF (sun protection factor) of at least 30+, and broad-spectrum protection against both ultraviolet-B and ultraviolet-A radiation
- There should be minimum risk of irritation or other reactions. Use a sunscreen which has the minimum possible amount of non-essential ingredients such as pigment or fragrance.
- Consider using physical (i.e. based on zinc or titanium dioxide) rather than chemical sunscreens for infants.
- Sunscreen should be easy to apply, and preferably non-greasy and non-staining.
- Less important: Water resistance and transparent appearance may be important for adults and older children but may not be relevant for infants and toddlers.
Encourage children to use sunscreen
When children are old enough to apply their own sunscreen (e.g. primary school age), they must be encouraged to apply sunscreen as part of their daily routine whenever the ultraviolet index is forecast to rise above 3. Children are more likely to apply enough sunscreen if they use a pump dispenser rather than a squeeze bottle or roll-on applicator.17
The Cancer Council suggests these methods and techniques:18
- Let children practise applying sunscreen at about three years of age. By the time they start at pre-school or school they should have mastered this skill.
- Set up a “sunscreen station”: provide a mirror and somewhere for the child to wipe their hands.
- Keep sunscreen in an insulated lunch box so that it is cool when applied. This can be refreshing on a hot day.
- Clip-on sunscreen can be attached to a bag, providing a constant visual reminder.
- Make sunscreen application a fun activity by drawing shapes and squiggles before rubbing it in.
- Be a role model to children. They learn from what they see adults doing. If you apply sunscreen consistently and properly, they will learn from your example.
Sunscreen “failure” in children
In recent years there have been reports of sunscreens, particularly spray-on formulations, either allowing or “causing” burns on children.19 In fact, these reports have sometimes been shown to be misleading.
It’s important to consider:
- Was enough sunscreen applied? Spray on sunscreens are easy to under apply because they are diluted with propellant. When using spray-on sunscreen always rub it into the skin to make sure the entire area is covered.
- Did the sunscreen contain irritants? Maybe the “sunburn” was actually a rash caused by ingredients in the sunscreen.
- Had the sunscreen been properly stored? Sunscreen can be less effective if it was stored at an inappropriate temperature (for example, in a car in the summer) or if it is past its use-by date.
Spray on sunscreen in itself is no less effective than other sunscreens, but it might be better to avoid because it’s harder to get adequate coverage.
Are skin checks necessary for children?
Parents frequently ask about children and skin cancer checks. At what age should they start?
It can be concerning when your child starts to develop new moles and spots, especially if they've had recent sun exposure. But in almost all children, the risk of skin cancer is very low and routine screening isn't recommended.
It's normal for children and young adults to develop new moles. The number of moles a person develops is influenced mainly by genetic factors. People with many moles tend to have children with many moles. Some are present from birth, and more will appear up to about 40 years of age. Some appear in response to sun exposure, but most will appear irrespective of the amount of time the child spends in the sun.
Having many moles can be a risk factor for skin cancer and adults with more than 100 moles are usually advised to have a full body skin check once per year.20
Because skin cancer in children is rare, routine screening isn't usually recommended under the age of 15. After that, regular skin checks might be recommended for high risk teenagers.21
Risk factors include:
- Family history of melanoma in a parent, brother or sister
- Many moles (more than 100)
Our recommendation for children:
- Be familiar with your child's spots.
- If you notice a spot that looks "odd" or different from your child's other spots, ask a doctor to check it. This could be your GP.
- If your GP thinks the spot looks abnormal, have it checked by a skin cancer specialist.
Since sun damage in children is much more likely to result in skin cancer; it’s extremely important to avoid excessive sun exposure.
The most effective forms of sun protection stop the ultraviolet radiation from reaching the skin. These include:
- Sun-protective clothing and hats
- Staying out of the sun (ie indoors or in shaded environments)
Choose sunscreen carefully to ensure that it provides maximum protection, minimal irritation and is not unpleasant or difficult to apply in adequate amounts.
- 1. a. b. c. Cancer Council. Risk factors / epidemiology. Skin cancer statistics and issues. [Online] 13 October 2016. [Cited: 21 July 2019.] https://wiki.cancer.org.au/skincancerstats/Risk_factors/epidemiology
- 2. Kricker, A, et al. Ambient UV, personal sun exposure and risk of multiple primary melanomas. Cancer Causes and Control. [Online] 6 January 2007. [Cited: 21 July 2019.] https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-006-0091-x. 1573-7225
- 3. Watts, Caroline G, et al. Sunscreen use and melanoma risk among young Australian ddults. JAMA Dermatology. [Online] September 2018. [Cited: 21 July 2019.] https://doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.1774
- 4. Cancer Council Victoria. Risk factors. SunSmart. [Online] 2019. [Cited: 21 July 2019.] https://www.sunsmart.com.au/skin-cancer/risk-factors
- 5. Harrison, Simone Lee, MacLennan, Robert and Buettner, Petra Gertraud. Sun exposure and the incidence of melanocytic nevi in young Australian children. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. [Online] September 2008. [Cited: 21 July 2019.] http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/17/9/2318
- 6. Gandini, Sara, et al. Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: I. Common and atypical naevi. European Journal of Cancer. [Online] January 2005. [Cited: 21 July 2019.] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2004.10.015
- 7. Oakley, Amanda and Raj, Giri. Congenital melanocytic naevus. DermNet NZ. [Online] June 2014. [Cited: 21 July 2019.] https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/congenital-melanocytic-naevi/
- 8. US National Library of Medicine. Are moles determined by genetics? Genetics Home Reference. [Online] 16 July 2019. [Cited: 21 July 2019.] https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/traits/moles
- 9. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Cancer data in Australia. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. [Online] 18 December 2018. [Cited: 21 July 2019.] https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/cancer/cancer-data-in-australia/acim-bo…
- 10. Cancer Australia. Cancer incidence. National Cancer Control Indicators. [Online] 2019. [Cited: 21 July 2019.] https://ncci.canceraustralia.gov.au/diagnosis/cancer-incidence/cancer-i…
- 11. Cancer Council NSW. Sun protection for babies and children. Cancer Council NSW. [Online] [Cited: 21 July 2019.] https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/1701/cancer-prevention/sun-protection/…
- 12. Cancer Council Victoria. Sun protective hats. SunSmart. [Online] June 2018. [Cited: 22 September 2019.] https://www.sunsmart.com.au/downloads/resources/info-sheets/sun-protect…
- 13. a. b. Paller, Amy S, et al. New insights about infant and toddler skin: implications for sun protection. Pediatrics. [Online] 6 June 2011. [Cited: 21 July 2019.] https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/128/1/92
- 14. a. b. Cancer Council Australia. Sunscreen reactions. Cancer Council. [Online] 27 March 2019. [Cited: 21 July 2019.] https://www.cancer.org.au/preventing-cancer/sun-protection/sunscreen-re…
- 15. Ingram, Sue. Infant sunblock. Simply Sunscreen. [Online] 2019. [Cited: 21 July 2019.] https://www.simplysunscreen.com/infant-sunblock.html
- 16. Browne, Kate. Is sunscreen safe for young babies? Choice. [Online] 9 February 2017. [Cited: 22 September 2019.] https://www.choice.com.au/babies-and-kids/children-and-safety/avoiding-…
- 17. Diaz, Abbey, et al. The children and sunscreen study: A crossover trial ivestigating children's sunscreen application thickness and te influence of age and dispenser type. JAMA Dermatology. [Online] May 2012. [Cited: 21 July 2019.] https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/1149913
- 18. Cancer Council Victoria. Slop on sunscreen. SunSmart. [Online] 2019. [Cited: 21 July 2019.] https://www.sunsmart.com.au/communities/parents/slop-on-sunscreen
- 19. Bray, Karina. Aerosol spray sunscreens called into question. Choice. [Online] 6 December 2017. [Cited: 21 July 2019.] https://www.choice.com.au/health-and-body/beauty-and-personal-care/skin…
- 20. Sinclair, Rodney. Skin checks. Australian Family Physician. [Online] July 2012. [Cited: 22 September 2019.] https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/july/skin-checks/
- 21. Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. The red book: skin cancer. Guidelines for preventive activities in general practice, 9th edition. [Online] 2018. [Cited: 22 September 2019.] https://www.racgp.org.au/clinical-resources/clinical-guidelines/key-rac…. | <urn:uuid:50df560a-b0a3-4fa2-add4-69dab7806c3a> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://spotcheck.clinic/skin-cancer-sun-protection-sunscreens-and-children | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141396.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200216182139-20200216212139-00128.warc.gz | en | 0.919016 | 3,459 | 3.109375 | 3 |
On 20 January 2003, a fire broke out in the Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains in Hubei Province, China.
Two-and-a-half hours later, the Yuzhengong Palace was burned to the ground. No one was injured in the fire but many of the structures from the Ming dynasty (14th-17th centuries) were damaged.
Inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1994, the Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains represents the highest standards of Chinese art and architecture over a period of nearly 1,000 years. The palaces and temples which form the nucleus of this group of secular and religious buildings exemplify the architectural and artistic achievements of China's Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. Situated in the scenic valleys and on the slopes of the Wudang mountains in Hubei Province, the site contains Taoist buildings from as early as the 7th century.
Immediately following news of the fire-damage to the Yuzhen Palace, one of the properties comprising the Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains World Heritage Site in China, the Director of the World Heritage Centre, Mr Francesco Bandarin sent a letter to H. Exc. Mr Zhang Xuezhong, Ambassador for the People's Republic of China to UNESCO expressing his “deepest regret over this disaster and transmit, on behalf of the World Heritage Centre, our solidarity with the victims of this fire which has reportedly caused great loss of property for many individuals in addition to the historic buildings of this World Heritage site.”
“Please be assured,” Mr Bandarin told the Ambassador, “that the UNESCO World Heritage Centre will spare no effort to support the endeavours of the Chinese authorities and the people of China in their rehabilitation and restoration work to safeguard the heritage of humankind.”
The Centre was informed by UNESCO Beijing Office that a site monitoring mission would be arranged by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage of China (SACH) immediately after the Chinese New Year, in mid February. The results of this mission will be reported to the World Heritage Committee at its next session in Suzhou, China in June 2003. | <urn:uuid:5d1378a9-4b19-4ff2-bc87-ba2802add8d3> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://whc.unesco.org/pg_friendly_print.cfm?cid=82&id=142 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500823169.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021343-00365-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953692 | 446 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Rubrics help your learners build speaking and presentation skills
A few weeks back, I had a conversation with an elementary teacher about the types of feedback he could give to better let his learners know how they were doing on their presentations. This discussion led into how important the ability to stand in front of people and talk is to long-term success both in school and in the workplace. We talked a bit about how the students at that age don’t quite know what elements of a presentation are important, so providing them a framework will help them think about and work on those skills. In addition to the framework, we thought it was important for student to self-assess, or predict, their level of proficiency before they did their presentation. Enter the rubric.
One of the better resources for pre-created rubrics (and much more) I’ve found for students is at the Buck Institute for Education or BIE. They provide a plethora of resources around Project Based Learning that can be adopted into your general and special education classrooms. The K-2 rubric is a great entry-level document to help your learners understand what elements they need to include or demonstrate. To download any of the documents, you will need first to create a free login. | <urn:uuid:d9601adb-cde2-4cf2-8afb-c0471f79d2e7> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://ronhoutman.com/2014/02/rubrics-help-your-learners-build-speaking-and-presentation-skills/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742793.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115161834-20181115183834-00336.warc.gz | en | 0.97655 | 255 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Concerns About Seabirds
Seabirds are among the most threatened groups of birds in North America, according to the North American Waterbird Conservation Plan's species conservation status assessment and well as globally, as documented by the IUCN Red List Indices for bird-species groups.
Threats such as habitat disturbance, nesting habitat degradation and loss, changes in food supply, fishery bycatch and others have had a substantial impact on seabird populations worldwide; these threats are exacerbated by the natural history traits of seabirds (restricted breeding ranges, delayed onset of reproduction, low reproductive rate). Moreover, there are significant gaps in seabird conservation (relating to knowledge, capacity and integration) because of seabirds’ use of the pelagic environment and the manner in which ocean resources are managed.
Based on these concerns, the Waterbird Conservation Council retained a team of University of Maryland Sustainable Development and Conservation Biology Program graduate students to perform a strategic assessment of the state of seabird conservation and the capacity of the Council to address conservation needs:
Strategic Engagement in Seabird Conservation: An Opportunities Assessment and Action Guide for the Waterbird Conservation Council. A Report prepared by Nicole Balloffet, Wendel Landes, and Nicole LeBoeuf. December 2006. (PDF, 1.1 MB) The team’s recommendations centered around how the Waterbird Conservation Council as a whole and its members individually can advance specific conservation objectives, while raising the overall profile of the Council and facilitating a more cohesive, coordinated, and strategic approach to seabird conservation in the Americas.
Seabird Conservation Activities
Council acknowledged the quality and utility of the students work and reaffirmed its desire to increase efforts on behalf of the seabird in 2007, including support for:
Regional-scale activities for seabirds
March 17, 2008 | <urn:uuid:b653b5b4-67aa-401f-9d47-9c563fbbe7a6> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/nacwcp/seabirds.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931007056.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155647-00174-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900923 | 384 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Pow"er (?), n. Zool.
Same as Poor, the fish.
© Webster 1913.
Pow"er, n. [OE. pouer, poer, OF. poeir, pooir, F. pouvoir, n. & v., fr. LL. potere, for L. posse, potesse, to be able, to have power. See Possible, Potent, and cf. Posse comitatus.]
Ability to act, regarded as latent or inherent; the faculty of doing or performing something; capacity for action or performance; capability of producing an effect, whether physical or moral: potency; might; as, a man of great power; the power of capillary attraction; money gives power.
"One next himself in power
, and next in crime."
Ability, regarded as put forth or exerted; strength, force, or energy in action; as, the power of steam in moving an engine; the power of truth, or of argument, in producing conviction; the power of enthusiasm.
Capacity of undergoing or suffering; fitness to be acted upon; susceptibility; -- called also passive power; as, great power of endurance.
Power, then, is active and passive; faculty is active power or capacity; capacity is passive power.
Sir W. Hamilton.
The exercise of a faculty; the employment of strength; the exercise of any kind of control; influence; dominion; sway; command; government.
Power is no blessing in itself but when it is employed to protect the innocent.
The agent exercising an ability to act; an individual invested with authority; an institution, or government, which exercises control; as, the great powers of Europe; hence, often, a superhuman agent; a spirit; a divinity.
And the powers of the heavens shall be shaken.
Matt. xxiv. 29.
A military or naval force; an army or navy; a great host.
Never such a power . . .
Was levied in the body of a land.
A large quantity; a great number; as, a power o good things.
8. Mech. (a)
The rate at which mechanical energy is exerted or mechanical work performed, as by an engine or other machine, or an animal, working continuously; as, an engine of twenty horse power.
⇒ The English unit of power used most commonly is the horse power. See Horse power.
A mechanical agent; that from which useful mechanical energy is derived; as, water power; steam power; hand power, etc.
Applied force; force producing motion or pressure; as, the power applied at one and of a lever to lift a weight at the other end
⇒ This use in mechanics, of power as a synonym for force, is improper and is becoming obsolete.
A machine acted upon by an animal, and serving as a motor to drive other machinery; as, a dog power
⇒ Power is used adjectively, denoting, driven, or adapted to be driven, by machinery, and not actuated directly by the hand or foot; as, a power lathe; a power loom; a power press.
The product arising from the multiplication of a number into itself; as, a square is the second power, and a cube is third power, of a number.
10. () Metaph.
Mental or moral ability to act; one of the faculties which are possessed by the mind or soul; as, the power of thinking, reasoning, judging, willing, fearing, hoping, etc.
The guiltiness of my mind, the sudden surprise of my powers, drove the grossness . . . into a received belief.
The degree to which a lens, mirror, or any optical instrument, magnifies; in the telescope, and usually in the microscope, the number of times it multiplies, or augments, the apparent diameter of an object; sometimes, in microscopes, the number of times it multiplies the apparent surface.
An authority enabling a person to dispose of an interest vested either in himself or in another person; ownership by appointment.
Hence, vested authority to act in a given case; as, the business was referred to a committee with power.
⇒ Power may be predicated of inanimate agents, like the winds and waves, electricity and magnetism, gravitation, etc., or of animal and intelligent beings; and when predicated of these beings, it may indicate physical, mental, or moral ability or capacity.
Mechanical powers. See under Mechanical. -- Power loom, ∨ Power press. See Def. 8 (d), note. -- Power of attorney. See under Attorney. -- Power of a point (relative to a given curve) Geom., the result of substituting the coordinates of any point in that expression which being put equal to zero forms the equation of the curve; as, x2 + y2 - 100 is the power of the point x, y, relative to the circle x2 + y2 - 100 = 0.
© Webster 1913. | <urn:uuid:25562ed7-c92b-4122-9561-8324387ad65b> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://everything2.com/title/power | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375094931.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031814-00192-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891717 | 1,064 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Defenders must be on their feet as much as possible. If you are on the ground, you are out of the game. The next worst position to be in is turned sideways, whether slowly trying to get into position or turned to chase someone who isn’t your responsibility. An effective defensive line is one that is spread across the width of the pitch and with hips and shoulders square with the goal line. This position allows defenders to come forward to take away space and change direction together as needed.
Defenders in the front line should stand with the inside foot up. This prevents turning hips inward, forcing them to stay square and look inwards only with the head. When the ball emerges, the first step is forward, rather than a wasted step getting square.
Even in this position, defenders can hand over the initiative to attacking players by being flat footed. If they stand still and fail to come forward, attackers can aim for spaces or attempt to run them over at will. Even if a defender does come forward, but drops his/her butt and stops dead to prepare for a tackle, attackers can again take the advantage beat him/her.
It is important, then, for defenders to come forward once the ball is out and stay connected with each other. Some teams do an excellent job of stopping attackers well behind the gainline (or forcing unwanted kicks) by sprinting forward. There is a risk, however: a fast, long-striding defender is more susceptible to being stepped or can otherwise compromise the integrity of the defensive line.
Some teams do well with a slower, more calculated forward pursuit. This can be detrimental to an attacking team if they perform complicated moves that end up having dummy runners in front of ball carriers. This can allow the defending unit a chance to isolate the strike runner or turn up the tempo to smash a ball carrier well behind the gain line. Even if it does not provide the defending unit a clear advantage, coming forward as slow as the slowest player ensures the integrity of their line is maintained with no gaps. | <urn:uuid:d4d8411d-ee3b-43b8-9c61-a64598f05e2e> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://rugbyguide.ca/welcome/defence/defence-unit/defensive-positioning-and-footwork/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400203096.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922031902-20200922061902-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.959418 | 417 | 2.5625 | 3 |
IBM Knowledge Center
EXP(number) The EXP function syntax has the following arguments: Number Required. The exponent applied to the base e. How to do exponential calculation to a range of cells in Excel? Reuse Anything: Add the most used or complex formulas, charts and anything else to your favorites, and quickly reuse More than 20 text features: Extract Number from Text String; Extract or Remove Part of Texts; Convert Numbers and 2021-02-15 Exponents in excel is the same exponential function in excel such as in mathematics where a number is raised to a power or exponent of another number, exponents are used by two methods one is by using the power function in excel worksheet which takes two arguments one as the number and another as the exponent or we can use the exponent symbol from the keyboard. 2017-01-09 2020-09-24 Select Exponential Smoothing and click OK. 4. Click in the Input Range box and select the range B2:M2. 5.
How to Perform Simple Linear Regression in Excel How to Perform Multiple Linear Regression in Excel How to Perform Quadratic Regression in Excel The Exponential Function is shown in the chart below: Function Description The Excel EXP function calculates the value of the mathematical constant e, raised to the power of a given number. 2021-04-07 · Exponential Notation in Excel & How to Turn Off Auto Scientific Notation! Kawser Updated on Apr 7, 2021 1828 5 comments This article will first introduce you to the scientific number system and number precision definition. 2013-07-29 · I'm downloading a dataset from a website.
In this case, it is 10 x 10 x 10, or 103. In Excel, the caret symbol (also known as "œthe I am downloading data form an ALV report using Local File option to Spreadsheet.
9 tips för att formatera ett Excel-diagram i Microsoft Office
You have an option here as well. You can also have Excel display the trendline equation on the chart as well which is also very useful.
Business Analytics: Prognoser med exponentiell utjämning
The basic idea is that time series data often has “random noise” associated with it, which leads to peaks and valleys in the data, but by applying exponential smoothing we can smooth out these peaks and valleys to see the true underlying trend of the data. In Excel, the EXP function returns e raised to the power of number. The constant e equals 2.71828182845904, the base of the natural logarithm.
Låt inte ett ful Excel-diagram skrämma bort din publik. Här är allt du behöver veta om att göra dina kartor attraktiva och engagerande i
Den här regressionen är gjord i Excel, men regressionsutskriften är uppbyggd på liknande sätt oavsett vilket dataprogram du använder. Data är Brooklyn
You can also use exponents in the Excel Formula bar. To do so, click the empty cell where you’d like to display the result of a calculation. You plug your exponent into the following formula: “=Power (number,power).” We’ll use 10⁴ for our example, so we type “=Power (10,4)” (without the quotation marks) in the formula bar. Exponential Excel function in excel is also known as the EXP function in excel which is used to calculate the exponent raised to the power of any number we provide, in this function the exponent is constant and is also known as the base of the natural algorithm, this is an inbuilt function in excel.
Strategy: The formula for volume is width x length x height. In this case, it is 10 x 10 x 10, or 103. In Excel, the caret symbol (also known as "œthe I am downloading data form an ALV report using Local File option to Spreadsheet. One of the column data is '19E010'.
The Excel EXP function returns the result of the constant e raised to the power of a number. The constant e is a numeric constant relating to exponential growth
This example teaches you how to apply exponential smoothing to a time series in Excel. Exponential smoothing is used to smooth out irregularities (peaks and
First is to use the built-in exponential smoothing tool provided by Excel. You'll need to lay out your sales data in a standard chart before you can analyze it with the
I'm using Google Spreadsheets (I might also fall back to Microsoft Excel), and I'm trying to find out what functions should I use.
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Team 10xDS wishes everyone... - Exponential Digital Solutions
Exponents, exponential functions, and logarithms; Linear and quadratic equations; Arithmetic and geometric progressions. B. Introduction to Excel C. Statistics. Det här fönstret innehåller många alternativ för att lägga till en trendlinje i ett Excel-scatterplot. Observera att du kan lägga till en Exponential, Linear, Logaritmic, Val av funktionen UPPHÖJT.TILL leder till att Excel retunerar resultatet av ett tal upphöjt till en exponent. Den naturliga logaritmen 4. Val av funktionen LN gör att This is a perfect app provides all basic formulas in mathematics. | <urn:uuid:91ad029a-8a0b-4b7c-bc18-d7792bf74090> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://hurmanblirrikbmij.web.app/13130/70586.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710931.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203111902-20221203141902-00608.warc.gz | en | 0.674918 | 1,236 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Authentication & Authorization: OAuthUdacity
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Approx. 2 weeks
Assumes 6hrs/wk (work at your own pace)Join thousands of students Course Summary
As a Python programmer, leveraging Flask allows you to quickly and easily build your own web applications. But before you share your apps on the Internet you should protect your users' data, ensuring information stored on your site is safe from unwanted manipulation. You could implement web security and permissions on your own, but relying on trusted providers is a faster, safer, and easier way to allow users to login to your application - without having to create and maintain another account, profile, and password.
In this course, you will learn to implement the OAuth 2.0 framework to allow users to securely login to your web applications. You'll be provided a restaurant menu application created in Flask. By the end of this course, you will write the necessary code to implement Google+ Sign-In and Facebook Login in options so users can create restaurant menus that are viewable by everyone but only modifiable by the original creator.Why Take This Course?
OAuth 2.0 is a popular framework that allows users to login to your web application by using third party sign ins, from providers they've already created and trust, with the click of a button. And because passwords and sensitive data are never sent, your web application does not have to deal with the complexities of secure password storage and security breaches. Your users can then control the level of access your application has to their data, and change or revoke this access at any point in time.Prerequisites and Requirements
This course was built to expand upon the concepts introduced in Full Stack Foundations, specifically:
- performing CRUD operations
- making use of templates
- developing with the Flask framework
See the Technology Requirements for using Udacity.What Will I Learn? Projects Project: Item Catalog You will develop an application that provides a list of items within a variety of categories as well as provide a user registration and authentication system. Registered users will have the ability to post, edit and delete their own items. Syllabus Lesson 1 - Authentication vs. Authorization
Learn the difference between the concepts of authentication and authorization and address some major security concerns that developers must protect against when developing a web application. You will learn how OAuth 2.0 makes implementing security easier for developers and users alike by allowing your users to sign in to your applications while keeping all of the security on well-known and trusted OAuth providers. Finally, you will see OAuth 2.0 in action as you make API requests using Google's OAuth 2.0 Playground.Lesson 2 - Creating a Google+ Sign-In
Learn about the different types of security flows your application can implement. You will see how security can be handled by your server, your user's browser, or both depending on the type of security your application needs. You will then add a Google+ Sign-In to an existing web application and implement a hybridized client/server flow.Lesson 3 - Local Permission Systems
Add python code to create server-side rules that will constitute a permission system. This system will limit access of the database for each logged in user based on how the developer designs this code. You will add a User model model to your database to store the credentials, such as username, email, and profile picture, collected from the OAuth provider's API.Lesson 4 - Adding Facebook & Other Providers
Learn to implement multiple OAuth providers on your web application. You will add Facebook Login as an alternative sign in option for your users and understand how to use OAuth provider documentation to add as many providers as you see fit for your application. | <urn:uuid:b702b7b8-1708-4c5c-a2f3-813975e29f38> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.emagister.de/authentication_authorization_oauth-courses-uk-170493918.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171066.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00059-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.884293 | 771 | 2.78125 | 3 |
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Race To the Finish, A - Teacher's Handbook (Includes Reproducible Student Pages)Item #: AL.00-22991
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Children's Musicals and Programs. Voicing/Format: Teacher's Handbook (Includes Reproducible Student Pages). 9x12 inches. Published by Alfred Publishing. (AL.00-22991)
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A Race to the Finish is a charming, witty, and whimsical mini-musical based on Aesop's most popular fable, "The Tortoise and the Hare." Recreate the famous race between the slow and steady turtle and the over-confident rabbit. Features five unison and 2-part songs with a simple script, all appropriate and accomplishable for elementary-aged performers. The Teacher's Handbook includes reproducible student pages. And always remember...slow and steady wins the race! Recommended for grades K-6. Performance Time: Approximately 20 minutes. Reproducible Student Pages included. | <urn:uuid:652fcf00-0ba1-454e-888e-e8119042283b> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.activemusician.com/item--AL.00-22991 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164561235/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134241-00047-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.858335 | 231 | 2.671875 | 3 |
In the name of Allaah, the Most Merciful, the Bestower of Mercy.
Important Principles Concerning the Names and Attributes of Allaah. Part 1 of 4.
Taken from “Lum’atul-I’tiqaad al-Haadee ilaa Sabeelir-Rashaad” (pp. 20-27) by al-Imaam Muwaffiq ad-Deen Abu Muhammad Abdullaah b. Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Qudaamah al-Maqdisee (born 541H died 620H, rahimahullaah), famously known as Ibn Qudaamah al-Maqdisee. This book was explained by the illustrious Imaam of the Sunnah and Aqeedah, the Salafi Scholar, Muhammad b. Saalih al-‘Uthaimeen, who died January 10th 2001 (15th Shawwaal 1421H) at the age of 75, rahimahullaah. The following is a translation (slightly adapted for further clarity) of Shaikh Ibn al-Uthaimeen’s introduction to this work in which he explains some of the most important principles of ahlus-Sunnah wal-Jamaa’ah regarding the Names of Attributes of Allaah.
That which is obligatory concerning the texts of the Book and Sunnah as it relates to the Names and Attributes of Allaah: that they must be taken upon their apparent meanings.
It is obligatory to leave the texts of the Book and Sunnah upon their apparent meanings without alteration. This is because Allaah revealed the Qur’aan in the clear Arabic language, and the Prophet (salallaahu ‘alaihi wassallam) spoke with the Arabic language. So it is therefore obligatory to leave the indications and meanings of the Speech of Allaah and His Messenger as they are in accordance to this language – and to alter them from their apparent meaning (and give them alternative meanings) is to speak about Allaah without knowledge, and that is forbidden due to the saying of the Most High:
قُلْ إِنَّمَا حَرَّمَ رَبِّيَ الْفَوَاحِشَ مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا وَمَا بَطَنَ وَالْإِثْمَ وَالْبَغْيَ بِغَيْرِ الْحَقِّ وَأَن تُشْرِكُوا بِاللَّهِ مَا لَمْ يُنَزِّلْ بِهِ سُلْطَانًا وَأَن تَقُولُوا عَلَى اللَّهِ مَا لَا تَعْلَمُونَ
Say, “My Lord has only forbidden immoralities – what is apparent of them and what is concealed – and sin, and oppression without right, and that you associate with Allah that for which He has not sent down authority, and that you say about Allah that which you do not know.” [al-A’raaf: 33]
And example of how this principle is to be understood is as follows: The saying of Allaah, the Most High:
بَلْ يَدَاهُ مَبْسُوطَتَانِ يُنفِقُ كَيْفَ يَشَاءُ
Rather, both His hands are extended; He spends however He wills. [al-Maa’idah: 64]
So it is apparent from this verse that Allaah, the Most High, has two real Hands. It is obligatory to affirm them for Him. If a person were to say: “The actual intent of the two Hands is the power of Allaah,” then we say in response: This is to alter the apparent meaning of the verse, and this is something not permitted – and it is not permitted to utter such speech because to do so is to speak about Allaah without knowledge.
End of Part 1. | <urn:uuid:a7d6e522-b944-4806-8c55-61808ed6297a> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://abukhadeejah.com/ibn-uthaimeen-the-important-principles-in-the-names-and-attributes-of-allaah-part-1-of-4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358570.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128164634-20211128194634-00143.warc.gz | en | 0.912978 | 976 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Key Take Aways
In all of these presentations, we highlight the conclusions we think critical to informed discussion of health care in America and share examples of the data and research findings that support those conclusions.
When talking about Big Numbers, for example, we make the points, among others, that:
• future health care spending will require a significantly larger, and arguably unmanageable, share of both individual household and government budgets
• the options being considered for changing the Affordable Care Act do not adequately address the needs, complexity of, or financial stability required by American health care; and that
• the country can’t find the answers we need, without considering the demographics; the economic realities; and a host of equity issues including the shifting of costs to future generations.
Building on those conclusions, in the Big Benefits presentation, we made the points that
• the public tax-supported programs that account for roughly half of all health care payments do not meet basic risk management criteria and should not be viewed or managed as insurance products;
• the public programs are not financially sustainable as constituted; and that
• the allocation and distribution of payment of “benefits” has led to a series of use-driven distortions in America’s health care system, which, we concluded are “…placing a very significant burden on the cost of doing business in the United States and eroding the quality of life in this country by forcing major damaging cuts in revenues for state and local services and funds needed for education.
This article, Who Pays, requires a “Spoiler Alert,”which is that the American Health Care business model is simply not working. That conclusion is supported by the three major take aways in the article, including:
• the numbers don’t work in terms of sustainability or sufficiency;
• there are political and financial tensions in the American health care system that work against the system’s need for public awareness, accountability, and capacity to address problems in a timely manner; and,
• the distribution of services, costs, and payments on the one hand and collection of taxes, premiums and fees to fund the payments on the other does not effectively recognize or manage either the differences between insurance coverage and different types of subsidized care or the redistribution of income required to support the subsidized care!
Read full article.
American Health Care: Health Spending and the Federal Budget - From the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget
The United States spends more on health care than any other country in the world, and a large share of that spending comes from the federal government.
In 2017, the United States spent about $3.5 trillion, or 18 percent of GDP, on health expenditures - more than twice the average among developed countries.
Of that $3.5 trillion, $1.5 trillion, is directly or indirectly financed by the federal government. In other words, the federal government dedicates resources of nearly 8 percent of the economy toward health care. By 2028, we estimate these costs will rise to $2.9 trillion, or 9.7 percent of the economy. Over time, these costs will continue to grow and consume an increasing share of federal resources.
Over the long term, the rising cost of federal health care spending is clearly unsustainable. Without a course correction, the result will be program insolvency, crowding out of important public priorities, and a growing federal debt.
Given how central health care spending is to the federal budget, it is important to understand how that spending is distributed and how it will grow. This paper will provide background on major health care programs in the federal budget. It is the first in a series called the American Health Care initiative, a joint collaboration of the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget and the Concerned Actuaries Group.
Read full article
American Health Care: Who Pays - A look at the allocation and management of public and private costs
Key Take Aways | <urn:uuid:6162e11f-ce88-4f46-bf3f-7b826b428bfc> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | http://concernedactuaries.org/index.php/american-health-care/who-pays | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058552.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927211955-20210928001955-00621.warc.gz | en | 0.943565 | 811 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Traditional second stage in formal education, typically beginning at ages 11–13 and ending usually at ages 15–18. The distinction between elementary education and secondary education has gradually become less marked, because of the proliferation of middle schools, junior high schools, and other divisions.
This entry comes from Encyclopædia Britannica Concise.
For the full entry on secondary education, visit Britannica.com.
Seen & Heard
What made you look up secondary education? Please tell us what you were reading, watching or discussing that led you here. | <urn:uuid:4719cae8-a7df-4682-807c-80afe576b795> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.merriam-webster.com/concise/secondary%20education | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122152935.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175552-00091-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959071 | 113 | 3.296875 | 3 |
An intaglio etching technique invented in the 1760s by J.B. LePrince. Aquatints were popular until the late 1830s. To produce an aquatint the metal plate is sprinkled with a finely-powdered resin (asphaltum, rosin, etc.). The plate is heated to melt the resin, then cooled and placed in an acid bath. The acid lightly etches areas not covered with the resin. The results in a plate with fine pockmarks. The abscence of ink due to the random holes produces a variation in tone that resembles a watercolor washes.
Synonyms and Related Terms
aquatinte (Fr.); Aquatinta (Deut.); acquatinta (It.); aguatinta (Esp.); akvatint (Sven.)
- Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
- A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
- Luis Nadeau, Encyclopedia of Printing, Photographic, and Photomechanical Processes, Atelier, New Brunswick, 1997
- Website address 1 Comment: Multilingual Glossary for Art Librarians at http://www.ifla.org/VII/s30/pub/mgl.htm | <urn:uuid:25f70396-e36e-4f2a-8f9a-4f55a2620317> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Aquatint | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657133132.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011213-00051-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.777687 | 300 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Zinc is a vital trace mineral required by the human body to perform numerous important functions such as maintaining defence mechanism and regulating DNA synthesis.
Our Extensive Array Of Top-Selling Zinc Supplements Guarantee Enhanced Immunity And Nourished Overall Health!
Zinc was first discovered as a metallic element in the 1800s, but in the next century, the fact that it has a central role in human physiology as well was unravelled, by many researchers and scientists in the West.
Zinc, although needed only in very minute amounts by the human body, is very essential for fundamental metabolic activities as well as ensuring normal growth and development. Moreover, zinc is the second most abundant trace mineral in the body after iron, being present in practically every single cell in the system. Also Read: Iron: Functions, Food Sources, Supplements, Deficiency and Toxicity
The World Health Organisation enlists zinc as part of the micronutrient mixture in its List Of Essential Medicines, due to the indispensable functions mediated by zinc in the human body.
Zinc is necessary for carrying out many primary functions in the body such as:
- Bolstering immunity
- Enhancing nervous system function, brain activity, memory and concentration
- Lowering inflammation in certain conditions in the body like acne
- Accelerating wound healing process, in instances of tissue injury
- Preventing chronic diseases in old age, like diabetes, heart disease and age-related macular degeneration, by fostering healthy ageing process
- Preserving a normal sense of taste and smell
- Promoting optimal cell growth, division as well as DNA and protein synthesis
Since zinc cannot be synthesized in the body, it must be obtained as part of the diet. And nature has bestowed upon us countless foods that are rich in zinc. Also Check Out: 5 Foods Incredibly High In Zinc That You Should Include In Your Diet-Infographic
Some of the food sources that offer profuse amounts of the trace mineral zinc include:
- Legumes such as channa, kidney beans, chickpeas
- Nuts and seeds like almonds, cashews, pumpkin seeds
- Dairy products including milk, cheese and yoghurt
- Whole grains like quinoa, oats
- Vegetables including mushrooms, peas and greens like spinach, kale
A deficiency in the quantity of zinc being consumed as part of diet causes many symptoms of discomfort and hampers the functioning of the immune system. Zinc deficiency invariably results in sudden weight loss, opens sores and wounds that do not heal, decreased appetite, diarrhoea and lowered sense of smell and taste.
Excessive intake of zinc through food can result in dangerous levels of the metallic substance accumulating in the body. This causes grave complications such as abdominal cramps, high blood cholesterol levels and severe headaches that affect normal brain functions. Hence, it is advised to consume only the recommended daily intake of zinc and not ingest surplus amounts, in order to steer clear of its toxic effects. | <urn:uuid:9bdf29dc-42d9-414b-9222-374f5ead87c1> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/zinc-functions-food-sources-deficiency-and-toxicity?utm_source=Blog-Post&utm_medium=Post&utm_campaign=NMSBlogPost | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363520.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208175210-20211208205210-00533.warc.gz | en | 0.939417 | 628 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Most people would never think about it, donating blood is something humans do, not animals. But the reality is that everyday, pets just like yours, need blood transfusions. For many procedures and emergencies a transfusion is a necessity and can be lifesaving.
How it works:
- Blood is donated once every 3-4 months.
- We will make an appointment with you 1-2 days prior to the day of donation.
How it is done:
- The collection area on the neck is shaved and surgically prepared to avoid contamination or infection.
- Blood is collected using a collection bag and needle similar to those used in humans.
- In some cases a light sedation may be needed to calm nervous donors. One bag of 500ml is collected per donor.
- We store the blood in a dedicated fridge in our practice. It is used for critically ill patients suffering from tick bite fever, auto immune mediated blood disease or trauma patients. Another component of blood, called plasma is used for our parvo patients, as well as rodenticide toxicities.
- In all of the above cases, blood or plasma transfusions are essential for the patients and could mean the difference between life and death.
- Dog must be between 1-6 years old
- Have a good temperament, not aggressive
- Weigh more than 25kg
- Vaccinations up to date
- Must use tick and flea treatments monthly
- If they have ever received a blood transfusion themselves, they can’t become a blood donor. | <urn:uuid:ef42e0d6-efe1-40ed-a2e8-8d1e7eda8d2f> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://bakenkopanimalclinic.co.za/blood-bank/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662517245.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517095022-20220517125022-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.92069 | 326 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Sheer poetry in marble. Majesty and magnificence, unrivalled, the Taj Mahal is the only one of its kind across the world. The monumental labour of love of a great ruler for his beloved queen. The ultimate realisation of Emperor Shahjahan’s dream. One of the wonders of the world. From 1631 A.D., it took 22 years in its making. An estimated 20,000 people worked to complete the enchanting mausoleum, on the banks of the Yamuna. For a breathtaking beautiful view of the Taj Mahal, one has to see it by moonlight.History
The construction of this marble masterpiece is credited to the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan who erected this mausoleum in memory of his beloved wife, Arjumand Bano Begum, popularly known as Mumtaz Mahal, who died in A.H. 1040 (A.D. 1630). Her last wish to her husband was “to build a tomb in her memory such as the world had never seen before”. Thus emperor Shah Jahan set about building this fairytale like marvel. The construction of Taj Mahal was started in A.D. 1632 and completed at the end of 1648 A.D. For seventeen years, twenty thousand workmen are said to be employed on it daily, for their accommodation a small town, named after the deceased empress-‘Mumtazabad, now known as Taj Ganj, was built adjacent to it.
Amanat Khan Shirazi was the calligrapher of Taj Mahal, his name occurs at the end of an inscription on one of the gates of the Taj. Poet Ghyasuddin had designed the verses on the tombstone, while Ismail Khan Afridi of Turkey was the dome maker. Muhammad Hanif was the superintendent of Masons. The designer of Taj Mahal was Ustad Ahmad Lahauri. The material was brought in from all over India and central Asia and it took a fleet of 1000 elephants to transport it to the site. The central dome is 187 feet high at the centre. Red sandstone was brought from Fatehpur Sikri, Jasper from Punjab, Jade and Crystal from China, Turquoise from Tibet, Lapis Lazuli and Sapphire from Sri Lanka, Coal and Cornelian from Arabia and diamonds from Panna. In all 28 kind of rare, semi precious and precious stones were used for inlay work in the Taj Mahal. The chief building material, the white marble was brought from the quarries of Makrana, in district Nagaur, Rajasthan.
The main gate of Taj faces the Southern gate. The gateway is 151 feet by 117 feet and rises to a height of 100 feet. Tourists can enter the main compound by a small gate at the side of the main gate.
This main gate of red sandstone measures 30 mt. in height. It is inscribed with verses from the Koran in Arabic. The small domed pavilions on top are in Hindu style and signify regality. A striking feature of the gateway is that the lettering appears to be of the same size. The engravers have skillfully enlarged and lengthened the letters which create an illusion of uniformity.
Well laid out gardens measuring 300 x 300 mt. in the form of a Charbagh are spread on either side of the pavement. In the centre is a platform from where tourists can capture the Taj on film.
To the left of the above mentioned platform is the Taj Museum. Original drawings available here show the precision with which the architect had planned this monument. He even anticipated that it would be completed in 22 years. Drawings of the interiors show the position of the graves in such precision that the foot of the graves faces the viewer from any angle.
The Mosque and the Jawab
To the left of the Taj is a mosque made of red sandstone. It is common in Islam to build a mosque next to a tomb, as it sanctifies the area and provides for a place for worship. This mosque is still used for Friday prayers.
An identical mosque is also built to the right of the Taj and is known as the Jawab (answer). Prayers are not held here as it faces west i.e. away from Mecca, the holy city of the Muslims. It was built to maintain symmetry.
The Taj itself stands in a raised platform. The four minarets at each corner of the plinth provide a perfect balance to the tomb. The minarets measure 41.6 m high and each has a deliberate slant outwards so that in an unlikely event of an earthquake, they would not fall on the tomb but away from it. The bulbous dome of the Taj Mahal rests on an extraordinarily high drum and rises to a total height of 44.41 mt. From the base of the drum to the apex to the finial. The central dome, irrespective of the angles of the view. There is only one point of access to the plinth and tomb, a double staircase facing the entrance. One has to remove shoes over or can put on the shoe covers which are provided at a nominal cost by the staff stationed here for this purpose.
Interior of the Taj
The interior of the mausoleum comprises a lofty central chamber, a crypt immediately below this and four octagonal corner rooms originally intended to house the graves of other royal family members.
In the centre are the cenotaphs of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal. Shah Jahan’s cenotaph is to the left and is higher than that of his beloved which rests immediately below the dome. The cenotaph of Mumtaz Mahal stands in the centre of the marble screen, it has inscribed on it in Persian with texts from the Koran. The cenotaph has the single epitaph inscribed on it – “Marqad Munavvar Arjumand Ban Begum Mukhatib bah Mumtaz Mahal Tanifiyat ferr sanh 1040 Hijri” (Here lies Arjumand Bano Begum called Mumtaz Mahal who died in 1040 A.H. or 1630 A.D.).
The cenotaph of Shah Jahan is inscribed in Persian – “Marqad Mutahar Aali Hazrat Firdaus Ashiyani Sahib-qiran Saani Saani Shah Jahan Badshah taab surah sanh 1076 Hijri” (The sacred sepulchre of his most exalted Majesty, dweller of Paradise, the second lord of constellations, the king Shah Jahan, may his mausoleum ever flourish, 1076 A.H. (1666 A.D.). Above the tombs is a Cairene lamp, the flame of which is supposed to never burn out. Marble screen of trelliswork surrounds the graves. Both tombs are exquisitely inlaid with semi precious stones. The acoustics of the building are superb with the domed ceiling being designed to echo chants from Koran and musician’s melodies. It is suggested that one walk around the outside of the tomb, before retrieving your shoes, to appreciate it from all sides.
courtesy : knowindia.gov.in | <urn:uuid:762d8d5c-136d-4112-bc09-99f5a06b86ef> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://indiaforyou.in/2017/12/05/taj-mahal-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703515075.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118154332-20210118184332-00617.warc.gz | en | 0.957299 | 1,523 | 3.265625 | 3 |
A History Leading to Water Inflated Cofferdams
When it comes to the process of controlling or halting the flow of water, mankind was NOT the pioneer on the subject. While water inflated cofferdams may be the best solution, it wasn’t the first. We have the common beaver to thank for that groundbreaking discovery! Early on in history, dams were inspired by beavers who encouraged man to use piles of branches, twigs, sticks, stumps, and any other wood they had access to, laid intricately in order to divert or dam water. Until the early 20th century, cofferdams, which are temporary enclosures in or around a body of water, were built by filling containers (bags, tubes, etc.) primarily with sand, concrete and/or rock and then positioning and stacking the containers to form a barrier. However, these methods were extremely labor-intensive, cumbersome, sometimes ineffective, and non-reusable. Though the dam has been around since before the time of the pharaohs, there’s been constant improvements in the materials and overall effectiveness of the materials, which leads us to present day.
Today, we are fortunate enough to have the convenience of the portable, reusable, water inflated cofferdams at our disposal in any situation. These water inflated cofferdams offer an updated approach, with increased effectiveness, less required laborers, lower cost, as well as speedier set-up in emergency situations.
Dam-It Dams, Inc. now uses on-site water to fill dual inner tubes that cause the water filled dam chambers to slowly and evenly inflate, forming a strong and stable cylindrical tube. As the inner tubes continue to fill, and the water pressure builds, the dam unfurls in a controlled manner to create the secure structure. The updated and efficient process provided by water inflated cofferdams allows workers to perform their otherwise difficult and dangerous “in-water” tasks in a safer dry environment by temporarily barricading the water or temporarily relocating the offending water from the site thereby permitting work to be done below the waterline.
There are many advantages to using water filled dams:
- Fill material (water) is readily available at the present site in nearly unlimited quantities
- Water inflated cofferdams are easily and quickly filled with even distribution
- They can be molded to perfectly fit a lake bed, river bed, watershed or any other type of physical setting, and even around your residence, greenery, or other structures
- Water inflated cofferdams make for an excellent water-tight seal and help to ensure minimal escape of water, if any at all
- Water inflated cofferdams are reusable and easily installed to minimize additional investment costs, as well as being easy to break down on completion of the job
- Dam-It Dams’ water inflated cofferdams work with Mother Nature, not against her, to create effective barriers that leave only a minimal, if any, trace on the surrounding environment
- Geo-textile material is used to create the cofferdam, providing you with a strong puncture-proof surface, should debris find its way to the work site
For those reasons, and many more, these water inflated cofferdams are far superior to their predecessors, and even many of their peers, and will continue to prove their usefulness in countless varied projects. Dam-It Dams, Inc. is happy to provide you this affordable and invaluable tool that will offer peace-of-mind in numerous situations for years to come!
For more information about Dam-It Dams’ water-inflated cofferdams, applications, and installation, contact our knowledgeable team. For a free quote, click the button below. | <urn:uuid:01878be8-8a93-453f-a3ec-d18b1e5f4e78> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://damitdams.com/cofferdams/water-inflated-cofferdams/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950363.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401221921-20230402011921-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.948244 | 765 | 3.484375 | 3 |
This time I want to give a broad overview of how the FPGA part of the design works. The OpenVizsla FPGA design (available in the GitHub OV repository was written using Migen, “a Python toolbox for building complex digital hardware”. Migen allows to write logic as the result of a Python script, and compile them to Verilog (and ultimately an FPGA bitstream). This has interesting implications, as it allows for the full power of the Python language when building language features.
Let me bring up an FPGA-centric block diagram of the OpenVizsla design. Don’t panic - I will explain the individual blocks and provide some examples. You can even click parts in the block diagram to see some detailed description. Now if that isn’t magic… (And please excuse my limited website usability skills.)
(Did I tell you that you can click in the block diagram to see more details of the blocks?)
The main SDRAM chip
A regular MT48LC16M16A2 or compatible. It has a 16-bit data bus, and runs (by default) at 100 MHz, which gives a theoretical bandwidth limit of 200 MByte/s. The effective data rate will be less, because there are dead cycles when switching between pages and when doing refresh.
Wikipedia has an article that describes the basics.
SDRAM Host Controller
This is the internal SDRAM logic. Internally, a
HostIf-Interface is used to interact with the SDRAM controller.
HostIf, you first issue a request using the
i_*-signals. This can
be either a read or write (
i_wr=1 is a write issue,
i_wr=0 is a read
issue), to a specific start address (
i_addr). The controller
acknowledges the issue, after seeing your
i_stb=1, by asserting
After that, there is the data phase. Whenever
d_stb (which is controlled
by the SDRAM controller) is asserted, data is transferred, unless
For writes this means that the data on
written to the next address, and for reads, data is available on
There is no other flow control, so the client has to take the data (or
deliver the data) as fast as the controller wants. If you can’t keep the
rate, you have to end the issue (
d_term=1), and then start a new issue.
Here is an example transfer on this bus:
- Write AD50, AD51, …, ADB3 to address 000050, 000051, …, 0000B3
- Read back from 000055, …, 000058
d_stb de-assertions are arbitrary, meaning that they depend on how busy
the system is. A reason for
d_stb could be that we hit a column limit (and
the next page has to be selected), or that another master took over.
HostIf-clients always need to support
d_stb de-assertions at any time.
- ov_types.py defines the HostIF interface.
- SDRAMCTL interfaces to the physical SDRAM chip, and provides a single
HostIf-interface on the other side.
- SDRAMMux time-slices the
HostIf-interface to multiple masters.
- SDRAMBIST is one of such masters, and first writes a test-pattern, and then reads it back.
- SDRAMBISTCfg provides a CSR interface to the
BankArray scans modules that inherit from
AutoCSR and builds a list of
Bank then contains a number of a CSRs. A
addresses on the CSR bus into write enables and selects the right register
to return data from.
FTDI data mux (
FTDI_sync245 modules connects to the FTDI chip on the one side, and to
CmdProc module on the other side, and provides bidirectional data
transfer. It handles the FTDI SyncFIFO protocol in a state machine and
provides the clock domain crossing from the internal clock to the FTDI 60MHz
CmdProc connects to the FIFOs provided by
FTDI_sync245, and connects
the HOST-to-FPGA FIFO to a
BusDecode instance, and the FPGA-to-HOST FIFO
BusDecode processing data bytes sent by the host, and generates CSR
master transactions. Here is an example CSR master transaction. The data
from the host was
55 80 03 00 D8 (with the last byte being a checksum),
and this decodes to a CSR write at address
0003 with data being
It also generates the CSR response packets; for each read and write transfer on the bus, you get a copy of the transaction back via the FTDI.
In the opposite direction the
BusEncode takes multiple sources - such as
the CSR response, or the USB packet data, or the LFSR test data, and
switches them into a single stream. It relies on each source to assert the
last signal whenever a packet is complete. Switching then happens at those positions.
Here we see two pending packets (as indicated by
stb being asserted in
both clients), and the round-robin muxer first selects client1 (which is a
CSR response packet) and then, once client1 asserts
last, it switches to client2.
USB capture logic
This large block is in charge of:
- Configuration of the external ULPI chip to sniff mode.
- Packetizing the ULPI data, and insertion of control (
The ULPI and data processing is decidedly out of scope of this blog entry.
But to understand the big picture: The output of the
is a packetized byte stream again, similar to the CSR slave results. It gets
muxed into the stream sent to the analysis host in the
The LFSR Generator
The LFSR stream generator has a
Source that outputs a packetized LFSR stream. It is configured using two CSRs:
RANDTEST_SIZE: The number of LFSR bytes in each packet.
RANDTEST_CFG: A single ‘go’ bit. If it is set, packets will be generated, otherwise the generation will stop.
- FTDI_randtest implements it.
External IO FPGA Logic
BTN_status connects to the external physical button, and provides the
ability to read the button status via a CSR register
LED_outputs allows to select from a number of LED sources via a per-LED
Source 0 is the
LEDS_OUT register, so by default, you can display an
arbitrary LED pattern by writing it to
In the top-level module
OV3, a number of LED sources are selected:
# from ovhw/top.py: # GPIOs (leds/buttons) self.submodules.leds = LED_outputs(plat.request('leds'), [ [self.bist.busy, self.ftdi_bus.tx_ind], [0, self.ftdi_bus.rx_ind], ], active=0)
This means that LED0 can be switched between
OUT, the BIST
busy signal, and the FTDI bus
LED 1 can be switched between
OUT, a static 0, and the FTDI bus
active=0 causes the
LED_outputs module to invert the leds
leds_raw.eq(leds if active else ~leds)) since they are active-low.
LEDs are connected with a current-limit resistor to pins P57, P58, P59 on the FPGA against VCC. To drive a LED, the pin must be driven to GND.
- LD1,LD2,LD3,LD4 in the Schematics
The external push-button connects P67 of the FPGA with GND. A 10K pull-up resistor provides a positive input when the button is not pressed.
- SW1 in the Schematics
The ULPI and data processing is decidedly out of scope of this blog entry.
An FT2232H is used for communication with the host.
The FTDI website has a document that describes the SyncFIFO mode that we’re using.
SyncFIFO mode allows transferring data at a very high speed using an 8-bit bidirectional BUS clocked at 60MHz, and some control lines. The actual speed is depending mostly on how fast the host can process the data, but is of course inherently limited to the USB 2.0 High-Speed efficiency of about 90%.
FTDI outputs, FPGA inputs:
RXF#: Data is transferred from FTDI to FPGA when both
RXF#is driven high when there is no data to be read.
TXE#: Data is transferred from FPGA to FTDI when both
TXE#is driven high when there is no space for data to be stored.
CLKOUT: 60 MHz clock generated by FTDI chip. All signals are synchronous to this clock.
FPGA outputs, FTDI inputs:
RD#: Acknowledges the current byte, and causes the FTDI to load the next byte onto the bus if
RXF#is low during that cycle.
WR#: Strobe for the current byte if
TXE#is low that cycle.
OE#: Controls bus direction. Must be asserted at least one cycle before driving
SIWU: “Send Immediate” pin. Can be used to flush the FTDI buffer to lower latency, but we’re not doing this right now.
On the left we see the FT2232H interface chip to the analysis host. It
provides a bi-direction fast data link to a host PC running
incoming command stream from the PC is parsed in
CmdProc, turned into CSR
(Configuration registers) master transactions.
BankArray is a collection
of CSR slaves. One such slave is the
BTN_status component which allows
reading the state of the external hardware button, another one is
controlling the LEDs, other allow access to the ULPI controller, others can
invoke BIST sequences in SDRAM or configure SDRAM-to-host streaming.
Migen automatically wires up modules to a CSR infrastructure, so it’s easy to add registers that can be accessed from the host.
Again, please click on the various elements in the block diagram to see a description and waveforms! | <urn:uuid:e508a011-a32c-4f91-8073-ffecb9280703> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://debugmo.de/2014/08/ov3-fpga-design/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219495.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180822045838-20180822065838-00135.warc.gz | en | 0.830166 | 2,306 | 3.109375 | 3 |
This industry includes:
- food products such as bakery goods, meat, dairy, confectionery and beverages
- engineering and metal fabrication
- joinery and cabinet making
- clothing and textile production.
Manufacturing is one of the industries identified as a national priority for prevention activities in the Australian Work Health and Safety Strategy (external link).
Occupations in this industry include:
- factory process workers
- food process workers
- fabrication engineering trades workers.
Most common hazards and injuries
Workers in this industry are likely to be injured at work due to:
- body stressing
- falls, slips and trips
- being hit by moving objects
- hitting objects with a part of the body.
Common hazards that workers in this industry are exposed to include:
- machinery and equipment: workers can get hands or limbs caught in unguarded moving parts and be crushed or sustain fractures; be burned by hot surfaces or fluids; or receive an electric shock from plant that is not adequately protected or isolated
- noise from machinery
- body strain from repetitive movements, or from lifting, pushing or pulling heavy loads.
- Buy the quietest machinery for the job
- Isolate the noisy equipment in a separate work area or install barriers to enclose the noise.
- Hearing protectors should be your last resort as a control measure.
- Make sure guarding is in place on machinery so workers cannot come in contact with moving parts. If the guards need to be removed for maintenance, make sure you have a system in place for locking out the machinery, including the power, so that it can’t be accidentally turned on. Train your workers in this procedure, and make sure they follow it.
- Provide training and instruction in safe manual handling procedures.
- Maintain good housekeeping to ensure there are no obstructions or trip hazards on floors or in store areas. | <urn:uuid:f43f1cc9-1218-47a6-88ca-a47dd47dfade> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.worksafe.tas.gov.au/topics/Health-and-Safety/safety-by-industry/manufacturing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141735395.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204071014-20201204101014-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.93787 | 386 | 3.1875 | 3 |
When you are looking at laser printers to buy for yourself or specify for an organisation, you will come across printers that are known as “LED printers”.
What are these LED printers?
A LED printer and a laser printer are very similar types of printers in so much as how the paper is marked. They use the same dry-process xerographic / photostatic printing method that has been used for years with photocopiers, where there is an electrostatically-charged imaging drum which attracts powdered toner depending on whether it has been subject to light or not. Then this toner is transferred from the drum to electrostatically-charged paper and “ironed on” using hot fuser rollers.
But the main difference is how this imaging drum is illuminated with the digital representation of your document. A laser printer uses a laser beam and swivelling mirrors or pentagonal prisms to scan the document’s image on to the drum. On the other hand, an LED printer uses a fixed row of light-emitting diodes that turn on and off to scan the image to the drum. This LED array would be similar to what is used to illuminate a document when it is being scanned in the typical scanner and each LED light represents a horizontal pixel that is part of the line being printed.
This has benefits for printer design due to the elimination of the complex light path that laser printers use. Here, you don’t need to use mirrors and servo motors to control the laser’s light path, thus you reduce the number of parts that can go wrong. It also leads to the ability to design xerographic page printers that are more compact and lightweight compared to the laser-based units.
Further comments with OKI Data about LED printers
I had engaged in an email interview with Chris Thorley from OKI Data’s Australian head office to learn more about this. Here, I had learnt that they had pioneered this xerographic printing technology in 1981 and are now on their ninth-generation LED print engine.
Most other printer manufacturers use this LED technology on some of their low-end models. The main reason is a reduced part count allowing for reduced material costs; as well as the impact of unforseen technological issues not being considered significant for this market position, compared with using the trusted laser technology on their mid-tier and high-end models.
But OKI Data have implemented this technology across the board with their colour LED printers known to be yielding high colour production quality. It may also be known that some other manufacturers implement the OKI technology in to their production printing devices on an OEM (Other Equipment Manufacturer) basis. This practice is where a manufacturer uses an already-designed subsystem from anther manufacturer (the OEM) in their own project.
It is worth considering the LED printers for your page-printer needs as long as they have the kind of specifications that you have in mind. This includes machine reliability, image quality, print speed including colour and auto-duplex print speed, functionality and running costs including availability of toner cartridges at differing capacity levels. | <urn:uuid:268a0345-aca8-4579-81f3-4a2d481b9562> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://homenetworking01.info/2011/11/laser-and-led-xerographic-printingwhat-is-the-difference/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249434065.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223021219-20190223043219-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.962045 | 640 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Why is it that a piece of decorative art sells for 10 times less than a painting from the same period, and of the same quality and intensity as the artwork?
“One of them,” Deyan Sudjic said to the packed crowd at the Getty Museum, “is cursed with the burden of utility, and the other is not.”
Sudjic, director of the Design Museum London and author of The Language of Things: Understanding the World of Desirable Objects, went on to explain that, as the sociologist Thorstein Veblen said, societies tend to elevate the useless over the useful. But now the useful, Sudjic showed, has transformed. Design seems increasingly like art, and vice versa, and objects carry more significance and symbolism even as we replace them more often, own more of them, and use them less.
Design as art, art as design
Objects have always conveyed meaning, even when they were considered purely utilitarian. Wearing white clothes reflected a certain class status for those who did not have to work or worry about cleanliness. Complicated and towering shoes implied a life of leisure. But art and design were kept at a distance, Sudjic noted, and design was called “commercial art” to distinguish it. A deep tension remains, even as contemporary art itself seems more like design. Sudjic cited Jeff Koons as one artist who has something like a “design process,” in which assistants help him transform ideas to blueprints that are then “shipped off to a factory somewhere in Eastern Germany where useful objects are manufactured.”
Similarly, Sudjic said, “one can also see the way contemporary design is now moving toward uselessness,” with things like limited-edition furniture, and highly expensive auctioned items meant not to be used for their ostensible purpose. Objects once had to convey sturdiness and singular purpose. But now, “we take performance for granted,” Sudjic said during Q&A. “In the 50s and 60s, things blew up…. Now, there is no need for the reassurance of seriousness.”
Some seemingly wholly utilitarian objects carry deep symbolism, Sudjic explained, showing a 20-pound note to the audience. “How extraordinary a task is it to be asked to transform a rectangle of worthless paper into something that is worth 20 pounds?” he asked, before flashing up “a worthless piece of American paper,” or a $100 bill. Money designs adopt particular artistic styles – like the 19th-century engravings used to depict the American founders – and particular typefaces (reminiscent, in the case of the dollar, of cigar boxes, Sudjic joked). And imagery matters too – the Euro shows doors, windows, and bridges in an attempt to convey connectedness.
Camaflouge, like money, serves the same purpose everywhere but also differs everywhere, Sudjic showed. “What’s going on here is not really about concealment,” Sudjic said, showing the audience various countries’ camouflage patterns, all distinct. “It’s about using design and the rhetoric of function to create an aura of strength, of uniformity about the military.”
Clothes and cars
Even beyond camouflage, fashion can create a sense of national purpose. Japan’s imperial rulers and Turkey’s Kemal Ataturk began wearing Western-style clothes to convey a change of direction for their countries. “Fashion we are told is an essentially frivolous act, but I’ve never bought that,” Sudjic said. “I’m always right behind the speech from ‘The Devil Wears Prada,’ in which the editor tells us how important fashion is.” The industry not only creates jobs, but advances in looms and textile manufacturing drove the Industrial Revolution, Sudjic noted. And fashion is a “hugely important cultural form.” Fashion houses construct elaborate headquarters and stores, and the fashion show somewhat resembles the 19th century opera, Sudjic said. It is a place to see and be seen, and at 20 minutes long, “much easier to sit through.”
Consumer objects can also convey a national identity, particularly the car, whether the VW Beetle, the Model T, or the Citroën 2CV. More recent models still convey identity – like the latest Bentley, with its ghostly, sleek luxury, which seems British even if it’s owned by a German manufacturer and employs a cosmopolitan design team. “Clearly a great deal of research went into producing the Englishness,” Sudjic joked. Newer models also demonstrate a shift in car design norms – from “inventing a car as if none had ever existed,” Sudjic said, to “something rather close to rearing sheep, when it’s very important that you show bloodlines.” And though the car has come to be “a set of signals, a giant toy for adults, pandering to our self-image,” there is still something magical about the creation of luxury. Luxury, Sudjic said, is “a rather curious conjuring trick. Alchemical.”
Tech toys and old-fashioned gizmos
Sudjic discussed too the more common, less expensive objects we use daily: the computer, the telephone, the camera, and more. Apple’s use of color and design to transform its laptops, Sudjic noted, followed the example of Olivetti, the typewriter manufacturer. In 1972 Olivetti transformed a “serious business object” that signified primarily “being chained to a desk” and turned it into a red-and-orange, curvy consumer toy. Of course, Apple’s first foray into curvy colorful laptop was quickly replaced, Sudjic noted, by a stark black number which Sudjic bought and found captured “the language of business,” of showing that “you can’t be seduced by pastel colors, which of course is the strongest and most seductive lure of them all.”
Telephones went through a more stark transformation but, Sudjic said, their basic design still carries meaning. The old-fashioned dial, meant to be sturdy and easy-to-use, is long gone, but “is still the sign of telephony. The calculator, similarly, is mostly obsolete, but the iPhone calculator application still pays homage to a prior design. “The pleasure that Apple’s products have very successfully brought to people is a function of understanding the logic of design,” Sudjic said. The camera, on the other hand, has lost its old form and bulkiness, not to mention its lifespan.
Consume and dispose
A typical camera, Sudjic noted, once lasted 20 years, and conveyed more meaning as it aged. “Paint chipped,” Sudjic said. “It would reveal these very seductive flashes of brass. This would imply you were a Vietnam War photographer and you taped over the Nikon logo to deflect snipers’ bullets. It showed you meant business.” Now, he said, a camera lasts about 20 months. Other products are even more short-lived: the first-generation iPhone was replaced by the second within months. Still, Sudjic noted, six months is time enough to build a relationship: the device is multi-functional, pocket friendly, and has character as a physical object, even if its software is more important than anything else.
Still, Sudjic said, “Our relationship with an object doesn’t really have the time to mature as it once did.” Objects are no longer meant to hold on to, to pass down, to carry memories and age well. They are the worse for wear, in fact, as Sudjic discovered when he saw he “was leaving greasy fingerprints” all over his Macbook. As objects dematerialize, we keep consuming and overconsuming. But design still matters, even if it is overused and sometimes useless. As Sudjic said during Q&A, “We don’t have to have every chair be comfortable. Sometimes we are meant to look at them.”
*Photos by Aaron Salcido. | <urn:uuid:957eaf57-523a-4fbb-a5c0-b8b0616a5781> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.zocalopublicsquare.org/2009/06/17/deyan-sudjic-on-the-power-of-objects/events/the-takeaway/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822966.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018123747-20171018143747-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.960696 | 1,765 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Prepare to step into the captivating world of tall leather boots, an enduring symbol of style and functionality. Through centuries, these fashion staples have weathered the storm of time, constantly reinventing themselves.
Tall leather boots have adapted and thrived from cavalry riders to runway models. Join us as we unravel the fascinating evolution of work boots, showing how they have been a significant stride in the endless march of fashion.
From Function to Fashion: The Early Days of Boots
The history of tall leather boots is as intriguing as the fashion world. Originally, boots were designed purely for practicality and survival. In ancient times, wearing boots was a necessity rather than a fashion statement.
The Middle Ages: A Transition Period for Boots
During the Middle Ages, boots started to transition from a purely functional item to something more fashionable. Nobles and knights were often seen wearing polished, ornate boots-marking the beginning of the workwear journey into the world of fashion.
The Renaissance: Boots Become a Status Symbol
In the Renaissance era, boots became a mark of status. Only the wealthy had the luxury of wearing tall leather boots, setting a trend that would continue for centuries. As we leap forward to the Victorian era, we further witness the evolution of these boots into a true fashion staple.
Victorian Style: Boots Make Their Fashion Debut
The Victorian era saw boots making their true fashion debut. Women wore tall leather boots not just for practicality but for style. Often laced or buttoned, these boots became synonymous with elegance and sophistication.
The Roaring Twenties: Boots in the Spotlight
Fast forward to the Roaring Twenties, and boots again took center stage. Flappers paired their short, fringed dresses with tall leather boots, creating an iconic look that defined the decade.
Post-War Fashion: The Rise of the Boot
In the post-war era, boots gained popularity amongst both men and women. They were seen as a symbol of rebellion and freedom, with various subcultures adopting them as part of their image.
The Swinging Sixties: The Go-Go Boot
The sixties saw the birth of the famous go-go boot. This was when boots became a fashion item, with women pairing them with mini-skirts for a bold and daring look.
The Impact of Pop Culture: Boots and Music
Music and fashion often go hand-in-hand, which was the case with boots. From the punk scene of the ’70s to the grunge movement of the ’90s, boots were a staple element of iconic music eras.
Modern Day Fashion: Boots Reimagined
In today’s fashion landscape, boots continue to be a key player. From the runways of Paris to the streets of New York, boots have evolved from a functional piece of clothing to a high-fashion accessory. Professionals like Chucksboots.com are a great place to get a sense of the various styles available today.
Explore the Fashion History of Tall Leather Boots
The history of tall leather boots spans centuries and has undergone numerous transformations in style and purpose. From their origins in ancient warfare to their status as a coveted fashion accessory, these boots have stood the test of time.
So why not embrace the versatility and timeless elegance of tall leather boots and add a pair to your wardrobe today? Give in to the allure of these fashionable and functional boots, and step into style! | <urn:uuid:af71e71c-664a-4607-bc43-0e157e98faf5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://futurehints.com/the-history-of-tall-leather-boots-and-their-evolution-in-fashion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100745.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208112926-20231208142926-00874.warc.gz | en | 0.947282 | 704 | 2.953125 | 3 |
In the latest Public Policy Institute of California poll, voters said drought, water supply, and water pollution are the state’s most pressing environmental challenge.
Californians recognize that water fuels our economy, grows our food, and sustains our natural places.
It’s also in peril:
- During the recent drought, small communities in the San Joaquin Valley literally ran out of water;
- Upward of one million Californians do not have clean and safe water in their homes;
- Aquifers, which provide between 30 and 60 percent of our annual water supply, are severely depleted;
- Many farming communities face uncertain water supplies year-to-year;
- More than 82 percent of California’s native freshwater fish will be extinct in the next century, some studies show.
Climate change, which brings more frequent and severe droughts and flooding, compounds all this. These facts should compel action. And they have, but only to an extent.
During our epic drought, lawmakers passed the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act to balance our groundwater supplies. That same year, state voters approved a $7 billion bond to fund construction of vital water projects.
These improvements are part of Gov. Jerry Brown’s Water Action Plan to strengthen California’s water future. Most water experts agree that the action plan is a smart path forward. But much work remains.
Tonight, one in 40 Californians live in homes that draw on unsafe drinking water.
It wasn’t supposed to be like this. In 2012, a state law established access to water as a human right. Six years later, we have failed to deliver this basic right.
In response, community-based groups and agricultural leaders have forged a solution to fund water pollution treatment in poor communities (bonds cannot fund ongoing activities like this).
In the closing days of the legislative session, lawmakers should prioritize enacting this Safe and Affordable Drinking Water Fund, originally introduced in Senate Bill 623 by Sen. Bill Monning, a Democrat from Carmel, and now part of the Governor’s budget.
Another imperative involves the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and the Delta.
Gov. Brown’s team has been working to bring water users and conservation groups together to craft an agreement that provides greater water predictability to farms and cities while bringing back fish and wildlife populations from the brink of extinction.
Failure to compromise will lead to regulatory action and likely litigation, more water supply uncertainty, and further environmental decline.
The next governor will take office in less than six months. The new administration should prioritize water and build on progress made by this administration.
High on this list should be capturing winter rain by getting more water into aquifers. We waste billions of gallons of water each year that could be captured for use during dry months.
Also promising is modernizing water infrastructure to work better for people and nature. Expanding floodplains in parts of the Central Valley can reduce flood risks while expanding habitat for endangered salmon.
Farmers would be paid to lend their land for this purpose. A new water bond on the November ballot would provide funding for these and other innovative water solutions.
California water issues often get reduced to fish vs. farms, cities vs rural and north vs. south. These are false choices. We need to meet our water challenges together.
Wade Crowfoot, the chief executive officer of the Water Foundation, helped spearhead Gov. Jerry Brown’s response to California’s drought. [email protected]. He wrote this op-ed for CALmatters. | <urn:uuid:c19dee87-81dc-440c-a5f9-f7034103d65c> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://calmatters.org/articles/commentary/my-turn-unfinished-business-on-water/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999040.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619184037-20190619210037-00291.warc.gz | en | 0.936081 | 737 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Everything you want to know about books & authors. It is THE place to find read-alikes, author biographies, plot summaries, specific settings, specific genres, book publishing, and purchasing, series information, book reviews, and more!
Full text of literary journals and respected literary reference works. Contains plot summaries, literary criticism, author biographies and interviews, and the full text of thousands of poems and short stories. Research an author, novel, or poem for school or personal interest. Learn more about a literary movement for book discussions. Ohio Digital Library
Provides ebooks, digital audiobooks, music and video through participating libraries. Borrow fiction and non-fiction ebooks, audiobooks and music.Religion and Philosophy Collection | EBSCO
An essential tool for researchers and students of theology and philosophical studies. Provides extensive coverage of such topics as world religions, major denominations, biblical studies, religious history, epistemology, political philosophy, philosophy of language, moral philosophy and the history of philosophy.U.S. Government Printing Office
What is it? The Federal Government’s online resource for the official information products of the U.S. Government.Why use it? Download free U.S. Government ebooks. | <urn:uuid:4c369e07-2426-432e-b6b5-6f16c516cba6> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.mtsterlingpubliclibrary.org/books-arts-literature/?long_events=1&ajaxCalendar=1&mo=12&yr=2017 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247486936.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218135032-20190218161032-00193.warc.gz | en | 0.887612 | 257 | 2.671875 | 3 |
LOS ALAMOS, N.M. — The government sent a plane equipped with radiation monitors over the Los Alamos nuclear laboratory Wednesday as a 110-square-mile wildfire burned at its doorstep, putting thousands of scientific experiments on hold for days.
Lab authorities described the monitoring as a precaution, and they, along with outside experts on nuclear engineering, expressed confidence that the blaze would not scatter radioactive material, as some in surrounding communities feared.
"Our facilities, our nuclear materials are all safe, they’re accounted for and they’re protected," said lab director Charles McMillan.
The twin-engine plane, which can take digital photographs and video as well as thermal and night images, was sent to New York City to take air samples after the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks. It has flown over wildfires and areas damaged by Hurricane Katrina. It monitored the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. It also helped locate debris from the disintegrated space shuttle Columbia shuttle.
"It can look for a wide variety of chemical constituents in a plume and the plumes can originate from fires, from explosions, from a wide variety of sources," said lab spokesman Kevin Roark.
And in a testament to the sophisticated research done at Los Alamos, the plane was developed with technology from the lab, the desert installation that built the atomic bomb during World War II.
The pillars of smoke that can be seen as far as Albuquerque, 60 miles away, have people on edge. The fire has also cast a haze as far away as Kansas. But officials said they analyzed samples taken Tuesday night from some of the lab’s monitors and the results showed nothing abnormal in the smoke.
Anti-nuclear groups have sounded the alarm about thousands of 55-gallon drums containing low-grade nuclear waste — gloves, tools and other contaminated items — about two miles from the fire. Lab officials said it was highly unlikely the blaze would reach the drums, and that the steel containers can in any case withstand flames and will be sprayed with fire-resistant foam if necessary.
Kevin Smith, site manager for the National Nuclear Security Administration, said the lab’s precautions have been scrutinized by dozens of experts.
The lab has been shut down since Monday, when all of the city of Los Alamos and some of its surrounding areas — 12,000 people in all — was evacuated. The fire has held up research on such topics as renewable energy, AIDS and particle physics.
"We have 10,000 experiments running at the same time," said Terry Wallace, science chief at the lab. "We’ll have to do an analysis to see what’s been affected and how it’s been affected."
The plane is just one part of an elaborate air monitoring network surrounding the lab. The lab and the New Mexico Environment Department have dozens of monitors on the ground throughout the region. McMillan said four high-volume air samplers were deployed Tuesday and more were on their way Wednesday.
Some experts familiar with the Los Alamos lab said there is no reason to fear that flames will scatter radiation.
"The nuclear materials are secure," said Penn State University nuclear engineering professor Barry Scheetz, who has served on National Academy of Sciences nuclear review boards and has been to Los Alamos several times. "There’s multiple redundancy in the protection of this material. It’s not just laying out. It’s not there so that a fire is going to disrupt it there and disperse it. The procedures that are in place to protect this material are tremendous."
He added: "The U.S. government, the Department of Energy, has spent literally hundreds of millions of dollars for scenarios that are so unlikely to occur that it is even ridiculous to think about."
The worst-case scenario Energy Department planners could envision for a fire at Los Alamos would release less than 25 rems or radiation — a dosage that is below short and long-term health concerns, according to a 1998 Environmental Impact Statement for operating the lab written by the department.
The same report said that wildfires are also one of the most likely risks for the lab, along with earthquakes. A bad wildfire is likely to happen at the lab about once a decade, the report said.
The lab was set for idle days again Thursday and Friday.
With no lab employees, residents or shopkeepers around, Los Alamos remained a virtual ghost town.
The economic impact of shutting down the town was already weighing on the minds of city officials and business owners.
"Everybody here is a small business," said Ron Selvage, owner of the Best Western Hilltop House, the only hotel that was open and filled with firefighters, helicopter pilots and journalists. "We’ll be alright, but all these other businesses still have the same bills they have to pay and no money coming in."
With the fire continuing to send up columns of smoke on the outskirts of town, fire officials said Wednesday they would not let residents return until it was safe.
The blaze was only 3 percent contained and the weather forecast called for more erratic winds in the coming days.
U.S. Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack on Wednesday toured the area from the air and on the ground as part of a swing through portions of New Mexico and Arizona that have been ravaged in recent weeks by wildfire. He said it was clear how fast the Las Conchas fire had expanded.
"At this point in time, we are comforted by the fact that the lab has not been impacted and there haven’t been, according to the Department of Energy, any compromises to operations there in terms of waste material and things of that nature," he said. "We’re working hard to try to contain that fire as quickly as possible."
Vilsack oversees the U.S. Forest Service, which has nearly 9,000 personnel assigned to more than 130 wildfires across the United States. Most of them are focused on fires burning in the Southwest. | <urn:uuid:91c07cdf-aa36-4bd5-a56f-0101deb97a92> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.onlineathens.com/article/20110630/NEWS/306309997 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657147031.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713225620-20200714015620-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.971244 | 1,228 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Artificial intelligence in the field of medical education -
To be or not to be?
Dr Tabinda Hasan [saudi arabia]
Dr Mahmood Fauzi[saudi arabia]
Dr Deeba Hasan [india]
From the earliest moments scientists have dreamed of an electronic brain. This quest to create an artificially intelligent computer has been the most ambitious. Computers can now be programmed to do complex manipulation that resembles higher human thought.
Today, computerized intelligence has become the intersection for information, science, medicine, and health care. It is the art of creating intelligent machines. 'Medical artificial intelligence in primarily concerned with the construction of artificially intelligent programmes that perform diagnosis and make therapy recommendations, [Clancy and Shortliffe1984]
This artificial intelligence has glorified the computer in the field of medical education. It is, by all means, the best model for an intelligent tutoring system.
We are all familiar with ELIZA, the Chabot artificial therapist, which can keep a spontaneous conversation going. It seems to simulate the human mind.
Then there are the so called “perfect doctors in a box” assisting or even surpassing our clinicians with tasks like diagnosis.
So we can well imagine the power and potential of this "brainy machine".
But there is one question we choose to ignore.
Are we creating an “alien intelligence form” for ourselves with which we will have to share our world to the extent of being "too close for comfort"?
Do unforeseen consequences lay in store for us? What are the limitations of a computer based medical system? There is increasing disillusion with such artificially intelligent diagnostic programmes [Shortliffe, 1987].They fit poorly into clinical practice, be it solving problems that were not an issue, or changing the way clinicians worked.
It does not have the creativity of the human thought process and hence, sometimes the information exchange system may seem dull.
It is lacking in the emotional aspects which play an important role in the inclusive systems based on integrating persons with medical conditions.
What can happen if computer based medical record keeping and diagnosing system go awry?
If the circuits become fuzzed out, will it play a bigger havoc than we choose to admit?
They are an aid of course, but have they become indispensable to the point of making us handicapped?
Will our thinking power, decision making reflexes, cognitive skills and instincts become compromised and substituted by this “thinking machine" offering ready-made potions.
Will we loose ourselves if we loose the disc data?
According to Darwin, (1859), the present human form is the result of a series of mutations and selective omissions. Will Darvins theory of disuse atrophy come into play once again, this time with the number of active neurons in our brain?
This is a mystery which only time can unveil. Hense, in the emergent scenario, it is recommended to use such programmes with due caution.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS- my parents [muhitul hasan, munawar sultana]
Shortiffe, E.H. (1993). The adolescence of AI in medicine: will the field come of age in the '90s? Articial Intell Med- Review, 5(2), 93-106.
Medical Artificial Intelligence (2010). Intelligent services in Medical Research. Retrieved February 25, 2010 from http://www.med-ai.com/Medical Artificial Intelligence. Mht. | <urn:uuid:4cdb6c2e-8161-4191-b3e3-f45ade7face4> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.globethics.net/en/network/forums/-/message_boards/message/1512738 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644913.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529205037-20230529235037-00190.warc.gz | en | 0.921562 | 723 | 2.84375 | 3 |
CO2-uptake by the ocean:
The ocean has played a dominant role in glacial-interglacial CO2 variability and it will be the major sink for anthropogenic CO2 in the future. The uptake is mainly driven by a positive gradient of the CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) between atmosphere and ocean.
Until today, the ocean has taken up almost 50% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions since the industrialisation began. However, due to non-linear effects of the marine carbonate system and a reduced CO2 solubility as a consequence of climate change the rate of uptake relative to emissions will decrease in the future.
This decreasing sink behaviour constitutes a positive feedback on the atmospheric CO2, amplifying climate change. On multi-milennial time scales the capacity of the oceanic CO2-sink will be increased by dissolution of CaCO3 from marine sediments, so that only about 10% of the anthropogenic perturbation will remain in the atmosphere after 10 kyrs. | <urn:uuid:57b1fdc8-42c3-4f67-8ad8-aeb2309c09f1> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.klima-warnsignale.uni-hamburg.de/buchreihe/die-meere/kapitel-3-8-zukuenftige-entwicklung-der-co2-aufnahme-des-meeres/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039617701.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423101141-20210423131141-00010.warc.gz | en | 0.921208 | 210 | 3.28125 | 3 |
1. The Samaritan has . i. Meg. 3 [A. V. 2], 'Thou art fairer than the children of men: grace is poured into thy lips; therefore God hath blessed thee for ever.'" That Aquila's conversion to Judaism was a gradual one appears from the question he addressed to Rabbi Eliezer: "Is the whole reward of a proselyte to consist in receiving food and raiment?" Aquila follows here Nahum of Gimzo and R. Akiba, who insisted on the importance of particles, especially . into their real or imagined component parts; e.g., in Isa. xxviii. This feature reappears in the names of the Hebrew letters attached to the Book of Lamentations by the original scribe of "Cod. 22). He then conjured up the founder of the Church, who replied, "Seek theirpeace, seek not their harm; he who assails them touches the apple of God's eye." It's a boys name, and has Hebrew and Latin origins, meaning Strong as an eagle, or Arrow. "For," said he, "I have found nothing so deeply neglected and held in such depreciation as the Law and Israel; but both, no doubt, will rise again as Isaiah has predicted" (Isa. The University of L'Aquila is dedicated to integrating disabled students into every part of university life. But as a rule he supports the ordinary Masoretic Text; e.g., ἡ προσβόλωσις στόματα in I Sam. eagle noun: aquila: gable noun: fastigium, columen, aetoma, pinnaculum: dormer: aquila: Find more words! Consonantal Text.—The extreme literalness of Aquila's methods enables the reader to restore with confidence the Hebrew from which he translated. 7 [A. V. 6]). Had not Joshua been so gentle, the Midrash adds, Aquila would have forsaken Judaism (Eccl. See also the related categories, eagle and latin. The former advised against it, as the Jews had so many laws. A more difficult question to answer is the relationship of Aquila to the "proselyte Onkelos," of whom the Babylonian Talmud and the Tosefta have much to relate. 8 for of the Masoretic Text he has ἐν ὔφει κουρᾶς, as if he had read On the other hand, there is much to be said for his division of (Ex. It was first catalogued by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy in the 2nd century. But no manuscript until quite recently was known to have survived, and our acquaintance with the work came from the scattered fragments of Origen's "Hexapla." The last point of this legend is no doubt directed against Christianity, which acknowledges the Law, but refuses obedience to it, and is of all the more interest if taken in connection with Christian legends concerning Aquila. 1 [ed. It will be noticed that the same corrupt form is used both for yod and for waw, just as in the Hexaplar form HIHI, i.e., , written in the square character.This quite unexpected feature is in full accord with the express statement of Origen who says in his comments on Ps. Irenæus, who wrote before 177, states that Pontus was Aquila's home. Very considerable use of it was made by Jerome in preparing the Latin version now known as the Vulgate, though (as we might expect) the more pedantic features are dropped in borrowing. It is now possible to study the rules of syntax followed by Aquila with far greater precision than before. But this can not be done where the Hebrew article and stand together, or where the object is a detached pronoun. xxxvi. Normally, people with the name Aquila are energetic, courageous and determined. The depth of his Hebrew knowledge is more open to question, if judged by modern standards. Field, Origenis Hexaplorum quœ Supersunt, Oxford, 1875; Wellhausen and Bleek, Einleitung in das Alte Testament, 4th ed., pp. For the association of the Targum of the Pentateuch with his name see Onkelos. At some unknown age he joined the Christians, but afterward left them and became a proselyte to Judaism. Aquila of Sinope: Aquila of Sinope (2nd century CE), also called Onkelos, was a native of Pontus, celebrated for a very literal and accurate translation of … It includes the star Altair. has collected a number of expressions that show Aquila's acquaintance with Homer and Herodotus. 26).It will be noted that Aquila uses the Greek article somewhat freely to express ל in cases where εἰς can not stand. Now is also used before the object of the verb when the object is defined, an idiom rendered by Aquila, where possible, by the Greek article, so that ὃς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ιςραήλ stands for . Contextual translation of "aquila natus" into English. Also pronounced uh-kwil-ah. 112-121; Schürer, Geschichte des Jüdischen Volkes, 3d ed., iii. xix. 12 as the Hiphil of ("to run"). All our content, including commentary and opinion, is intended to be information for our readers and does not necessarily indicate an endorsement by The Aquila Report or its governing board. xxix. Pronunciation of Aquila with 2 audio pronunciations, 9 synonyms, 3 meanings, 14 translations, 16 sentences and more for Aquila. | <urn:uuid:cc7e9701-938e-4706-9824-cdf7bdc30e36> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.globexcapital.net/7vppl6r/2586ad-aquila-meaning-in-hebrew | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663012542.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528031224-20220528061224-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.958086 | 1,236 | 2.90625 | 3 |
(6) Cuneiform (kyoo-NE-i-form) cartilages (paired). Cuneiform cartilages
are shaped like rods. These cartilages connect the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilages.
b. Voice Cords. The mucous membrane of the larynx contains two pairs of
folds: the superior folds (false vocal cords) and the inferior folds (true vocal cords).
(1) Superior folds (false vocal cords). If these folds are brought together,
they function in holding the breath against pressure in the thoracic cavity. Humans hold
their breath when they push against something heavy or pick up a heavy object.
(2) Inferior folds (true vocal cords). The movement of air across these vocal
cords produces sounds. Tension on the vocal cords controls pitch. Men usually have
thicker and longer vocal folds. This causes the vocal folds to vibrate more slowly giving
males a lower range of pitch than females.
Figure 1-6. The larynx. | <urn:uuid:e5374f10-c4c2-4db4-a638-eb71298be51c> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://armymedical.tpub.com/MD0568/Voice-Cords-Respiratory-Diseases-and-Disorders-13.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823705.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211215732-20181212001232-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.809155 | 227 | 3.953125 | 4 |
COLOURS OF the SOUTH:
When people think of the Confederate flag, different images are formed. Many Caucasian southerners—especially those persons with ancestral connection to a solider—would likely find an object that displays their heritage and southern patriotism. Many desire to own one without any particular affection toward racism, let alone slavery, but rather for the opportunity to hold a relic of the South, to be treasured by someone whose love for all things Southern runs deep in their being.
But why would a Northerner, for example, with no direct connection to the war, want to own such an object? From the perspective of a knowledgeable collector, the reasons are several. One is that the Civil War is one of the most interesting time periods in American history and Civil War period flags serve to record it. Another is that war-period Confederate flags are, collectively, the most valuable of all examples in American flag collecting, often fetching five to six-figure prices. And still another reason is that the many beautiful designs found in period secessionist examples, rival those of early Stars & Stripes, with all manner of interesting folk qualities.
To most Northerners, as well as many southerners, the flag most quickly recognized as representing the Confederacy is the Southern Cross, a.k.a., the flag of the Army of Northern Virginia, sometimes simply known as the Confederate battle flag. This is , unfortunately, the same flag that is sometimes employed today by both racist individuals and hate groups.
To many advanced collectors of American flags, however, Southern Cross flags are prized possessions with important history. They are often displayed along side Union examples, in an attempt to capture the struggle between North and South, as well as to show rare stylistic differences. But to both beginners and seasoned collectors alike, the decision to hang a Southern Cross flag in your home or business might seem like a bad idea, sending an incorrect and unintentional message. Luckily, to those who wish to collect Confederate examples, there is a clear alternative that may not send the same harsh signal.
Flag enthusiasts know that there are four basic styles of Confederate flags, three of which served as the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd national flags of the Confederate States of America. None of these are the Southern Cross, and though two of the designs incorporate it, one does not.
Also known as the “Stars & Bars”, the 1st Confederate national flag looked much like the Stars & Stripes. It had white stars on a blue canton, generally between 7 and 11 in number, to represent the count of states that had officially seceded from the Union. Instead of 13 red and white stripes, it had only 3 (red, white, red), which, on this occassion, are called “bars”.
Both Southerners and Northerners alike often incorrectly assume that the name “Stars & Bars” refers to the two diagonally opposing bars of the Sothern Cross, with its contingent of 13 stars. This is a common misconception. In fact, since the Stars & Bars design isn’t taught to most school children, I find that even Southerners don’t recognize it, unless they are particularly well-schooled in Civil War history.
So if the Southern Cross wasn't a national flag of the Confederacy, what was it?
The flag actually served as the Confederate navy jack in rectangular form, flown on Confederate Navy ships. It also served some land forces as their battle flag, usually with square proportions. The most notable among these were the regiments under the command of General Robert E. Lee, in the Army of Northern Virginia. This is why the design is often termed "the flag of the Army of Northern Virginia", though that was far from its only use.
Most regiments instead carried versions of the Stars & Bars as both their battle flag and flank guidons (marker flags). Because of the similarity between the Stars & Bars and the Stars & Stripes, however, one can imagine why confusion might set in on a smoke-filled battle field, or how either one might be misidentified in the fog or heavy rain. This is the primary reason why the national flag of the Confederacy was eventually altered.
The 2nd Confederate national flag exchanged a blue canton with white stars for the Southern Cross, in square format. It also exchanged the red and white bars for a field that was entirely white. This meant that the only color lay in the small canton, which, in turn, meant that it looked way too much like a surrender flag to meet the approval of most soldiers. For this reason, the fly end of the “Stainless Banner”, as was its nickname, was sometimes dipped in blood to better show its purpose. This practice was probably disliked by some southern gentlemen and women, nearly as much as the flag itself was disliked by the men fighting under it. So the 3rd Confederate national flag was created by sewing a vertical red bar at the fly end of the white field, to symbolize and replaced the blood with something more civilized.
To collectors who don’t want to send the wrong signal, the Stars & Bars is a fine choice among the four styles. Casual observers won’t know what it is, while experienced flag collectors or enthusiasts will be impressed to see one. In addition, displaying an example of the Stars & Bars presents an opportunity for a collector to explain its interesting history, if he or she so chooses.
In any event, wartime Confederate flags and post-war, reunion-era flags are not hate banners, which makes them very unlike the flags used in Hitler’s spread of hate, racism, and death. Not only did Nazi flags act as military signals, they also trumpeted Hitler’s master plan and that of the Nazi Party, which was to wipe from the earth those who did not fit the Aryan mold. Confederate flags, in stark contrast, were devised by the Confederate government, during wartime, when need arose to devise signals for the Confederate Army and Navy.
These men were fighting to protect their families, homes, and land, from a national government that didn’t seem to understand them. Slavery was an unfortunate and unforgivable part of that for some men and women, but most didn’t own plantations or slaves. Most were God-fearing people who were not looking to spread hate. That is the key difference in the American South of the nineteenth century and the men of the Third Reich.
I don’t say this to diminish the horrors that slavery brought upon African Americans; Slavery is a stain on our nation that we will never fully shed, and the Civil War helped to end it. But Men like Robert E. Lee and Jefferson Davis didn’t go to war to protect slavery; they did so to protect the South, their homes and neighbors, after a war broke out that focused mostly on slavery. Some fought for that end, to be sure, but most fought to separate themselves from northern control and to protect their livlihoods and their families. That’s a very different picture than the aggressive spread of hate put forth by Nazi Germany.
For collectors, the Stars & Bars comes in all manners of variation, not only in its star configuration, which can be linear, circular, in crescent forms or other designs, but also in the number of stars. The initial wave of secession bore a total of 7 states. This number increased to 11 soon afterward, but there are flags with 8, 9, and 10 stars, to reflect each state that was added in-between. There were also as many as five border states, generally sympathetic to the southern cause and which sent regiments to fight for the Confederacy. These states are sometimes reflected in the stars of Confederate flags. In addition, some Native American tribes aligned themselves with the South for political reasons, often supplying guides and scouts. Additional stars are actually present on a few known flags, to show of respect for their involvement.
Sometimes Southerners experimented with their own designs. Many were hesitant to completely abandon the Stars & Stripes, which had, of course, been their flag since June 14th of 1777, paid for with the same blood and tears that Northerners shed in the struggle for independence. So some flags were made with a star count particular to secession, such as 7 stars for the initial wave of 7 states, but with 13 stripes instead of 3 bars, or with the stripe count lowered from 13 to 7. These are some of the many ways that Southerners represented secession in prototypes or otherwise patriotic versions of Confederate colors.
A particularly notable example was the marriage between the Texas flag and the Confederate 1st national flag. Since the flag of Texas looked quite like the Stars & Bars, with one big star on a blue canton, spanning the entire hoist end, followed by two bars (red over white), some Texans married the two designs to personalize their combined meaning.
Like most types of Confederate and Union flags, Confederate 1st national flags varied in their manner of construction, including the weave and color of fabric employed, the presence of company designations or battle honors (rare outside institutions), and the presence of slogans. In fact, the Stars & Bars can vary as much or more as Stars & Stripes of the same period, because any number of private and commercial makers were producing them and they were doing so in a part of the country where there was a noted lack of financial resources, more significant shortages of supplies, poorer communication, and a greater lack of organization. For all of these reasons, Confederate flags used for military purpose are even more variable than the Stars & Stripes of the North.
Just like Union flags, those of the South vary greatly in both size and proportion. Among homemade flags, Confederate women were particularly known for the making of Bible flags, which they sewed for loved ones as gifts when they went away to war. Usually between four and twelve inches in length, these little flags could fit into Bibles (folded if necessary) to serve as both keepsake and bookmark. Typically hand-sewn from dress silk and ribbon, and usually found in Stars & Bars format, Bible flags offer an interesting window into the personal relationships between soldiers, their wives and mothers. Easily displayed, due to their small size, they also offer an opportunity for collectors to own some of the most unique of all Civil War flags made above or below the Mason-Dixon.
When deciding whether or not to add a flag of Southern persuasion to your collection, the point to remember is that both Confederate and Union flags now serve to record what happened; where men fought, how and where they lost their lives and, on occasion, their beloved banners. Slavery was a horrible mistake of many civilizations. America overcame it, and the textiles of the War Between the States survive to tell us how.
|Jeff R. Bridgman Antiques, Inc • Historic York County, Pennsylvania • Tel. 717-502-1281 or 717-676-0545 • [email protected]
All images and Text © Jeff Bridgman 2001 - 2013 | <urn:uuid:7c897929-fdec-4b71-ab5c-16e662fd0302> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.jeffbridgman.com/html/articles007.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948587496.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216084601-20171216110601-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.969132 | 2,299 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Due to the pretensions of Armenian falsifiers which wants our lands, the name “Karabakh” began to be used since XVIII century, and as if there was not such name in earlier sources. There is also pretension that Muslim-Turk governance in this territory appeared at the time of Karabakh khanate.
Though it is strange, most of our experts who try to answer their lies, form their thesis on not refuted facts about the history of khanate, and are satisfied telling only some sentences about Karabakh Beylerbeylik (a form of small administration and control, similar to a khanate, but much like a vassal but not vassal state) which was before khanate. This is natural as there was not special research about Karabakh Beylerbeylik and its history until today in Azerbaijan. I mean, even if they touched to the problem, they did it in the frame of general conception.
To be exact, the XVI-XVII century also the first part of XVIII century period of Karabakh history, mean, the earlier period of Karabakh khanate was not researched enough in our national history and there is a need to serious researches in this field. This period is significant with Karabakh beylerbeylik inside Azerbaijan state in Sefevits governance period (1501-1736). Due to Georgian sources and German historian K.M.Rohrborn which support those sources, Karabakh beylerbeylik was established in 1554 and Shahverdi Sultan Ziyadoglu was the first beylerbek of Karabakh. Before, to be exact in XV century Karabakh territory was under the governance of Karakoyunlu and Agkoyunlu dynasties in Azerbaijan. At that time, Qaramanlis and Qacars were strengthening in Karabakh. Among Qizilbash tribes which joined around Sheykh Heyder there were Karabakh Qacars.
At the end of XV century, in the last years of Agkoyunlu dynasty, contradictions in Azerbaijan sharpened more and more.
İn 1500 the unit state was smashed to pieces among different Agkoyunlu amirs. The South Azerbaijan, Karabakh, Nakhcivan and Diyarbekir were under the rule of Sultan Elvend, Arabian Irak, Persia and Kirman was under the rule of Sultan Murad. In the beginning of XVI century, after Safavi governance was formed in Azerbaijan, Karabakh beylerbeylik with the center Ganja was established in Karabakh territory.
Want to inform that, first Safavi shahs formed beylerbeyliks in provinces under their rules and gave those beylerbeyliks under the rule of different Turk qizilbash tribes. The rule of Karabakh beylerbeylik was given to Ziyadoglular branch of Qacar family. That generation governed in that territory from 50th year’s odd XVI century until Nadir shah Efshad took the throne.
As Nadir (1736-1747) was not strong enough to rule the state of Sefevi dynasty, called congress in Mugan in 1736 about the fortune of the state and held elections due to the old Turkish traditions and was selected shah in that congress. In congress, the leading families of Karabakh Cavanshir, Kebirli, Otuz iki, Iyirmi dord and so on were against the candidature of Nadir. That lead shah Nadir Qulu khan to make big changes, also to abolish beylerbeylik administrative division which inherited from Sefevis.
In Azerbaijan as a rule, every new dynasty in the government were obliged to change administrative territorial division of country in order to weaken the representatives of dynasties before them in territories. So, the division was changed some time beginning from feudal emirates to beylerbeyliks (1538-1747), khanates (1747-1828). After Elkhanis came to the government in Azerbaijan became wider and Eastern Anadoly, Arabian Irak and Acem Irak also joined to its territory.
This situation went on the period of Karakoyunlu and Agkoyunlu dynasties. During the governance of Agkoyunlu, to be exact, in 1477 the Eastern Georgia also joined to Agkoyunlu state. In 1503 after the governance of Agkoyunlu ended, all Azerbaijan territories went under the rule of Sefevits. Azerbaijan territory was from Amu-Derya River to Ferat River, from Derbend to Persian Gulf. During Sefevits period Azerbaijan divided into many beylerbeyliks from the point of administrative division, also it was devided into Shirvan, Karabakh (Genje), Chukurseed (Irevan) and Tabriz beylerbeyliks. You can get information about them in some historical sources. One of such sources is “Tarix-I Alemara-yi Shah Ismayil” which was written by unknown author.
The author of this piece tells about the events of 1508, and then adds that Shah Ismayil appreciated qizilbash emirates high that had special selflessness in fights for establishment Sefevits governance and he appointed their children to high positions: “he gave beylerbeyliks of Karabakh and that boundary to Rustem bey- the son of Qara Piri”.
We know from “Tarix-I Alemara-yi Shah Ismayil” that, Karabakh beylerbeylik which was established in that period belonged to the generation of Qara Piri bey Qacar in the beginning. In 1554 it was given to another branch of Qacars, Ziyadoglular generation. They ruled Karabakh beylerbeyliks until the Sefevits dispersed and Nadir shah came to the throne.
One of the important sources with the information about the geographical position, administrative division and economical situation of Karabakh beylerbeyliks is “Tezkiratul-muluk” which was written by Mirze Semia in 1725. Due to that peace, Karabakh beylerbeylik with the center Genje involved a large territory. Beylerbeylik consisted of 9 region: Zeyem, Berde, Agstafa, Cavanshir, Bergushad, Qara-Agac, ( it was situated in Kaxeti province of Georgia), Lori and Pembek, Arazbar country and Beyazidli province, Simavi and Terkur country.
Due to the “Tezkiratul-muluk”, Karbakh Beylerbeylik included Azerbaijanis’ Gencebasar and Karabakh regions, also Pembek mountain chains and northern territories of it, Goyce province, a large part of Zengezur, also Borchali province, Kaxeti province itself. Tbilisi also was under Karabakh beylerbeylik.
Due to our topic, “Ruzname” by Heyder Chelebi is also very interesting. In this source the name of Serdar bey Qacar who was governor of Genje and Berde provinces, among the names of qizilbash emirates who were killed in Chaldiran fight. Want to inform that, Serdar bey Qacar also was the representative of generation who ruled Karabakh. The most important information about Ziyadoglu Qacar is lightened in “Xulaset es-siyar” peace of Mahammed Mesum who was vizier of Karabakh beylerbek Murtuzaqulu khan Qacar during the period of II Shah Abbas. Mahammed Mesum lightened the history of Ziyadoglu Qacar generation from 40th years of XVI century until 60th of XVII century in his peace. Due to him, Karabakh beylerbek Shahverdi Sultan died in 1568. He had three sons. One of them Khalil khan was the head of Qacar family and beylerbek of Astrabad while his father was alive: “Now parts of Qacars who live in Astrabad are representatives of his generation”.
After the death of Shahverdi Sultan his two sons- Ibrahim khan and Yusif Khalifa were Karabakh beylerbek until 1576. II Shah Ismayil considered Karabakh Qacars also Ziyadoglu generation his personal enemies. Because, as a result of suggestions of Shahverdi Sultan, Ismayil Mirze was punished by his father and lives prisoner life in Qehqehe castle 20 years by the order of his father Shah Tehmasib.
During the period of Mahemmed Xudabende, to be exact in 1580, after Peyker Sultan was appointed Shirvan beylerbek, some part of Qacars moved to Shirvan and arranged there. Due to the sources we know that during the period of Sevefi-Ottoman war (1578-1590) Karabakh beylerbek Imamqulu khan was active in fight for Azerbaijan with Karabakh army, but was obliged to move to south shores of Araz in 1588.
During the war, Ottomans won systematically and with Istanbul peace contract in 1590 the next period of bloody wars of two Turkish states resulted. Due to the peace contract, besides Talish province all North Azerbaijan, Western Azerbaijan, also some part of South Azerbaijan went under Ottoman rules. Due to the texts written by Faruk Sumer, when Karabakh went under the rule of Ottomans, some part of Qacars did not want to be under the rule of Ottoman government and moved to the south of Araz: “As a result of great military leadership Imamqulu khan Qacar fought against the Ottoman army more than ten years. After his death in 1587 in Genje, Mehemmed khan Ziyadoglu appointed Karabakh beylerbeylik”.
Sheref khan Bitlisi noted that, in 1st September of 1588, Ferhad Pasha invaded Genje, Then Mehemmed khan Ziyadoglu moved with his family consist of 40-50 thousand home to the shore of Araz. Due to the information given by Mehemmed Mesum, Karabakh beylerbeylik was ruled by Ziyadoglu Qacar by inheritance. The grand child of Shahverdi Sultan, the son of Astrabad Khalil khan, Mahemmed khan, Ziyadoglu generation was made to moved from not only Shirvan but also from Karabakh by Ottoman army. So, Qacars left Karabakh and inhabited in Erdebil territory.
F. Krzioglu writes that, Ziyadoglu Qacars could not reconcile with the occupation of Karabakh by Ottoman army: “ Mehemmed khan Qacar marched to Karabakh in 1589 and surrounded Genje city. When Tebriz guard Cefer Pasha learned about this, he sent his messenger to I Shah Abbas and told that they cannot allow this event while there are peace negotiations. And this message resulted. Sefevi khan III Sultan Murad took into account the beginning of peace negotiations called Mehemmed shah Qacar from surround of Genje”.
By the way, the most important information about Karabakh population and its ethnic compound is given in “Genje-Karabakh review book” which was organized by Imamzade Mehmed who was financial officer of Ottomans in 1593. In that document 8 subdivisions of Qacars who did not leave Karabakh and stayed under the rule of Ottomans during the Ottoman invasion in 1588-1606: 1. Qaraca-Sevgulen in Berde province. 2. Qaytaq- in Sir Province Berde and Xacin sancaq in Calaberd province. 3. Qolsuzlu- in Sir province of Berde. 4. Agcaqoyunlu- in Xacin’s Calaberd province. 5. Gengeldilu- in the same territory. 6. Eylenlu- in the same territory, around Berde and Genje. 7. Sham Bayazi (Bayati) in the same territory. 8. Yiva- Qacar in Qaraagaac and Genje provinces. The 31 subdivisions of Hacilu (Hacilar) generation in Qaraagac territory of Genje province are named in document too: 1. Elisharlu, 2. Bukavullu, 3. Canilu, 4. Ciraculu, , 5. Davulu, 6. Davudlu, 7. Demirchiler, 8. Ton-Eli, 9. Emir-Alyanlu, 10. Emir-Hesənlu, 11. Qazilu, 12. Hindmallu, 13. Khalifali, 14. İsabeyli, 15. İsmail-Qazılu, 16. Qedim-İsmaillu, 17. Kağan-Erlu, 18. Qara-Sofılu, 19. Keremeddinlu, 20. Qoruqçılu, 21. Qoyunlu-Mahmad, 22. Qul-Mahmudlu, 23. Kureler, 24. Mirxanilu, 25. Sarsarlu, 26. Sazağanlu, 27. Semelu, 28. Semelu-yi Artuc, 29. Sokelu, 30. Oxunmur, 31. Torelu
Bakıda Azərbaycan-İspaniya biznes forumu... Xəbərin Davamı..
Rusiya Prezidenti Vladimir Putin Dağlıq... Xəbərin Davamı.. | <urn:uuid:582e3df7-162b-42cf-8b9b-3cf5295fc08c> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://analoq.az/medeniyyet/3624-a-short-excursion-to-history-karabakh-beylerbeylik.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122726.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00245-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949127 | 3,060 | 2.859375 | 3 |
It was on February 21 1613 that the 16 year old Michael Romanov was unanimously elected by the Zemsky Sobor as the Tsar of Russia. This choice of the young Tsar is seen both as marking the end of the Time of Troubles following the end of the House of Rurik in 1598 and as the beginning of the rule of the Romanov dynasty. It was not until March 24 that a delegation reached Michael and his mother, who were initially reluctant to accept the dignity, and not until July 22 that he was crowned.
Tsar Michael I at the time of his coronation
There is an introduction to the life of Tsar Michael I here.
In 1913 there were Tercentenary Celebrations of the advent of the Romanovs which tragically proved to be the swansong of the old order in Russia. There is a short account of the celebrations on that February 21st here.
Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra and two of their daughters
at the Tercentenary Celebrations. The Tsarevich Alexis, carried by a cossack,
can be seen between his parents. | <urn:uuid:e47b2317-1e67-406d-81ea-b18d9bfda89a> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://onceiwasacleverboy.blogspot.com/2013/02/tsar-michael-i-of-russia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886124563.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823210143-20170823230143-00257.warc.gz | en | 0.982347 | 231 | 3.171875 | 3 |
People’s lives have never been more interconnected than in the digital age. The rise of mobile devices and Wi-Fi technology has made the existence of a global community possible. By now, their use has been deeply embedded in the fabric of daily life and it would be difficult to imagine the postmodern world without the presence of these powerful tools. Let us take a closer look at three of the most commonly used handheld devices.
A rugged computer is designed to withstand use in harsh environments such as extreme weather conditions. As such, it is an essential tool for field workers. For instance, rugged tablets are used by airlines for operating their fleet. The devices are used in commercial planes as well because they can handle the shocks of in-flight usage better. These are also used by warehouse management companies and public safety agencies.
Companies in these industries prefer to use rugged devices such as Trimble devices because they are proven to work efficiently in tough work environments such as freezing temperatures. They can also survive rough handling, which minimizes the need for a Trimble repair, for instance. This is extremely beneficial to companies because it limits the amount spent on repairing or replacing out-of-order equipment.
This one is perhaps the most versatile out of all the pocket-size devices people carry around all day. The smartphone began its life as a device primarily used for sending and receiving text messages as well as for making and receiving calls. That was in the 1990s.
What is amazing about the current form is its multi-functionality. Back then, you would need multiple devices to do everything that a smartphone can do. Its predecessors are the mobile phone and the personal digital assistant (PDA). The mobile phone was solely intended for communications. The PDA, on the other hand, was used for business purposes. It gave its users access to spreadsheets, calculators, calendars, and the like.
Aside from combining the functions of the mobile phone and the PDA, some of the functions of the digital camera, portable music player, GPS navigation device, and handheld game console have also been incorporated into the current version of the smartphone.
Since its arrival, this portable work companion has become the best friend of students and working professionals alike. Home computers, the ancestor of the personal computer (PC), were first introduced in the mid-1970s. But it was only later on that a computer was made for commercial release.
Osborne 1, the first mass-produced portable computer, was released in 1981. It had a built-in printer and weighed 24 pounds, a far cry from today’s lightweight laptops. Then in 1983, Apple released the Lisa, the first computer with a graphical user interface or GUI, a feature that allows users to navigate the screen and run programs with the use of a mouse. Previously, there was a need to type commands to run computer programs. A couple of years later, GUIs became a common feature of all PCs.
But laptop prototypes that heavily influenced the ones being used today did not arrive until the early 1990s. In 1991, Apple released the PowerBook laptop series. A number of its features can still be seen in modern laptop design. It had a keyboard located at the back of the laptop’s bottom half, positioned near the screen. The front of the bottom half was reserved for the trackball and palm rests. Today, the trackball and palm rests have been replaced with a touchpad, but the layout is essentially the same.
A year after the PowerBook was released, IBM released its own laptop series called the ThinkPad. The fact that the ThinkPad 750c was used by NASA in space demonstrates its brilliant design.
A lot has surely changed since the dawn of the early computers. But it is useful to look back on these earlier innovations because contemporary devices are heavily influenced by their predecessors. Until now, design and concepts inherited from mobile device prototypes are still apparent. The invention of the bulky predecessors sparked a technological revolution, which led to the birth of lightweight and versatile gadgets that have spread across all corners of the globe. | <urn:uuid:ff0b1e0c-f233-4fea-bc47-a94d6c333000> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.tweettabs.com/three-incredibly-useful-types-of-mobile-devices/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337524.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004184523-20221004214523-00257.warc.gz | en | 0.972277 | 839 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Anaerobic Respiration is the breakdown of food substances in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration releases less energy than aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration occurs in certain microorganisms, for example, yeast. Yeast respires aerobically in the presence of oxygen. Without oxygen, yeast carries out anaerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration releases less energy than aerobic respiration. The little amount of energy released is enough for the yeast to survive, though it cannot be very active under such conditions.
Equation for anaerobic respiration :
Glucose -> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide + Small amount of Energy
Energy conversions in muscle cells
Muscle cells normally respire aerobically. When less oxygen is available, muscle cells will also respire anaerobically for a short period of time.
Muscle cells carry out anaerobic respiration to produce extra energy as maximum aerobic respiration is unable to produce energy fast enough to meet demands.
Equation for anaerobic respiration in your muscles:
C6H12O6 (Glucose) -> 2C3H6O3 (Lactic Acid) + Small amount of energy
The small amount of energy released in anaerobic respiration, together with that produced in aerobic respiration, is sufficient to keep the muscles contracting.
Since there is insufficient oxygen to meet the demands of vigorous muscular contractions, the muscles are said to incur an oxygen debt.
Lactic acid concentrations start to build up in the muscles and this causes fatigue and muscle pains.
Lactic acid is transported to the liver and oxidized to produce oxygen. This energy is used to convert the remaining lactic acid back into glucose when the body is no longer short of oxygen. When the lactic acid is used up, the oxygen debt is repaid.
Glucose is then transported back to the muscle. | <urn:uuid:2019c3ea-1beb-441e-be5f-f302405b5fef> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | https://bioeqwejr.wordpress.com/category/anaerobic-respiration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443738009849.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001222009-00156-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880458 | 394 | 3.96875 | 4 |
This content discusses 10 key political movements that have shaped history. These movements include the French Revolution, the American Civil Rights Movement, the Industrial Revolution, the Russian Revolution, the Suffragette Movement, the Anti-Apartheid Movement, the Chinese Cultural Revolution, the Civil Rights Movement in the United States, the Arab Spring, and the Anti-War Movement. Each movement had a significant impact on society, politics, and the course of history, advocating for various causes such as democracy, equality, and human rights. These movements brought about significant changes, challenged the status quo, and shaped the world we live in today.
10 Key Political Movements that Shaped History
1. The French Revolution (1789-1799)
The French Revolution was a pivotal moment in history that marked the end of monarchy and the rise of democracy in France. It brought about sweeping social and political changes, leading to the overthrow of Louis XVI and the establishment of the First French Republic.
2. The American Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968)
The American Civil Rights Movement was a transformative period in the United States, advocating for racial equality and justice. Led by figures such as Martin Luther King Jr., it prompted significant legislative changes and fought against segregation and discrimination.
3. The Industrial Revolution (18th-19th centuries)
The Industrial Revolution was a time of significant technological advancements and economic growth. It fundamentally changed societies and marked the shift from agrarian economies to industrialized nations, impacting politics, labor, and living conditions.
4. The Russian Revolution (1917-1923)
The Russian Revolution marked the overthrow of the Tsarist autocracy and the establishment of the Soviet Union. It was a turning point in global politics, leading to the rise of communism and exerting a profound influence on 20th-century history.
5. The Suffragette Movement (late 19th-early 20th centuries)
The Suffragette Movement fought tirelessly for women’s rights, particularly the right to vote. It played a crucial role in promoting gender equality and inspiring feminist movements globally.
6. The Anti-Apartheid Movement (1948-1994)
The Anti-Apartheid Movement was a global campaign against racial discrimination and segregation in South Africa. It contributed to the dismantling of apartheid, leading to Nelson Mandela’s release from prison and the advent of a democratic South Africa.
7. The Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
The Chinese Cultural Revolution was a socio-political movement initiated by Chairman Mao Zedong. It aimed to reassert revolutionary communist values, leading to widespread social upheaval, political repression, and economic instability.
8. The Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)
The Civil Rights Movement in the United States fought against racial segregation and discrimination towards African Americans. It was a crucial force in reshaping American society and paving the way for equal rights for all citizens.
9. The Arab Spring (2010-2012)
The Arab Spring was a wave of pro-democracy movements across the Middle East and North Africa. It led to the overthrow of several authoritarian governments, as citizens demanded political reforms, freedom, and improved human rights.
10. The Anti-War Movement (1960s-1970s)
The Anti-War Movement was a collective response to the Vietnam War and other conflicts. It called for an end to war, criticizing the government’s foreign policies and advocating for peace and diplomacy. | <urn:uuid:2dfa4bd1-f6ec-4777-a72f-0fc74736c15f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://thelistdirectory.com/10-key-political-movements-that-shaped-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100508.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203125921-20231203155921-00394.warc.gz | en | 0.928068 | 701 | 3.875 | 4 |
Question: Explain how events such as the Vietnam War and Watergate affected the American public’s opinion of the U.S government.
Part I: Read the question above and write down what you think the question is asking in your own words. I think that this question is asking for the American public perception of the US government and their elected officials during both of these events. Both the Vietnam War and Watergate events had big impacts on American society. For example, the Vietnam War was the first war to be televised in color, but a lot of the baby boom generation were either in the war or against the war. The Watergate event made Americans feel let down because of the mistrust in the US …show more content…
Purpose: The purpose of the source is to inform readers about The Vietnam War itself. Also, to add additional background information that the reader may have or have not known prior to reading the article.
Explanation of the source: This source helps explain how the American public’s opinion of the government was mistrustful by giving information about how the war really was and what the government try to hide or “censor” from the public. During this time period, the US government tried to censor a lot of what was really going on between the US and the war. This source also has supporting information on the Watergate scandal, which in hand increased the level of mistrust between the American people and its government.
Quote: “For example, Nixon first authorized illegal wiretaps in May 1969 to find the leaker who told a New York Times reporter that the United States was secretly bombing Cambodia.”
Source: Magazine Article
Title: Watergate’s impact on modern America
Web address: http://www.examiner.com/article/watergate-s-impact-on-modern-america
Summary: This source is a magazine article on how the Watergate scandals affected today’s society as well as the society then in America. It helps explain how society and the government where changed due to this event.
Audience: I believe the audience for this article would be people who are interested | <urn:uuid:8128b614-83c5-4b35-82b7-17600bfffd17> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.majortests.com/essay/06-07-Dissilusionment-FKTXVVUQSS.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814002.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222041853-20180222061853-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.963329 | 436 | 3.265625 | 3 |
and the Revolutionary
Fight for Native American Rights
Tribal flags at entrance to Oceti Sakowin camp north of Standing Rock Sioux Reservation in September.
Over the past nine months, hundreds and then thousands of Native Americans from around North America converged on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation to stand with the Sioux “water protectors” in resisting the attempt to push the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) through their lands. More than 300 of the 567 federally recognized tribes were present, signaled by the rows of tribal flags at the Oceti Sakowin (Great Sioux Nation, or Seven Council Fires) camp. It has been the largest mobilization to defend Indian rights since Sitting Bull at the head of several thousand Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes smashed the U.S. Seventh Cavalry under General George Custer at the 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn (known as the Greasy Grass River by the Lakota). The battle at Standing Rock is not just over a pipeline, it is over centuries of oppression.
Elsewhere in the U.S., the issue has often been posed as an environmental fight over building pipelines. But as an article on the New York Times (7 November) blog Dot Earth headlined: “The Core Issue in the Dakota Pipeline Fight is Sioux Rights, Not Oil.” The author, Arnold Revkin of the ProPublica website, wrote about calls to “keep it in the ground” that this “might work symbolically and energize progressives, but oil is a global commodity and will find a path from wells to markets as long as demand persists.” Rather than a fight over fossil fuels, the battle of the Standing Rock Sioux is about confronting the systematic dispossession of the Indian peoples dating back to the first European settlement of the American continent. The unparalleled Native American solidarity and widespread public support for their cause may spark a broader struggle for Indian rights. But to win this must be a class battle against all the capitalist rulers.1
The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe rightly insists that the U.S. must deal with it not as subjects but through negotiation between governments. Since Native American peoples were classified as nations in the modern system of nation-states, their relations with the United States have been set down in treaties. These agreements have repeatedly been ripped up, but the treaties themselves only codified the land theft as American capitalism marched across the continent, whether in the form of settlers, gold miners, railroads or pipelines, backed or spearheaded by the U.S. Army. The history of broken treaties goes back to the foundation of the republic, and continues to this day. The owners of Dakota Access, the state of North Dakota and the Army Corps of Engineers all hold that the pipeline does not cross the territory of the Standing Rock Indian Reservation, and therefore the tribe has no right to veto the project. But in fact it’s on stolen Indian lands.
A century and a half ago this was all formally recognized by Washington as Indian country. As the Tribe asserts in its suit against the Corps, “the 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie included extensive lands that would be crossed by the proposed pipeline.” While a second (1868) Treaty of Fort Laramie established a Great Sioux Reservation covering all of western South Dakota, the lands to the north were declared “unceded Indian territory ... [that] no white person or persons shall be permitted to settle upon or occupy.” Soon enough, in 1874 Custer announced the discovery of gold in the Black Hills of South Dakota, and then launched a war to drive out the Sioux. Despite Sitting Bull’s stunning victory over Custer, the war resulted in an 1877 treaty seizing the Black Hills. In 1889 the U.S. broke up the Great Sioux Reservation into five small tracts, and the next year tribal police on the U.S. payroll killed Sitting Bull at Standing Rock.
The reservations, while a last toehold of Indian territory, are a historical injustice, meant to confine the survivors of the American bourgeoisie’s destruction and displacement of the native population. The birth of industrial capitalism in this country required the exploitation of vast tracts of land that indigenous people formerly inhabited and used for hunting grounds and agriculture. The little parcels today inhabited by various tribes are the end product of a string of crimes – and the violation of the land rights of Native Americans continues. In 1958, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers seized nearly 200,000 acres of land from the Standing Rock and Cheyenne River reservations, removing the people in order to build the Oahe Dam as part of a Missouri River flood control program. Now the Corps and the DAPL claim the right to put a pipeline across Sioux lands.
A History of Massacres and Broken Treaties
Soldiers throw bodies of Lakota Sioux Indians killed in the 29 December 1890 massacre at Wounded Knee, South Dakota in mass grave. Twenty Congressional medals of honor were obscenely awarded to participants in this mass murder.
Behind this latest aggression there is a whole history of massacres and broken treaties. To the extent most Americans know anything of the Sioux (aside from romanticized versions of “Custer’s Last Stand”), they may have heard of the Wounded Knee massacre of 1890, when U.S. Seventh Cavalry soldiers slaughtered as many as 300 Lakota Sioux. They were fleeing, fearing reprisal by the state after some Indian police on the U.S. payroll were killed as they tried to arrest, and ended up assassinating, Chief Sitting Bull. (The U.S. feared he would join the Ghost Dance spiritual revivalist movement.) As the Lakota neared the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, they were surrounded by soldiers who attempted to take their arms. Warriors were shot point-blank and their families mowed down in tipis by Hotchkiss rapid-fire guns. Those who escaped were pursued across the prairie and finished off. Even the butcher General Nelson Miles called it “abominable” and a “horrible massacre of women and children.”
Some may also know of the Wounded Knee siege of 1973, for example from seeing Robert Redford’s documentary film, Incident at Oglala (1992). Two hundred Oglala Lakota and supporters of the American Indian Movement (AIM) had occupied the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota – the same place as the 1890 massacre. They were protesting the U.S. government’s failure to fulfill treaty obligations, and demanding impeachment of the Pine Ridge Reservation president. In response, the FBI put the town under siege for 71 days, killed two demonstrators and disappeared civil rights activist Ray Robinson. Later, AIM activist Leonard Peltier was framed for the 1975 shooting of two FBI agents at Pine Ridge. The feds manufactured evidence against Peltier, hid bullet tests proving his innocence, presented false testimony obtained by torture, and lied to the jury. Forty years later, he is still in jail.2 We demand Leonard Peltier be freed, now!
The history of the genocidal push to devastate the American Indian population goes back to the “rosy dawn of capitalist production,” as Marx ironically put it. That drive includes erasing the history of dispossession of the Native Americans, and of Indian resistance. Every year, the feast of Thanksgiving is celebrated in November. Schoolchildren are taught that this was a day of brotherhood and gratitude when the pilgrims were saved from starvation by the Indians at Plymouth, Massachusetts. Such a feast did occur in 1621, but the official proclamation of Thanksgiving celebrated a 1637 massacre by English and Dutch mercenaries against the Pequot Indians. In what is present-day Mystic, Connecticut 700 Native Americans were slaughtered by these colonial thugs – and then-governor of Massachusetts John Winthrop proclaimed “a day of public thanksgiving to God for his great mercies in subduing the Pequots.”
American schoolchildren learn of Daniel Boone as an explorer, but not about his role in leading settlers into what is now Kentucky, where they were resisted by Indian nations. This was the start of Lord Dunmore’s War (1774), named after the colonial governor of Virginia, which pushed the Shawnee Indians beyond the Ohio River. Such acts of aggression drove many Indian tribes into the arms of the British during America’s 1776 war for independence. In 1779, on the orders of President George Washington, the Sullivan Expedition was sent into Pennsylvania and western New York to decimate the Iroquois Confederacy. Their orders were to burn all villages, crops and livestock. The result was starvation for thousands through loss of agricultural land. This marked the definitive subjugation of the Iroquois, whose pre-class society (“primitive communism”) was studied by Lewis Henry Morgan. His book Ancient Society (1877) was a main source for Friedrich Engels’ Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1884).
The restless westward expansion of the newly formed United States soon sent settlers and the U.S. Army across the Ohio River. Although the area was ceded to the U.S. by Britain in the 1783 Treaty of Paris, it was populated by tens of thousands of Native Americans. The Western Confederacy led by Shawnee and Miami Indians scored some resounding victories, notably in the Battle of the Wabash (1791) where the U.S. invaders lost almost 1,000 troops. But eventually the Indian forces were overpowered and lost the Northwest Indian War (1785-1795). This didn’t stop Native American resistance, however. The next chapter was Tecumseh’s War (1811) in the Indiana Territory. The Shawnee leader objected to the Treaty of Fort Wayne, when “moderate” chiefs gave up huge tracts. Despite Tecumseh’s eloquence, calling on Indians to awaken from “the sleep of slavery,” his tactical success (along with the British) in gaining the surrender of Detroit, and future president William Henry Harrison’s dubious claim to have won the Battle of Tippicanoe, Tecumseh failed to unite the tribes and was killed as a British ally in the War of 1812.
Then came Andrew Jackson’s infamous “Trail of Tears.” Under the Indian Removal Act of 1830 and precipitated by the discovery of gold in Georgia, the Cherokee, Muscogee, Seminole, Chickasaw and Choctaw peoples were forced to sell their lands east of the Mississippi River and move to present-day Oklahoma. The Seminoles fought two wars of resistance, joined by black slaves who destroyed coastal plantations, lasting from 1832 to 1842. Those Seminoles who were not forcibly relocated to the west of the Mississippi retreated into the Everglades, refusing to sign a peace treaty with the U.S. The Cherokee also refused to leave and were marched at gunpoint in groups of 1,000 on a thousand-mile trek fraught with disease, starvation and exposure to brutal weather. By 1837 some 46,000 Native Americans had been expelled from their homelands in the South, and 6,000-10,000 died on the way.
While Harrison and Jackson were open reactionaries, few know about Abraham Lincoln’s brutal repression of the Sioux Uprising of 1862 in southern Minnesota during the Civil War. Provoked by U.S. confiscation of their lands, failure to pay annuities, and famine due to hunting by encroaching white settlers, the Dakota Sioux in the Minnesota River valley rose up in rebellion. This led to a series of battles between the Sioux and the U.S. Army. It ended with the mass hanging of 38 Native Americans in Mankato, Minnesota on 26 December 1862, the day after Christmas. It was the largest single execution in American history. Even so, Minnesota governor Alexander Ramsey wanted to execute 300 Sioux. That same day, the “president who freed the slaves” officially made a national holiday of Thanksgiving, which celebrated the 1637 massacre of the Pequots. An expedition led by ex-governor Henry Hastings Sibley pushed the retreating Dakota Sioux into the Dakotas, where the next year 300 to 400 were killed in the Inyan Ska (Whitestone) Massacre.
Drawing of mass execution of 38 Sioux at Mankato, Minnesota in December 1862. President Lincoln personally selected those to be hung.
In his famous Custer Died For Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto (1969), Native American activist and Standing Rock Sioux member Vine Deloria Jr. traces the succession of broken treaties back to the Treaty of Delaware of 1778. Deloria outlines the official promises made by the U.S. to American Indians – to never encroach on land, allow for self-governance, guarantee hunting and fishing rights, etc. – and how U.S. capitalism’s need for resources led to these promises being broken. Then when the reservation system was introduced, the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) instituted brutal controls to “civilize” the Indians. The second (1868) Fort Laramie Treaty called for Lakota children to be given an “English education.” At the end of the 19th century, mission schools on the reservations were replaced by Indian boarding schools, where children were taken from their families, physically abused, prohibited from using their native languages and religion, and forced to learn English and practice Christianity.
The 1887 Dawes Act aimed at breaking up communally owned tribal land by parceling it out in individual “allotments.” It destroyed Indian communities and opened the way for massive land-grabs by white settlers and corporations. The Commissioner of Indian Affairs Thomas J. Morgan in his 1889 report on the BIA spelled out the intent: “The Indians must conform to the white man’s ways, peaceably if they will, forcibly if they must. They must adjust themselves to their environment and conform their mode of living substantially to our civilization. This civilization may not be the best possible, but it is the best the Indians can get. They cannot escape it and must either conform to it or be crushed by it.” In the next year’s report he added: “It has become the settled policy of the government to break up reservations, destroy tribal relations, settle Indians upon their own homesteads, incorporate them into the national life, and deal with them not as nations or tribes or bands, but as individual citizens.”3
To top it off, in 1953 Congress passed the Termination Act, seeking to end what few responsibilities the federal government still had to the Indians living on reservations, and insert them into urban populations. In An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States (2014), Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz noted that during the Termination period, Eisenhower’s Commissioner of Indian Affairs was one Dillon S. Myer – the same official who oversaw the detention of Japanese Americans in U.S. concentration camps during World War II. Then came the Pick-Sloan Missouri River Basin flood-control program which consisted of permanently flooding Indian tribal lands. Native Americans were moved from the food-rich bottom lands, their aboriginal homelands, to the barren plains above the river valley, where clay soils made agriculture almost impossible. Although required by the 1944 law to replace the infrastructure (roads, water systems, schools, community facilities), the Army Corps of Engineers failed to do so.4
And now the Dakota Access Pipeline continues the assault on the lands of Native Americans, this time threatening the Sioux at Standing Rock. The company has the enthusiastic support of the North Dakota state government and as usual the backing of the Corps of Engineers.5 Although the DAPL has temporarily been put on hold by the Obama administration, this will soon be replaced by a new regime of Big Oil and hard cops. Court suits can perhaps delay the day of reckoning, but since time immemorial the law is stacked against the Indians and in favor of the corporations.
Native American Rights and Socialist Revolution
In any fight it is crucial to know who are your friends, and who is the enemy. For starters, it is necessary to dispel dangerous illusions in the courts and federal government as potential allies. Marxist theory holds, and five centuries of Indian history prove, that the state defends the interests of the ruling class against the exploited and oppressed, no matter who heads the government of the day. The battle over the DAPL shows that whether under Obama or now Trump, Native Americans are up against the full force of the repressive and administrative apparatus which exists to enforce the interests of the capitalist class. To prevail against such a powerful enemy, it is necessary to mobilize an even greater force: that of the multiracial, multiethnic working class which makes this society run, together with doubly oppressed African American, Latino, Asian and Native American people and immigrants, and all defenders of democratic rights.
From the outset, the leaders of the Standing Rock Tribe have looked to the courts and the Obama administration. At the camp on the banks of the Cannonball River, wrote tribal chairman David Archambault II, “Our elders of the Seven Council Fires, as the Oceti Sakowin, or Great Sioux Nation, is known, sit in deliberation and prayer, awaiting a federal court decision” (New York Times, 25 August). When the Department of the Army finally refused an easement to drill under the Missouri River, pending investigation of environmental impact and alternative sites, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe issued a statement to stress that “we are not opposed to energy independence … or national security concerns,” and to “commend with the utmost gratitude the courage it took on the part of President Obama … to take steps to correct the course of history and to do the right thing.” Then Archambault told protesters to dismantle the camp and go home.
But some of the “water protectors” refused to leave. LaDonna Bravebull Allard, on whose land the Sacred Stones Camp was built, declared: “The chairman does not tell us what to do. The chairman is not in charge of the camp…. We came to fight a black snake,” she said, referring to the pipeline. “Until it’s dead, we stand” (Guardian, 6 December). This dispute reflected deep divisions on the reservation and among the Native American population generally. The Standing Rock elders declared that the Red Warrior Society, including militant Indian youths who began the protests, should leave. The Red Warriors replied that they were leaving because tribal leaders with their “peace policing” and “constant slinging of arrows … are not ready to embrace a world view that upholds decolonization and revolution.”
Indian leaders have strong links to Democratic Party and Obama administration. (Above) Standing Rock Tribe chairman David Archambault II with Barack Obama during Cannon Ball Flag Day celebration, 13 June 2014.
Certainly not. In fact, tribal leaders have close ties to the Obama administration and the Democratic Party. David Archambault II’s sister, Juliette Archambault Gillette, worked at the White House for six years as Obama’s special assistant for Native American affairs. She arranged the annual White House Tribal Nations Conference and also the June 2014 visit of the Obamas to Standing Rock. Another prominent Standing Rock Sioux, Chase Iron Eyes, who called for water protectors to stay, ran for Congress in the November elections, while Marlo Hunte-Beaubrun ran for the Public Service Commission (which approves pipelines), both on the Democratic-NonPartisan League Party ticket. In fact, the only North Dakota counties won by the Democrats were Sioux (Standing Rock Reservation) and Rolette, site of the Turtle Mountain Reservation of Ojibwe (Chippewa). But the Democratic Party represents the interests of capital and U.S. imperialism. It is the class enemy of Native American workers and youth.
Capitalism has fostered class divisions among the 5.2 million American Indians. Some tribal authorities profit from casinos, which have become a major source of revenue ($26.5 billion in 2009, although much of that goes to pay off bank loans), and in some notorious cases a history of sweetheart deals with mining companies. As a result of private landownership, on the Fort Berthold Reservation in the heart of the Bakken oil patch a huge gap has opened up between those who have oil leases or oil-related businesses and those who don’t. The tribal leadership there has been rent by corruption, crime and murder.6 Meanwhile unemployment on the Standing Rock Reservation is around 60% (compared to 2.6% in North Dakota as a whole) and the official poverty rate around 40%. The rates of methamphetamine addiction, alcoholism and suicide among Native Americans are almost twice as high as for other ethnic groups. While many factors are cited to explain this, one stands out: the lack of jobs.
It will take a revolution to do away with these afflictions, which will continue, pipeline or no. But what kind of revolution? In the 1960s, the rise of the American Indian Movement and struggles for Native American rights reflected the broader radicalization of the civil rights, black power, New Left, antiwar and radical women’s movements. The 19-month occupation of Alcatraz in 1969-71 by AIM and “red power” activists, the 1970 Thanksgiving AIM protest at Plymouth Rock, the 1972 Trail of Broken Treaties caravan sponsored by AIM and others, and the 1973 occupation and siege of Wounded Knee drew attention to the brutal realities of oppression but were not just “Indian” causes. But those struggles ran up against a brick wall, and with defeat came a political degeneration into identity politics and linking up with dissident petty-bourgeois and bourgeois parties, from the left-populist Peace and Freedom Party (Dennis Banks) to the ultra-capitalist Libertarian Party (Russell Means).
The radical American Indian Movement was relatively few in number. The Native American mobilization for Standing Rock is far larger, in the biggest fight for Indian rights in 150 years. But contrary to scaremongering by county and state officials about a dangerous “out-of-state militant faction” that was “escalating their violent tactics,” the politics of the pipeline protests are far from radical. This is one reason why they have broad liberal support, and also why they cannot defeat concerted repression. Yet with their scope, they prominently pose the issue of liberation of the oppressed Indian population, and the need for a program of revolutionary class struggle, joined with African Americans, Latinos, immigrants and others behind the power of the multiracial, multiethnic working class. It is the task of the revolutionary Marxists (Trotskyists) to put forward such a program, which alone can point the way to victory over the combined forces of capital.
In the 1960s and early ’70s, radical Native American groups such as AIM, as well as some pseudo-Marxist organizations, put forward a kind of pan-Indian nationalism, a counterpart to the black nationalism they also advocated. Both were and are dead-ends, based on a false analysis of the nature of black and Indian oppression. African Americans are subjugated as an oppressed race-color caste at the bottom of bourgeois society. From the time of slavery, black labor was integral to the overall U.S. economy. For a time after the Civil War, when freed slaves without land became sharecroppers, tenant farmers and smallholders, there was some possibility of a national development in the “black belt” across the South. But ever since the Great Migration of rural black people to Northern industry in World War I, any talk of a black nation in the U.S. is a myth, serving to divert black workers from their vanguard role in a socialist revolution.
American Indians, on the other hand, were treated as separate peoples, formalized in the term “nations” with whom treaties were “negotiated” at gunpoint. The native peoples were pushed into increasingly marginal regions by military aggression and the relentless expansion of immigrant settler population as the frontier moved westward. After the decimation of the Native American population through massacres, hunger and disease, the remaining small and geographically separated populations are not a nation in the Marxist sense of having a common territory, economy, culture and language. The dream of a pan-Indian nation is just that – a dream, and a product of Native American intellectuals and activists living in urban areas. AIM did not come out of the reservations but was founded in 1968 in a fight against police harassment in the Minneapolis ghetto, inspired by the Black Panther Party.
AIM called for “self-determination for free peoples,” in the words of Dennis Banks. Historically, as Bolshevik leader V.I. Lenin insisted, self-determination means independence. But since the material basis for an Indian nation is lacking, the term was redefined to mean “Re-establishment of reservation sovereignty and self determination” – replacing the dictatorship of the Bureau of Indian Affairs with a kind of autonomy. But with very partial exceptions, the reservations are economically unviable, designed to imprison the Native American peoples and ensure tribal dependence on Washington. So in practice, the radical Indian program focused on welfare demands on the structures of capitalist domination. Thus Vine Deloria’s 1969 “Indian Manifesto” called for “the Department of the Interior to redefine its service function” and stated that “The corporation serves as the technical weapon by which Indian revivalism can be accomplished.”
Under capitalist rule, the claims of Indian “nation-building” will have not only a utopian but often a reactionary content. In Arizona, the Navajo Nation has a long, bitter conflict over land use with the Hopi Reservation, which it completely surrounds. In Oklahoma, when the Nixon administration in 1971 cynically called for Indian “self-determination,” the Cherokee Nation reorganized its government and elected W.W. Keeler as chief. Keeler was a top-level capitalist, president of Phillips Petroleum. Based on oil wealth, the Cherokee Nation Businesses holding company owns companies in gaming, construction, aerospace, technology, manufacturing, real estate and health care, with an annual economic impact on the state of over $1 billion. And this corporate “nation” has acted in typical capitalist fashion. In 2007 it canceled the tribal membership of 1,500 descendents of black freedmen and intermarried whites who had for generations been considered Cherokee.
Meanwhile, already in the 1970s and more so today, a majority of the Native American population lives in urban areas (55% in 1970, 70% by 2010) where they are largely concentrated in poor neighborhoods. But, as a New York Times (14 April 2013) article noted: “while many black migrants [in the WWI Great Migration] found jobs in meatpacking plants, stockyards and automobile factories, American Indians have not had similar success finding work.” There are significant exceptions: Mohawk and Iroquois iron workers (“sky walkers”) play a key role in the construction of Manhattan skyscrapers, and Native American workers were on the front lines of the bitter Phelps-Dodge copper strike of 1983. But poverty levels of American Indians in the cities range up to 45% in Minneapolis, where the jobless rate in the only public housing project in the U.S. giving preference to Native Americans is over 65% – as high as on the most impoverished reservation. There are also high levels of gang violence and racist attacks. Native American project administrators respond just as their white counterparts, threatening to expel residents who can’t find a job.
Even so, as AIM co-founder Clyde Bellecourt, remarked, many young Indians “come here [to urban areas] and they get job training and don’t want to go back to the reservation.” Just as you can’t keep rural youth down on the farm no matter how many 4-H or FFA programs you have, they can’t keep Indian youth on the reservation: harsh as the economic realities of the urban ghetto are, the lure of the big city and bright lights prevails. Meanwhile, talk of “empowerment” by increasing “diversity” among the rulers is a phony. Minneapolis has a Native American city council member, a Native American state representative, and a part-Indian police chief, Janee Harteau, who presided over the cop murder of Jamar Clark in November 2015. So a program to free the American Indian peoples from poverty, racism and police repression is inseparable from the struggle for the social liberation of African Americans, Latinos, immigrants and all the oppressed.
That underscores the importance of Native American participation in fighting for labor/black mobilization against racist cop terror, for example over the cop murder of Jamar Clark in Minneapolis and Philando Castile in suburban St. Paul. In fact, Native Americans have been victimized by police terror at a higher rate than any other ethnic group.7 No less important is mobilizing in defense of immigrants, particularly in the face of Trump’s threat to deport 11 million (after Obama deported 5.5 million). The demand for full citizenship rights for all immigrants should echo among American Indians who did not win citizenship until 1924, nor the right to practice their traditional religions until 1978, and who even today are disciplined for speaking native languages in school.8 A key demand is for union-scale jobs for Native Americans, to break out of the vicious cycle of welfare programs, poverty, isolation and despair, the root cause of epidemic levels of alcoholism, drug addiction and suicide.
With a strong labor movement, one could generalize union training programs for Native American youth, such as the program hosted by the IBEW electricians union at the United Tribes Technical College in Bismarck, ND. Free university education could be provided by vastly expanding initiatives such as Sitting Bull College at Standing Rock, with open admissions under student-teacher-worker control. A hard-knuckle campaign to unionize oil workers could insist on hiring large numbers of Indian workers in focusing on the need for union safety committees to stop unsafe production in the deadly dangerous Bakken oil fields. But the labor bureaucracy is incapable of waging such a sharp class struggle. Its class collaboration is so ingrained that Laborers Union Local 563, backed by the national AFL-CIO, shamefully sided with Energy Transfer Partners against the Standing Rock Sioux in the fight over the DAPL pipeline.
Defense of oil workers, pipeline workers and Native American workers requires that we dump the sellout labor bureaucrats and break with the Democrats. What’s needed is to build a class-struggle leadership of labor and forge a revolutionary workers party that fights for jobs for all and defends all the oppressed in the struggle to overthrow the dictatorship of capital.
At the same time, life in the Dakotas Indian Country has its own specific character. While Native Americans in the U.S. overwhelmingly live in urban areas, in North Dakota 60% live on five reservations. While nationally, many if not most jobs in “Indian” casinos are held by non-Indians, in the Dakotas 80% of those jobs are filled by Native Americans. Also, a significant minority on the reservations still speak Dakota-Lakota languages. That indigenous ways of life have largely been destroyed as a result of capitalist expansion is a tragic fact. But revolutionary Marxists respect and defend the rights of Native Americans to preserve the cultures that survive. A workers revolution in the U.S., building on the experience of the early Soviet Union, could provide for different forms of autonomy within the framework of the full participation of Native American populations in building a collectivized socialist economy.
Current proponents of “Indian nationalism” put forward the idea that the oppression of native peoples can be overcome through “decolonization,” or some form of separation from U.S. society. But Indian reservations are not colonies, and in fact (as Standing Rock shows) are heavily intertwined with the U.S. economic and political system. The fundamental fact is that U.S. capitalism’s domination of the continent, of which genocide of the indigenous population was a key component, makes “independence” a pipe dream, and a diversion from the task of overthrowing the rapacious capitalist rulers today. Instead of a mythical “return” to a pre-Conquest society, we seek to go forward to a communist future based on the development of modern industry and technology, including energy production. In doing so, the Internationalist Group champions the interests of all of the oppressed, as we strive to build a party that will act, in Lenin’s words, as a “tribune of the people.”
In 2009, the U.S. Congress and President Obama issued an “Apology to Native Peoples of the United States,” saying the U.S. “apologizes … to all Native Peoples for the many instances of violence, maltreatment, and neglect inflicted on Native Peoples by the citizens of the United States.” This hypocritical apology committed the U.S. government to exactly nothing, and didn’t mention stolen Indian lands. In the case of the Dakotas, the theft of the resource-rich Black Hills has been the focus of a legal fight for decades. The region is of cultural importance for the Sioux and Cheyenne (both of whom claim it as the center of the world), and the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 had exempted it from white settlement “forever.” In 1980, the Supreme Court concluded in the case of United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians that, “A more ripe and rank case of dishonorable dealings will never, in all probability, be found in our history.”
The Court ordered the payment of the full value of the land at the time, plus interest, a sum calculated at over $1 billion as of 2011 (which vastly underestimates the value of the gold mined there). However, the Sioux have refused to accept the money as they continue to demand the return of the Black Hills themselves. While overcoming the subjugation of the Native American peoples, including the Dakota and Lakota Sioux, can only come about through workers revolution across North America, that would importantly include some symbolic restitution of stolen lands (along with returning some parts of the Southwest seized from Mexico) in recognition of the crimes of American capitalism. This would surely include returning the Black Hills to the Indian peoples, including Mount Rushmore. The Sioux and Cheyenne can then do with it as they see fit, including effacing it entirely (or at least the sculpture of “Big Stick” imperialist Theodore Roosevelt), or charging nostalgic tourists exorbitant Disneyland-level admissions to view this obscene monument to U.S. imperial glory.
In the meantime, Native Americans are once more under attack, and anyone who calls themselves Marxist must defend them. If the Standing Rock Sioux say they don’t want construction on their ancestral land, all defenders of democratic and Indian rights must join them in demanding that the Dakota Access Pipeline be stopped from crossing the Missouri River there. We also call for the immediate dropping of charges against the more than 500 “water protectors” arrested at Standing Rock, and for freedom for Leonard Peltier, the innocent target of an FBI frame-up in Washington’s unending war on the Native American peoples. Hands off the Standing Rock Sioux! ■
- 1. The League for the Fourth International, of which the Internationalist Group is the U.S. section, has written about the “Indian question” in Latin America as well. See “Marxism and the Indian Question in Ecuador” in The Internationalist No. 17, October-November 2003, where we raise the call for a workers, peasants and Indian’s government in the Andean countries; and “The ‘Other War’ Against the Indigenous Peoples of Oaxaca,” The Internationalist No. 25, January-February 2007.
- 2. See the International Leonard Peltier Defense Committee for more information.
- 3. Gale Courey Toensing, “The Dawes Act Started the U.S. Land-Grab of Native Territory,” Indian Country Media Network, 8 February 2012.
- 4. Peter Capossela, “Impacts of the Army Corps of Engineers’ Pick-Sloan Program on the Indian Tribes of the Missouri River Basin,” Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation, Vol. 30:1, pp. 143-217. Capossela notes that “The Corps located the dams so as to minimize the impact of the reservoirs on the cities along the river in North and South Dakota. The Corps targeted Tribal lands, which were inundated as the sites of the reservoirs.” According to Michael L. Lawson, Dammed Indians: The Pick-Sloan Plan and the Missouri River Sioux, 1944-1980 (1982), “The Oahe Dam [affecting Standing Rock and the Cheyenne River reservation below it] destroyed more Indian land than any other public works project in America.”
- 5. Whether it was building ever-higher levees on the Mississippi River leading to the disastrous Great Flood of 1927; channeling the Mississippi below New Orleans straight into the sea, eliminating wetlands that protected against storm surges; building the Industrial Canal that channeled Katrina flood waters right into New Orleans’ black Lower Ninth Ward, or damming the Missouri River so that it mainly flooded Indian lands, the United States Army Corps of Engineers systematically targeted the poor African American and Native American areas.
- 6. “In North Dakota, a Tale of Oil, Corruption and Death,” New York Times, 30 December 2014.
- 7. See “The Police Killings Nobody Is Talking About,” In These Times, 19 October 2016; and “More Natives Killed By Police Than Any Other Group,” Indian Country Media Network, 18 August 2016.
- 8. In 2012, Miranda Washinawatok was banned from a reservation school basketball team because she was overheard teaching a classmate how to say “hello” and “I love you” in her native language, Menominee.
See also: The Battle Over Standing Rock (7 January 2017)
Pipelines, Oil Trains and Capitalism (7 January 2017)
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(1832–97). American astronomer and telescope maker Alvan Graham Clark—usually working with his father, Alvan Clark (1804–87), and his brother, George Bassett Clark (1827–91)—supplied lenses to many observatories in the United States and Europe during the 19th century. Alvan Graham Clark was also noted for his 1862 discovery of the companion star to Sirius, which is the brightest star in the night sky.
Clark was born on July 10, 1832, in Fall River, Massachusetts. He did not attend college, though he received training in mechanical arts. In the early 1850s he joined his father and his brother in their optics firm, Alvan Clark & Sons, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The three men concentrated on making lenses for telescopes.
Recognition of the family’s lenses was slow to come. The discovery of two double stars by the elder Alvan Clark in the late 1850s, however, attracted attention abroad, and the firm began to flourish. They made the 36-inch (91-centimeter) lens for the Lick Observatory in Mount Hamilton, California (1888); the 30-inch (76-centimeter) lens for the Pulkovo Observatory, near St. Petersburg, Russia (1878); the 28-inch (71-centimeter) lens for the University of Virginia in Charlottesville (1883); and 24-inch (61-centimeter) lenses for the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C. (1873), and for the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona (1896). All these telescopes remain in operation except for the one at Pulkovo, which was destroyed during World War II.
After the death of his father and brother, Alvan Graham Clark continued his work in optics. He directed the fabrication of the 40-inch (100-centimeter) lens of the Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, Wisconsin. It is the largest refractor lens in the world. In addition, using telescopes of his own construction, he discovered the companion of the star Sirius as well as 16 double stars. Clark died on June 9, 1897, in Cambridge. | <urn:uuid:3a7f4f03-d0b9-4c4b-b502-a702e52cb681> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Alvan-Graham-Clark/319762 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499695.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128220716-20230129010716-00858.warc.gz | en | 0.973206 | 447 | 3.375 | 3 |
Digital Inclusion refers to the activities necessary to ensure that all individuals and communities, including the most disadvantaged, have access to and use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). This includes 5 elements: 1) affordable, robust broadband internet service; 2) internet-enabled devices that meet the needs of the user; 3) access to digital literacy training; 4) quality technical support; and 5) applications and online content designed to enable and encourage self-sufficiency, participation and collaboration. Digital Inclusion must evolve as technology advances. Digital Inclusion requires intentional strategies and investments to reduce and eliminate historical, institutional and structural barriers to access and use technology.
Digital Equity is a condition in which all individuals and communities have the information technology capacity needed for full participation in our society, democracy and economy. Digital Equity is necessary for civic and cultural participation, employment, lifelong learning, and access to essential services.
NDIA recommends the American Library Association’s definition of Digital Literacy via their Digital Literacy Taskforce:
Digital Literacy is the ability to use information and communication technologies to find, evaluate, create, and communicate information, requiring both cognitive and technical skills.
A Digitally Literate Person:
- Possesses the variety of skills – technical and cognitive – required to find, understand, evaluate, create, and communicate digital information in a wide variety of formats;
- Is able to use diverse technologies appropriately and effectively to retrieve information, interpret results, and judge the quality of that information;
- Understands the relationship between technology, life-long learning, personal privacy, and stewardship of information;
- Uses these skills and the appropriate technology to communicate and collaborate with peers, colleagues, family, and on occasion, the general public; and
- Uses these skills to actively participate in civic society and contribute to a vibrant, informed, and engaged community.
Rhinesmith, Colin. “Digital Inclusion and Meaningful Broadband Adoption Initiatives.” Evanston, IL: Benton Foundation, January 2016. benton.org/broadband-inclusion-adoption-report
Broadband adoption has traditionally been defined as residential subscribership to high-speed Internet access. But for those in the field working to increase the digital capacity of communities, broadband adoption is daily access to the Internet:
- at speeds, quality and capacity necessary to accomplish common tasks,
- with the digital skills necessary to participate online, and
- on a personal device and secure convenient network. | <urn:uuid:e39fc8e2-62ab-4657-937a-4814f207261f> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.digitalinclusion.org/definitions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991772.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20210517115207-20210517145207-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.8755 | 511 | 3.8125 | 4 |
PRESS RELEASE – Seventy years ago today, Allied leaders met at the Yalta Conference in Crimea to begin their discussions of the structure of post-World War II Europe. To honor the heroes who fought in the War and those on the home front who produced the tanks, ships, and aircraft that enabled the United States and its Allies to achieve victory, one of the most diverse arrays of World WarII aircraft ever assembled will fly above the skies of Washington, D.C. on Friday, May 8, 2015, the 70th anniversary of Victory in Europe (VE) Day, as part of the Arsenal of Democracy: World War II Victory Capitol Flyover.
As part of a thrilling three-day celebration in the nation’s capital, the May 8 event will coincide with a ceremony for veterans at the World War II National Memorial, followed by a vast assortment of World War II aircraft flying overhead in historically sequenced warbird formations. The formations will represent the War’s major battles, from Pearl Harbor through the final air assault on Japan, and conclude with a missing man formation to “Taps.”The event will also be commemorated in a special May issue of Air & Space magazine dedicated to the airplanes and airmen who fought in World War II that will feature historic “spotter cards” of the aircraft. These cards will be used by students and others to identify the aircraft in the flyover and to learn more about the history of World War II.
Approximately two dozen different types of vintage military aircraft are expected to participate in the flyover. Aircraft are being provided by multiple organizations and individuals whose mission is to preserve these historic artifacts in flying condition. These organizations include the largest vintage military aircraft organization, the Commemorative Air Force—providing fighter and bomber aircraft, to include the only flying B-29 Superfortress FIFI. Additionally, organizations such as Texas Flying Legends, Fighter Factory, and Fagen Fighters have thus far committed multiple aircraft, along with a number of individual owners. The historical aircraft expected to participate include the P-40 Warhawk, P-39 Aerocobra, P-38 Lightning, P-51 Mustang, P-47 Thunderbolt, FG-1D Corsair, B-25 Mitchell, B-17 Flying Fortress, and many others.
The United States manufactured about 300,000 aircraft, 2.4 million military vehicles, and 124,000 military ships to support the War efforts. The ramp-up in manufacturing was extraordinary. Before entering the War, for example, annual production of military aircraft was less than 6,000 aircraft in 1939, but after President Franklin D. Roosevelt called in a May 1940 speech for 50,000 aircraft to be made each year, production rose dramatically—reaching its peak in March 1944, when 9,000 planes were produced that month. Millions of American men andwomen worked on the home front to manufacture the aircraft, ground vehicles, and ships that significantly propelled U.S. and allied forces to victory.
In addition to the actual flyover, the Arsenal of Democracy events will include a gala dinner on Thursday, May 7, 2015 at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. The dinner, which will pay tribute to World War II veterans, will feature combat heroes sharing theirpersonal stories of experiences in the European and Pacific theaters.
The Arsenal of Democracy Executive Committee includes Stephan C. Brown, President and CEO of the Commemorative Air Force (CAF); Pete Bunce, President and CEO of the General Aviation Manufacturers Association (GAMA); John Cudahy, President of the International Council of Air Shows (ICAS); Paul Rinaldi, President of the National Air Traffic Controllers Association (NATCA); and Doug Rozendaal of the Texas Flying Legends Museum.
Former President George H.W. Bush, former U.S. Senator Bob Dole (R-KS), and former Dean of the U.S. House of Representatives John Dingell (D-MI), all World War II veterans, are the Honorary Co-Chairs of the Arsenal of Democracy. U.S. House General Aviation Caucus Co-Chair, Representative Sam Graves (R-MO), andlong-time aviator U.S. Senator James M. Inhofe (R-OK) serve as co-chairs of the Honorary Congressional Committee.Other members of the Honorary Congressional Committee include Speaker John A. Boehner (R-OH), U.S. Representatives Corrine Brown (D-FL), Chris Collins (R-NY), Richard Hudson (R-NC), Duncan Hunter (R-CA), Adam Kinzinger (R-IL), Dan Lipinski (D-IL), Michael McCaul (R-TX), John Mica (R-FL), Rick Nolan (D-MN), Mike Pompeo (R- KS), Harold Rogers (R-KY), Bill Shuster (R-PA), Chris Stewart (R-UT), and Marc Veasey (D-TX), and U.S. Senators Roy Blunt (R-MO), John Boozman (R-AR), Thad Cochran (R- MS), John Cornyn (R-TX), Heidi Heitkamp (D-ND), Johnny Isakson (R-GA), and Ron Johnson (R-WI).
Comments from leading organizers and supporters of the Arsenal of Democracy: WorldWar II Victory Capitol Flyover:
“The warbirds played a tremendous part in our success in the war, and will forever be a symbol of our country’s patriotism and tenacity when fighting for freedom. As a former Avenger pilot, I am pleased to be part of this tribute alongside my fellow veterans.”— President George H.W. Bush
“Our WWII veterans are living testaments to the valiant sacrifices during uncertain tyrannical times. They protected our nation and secured freedom for future generations. Now, 70 years later, it is important to continue to recognize their valiant sacrifices notonly through public service events, but always. It is an honor to participate in such events as a veteran and a pilot, and it is an honor to preserve the memory of WWII veterans’ heroism.”— U.S. Senator Jim Inhofe (R-OK) “With this year’s 70th Anniversary of Victory in Europe, we once again have the opportunity to celebrate and honor the extraordinary sacrifices made by our World War II veterans. These brave men not only defended our freedoms here at home, but protected the world from the clutches of tyranny and genocide. As a pilot, a public servant, andmost importantly, as an American, I am extremely proud to be a part of this momentous event.”—U.S. Representative Sam Graves (R-MO).
“In 1957, the Commemorative Air Force began an effort to preserve and honor our nation’s proud military aviation tradition by maintaining and flying World War II aircraft. Our fleet, the largest flying collection of military aircraft, now stands at 162 airplanes, which are preserved and flown across America by our membership of over 12,000 individuals. We are thrilled to be participating in the Arsenal of Democracy Flyover with 29 of our aircraft. This is an incredible opportunity to see U.S. military aviation history come to life by watching these aircraft fly and accomplishes our educational goals as an organization.”—Stephan C. Brown, President andCEO, Commemorative Air Force.
“It is a huge task to coordinate a flyover of this magnitude in the Washington, D.C. airspace. We are very appreciative of the close coordination and support we have received to date from federal entities such as the FAA, TSA, Secret Service, U.S. National Park Service, and Capitol Police, just to name a few. In World War II, our nation came together to manufacture the machines that our military took to battle, and our hope is that this 70th anniversary tribute will do the same—bring our nation together to honor all our World War II veterans who served and sacrificed to defeat tyranny, both in uniform and on the home front.”—Pete Bunce, President and CEO, General Aviation Manufacturers Association.
“From time to time, we need to remind ourselves just how much we have accomplished as a nation. May’s Arsenal of Democracy Flyover in Washington, D.C. will provide us with exactly that kind of opportunity—a chance to recognize those men and women who made the sacrifices necessary to preserve freedom here at home and around the world, a moment in time to reflect on the awesome power of this country and its people when we focus on a common goal.”—John Cudahy, President, International Council of Air Shows.
“As a part of our ongoing mission, it is an honor for the Texas Flying Legends Museum to be involved in a cooperative effort to honor the men and women who have defended and continue to defend our way of life. The aircraft being supplied by the Texas Flying Legends Museum represent aircraft from practically all facets of the air war in WWII. We are extremely proud to be able to provide the missing man formation that will honor those who have made the ultimate sacrifices for our country.”—Texas Flying Legends Museum Director of Operations Warren Pietsch.
“NATCA and the 20,000 aviation safety professionals we represent are very proud and honored to be part of this year’s Arsenal of Democracy Flyover event. Our members are proud public servants who have a deep passion for aviation and a rich appreciation for history. We also represent many members who are military veterans. This event gives us an opportunity to show our respect for a key anniversary in our nation’s history by commemorating it with honor.”—Paul Rinaldi, President, National Air TrafficControllers Association.
** The aircraft listed have agreed to participate in the flyover, but due to factors such as weather or mechanical issues, participating aircraft are subject to change without notice. The most accurate information can be located on the website at www.ww2flyover.org.
More information about the Arsenal of Democracy flyover and sponsorship opportunities are available on the website at www.ww2flyover.org. Members of the media should contact Mary Lynn Rynkiewicz of General Aviation Manufacturers Association at (202) 637-1375 or [email protected] or Stephan C. Brown of the Commemorative Air Force at (850) 978-2736 or [email protected] for additional information. | <urn:uuid:edf18552-e047-4162-b124-efbd54ae5d31> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://warbirdsnews.com/uncategorized/honoring-nations-greatest-generation-arsenal-democracy-aircraft-flight-dc-70th-anniversary-ve-day.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347413624.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200531182830-20200531212830-00387.warc.gz | en | 0.936659 | 2,174 | 2.59375 | 3 |
63. Quercus douglasii Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey Voy. 9: 391. 1840.
Quercus douglasii var. ransomii (Kellogg) Beissner; Q. ransomii Kellogg
Trees , deciduous, with single trunks, sometimes with few to several trunks. Bark gray, scaly. Twigs reddish or yellowish, ca. 2 mm, densely or sparsely puberulent, occasionally glabrate with age. Buds reddish brown, rarely yellowish, broadly ovoid to rarely subglobose, (2-)3-5 mm; scales glabrous except for ciliate margins, sometimes sparsely or densely pubescent. Leaves: petiole blue-green, 2-6 mm. Leaf blade obovate or elliptic, oblong or oblanceolate, (20-)40-60(-80) × (15-)20-30(-40) mm, base rounded-attenuate or rounded, rarely cuneate, margins shallowly lobed or irregularly toothed, sometimes entire, lobes mucronate or rounded, secondary veins 6-10 on each side, apex rounded, rarely moderately acute; surfaces abaxially light green or blue-green, waxy, with scattered to crowded, semi-erect, (2-)4-6(-8)-rayed stellate hairs usually 0.2-0.6 mm diam. or larger, adaxially blue-green, glaucous or grayish, vestiture similar to abaxial surface. Acorns subsessile, solitary; cup hemispheric or cup-shaped, rarely deeper, 5-10 mm deep × 10-15 mm wide, enclosing only base of nut, scales thin and not tuberculate to strongly and irregularly tuberculate, particularly toward base of cup; nut thin-walled, fusiform or subcylindric, 20-30 × 10-16 mm. Cotyledons distinct. 2 n = 24.
Flowering late winter-spring. Oak woodlands, margins of chaparral and grasslands; 0-1200 m; Calif.
Populations of Quercus douglasii in coastal southern California and on the Channel Islands consist of small stands or solitary individuals often associated with Q . lobata and scrub oaks. Some doubt exists as to whether some or all of those populations are natural stands or are historical introductions near Native American settlements. Along the canyons of Santa Barbara County, putative hybrids between Q . douglasii and Q . dumosa are referred to Q . × kinselae (C. H. Muller) Nixon. In the interior Coast Ranges of California are found numerous populations that are intermediate in form between Q . douglasii and Q . john-tuckeri (= Q . turbinella var. californica ). This appears to be an area of secondary contact, and the two species remain distinct in nearby populations. Because of the widespread nature of the intermediates, following Tucker's extensive studies they can be conveniently referred to as the nothospecies Q . × alvordiana Eastwood. The plants tend to be shrubs to small trees, with somewhat more spinose leaves than Q . douglasii and fruit similar to those of the latter species. | <urn:uuid:cc2a0d14-0e54-4783-a3c9-ce6bddbe74d6> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233501022 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102663.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816212248-20170816232248-00629.warc.gz | en | 0.863395 | 699 | 2.609375 | 3 |
This week marks the anniversary of the Berlin Blockade by the Soviet Union. Often cited as the first event of the Cold War, the 1948 Soviet blockade of Berlin cut off communication and ground supply lines to West Berlin, leaving 2.5 million people without access to food or fuel.
In response, the United States launched the Berlin Airlift; for 10 months the US Air Force and its allies in the Royal Air Force of Britain airlifted supplies into Berlin. Also known as “Operation Vittles,” the first C-47 involved in the effort took off for Berlin on June 26, 1948. That day, 80 tons of milk, flour and medical supplies were delivered.
Open Vault’s contemporary newsreel excerpt describes and celebrates the amazing logistics of loading aircraft for takeoff every three minutes, 24 hours a day, effectively creating an “air bridge” to Berlin. This footage was originally collected by a WGBH production team for the 1989 documentary series War and Peace in the Nuclear Age.
To respond with ground troops could have launched World War III. Instead, this massive humanitarian effort fostered great affection and publicity for the Allies, a victory, in what has been called “the first battle of the Cold War.”
For more information check out :
- American Experience: Berlin Airlift (especially “The Chocolate Pilot” – how Pilot Gail Halverson delivered candy to the children of Berlin)
- Truman Library: The Berlin Airlift Online Research File
- US Department of Defense, DefenseLink Feature: Berlin Airlift | <urn:uuid:91991704-7c93-47c7-bfa1-3da950078283> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://blog.openvault.wgbh.org/2010/06/25/62-years-ago-this-week-the-berlin-airlift/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120023523-20200120051523-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.92775 | 321 | 3.59375 | 4 |
5 ways to fight cancer in the kitchen
It’s been proven time and time again: in addition to staying physically active and maintaining a healthy weight, eating a healthy diet can significantly lower one’s risk of cancer. But what does a healthy diet look like exactly?
- Look for those leafy greens. Eat a diet rich in plant-based foods, with an emphasis on vegetables, fruits, whole grains, beans, nuts and seeds. These food groups are rich in phytochemicals, which studies show help boost our immune system, slow the growth of cancer and prevent the kind of DNA damage that can give cancer a foothold in our bodies, Labrusciano says.
- Go for lean proteins like fish and poultry as often as you can, but if you decide to eat beef, go for lean cuts like a top round steak or sirloin tip side steak. And when it comes to actually preparing your protein, Labrusciano recommends baking, broiling or poaching the meat, rather than frying or charbroiling. Limit or avoid processed meats, like bacon, lunch meats and hot dogs.
- Follow the rule of thirds. Not sure how much of these food groups you should be eating? Remember this rule of thirds: “Generally speaking, you should try to fill 2/3 of your plate with vegetables, fruits, whole grains and beans, and the other 1/3 with animal protein,” Labrusciano says.
- Pass on the soda! Limit or completely avoid sugar-sweetened beverages, like soda and sports drinks that have large amounts of refined or processed sugars that could make our weight skyrocket. Obesity is a major contributing factors to a higher risk of cancer. Replace the soda in your fridge with unsweetened tea, flavored water or seltzer water instead, Labrusciano says.
- Take fewer trips to the bar. While scientists don’t completely understand how alcohol increases the risk of cancer, the link is undeniable: The more you drink, the more likely you are to develop cancer. If you can’t completely cut out drinking from your diet, try sticking with just a couple rounds of your favorite drink. More specifically, Labrusciano recommends one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men.
About the Author
Jaimie Oh, health enews contributor, is the manager of public affairs and marketing at Illinois Masonic in Chicago. She earned her Bachelor’s Degree in Journalism from the University of Missouri-Columbia and has nearly a decade of experience working in publishing, strategic communications and marketing. Outside of work, Jaimie trains for marathons with the goal of running 50 races before she turns 50 years old. | <urn:uuid:e86c3c0e-2dbc-4e20-b961-ec29058ad1c1> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.ahchealthenews.com/2017/04/18/5-ways-fight-cancer-kitchen/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646914.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319120712-20180319140712-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.934937 | 559 | 2.78125 | 3 |
In 2021, 60,000 people took part in a University of Sussex study. The subject: Kindness. Now, the results have finally come back. Towards the tail end of the 1990’s, Joey Tribbiani from the TV sitcom Friends may have been the world’s pre-prominent scholar on kindness.
“There are no unselfish good deeds,” Tribbianai declared in one episode, sparking an argument with the character of Phoebe Buffay about altruism. She believed the opposite. And she spent the next 20 minutes of the episode failing to prove him wrong.
Now, thirty years down the road the subject has sprung up once more, this time on a BBC Radio 4 documentary series called the Anatomy of Kindness. Based upon the results of the world’s greatest study on kindness, what does the analysis tell us? And was Tribbiani right?
“What’s exciting about this research is that so many people took part,” says the psychologist and broadcaster Claudia Hammond, who presented the show. “And that they’re also seeing plenty of kind acts going on around them,” she adds. “But we also learned about what’s stopping people from being as kind as they might like to and maybe that’s where we need to take action”
The study was driven by Robin Banerjee, head of the School of Psychology at the University of Sussex, exactly 60,000 individuals participated in the study, and the findings have been productive in this lesser-explored field. “We realized that kindness as a topic has not received that much attention in terms of the academic literature,” he says.
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When Banerjee revisited the scientific journals from the 1980s, he discovered that there were only a mere 35 articles on the topic. Somewhere between the range of 2010 and 2019 that number had grown to nearly 1,000.
“So, we embarked on designing this Kindness Test to really shine a light on kindness, because we feel it’s likely to be all around us, but we don’t really know just how much people are experiencing it,” he adds.
The sorts of kindness individuals received were not always remarkable acts of generosity or selflessness. Sometimes it was more of a simple kind gesture such as presenting them a cup of tea.
This Sunday is #InternationalDayofHappiness and reminds us to take action to be happier and kinder, together 💕
— Sussex Kindness (@KindnessSussex) March 18, 2022
Turns out, up to three quarters of respondents said that their family or closest friends displayed these types of kind gestures towards them “quite often” or “on a regular basis”, while 43% said someone had been kind to them within the last day.
“What you might call ‘common courtesy’, what you might call ‘being polite’, if it’s motivated by a care for another’s welfare – even if it’s a tiny thing, like holding the door for someone, or smiling at someone – that is kindness,” says Banerjee. “Those little moments add up.”
That could explain why 66% of the test respondents said that the pandemic made people kinder. It might have been the small things: shopping for one another, checking in on lonely people, clapping for caregivers, and the like that made such a difference.
While generally speaking, the study discovered that people felt the levels of kindness they’d encountered in their lifetime had either been the same as always (39%) or decreased from there (36%), the pandemic seemed to disrupt that pattern.
“It was very striking,” says Banerjee. “It really made me think about the social context of all of this. We all have a role to play in kindness. This isn’t just about individuals doing their thing, it’s also about us coming together as a collective.”
The group will begin to examine the immense dataset in full, publishing their discoveries in a number of academic journals. However, the work even as of now appears to show, perhaps obviously, that kindness and other pro-social behavior can assist people in connecting in a positive way.
Perhaps that is the main end to be drawn from the Kindness Test: it’s easy to be attracted to the horrors of the world and consumed by images of darkness or negativity in the media and on the web, however kindness and light are all around us – and people need more of it.
So, was Joey Tribbiani wrong? Is there such a thing as an unselfish decent deed?
“Yes, there is”, says Hammond, who investigated the idea of ‘pure kindness’ from a transformative, neuroscientific and mental viewpoint on the show.
“But more often we’re motivated by a combination of factors, and good deeds bring benefits to us as well as to the person we’re helping,” she adds. “If that motivates us to be kind more often, then in my view that’s okay.” | <urn:uuid:baa4dfc6-aa96-4852-b995-91536e9ff909> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://myfaithnews.com/finally-results-of-the-worlds-greatest-study-on-kindness-returned-heres-what-we-found-out-omaga/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710909.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202150823-20221202180823-00252.warc.gz | en | 0.972584 | 1,100 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Russians, Jews and literature scholars get excited about jubilee years, and for those who fit any of these categories, 2009 is a big year. One hundred and fifty years ago this month, a writer who would immortalize the Russian Jew in literature, Solomon Rabinovich (1859-1916) — better known by his literary persona, Sholem Aleichem — was born in the town of Pereyaslav, near Kyiv. This spring also marks the 200th birthday of Nikolai Gogol (1809-1852), who was born about 100 miles to the east of Kyiv, in the town of Sorochintsy. Gogol, too, helped to immortalize the Russian Jew in literature, but in a more problematic way: the Jews who crop up around the margins of his stories, most of them crafty market vendors, money-lenders and tavern keepers, are anti-Semitic stereotypes, an unsettling detail in the work of one of the greatest comic writers of modern literature.
Literary history rarely moves in a straight line. Gogol and Sholem Aleichem may have written in different languages and represented different cultures, but their lives, remembered together, offer a vivid picture of the interplay of Russian and Jewish cultural history, and their stories, read side by side, appear as if in conversation. Both writers were obsessed with the dangers of commerce and capital, a theme that renders them all the more current in 2009. Both hail from what is now Ukraine, and each came to be viewed as a literary ambassador from an ethnic group within Russian culture. Gogol knew Russian and Ukrainian, attended a Russian school, moved to Petersburg to become a writer and spent years traveling in Western Europe. Sholem Aleichem attended both a Jewish cheder and a Russian secondary school, a marker of assimilation in a Jewish family. He began writing in Russian and Hebrew, but found success in Yiddish. Like Gogol’s tales of Ukraine, which sounded quaint to the Russian elite, Sholem Aleichem exported tales of the Jewish Pale of Settlement to cosmopolitan readers via publications in Warsaw and Petersburg, and visits to the United States.
Best known in the United States for his Tevye character, who became a symbol of the Jewish departure from Eastern Europe thanks to the Broadway musical “Fiddler on the Roof,” Sholem Aleichem was canonized in the Soviet Union as the representative Yiddish writer, and an abridged six-volume Soviet edition of his works, in Russian translation, was as expected a collection in any Soviet Jewish household (and in many non-Jewish households) as the collected works of Lenin or Tolstoy.
Gogol, now best known for his later works, like “Dead Souls,” “The Overcoat” and “The Inspector General,” first became famous for his tales of provincial Ukraine, which he peopled with an amalgam of Ukrainians, Russians, Jews, Poles and Gypsies. In his first successful story, “The Sorochintsy Fair” (1830), we marvel at how “a gypsy and peasant smacked hands then squealed from pain; how a drunken Jew slapped a woman on the backside; how vendors who had been arguing hurled profanities … and crayfish; how a Russian stroked his goatish beard with one hand, while with his other … “ In this story, a Jew buys and sells a demon’s coat, infecting an entire fair with evil. Gogol’s Jewish characters increase the sensation of a tale told from the margins of the Czarist Empire and often provide a moral lesson about overzealous trade.
Jewish stock characters later appear in Gogol’s epic novel, “Taras Bulba” (1835 and 1842), based loosely on Bohdan Chmielnicki’s Cossack uprising against Polish Magnates in 1648, an event in which thousands of Jews were killed. “‘Hang all the Jews!’ rang out from the crowd, ‘don’t let their Jewesses sew skirts out of our priests’ garments!’” In this story, a Jew, Yankel, escapes a pogrom in his shtetl but eagerly betrays his community by offering products and services to the Cossack warriors for the right price. “Taras saw that his protégé Yankel had already managed to erect a stall with an awning for himself and was selling flints, handfuls of gunpowder in paper cones, and other military items — even bread rolls and dumplings.”
Little surprise, given the stereotypes sprinkled throughout his work, that Gogol has been dismissed by Jewish readers, from the Russian historian Dubnow to the Soviet critic Mashinsky, as one of Russia’s many literary anti-Semites. But Sholem Aleichem chose to model much of his writing, and even his appearance, on Gogol. Ruth Wisse, in “The Modern Jewish Canon” (University of Chicago Press, 2003), has called Sholem Aleichem “the Jewish Gogol.” David Roskies, in “A Bridge of Longing: The Lost Art of Yiddish Storytelling” (Harvard University Press, 1995), reminds us, “Rabinovich kept a box marked ‘Gogol’ on his desk for work in progress, often quoted Gogol in private correspondence, and even wore his hair as Gogol did.” Had the two writers, with their dandyish bobs and whiskers, lived at the same time, they might have been mistaken for one another.
What Sholem Aleichem was borrowing from Gogol was a rural East European landscape that may have been dangerous, but could unite readers through the power of collective memory. He also learned from Gogol to soften this danger through laughter, and he often rewrites Gogol’s Jewish characters, correcting anti-Semitic stereotypes and narrating history from a Jewish perspective. Gogol’s heavily caricatured Jew tends to profit against all odds at Ukrainians’ expense, but Sholem Aleichem’s characters (like the author, who lost his inheritance in the Kiev Stock Exchange in 1890) are usually failures at trade, and their living conditions are squalid.
Sholem Aleichem devotes numerous stories and two full volumes to “Kasrilevka,” a fictional shtetl based, in part, on his childhood village, Voronka. The first, “Old-New Kasrilevka,” is a parodic Baedeker: “They turn out ‘A Guide to Moscow,’ ‘A Guide to Berlin,’ ‘A Guide to Paris,’ so why shouldn’t we have ‘A Guide to Kasrilevka?’ The guidebook includes seven sections, decreasing in appeal: “Transportation,” “Hotels,” “Restaurants,” “Liquor,” “Theater,” “Fires,” and “Bandits.” Eastern Europe was increasingly threatening to Jews, and Sholem Aleichem subtly expresses this by depicting the most despicable elements of the shtetl. Sholem Aleichem’s popular Menachem-Mendl stories (written between 1896-1913) find the title character traveling the world inventing get-rich-quick schemes. His adventures begin when he is given, in place of a promised dowry, a small sum of cash, two promissory notes and an illegitimate “draft” on bad credit (to be redeemed in Odessa). Menachem-Mendl’s wife, Sheyne-Sheyndl, remains at home in Kasrilevka, alternately scolding her husband for his bad investments and sending him money when his ventures fail. Gogolian characters occasionally appear in her shtetl. In one letter, she writes that a government inspector has arrived in town to ascertain what has become of certain sums of money meant for charity, an echo of Gogol’s “Inspector General,” whose anticipated arrival shakes a town to its core, unearthing the illegitimate finances of its provincial elite.
Sholem Aleichem’s 1900 “The Haunted Tailor” begins with a mock-biblical description of a community’s poverty:
And it came to pass that Tsippa-Beyla-Rayza was returning one summer day with her basket from the market, she threw down her bundle of garlic with a little parsley and potatoes that she had bought, and cried angrily, “This can all go to hell! Enough of thinking up what to cook for dinner. You have to have the head of a prime minister! Dumplings with beans and again dumplings with beans. May God not punish me for these words! But even Nekhame-Bruchkhe, who is destitute, miserable, a charity case, she has a goat!
For all their apparent misery, Sholem Aleichem’s hapless characters inspire the Yiddish reader to imagine a world that is not limited to the confines of the shtetl. This incitement to imagination looks something like the conversation, in Sholem Aleichem’s 1902 story set in Kasrilevka, “Seventy-Five Thousand,” between Yankev-Yosl and his wife, Ziporah, when the former has (erroneously) decided he has won a jackpot of 75,000 rubles:
“How much have we won?” she says, gazing right into my eyes, as if saying: “Aha! You’re lying, but you’re not gonna get away with it!”
“Gimme a for instance — how much do you figure we’ve won?”
“I have no idea,” she says. “Maybe a few hundred rubles?”
“Why not,” I say, “a few thousand rubles?”
“What do you mean by a few thousand?” she says. “Five? Six? Maybe as much as seven?”
“You can’t,” I say, “imagine more?”
(Translation by J. Neugroschel in “No Star Too Beautiful: A Treasury of Jewish Stories,” W. W. Norton & Company, 2004).
Sholem Aleichem wants his readers to imagine more, even if the ticket to get there proves to be one number off. His fiction, borrowed in part from Jewish literary sources and in part from Russian writers like Gogol, was, in its own way, revolutionary.
On May 15, 1916, when Sholem Aleichem was buried in the Mount Neboh Cemetery in Cypress Hills, Queens, his headstone was inscribed with his original epitaph, which ends with the following lines:
“And just as the public was
Laughing, chortling, and making merry
He suffered — this only God knows —
In secret, so that no one should see.
(Un davke demolt ven der oylem hot
gelakht, geklatsht, un fleg zikh freyen,
hot er gekrenkt — dos veys nor got —
besod, az keyner zol nit zeyen.)
The epitaph echoes Gogol’s famous “laughter through tears” passage from “Dead Souls,” which Sholem Aleichem used to keep, in a Yiddish translation, on his desk:
And for a long time still I am destined by a wondrous power to walk hand in hand with my strange heroes, to view the whole of hugely rushing life, to view it through laughter visible to the world and tears invisible and unknown to it! (translation by Pevear and Volokhonsky, Everyman’s Library, 2004).
As a writer, Gogol struggled with his simultaneous terror of a changing world and desire to entertain his readers through comedy. According to Isaiah Berlin (1909-1997: what did I tell you about 2009?), Gogol’s world vision was as single-minded as Tolstoy’s was. Sholem Aleichem was not nearly so single-minded. Rather than worrying about the dangers of foreign influence on the Russian Empire, he worried about the dangers in Russia for Jews, its perennial foreigners. But he did share Gogol’s struggle between tradition and creativity. The fine line separating Yiddish literature as a means of inciting social change, and social change as a force destroying Yiddish, gave Sholem Aleichem the fear of loss that he would take with him, quite literally, to the grave.
Sholem Aleichem enclosed his epitaph in his Last Will and Testament, written a few months before his death. In the first of 10 points outlined in his will, the Yiddish writer specified that:
Wherever I die, I wish to be buried not among aristocrats, big shots, or wealthy people, but precisely among ordinary folk, workers, the real Jewish people, so that the gravestone which will be placed on my grave will beautify the simple graves around me, and the simple graves will beautify my grave, just as the simple, honest folk during my life beautified their folk-writer. (Translation by Zuckerman and Herbst in “Three Great Classic Writers of Modern Jewish Literature, V. II,” Joseph Simon Pangloss Press, 1994.)
With this final wish, Sholem Aleichem promises to remain near those readers whose spirit he sought to evoke through the shtetls of his fiction, and, of course, in a more subtle way, he also remains with the memory of Nikolai Gogol.
Amelia Glaser is assistant professor of Russian and comparative literature at UC San Diego. She is currently completing a book about rural commerce in Russian, Ukrainian and Yiddish literature. She also translates poetry and prose from Russian and Yiddish; her translations include an anthology of Yiddish poetry, “Proletpen: America’s Rebel Yiddish Poets” (U. Wisconsin Press, 2005).
20th Century Zionist Asks: ‘Has Jacob Become Esau?’ | <urn:uuid:abf3debb-56b1-48b8-93e9-16ed0b054536> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://jewishjournal.com/tag/history/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160568.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924145620-20180924170020-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.962507 | 3,121 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Introduction to Arithmetic by. Nicomachus of Gerasa. Joseph Muscat last revised 15 Jul Book 1. 1. The ancients defined philosophy as the love of wisdom. Reviews. Nicomachus of Gerasa. – Introduction to Arithmetic. Translated into English by MARTIN LUTHER D’OOGE. With studies in Greek. Arithmetic by FRANK. Introduction to Arithmetic has 28 ratings and 11 reviews. Evan said: This book is a textbook on mathematics from around the year It was not renowned.
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There are no discussion topics on this book yet. Roberto marked it as to-read Aug 25, Very well done, nice work of genius right here. Retrieved from ” https: Melanie marked introdcution as to-read Jul 01, Joseph Dyer rated it it was amazing Feb 12, Just a moment while we sign you in to your Goodreads account.
Be the first to ask a question about Introduction to Arithmetic. Mar 04, Tyler rated it it was amazing. All of the different properties of numbers and even some of how they apply to music were expounded in this fine piece of Greek literature.
Introduction to Arithmetic by Nicomachus of Gerasa
Feb 16, Claire rated it liked it Shelves: This “Arithmetic” is harder than I thought it would be, and I was a Math major. Mathematics proves natural law. Much of the focus is on the various categories — odd, even, perfect, superlative, deficient, prime, etc.
This book is a textbook on mathematics from around the year Sophie marked it as to-read Jan 17, Robert Kaufman rated it really liked it Dec 17, Preview — Introduction to Arithmetic by Nicomachus of Gerasa. Return to Book Page.
Nicomachus Intro to Arithmetic
Definitely will need to read for the second time to get into details, and maybe even third and the fourth time You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. James of the Redwoods marked it as to-read Feb 16, They believed that through mathematical proofs, they could uncover universal “truths” – the number seven was associated with the leader of the universe, odd numbers were considered male and even nicoachus female, etc.
Sort of the creation’s alphabet. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Tamra added it Oct 06, May 18, JP rated it really liked it. For the eye of the soul, blinded and buried by other pursuits, is nicomahcus and aroused again by these and these alone, and it is better that this be saved than thousands of bodily eyes, for by it alone is the truth of the universe beheld. The whole book ends with four numbers perfectly introductioon the Arithmetic, Geometric, and Harmonic ratios: Arithmetiv with This Book.
Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to introfuction. Nicomachus subscribed to the Platonic idea of eternal forms, with the wrinkle that numbers are a superior kind of form out of which the other forms are made and under which they are classified. The work contains both philosophical prose and basic mathematical ideas.
Brandy Montgomery marked it as to-read Dec 11, I don’t think I agree with Nicomachus about the Nature of God but wow, he discovered some amazing patterns and relationships with numbers. Perhaps not since that time has anyone thought in such away about multiple-dimensions and dualism.
Introduction to Arithmetic
To ask other readers questions about Introduction to Arithmeticplease sign up. If you are interested even remotely in the mystical, Pythagorean properties of numbers, or even a little bit in just arithmetic in general, then this book is definitely for you.
Tessa marked it as to-read Apr 13, It’s THAT kind of book. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Most of his thoughts ibtroduction philosophy are outside the scope of this book, but the Introduction will occasionally allude to them. Rolland added it Mar 02, Nicomachus refers to Plato quite often, and writes that philosophy can only be possible if one knows enough about mathematics.
Jimelle marked it as to-read Sep 03, It’s also nice ingroduction be familiar with a few Euclidean definitions. How numbers are the building blocks of everything. Overall, beautifully done work of art. May 19, Michael rated it liked it. Oct 24, Robert Kaufman arithmetc it really liked it.
Nicomachus was a Neo-Pythago This book is a textbook on mathematics from around the year Dallas rated it it was ok Mar 20, When you’re talking about fundamentals, you’re talking about Metaphysics. Aug 10, Mikelis Igovens rated it it was amazing.
Jan 09, Arkar Kyaw rated it really liked it. | <urn:uuid:0931ecf0-7810-432d-9e56-19b977482432> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://daftarjoker123.live/introduction-to-arithmetic-nicomachus-14/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141216897.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20201130161537-20201130191537-00241.warc.gz | en | 0.952867 | 1,072 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Over the last decade, journalists have held up Germany’s renewables energy transition, the Energiewende, as an environmental model for the world.
“Many poor countries, once intent on building coal-fired power plants to bring electricity to their people, are discussing whether they might leapfrog the fossil age and build clean grids from the outset,” thanks to the Energiewende, wrote a New York Times reporter in 2014.
With Germany as inspiration, the United Nations and World Bank poured billions into renewables like wind, solar, and hydro in developing nations like Kenya.
But then, last year, Germany was forced to acknowledge that it had to delay its phase-out of coal, and would not meet its 2020 greenhouse gas reduction commitments. It announced plans to bulldoze an ancient church and forest in order to get at the coal underneath it.
After renewables investors and advocates, including Al Gore and Greenpeace, criticized Germany, journalists came to the country’s defense. “Germany has fallen short of its emission targets in part because its targets were so ambitious,” one of them argued last summer.
“If the rest of the world made just half Germany’s effort, the future for our planet would look less bleak,” she wrote. “So Germany, don’t give up. And also: Thank you.”
But Germany didn’t just fall short of its climate targets. Its emissions have flat-lined since 2009.
Now comes a major article in the country’s largest newsweekly magazine, Der Spiegel, titled, “A Botched Job in Germany” ("Murks in Germany"). The magazine’s cover shows broken wind turbines and incomplete electrical transmission towers against a dark silhouette of Berlin.
“The Energiewende — the biggest political project since reunification — threatens to fail,” write Der Spiegel’s Frank Dohmen, Alexander Jung, Stefan Schultz, Gerald Traufetter in their a 5,700-word investigative story.
Over the past five years alone, the Energiewende has cost Germany €32 billion ($36 billion) annually, and opposition to renewables is growing in the German countryside.
“The politicians fear citizen resistance” Der Spiegel reports. “There is hardly a wind energy project that is not fought.”
In response, politicians sometimes order “electrical lines be buried underground but that is many times more expensive and takes years longer.”
As a result, the deployment of renewables and related transmission lines is slowing rapidly. Less than half as many wind turbines (743) were installed in 2018 as were installed in 2017, and just 30 kilometers of new transmission were added in 2017.
Solar and wind advocates say cheaper solar panels and wind turbines will make the future growth in renewables cheaper than past growth but there are reasons to believe the opposite will be the case.
Der Spiegel cites a recent estimate that it would cost Germany “€3.4 trillion ($3.8 trillion),” or seven times more than it spent from 2000 to 2025, to increase solar and wind three to five-fold by 2050.
Between 2000 and 2019, Germany grew renewables from 7% to 35% of its electricity. And as much of Germany's renewable electricity comes from biomass, which scientists view as polluting and environmentally degrading, as from solar.
Of the 7,700 new kilometers of transmission lines needed, only 8% have been built, while large-scale electricity storage remains inefficient and expensive. “A large part of the energy used is lost,” the reporters note of a much-hyped hydrogen gas project, “and the efficiency is below 40%... No viable business model can be developed from this.”
Meanwhile, the 20-year subsidies granted to wind, solar, and biogas since 2000 will start coming to an end next year. “The wind power boom is over,” Der Spiegel concludes.
All of which raises a question: if renewables can’t cheaply power Germany, one of the richest and most technologically advanced countries in the world, how could a developing nation like Kenya ever expect them to allow it to “leapfrog” fossil fuels?
The Question of Technology
The earliest and most sophisticated 20th Century case for renewables came from a German who is widely considered the most influential philosopher of the 20th Century, Martin Heidegger.
In his 1954 essay, “The Question Concerning of Technology,” Heidegger condemned the view of nature as a mere resource for human consumption.
The use of “modern technology,” he wrote, “puts to nature the unreasonable demand that it supply energy which can be extracted and stored as such… Air is now set upon to yield nitrogen, the earth to yield ore, ore to yield uranium…to yield atomic energy.”
The solution, Heidegger argued, was to yoke human society and its economy to unreliable energy flows. He even condemned hydro-electric dams, for dominating the natural environment, and praised windmills because they “do not unlock energy in order to store it.”
These weren’t just aesthetic preferences. Windmills have traditionally been useful to farmers whereas large dams have allowed poor agrarian societies to industrialize.
In the US, Heidegger’s views were picked up by renewable energy advocates. Barry Commoner in 1969 argued that a transition to renewables was needed to bring modern civilization "into harmony with the ecosphere."
The goal of renewables was to turn modern industrial societies back into agrarian ones, argued Murray Bookchin in his 1962 book, Our Synthetic Environment.
Bookchin admitted his proposal "conjures up an image of cultural isolation and social stagnation, of a journey backward in history to the agrarian societies of the medieval and ancient worlds."
But then, starting around the year 2000, renewables started to gain a high-tech luster. Governments and private investors poured $2 trillion into solar and wind and related infrastructure, creating the impression that renewables were profitable aside from subsidies.
Entrepreneurs like Elon Musk proclaimed that a rich, high-energy civilization could be powered by cheap solar panels and electric cars.
Journalists reported breathlessly on the cost declines in batteries, imagining a tipping point at which conventional electricity utilities would be “disrupted.”
But no amount of marketing could change the poor physics of resource-intensive and land-intensive renewables. Solar farms take 450 times more land than nuclear plants, and wind farms take 700 times more land than natural gas wells, to produce the same amount of energy.
Efforts to export the Energiewende to developing nations may prove even more devastating.
The new wind farm in Kenya, inspired and financed by Germany and other well-meaning Western nations, is located on a major flight path of migratory birds. Scientists say it will kill hundreds of endangered eagles.
“It’s one of the three worst sites for a wind farm that I’ve seen in Africa in terms of its potential to kill threatened birds,” a biologist explained.
In response, the wind farm’s developers have done what Europeans have long done in Africa, which is to hire the organizations, which ostensibly represent the doomed eagles and communities, to collaborate rather than fight the project.
Kenya won't be able to “leapfrog” fossil fuels with its wind farm. On the contrary, all of that unreliable wind energy is likely to increase the price of electricity and make Kenya’s slow climb out of poverty even slower.
Heidegger, like much of the conservation movement, would have hated what the Energiewende has become: an excuse for the destruction of natural landscapes and local communities.
Opposition to renewables comes from the country peoples that Heidegger idolized as more authentic and “grounded” than urbane cosmopolitan elites who fetishize their solar roofs and Teslas as signs of virtue.
Germans, who will have spent $580 billion on renewables and related infrastructure by 2025, express great pride in the Energiewende. “It’s our gift to the world,” a renewables advocate told The Times.
Tragically, many Germans appear to have believed that the billions they spent on renewables would redeem them. “Germans would then at last feel that they have gone from being world-destroyers in the 20th century to world-saviors in the 21st,” noted a reporter.
Many Germans will, like Der Spiegel, claim the renewables transition was merely “botched,” but it wasn't. The transition to renewables was doomed because modern industrial people, no matter how Romantic they are, do not want to return to pre-modern life.
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Learn how hearing loss affects more than just communication.
How Hearing Works
Inside the human ear is a complex system. It’s important to understand how the ears work and translate sound in order to properly diagnose hearing loss and find a suitable treatment option. How we hear is broken into a few parts.
First sound is transmitted through the air as sound waves. The sound waves are collected by the outer ear and sent down the ear canal to the eardrum.
These sound waves cause the eardrum to vibrate, setting the tiny bones of the ear into motion.
The motion of these tiny bones causes fluid in the inner ear, cochlea, to move.
The movement of this fluid in the inner ear causes the hair cells in the cochlea to bend and change into electrical impulses.
These electrical impulses are transmitted to the hearing nerve and sent up to the brain where they are interpreted into sound.
Hearing and Brain Health
Approximately 48 million people in the United States have some degree of hearing loss. Hearing is connected to more than just communication. The brain relies on hearing function to receive the proper sound signals it needs to stay active and healthy.
When left untreated, hearing loss can affect speech comprehension, energy levels, social activity, and brain health. It’s important to manage hearing loss at the first signs in order to preserve your cognitive abilities.
Signs of Hearing Loss
Progressive hearing loss is the most common type of loss because it occurs gradually. For this reason, it can be difficult to recognize you are having trouble hearing until it’s too late. If you have noticed any combination of the following, then you should have your hearing checked.
Types of Hearing Loss
There are three main types of hearing loss: conductive, sensorineural, and mixed.
Conductive hearing loss occurs when there is a blockage preventing sound from transmitting from the outer and middle ear to the inner ear. Causes include ear infection, clogged ears due to impacted earwax, fluid in the middle ear, or ruptured eardrum. This type of hearing loss typically requires treatment from a medical doctor.
Sensorineural hearing loss is when damage to the hair cells of the inner ear or to the hearing nerve has occurred. This affects how sound is transmitted from the ear to the brain. Causes include age, genetics, ototoxic medications, prolonged noise exposure, or underlying health conditions. This type of hearing loss may feel like your ear is muffled and sounds are unclear. Treatment often includes wearing hearing aids.
Mixed hearing loss is a combination of conductive and sensorineural losses. For treatment, first the conductive portion would need to be addressed by a physician – or through the removal of earwax – and the sensorineural portion can be managed with hearing aids.
Around 50 million people in the U.S. experience tinnitus to some degree. Almost everyone will experience tinnitus at some point in their life as the symptoms can vary greatly. For some people, they only hear the phantom sounds occasionally and for a few seconds. Other people may experience permanent tinnitus which can be debilitating and affect concentration, sleep, and quality of life.
Individuals who experience constant tinnitus often times notice increased mental health struggles. Tinnitus and depression have been shown to be connected because of the negative impact it can have on your well-being.
If your quality of life has been affected by ringing in the ears, we can help you. We offer tinnitus masking hearing aids that can play soothing sounds in your ears to distract your brain from the symptoms of tinnitus. Although hearing aids won’t stop ringing in the ears completely, they can greatly help you. | <urn:uuid:19eb2be2-2403-4414-aac3-5f0b856c85ee> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://ganthearingcare.com/hearing-loss/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100873.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209071722-20231209101722-00160.warc.gz | en | 0.950232 | 773 | 4.15625 | 4 |
To make a burger, first, you need 2498 litres of water …
Our severe drought has made a lot of us more aware of our ‘water footprint’, the amount of fresh water we use plus the amount used for the goods and services we consume every day.
The obvious contributors to our water footprint are washing, cooking and bathing. But the biggest contributor to our water footprint is our diet!
While these are US figures they are indeed fascinating and there is no reason to think they are not compatible where comparable!
“On average, the water we use in our households is about 98 gallons a day, says a U.S. Geological Survey. The industrial goods we use — paper, cotton, clothes — that’s about another 44 gallons a day. But it takes more than 1,000 gallons of water a day per person to produce the food (and drinks) in the average U.S. diet, according to several sources. More than 53 gallons of water go into making 1 cup of orange juice, for example.”
Just to get a sense of how much water goes into growing and processing what we eat, here’s a list of the water footprint of some common foods, via National Geographic:
“A 1/3-pound burger requires 660 gallons of water. Most of this water is for producing beef.
1 pound of beef requires 1,799 gallons of water, which includes irrigation of the grains and grasses in feed, plus water for drinking and processing.
1 slice of bread requires 11 gallons of water. Most of this water is for producing wheat (see below).
1 pound of wheat requires 132 gallons of water.
1 gallon of beer requires 68 gallons of water or 19.8 gallons of water for 1 cup. Most of that water is for growing barley (see below).
1 pound of barley requires 198 gallons of water.
1 gallon of wine requires 1,008 gallons of water (mostly for growing the grapes), or 63.4 gallons of water for 1 cup.
1 apple requires 18 gallons of water. It takes 59.4 gallons of water to produce 1 cup of apple juice.
1 orange requires 13 gallons of water. It takes 53.1 gallons of water for 1 cup of orange juice.
1 pound of chicken requires 468 gallons of water.
1 pound of pork requires 576 gallons of water.
1 pound of sheep requires 731 gallons of water.
1 pound of goat requires 127 gallons of water.
1 pound of rice requires 449 gallons of water.
1 pound of corn requires 108 gallons of water.
1 pound of soybeans requires 216 gallons of water.
1 pound of potatoes requires 119 gallons of water.
1 egg requires 53 gallons of water.
1 gallon of milk requires 880 gallons of water or 54.9 gallons of water for 1 cup. That includes water for raising and grazing cattle, and bottling and processing.
1 pound of cheese requires 600 gallons of water. On average it requires 1.2 gallons of milk to make 1 pound of cheese.
1 pound of chocolate requires 3,170 gallons of water.
1 pound of refined sugar requires 198 gallons of water.
1 gallon of tea requires 128 gallons of water or 7.9 gallons of water for 1 cup.
1 gallon of coffee requires 880 gallons of water or 37 gallons of water for 1 cup. “If everyone in the world drank a cup of coffee each morning, it would ‘cost’ about 32 trillion gallons of water a year,” National Geographic notes. | <urn:uuid:d11ec229-5496-4c1e-9aa8-ce2ceab04e11> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://eneighbourhoods.co.za/save-water-stop-eating-meat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669730.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118080848-20191118104848-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.897706 | 739 | 3.203125 | 3 |
New Solid Fuel Burning Standards Will Aid in Air Quality Compliance
Two new ASTM International standards will provide designers of wood burning appliances with a way to gage the effectiveness of technological improvements in their products. The standards, E 2515, Test Method for Determination of Particulate Matter Emissions Collected by a Dilution Tunnel, and E 2558, Test Method for Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Fires in Low Mass Wood-Burning Fireplaces, were developed by Subcommittee E06.54 on Solid Fuel Burning Appliances, part of ASTM International Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings.
Rick Curkeet, chief engineer, hearth products, Intertek Testing Services, and chair of E06.54, says that ambient air quality requirements recently promulgated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency led to the development of the new standards. “These requirements tightened 24-hour and annual standards and will put many heavily populated areas of the United States into noncompliance based on current levels,” says Curkeet. “States will soon be required to submit implementation plans to the EPA detailing the steps that will be taken to attain compliance.”
According to Curkeet, E 2515 provides a procedure that can accurately measure particulate emissions from virtually any wood-burning appliance. “Combined with the appliance operating and fueling test procedures in E 2558, the results will provide a realistic assessment of the appliance emissions performance,” says Curkeet. “Manufacturers of wood burning appliances as well as air quality planners and regulators will find the standards useful.”
Curkeet says that the interested parties, especially users and consumers, are always welcome in the standards developing activities of Subcommittee E06.54. //
Technical Information: Rick Curkeet, Intertek, Middleton, Wis.
ASTM Staff: Stephen Mawn
October Committee Week | <urn:uuid:3dbf0dbd-4179-42c3-bdfd-b8163a329492> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.astm.org/SNEWS/OCTOBER_2007/wood_oct07.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609525991.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005205-00352-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921821 | 390 | 2.578125 | 3 |
NSC’s “Indoor Air Quality” Interactive CD-ROM Course shows employees the potentially harmful effects of poor air quality, and will help them identify, prevent and correct air quality problems. Air is all around us and we need it to stay alive. But how “clean” is the air that we breathe? While we know that it contains oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen, there may be other substances in the air that we do not know about… such as dust, mites, bacteria and hazardous fumes. Contaminated air inside a workplace can lead to major health problems… long-term exposure to contaminants can cause asthma and even emphysema. In fact, indoor air quality is enough of a concern that the EPA and NIOSH have created an Indoor Air Quality Guide. Areas covered in the course include the sources of air contamination, adhesives, solvents and vehicle exhaust, how a building’s occupants affect indoor air quality, smoking and second-hand smoke, the use of humidifiers and dehumidifiers, pollutant pathways, including air ducts and crawlspaces, heating and air-conditioning systems, the symptoms and signs of poor air quality, and more. Using a powerful combination of audio, full-motion video, text and colorful graphics, this course provides the most cost-effective safety and regulatory compliance training available today. The course is divided into a number of logical sections so information is easily understood… and retained. Also designed with the training manager in mind, all courses in the Interactive CD-ROM Training Library include a learning management system (at no additional cost). Using this system, trainers can set up “Pre” and “Post” tests… establish log-in procedures… even define and set up curriculum for various job classes. The system also collects and organizes employee performance information through a powerful relational database, which can generate a number of record-keeping and tracking reports… and has a database “import/export” feature, which allows information to be transferred to and from an external database (such as a company’s personnel database). The course is one of over 100 titles currently available in the Interactive CD-ROM Training Library. | <urn:uuid:4d499a8f-e9f7-41a2-8c55-e60f3c13c7c3> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.osha-safety-products.com/product/indoor-air-quality-cd-rom-course/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257650993.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324190917-20180324210917-00784.warc.gz | en | 0.923426 | 454 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Legends and Sagas
Buy this Book at Amazon.com
The Celtic Twilight
William Butler Yeats
This etext corresponds to the second (1902) expanded edition of
the Celtic Twilight.
This is one of the best-known collections of Yeats' prose; in it
he explores the longstanding connection between the people of
Ireland and the inhabitants of the land of Fairy.
Yeats, who had profound mystic and visionary beliefs, writes
with conviction of the reality of Fairies, both in his own
experience, and in the everyday life of the Irish.
This relatively short work serves as a way for readers
to discover Yeats' powerful
wordcraft and get an overview of celtic Fairy lore.
This etext, created at sacred-texts in 2001, was revised in
January 2004 from an original copy of the 1902 edition,
to include page numbers and correspond
more closely to the formatting of the original, and to correct a few
It was reformatted in 2009.
The Project Gutenberg version of Celtic Twilight is based on the
The Hosting Of The Sidhe
A Teller Of Tales
Belief And Unbelief
'Dust Hath Closed Helen's Eye'
A Knight Of The Sheep
An Enduring Heart
Happy And Unhappy Theologians
The Last Gleeman
Regina, Regina Pigmeorum, Veni
'And Fair, Fierce Women'
Aristotle Of The Books
The Swine Of The Gods
The Untiring Ones
Earth, Fire And Water
The Old Town
The Man And His Boots
The Three O'Byrnes And The Evil Faeries
Drumcliff And Rosses
The Thick Skull Of The Fortunate
The Religion Of A Sailor
Concerning The Nearness Together Of Heaven, Earth, And Purgatory
The Eaters Of Precious Stones
Our Lady Of The Hills
The Golden Age
A Remonstrance with Scotsmen for Having Soured the Disposition of Their Ghosts and Faeries
The Queen And The Fool
The Friends Of The People Of Faery
Dreams That Have No Moral
By The Roadside
Into The Twilight | <urn:uuid:c8e2a140-367d-43e4-ab2e-266d5e440953> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/yeats/twi/index.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223205137.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032005-00489-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.782627 | 455 | 2.9375 | 3 |
H.M., whose full name has now been revealed as Henry Gustav Molaison, lost completely the ability to form new memories following a radical surgical procedure to treat his severe and intractable epilepsy.
The operation was performed in 1953 by William Scoville, a neurosurgeon at Hartford Hospital in Connecticut. Using an experimental technique he had recently developed, Scoville removed both of H.M.'s hippocampi in their entirety, together with some of the surrounding structures.
This cured H.M.'s epilepsy, but had severe effects on his memory: he was left with profound anterograde and retrograde amnesia. As well as being unable to form new memories, he also could not remember anything that had happened to him in the 10 years or so before his operation.
Following the surgery, H.M.'s memory deficit was studied intensively. He was the subject of several groundbreaking studies by psychologist Brenda Milner of McGill University, and the more recent studies by neuroscientist Suzanne Corkin of MIT were ongoing when he died earlier this week.
H.M.'s amnesia was so severe that he never recognized Milner, despite working with her for more than 50 years. "He was a very gracious man, very patient, always willing to try these tasks," Milner said in a recent interview, "and yet every time I walked in the room, it was like we'd never met."
Milner's early studies of H.M. showed that the hippocampus is critical for memory formation, and the subsequent finding that he could learn simple motor skills showed that there were at least two distinct memory mechanisms. Although H.M. left no survivors, his legacy will not be forgotten, because he has probably contributed more to our understanding of memory than any other individual.
Update: The San Diego Union Tribune reports that H.M.'s brain is to be taken to the Brain Observatory at UCSD, where it will be "sliced, stained and preserved in approximately 3,000 oversized glass slides".
Although I have to say that I've always secretly hoped that when H. M. died his last words would be "By the way, I remember everything, suckers". That would be fun, so long as you weren't a memory researcher.
This is HM's second death. His first was in 1953, when his memories were taken from him. Does that make the neurosurgeon a murderer? Or was he an angel?
Oh man that is damn trippy, to be learning about this guy for years and then all of a sudden he has a name and a face.
This guy has been the foundation of so much of my knowledge of memory, it's sad to hear he's passed away.
This is an excellent post. Thanks a lot, I'm grateful to you.
H.M contributed so much to our knowledge of the brain and ourselves. I wish I could have said, "thank you." It's strange and sad because I've been reading about him since freshman university, he almost feels like a friend. | <urn:uuid:bdd1c3bf-eab1-4665-8390-70906581ab20> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2008/12/05/rip-hm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358064.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227024823-20210227054823-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.987712 | 629 | 2.75 | 3 |
Four other species of tapirs are found in the Amazon and in Southeast Asia, but a new one hasn't been discovered since 1865. The new tapir, dubbed Tapirus kabomani, is the smallest of the bunch but still counts as one of the largest mammals found in South America.
Found inhabiting open grasslands and forests in the southwest Amazon (the Brazilian states of Rondônia and Amazonas, as well as the Colombian department of Amazonas), the new species is regularly hunted by the Karitiana tribe who call it the "little black tapir." The new species is most similar to the Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris), but sports darker hair and is significantly smaller: while a Brazilian tapir can weigh up to 320 kilograms (710 pounds), the Kabomani weighs-in around 110 kilograms (240 pounds). Given its relatively small size it likely won't be long till conservationists christen it the pygmy or dwarf tapir. It also has shorter legs, a distinctly-shaped skull, and a less prominent crest.
After noticing some discrepancies in tapir skull specimens about a decade ago, lead author Mario Cozzuol finally decided to investigate. He followed up on leads from locals about the "little black tapir," and they provided Cozzuol and his team with skulls and other materials for genetic analysis. Those tests, combined with field surveys, confirmed that this tapir was indeed a species unrecognized by the scientific community. "Local peoples have long recognized our new species, suggesting a key role for traditional knowledge in understanding the biodiversity of the region," Cozzuol concludes in his paper.
Interestingly enough, it seems Theodore Roosevelt also listened to the native experts. A skull from an animal he hunted in 1912 matches up with the new species, Mongobay writes, and at the time Roosevelt commented that indigenous people told him it belonged to a "distinct kind" of tapir.
More from Smithsonian.com: | <urn:uuid:0d74ee04-89fe-40bd-8ac8-4fb7c8461ca0> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/scientists-discover-a-new-species-of-tapir-locals-say-we-told-you-180948167/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426169.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726142211-20170726162211-00182.warc.gz | en | 0.955093 | 404 | 3.625 | 4 |
The Southern Illinois University School of Medicine in Springfield in the United States has been awarded a $1.2 million, three-year grant from the U.S. Department of Defense to work with drug therapies to prevent and treat noise-induced hearing loss, particularly in military settings.
More than one-third of servicemen and women have some degree of hearing loss when they retire from the military. In addition to disadvantages in the field caused by hearing loss, it can also lead to post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression.
The work involves the use of an antioxidant called D-methionine, a component of fermented protein that is found in yoghurt and cheese. The antioxidant, in concentrated doses, has been found to improve some forms of hearing loss and even prevent hearing loss before the exposure to noise. The researchers have already found that the drug can be given up to seven hours after the noise is experienced and still be effective.
"We've been able to show in animal studies that if we give it before and after noise exposure, we can get pretty much full protection from noise-induced hearing loss," the leader of the research team, audiologist Kathleen Campbell, said.
"It doesn't mean it's going to work for long-standing hearing loss, but it does mean that in the early stages, you could intervene and keep it from becoming permanent," she said.
The research will move into determining if even more time can elapse between the drug is given and it still having an effect.
Human clinical trials with the U.S. Army are in the early planning stages, Campbell said.
Father with hearing loss
Campbell's father lost some hearing while serving on a Navy carrier during World War II. Other members of her family are disabled Army veterans.
"My heart is in getting something to prevent noise-induced hearing loss in our troops," she said. "It makes them more vulnerable in the battlefield if they can't detect the enemy." | <urn:uuid:b5ae2e66-8d92-4eee-aa67-0e944a32ccee> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.hear-it.org/antioxidants-against-noise-induced-hearing-loss | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058450.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927120736-20210927150736-00097.warc.gz | en | 0.973753 | 403 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Budding writers often ask me:
“How do I master Point of View?”
The inability to grasp this concept is the most common problem I see in aspiring novelists.
Veteran editor Dave Lambert says, “No decision you make will impact the shape and texture of your story more than your choice of Point of View.”
So let’s straighten it out, shall we?
After you read this post, you’ll know the crucial POV rules and techniques professional writers use (and publishers look for)—and how to apply them to your story.
What is Point of View?
Things to understand about Point of View before we break it down:
1. Point of View is really two things:
A. The Voice with which you tell your story.
Not to be confused with the tone or sound of your writing (think of that Voice as your writing attitude), this is your choice to tell it in First Person (I), Second Person (you), or Third Person (he, she, or it).
B. Your Perspective Character.
Basically, that answers “Whose story is this?”
2. The cardinal rule of Point of View:
Limit yourself to one Perspective Character per scene, preferably per chapter, ideally per book.
That means no switching POV characters within the same scene, let alone within the same paragraph or sentence.
(Yes, that’s a common amateur mistake, and it results in head-hopping—a giant Point of View no-no I cover in more detail below.)
Point of View is worth stressing over, it’s that important.
Even pros have to remind themselves to avoid sliding into an Omniscient viewpoint.
I avoid that by imagining my Point of View or Perspective Character as my camera—I’m limited to writing only what my character “camera” sees, hears, and knows.
In essence, I’m limited to his or her perspective.
Breaking Down the Point of View Voices
While POV is limited to one perspective character at a time, each of the three primary voices may be written in the present or past tense.
First Person Point of View
In this POV, the perspective character tells the story.
First Person is the second most common voice in fiction, but I recommend it for many beginning novelists, because it forces you to limit your viewpoint to one Perspective Character—which you should do with all POVs except Omniscient.
My first 13 novels (The Margo Mysteries) were written in first-person past tense.
First Person Examples
The most common use of first-person is past tense.
Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick begins in present tense but immediately switches to past:
Call me Ishmael. Some years ago, never mind how long precisely, having little or no money in my purse and nothing particular to interest me on shore, I thought I would sail about a little and see the watery part of the world.
While I recommend first-person, I think you’d find present tense awkward and difficult to sustain.
On the other hand, The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins is rendered that way and has become one of the most successful novel series ever.
If you have colossal writing talent and an idea as cosmic as hers, feel free to ignore my counsel and go for it. ???? Here’s how hers begins:
When I wake up, the other side of the bed is cold. My fingers stretch out, seeking Prim’s warmth but finding only the rough canvas cover of the mattress. She must have had bad dreams and climbed in with our mother. Of course, she did. This is the day of reaping.
Second Person Point of View
This point of view uses “you, your” construction, and the narrator makes “you,” the reader, become the protagonist.
Though rare in fiction and far more popular in nonfiction, it’s been said that because it plunges the reader into the action of the story, second person can bring a sense of immediacy to a novel.
I wouldn’t dare attempt it and don’t recommend it.
Second Person Examples
Jay McInerney used second-person present tense in Bright Lights, Big City this way:
You are not the kind of guy who would be at a place like this at this time of the morning. But here you are, and you cannot say that the terrain is entirely unfamiliar, although the details are fuzzy. You are at a nightclub talking to a girl with a shaved head.
You can see how this method forces the reader, in essence, to become a character and how difficult that might be for the writer to sustain for 300 or 400 pages.
Third Person Point of View
Finally, we’ve come to the most commonly used point of view in storytelling— third-person.
Third Person Limited
When written in third-person limited, the story is about he or she/him or her, or the character is mentioned by name.
As with all other POVs besides Omniscient, the writer is limited to one perspective character—your camera.
Everything you write must be seen through that camera: your perspective character’s eyes, ears, and mind.
Third Person Omniscient
Here the story is still about he or she, but the narrator writes from the all-knowing, all-seeing perspective and is not even limited by time.
Because so many of us were raised on the classics with their Omniscient author/narrator, it seems ingrained in us to want to know and tell all about every character onstage and off.
We even want to tell unseen things and things yet unseen. Such miraculous foretellings were often worded like: “Little did our hero know that 20 miles away, what would happen to him the next day was already being planned.”
Writing from that perspective might sound like an advantage, but fiction from an Omniscient viewpoint rarely succeeds in the traditional or indie markets today.
In nonfiction, the Omniscient narrator is common and makes sense, because you’re an expert trying to teach or persuade, and so you adopt a posture of knowing everything and telling everything.
Third Person Examples
Because many readers find third-person present tense weird, you won’t find it in many novels.
It would sound something like this:
Fritz skips out to the garage, fishing in his pocket for his keys. He slips behind the wheel and starts the car.
You can imagine how distracting that would be to the reader if maintained throughout.
By far, the most common choice for modern fiction is third-person past tense.
My perspective character at the start of Left Behind is an airline pilot.
I write it in third-person limited, past tense:
Rayford Steele’s mind was on a woman he had never touched. With his fully loaded 747 on autopilot above the Atlantic en route to a 6 a.m. landing at Heathrow, Rayford had pushed from his mind thoughts of his family.
As I mentioned above, the cardinal rule of POV is to limit yourself to one perspective character per scene, preferably per chapter, ideally per book.
If you’re J.K. Rowling, however, whose bestselling Harry Potter series gloriously breaks this rule, you have my wholehearted permission to ignore this advice.
Head-hopping is the problem.
Here’s an example of what it would have looked like, had I forgotten to limit myself to a single camera (Rayford) as the Perspective Character in Left Behind:
Rayford Steele’s mind was on a woman he had never touched. Meanwhile, his co-pilot was wondering what Rayford was thinking as he gazed out the cockpit window.
See how I slipped out of Rayford’s perspective and into the copilot’s from one sentence to the next?
That’s head hopping—hopping in and out of various characters’ heads.
That takes me from Third Person Limited to Omniscient. And Omniscient narrators are decades out of fashion.
The Secret to Using Multiple Points of View in the Same Story
In the Left Behind novel series (Tyndale House Publishers), I alternated between as many as five perspective characters per book, but never within the same scene. And I made it crystal clear every time I switched.
I would add an extra space between paragraphs, insert what’s called a typographical dingbat—like this: ###—and fully introduce the new POV character:
Meanwhile, in Los Angeles, Buck Williams sat hunched over his laptop…
In my novel The Valley of the Dry Bones (Worthy Publishing), I employ a single Perspective Character for the entire book.
Employing The Most Popular Point of View
If you’re a beginning writer, you might assume you must write in the first person, your Perspective Character referring to himself or herself as I.
But third-person limited is the most common choice for contemporary fiction.
Following is an example of how to effectively employ that voice.
A writer asked how he could better describe his character to portray her legalism and self-righteousness.
You can see how this would be easy if written in first person from her standpoint.
But how do we do it in third person limited?
Mother Clotilde sat at an ornate desk absentmindedly fingering a string of beads encircling her waist as she leafed through a thick leather-bound Bible. She looked like something unearthed at a dig.
Did you catch the POV violation?
Mother Clotilde is the perspective character, but because she’s alone, we can’t really say she “looked like something unearthed at a dig.”
Another character could say that or think that, if we were in that character’s POV. Needless to say, Mother Clotilde would not describe herself that way.
Which POV Will You Choose?
Choose wisely, because the decision could make the difference between your manuscript landing a contract or being rejected.
Our job as novelists is to pull our readers so deeply into our story that they even forget they’re turning the pages.
Your Point of View choices can make that happen. | <urn:uuid:fcced766-ec05-4b3c-9fb3-6d3922a26138> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://jerryjenkins.com/point-of-view/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657181335.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200716021527-20200716051527-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.956742 | 2,169 | 2.734375 | 3 |
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