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Rough Appearance of Mauna Kea Volcano in Hawaii, USA – May 4th, 201119.8N 155.4W
This orthorectified image shows the slopes of Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano on the island of Hawai`i. Standing 4205 m above sea level, its peak is the highest point in the state of Hawaii.
In its current post-shield state, its lava is more viscous, resulting in a steeper profile. Late volcanism has also given it a much rougher appearance than its neighboring volcanoes; contributing factors include the construction of cinder cones, the decentralization of its rift zones, the glaciation on its peak, and the weathering effects of the prevailing trade winds. | <urn:uuid:cf03e333-4c1c-4e37-8a26-4ac68339b78a> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.eosnap.com/image-of-the-day/rough-appearance-of-mauna-kea-volcano-in-hawaii-usa-may-4th-2011/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988311.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00161-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942114 | 152 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Migraines are a severe type of headache characterised by an intense pulsating or throbbing pain in one area of the head. Migraines are differentiated from other headaches as they are typically accompanied by sensitivity to light and sound. Sometimes migraine sufferers may also report nausea and vomiting along with pain. A migraine pain may last for hours or even days. Sometimes the pain is so intense that you find it difficult to work or carry out your routine activities. Migraines are more frequently reported in women than in men. In fact, women are 3 times more likely to suffer from migraines than men.
The cause of a migraine may differ in individuals. However, some of the commonly identified potential migraine triggers include - bright lights, loud noises, certain odours or perfumes, stress, tension headaches, changes in sleep patterns or irregular sleep, skipping meals or fasting, changes in weather, smoking or exposure to smoke, alcohol, allergies and allergic reactions and certain types of food. In women, migraines may also be triggered by menstrual cycle fluctuations, birth control pills or hormone fluctuations during menopause transition.
Migraine medication and migraine treatment
The best way to prevent migraine attacks it to avoid migraine triggers. By keeping a migraine diary and noting down the activities you performed when the migraine attack occurred, you can identify your migraine trigger.
However, once the migraine attack has set in you can take over-the-counter medications such as naproxen, ibuprofen, acetaminophen (paracetamol), and other analgesics like Excedrin (aspirin with caffeine). However, if these medicines fail to offer you effective results you would need to consult your doctor for more serious prescription painkillers such as NSAIDS to get relief from migraine headache. Anti-emetics may also be employed to control symptoms such as nausea and vomiting.
Migraine pain relief
People who frequently suffer from migraine attacks that affect their quality of life can benefit from drug-free alternative migraine treatment available today. The biggest advantage of these natural methods of treating migraine is that unlike medicines they do not cause you side effects. It has also been observed that people who suffer from migraines frequently wish to reduce their dependency on painkillers as taking painkillers regularly reduces its effectiveness in your body. You would therefore need to take stronger painkillers overtime to get the same effect.
One of the most popular drug free treatments for migraines is Cefaly electrotherapy device. The scientifically advanced electronic device emits gentle electric impulses that act on the nerve cells and inhibit pain. Cefaly electrotherapy device not only provides relief from migraine pain but also helps to reduce the frequency of migraine attacks.
Those who suffer from migraine attacks frequently can also take advantage of home use detox foot spa such as the BioEnergiser Classic Detox Foot Spa and the BioEnergiser Professional Detox Foot Spa. These easy to use detox foot spas relieve your body of the toxins that get accumulated over time. A build-up of toxins in your body may cause various types of illnesses including headaches and migraines. Thus, by eliminating toxins from your body you can reduce the intensity and frequency of your migraine attacks.
By Mark Bevan
All rights reserved. Any reproducing of this article must have the author name and all the links intact. | <urn:uuid:b94a59f8-43e0-48c1-ac05-3674928a0039> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://worldwidehealth.com/health-article-Migraine-basics-Learn-about-the-causes-and-treatment.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304570.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220124124654-20220124154654-00615.warc.gz | en | 0.942677 | 686 | 2.765625 | 3 |
This course intends to introduce the human brain and its processes especially with regards to electrochemical activity, the issues of mind and consciousness. It also indicates towards further possibilities of research.
Anyone with an interest in Human brain can join. Just a basic understanding of Brain would suffice. It should be useful for students of Neurosciences, Psychology , Medical and people working at brain computer interface.
Week 1 : Brain to Mind-- and how do we know it---(essentially single neuron to multiple) Brain and gross specialization --- areas , right-left , association ,connectivity and our tools to learn including EEG
Week 2 : Being Conscious -- Dynamics --- how do we learn about it from EEG
Week 3 : Cognition,Memory,Emotion -- Normal and Pathology
Week 4 : Sleep Brain and Future-- with interactive session | <urn:uuid:9965a5d1-baea-4c05-bfd9-e28f80ae29b0> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.classcentral.com/course/swayam-how-the-brain-creates-mind-10110 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655880243.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200702205206-20200702235206-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.902555 | 167 | 3.078125 | 3 |
What is the idea of integrated education what does the word “integration education i think one of the most important educational reform and integrated. The importance of technology in education infographic the importance of technology in education infographic separated in 18 educational technology. There is so much disparity in educational resources top ten reasons technology is important for education: top 10 reasons technology is important for. Education research papers education research the requirements for technology for educational the philosophy about education and his institutions. Here we are to talk about technology and the role it plays in 21st century education technology technology integration in education educational institutions. Iste | international society for technology in education 3d printers: a buyer’s guide 3d printers offer an engaging way to inspire creativity in your students. An overview of the status of information and communication technology of it mandatory at all levels of educational institutions integration in education. Technology in schools: integration of technology into teaching and learning is a the curriculum standards in k–12 education should include technology as an.
Advantages οf technology integration ιn τhe education sphere the teaching strategies based on educational technology can be described as ethical practices that facilitate the students. Importance of technology in technology education can provide students with a wealth of educational programmes and podcasts are now widely available to. Benefits of technology integration in education this essay describes the benefits of ample evidence for supporting the usage of technology in educational. Information and communication technology in education institute of new technologies e-learning and distance education delivery into their educational systems. Technology integration | ideas miscellaneous technology tools the most important thing is for the teacher to let their educational technology. They supply five ways for teachers to use technology to help students in five ways teachers can use technology to of education technology and that.
Free integrating technology papers philosophy of technology integration in education - “educational educational institutions, learning, web. The use of technology in the classroom indicates that technology integration in the essayukcom/free-essays/education/use-technology.
How important is technology in education skip of answering questions or writing essays in short education 2018 importance of technology design by. To support important educational goals technology communication of information the integration of technology into institute of education. Education essay granted it is important to study the basic academic courses including reading stress management in education institutions essay.
Studies have shown that while educational attainment is important in educational technology, education theory educational institutions may. Education essay is the most important topic required advancement in the education technology proper benefits of good educational as they lack.
Here are ten quotes relating to educational technology that provided “it is important to remember that educational the integration of technology in. Contemporary educational technology, 2012, 3(2), 130-140 130 integration of information and communication technologies in enhancing teaching and learning. Aga khan university institute for educational influence ict integration in education in the region (information and communication technology.
The importance of technology in education the educational institutes of and this time technology is playing very important role in education as like any. 470 technology integration in education in developing countries planning for technology integration in education just like any project, technology integration in educational settings. Ten fundamental reasons why i think technology is important in education from an educational viewpoint. Modern electronic educational technology is an important although a large proportion of for-profit higher education institutions technology integration. The role of ict to make teaching-learning effective in initiate and implement educational technology in have a strong impact on technology integration.
The analytical survey was prepared within the framework of the project information and communication technologies in technical and vocational education and training launched. The importance of technology in education there are a number of educational systems importance of technology in education essay on importance of technology. An exploratory essay on cloud computing and its impact on the use of a hypothetical major educational institution information technology in wide scale. Role of ict in education nowadays the role of information and communication technology (ict),especially internet in the education sector plays an important role, especially in the process of. | <urn:uuid:be0c0b0c-f56a-491f-a177-dbf5836790ae> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://mpessaylbqd.locksmith-everett.us/importance-of-information-technology-integration-in-educational-institution-education-essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221208750.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814081835-20180814101835-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.939254 | 805 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Spread the Love with Valentine’s Day Themed Math Activities
This Valentine’s Day, show how much you <3 Math!
Valentine’s Day isn’t just an excuse for kids to spend the day eating candy hearts, it’s the perfect day to remind kids of their love for math! We strongly believe math is all around us, and it’s important to foster that mentality into young learners.
We’ve compiled some amazing Valentine’s themed math activities to use as inspiration for how to celebrate this day with your students!
Teachers: Integrate Valentine’s Day themed activities into your classroom math rotation combined with DreamBox time, so students can enjoy the holiday while reinforcing their math skills.
Parents: Use these activities after school to keep the fun and learning going at home!
- Hands-on Math Stations (source: NutureStore) – Use these ideas for number hearts, heart-shaped towers and more.
- Subtraction cards (source: thekindergartenconnection) – Download these free cards and use heart-shaped candy to teach students how to add and subtract.
- Build cardboard heart structures (Source: Little Bins for Little Hands) – Encourage STEM growth with these cardboard heart structures.
- Foam Tangram Hearts (Source: And Next Comes L) – Create foam tangrams so students can build heart shaped Valentines, while learning shapes
Here are some additional ideas:
- Building Hearts Valentine’s Day Activities
- 20 Valentine’s Day STEAM Activities for Kids
- Valentine’s Day STEM Activities
Happy Valentine’s Day! | <urn:uuid:9c6146d4-a173-44d9-81bc-b0477eb39f23> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.dreambox.com/blog/fun-valentines-day-themed-math-activities | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155925.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805130514-20210805160514-00627.warc.gz | en | 0.832683 | 348 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Canine Influenza Virus (CIV)
Our veterinarians are ready to identify and treat cases of CIV. If you notice any of these signs make an appointment at our clinic in Oakland by calling (510) 569-1606 or contact your regular vet to receive treatment. Do not bring your dog into a vet’s office. Alert staff and have them examine your dog in your car.
Canine Influenza Virus (CIV) is relatively new to the U.S. first identified in 2015. Canine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory illness. CIV is not contagious to people or cats, but can affect dogs of any breed, age, sex or health status.
What to look out for:
- Persistent sneezing
- Nasal or eye discharge
- Persistent coughing
- Reduced appetite and fever
- Talk to one of our skilled veterinarians or your private veterinarian about your dog’s risk of exposure and if the canine influenza vaccine is right for your dog.
- Avoid exposing your dog to sick dogs.
- Avoid taking your dog to areas where dogs gather.
- If your dog shows signs of illness, isolate it from other dogs and seek veterinary care.
- Wash your hands after handling any dog and especially after handling a sick dog.
- Do not share equipment or toys between sick and apparently healthy dogs.
- Make sure your pet has current ID tags with your address and phone number displayed.
- CIV is treatable with supportive care. Medications may be necessary for severe illness or secondary bacterial infections.
- Since CIV is one of many possible causes of respiratory infection, laboratory testing is necessary to definitively diagnose the virus.
- The severity of illness is not strain dependent, but depends on a dog’s age and overall health.
- The virus can be transmitted via respiratory discharge or direct contact with contaminated objects such as hands, surfaces, clothing, etc.
Canine Influenza Vaccine
The pre-exposure vaccine does not prevent the contraction of canine influenza, but may lessen its effects. The East Bay SPCA is offering the canine influenza vaccine for $25 per vaccine (given in a series of two vaccines three weeks apart). The vaccine is available at our Theodore B. Travers Family Veterinary Clinic and also at our Drop-In Vaccine Clinics.
For more information visit:
Pet Owner’s Guide to Canine Influenza (AVMA) https://www.avma.org/public/PetCare/Pages/CanineInfluenza.aspx | <urn:uuid:e919bddd-ea9f-4d1d-9d92-cb3d70a70c1f> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://eastbayspca.org/what-we-do/veterinary-services/canine-flu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370508367.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402204908-20200402234908-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.886728 | 529 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Modern technology is simply an advancement of old technology. The impact of technology in modern life is unmeasurable, we use technology in different ways and sometimes the way we implement various technologies do more damage than good. What we call modern technology is technically not so new in most cases. For example, mobile phone technology has evolved from what it was in the year 2000 and continued to do so today; nowadays we use smartphones which is merely an advanced version of an older mobile phone.
We use technology on a daily basis to accomplish specific tasks or interests. Modern technology or evolved technology at times may replace previously used technology due to its increased benefits or newfound popularity. Take for example transportation technology; at one time steam-powered trains were widely used, now they have been replaced by electric powered trains which move significantly faster, allowing for more efficient use of time and better use of natural resources.
ADVANTAGES OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY
Easy Access to Information
It has become pretty easy to get access to relevant information at any time and anywhere. This has been possible because of modern technologies like broadband internet. Lots of data is being published and indexed online, sites like Wikipedia and Youtube have great original content that is regularly used for research or entertainment. With smart gadgets like the iPad, iPhone, Galaxy tablets, etc., users can easily have access to a vast amount of information wherever they are through the use of the internet on these devices. So a user on a train can easily read breaking news while traveling, they can also buy and sell stocks while in the bedroom or access their smart home temperature on the go. These smart gadgets make it easy to access the internet anywhere, and this simplifies the way we get information.
Encourages Innovation and Creativity
Since technology seems infinite, it sparks the brain to work to its full potential. In the past, it used to be very difficult to start a business, one had to have lots of capital, and they even had limited access to business information. Today, it is simple to start a business while at home. Let’s look at companies like Etsy.com which enable creative people to sell their works online; this encourages creativity. Another good example is kickstarter.com which helps creative people get funds for their projects through crowdfunding. On this platform, creative developers post projects to seek funding from the community; this helps them generate capital for their ideas which later leads to the creation of new jobs and further innovation of technology. The other creative works which have been facilitated by modern technology include Google, Apple, Facebook, Microsoft, Amazon, etc
Communication is like water to life; it is essential to growth, We can not progress without communication. Modern technology has blessed us with advanced communication technology tools. These include e-fax, electronic mail, mobile phones, video conferencing, instant text messaging applications, social networking, etc.. All these modern communication technology tools have simplified the way humans and businesses communicate. I can quickly talk to my relative overseas using a mobile phone or video chatting services like Skype.
The Convenience of Traveling/ Ease of Mobility
Modern transportation technology makes it very easy to travel long distances. Transport is a very important both in our lives and in the business world. Transportation technology has evolved with years. In the past, it used to be slow and expensive to move long distances. Nowadays, we can cover a 10 miles distance within a few minutes using electric trains, airplanes or cars.
Improved Housing and Lifestyle
Another excellent way how modern technology has simplified our lives. If you compare the type of housing we used in 1900 and the architecture of houses today, the difference is enormous. New architectural technology has improved the kinds of home we build. People with money can afford floating homes, and glass homes or people with smaller means can make tiny houses or mobile homes. Most of the items in our houses are now automated, for example, doors use fingerprints, key cards, or Bluetooth on our mobile. Security has also increased at home with the evolution of more robust integrated security system.
Modern technology has played a significant role in changing the entertainment industry. Home entertainment has improved with the invention of video games, advance music systems and visual systems like smart televisions, which can connect live to the internet so that a user can share what they’re watching with friends. Easy access and storage of music are ever present, services like iTunes allow users to purchase and download music on their players at a small cost, this is a win-win situation for both musicians and the users. Additionally, bars, clubs, and amusement parks have all benefited from advancements in technology. We can see things in 3D, ride the highest roller coaster or be served by a robot at the bar, all possible through modern technology.
Efficiency and Productivity
Modern technology has helped businesses increase production. Humans are slow, and sometimes they fail to deliver on time and quality. Many companies have integrated modern technology in their production line, increasing output and allowing for more consistent quality.
Learning is a process, and it is part of our daily lives. Modern technology has made it simple for students to learn from anywhere through online education and mobile education. Also, students now use modern technology in classrooms to learn more effectively. For example, students use tablets to share visual lessons and examples with peers in the classroom; this has made learning more convenient and fun. Also, new modern educational technologies support individual learning which gives students a chance to learn on their own with no need for tutors.
Modern technology has made it simple to discover our old friends and also discover new people to network with; this is a benefit to both individuals and businesses. Many businesses have embraced social networking technology to interact with their customers. Users of social networks can share information with friends, live chat with them and interact in all sorts of ways.
Benefits to the Health Industry
Today most hospitals have implemented modern technology in surgical rooms, and this has reduced mistakes made by doctors. Humans can easily make mistakes because of work overload and stress factors. Additionally, the development community has developed health apps that enable us to monitor our health, weight or fitness. These applications are used on mobile phones, so users have access anytime.
DISADVANTAGES OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY
Social Isolation is on the increase, people are spending more time playing video games, learning how to use new modern technologies, using social networks and they neglect their real life. Technology has replaced our old way of interacting. If a user can easily interact with 100 friends online, they will feel no need to go out to make new friends which at a later stage can lead to loneliness.
Modern technology has replaced many human jobs; robots are doing the jobs which used to be done by humans. Many packing firms have employed robots on production lines to increase production and efficiency, this is good news for businesses because it helps them make more money and serve customers, but it is bad news for employees because they may become redundant.
Increased dependency on modern tools like calculators and spell checkers has reduced our creativity and intelligence. Many today struggle with spelling even basic words without an editor to confirm every word. Others find it impossible to do basic math without a calculator. Though these tools assist to make us more efficient, we may become excessively reliant on them.
Thankfully advances in technology have aided security, however, due to these advances, everything is connected to the internet in some way. Our financial accounts, our photos, our cars, mobile phone, everything touches the internet at some time. Due to the network of worldwide devices and systems, many have fallen prey to an identity thief, hacked accounts by some mischievous hacker. The road to recovery from these types of attacks can be extremely long and painstaking.
World Destruction/Advanced Weapons
Modern technology has been the main aid in the increasing of endless wars. It aids the manufacturing of modern war weapons. So when these weapons get into the hands of criminals, they will use them for their selfish reasons. To add, these weapons often severely damage the natural earth, making some areas uninhabitable.
EXAMPLES OF MODERN TECHNOLOGIES THAT SIMPLIFY YOUR LIFE
Ultra-thin Quad-band Watch Mobile Phone
This is a modern watch which comes with basic functions of a mobile phone, it will simplify the way you communicate, you no longer have to worry about losing or misplacing your cell phone, now this new technology puts all basic features of a cell phone in a watch, it has a high-definition display, MP3 ringtones, audio tone, it supports multimedia messaging, and so much more. This advancement in communication technology makes me wonder if cell phones will be replaced by watch phones. For those who hate carrying cell phones all the time, this is a great option, you can easily set this watch phone in vibration and connect it to your blue tooth, I guarantee you will not miss any business or important call.
That’s old check these evolved smart watches!
Apple Magic Mouse
Simple and elegant wireless mouse from Apple, you can improve your workplace experience by using this Apple Magic Mouse, it comes in a smooth shell design supported by both touch-sensitive and Bluetooth technologies which make it different from the usual mouse you have. Though you will need a little bit of adjustment if it is your first time to use this Apple Magic Mouse, it is too smooth and very responsive, for those who enjoy playing video games, this Apple Magic Mouse will improve your computer gaming experience. It is so lovely, for those who love Apple products, you can
That’s old too! Evolve with these!
Kingston Digital DataTraveler
You can easily transfer and move with your data using this Kingston Digital DataTraveler. Many times we back up our data on cloud servers, but these servers are not 100% safe, some prefer backing a copy of my data on a flash drive, this Kingston Digital DataTraveler has 16GB of storage space, so you can store as much data as you want, its size is slim, it can fit in your wallet. This Kingston Digital DataTraveler supports Windows 8, Windows 7, Vista, XP and Mac. The cap on the top is fixed on the drive, so you will not lose it. You can easily drag-and-drop files, photos, videos, music and so much more on this Kingston Digital DataTraveler. Simplify the way you move your data with this slim data traveler.
Apple iPad 2
Tablets have simplified the way we perform various computer-based tasks, both students and business people are using these tablets to accomplish different tasks. The functions of this Apple iPad 2 are limitless, for example, you can use it as a video conferencing tool, use it as a presentation tool in a business meeting or classroom, use it to edit business documents or write classroom notes. when it comes to storage, this Apple iPad 2 comes with 64GB of data storage space, quite enough space for all your files, music, photos, software and so much more. From today, you don’t need to travel with a laptop, try out this Apple iPad 2 and simplify the way you do most computer tasks.
Check these out too!
SATA Hard Drive Docking Station
Work smart and secure your data by using this SATA Hard Drive Docking Station, it will hold your SATA Hard Drive firmly so you will not worry about damaging your hard-disk and it also comes with a USB port which makes it easy to access or backup data on your SATA Hard Drive directly from your laptop. The transmission speed is up to 5Gbps. You can
That looks bulky!
Now that we have seen some of the impacts of technology in modern life, it is our responsibility to use technology to improve our lives, but we also have to make sure that we preserve our society and environment, if we don’t control the usage of technology, we shall end up harming both the society and environment. Then for those seeking for jobs, i advice you to acquire different technological skills, make sure that you can create or invent something new using these new technological skills, being employed is just a step most of us have taken, but it does not guarantee financial security, you can use technology to create a small business.
: – The Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology in the Workplace
Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API
Serious research has been undertaken to publish this content, so you're in the right place. I love technology, I believe embracing its potential for personal, business or educational advancement will pave the way forward for us all. We've all heard "knowledge is power", with this website I hope, to some degree, to empower you!
Technology plays a huge role in our lives. Have you ever think about what are the advantages and disadvantages of modern technology? The electricity we use, the water in our homes, the roads we use, all that has been made possible by use of technology. Even the education system is being remodeled, thanks to technology.
Technology is meant to make work easier and allow us to enjoy better lifestyles, however, at the same time, we have become overly lazy because of that. Students have been greatly affected by technology in various ways – both good and bad. Modern technology is based on the latest advances in technology which are changing by the day. It is important to keep our eyes open and our minds alert as the technology changes. Through this post, I’m going to figure out the advantages and disadvantages of modern technology to students.
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Advantages And Disadvantages Of Modern Technology
Advantages Of Modern Technology To Students
Technology has a lot of advantages in every field it is applied to. In education, it plays a vital role for both students and their teachers and the institution at large. The advantages are basically the positivities of technology and the many benefits we enjoy. They include;
1. Easier access to information: With technology advancements, students can easily access class notes and assignments through emails, WhatsApp, Viber, and other mediums of communication. This helps in keeping students updated with class work and they can read at their own pleasure through their mobile phones and laptops. In early stages of Tech era, we used PCs and Laptops for took down notes. But nowadays students not even bother about PCs or Laptops. They simply use mobile phones and Tablets. See, how these modern technologies change our students’ life easy. Think, how our parents or grandparents access the class notes or assignments? On those days, they should have to go and meet the teacher in person or go to the library for collects the information.
2. Convenience in learning: Technology has made learning possible from all corners of the earth. You don’t have to worry anymore about missing class work and having piles of assignments and notes to write. Your friends can keep you posted on classes and send you the necessary materials needed by the teachers. Let’s say you are going to an unavoidable ceremony/function or going abroad for one week. Without technologies, how you could cover up all the notes you are going to miss during that one week? In such situations, technology impacts a lot. Your friend can keep updating you about everyday class notes and other information.
3. Promote independent learning: The internet is a hub of information. During free time, students can look up important information that helps them increase knowledge. In addition to that, they can review what they learned in class through their devices. In early days, a student has to go to the library in order to learn and gather information independently. But now it’s all turn-around. A smartphone is enough to gather any type of information from any kind of subjects.
4. Enhanced communication: This is with regards to communication between students and their teachers. It also helps in relaying information from the dean to students on important information, events, and dates in the school’s academic year. When my parents got free time, they told me about their old life style. Sometimes, they told me about their school life and I just amazed the way they studied hard. Before these technologies arise, if a student has any doubts or wanted to know some important information, they should have to meet the teacher in person. But nowadays, a student can easily contact the teacher through a mobile phone or any other communication devices. This enhanced communication is one of the great advantages of modern technology to students.
5. Better access to reading materials: Through your mobile phone, tablet or laptop, you can easily access notes and course textbooks. Instead of having loads of books and hard copies, just use your mobile phone and download the necessary reading material in PDF format. Google, Wikipedia, and YouTube are three giants where you can learn anything. Just imagine your life without Google and YouTube. But, keep in mind that your parents and grandparents studied, worked on assignments, successfully finished projects and, graduated without Google, YouTube or any other technologies. Why I’m saying this is you have to honor your parents because they are cleverer than you. This is how modern technologies make a student life easier than they expect.
6. Integration of fun in class: Students get bored with the same teaching routines. As the teacher, you can make your class lively by asking them to use their gadgets to access information from the net in regards to classwork. Apart from being fun, it enhances their participation in class. It’s very hard to see a student who goes to school without a mobile phone. Even though there are some disadvantages of having a mobile phone by a school student, there are many advantages a student can earn from the same mobile phone. Go through the advantages and disadvantages of mobile phones to school students.
7. For relaxation: In a tight studying schedule, a student must have to take a break. Some students go and play outside or go for some physical activities – highly appreciate them. But many students entertain themselves by watching movies or listening songs via smartphone. Other students play games on their mobile phone. Some other students play games on PlayStation, Xbox or Wii. This is how technology entertains a student as they want.
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Disadvantages Of Modern Technology To Students
As much as students take advantage to nurture their learning, they have also misused the advancements of modern technology to engage in unpleasant habits. This has made parents, as well as teachers concerned, and it’s during times like these people wish technology was not part of their lives as it is spoiling the minds of their young ones. However, it is important to note that modern technology isn’t the issue here but it’s the students using technology for all the wrong reasons. The disadvantages of modern technology to students include;
1. Seclusion from the rest of the world: Students have taken solace in technology and have created their own world revolving around it. You will find that they lock themselves in their rooms and even stay up too late, surfing the internet or watching movies and listening to music. This is not only affecting their studies but also seriously affect their health too. As a parent or teacher, you should let them use any technology device for a certain time only.
2. Addiction: Technology has an alluring sense that attracts the young generation and traps them. You will find 90% of a school population glued to the screen of their devices doing what they know best. Using the modern technology is good but if you are getting addicted to any modern technology, that’s bad. The college and university students grow enough to identify and use the modern technologies in a limited way. But sadly, school student are easily got addicted to modern technologies and that’s not a good practice at all.
3. Access to inappropriate content: With the freedom of having devices with the internet, students take advantage and search for inappropriate materials e.g. pornography and violent acts, which are easily accessible on the net. As a parent, you should have to keep your eye on your kid as all the time as possible. As you all know, nowadays the sexuality cases and violent acts tremendously growing day by day. It’s all because of the rise of modern technology. The growth of technology is great only when we use that in an appropriate way.
4. Cyber bullying: This is yet another alarming heinous act, where students hack other people’s accounts where they harass them and ask for money or tamper with other people’s vital information. This is one of the biggest disadvantages of modern technology to students.
5. A huge distraction: As much as the internet and gadgets enhance learning, they also demote it by acting as a huge distraction to the students from what is really important in education. In class, you will find students don’t pay attention and instead they are playing games or surfing online and listening to music. Even in the home, some students playing games on their actual studying time. As a student, you can play for some time after the school. But don’t play the whole time when you are in the home. You may have to do the home work or you may have to repeat the notes what you studied at the school. If you are playing or entertain you without studying at least a little at home, mark my words, you are going through a wrong path and it will affect your future.
6. Increased cases of exam cheating: Cheating during examination and tests have become a common thing among students. Since they can find all the information they need online, they don’t revise for exams, instead, they use their mobile phones to search for answers. This is not a good idea at all.
You May Also Like:Advantage And Disadvantages Of Television In Points
These are the advantages and disadvantages of modern technology to students. These are the only points struck on my mind. But I’m sure that there are many other advantages and disadvantages of modern technology to students. If you know any other points, you can write that in the comment box below.
The advancements in technology have proven to be education friendly, however, at the same time, it is distracting students from what is really important. This might be due to the non-restriction of certain information and sites that students should not visit. Moreover, they have the freedom to engage in other activities – games, movies, and music, instead of taking books and read to enhance learning and improve their knowledge.
If you have any thoughts or suggestions, feel free to shoot that in the comment box below. I always welcome your comments and suggestions. You can share this post with your friends and family by clicking one of the social share buttons below.
Filed Under: Pros/ConsTagged With: Education, inspire, students, Technology | <urn:uuid:ec16ba46-1a54-40ae-a69e-75c7c542d709> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://skbih.zaridi.to/52-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-modern-technology-essay-free.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221212323.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817123838-20180817143838-00622.warc.gz | en | 0.952607 | 4,702 | 3.171875 | 3 |
New Study: Plant-Based Diets Benefit Cancer Survivors
Dr. Neal Barnard
Cancer survivors can get real benefit from leafy greens and whole grains, according to a new study in the journal Cancer. It’s the same advice I’ve been recommending for years in my book The Cancer Survivor’s Guide: Eat a plant-based diet and avoid meat and dairy products to reduce your risk of cancer and cancer recurrence.
Fang Fang Zhang, M.D., Ph.D., the new study’s lead author, says that “dietary changes that include more fiber, fruit, and vegetables in the diet and less fat, sodium, and added sugar would be important for cancer survivors.”
Dr. Zhang’s advice reflects recommendations my colleagues and I recently made in the Journal of the American College of Nutrition. We published six precautionary principles to reduce the risk of occurrence:
Avoid dairy products to reduce risk of prostate cancer.
Limit or avoid alcohol to reduce the risk of cancers of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, colon, rectum, and breast.
Avoid red and processed meat to reduce the risk of cancers of the colon and rectum.
Avoid grilled, fried, and broiled meats to reduce the risk of cancers of the colon, rectum, breast, prostate, kidney, and pancreas.
Women should consume soy products in adolescence to reduce risk of breast cancer. Breast cancer survivors should consume soy products to reduce risk of cancer recurrence and overall mortality.
Eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables to reduce risk of several forms of cancer.
To read the recommendations in detail and for more resources on fighting cancer with a plant-based diet, visit PCRM.org/Cancer. | <urn:uuid:84179797-f8ba-4b78-840a-dd033d7fa39e> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://kesehatanvegan.com/2015/10/23/penelitian-terbaru-the-journal-of-the-american-college-of-nutrition-pola-makan-nabati-bermamfaat-untuk-memperpanjang-usia-harapan-hidup-penderita-kanker/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826856.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215105142-20181215131142-00627.warc.gz | en | 0.917277 | 372 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Acute Pyelonephritis in pregnancy.
|a.||has reduced in incidence in recent decades||True|
|b.||carries significant hazard to the baby||True|
|c.||treatment should await identification of the infecting organism and its sensitivity||False|
|d.||is usually due to chlamydia||False|
|e.||may cause sickle cell crises||True|
The incidence has decreased considerably due to screening for asymptomatic bacteruria (see MCQ5, question 31).
In severe cases the mother runs a high fever.
Babies tolerate fever badly and fetal death in utero may occur if the temperature is not brought down promptly.
Apart from IV antibiotics, rehydration and analgesia, nursing measures should be instituted with tepid sponging and the use of cooling fans.
Premature labour may also ensue.
The infecting organism is usually a coliform.
Infection is a common cause of sickle cell crises - see MCQ4, question 1.
|Return to DRCOG Page| | <urn:uuid:25dacdcf-67a1-4916-9d96-99613b09c25c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://drcog-mrcog.info/mcq%20p1,%20a14.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100534.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204182901-20231204212901-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.870984 | 231 | 3.21875 | 3 |
In 1916, Albatros Werke produced the remarkably advanced Albatros D.I. It featured a streamlined semi-monocoque fuselage, with an almost fully-enclosed 160-horsepower in-line Mercedes engine, and the propeller spinner neatly contoured into the nose of the fuselage. A sesquiplane version with narrow-chord lower wings, designated the D-III, was introduced early in 1917, and served with great success, despite the narrow lower wing being susceptible to frequent failure in prolonged dives. The Albatros D.V model was fitted with a more powerful 180-horsepower engine, but was plagued by a rash of upper-wing failures. The wings were strengthened, resulting in a re-designation, the D.Va. Unfortunately, the necessary strengthening increased the weight and negated the performance advantage of the new engine. The D.V and D.Va also continued to experience the same lower wing failure problems in a dive similar to the earlier D.III. A small auxiliary strut was added at the bottom of the outer wing struts to address the issue, but was not entirely successful.
Approximately 4,800 Albatros fighters of all types were built during World War I. They were used extensively by the German Air Service throughout 1917, and remained in action in considerable numbers until the end of the war. Many of the highest-scoring German aces achieved the majority of their victories while flying Albatros fighters.
Gift of George K. Whitney.
Single-engine, single-seat, German World War I biplane fighter; 180-horsepower Mercedes D.IIIa water-cooled engine. Lozenge camouflage on wings. Natural wood finish on fuselage. Green and yellow stripes on tail.
The Albatros series of single-seat fighters produced between 1916 and 1918 were among the most numerous and distinctive aircraft of the First World War. The Albatros Werke began to build airplanes in 1910. Early in the war, the firm focused on two-seat observation types. In 1916, in response to the fading superiority of the Fokker monoplane to the French Nieuport 11 and the British de Havilland D.H.2, the German government requested the nation's aircraft companies to produce a suitable replacement for the Fokker. Albatros Werke chief designer, Robert Thelen, with his assistants Gnaedig and Schubert, offered a remarkably advanced design, the Albatros D.I. It featured a streamlined semi-monocoque fuselage, with an almost fully-enclosed in-line Mercedes engine and the propeller spinner neatly contoured into the nose of the fuselage. The D.I was quickly modified into the very similar D.II, which had the upper wing repositioned slightly to improve visibility for the pilot. Both fighters entered front-line service in the fall of 1916 and immediately demonstrated strong advantages over their Allied counterparts. Powered by a 160-horsepower Mercedes engine and armed with two machine guns, the Albatros fighters used speed and firepower to overwhelm the lighter, more maneuverable Nieuports and D.H. 2s.
Even before the success of the Albatros D.I and D.II was fully realized, Thelen was already developing an improved model. The Albatros D.III was introduced early in 1917 and it met with instant acceptance by the German pilots. It was easy to fly and was an effective combat aircraft. The principal design change was the use of a narrow-chord lower wing, similar to the sesquiplane wing arrangement of the agile Nieuport fighters. This increased maneuverability as well as improving the pilot's field of view. Initially, the narrow lower wing was susceptible to frequent failure in prolonged dives, but with reinforcement of the structure and improved workmanship, the problem was ameliorated. The Albatros D.III served with great success throughout the first half of 1917.
Beginning in mid-1917, however, with the introduction of the British S.E. 5 and the French Spad VII, German air superiority waned once again. Thelen was forced to refine the sleek Albatros design further in an effort to gain parity with the new Allied fighters. In the D.IV model, Thelen reverted to the equal-width upper and lower wings of the D.I and D.II. The nose was even more streamlined than the D.III and the rudder had a more rounded shape. An experimental geared version of the 160-horsepower Mercedes engine was fitted to the D.IV prototype. But despite its racy appearance, the performance of the D.IV was not up to that of the D.III, and the experimental geared engine was problem-ridden. Thus, no production run of the D.IV was ordered.
The Albatros D.V returned to the sesquiplane wing design of the D.III. Initially it was powered by the same 160-horsepower Mercedes engine used in the D.III, but later it was replaced by an up-rated model that delivered approximately 180 horsepower. The major new innovation was the D.V's elliptical cross-section fuselage, compared to the flat-sided fuselage of the earlier models. Primarily because of changes in the nature of the construction of the elliptical fuselage, the D.V was approximately 32 kg (70 lb) lighter than the D.III, and this improved performance marginally. But hopes for the new version were soon undermined by a rash of upper-wing spar failures shortly after the D.V was introduced. To remedy the problem, the wing ribs and the spars were strengthened, resulting in a re-designation, the D.Va. Unfortunately, the necessary strengthening of the airframe made the overall weight of the D.Va 23 kg (50 lb) more than the D.III, negating the performance improvement of the newer model. The D.V and D.Va also continued to experience the same lower wing failure problems in a dive of the earlier D.III. A small auxiliary strut was added at the bottom of the outer wing struts to address the issue, but was not entirely successful. Even so, the D.Va remained in production until April 1918, when the superior Fokker D.VII appeared.
Approximately 4,800 Albatros fighters of all types were built during World War I. They were used extensively by the German Air Service throughout 1917, and remained in action in considerable numbers until the end of the war. Many of the highest-scoring German aces achieved the majority of their victories while flying Albatros fighters. Although most often associated with the novel Fokker Triplane, the famed Red Baron, Manfred von Richthofen, won three-quarters of his 80 combat victories in Albatros aircraft.
Despite the large production and pervasive presence of the Albatros fighters during World War I, only two have survived, and both are D.Va models. One is at the Australian War Memorial Museum in Canberra, Australia, serial number D.5390/17. The other is in the collection of the National Air and Space Museum.
The early history of the NASM Albatros is very sketchy. During the restoration of the airplane by NASM, the serial number D.7161/17 was discovered under several layers of paint on the fin. This places it in the final batch of 550 D.Vas built by the Albatros factory during the war. The last of these aircraft reached the front in April 1918. It is apparent, however, that the airplane is comprised of components from more than one Albatros. The individual wings show evidence of workmanship of different quality, suggesting that they were not produced at the same time and at the same place. Further, before restoration, there were straight crosses as well as the earlier Iron Cross national insignia on different components of the airplane.
Another clue to the history of the NASM Albatros was revealed during restoration. The original layer of paint showed green and yellow stripes on the tail. This was the marking for the German squadron Jasta 46. This unit was formed at Graudenz on December 17, 1917, as part of Germany's Amerika Program, an effort to build up German strength rapidly and deliver a decisive blow to the West before American resources could be brought to bear for the Allies. Under the program, the number of German fighter units doubled. The inferred production date from the serial number of the NASM Albatros fits with the creation and equipping of Jasta 46 with Albatros fighters. Evidence that the NASM Albatros did see combat is damage from a bullet that passed through the right machine gun mount, penetrated the emergency fuel tank, and then lodged in the right magneto. The airplane was unlikely to have flown again as the fuel tank had not been repaired.
The distinctive personal marking of "Stropp" on the fuselage side remains a mystery. Some have suggested that stropp can be interpreted to mean a precocious or mischievous boy, but no record confirming this, or even with whom the marking was associated, has been found.
The history of the airplane for the remainder and immediate aftermath of the war remains unknown. The first record of the NASM Albatros in the United States is the presentation of the airplane to the De Young Memorial Museum in San Francisco on July 13, 1919, by Congressman Julius Kahn. It is unclear how Congressman Kahn became associated with the Albatros, but a label placed with the airplane at that time credited it as a gift from the French government. Some years later, NASM curator Paul Garber learned of the Albatros at the De Young Memorial Museum. On a trip to California in January 1947, he located the airplane and approached the museum about donating it to the Smithsonian. Garber was informed that it had recently been sold at auction for $500.00 to George K. Whitney, who planned to display it at Playland near Cliff House, a local San Francisco tourist stop. After Garber explained the importance of the historic aircraft to Whitney, he agreed to donate it to the Smithsonian, with the condition that the museum pay the packing and transportation costs. After a lengthy delay until funds were available, the Albatros was moved to the museum's temporary storage facility in Park Ridge, Illinois, in August 1949. It was brought to Washington, D.C., in 1952 and remained in storage until restoration began in January 1977. The complex and meticulous rebuilding of the NASM Albatros D.Va was completed in February 1979. | <urn:uuid:9a542c3c-bb11-451a-a507-cff2147246b2> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?object=nasm_A19500092000 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930995.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00073-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966958 | 2,193 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Crispus Attuckus: A Black Leader
By: Kevin G.
Maryland, Age 10
Crispus Attuckus was a great leader! To begin with, Crispus was born in Farmington, Massachusetts in1723. He had black and Indian patronage. Attuckus was a slave in Framingham.
Attuckus had important contributions to the Revolutionary War. Attuckus was the first black to fall in the American Revolution. Attuckus was slayed in the Boston Massacre.
Attuckus was very brave because he took the lead in difficult situations, especially those that threatened his freedom or the freedom of others.
I believe that Attuckus was motivated to help the Patriots gain freedom because Attuckus believed African Americans should be free. Countries should not be ruled by the king.
Attuckus lived a strong life. In his later years he was honored by black abolitionists in 1858 and in 1888, Crispus Attuckus Monument was erected on the Boston Common. He was the first to pour out his blood as a precious libation on the altar of a people∆s right.
If Attuckus was alive today, I think the advice that he would give people is to live your life strong Attuckus is a role model to me because he was a slave and still did great things. | <urn:uuid:4d43aa52-09f1-41f2-a0fa-3200fe9b123c> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://teacher.scholastic.com/writewit/biograph/biography_readrep.asp?id=11521&age=10&Page=7&sortBy= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122238667.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175718-00044-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.989561 | 281 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Okay guys, I’m excited to finally share our Vikings Unit Study with you!
I’ve been talking about this unit study for the last few weeks in my videos and newsletter and now it’s time to share it.
My original plan for this unit study was just to grab a few good books, some relevant information and random free worksheets from online but Jared took my tiny idea and made it into something awesome!
A FEW DISCLAIMERS
I have a few disclaimers about the unity study before we get started, you can watch the video below or read on for my disclaimers and how to download the unit study.
ONE: We made this unit study specifically for our kids levels and interests so while our son was in grade two and our daughter was in grade five the workbooks are not specifically “grade two level” and “grade five level”.
TWO: We’ve only included the workbooks our kids used and don’t have others for other ages. We do plan on making more unit studies in the future that will include a range of ages.
THREE: I didn’t include an answer key, future unit studies will have them.
FOUR: Feel free to make this unit study work for you, I explained a few different ways on how to do this in the video.
WHAT IT INCLUDES
This unit study includes:
- Parent’s Guide
- Toddler Coloring Pages
- Adventurer Workbook (approximately grade 2)
- Explorer Workbook (approximately grade 5)
Each day the workbooks cover:
- Bible (memory verse)
- Language Arts
Some days include additional subjects like art and geography. And the Parent’s Guide includes a number of optional projects.
FREE VIKING UNIT STUDY
Okay, are you in?
If so, you can head over here to download the free Vikings Unit Study!
If you have ideas for topics you would like to see for future unit studies, let me know. | <urn:uuid:5d67a3df-d6a5-4269-ac94-20fbccb179a4> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.intentionalhomeschooling.com/free-vikings-unit-study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585460.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022052742-20211022082742-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.937427 | 427 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Supercapacitors coming handy to power your IOT edge systems. If the IOT needs sudden burst of power while transmitting RF signal, where there is no enough power available in the battery, the IoT unit/device can use the supercapacitors to get that extra power. Not only as a booster, super capacitors can become source of power, if there is energy harvesting feature integrated into your IOT such as solar, wireless power, or any search energy harvesting techniques.
A company called CAP-XX is offering super-capacitors exclusively for IOT applications both in prismatic and cylindrical format/structure. Available with the capacitors in the range of few farads to hundreds of farads, they can deliver output voltage of 2.7 V in case of single cell and 5.4 Vin case of dual cell . The super capacitors are designed to offer the sharpt pulse power at low ESR. CAP-XX selling these devices starting from US$ 0.5 to US$ 9.
They are available in the dimensions of 12 millimeters long and comes in two diameters: 6.3 millimeters (400 milliohms) and 8 millimeters (180 milliohms). The largest 400 Farad supercapacitor is 68 millimeters long and 35 millimeters in diameter (3 milliohms).
The operating temperature of these devices is in the range of -40°C to +65°C. These capacitors can be soldered directly to the PCB. The applications suggested include wireless sensors with energy harvesting, remote smart meters and any such devices.
To give you one more sourcing option, a company called Cellergy is offering supercapacitors in 4 footprint options: 12x12.5mm, 17x17.5mm, 28x17.5mm and 48x30.5mm. Some more names of supercapacitor vendors in the market includes Maxwell, Nesscap Energy, EEStor, FastCAP Systems, Advanced Capacitor Technologies, Elton, Skeleton, Axion Power,Graphene Laboratories, Optixtal, Blueshift PDX, Panasonic, and AVX.
There is also research effort to build miniaturised supercapacitor inside the silicon chip itself to power VLSI device, but it's still in the research stage. Researchers at VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland developed a hybrid nano-electrode of nanometers thick. The micro-supercapacitor can store 0.2 joule on a one-square-centimeter silicon chip. | <urn:uuid:056197ed-f1cd-4625-b889-c97d0e3bb43c> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://www.eeherald.com/section/new-products/owns20170310001-super-capacitors-iot-np.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202698.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322220357-20190323002357-00433.warc.gz | en | 0.877718 | 530 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Story and Photo by Justice Nawman
With a new school year comes new changes. For the upcoming 2017-2018 school year, students were greeted by new administration, modified school policies, and their very own laptop.
On August 8 and 9, long lines of students waited patiently at iCare for the chance to receive a Google Chromebook.
The Chromebook, first given to middle school students, became the new technology of choice across District Five as a part of the i5 Technology initiative, replacing the iPads from previous years. Chromebooks make life a lot easier for teachers and students because they give teachers the opportunity to create and send their assignments to students via Google Classroom and save paper by linking important documents to Google Drive. A Chromebook not only makes completing assignments a more quicker and painless process, but also cuts down on technological issues that the district has faced in the past.
A Google Chromebook has proven to be a more advantageous option for two main reasons. The first is cost efficiency. Because it already has a keyboard and case, it cuts down on the need for extra materials and provides everything students need right at their fingertips. There is also not a required insurance fee that parents have to pay up front. Instead, the Chromebook is now an extension of one’s already existing fees. In case of breakage or any other accidental damage, such as a spill, the Chromebook is guaranteed one free repair by the district. This is helpful to parents because it saves them money, but also lets them know that their student can make a mistake worry free without repercussions. The second reason that a Chromebook is the better choice for educational success is that it makes the classroom more interactive. Because Google is such an easily accessible platform, teachers can interact with their students and organize assignments in a way their class can comprehend. Students can also quickly type their assignments for class, save them to Google Drive, and turn them into Classroom all at one time.
The main disadvantage of the iPad is that it isn’t necessarily a school-oriented device. While the iPad was productive in some aspects, it ultimately fell flat when it came to education. When they were bored, students would sometimes play games and do other things besides schoolwork. Having a Chromebook limits distractions because it blocks certain websites at school and puts all the attention on the tasks at hand.
It’s unhealthy for teenagers this day in age to carry around a heavy bookbag and excessive weight placed on the back can lead to serious complications in the future. A major disadvantage of the Chromebook is that it adds extra weight to a student’s bookbag and is bulky due to its size and the protective case surrounding it. The iPad, on the other hand, feels practically weightless.
While both the Chromebook and iPad are vital to the learning experience, the Chromebook has proven to be the more effective device because of its simplicity and overall proficiency. Because of its many limitations, the iPad isn’t a great choice for student learning, but makes life simpler from an accessibility standpoint. Having all these pros and cons in mind, it is safe to say that Chromebooks have proven their place in the instructional system and should be here to stay for years to come. | <urn:uuid:d93532ac-e6d6-4fd4-affa-639b7eb1b330> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://foxfusion.org/2017/08/31/chromebooks-vs-ipads/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948530841.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213201654-20171213221654-00634.warc.gz | en | 0.962579 | 649 | 2.6875 | 3 |
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Originally posted by TinfoilTP
The obvious question nobody answers is what is that giant white string doing casting a shadow only in the supposed hole? Why is a cartoon wrapping a string around the moon and why does it only cast a shadow in the hole? Why is the surface down in the hole of higher resolution than the upper surface of the moon?
What a pile of rubbish. Bugs Bunny is more believable than that picture.
As promised, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter is taking more detailed looks at the lunar pits, or lava tubes that have been discovered by LRO and the Kaguya spacecraft. These are deep holes on the moon that could open into vast underground tunnels, and could serve as a safe, radiation shielding habitats for future human lunar explorers. Plus, they are just plain intriguing! This image of a pit found in the Sea of Tranquility (Mare Tranquillitatis) was taken as the Sun was almost straight overhead, illuminating the region. By comparing this image with previous images that have different lighting, scientists can estimate the depth of the pit. They believe it to be over 100 meters!
In 1997, DoD, NASA, and the NRO created the Space Technology Alliance (STA) to “coordinate the development of affordable, effective space technologies for the greatest return on government funds.” The STA is making steady and significant progress in coordinating government S&T investment in space and has developed a prototype methodology for categorizing space technologies.
Related Federal and Private Sector Efforts.5 Currently identified technology efforts include the USAF EELV, NASA X-33/RLV, Boeing Delta III, Lockheed Martin Atlas IIAR, OSC Pegasus, and several other private-sector startup programs to include teaming with foreign manufacturers (primarily the former USSR republics). The NRO does not develop launch vehicles. | <urn:uuid:b45c24b9-54c0-47ad-ad4c-d20a9988c50c> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread670337/pg7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542714.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00253-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933113 | 430 | 2.703125 | 3 |
A Beginner’s Guide
Target NCERT for UPSC 2021
Why everybody gives so much attention on reading the NCERT book? What is the secret hidden there? This is a normal doubt for all beginners, those who are preparing for the civil service exam. Why are they not recommending different books like State level school books and other for the UPSC preparation? For a beginner, yes it is essential to go through the NCERT books. You need to be thorough with the prescribed NCERT books from class 6th to class 12th.
You can not build a great building on a weak foundation. If UPSC Civil Service Exam is superstructure then NCERTs are the bases. You should read them because ..
1. They will help you to start the habit of learning. The topics also converge with the demands of UPSC.
2. They are written in very simple language and from neutral perspective.
3. UPSC wants to provide level playing field for all. These books are not costly, readily accessible everywhere for all regardless of rich -poor or city-villages.
4. Every year at least 30-35 questions are directly asked from NCERTs.
5. Most importantly today’s era is flooded with vast information, contents and materials. Here NCERT books will filter the excesses. They will be time and content efficient.
Being the most basic books and written in very simple language, lucid and neutral perspective makes NCERTs as the base for the entire preparation. The time that is required to complete all NCERT books differ from individual to individual based on their understanding and grasping power.
Why NCERT books are must for UPSC?
Before answering your question, let’s go through this one particular MCQ asked in Prelims 2017:
Q. Right to vote and to be elected in India is a
A) Fundamental Right
B) Natural Right
C) Constitutional Right
D) Legal Right
It was one of the most hotly debated questions asked especially in light of such ambiguous choices between C) and D). Let’s try to figure out the right one.
If we go by latest supreme court judgements (eg. PUCL case, NOTA case), it is declared to be a legal right.
In Laxmikanth book, it is mentioned as both constitutional as well as legal right.
In class 12 NCERT Democracy in India, it is clearly written to be a constitutional right.
As you can see, different sources have taken different stands on right to vote.
Do you know what was the answer as per UPSC Official key ? It was Constitutional Right.
What I mean to say is that if UPSC is giving this level of importance to NCERTs, then you surely cannot afford to miss them.
Lets come to our Target NCERT for UPSC CSE 2021 (A Beginner’s Guide) Programme
From the above it is very clear that NCERT is a must. Keeping In view of the requirement, we have started an initiative to provide crux, mind maps and short notes of all the relevant NCERTs for UPSC CSE 2021.
It will be helpful for final reading/revision purpose only.
Most optimal way of doing our Short Notes:
Revise them monthly and after 4-5 iterations, you will reach the level that you may require around 4-5 hours only to revise entire NCERT books from class 6 to class 12.
Always remember, it’s not about reading and finishing the books but to remember those concepts, facts then recall them in the prelims and reproduce them in the mains examination.
Use them later as quick revision instead of reading whole book again and again.
NCERTs must be studied and prepared in such a way that it can be revised in 10-12 hours only. Never give up on the hard work, it will pay off someday if not today. Everybody wants crisp notes of NCERT to kick start UPSC Preparations. But we recommend first to read the complete book and follow our mind maps, crux and short notes to revise at the last minute.
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A. As it is a scheduled programme all the above mentioned compilations/ notes will be sent to your subscribed mail id only | <urn:uuid:b1cba434-e18d-4931-8cd7-6d83c1eaf04f> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.iasabhiyan.com/a-beginners-guide-ncert-for-upsc-2021/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300253.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220117000754-20220117030754-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.928558 | 1,884 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The hair's wave pattern is different from the other elements of hair
analysis because its classifications have no reference to the health of the
hair. Any of the wave pattern types can be found in healthy hair.
(click to enlarge)
The classifications for wave pattern are straight, curly, very curly, and
coiled. Hair with absolutely no wave in its length is straight hair. Straight
hair can be coarse, normal or fine. Curly hair has wave to it. A curly hair
strand will form a distinct 'C' shape when short and an 'S' when longer.
Very curly hair will make an 'S' when short and a repetitive wave when
allowed to grow out. Very curly hair tends to be 'bushy' when worn long.
Coiled hair strands do just that - they coil in spirals as they grow out from
the scalp. The coils can be very tiny and give a kinked look to the hair,
or they may be finger-sized ringlets. | <urn:uuid:56b2b633-e8f5-4531-ba12-d433b816779a> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.hairfinder.com/hairquestions/hairwavepattern.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009515.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00192-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943696 | 212 | 2.75 | 3 |
When you think of Beatrix Potter, you might think of one of her beloved creations: the gullible Jemima Puddleduck, impertinent Squirrel Nutkin or, of course, the foolhardy Peter Rabbit, risking it all in Mr McGregor’s garden for a few broad beans and radishes.
You’re probably less likely to think of mushrooms.
But before publishing The Tale of Peter Rabbit in 1902, the British writer and illustrator was interested in a range of scientific disciplines. The field that attracted her interest the most was mycology – the study of fungi.
For at least a decade, Potter painted hundreds of detailed, accurate images of mushrooms. She studied them under a microscope to investigate how they reproduced and wrote a paper on germinating fungal spores that was presented at the prestigious Linnean Society of London.
In recent years, this lesser-known side of Potter’s life has caused controversy. Historians, writers and scientists have interpreted her surviving letters and journal in very different ways. Some have suggested that she was a pioneering scientist whose contributions were suppressed by the patriarchal Victorian scientific establishment. Others have described her as an ambitious, well-connected amateur with an overinflated sense of her work’s importance – one that fooled later writers into believing she was breaking new ground.
Potter’s first known watercolours of mushrooms date from the summer of 1887, when she was 20 years old. By the early 1890s, more and more of Potter’s art focused on fungi.
Potter had a passion for painting beautiful specimens – Linda Lear
It was the fashion for Victorian women to illustrate botanical subjects. But it was also an interest she’d had from a young age, when she would sketch and paint on long family holidays in the countryside.
“Beatrix’s interest in drawing and painting mushrooms, or fungi, began as a passion for painting beautiful specimens wherever she found them,” wrote historian Linda Lear in her 2007 biography Beatrix Potter: A Life in Nature. “She was drawn to fungi first by their ephemeral fairy qualities and then by the variety of their shape and colour and the challenge they posed to watercolour techniques.”
In October 1892, Potter met with Charles McIntosh, a naturalist she had known since she was four: he was the local postman in Dalguise, Scotland, where her family holidayed for many years. McIntosh admired her pictures, sent her specimens to paint and advised her on scientific classification and microscope techniques. She sent him copies of her pictures in return.
She would go on to produce some 350 highly accurate pictures of fungi, mosses and spores.
By 1895, Potter’s interest in fungi was becoming even more scientific. Following advice from McIntosh, she began to include cross sections of mushrooms in her illustrations to show their gills and used a microscope to draw their tiny spores. She speculated about whether these spores could germinate and the environments in which they might do so.
Potter produced some 350 highly accurate pictures of fungi, mosses and spores
In May 1896 her uncle – the eminent chemist Sir Henry Roscoe – introduced her to George Massee, the mycologist at Kew’s Royal Botanic Gardens. By that summer she was successfully germinating spores of various fungi on glass plates and measuring their growth under a microscope.
Potter believed her spore germination work and ideas about fungal reproduction were breaking new ground. Massee was sceptical. He advised her to read the work of German mycologist Julius Brefeld, who had germinated spores in the 1860s as part of pioneering work on fungi culturing techniques.
Potter was unperturbed. Roscoe encouraged her to go over Massee’s head by writing up her findings to show William Thistleton-Dyer – the director of Kew. In her account of the meeting in December 1896, Potter wrote that Thistleton-Dyer was dismissive and patronising. “I informed him that it would be in all the books in ten years, whether or no, and departed giggling,” she said.
Potter went on to present her work to the Linnean Society of London, which promotes natural history.
Potter also began to engage leading figures on the question of the true nature of lichens. This was a fierce botanical controversy in the late 19th Century: at the time, lichens were thought to be distinct organisms. But in the 1860s, the Swiss botanist Simon Schwendener proposed the idea that lichens were, instead, closely interwoven combinations of fungi and algae. Although subsequent work proved Schwendener correct – the fungus depends on either algae or cyanobacteria to provide some of the organic nutrients it needs – his ideas initially provoked hostility and derision from his peers.
The true nature of lichens was a fierce botanical controversy in the late 19th Century
In a journal entry dated 30 December 1896, Potter described taking what she thought was a lichen she had grown from fungal spores, to show to George Murray, the Natural History Museum’s Keeper of Botany. He told her it was a fungus that resembled a lichen. She then asked him for his views on the lichen controversy. “He was so very high-handedly contemptuous of old-fashioned lichenologists,” she wrote.
Potter’s journal, written in code, was translated by Potter enthusiast Leslie Linder and published in 1966. In The Journal of Beatrix Potter from 1881 to 1897, Linder wrote in a footnote, “It sounds as if Mr Murray was casting doubt on the possibility of the two partners living in symbiosis… whereas Beatrix Potter was apparently convinced of this.”
Some prominent writers have taken this footnote at face value. They have suggested that Potter had carried out work that persuaded her Schwendener was right – and that she was rebuffed by an elitist scientific establishment.
“The soon-to-be-famous children’s illustrator was hounded out of biology by the closed ranks and narrow minds of London’s top scientific institutes,” wrote Tom Wakeford in his 2000 book Liaisons of Life. “Their members refused to accept Beatrix’s evidence that the curious living encrustations, known as lichens, on tree-trunks, seashores and walls, were made up of not one but two organisms in intimate liaison.”
In that interpretation, of course, Potter would have been on the right side of history. But in more recent years, mycologists have called this view incorrect: in fact, the opposite was true – Potter thought lichens were single organisms. Linder’s footnote was wrong. The error made it into biographies like Lear’s.
“I was taken in by Lindar’s footnote on her journal, and so I wrote that Beatrix Potter supported Schwendener, and did believe in dualism,” Lear said. “I was corrected by some young American mycologists. We went back to the sources and I realised it was she who was an old fashioned lichenologist.”
One such mycologist, Nicholas Money of Miami University, concluded that Potter thought lichens were formed by fungi that could generate their own chlorophyll.
It was Potter who was an old fashioned lichenologist – Lear
“Potter was being very egotistical in her dealings with Murray and Thistleton-Dyer,” Money said. “I’m guessing that they were a bit contemptuous towards her because by the time she was doing this work, a great deal of evidence had been brought forward that lichens were partnerships between fungi and photo-synthetic partners – and she was batting on the wrong side.”
Still, by March 1897, the Royal Botanic Gardens mycologist Massee had gained enough confidence in Potter’s spore germination work to agree for her to submit her paper, “On the Germination of the Spores of Agaricineae”, to the Linnean Society.
The Society did not admit its first female fellow until 1905 – and as only fellows could attend meetings, Potter was not present when her paper was discussed. She later noted that it was “well received” but that members said it required more work.
Potter withdrew the paper, presumably to make amendments. But it was never published. No copy exists today.
Potter’s attempts to get her ideas on fungi taken seriously by leading scientists ended by the autumn of 1897. This has led some to claim that she was an important scientist, stopped in her tracks by stuffy Victorian elitists.
Today, however, most experts agree that closer readings of Potter’s diary suggest such claims are exaggerated.
The reality is she was dabbling as an enthusiastic amateur rather than doing anything ground-breaking – Nicholas Money
“Beatrix Potter’s work with a microscope has been hyped and a whole mythology has been built up around it, but the reality is she was dabbling as an enthusiastic amateur rather than doing anything ground-breaking,” Money said. “Her paintings of fungi and their fruit bodies were beautiful and scientifically accurate – and were later used to help identify mushrooms. And in the end, that may have been her important contribution to mycology.”
Lear, too, acknowledges that she gave Potter’s view on lichens more credit than was due. “My claims for Potter’s acceptance of symbiosis are both overstated and incorrect,” Lear said.
But, she added, “She should get credit for her openness to speculation, her careful and thoughtful observation of several species of lichens and algae and her courage as a female to speculate in a professional field.”
She should get credit for her courage as a female to speculate in a professional field – Lear
It is worth noting that although Potter was keen on studying fungi, there is no evidence she wanted to earn a living as a scientist. Her journal suggests she was motivated more by seeking something to occupy her intelligence and curiosity, make a little money and assert her independence – all at a time when most avenues for women were barred.
In that, of course, she succeeded: The Tale of Peter Rabbit alone has been translated into more than 45 languages and sold 45 million copies. More than 250 million copies of her books have been sold worldwide.
“Beatrix Potter was an intelligent woman who was bored and wanted something to do that would keep her busy and earn her a little money,” Lear said. “I don’t think she had any ambition to be a mycologist. She’s already been successful in selling some of her art work and when the research paper she wrote needed more work, she lost interest in favour of something that was more suited to what she was after.”
Call it the Curious Tale of Beatrix Potter and the Mushrooms.
This story is a part of BBC Britain – a series focused on exploring this extraordinary island, one story at a time. Readers outside of the UK can see every BBC Britain story by heading to the Britain homepage; you also can see our latest stories by following us on Facebook and Twitter. | <urn:uuid:e72a1fc4-c157-4d26-8870-bb1129ad3f38> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160215-beatrix-potter-pioneering-scientist-or-passionate-amateur | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627997533.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616022644-20190616044644-00364.warc.gz | en | 0.984831 | 2,375 | 3 | 3 |
There are countless alternative energy sources that you can use around your home and that are used in more commercial and industrial areas, but not all of them are familiar to us. We all know about solar energy for instance and this is essentially ‘going green 101’. However if you’ve never heard of geothermal energy then you are not alone, though this is an interesting avenue to look into for certain solutions.
Geothermal energy is in fact a close relation of solar energy. This is because it actually is powered by the sun – only indirectly. This works on the premise that the sun gradually heats up the Earth over time, and the fact that soil is a great insulator. This then means that there is a whole lot of untapped energy just waiting in the earth itself for anyone interested in going green and letting it out.
Of course the surface of the ground changes temperature all the time and is cooled by the wind, and so it would be no good trying to get energy from that (most of the time if you touch it it feels very cold). However deeper in the ground the temperature is much warmer and much more constant. This is where we are interested in getting our energy from.
As such, those who want to go green at home and find alternative sources of energy, can tap into that geothermal energy by running a series of pipes through their ground. These pipes will be buried deep below the surface to where the temperature is constant, and they will then have water run through them. As the water passes through, it will then be heated up by the surrounding geothermal energy and that will mean it comes out hot – and there’s your free energy.
Those interested in going green then can use this geothermal energy to heat their homes, their swimming pools or their sheds, and this will be completely free as you will literally just be warming the water up by running it around in your ground. The question you might be asking then is why isn’t everybody doing it?
This is a fair question, and unfortunately there are indeed some drawbacks to using geothermal energy to go green. The first is that you need a large amount of space through which to run the pipes for it to be effective and this means you need a lot of land – many people simply won’t have big enough gardens to use this particular method of going green. At the same time this land needs to be dug up so that the pipes can be installed and this represents a large undertaking and a large expense. This really is a significant investment. And unfortunately it won’t change the world either as geothermal energy is only enough to warm the water up, and couldn’t be used to power electric grids etc.
Thus we are still on the look out for that source of alternative energy that will be a game changer, and it’s not suitable for everyone. However for those who have enough land, like going green and want a guaranteed source of heat, geothermal energy is certainly worth looking into. | <urn:uuid:6561e472-d0fc-4aed-aea5-3757953168c9> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | http://www.enjoygoinggreen.com/all/geothermal-energy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510259.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927035329-20230927065329-00850.warc.gz | en | 0.969768 | 617 | 2.90625 | 3 |
India could meet its carbon reduction goals earlier than expected, the country’s outgoing climate minister told a meeting in Delhi on Tuesday.
By 2030, the world’s fourth largest greenhouse gas emitter plans to cut the carbon intensity of GDP up to 35% on 2005 levels and boost the share of clean power in the energy mix to 40%.
Those ambitious goals helped deliver a new global pact to limit warming to below 2C said Prakash Javadekar, who suggested India could overachieve on its pledge.
“I’m sure all sectors will also contribute to adopt the sustainable development track and achieve the INDCs [climate plans]… even much earlier than what we have promised and that’s the way forward,” he said.
The comments tally with those of energy minister Piyush Goyal, who has predicted the country will easily meet a goal of 100 gigawatts of solar by 2022 amid crashing prices for solar panels.
Recently appointed to the cabinet as minister for human resource development, Javadekar ran India’s negotiations at the 2015 Paris summit, where a new UN climate pact was agreed.
Previously notorious for blocking efforts to impose tougher carbon cuts on developing countries at UN meetings, the minister said he instructed his team in Paris not to slow progress.
“Without India it would not have been possible to arrive at a consensus,” he said. “We will not say oppose, we say propose, and with that one change the whole attitude of the negotiations changed.”
Javadekar did admit coal will “still be a mainstay” of India’s energy production for some time to come, but stressed a coal tax rise was a sign the government was trying to reduce its use.
According to analysts at Bloomberg, India’s planned coal investments could treble its emissions by 2040, threatening UN global warming targets. | <urn:uuid:c795c9d4-eb8b-432a-aaee-39875b540221> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.climatechangenews.com/2016/07/12/javadekar-india-to-meet-climate-goals-earlier-than-promised/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540531917.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20191211131640-20191211155640-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.95523 | 395 | 2.75 | 3 |
Find the Latest Resources in Education Today
Four great tips on how schools can use technology for Common Core
Mark Strassman, senior vice president of product management for Blackboard, shares four tips to help schools prepare for the Common Core
Ready or not, Common Core is coming. The national educational standards for K-12 schools will officially debut in the 2014-15 school year, and it is bringing a new way of teaching and learning with it. These new standards will change how teachers teach, what teachers are teaching, and how students are evaluated.
Some school districts across the country still have work to do before these changes take place. But the good news is that the right technology tools will ease the transition for all stakeholders.
Here are four tips for how your school district can use technology to prepare for the Common Core:
1. Train up with online collaboration tools
Districts are focused on getting teachers trained not only on the deeper subject matters, but also on feeling comfortable using online tools in the classroom. And, as studies show, the most effective way to get anyone familiar in an online learning environment is for them to take online classes themselves. By conducting professional development via digital tools teachers learn, and learn to embrace, the same technologies that their students will use for their Common Core “digital competency” evaluations. | <urn:uuid:e46bda78-afbe-44f6-9e42-5ab133648760> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.eschoolnews.com/2013/12/25/schools-common-core-402/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065375.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00040-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945914 | 269 | 3.46875 | 3 |
The American Art collection at the Newark Museum, numbering over 12,000 paintings, sculptures, works on paper and multimedia art, is one of the finest in the country. Surveying four centuries, the Museum’s American holdings include important Colonial and Federal portraits and a superb collection of Hudson River landscape paintings by artists including Thomas Cole, Frederic Church and Albert Bierstadt. A pioneer in collecting and exhibiting American folk art, the Museum boasts outstanding examples by 19th century masters Ammi Phillips and Edward Hicks. The collection of American Impressionism and later 19th century art is equally distinguished, including major works by Childe Hassam, Mary Cassatt, John Singer Sargent, George Inness and Winslow Homer. The comprehensive collection of 19th century sculpture includes well-known works by Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Daniel Chester French and John Rogers as well as Hiram Powers’ The Greek Slave.
The Museum began its commitment to African American art in 1929 with the acquisition of an important painting by Henry Ossawa Tanner. It has continued to build a strong collection in this area adding works by Romare Bearden, Jacob Lawrence and Robert Thompson as well as the work of more contemporary African American artists including Melvin Edwards and Carrie Mae Weems.
One of the collection’s core strengths is early American modernism, in part the result of the Museum’s commitment from its founding in 1909 to collect the work of living artists. America’s foremost modernists are represented, including Edward Hopper, Max Weber, Georgia O’Keeffe, Marsden Hartley, Robert Henri, John Sloan, Arthur Dove, Theodore Rozsak, Charles Sheeler and Alexander Calder. The collection also possesses one of the great landmarks of American art, Joseph Stella’s monumental Voice of the City of New York Interpreted, and holds one of the greatest collections of geometric abstraction in the country. In addition, the Museum is the largest repository of works on paper created under the auspices of the Federal Arts Project of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), and possesses over 100 vintage prints by the photographer Berenice Abbott as well as important photographs by Edward Steichen and Edward Weston.
The Museum’s commitment to folk and outsider art continues in its 20th century holdings, maintaining the world’s largest collection of sculpture by William Edmondson as well as important works by Bill Traylor, David Butler and William Hawkins.
The collection boasts a fine selection of mid-century paintings by Helen Frankenthaler, Robert Motherwell, Wayne Thiebaud and others as well as important sculptures by Andy Warhol, Louise Nevelson and George Segal. The Museum’s post-war photography collection is especially strong with major examples by Cindy Sherman, Lorna Simpson and Andres Serrano. The Museum continues to collect the art of its time, building an important contemporary collection that includes work by Martin Puryear, Chakaia Booker, Elizabeth Murray among others, as well as multiple works in a variety of media by such artists as Alexis Rockman, Willie Cole and Alison Saar. New media is represented by examples of video installations by Nam June Paik and Pepón Osorio.
You can contact the American Art Department at [email protected].
Images top to bottom:
Ammi Phillips, Portrait of Mrs. Crane, ca. 1814-1819, Oil on canvas, Gift of the Estate of Alice M. Kaplan 2001.69.2
Willie Cole, Domestic Shield V, 1992, Iron scorches on canvas on ironing board, Purchase 1992 The Emma Fantone Fund for American Art 92.161
Florine Stettheimer, Flower Piece, ca. 1921, Flower Piece, ca. 1921, Oil on canvas, Anonymous gift 1944 44.176
Joseph Stella, Voice of the City of New York Interpreted, 1920-22, Oil and tempera on canvas, Purchase 1937 Felix Fuld Bequest Fund 37.288A-E
All works shown here are from the Collection of the Newark Museum.
Please note that because our vast collections are so much bigger than our galleries,
not everything will be on view at any given time. | <urn:uuid:1d0b051d-0df0-4032-8327-3212e0bd8521> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.newarkmuseum.org/american-art | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542712.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00507-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922903 | 870 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Stress and Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects memory, thinking, behavior, and other cognitive functions. AD is caused by the accumulation of amyloid beta protein (Aβ) in brain cells. Aβ deposits are believed to result from abnormal tau proteins in nerve cells.
These abnormal proteins aggregate into plaques and tangles that damage neurons. Eventually, these damaged neurons die, causing the loss of memory and other cognitive abilities.
Research shows that stress worsens the effects of Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, stress appears to increase the risk of developing the condition.
Stress and the Brain
Stress affects the brain by changing levels of hormones and neurotransmitters. For example, when a person is stressed, the body releases the stress hormone cortisol. This causes chemical changes in the brain that lead to increased anxiety and fear.
The stress hormone cortisol has also been linked to the formation of plaques and tangles in the brain, which are hallmarks of Alzheimer’s. Animal studies show that stress hormones also break down memories.
Research has suggested that stress may also cause damage to the brain by lowering the production of a growth factor called brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).
Aging and the Stress Response
As people get older, the brain’s stress response tends to decrease. This leads to greater vulnerability to the negative effects of stress. For example, older people don’t produce as much BDNF as they age.
In addition, the stress-response system becomes less responsive to signals in the brain. This is a normal part of the aging process.
As we age, our brain cells also lose some of their number. It is not clear if this is due to the negative effects of stress. However, it is known that many cells in the hippocampus (a region of the brain) are lost as people age.
This is a critical region for memory, and its degeneration is accelerated in people with Alzheimer’s disease.
Stress also increases the risk of developing a psychiatric illness, such as anxiety or depression. These diseases can also appear at any age. However, they occur most often in middle age and older adults.
The following sections describe the links between stress, Alzheimer’s disease, and psychiatric problems.
Understanding the Link Between Stress and Alzheimer’s
Stress and brain chemicals: High levels of chronic stress , such as experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, tend to make the brain more vulnerable to Alzheimer’s disease. This is partly due to the effects of stress on brain chemicals. For example, a severe stressor causes a release of large amounts of the stress hormone cortisol.
This tends to lower levels of BDNF in the brain. Also, stressors can cause a smaller, but longer-lasting, amount of cortisol to be released. This can have the effect of increasing levels of another harmful brain chemical called prostaglandin E2. (Prostaglandin E2 increases the amount of amyloid in the brain. High levels of amyloid are associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer’s. )
Increased anxiety, fear, and depression: People with Alzheimer’s tend to become increasingly anxious, fearful, and depressed. These negative emotions are also closely linked to the development of Alzheimers. This may be partly due to the effect of stress on the brain.
For example, stress can cause changes in brain chemicals such as serotonin, which is associated with regulating mood. People with Alzheimer’s often have lower levels of serotonin.
Possible link to the herpes virus: There is some evidence that the herpes virus may play a role in Alzheimer’s disease. This is because some people with Alzheimer’s have a form of herpes virus in their nose or brain, even if they show no symptoms. Some research suggests that stress increases the risk that this type of virus will become active.
Also, some people who take the herpes drug acyclovir in order to reduce the symptoms of an active herpes infection seem to lower their risk of getting Alzheimer’s.
Understanding the Link Between Stress and Psychiatric Illnesses
Stress affects the development of psychiatric illnesses in several different ways.
Stress can lead to the development of anxiety and depression: The experience of acute stress or trauma can lead to the short-term development of anxiety or depression. For example, the traumatic events on September 11, 2001, led to a short-term increase in the number of people diagnosed with anxiety or depression.
Stress can be a factor in the development of psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Stress can increase the number and severity of manic episodes in people with bipolar disorder.
Stress increases the risk of suicide: People with psychiatric illnesses such as depression or schizophrenia are at greater risk of dying by suicide if they also experience a stressful life event.
Psychiatric illness and Alzheimer’s disease: Psychiatric illness such as depression can be a factor in the development of Alzheimer’s disease. This is because people who are depressed tend to have a less healthy lifestyle, including:
Eating a less healthy diet
Smoking more and being physically inactive
Having poor sleep habits
How Does Stress Affect the Way the Body Works?
Stress affects the body in many different ways. It can cause physical reactions such as an increased heart rate, or more serious reactions such as a risk of psychotic episodes if you have a psychiatric illness.
Acute stress: Acute stress is the body’s reaction to a dangerous or threatening situation. It evolved in humans as a way to keep us safe from physical harm. Acute stress activates a complex system of hormonal and nerve responses in the body that give you the energy to react to a dangerous situation.
The “fight or flight response” includes the sympathetic nervous system preparing the body for action. It activates the hypothalamus which releases a number of hormones that readies the sympathetic nervous system for action.
The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for action by:
Making the heart beat faster and harder.
Making the lungs breath faster.
Moving blood into the muscles.
Shutting down non-essential body systems, such as digestion.
Releasing stored sugars into the bloodstream for extra energy.
Releasing stress hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol.
Acute stress usually only lasts a short time. Once the danger has passed, the body returns to normal. Acute stress is generally a healthy and beneficial response to danger.
Prolonged stress: If the stress continues for a longer period of time, the processes that are shut down during the acute stress response start to take their toll. The body can no longer keep up normal functions and the immune system becomes weaker. Aches and pains develop, as do more serious conditions, such as infections and even heart attacks and other diseases.
Chronic stress: Prolonged or repeated activation of the stress response can have more serious and long-lasting effects on a person’s health. This can lead to mental and physical illnesses. Repeated or prolonged activation of the stress response is a risk factor for mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety disorders, as well as physical illnesses such as heart disease.
Some people recover from acute stress: Most people experience a threatening situation and the body is able to return to normal after the stressful event. However, some people do not return to a normal state. Instead, the body stays in a semi-ready state.
This puts a great deal of strain on the body. People who experience long periods of stress are more likely to contract an illness or have a heart attack.
How Does the Body Respond to Stress?
The stress response has both physical and mental effects. The physical effects prepare the body to confront or flee from a threatening situation. The body releases a complex chemical mix of hormones and neurotransmitters that cause physical effects. These include:
An increase in the heart and breathing rate.
A rise in blood pressure.
A narrowing of mental focus.
Increased blood flow to the muscles.
The release of glucose, which is the body and brain’s main energy source.
Both physical and mental effects of stress result in a feeling of being alert. This helps people to either confront or flee from a threat. These effects also give people the energy required to do so.
What Are the Types of Stress?
Psychological stress: This type of stress can be caused by emotional factors. An example of this is the death of a spouse.
Commonly, people think of psychological stress as the most important type of stress. In the short term, this may be true. However, many people dismiss the importance of physical stresses, such as a lack of sleep or poor diet.
Many factors can cause stress, but these two are the most important.
Everyone responds differently to stress: Everyone experiences different types of stress. For example, some people may dislike their job, but other factors in their life may cause them not to worry about it.
Stressful events and changes tend to fall into five groups. These are:
Death and loss.
Some people are more prone to stress than others: Some people are better at handling stressful events than others. It is generally believed that both genetics and environment play a part in this. Some people are just more resilient and able to “bounce back” from stressful events better than others.
A particular stressor might cause one person to become ill, while it has little effect on someone else. Or a person may be more prone to illness after an event has occurred.
Stress can cause permanent changes in the brain: One of the main reasons that stress is linked to illness is because it can change the way the brain works. The way a person thinks, feels, and acts can change as a result of stress. These changes are believed to make a person more prone to illnesses such as depression and anxiety disorders.
Stress has a negative effect on the immune system: One of the most damaging effects of stress is on the immune system. The immune system’s main purpose is to defend the body against illness and infection.
When the immune system works properly, it quickly attacks and destroys viruses, bacteria, and other harmful microorganisms that cause illness. When the immune system is weakened, people become susceptible to illness. They are more likely to catch a cold or the flu, and may develop serious conditions such as cancer or AIDS.
When people experience long-term stress, the immune system becomes weakened. This makes the body more susceptible to illness and infection. As stress continues over a long period of time, people become more susceptible to health problems.
These may include heart disease, arthritis, digestive problems, asthma, and even Alzheimer’s disease.
Stress can cause hormonal changes: Hormones are chemical substances that control the functioning of various systems in the body. They are produced by various organs, and are transported in the blood to other parts of the body. They control everything from growth and development to mood and behavior.
Stress can cause imbalances in the various hormones. For example, it may cause an increase in the level of the hormone cortisol. This can have a negative effect on the immune system, as well as other parts of the body.
Stress may also change the way some medications work. This can have a serious effect on people taking medication for illnesses such as schizophrenia, diabetes, asthma, and heart disease. Anyone being treated for any type of chronic illness should consult their physician before making any major changes in their life.
Just as stress can cause hormonal changes, hormonal changes can also cause stress. For example, some women experience premenstrual syndrome (PMS). This is caused by hormonal changes that happen during the menstrual cycle.
Most women find that their mood worsens just before their period starts. They may feel more stressed and emotional than usual.
Stress can cause behavioral changes: People experience stress for many different reasons. Stress may be caused by a lack of sleep, traumatic events, or changes at work or in relationships.
Everyday hassles such as traffic jams and standing in long lines can also cause stress. These stresses are known as “catastrophic” or “dissonant” events. In other words, they are big enough to cause a lot of stress in a person’s life.
These events can have both positive and negative effects on a person’s life. Most of the time, however, their effects are negative.
Stress can affect a person’s behavior in many ways. It can cause people to act recklessly or do things they normally wouldn’t do under normal circumstances. This is sometimes known as “losing one’s temper.”
Stress can also affect a person’s thinking abilities. It can cause them to forget things or make silly mistakes that they wouldn’t normally do. For example, a person may be under a great deal of stress as he or she is getting ready to speak in public.
This stress may cause the person to forget what he or she was going to say.
Stress can also affect people’s ability to communicate. It can cause them to express their thoughts and feelings in an unclear way. In other words, they may say things in an angry or sad way that don’t really mean.
This is sometimes known as “losing your temper.”
Stress tends to affect people in different ways. Some people may become more quiet and introverted than usual. Others may become very angry and verbally or physically aggressive.
A few may even become violent and act in a criminal manner.
Stress can also increase a person’s use of alcohol or drugs. It can cause people to use more than they normally would. This is because many people try to “self-medicate” their problems with alcohol or drugs.
Stress can cause people to engage in self-destructive behavior. It can cause them to eat poorly, not get enough sleep, and lead a generally unhealthy lifestyle. This can lead to health problems later on in life.
Stress can be a factor in causing many different types of illnesses and conditions. For example, stress may worsen conditions such as heart disease, stroke, asthma, arthritis, and hormone imbalances. It can also increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer.
It is better to try to avoid stress, if possible. But, often this isn’t an option. When it is not possible to avoid stress, it is important to learn different ways of managing and coping with it.
This involves different types of “stress management.” One way is through physical activity. It is a good idea to try to exercise on a regular basis.
It is also a good idea to eat healthy foods and get a good night’s sleep every night.
There are several types of therapy that can help people deal with their problems. They include expressive, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and interpersonal therapy. It is most helpful to find a therapist that is the right “fit” with the patient.
The goal is to feel better and have more positive outlook on life.
Stress is a part of everyone’s life. By learning ways to better manage it, one can live a happier and healthier life.
Stress can have negative effects on a person’s life. It can cause physical, psychological, emotional, and behavioral problems. It is important to learn different ways of managing and coping with it.
There are many ways to do this, such as learning stress management techniques and seeing a mental health professional, such as a therapist.
Stress is a natural part of life. Everyone experiences it at some time in their lives. Some people experience it more often than others.
Some of the most common causes of stress are work, school, relationships, and money.
Stress can affect people in different ways. Some people may become quiet and introverted. Others may become angry and aggressive.
Some people may become withdrawn and unwilling to interact with others. Others may act out in harmful ways, such as lashing out at those around them.
Stress can cause people to develop a number of illnesses and conditions. It can disrupt the normal balance of hormones in the body and cause physical pain. It can also cause emotional distress and negative feelings, such as sadness, hopelessness, anxiety, and depression.
There is also evidence that stress can increase a person’s risk of developing certain types of cancer.
There is no exact science as to what amount and type of stress is bad for a person. This is because everyone has different ways of handling and dealing with stress. The amount of stress that a person can handle depends on several factors, such as personality and past experiences.
Some people may be able to handle more stress than others. Past experiences with certain types of stress can also influence how one handles particular situations. For example, a person may have had a bad experience the last time they tried to quit a certain bad habit. As a result, they may become very stressed when trying to stop this bad habit.
Stress can also be negative or positive. Negative stress is the harmful type of stress that can affect a person’s emotional and physical well-being. It can cause people to feel overwhelmed and result in anxiety, fear, and worry.
It can have a negative effect on one’s mind and body.
There are many ways of dealing with negative stress. It is important to learn healthy and positive ways of managing it. This can help minimize its harmful effects upon one’s life.
“Stress management” is the term used to describe the ways in which people cope with different types of stress in their lives. It is a way of regulating how one thinks, feels, and acts in situations that are causing them to feel overwhelmed or anxious.
There are several different ways that one can manage stress. They include:
Identifying stressors is a key part of the process in managing stress. “Stressor” is a word that refers to something that causes stress. Everyone has different things that cause them stress.
Some examples of stressors are major life changes, traumatic events, loss of a loved one, illnesses, and difficult relationships.
Learning to identify what things cause one to feel stressed is an important step toward managing stress. Once one discovers what their stressors are, they can learn to avoid and minimize negative feelings that these stressors cause. Stressors that are unavoidable can be more easily managed when one has strategies for coping with them.
Stress management is different for everyone. The best ways to manage stress are the ones that work for each individual. It is important to have a variety of ways to cope with stress so that in times of great stress, one has many options.
There are several different ways of managing stress. They include:
Stress management techniques should be based upon a foundation of good mental and physical health. This means getting enough sleep, eating healthy, and engaging in physical activity on a regular basis.
Another very important aspect of managing stress is to develop good emotional health. This involves things like being able to identify, express, and control one’s emotions. It also includes having positive relationships with others and enhancing one’s sense of personal autonomy, or sense of freedom to act.
For more detailed information about managing stress, contact your school counselor or your health care provider.
Return to the main page on coping skills
Sources & references used in this article:
- Oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease (MA Smith, CA Rottkamp, A Nunomura, AK Raina… – … Basis of Disease, 2000 – Elsevier)
- Determinants of carer stress in Alzheimer’s disease (C Donaldson, N Tarrier, A Burns – International journal of …, 1998 – Wiley Online Library)
- Oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease (V Chauhan, A Chauhan – Pathophysiology, 2006 – Elsevier)
- Role of oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease (WJ Huang, XIA Zhang, WW Chen – Biomedical reports, 2016 – spandidos-publications.com)
- Immunohistochemical evidence of oxidative [corrected] stress in Alzheimer’s disease. (MA Pappolla, RA Omar, KS Kim… – The American journal of …, 1992 – ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- Oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease brain: new insights from redox proteomics (DA Butterfield, M Perluigi, R Sultana – European journal of pharmacology, 2006 – Elsevier) | <urn:uuid:da208487-25c5-4638-bca0-b368d21d6942> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://medicalsreport.com/stress-and-alzheimers-disease-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358976.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227144626-20210227174626-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.946439 | 4,317 | 3.5 | 4 |
That’s why the Department of Health advises people who eat more than 90 grams (cooked weight) of red and processed meat a day to cut down to 70 grams.
Red meat is a good source of protein and provides vitamins and minerals, such as iron and zinc.
But evidence shows that there is probably a link between eating red and processed meat and the risk of bowel cancer. People who eat a lot of these meats are at higher risk of bowel cancer than those who eat small amounts.
If you eat more than 90g of red or processed meat a day it is recommended that you cut down.
Ninety grams is the equivalent of about three thin-cut slices of roast beef, lamb or pork, where each slice is about the size of half a piece of sliced bread.
It is recommended that you cut down to 70g, which is the average adult daily consumption of red and processed meat in the UK. This could help reduce your risk of bowel cancer.
Other healthier lifestyle choices, such as maintaining a healthy weight, keeping active and not smoking can also help reduce your risk.
According to UK dietary surveys, four in 10 men and one in 10 women eat more than 90g of red and processed meat a day.
What counts as red and processed meat?
The guidelines refer to red meat and processed red meat.
This definition of red meat includes:
It does not include:
- turkey meat
- game birds
Processed meat refers to meat that has been preserved by smoking, curing, salting or adding preservatives. This includes sausages, bacon, ham, salami and pâtés.
How much red and processed meat should we eat?
The guidelines are for adults. To read advice for children, see below.
If you eat more than 90g of red or processed meat a day, it is recommended that you reduce your intake to 70g per day, which is the average UK consumption.
You can do this by eating smaller portions of red and processed meat, and by eating these meats less often, swapping them for alternatives.
If you eat more than 90g of red and processed meat on a certain day, you can eat less on the following days or have meat-free days, so that over time your consumption is not more than 70g per day on average.
Children over five should eat a healthy, balanced diet, as shown, in the proportions on the Eatwell guide. This should include meat or other sources of protein. Children do not need as much food as adults, and the amount they need depends on their age and size.
For help with portion sizes for children, see Change4Life: Me-size meals (PDF, 482kb).
For babies and children under five, get advice on introducing them to white and red meat and other solid foods.
Portion sizes and cutting down
These examples of the weight of various cooked meat products can help you to find out how much red and processed meat you eat. The amount in grams represents the cooked weight:
- A portion of Sunday roast (three thin-cut slices of roast lamb, beef or pork, each about the size of half a slice of sliced bread): 90g
- A grilled 8oz beef steak: 163g
- A cooked breakfast (two standard British sausages – often sold in packs of eight that weigh 1lb or 454g and measuring around 9cm long – and two thin-cut rashers of bacon): 130g
- A large doner kebab: 130g
- A 5oz rump steak: 102g
- A quarter pounder beefburger: 78g
- A thin slice of corned beef: 38g
- A slice of black pudding: 30g
- A slice of ham: 23g
You can cut down on red and processed meat by eating smaller portions, and by eating them less often.
These swaps can help you to cut down without making radical changes to your diet.
- Breakfast: if it’s a full English, swap either the bacon or sausages for extra mushrooms, tomatoes or toast.
- Sandwiches: swap one of your ham or beef sandwiches for a non-red meat filling, such as chicken or fish.
- Pie and chips: swap your steak pie for chicken pie.
- Burger: swap your quarter pounder burger for a standard hamburger. Better still, choose a chicken, fish or a vegetable burger for a change.
- Sausages: swap to having two pork sausages rather than three, and add a portion of vegetables.
- Sunday roast: swap your roast beef, pork or lamb for roast chicken.
- Steak: swap an 8oz steak for a 5oz steak.
- Casseroles, stews and curries: include more vegetables, beans and pulses, and use less red meat.
- Swap lamb or beef mince for turkey or vegetarian mince in your spaghetti bolognese, lasagne and chilli con carne.
- Have a meat-free day each week. Swap red or processed meat for fish or shellfish, or have a vegetarian meal.
Frequently asked questions
What is the current advice on eating red and processed meat?
The current advice, issued by the Department of Health in 2011, says adults who eat more than 90g of red and processed meat a day should reduce their intake to 70g a day, which is the average daily consumption in the UK. This is because there is probably a link between eating a lot of red and processed meat, and bowel (colorectal) cancer.
You can do this by eating these meats less often or eating smaller amounts, or by exchanging them for alternatives.
What is the advice based on?
The advice is based on a report called Iron and Health, by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN), published in 2011. SACN is a committee of independent nutrition experts which advises the government on diet and nutrition.
Why did SACN issue advice on meat, when its report is about iron?
In its report, SACN looked at studies that assessed the link between iron and bowel cancer. Since red meat is a source of iron in the UK, the report also examined the evidence on red and processed meat and bowel cancer. SACN concluded that eating a lot of red and processed meat probably increases risk of bowel cancer, and advised accordingly.
How much red and processed meat do we eat in the UK?
SACN used data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) to estimate adult consumption of red and processed meat in the UK.
The NDNS gives estimates of total meat and meat dishes consumed in the UK.
Based on data from the NDNS (2000 to 2001), the average total red meat consumption for men is around 88g per day. For women, it is around 52g per day. This gives an average of 70g per day for all adults.
Why is this advice aimed at those who eat more than 90g of red or processed meat a day?
SACN examined evidence from scientific studies and concluded that eating red and processed meat probably increases the risk of bowel cancer.
However, it could not identify the amount of red and processed meat that may increase the risk of bowel cancer because of inconsistencies in the data. Since the average daily adult consumption of red and processed meat in the UK is 70g, those who eat more than 90g are considered to have a relatively high intake of these meats. It is recommended that these people cut down on red and processed meat, so that their consumption is in line with average consumption.
If I cut down on red and processed meat, will I still get enough iron?
Yes, providing that you are eating a balanced diet that includes other good sources of iron. These include lentils, beans, eggs, fish, chicken, turkey, nuts and breakfast cereals.
SACN looked at the impact of eating less red and processed meat on iron intake, using data from the 2000/2001 National Diet and Nutrition Survey.
SACN estimates that if people who eat more than 90g a day of red and processed meat reduce their consumption to 70g a day, this will not increase the number of people who do not get enough iron in their diet.
Low iron intake is not the only cause of iron deficiency anaemia. It can also be caused by increased blood losses due to menstruation, or by gastrointestinal (stomach and intestine) disease, which increases gastrointestinal blood loss. A common cause of iron deficiency anaemia in older adults is gastrointestinal blood loss due to the use of some medicines, such as aspirin.
Certain groups are more at risk from iron deficiency anaemia. These include toddlers, girls, women of childbearing age and some adults aged over 65. The most common symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia are tiredness, lack of energy, shortness of breath and irregular heartbeat. You can learn more about symptoms, diagnosis and treatment on our iron deficiency anaemia pages. If you are concerned you may be iron deficient, see your GP.
Does anyone else give advice on eating red and processed meat?
The World Cancer Research Fund report Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer provided advice on red and processed meat in 2007. The organisation said that the evidence that red and processed meats are causes of bowel cancer is convincing. They advise that people eat no more than 500g of red meat per week (around 70g a day) and avoid processed meats.
Why are red and processed meat considered together?
SACN found that there was no clear basis in the scientific evidence for separating unprocessed red meat and processed meat when it comes to their link to bowel cancer. Additionally, many of the scientific studies reviewed by SACN did not separate red and processed meat. SACN therefore considered the impact of a reduction in total red meat intake, and advised accordingly.
Can red and processed meat form part of a healthy diet?
Yes. Department of Health advice is to consume some meat or meat products, or other sources of protein, as part of a healthy balanced diet.
Meat is a good source of protein, and vitamins and minerals such as iron, selenium, zinc and B vitamins. It is also one of the main sources of vitamin B12, which is only found naturally in foods from animals, such as meat and milk.
Choose healthier meat and meat products, such as lean cuts of meat and leaner mince, where possible. You can learn more about healthy eating basics in Eight tips for healthy eating.
How common is bowel cancer?
In England, bowel cancer is the third most common type of cancer. An estimated 38,000 new cases of bowel cancer are diagnosed each year and an estimated 16,000 people die from bowel cancer each year. Approximately 80% of bowel cancer cases develop in people who are over 60.
An estimated 40,000 new cases of bowel cancer are diagnosed each year and about one in every 20 people in the UK will develop bowel cancer during their lifetime. Almost nine out of 10 people who develop bowel cancer are over 60.
Every year, around 16,000 people die as a result of bowel cancer.
Learn more about bowel cancer, including its symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
I’ve been eating red meat regularly for many years and am now worried about bowel cancer. What should I do?
Find out more about the symptoms of bowel cancer. If bowel cancer is detected early, it is more treatable.
Early symptoms include changes in your bowel habits. If you’ve noticed blood in your stools or they have been looser for three weeks, see your doctor.
The NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme offers screening every two years to all men and women aged 60 to 69. People in this age range who are registered with a GP will automatically be sent an invitation for screening through the post every two years. This age range is currently being extended from 60 to 74 in England. Learn more about bowel cancer screening.
To reduce your risk of bowel cancer, there are several changes you can make to your lifestyle (see the next question).
If you’re still concerned about bowel cancer, talk to your GP.
What else can I do to reduce my risk of bowel cancer?
People who smoke cigarettes are at greater risk of developing bowel cancer. Stopping smoking will reduce your risk.
Obesity and being inactive are also linked to an increased risk of bowel cancer, so get advice on achieving a healthy weight and on getting more active.
In general, people who have a healthy balanced diet are less likely to get certain types of cancer. Learn more about a balanced diet.
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Definition: Shining brightly, resplendent, illustrious.
Usage: In July of 1838 a young radical by the name of Ralph Waldo Emerson began his address to the seniors of Harvard Divinity School thus: "In this refulgent summer, it has been a luxury to draw the breath of life. The grass grows, the buds burst, the meadow is spotted with fire and gold in the tint of flowers." His admonishments to the seniors in the radical cause of human individualism led to the banishment of his writings from the college for decades. The noun may be "refulgence" or "refulgency" and the adverb is "refulgently."
Suggested Usage: As spring approaches the northern climes, refulgent eyes and smiles are as sure to appear as flowers and birds. "The refulgent glow on Edna's face told everyone that she had passed her exam." Anything shining in the sun fits this definition: "The marching men of the 82nd Airborne were refulgent in their full-dress uniforms as they passed the reviewing stand."
Etymology: Latin refulgens, refulgent- present participle of refulgere "to flash, shine back" comprising re- "back" + fulgere "to flash." The original Indo-European root was *bhel- "shine, flash, burn," as in "Bel," the old Celtic god of light, whose festival, Beltane (fire of Bel) was celebrated by a great "belfire" (bale-fire). The root is also in the name of the world's best caviar, "beluga," from Russian belyi "white." With metathesis, we find the same stem in "blue" and German Blitz "flash" as in Blitzkrieg "flash war." "Bleach" and "blind" are two more relatives and, would you believe, "black" (the results of burning)? With the shift of initial [bh] to [f] and metathesis in Latin, the same root survived in flamma, the origin of "flame," and flagrare "to blaze," whose present participle became our "flagrant." Have you made any blazing mistakes recently? –Dr. Language, YourDictionary.com
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In reality, even when a person wants to be rid of it, there is a lot keeping the eating disorder in place. It is a much more complex disorder than it seems to be. It may seem that the person is being stubborn in the name of vanity. What is actually happening is that food and weight have become tools to manage profound emotional pain. This is the key to understanding the person’s relationship with their eating disorder.
When a person’s relationship with food is used to manage emotional pain such that it causes significant physical, psychological, or emotional consequences, they have developed an eating disorder (ED). The emotional pain often involves feelings of low self-esteem or insecurity, depression, and/or anxiety. In many cases, the person hides the pain so well that it may not be visible to others.
In ways that I will try to illustrate below, the ED is used to help them tolerate that pain. In their mind, they have to maintain and protect the ED to continue getting relief from their pain. Protecting the ED often means spending less time with loved ones or anyone who might confront the ED. It often means not attending social events that have food. It might mean not going anywhere until they meet their daily exercise quota. They live a life dictated by the rules of their ED.
It is important to note here that if the person is medically malnourished, their judgment, decision-making capabilities, and ability to effectively use logic and other cognitive functions may be significantly impacted. They are also more likely to experience depression and anxiety. This is a physical status and can be reversed only by nourishment.
Researchers are still working to understand exactly how and why EDs occur. Clearly the blaring messages in our society about body size play a role (the Fiji study is foundational in this area). Interestingly, there may be neurotransmitters and brain structures related to the detection of hunger and satiety and to the feeling of reward some of us get when we eat that may be damaged or are not at typical levels in people who develop EDs.
We also know that genetics play a role: genes contribute to 50-80% of the risk for developing an ED. While there is no “eating disorder gene,” our genes do contribute to our personality traits, and there are some traits that seem to increase a person’s risk for developing an ED. These traits include being: anxious, risk-avoidant, sensitive, perfectionistic, compliant/people-pleasing, obsessive, and achievement-oriented.
A person with these traits who is in emotional pain and doesn’t have effective coping strategies looks for an answer to their pain and easily finds it. It is the “answer” that blares from most magazines, TV shows, people in our lives, and influencers: Being thin will improve your life! Being thin will make you more likeable!
Losing weight is clearly the answer. Because these folks are inherently obsessive and achievement-oriented, they tend to take whatever they do to the next level – from diet to anorexia, from overeating to bingeing, from focus to obsession. Their new focus on food and weight is more likely to get out of hand and become a disorder without them intending it or even noticing that it has gone that far.
Here is an example of one generic path to an ED: It begins with a person who is anxious, perfectionistic, a people-pleaser, and dissatisfied with her appearance. She begins college or a new job and worries about being judged by everyone. She stays awake night after night worrying whether she can do well in her classes or work tasks. She badly wants to be accepted, so she starts to diet. She creates a strict meal plan for herself and feels good when she follows it. She begins to lose weight.
After some time, she starts to feel better about herself because she is seeing a smaller body in the mirror and other people make positive comments about it. This soothes her general anxiety that people will reject her. She decreases her food intake further to speed up the results.
As an added bonus, eating less than everyone else becomes something she is good at, a “skill” she feels proud of. She begins to feel secretly superior to others for perhaps the first time in her life. For those who know the pain of low self-esteem, this is very powerful. Bonus #2: the focus on food planning and exercise routine promotes a sense of order and organization, keeping feelings of overwhelm at bay. Structure and organization also promote a sense of being in control.
All of these things – or any one of them – make her push herself past “reasonable” limits to keep going in spite of the negative consequences. She feels like she finally has the key to being accepted – by others and herself. She can feel emotionally safe as long as she can maintain this body size and discipline around food. Being as thin as she is and eating as little as she does has become the basis for her self-esteem and her identity.
There are infinite other paths to developing an ED. It can start with a particular relationship with food. For example, many people turn to food as a comfort. Overeating, like undereating, can be psychologically rewarding. It can be very comforting to know that the pain of feeling lonely, stressed, or angry can be dulled by zoning out and eating a gallon of ice cream. Bingeing on fast food from three different places every night after work might be the strategy that “works” for someone who is trying not to think about the abuse they endured. If you have no better way of coping with emotional pain, you might turn to food more and more often. It feels like a readily available, constant friend.
For a person who tends to be obsessive, making extensive rules and lists about food that must be triple checked every day can be extremely soothing. Structure feels good. It is also a way of creating a system to tell yourself whether you were “good” or “bad” that day. Many people don’t have an internal sense of their worth and look for external ways to gauge their worth. The way you do food (or, more often, the way you don’t do food) can be used to assure yourself that you are a good or worthy person.
To understand EDs, it is necessary to realize that the behaviors associated with EDs (e.g., eating very little, bingeing, purging, overexercising, focusing to an extreme degree on food and weight) become coping mechanisms. They help the person manage whatever stress or painful feelings they are living with at the moment in ways that may be hard to understand or even see. These behaviors feel absolutely necessary for getting through each day. To complicate things further, the person is often unaware of the connection between their food-related behaviors and their emotional pain. They themselves may not understand why the ED feels so necessary.
The person with the disorder feels like the ED is helping them. The people in their life are clear that it’s hurting them. They are focused on the negative consequences of the ED, which often include loss of relationships, loss of physical health, and loss of joy. It can be very hard to find any middle ground.
It helps tremendously to have some understanding. To appreciate the internal tug-of-war that may be happening, and the fear that comes with giving up a security blanket. The person with the ED needs to be assured that while they work on letting go of the ED, they are going to be shown other ways to manage life, someone is going to help them build healthier bases for self-esteem and identity, and that they are going to be loved through the process.
No one sets out to develop an eating disorder, but the behaviors can quickly become addictive and the person loses control over them. Professional treatment makes a difference, and it is important to begin as soon as possible. Research shows that the longer an eating disorder exists, the harder it is to treat.
Watch Catherine Pawley describe her experience with Anorexia.
Watch Susannah Laing describe her experience with Bulimia and recovery.
(Trigger warnings for both) | <urn:uuid:47e1b812-1541-4fb6-af71-a35231994014> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://suzannemanserphd.com/eating-disorders/understanding-eating-disorders/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335609.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001101652-20221001131652-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.973895 | 1,703 | 2.8125 | 3 |
To do E
Spider web of privileges
Exercise to make your own situation of privilege clearer
This could also be a group exercise, in which one discusses structures of privileges focusing on one’s own experience. For the group leader, it is important to realize the importance of social safety when discussing these kind of sensitive topics. One possible safety measure could be that no one in the group is allowed to question or criticize someone else’s experience, and that one is only allowed to speak from personal experiences.
What categories of privilege do you see? Elzenbaumer mentions gender, skin colour, geographical and social background and body fitness. What categories of privilege can you add?
Draw a circle and put the different categories evenly spread across the outer side of the circle.
Provide each category with a ladder divided by 5 bars, towards the center of the circle.
Put a dot on the ladder to indicate your position with regard to each category of privilege.
Connect the dots to see how these positions on different categories relate. | <urn:uuid:1cd586d1-71bc-4e49-8fd4-4316ae8efdac> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://studiumgenerale.artez.nl/courses/powertools/lesson+7+precarity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764501407.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20230209045525-20230209075525-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.893324 | 211 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Population: 7,989,415 (July 2010 estimate)
Bordering Countries: Guatemala, Nicaragua and El Salvador
Land Area: 43,594 square miles (112,909 sq km)
Coastline: 509 miles (820 km)
Highest Point: Cerro Las Minas at 9,416 feet (2,870 m)
Honduras is a country located in Central America on the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. It is bordered by Guatemala, Nicaragua and El Salvador and has a population of just under eight million. Honduras is considered a developing nation and it is the second poorest country in Central America.
History of Honduras
Honduras has been inhabited for centuries by various native tribes. The largest and most developed of these were the Mayans. European contact with the area began in 1502 when Christopher Columbus claimed the region and named it Honduras (depths in Spanish) because the coastal waters surrounding the lands were very deep.
In 1523, Europeans began to further explore Honduras when Gil Gonzales de Avila entered the then-Spanish territory. A year later, Cristobal de Olid established the colony of Triunfo de la Cruz on behalf of Hernan Cortes. Olid however, tried to establish an independent government and he was later assassinated. Cortes then formed his own government in the city of Trujilo. Shortly thereafter, Honduras became a part of the Captaincy General of Guatemala.
Throughout the mid-1500s, native Hondurans worked to resist Spanish exploration and control of the region but after several battles, Spain took control of the area. Spanish rule over Honduras lasted until 1821, when the country gained its independence. Following its independence from Spain, Honduras was briefly under the control of Mexico. In 1823, Honduras joined the United Provinces of Central America federation which later collapsed in 1838.
During the 1900s, Honduras's economy was centered on agriculture and particularly on United States based companies that formed plantations throughout the country. As a result, the country's politics were focused on ways to maintain the relationship with the U.S. and keep foreign investments.
With the onset of the Great Depression in the 1930s, Honduras's economy began to suffer and from that time until 1948, the authoritarian General Tiburcio Carias Andino controlled the country. In 1955, a government overthrow occurred and in 1957, Honduras had its first elections. However, in 1963, a coup took place and the military again ruled the country throughout much of the later 1900s. During this time, Honduras experience instability.
From 1975 to 1978 and from 1978 to 1982, Generals Melgar Castro and Paz Garcia ruled Honduras, during which time, the country grew economically and developed much of its modern infrastructure. Throughout the rest of the 1980s and into the 1990s and 2000s, Honduras experienced seven democratic elections and in 1982, it developed its modern constitution.
Government of Honduras
After more instability in the later 2000s, Honduras today considered a democratic constitutional republic. The executive branch is made up of the chief of state and the head of state - both of which are filled by the president. The legislative branch is comprised of the unicameral Congress of Congreso Nacional and the judicial branch is made up of the Supreme Court of Justice. Honduras is divided into 18 departments for local administration.
Economics and Land Use in Honduras
Honduras is the second poorest country in Central America and has a highly uneven distribution of income. Most of the economy is based on exports. The largest agricultural exports from Honduras are bananas, coffee, citrus, corn, African palm, beef, timber shrimp, tilapia and lobster. Industrial products include sugar, coffee, textiles, clothing, wood products and cigars.
Geography and Climate of Honduras
Honduras is located in Central America along the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean's Gulf of Fonseca. Since it is located in Central America, the country has a subtropical climate throughout its lowlands and coastal areas. Honduras has a mountainous interior which has a temperate climate. Honduras is also prone to natural disasters like hurricanes, tropical storms and flooding. For example, in 1998, Hurricane Mitch destroyed much of the country and wiped out 70% of its crops, 70-80% of its transportation infrastructure, 33,000 homes and killed 5,000 people. In addition in 2008, Honduras experienced severe flooding and almost half of its roads were destroyed.
More Facts about Honduras
• Hondurans are 90% mestizo (mixed Indian and European)
• The official language of Honduras is Spanish
• Life expectancy in Honduras is 69.4 years
To learn more about Honduras, visit the Geography and Maps section on Honduras on this website.
Central Intelligence Agency. (24 June 2010). CIA - The World Factbook - Honduras. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ho.html
Infoplease.com. (n.d.). Honduras: History, Geography, Government, and Culture- Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107616.html
United States Department of State. (23 November 2009). Honduras. Retrieved from: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1922.htm
Wikipedia.com. (17 July 2010). Honduras - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras | <urn:uuid:a613c92a-007e-4fa1-991a-869274a7eac4> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://geography.about.com/od/hondurasmaps/a/hondurasgeography.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223202774.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032002-00305-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951146 | 1,149 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Hazing Is Never Acceptable
What is hazing? (from JSU policy)
The term “hazing” means any intentional, knowing, or reckless act committed by a person, whether individually or in concert with other persons, against any individual or group of individuals, regardless of affiliation, whether or not committed on organizational property or JSU property, for the purpose of recruiting, joining, initiating, admitting, affiliating, or for the purpose of retaining membership in an organization that causes an individual or group of individuals to do any of the following regardless of a person’s willingness to participate:
- Be coerced to violate federal, state, provincial, local law or JSU policy;
- Be coerced to consume any food, liquid, alcoholic liquid, drug, or other substance in any non-customary manner which subjects the individual or group of individual to a substantial risk of emotional or physical harm which includes but is not limited to sickness, vomiting, intoxication, or unconsciousness;
- Endure brutality of a physical nature, including but not limited to whipping, beating, paddling, branding, dangerous physical activity, or exposure to elements or endure threats of such conduct that results in mental or physical harm;
- Endure brutality of mental nature, including but not limited to activity adversely affecting the mental health or dignity of an individual, sleep deprivation, exclusion from social contact or conduct that could result in extreme embarrassment or endure threats of such conduct that results in mental or physical harm;
- Endure any other activity which adversely affects the health and safety of an individual, including but not limited to the disruption of academic performance or class attendance, required designated driving programs, line ups, calisthenics, or personal, physical, or financial servitude.
"Red Flags" that may indicate that a person has experienced hazing
- Changes in behavior and communication that may correspond with the timing of a person becoming involved with an organization
- Disrupted patterns of behavior: Not attending classes, change in grades, becoming difficult to reach or other changes in patterns of communication, not coming home as/when expected, not eating meals as usual, change in personal hygiene, only associating with certain people.
- Describes activities that would meet the definition of hazing, but refers to them as "traditions" or "initiations."
- Chronic fatigue.
- Symptoms of depression.
- Friends, roommates, organizational/school staff, and/or parents/siblings express concerns about change in behavior.
- Unusual photos posted in Facebook. | <urn:uuid:f5e805e4-ff50-428c-bb3c-2c720fb56434> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jsu.edu/cockycares/hazing.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.915515 | 525 | 3.171875 | 3 |
This past week, Japanese scientists unveiled what they claim is the world’s first news-reading android. The adolescent-looking “Kodomoroid” – an amalgamation of the Japanese word “kodomo” (child) and “android”- and “Otonaroid” (“otona” meaning adult) introduced themselves at an exhibit entitled Android: What is a Human?, which is being presented at Tokyo’s National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation (Miraikan).
The androids were flanked by robotics professor Hiroshi Ishiguro andAfter Kodomoroid delivered news of an earthquake and an FBI raid to amazed reporters in Tokyo. She even poked fun at her creator, leading robotics professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, “You’re starting to look like a robot!” This was followed by Otonaroid fluffing her lines when asked to introduced herself, which was followed by her excusing herself by saying, “I’m a little bit nervous.”
Both androids will be working at Miraikan and interacting with visitors, as part of Ishiguro’s studies into human reactions to the machines. Ishiguro is well-known for his work with “geminoid”, robots that bare a frightening resemblance to their creator. As part of his lecture process, Ishiguro takes his geminoid with him when he travels and even let’s it deliver his lectures for him. During an interview with AFP, he explained the reasoning behind this latest exhibit:
This will give us important feedback as we explore the question of what is human. We want robots to become increasingly clever. We will have more and more robots in our lives in the future… This will give us important feedback as we explore the question of what is human. We want robots to become increasingly clever.
Granted the unveiling did have its share of bugs. For her part, Otonaroid looked as if she could use some rewiring before beginning her new role as the museum’s science communicator, her lips out of sync and her neck movements symptomatic of a bad night’s sleep. But Ishiguro insisted both would prove invaluable to his continued research as museum visitors get to have conversations with the ‘droids and operate them as extensions of their own body.
And this is just one of many forays into a world where the line between robots and humans are becoming blurred. After a successful debut earlier this month, a chatty humanoid called Pepper is set to go on sale as a household companion in Japan starting next year. Designed by SoftBank, using technology acquired from French robotics company Aldebaran, and marketed as a household companion, each robot will cost around $2,000, the same cost of a laptop.
Pepper can communicate through emotion, speech or body language and it’s equipped with both mics and proximity sensors. Inside, it will be possible to install apps and upgrade the unit’s functionality, the plan being to make Pepper far smarter than when you first bought it. It already understands 4,500 Japanese words, but perhaps more impressively, Pepper can apparently read into the tone used to understand its master’s disposition.
Aldebaran CEO Bruno Maisonnier claims that robots that can recognize human emotion will change the way we live and communicate. And this is certainly a big step towards getting robots into our daily lives, at least if you live in Japan (the only place Pepper will be available for the time being). He also believes this is the start of a “robotic revolution” where robotic household companions that can understand and interact with their human owners will become the norm.
Hmm, a world where robots are increasingly indistinguishable from humans, can do human jobs, and are capable of understanding and mimicking our emotions. Oh, and they live in our houses too? Yeah, I’m just going to ignore the warning bells going off in my head now! And in the meantime, be sure to check out these videos of Kodomoroid and Otonaroid and Pepper being unveiled for the first time:
World’s First Android Newscasters: | <urn:uuid:38404d06-de1c-4a2d-bda1-9bf52107f769> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://storiesbywilliams.com/2014/06/30/the-future-is-here-first-android-newscasters-in-japan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189525.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00083-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964728 | 882 | 2.90625 | 3 |
For years we have known that plastic pollution and microplastics are killing the World’s marine life. In 2015, the concern for aquatic life became so widespread that President Obama banned microbeads in the United States. Microbeads are tiny plastic beads that were commonly found in beauty products (think exfoliators and toothpaste). Unfortunately, microbeads are just the tip of the iceberg. Far more microplastics come from from synthetic fibers in our clothes and bigger pieces of plastic breaking down, and they are being found everywhere on the planet from the Arctic Ocean to the top of the Rocky Mountains to lakes, to atmosphere of all our cities. Such pervasiveness means microplastics affect not only our planet’s oceans but also us. Today, studies show that the average person consumes a credit card’s worth of plastic in a week. Imagine eating fifty-two credit cards every year.
What are microplastics?
Microplastics are not a particular type of plastic but are instead defined as any plastic that is under 5 millimeters. 5 mm is approximately the size of a pencil eraser, but it can also be anything under. Plastic never truly breaks down. As plastic bags, bottles, utensils, straws, and other items undergo environmental stressors, they break down into smaller particles until they eventually are not visible to the naked eye, yet they are always there. Similar to a boulder eroding until it becomes sand. The other type of microplastic is intentionally small plastic pieces. These are microbeads, clothing threads, and plastic pellets.
Plastic is polluting the air we breathe, the water we drink and the food we eat
A new study done by the University of Newcastle, Australia, found that the average person ingests approximately 5 grams of microplastics a week, which is the equivalent of a credit card. We have known that plastic negatively impacts marine life for a while now, but the study shines a light on how this epidemic is also devastating land wildlife and humans. When animals ingest these plastics, and later humans eat the animals, they end up consuming toxic plastic waste. While there is much still to be researched, current studies have identified health risks such as sexual dysfunction, infertility, an increase in genetic mutations, and cancers. If like me, you’re a vegan, you’re probably reading this and thinking, “thank goodness, I don’t eat animals, so I’m not consuming plastic.” Well, unfortunately, that’s where we were both wrong. The vast majority of plastic we ingest is from our water. There is almost ten times more plastic in our drinking water than in shellfish.
What can we do?
Of course, after reading the WWF study, I wanted to make sure I wasn’t drinking plastic contaminated water, so I tried to look for filters that remove microplastics. I was able to find two that claimed they did so. Lifestraw is a filtration system that’s great for on-the-go, and TAAP Water is good for attaching to your at-home water sources. Let me know if you guys know of any other systems, it would be great to find a zero-waste one! However, the first step in reducing microplastics is to remove it from the water by reducing our everyday plastic usage. Plastic is all around us. Our drinks, food, make-up, toiletries, and clothing come packaged in it. Find out your plastic footprint by using rePurpose’s plastic calculator. A simple start is to avoid single-use plastics. That is any plastic items that are disposable after just one use. Such as plastic utensils, coffee cups/lids, water bottles, take-out containers, and straws. We live in a plastic world. It’s time to fix that.
Get more like this—Subscribe to our daily inspirational newsletter for exclusive content! | <urn:uuid:eba0e0ef-8da9-4c02-be3a-ca88bf063f32> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.peacefuldumpling.com/we-eat-microplastics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100535.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204214708-20231205004708-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.958663 | 823 | 3.25 | 3 |
|Publication Date||June 1, 1969|
Until comparatively recent times, knowledge that black Africa was the seat of highly evolved civilizations and cultures during a time when Europe stagnated was limited to a small group of scholars. That great empires such as Ghana, and later, Mali flourished for centuries while Europe slept through its dark ages almost has been ignored by historians. Thousands of years before that, as Rudolph R. Windsor notes in this enlightening book, civilizations began with the black races of Africa and Asia, including the Hebrews, who in Biblical times were jet black. Then, western Europe had no nations as such, and its stone age inhabitants had but the crudest tools and lived in caves. | <urn:uuid:baa18a16-0ebe-4e91-b988-f79d75d537dd> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.ancient.eu/books/0682469378/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187820700.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017033641-20171017053641-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.966798 | 142 | 3.0625 | 3 |
- The National Center on Safe Supportive Learning Environments (NCSSLE) provides training and support, and seeks to improve schools' conditions for learning through measurement and program implementation.
- Preventing Suicide: A Toolkit for High Schools include free tools to implement a multi-faceted suicide prevention program that responds to the needs and cultures of students.
- Community Conversations About Mental Health provides information on how to hold a community dialogue that breaks down misconceptions and builds awareness and support around mental health issues.
- MentalHealth.gov provides one-stop access to U.S. government mental health and mental health problems information.
- StopBullying.gov provides information from various government agencies on what bullying is, what cyberbullying is, who is at risk, and how you can prevent and respond to bullying.
- SpecialEducationGuide.com is the go-to online resource for parents and educators who want to master the terminology, procedures, and best practices in special education.
- The ICareBy Campaign offers specific positive actions to take that have been proven to be successful, along with ways to encourage others to do the same.
- Break Free from Depression is a 4-module curriculum focused on increasing awareness around adolescent depression and it is designed for use in high school classrooms.
- The team at RNtoBSN.org has created an online guide to help nurses and teachers combat misinformation about children's safety and health. The guide includes 1) more than 15 pages of health and safety illustration in PDF form, which is free to download; 2) treatment information for ailments from allergies to concussions; 3) basic personal hygiene information; and 4) strategies for keeping children healthy. The guide can be found here: http://www.rntobsn.org/resources/school-nurses-guide-to-kids-health-and-safety/.
Mental Health to Support Student Learning: Training Modules for Educators & School-Based Staff
The Maryland State Department of Education (MSDE) is pleased to announce the development and release of a seven module mental health training curriculum for educators and other school-based staff. The collection of modules entitled Mental Health to Support Student Learning: Training Modules for Educators and School-Based Staff, are designed to assist educators and school-based staff in identifying, referring and providing other needed support to youth (birth-21 years old) with mental health needs. The curriculum recognizes the interconnectedness of mental health and school achievement and the value of educators, school-based staff, and families in promoting youth success. The Maryland State Department of Education (MSDE) led an interagency/organization team in the development of the modules, and collaborated closely with the Center for School Mental Health for final product development and dissemination. The modules, with audio and FREE continuing education credits, are available at www.mdbehavioralhealth.com.
Materials related to each of the seven modules are provided below. For each of the modules, there is a PowerPoint presentation with and without a script, and a handout of the PowerPoint presentation (6 slides per page). All modules include learning objectives, material based on evidence based practice and strategies, practical examples for educators and other school-based staff, a school-based case study and an assessment of knowledge. | <urn:uuid:38379533-4ae4-4d1f-9b48-b3e4a0e47bba> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://csmh.umaryland.edu/Resources/Links/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937780.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420120351-20180420140351-00574.warc.gz | en | 0.919764 | 672 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Salal (Gaultheria shallon) and Oregon grape (Mahonia spp.) -- both West Coast natives -- are beautiful, highly adaptable, evergreen, drought-tolerant and hardy. Each can be used effectively in containers, as ground covers, for stabilizing hillsides and for supplying winter food for hungry birds. And the berries are tasty to humans, too.
Oregon grape and salal can be used generally in woodland settings, in mixed plantings and as informal hedges. Oregon grape is easier to use successfully as a shady border plant because of the small cultivars available. In full sun, salal is more manageable.
The beautiful yellow flowers and shiny new leaflets of Oregon grape can be eaten in salads.
Plant both of these plants now so they can settle in during the winter for a stronger start in spring. Choose a site with acidic, well-drained soil. Oregon grape and salal will tolerate anything from full sun to deep shade, depending on species and cultivars.
• Gaultheria shallon (salal): Can grow from 4 to 10 feet in light to full shade and from 1 to 2 feet in full sun.
• Mahonia aquifolium (Oregon grape): Grows to 6 feet tall; forms a rounded, suckering shrub. Flowers in early spring and prefers light to full shade.
• M. a. `Compacta': Grows to 2 feet tall with denser foliage. Turns purple bronze in fall.
• M. nervosa (longleaf mahonia): Beautiful, growing 1 1/2 to 2 feet tall but smaller in full sun. Similar to M. aquifolium.
• M. repens (creeping mahonia): Oregon grape cousin with leaves of dull green, producing a broad, low mat of vegetation. It's a good erosion preventer. Prefers dryish soil in full sun or part shade; grows to about 3 feet. Flowers from April to June.
Also, Great Plant Picks recommends a number of hybrid Oregon grape cultivars that are worth checking out.
– Vern Nelson
If you want to automatically receive a daily homes and gardens tip, sign up here. | <urn:uuid:8f4b4fba-38f5-4182-a40d-65d507bf0f1b> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://blog.oregonlive.com/homesandgardens/2010/11/native_evergreens_cover_ground.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398450745.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205410-00065-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904588 | 452 | 3 | 3 |
CLASS: ZOMBIE SPAWN
It remains uncertain how and when a strain of z-spawn merged with a subspecies of carrion fly, but the modern Beeblezug carries a complete insect genome in its specialized brooding-bladders and may replicate up to several thousand maggots per 12-hour activity cycle. Foregoing any pupal or imago stage, the large, voracious insect larvae function as the Beeblezug's primary feeding and defensive mechanism, regurgitated by the toothless creature to break down organic matter into a more palatable slop and reingested as it feeds.
The lifespan of a single Beeblezug maggot seldom exceeds a week when separated from its parent monster, but appears to be almost indefinite within its body, entering a hibernative state when food is scarce.
Beeblezug are shy, reclusive creatures that prefer to scavenge kills from larger monsters or harmlessly graze on the non-vital tissues of zombies, but may reflexively regurgitate in the literal face of danger. "Tickled" by the excited writhing of its symbionts, a Beeblezug's level of hunger is easily deduced from its degree of squirming, shuddering and "dancing" as it approaches the scent of a pungent meal.
A Beeblezug's regurgitation is preceded by a loud and extended "snorting."
Despite their bashful nature and awkward, ponderous waddling, Beeblezug are frighteningly accurate marksmen when driven to expectorate, projecting a thin stream of maggots for up to several yards when the need arises. With impressive flesh-hooks and corrosive saliva, the insects can tunnel into healthy flesh and wreak havoc on internal organs.
UNDYING: all Zombie Spawn exhibit rapid regeneration and biological immortality, persisting for as long as some portion of their biomass remains intact.
MAGGOTS: a Beeblezug feeds by regurgitating a mass of symbiotic, flesh-eating maggots, and may "projectile vomit" to strike opponents at a distance.
Contents copyright Jonathan Wojcik | <urn:uuid:f9c8c8da-562d-4c7e-a66f-16383692a25e> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://bogleech.com/mortasheen/beeblezug.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400220495.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924194925-20200924224925-00104.warc.gz | en | 0.905065 | 452 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The largest fossil spider exposed to date once ensnared prey back in the age of dinosaurs, scientists find.
The spider, named Nephila jurassica, was discovered buried in ancient volcanic ash in Inner Mongolia, China.
Tufts of hairlike fibers seen on its legs showed this 165-million-year-old arachnid to be the oldest known species of the largest web-weaving spiders living today — the golden orb-weavers, or Nephila, which are big sufficient to catch birds and bats, and use silk that excels like gold in the sunlight.
The fossil was about as large as its contemporary relatives, with a body one inch (2.5 centimeters) wide and legs that reach up to 2.5 inches (6.3 cm) long. Golden orb-weavers nowadays are mainly tropical being, so the ancient environment of Nephila jurassica probably was similarly lush.
"It would have lived, like today's Nephila, in its orb web of golden silk in a payment in a forest, or more likely at the rim of a forest close to the lake," researcher Paul Selden, director of the Paleontological Institute at the University of Kansas, told LiveScience. "There would have been volcanoes nearby producing the ash that forms the lake residue it is entombed within."
Spiders are the most many predators on land today, and help keep insect numbers in check. So these findings help us "understand the development of the insect-spider predator-prey relationship," Selden said, suggestive of that golden orb-weavers have been ensnaring insects and influencing their evolution since the Jurassic Period
"There were many large or medium-sized flying insects around at that time on which it would have fed arbitrarily," Selden said.
In modern golden orb-weaver species, females are characteristically much larger than males. This new fossil was a female, suggesting this trend stretches back at least as far as the Middle Jurassic, Selden said — that is, back previous to the first known bird, Archaeopteryx, or giant dinosaurs such as Brachiosaurus and Diplodocus.
Although this is the largest fossil spider known to date, it is not the oldest. Two species from Coseley, England, Eocteniza silvicola and Protocteniza britannica, both come from about 310 million years ago.
Selden and his colleagues are now investigating other fossil spiders from China, "as well as those from elsewhere in the world — currently Brazil, New Zealand, Australia, Italy and Korea," he said.
The scientists detail their findings online April 20 in the journal Biology Letters. | <urn:uuid:3ed09c1d-aba7-4fde-b66c-c9e3f868d06f> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://anznab.blogspot.nl/2011/04/largest-fossil-spider-established-in.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257650730.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324151847-20180324171847-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.964439 | 559 | 3.84375 | 4 |
The Cauca guan, a large bird species with a unique red dewlap, is endemic to the Cauca Valley Montane Forest ecoregion. Found in the humid forests at elevations between 1,200 and 2,200 m, this large, grey-brown guan is often seen perching on branched in the middle to lower canopy where its size does not get in the way of navigating the complex canopy.
The bird finds safety in the darkness of the understory and is rarely seen out in the open; it feeds on seeds and insects and often drinks from bromeliads to avoid going to the forest floor, making them important seed dispersers for vines and trees. However, its unusual large size also makes it susceptible to hunting and with less than 1,000 mature individual in the wild, it is currently listed by the IUCN as Endangered.
Located at the northwestern end of the Andes Mountain Range in southwestern Colombia, the Cauca Valley is nestled between the western and central ranges of the Andes and stretches for 600 km in a south-north direction. The gentle slopes of the Cauca Valley foothills, starting at an elevation of 1,000 m, give way to an abrupt topography at higher elevations, with deep canyons and numerous rivers and streams that drain into the Cauca River. Elevations of the Central Andes reach over 5,000 m with several volcanoes and perpetually snow-capped peaks. The western Cordillera, lower and narrower than the central, reaches elevations of up to 4,000 m.
The vegetation communities are diverse in part to the sharp altitude changes and also due to a precipitation range with dry enclave foothills in the western Andes (500–1,000 mm/year) transitioning to humid montane forests in the central range (up to 3,000 mm/year). The humid forests of the lower elevations (1,500 m) are dominated by species of Leguminosae and Moraceae, while at middle elevations (1,500–3,000 m) Lauracea, Melastomataceae, and Rubiacea families are common. At higher elevations (above 3,000 m) the flora is dominated by species of Ericaceae and Asteraceae. The native palm species, Ceroxylon quindiuensis, is notable as the tallest recorded monocot, reaching 60m, and is national tree of Colombia, currently listed by the IUCN as Vulnerable.
The Cauca Valley Montane Forests ecoregion contains more than 500 species of birds, 92 species of frogs, 120 species of mammals, and 200 species of butterflies. This ecoregion is also a center of endemism for several plant and animal taxa and contains one of the Endemic Bird Areas determined by BirdLife International, with 12 restricted-range species in an area of 19,000 km2. Restricted-range and/or endangered bird species
include the Cauca guan, brown-banded and moustached antpittas, multicolored tanager, and golden-plumed parakeet. Of the 92 species of frog, 60 are endemic. This amazing range of diversity is attributed to the altitudinal range of the region and some cases of species isolation on different slopes. Some large mammals of interest include the spectacled bear and the mountain tapir.
The montane forests of the Cauca Valley are severely fragmented, especially at the lower elevations. Between 1,000 and 2,000 m, most forest has disappeared and only scattered remnants remain. The largest remaining block within this elevational belt is found in the Yotoco Forest Reserve, with an extension of 5.19 km2. Substantial forest cover still remains at the higher elevations, on both slopes of the valley. However, only small portions receive nominal protection in national parks such as Farallones de Cali, Tatamá, and Los Nevados. Some protection is also afforded by small regional reserves such as Ucumarí Regional Park.
The major threat to the ecoregion’s biodiversity is the continuing degradation of lands around and in already fragmented areas. The steep slopes of the valley also increase the possibility of landslides when forest is removed for agriculture. Some higher elevation areas are still being exploited for timber and other forest products. Illegal hunting is also a problem in the area, threatening mostly large birds such as the Cauca guan and mammals.
The priority conservation actions for the next decade will be to: 1) encourage regional forest restoration initiatives to protect remaining habitat fragments; 2) increase regulation in the continuing timber industry; and 3) increase enforcement and capacity to manage illegal hunting.
1. Kattan, G. 2018. Northern South America: Central Colombia. https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0109 Accessed July 30, 2018.
2. Lynch, J. D., P. M. Ruiz, and M. C. Ardila. 1997. Biogeographic patterns of Colombian frogs and toads. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias 21:237-248.
3. Bibby, C.J., N.J. Collar, M.J. Crosby, M.F. Heath, Ch. Imboden, T.H. Johnson, A.J. Long, A.J. Stattersfield, and S.J. Thirgood. 1992. Putting Biodiversity on the Map: Priority Areas for Global Conservation. International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge, U.K.
4. Gentry, A. H. 1982a. Neotropical floristic diversity: phytogeographical connections between Central and South America, Pleistocene climatic fluctuations, or an accident of the Andean origeny? Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 69:557-593. | <urn:uuid:44eabc16-5e51-4433-988c-9c759b0d9b15> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/cauca-valley-montane-forests/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499891.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131222253-20230201012253-00585.warc.gz | en | 0.911671 | 1,238 | 3.796875 | 4 |
With a rich avifauna of more than 350 species that includes 29 endemics, the island of Sri Lanka is one of southern Asia's most popular birding destination. This new field guide provides full coverage of every species on the Sri Lanka list, including most vagrants, with particular emphasis placed on endemic species and races. Detailed text highlights key identification criteria, along with accurate colour maps. Packed with spectacular and detailed plates by leading bird artists such as Alan Harris, Tim Worfolk and John Cox, "Birds of Sri Lanka" is the definitive identification tool for the visiting birdwatcher and another majestic addition to the Helm Field Guides series.
"[...] The artwork is generally of a very high standard and, where appropriate, distinctive plumages and races are shown. The races illustrated are of course those that occur in Sri Lanka rather than elsewhere in the Indian Subcontinent. For species often seen and identifiable in flight, such as larger waterbirds, shorebirds, raptors, and seabirds, there are good flight illustrations.
Birds of Sri Lanka is an excellent piece of work and a true field guide, fitting neatly into a large pocket or small bag. In conclusion then, this is the crucial guide for anyone intent on birding on the beautiful island of Sri Lanka."
- Frank Lambert (10-04-2012), read the full review at The Birder's Library
"Sri Lanka’s tourist industry is undergoing something of a renascence. With the civil war behind it and the tragic loss of life and destruction caused by the Boxing Day tsunami becoming a distant memory, tourists are flocking to this tropical island in search of a bargain. Birders are joining them in increasing numbers and Sri Lanka has now become one of the most popular birding destinations in tropical Asia. This isn’t surprising when you look at what is on offer: modern hotels, good roads, excellent food and a superb range of breeding birds and winter visitors, including 27 endemic species (or up to 33 depending on the taxonomy adopted). The recent discovery of a new owl, Serendib Scops Owl Otus thilohoffmanni, by Deepal Warakagoda has also done much to boost the island’s
recent years most birders have used John Harrison’s Field Guide to the Birds of Sri Lanka, although my personal favourite has always been G. M. Henry’s somewhat dated A Guide to the Birds of Ceylon, which includes a more extensive text but illustrations of somewhat dubious quality. With the publication of this new pocket-sized guide, visitors have a new tool to add to their armoury. For those unfamiliar with this series, it is an offshoot from the excellent Birds of the Indian Subcontinent by Grimmett, Inskipp and Inskipp, but with some updated illustrations and new text. Sri Lankan ornithologist Deepal Warakagoda brings a wealth of information to this guide, and he has added much to the introductory chapters and species accounts from his personal experience. In particular, the maps illustrate much of the new distribution data that has emerged in recent years, and are the best available.
A series of introductory chapters set the scene, providing a guide to the use of the book and an introduction to Sri Lanka’s birdlife. Of particular interest is a comprehensive section on Birdwatching Areas together with a map, providing a quick reference for route planning and species possibilities. Traditionally birders have concentrated on sites in the south of the country, largely because most of the endemics are confined to the Wet Zone of the southwest, but also because access to much of the north was restricted during the civil war. This has now changed and birders are exploring new sites and more are likely to be added to this list as interest grows. For example, the Vankalai Sanctuary near Mannar is now accessible and holds vast numbers of waders including Crab-plover Dromas ardeola and Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris, species absent from the south.
Readers who struggled with the family sequence in the original Birds of the Indian Subcontinent (Grimmett et al. 1998, 1999) will be relieved to learn that species order returns to a familiar arrangement, although the addition of plate numbers in the Family Summaries section would have been helpful. Each of the regularly occurring 450+ species are illustrated in colour and described in the adjacent plate caption. A distribution map is included for each species, showing breeding and winter ranges set against a grey-scale relief background of hills and lowlands. For pelagic species, offshore distributions are included. Vagrants are treated together in an appendix, each with a thumbnail colour illustration and brief text. The authors recognise 27 endemic species, six less than Rasmussen and Anderton acknowledge in Birds of South Asia, although these six are indicated by parentheses within the scientific name.
Most of the images are taken from Birds of the Indian Subcontinent, although a handful of plates have been repainted. For example, two new plates illustrate the owls and include the Serendib Scops Owl, a species that had yet to be discovered when Birds of the Indian Subcontinent first appeared in 1998. Other new plates include cuckoos, bulbuls, flowerpeckers and sunbirds, and ioras and leafbirds, the latter including Marshall’s Iora Aegithina nigrolutea, only recently discovered on the island but now found to be a localised breeding resident. Of the older images, it is disappointing that some appear to have been scanned at low resolution. This is particularly obvious on, for example, plate 56 where the swallows appear 40% larger than in Birds of the Indian Subcontinent, giving each bird a jagged outline. Given the technology that is now available, there are few excuses for this level of quality, and it is hoped that Helm will address this issue.
This book will appeal to anyone with an interest in Sri Lanka’s birds, and is a must if you are travelling to this delightful island. I won’t be giving up my copy of Henry just yet, but my baggage just got heavier."
- Peter Kennerley, http://www.britishbirds.co.uk
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Deepal Warakadoda is Sri Lanka's leading ornithologist. A tour leader, photographer and conservationist, Deepal made his name with his stunning 2002 discovery of the Serendib Scops Owl in Sri Lanka's Sinharaja Forest. This owl was a species completely new to scienc – the holy grail for any birdwatcher.
Richard Grimmett and Carol and Tim Inskipp are widely respected as the leading experts on the birds of southern Asia. Their major work was the epic Birds of the Indian Subcontinent, from which has sprung several highly acclaimed field guides. | <urn:uuid:63fe11a6-79cf-486a-baab-77383d58dde7> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.nhbs.com/birds-of-sri-lanka-helm-field-guide-book | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865830.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523215608-20180523235608-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.944925 | 1,430 | 2.609375 | 3 |
What was the result of the oil embargo of 1973?
On October 17, 1973, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) effectuated “oil diplomacy” which prohibited any nation that had taken part in the Yom Kippur War with Israel against Syria, Egypt and Jordan to buy any oil that it sells. The energy crisis that ensued brought an end to the era of cheap gasoline and other oil products where New York Stock Exchange saw its share value dropping by $97 billion. This led United States to witness the worst recessions ever. In addition to the embargo creating a rift within NATO, Japan and some Europeans nations disassociated themselves from the U.S. Middle East Policy.
Linking the end of embargo with U.S. efforts to succeed in their peace creating mission in the Middle East complicated the situation further. To make something good out of the matter, United States initiated parallel negotiations, one with the Arab oil producers to end the embargo and the other with Israel, Syria and Egypt to arrange for Israeli troops to pull back from the Arab lands and reach a settlement. In early 1974, the negotiations for withdrawing Israeli troops had begun and the promise made Arab oil producers to lift the ban in March.
It was even before this oil embargo has started, the U.S. government was moving towards an oil crisis with the domestic reserves running low, the country importing nearly 27% of the crude petroleum, and oil prices rising drastically. The situation was worsened after the 1973 Israel war where OPEC declared the cut back on oil 5% a month as a punishment for the allies of Israel until they stop the occupation in the Palestinian lands and withdraw their forces. Furthermore, it announced that the nations unwilling to comply will be subjected to total embargo.
According to the usual practice, where at one time per-barrel prices were set by the oil companies themselves, OPEC declared that it would set the export prices of oil itself. Consequently, the price of one barrel of oil reached up to nearly $11. This rate was recorded to be 387% higher than the prices a year ago. Shortages persisted, with an increase in domestic oil prices as well. People in America had to wait in long queues at gas stations. Until Arab nations lifted the embargo in 1974, the retail price of gas had climbed from 38 cents per gallon to 84 cents per gallon.
Note: This is a moderated site. Only comments that add value to the discussion will be published. | <urn:uuid:e70a17fc-1d36-4319-aa86-92d618977665> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_1967to1991_oilembargo_result.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999678302/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060758-00016-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96986 | 502 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Did You Know?
Facts, Figures & Folklore about
the Jewish Holiday of Passover
March 17 : 12 days till 1st night Passover
Did you know that in addition to its religious significance, Passover also has an agricultural foundation?
The holiday marks the beginning of the spring harvest season, which culminates seven weeks later with the Jewish holiday of Shavuot.
Spring has arrived and with it comes the eight-day Jewish holiday of freedom. It’s time to clean out your chametz, open up a box of matzah and set up for your seder. So join us for our Did You Know? countdown to Passover, which begins at sundown on Monday March 29, 2010. | <urn:uuid:5c4e9b7b-c2f4-40b2-b3cf-95dedb77c1ad> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://blog.holidays.net/index.php/2010/03/17/did-you-know-countdown-to-passover-0317/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299515.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00104-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927495 | 152 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Dementia and related conditions are horrible in their own right. But they’re even scarier when they’re happening to people in their 30s, 40s and 50s. The New York Times has an interesting look into that world.
“While most of the 5.3 million Americans who are living with Alzheimer’s disease or other forms of dementia are over 65, some 200,000 are younger than 65 and develop serious memory and thinking problems far earlier in life than expected.
“Young-onset dementia is a particularly disheartening diagnosis because it affects individuals in the prime years,” Dr. David S. Knopman, a neurologist at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., wrote in a July 2021 editorial in JAMA Neurology. Many of the afflicted are in their 40s and 50s, midcareer, hardly ready to retire and perhaps still raising a family.”
Chief among the causes of early-onset dementia is a condition called Lewy Body dementia (LBd), where abnormal protein deposits on the brain cause dysfunction. As with most other dementia and dementia-adjacent conditions, the exact causes and mechanisms of the disease are not fully understood, but LBd is notable for how many of its sufferers are younger people. Most of us think of dementia as an “old person disease”, but it can strike people of any age. While it may not be preventable, the worst of the symptoms can be treated if discovered early enough. Even younger people who find themselves suffering from frequent memory loss, severe navigational dysfunction, or “brain fog” should consult with a doctor and get checked out. It likely will not be LBd, but it could be a host of other neurological or vascular conditions, and knowing about the disease is the first step towards treating it.
Brought to you by smpltec.com, Technology for Seniors News. | <urn:uuid:6fe66439-b85b-4b9d-bed9-56eb3eb9e00b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://smpltec.com/lewy-body-dementia-the-azlheimers-like-disease-afflicting-younger-people/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100452.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202203800-20231202233800-00563.warc.gz | en | 0.963187 | 400 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The issue of global warming is one of the most serious challenges at present times, and is believed that it is a challenge that everyone can contribute for help.
Global warming is defied as any observed increase in the atmospheric temperature that can continue for a very long period. (U.S. Environmental Protection Energy, 2006)
It is brought about by the increase in carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Human activities have taken a great part on that build-up of the said gases. Rising of the global temperature started during the 19 th century industrial revolution. As documented in the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007), it was observed that the northern hemisphere has warmed by more than 1A F over the last 100 years, and that the decades of the 1980s and 1990s have been the warmest on record, as far as can be ascertained, for the last 1000 years.
Continuous build-up of greenhouse gases like water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and ozone causes almost 100% of the observed increase in temperature over the last 5 decades, (Berger,2006). These gases also are the great contributors for the greenhouse effect.
Greenhouse effect is a method wherein the earth’s surface as well as the atmosphere keeps hold of its heat.
It occurs naturally. According to physics, the earth absorbs incoming solar radiation and then tries to cool by emitting long wavelength infrared radiation. This radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases and hence yet preventing the heat from radiating back out into the outer space. And its net effect should be to increase mean annual temperature. These gases in the atmosphere allow the sunlight to reach the earth (Berger,2006). This greenhouse effect is very vital for the survival of different organisms in the planet.
Burning of fossil fuels like oil, natural gas, diesel, organic-diesel, petrol, organic-petrol, ethanol, as well as burning of wood, coal and hydrocarbons (which were the main energy source for most people in the world) leads to CO 2 emission, were the largest contributing source of global warming. Now that enormous amount of this gas (carbon dioxide) has been produced, the atmosphere has grown warmer at an accelerating rate.
This gas accumulation started way back in history. As people here in earth continuously need energy, increase in the concentration of the greenhouse gases is endless. As a result, there will be a continuous heating of the planet. If the global warming continues to accelerate, it will lead to potentially serious consequences including environmental, economic and even health problems of individuals.
Predicted effects of global warming on the environment were cited on different literatures. Examples are increase in the earth’s temperature by about 3A to 5A C by the year 2100 and rise of sea levels in addition to melting of ice by at least 25 meters by the same year mentioned earlier.
Other effects include the change in amount and pattern of precipitation, increase in total annual power of hurricanes, changes in temperature patterns, lower agricultural yields, species extinction and some health problems especially on humans.
Continuous warming of the earth’s temperature creates the ideal condition for the spread of infectious diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, hanta virus, encephalitis and other diseases. This condition can also lead to the spread of disease-carrying rodents and mosquitoes which will put a lot of people at risk, (Sierra Club, 2007).
Global warming is mainly caused by the humans and it is sad to say that they are continuously making ways to increase it. For a long period of time, humans have been doing industrial processes, fossil fuel combustion, and changes in land use, such as deforestation which results in the excessive production carbon dioxide.
Mankind has been negatively interfering with nature. This indeed gave rise to catastrophic consequences on the planet. Humans produced this problem, it is sure that they were the ones who can give solutions on that matter. There are some simple things that everyone can do to help stop global warming, (according to the Global Warming International Center). Like using fluorescent bulbs and turning it off before leaving a room, unplugging chargers when not in use. If heading a short distance, just take a walk instead of riding a cab. During winter, maximize solar heating and during summer, maximize shading. When buying a car, one must choose a hybrid and a fuel-efficient car and always keep the times on the car adequately inflated. Remember also to buy products which uses recycled materials and has a minimal packaging and lastly, plant a tree, (Sierra Club, 2007).
The issue of global warming is a very serious issue that everyone must be aware of. Adverse effects come into sight few years from now but more seriously, decades or centuries from now wherein our children of the next generations will suffer. Everyone is responsible for this problem therefore everyone must work together regarding this matter. Doing the simple things as mentioned above will be a great help.
“Global Warming Frequently Asked Questions”. 19 april 2007. Http://Lwf.Ncdc.Noaa.Gov/Oa/Climate/Globalwarming.Html#Q11
W. H. Berger.“Global Warming”.19 April 2007. http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/globalchange/global_warming/02.html
”Global Warming ; Energy”. 20 April 2007 ;http://www.sierraclub.org/globalwarming/health/; | <urn:uuid:6fe00066-fc2e-42ff-95a7-2bba9457122d> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://lagas.org/global-warming-19/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371858664.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409122719-20200409153219-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.943437 | 1,134 | 3.875 | 4 |
Four islets in the Penghu archipelago are expected to be designated a national park this year in an effort to protect their land and marine resources, government officials said on Monday.
The Construction and Planning Agency’s Marine National Park Headquarters announced the plan in its work schedule for this year, published on its Web site on Thursday.
The plans mainly focus on setting up a marine national park around the islets of Siyuping (西嶼坪), Dongyuping (東嶼坪), Siyi (西吉) and Dongyi (東吉).
The move will protect geological features of the islets and the unique village clusters and architecture developed to weather the typical windy and rainless climate, the park headquarters said.
It said the four islets were built up from basalt eruptions on the sea floor in the period between 10 million and 14 million years ago and were the nation’s oldest example of basalt volcanic geology.
The seasonal winds and sea currents that affect the South China Sea — including a branch of the Kuroshio Current — interact with each other around the Penghu Islands, creating ideal conditions for a subtropical coral reef cluster and reef rock biological system with high biological diversity, the park headquarters said.
Because of the importance of the natural and human resources there, the government must strengthen its management of the area, and the establishment of a “four southern Penghu Isles national park” was the best way to achieve this goal, it said. | <urn:uuid:66f16b99-35ad-4b62-83b0-11f64fdc405a> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/02/02/2003495044 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246656887.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045736-00016-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954505 | 329 | 2.8125 | 3 |
What is Kinematics?
It is the science that studies motion of any object excluding the causes for the observed motion. Kinematics is the major topic in physics that is specifically sectioned under mechanical physics.
Physics is a challenging subject that conducts study on the real world in technical way. When we narrow down our study to kinematics, most of the portion constitute mathematical section that employs geometrical ideas and figure. Hence, graphs, numbers, equations are used in the study of kinematics.
When we talk about motion of object, there are different types of quantities that gets linked to it like; displacement, time, velocity and acceleration. Hence, without the knowledge of these basic quantity, covering the vast subject of kinematics is almost impossible.
All these four important quantities are used to structure equations in mechanical physics that are termed as kinematics equation. These kinematic equation explains deeply about the motion of the object where one variable among the four is unknown. Hence, kinematics equations include:
1. Vf = vi + a*t
2. d = vi * t + 1/2*a*t2
3. d = (vi + vf) / 2*t
4. vf2 = v2i + 2*a*d
Topics that are included in Kinematics
Below are some of the important topic dealt under kinematics that provides the explanatory view of the subject:
- Motion: circular motion, relative motion
- Motion in two dimensions
- Motion of gravity
- Motion of projectile
- Motion in a straight line
These are few listed topics of kinematics that is important for students pursuing Engineering, bachelor or masters course in physics.
Kinematics assignment help at your doorstep
When it’s about studying physics, a little effort than usual is required along with enthusiastic mind and active body. Moreover, kinematics is the major part in physics that is applied in real world which includes construction of heavy machineries. Hence, having the base clear along with timely completion of Kinematics assignment can help students score an appreciable grade and hence set up pillar for bright future.
So, both the task of developing basic and focusing on assignment can be tough at times. In order to simplify students work and narrow down their work pressure; we have best tutor for your kinematics assignment. You can receive kinematics assignment help service right at your door step at low price.
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Kinematic is full of mathematical calculation, equations and graph and not necessarily your teacher is going to explain every question to you; so finally you may end up facing problem with your assignments on kinematics. Rather than struggling to get the assignment done, you can simply login to myassignmenthelp.net and have your work effectively completed in minimum time. | <urn:uuid:a9ae9f3f-d5e0-45f4-9ec1-643078ba1dc9> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.myassignmenthelp.net/kinematics-assignment-help | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584203540.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123064911-20190123090911-00321.warc.gz | en | 0.938776 | 676 | 3.59375 | 4 |
What Does Mixed Apnea Mean?
Mixed apnea is the temporary stoppage of breathing during sleep due to a combination of the other two types of apnea, obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. This means that the cause of the temporary stop to breathing can vary between the obstruction of the airways and failure of the brain to send a signal to breathe. Patients suffering from mixed apnea are frequently awakened by the lack of breathing and this lowers the quality of sleep. Mixed apnea is also called mixed sleep apnea and complex sleep apnea.
WorkplaceTesting Explains Mixed Apnea
Mixed apnea is the temporary stoppage of breathing during sleep caused by a combination of a mechanical obstruction of the airways or by the failure of the brain to send the correct directing signal to the muscles that control breathing. It usually begins with the temporary failure of the brain and proceeds to mechanical obstruction. The lack of breathing makes patients wake up from sleep in order to start breathing again. This decreases the quality of sleep and results in fatigue, drowsiness, morning headaches, irritability, and difficulty in concentrating.
One of the best current treatments for mixed apnea is the use of Central Positive Air Pressure (CPAP) devices. Patients use them when sleeping to maintain continuous air pressure to prevent throat muscles and tongue from obstructing the airway.However, this does not treat the brain signal failures. If CPAP devices fail, doctors often recommend Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure (BPAP) devices that supply more air when the patient inhales and less air when he exhales. Treatment options for mixed apnea are still being refined however. | <urn:uuid:0ef091a8-b165-4b11-914e-ee05607d024c> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.workplacetesting.com/definition/3148/mixed-apnea | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764495012.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127195946-20230127225946-00845.warc.gz | en | 0.937177 | 338 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Stalin (quite understandably) had demanded that the Allies open a Second Front as early as 1942, yet this did not happen till June 1944. Why did it have to wait till so late?
It depends on how you define "Second Front."
The Allies opened a "second front" in North Africa in November, 1942. That was huge because the battle of Stalingrad was going on at the same time. Germany had to divert most of its air transport fleet to reinforcing North Africa, and suffered heavy casualties. When the transports returned to the eastern front, there weren't enough of them to resupply Paulus by air (even though German transports had done the job of supplying surrounded "pockets" near Moscow, in the winter of 1941-42.)
In June, 1943, the Allies invaded Sicily (followed by Italy in September). This diverted some 20 German divisions from the Russian front (almost as many as were lost at Stalingrad), even though they were sorely needed in Russia after the battle of Kursk.
The thrust of your question seems to be, why didn't the Allies open a "second front" in FRANCE earlier than 1944. That is a matter of logistical and other issues. One deterrent was the failure of a "probe" at Dieppe in August, 1942.
Uh, because they couldn't? You make it sound like the Allied forces could just waltz into France whenever they wanted. In 1942 the US had nowhere near the resources necessary to mount an invasion of France. Basic problems like where would water and oil come from were completely unsolved. The Germans had air control. That alone prevented any thought of invasion. The allies were only doing night bombing. Why? Because a daytime raid would have been suicidal. If you cannot even bomb Europe safely, you are not going to be able to invade it safely. | <urn:uuid:86d4cf04-a590-4ae1-b57a-f709f2b16eb7> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://history.stackexchange.com/questions/12594/why-did-allied-invasion-of-france-occur-only-in-1944-and-not-earlier | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645281115.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031441-00345-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985735 | 379 | 3.125 | 3 |
Growing garlic is pretty easy and there is nothing nicer then tasting fresh garlic from your own garden. You can either sow spring or autumn garlic bulbs. You can plant garlic either between November and April – you will usually get bigger garlic bulbs if you start growing garlic in the autumn. Growing garlic is usually done from individual bulbs you can’t grow garlic from seed.
Growing Garlic – When to plant
If you decide to start growing garlic it’s best to plant the garlic bulbs before the last frost. Many gardeners plant their bulbs in October, November or December for the autumn varieties. The spring varieties get planted in February and March. It’s better to plant garlic earlier rather than later as this will ensure that the garlic bulbs will get some cold weather which is necessary for the garlic to vernalise.
Growing Garlic – Soil
To get the most out of growing garlic it’s best to grow garlic in full sun, the soil needs to be fertile and well draining.
Dig the soil deeply and break up the soil to a fine tilth so you have an easy to mange seed-bed. That the garlic bulb and break it into cloves. The cloves should be planted root-tip down, pointed tip goes up. You can just push them into the soil or make a hole with a garden dipper and place the clove inside the hole. Place the cloves about 10 to 15cm apart. You can also start growing garlic in containers or pots and many people have great success growing garlic in pots.
Looking after the crop
Garlic is pretty easy to grow all you need to do is keep the area weed free. You might need to water the garlic from March onwards until about two weeks before harvesting the garlic.
Garlic can be attacked by eelworms which will attack the roots and bulbs. Also they can suffer from rust which can literally cover the leaves and stem.
There are 2 types of garlic:
Hardneck – the hardneck bulb varieties don’t store as well as softneck varieties. Hardneck garlic produces a flower stem knows as a ‘scape’, these can be removed from the plant and used in salads.
Softneck – does not produce a flower stem ‘scape’. It will also store much better then the hardneck and keep for longer.
When to harvest
You can harvest hardneck varieties when 30% of the leaves start to go brown. Lift you garlic carefully by put a digging fork nest to the bulbs and gently lifting the fork and pulling the garlic gently on the stem.
Softneck varieties are ready to harvest when at least half the leaves have started drooping to one side.
Then gently brush off the excess mud and leave the garlic to dry – hang the garlic in a dry and sunny position, somewhere where there is a good air movement around or you can hang them in a greenhouse – but you need to let them dry thoroughly.
If you want your garlic to store it’s very important to dry your garlic well as otherwise they can start to rot.
Once dried you can peel back one dirty outer layer to reveal the real beauty of the garlic bulb.
Once dried you can either cut the stems off, or leave them on, and you can try to plait or grapping the bulbs.
It’s best to store garlic in a warm environment. Keep it in a utility room or hang it in your kitchen.
I hope that you will give growing garlic a go on your vegetable patch – below are some garlic videos from my own garden. | <urn:uuid:20efef07-e6db-4f9e-aff9-acb30f300225> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.vegetable-gardening.net/growing-garlic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120338.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00050-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948687 | 733 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Awareness on Power consumption is becoming vital these days. The proposed system is made up of postpaid billing system which uses GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) to provide effective and efficient power meter reading, usage notification and distribution through wireless communication. The postpaid meter is important in making the consumer having sense about his/her energy consumption which is important in eliminating the difficulties facing the electrical utility employee in getting the reading of the conventional electromechanical meter and eliminating any error incurred in bills issuing. The designed digital meter consists of GSM module, a microcontroller, a digital meter & a wireless gateway. This proposed prototype of energy metering system comprises of two main parts; clients and server. A GSM module is used to read the ID of the SIM (Subscriber Identification Module) card. The server is located in the local substation which receives the SIM ID from clients and sends ID’s information back to the client after checking and/or updating the database. Moreover the system also display the amount of energy consumed on the LCD (Liquid Crystal Display).
The aim of the Research Project is to develop a system which uses microcontroller as a central part to provide postpaid services, and it uses GSM to update the WAPDA (Water and Power Development Authority Pakistan) about the unit consumed with time and date. So that consumer will be aware of their usage and for provider’s error occur and resources use can be reduced.
Energy Meter, CT (Current Transformer), PT (Potential Transformer), RTC (Real Time Clock) GSM Module, Substation, WAPDA
An energy meter is a device that is able to measure electric energy at any instant of time. The data on energy consumption is very important for the study about energy demand especially on domestic loads. But the meters in paste were very expensive because of the expensive hardware such as CTs & PTs installed in it. It therefore, was the need of the day to design such a meter that could efficiently measure the electrical energy consumed by home appliances such as electric irons electric kettle, motors, television, lighting loads etc, and thus the Digital Energy meter was developed. Some of the main features of this meter is that its robust, user friendly and informative enough for the purpose of simple data collection.
In this research project I have designed & interfaced the hardware with the microcontroller. In this hardware design, the energy consumed is determined in a digital form. The main role of the microcontroller is to execute the output signal on the soft code specially written to calculate energy cost and to convert digital energy signals to binary code decimal (BCD). The total energy consumption done by the appliances and its cost charged is displayed on the liquid crystal display (LCD) .
For a customer to pay the electricity bill, he/she should install an energy meter that measures the amount of electrical energy consumed by the customer. This meter needs to be calibrated and sealed so that the client cannot mess with its hardware. The meter has to be read instantly and then the data collected will be processed and a bill will be issued. This bill will be sent on the client’s address in order to pay it . Moreover, the Distribution companies (Discos) are facing many problems in terms of technical & non-technical losses. They are unable to keep track of the changing maximum demand for domestic consumers . The above mentioned process requires employers to collect data, issue bills and distribute them , collect money, facing cash money carrying risk and other troubles which might be encountered. All these above stated problems can be resolved by making use of this new technology called the digital energy metering.
The main objective of prototype is to design digital meter which is capable of providing the postpaid services. This system uses microcontroller as a central part to provide the features like real time monitoring of the units measurement, and display the units consumed on LCD. So that at the end of month one can have the information about the units consumed with proper date and time of units consumed.
The scope of this work includes using, assembly to program microcontroller, build hardware for the system, and interface the hardware to microcontroller and different electronics components like LCD, GSM module etc .
Physical Modelling & Hardware Implementation Process
Before implementing the circuit diagram block diagram should be made for the sake of simplicity, so that later on circuit diagram is easy to be made, figure given below that microcontroller is the central part of project, it controlling the processes like, how much units were consumed, sending units consumed information to the WAPDA with date and time, controlling and displaying the information on LCD. C.T is used to measure the current drawn by the load through ADC (Analog to Digital Converter), and displaying the information on LCD. Where RTC (Real Time Clock) is used for the date and time of units consumed.
illustration not visible in this excerpt
Figure.1 Block Diagram
Before implementing the hardware, circuit diagram should be made so that it is easy to implement the hardware and in case of any error it should be removed easily.
A circuit diagram shows the connection between all the components and interfaces with controller. Starting from the regulator, this is used to provide a smooth 5V DC voltage, which is used to operate microcontroller, GSM module, LCD, ADC etc.
The circuit shown below is shows the interfacing of all the components with each other, the microcontroller is used as a central part which is controlling all the process. Port 1 is interfaced with the ADC which measure the current drawn by load, on the basis of that units will be count and display it on LCD, the LCD is interfaced with port 0. Where all the information of the units consumed will be sanded through GSM module which is interfaced with pin 10 and 11 of the controller. Where RTC is used to send the exact time and date of units consumed. Where the interfacing of all the components with each other is given in below figure.
illustration not visible in this excerpt
Figure.2 Circuit Diagram
- Quote paper
- Muhammad Junaid (Author), 2015, Digital Energy Metering with Real Time Reading & Monitoring by using GSM Technology, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/289192 | <urn:uuid:606362a0-9243-4513-985a-01c372ff6412> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.grin.com/document/289192 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153223.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727072531-20210727102531-00150.warc.gz | en | 0.921996 | 1,289 | 2.625 | 3 |
The first thing we do in the morning usually determines how the rest of our day will transpire. Normally, many of us rush out the door on our way to work, not giving much thought to our bodies or what we put into them. As we wake up, our bodies require hydration to eliminate toxins and rejuvenate our cells. However, that glass of water you drink each morning can be made even more effective and healing by adding a couple slices of lemon to it!
Lemon contains many antioxidants and can boost the immune system naturally with its high levels of vitamin C, bioflavonoids, citric acid, calcium, magnesium, pectin, and limonene.
Warm lemon water provides the body with oxygen and hydration while also stabilizing our pH levels.
Obviously, we all need water to survive, but adding lemon can make water even more beneficial to the human body. Experts recommend drinking half your weight in ounces of water each day, but just adding lemon to your morning glass of water can set you up for great digestion and energy for the rest of the day.
Many of us reach for cold water in the morning, but warm water actually helps to get our systems flowing much more easily since it takes less energy to process. Once you have your water, simply add half a squeezed lemon to it. The rest of the day can include hot or cold lemon water – whichever one you like best.
Our bodies contain about 60% water, but unfortunately, many of us don’t drink enough of it. Adding lemon to your water intake provides nutrients like vitamin C, iron, calcium, potassium, and fiber. Plus, since the lemon adds flavor to the water, it might encourage you to up your water consumption!
To give you even more good news, many people have successfully used hot lemon water as a substitute for coffee. So if you’ve been trying to find a sustainable way to give up caffeine, drinking warm lemon water could do the trick.
HERE ARE 25 THINGS THAT HAPPEN TO YOUR BODY WHEN YOU DRINK LEMON WATER EVERY DAY
1. Lemon water can lessen your chance of having a stroke, according to the American Heart Association
2. It can give you clear skin and reduce signs of aging, including diminishing the signs of fine lines and wrinkles
3. Detoxes and cleanses the system according to a study on lemon water’s ability to improve the natural function of the liver
4. It can improve your mood and stabilize emotions
5. Balances your body’s natural pH levels
6. Lessens joint inflammation and relieves pain
7. Lemon water can help with hangovers
8. Keeps you fuller longer, staving off hunger
9. Eliminates constipation
10. Lemon water keeps your breath fresh
11. It keeps your respiratory system functioning optimally
12. Lemon water prevents urinary tract infections
13. It keeps you hydrated and prevents adrenal fatigue
14. Regulates your metabolism
15. Lemon water enhances brain power
16. It strengthens your immune system
17. Reduces mucus buildup
18. Cleans out your intestines
19. Enhances digestive health
20. Increases your overall health
21. It can get rid of a high fever
22. Lemon water can prevent kidney stones
23. It helps you breathe better
24. Lemon water can alleviate headaches
25. It literally makes you feel lighter and healthier overall
CLICK NEXT PAGE BELOW TO CONTINUE READING … | <urn:uuid:601525fb-b9b3-4876-b07b-34a89c666a38> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.low-points.com/25-things-that-happen-to-your-body-when-you-drink-lemon-water-every-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156192.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919102700-20180919122700-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.90728 | 728 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Exposition of the Old and New Testament, by John Gill, [1746-63], at sacred-texts.com
deu 25:0INTRODUCTION TO DEUTERONOMY 25
Several laws are contained in this chapter, as concerning beating such whose crimes required it, Deu 25:1; of not muzzling the ox in treading out the corn, Deu 25:4; of marrying a deceased brother's wife, when there was no issue, and of the disgrace of such that refused it, Deu 25:5; of the punishment of an immodest woman, Deu 25:11; and against bad weights and measures, Deu 25:13; and for the utter destruction of Amalek, Deu 25:17.
deu 25:1If there be a controversy between men,.... Between two or more:
and they come unto judgment; into a court of judicature, bring their cause thither:
that the judges may judge them; who were never less than three; the great sanhedrim at Jerusalem consisted of seventy one, the lesser court was of twenty three, and the least of all three only:
then they shall justify the righteous, and condemn the wicked: acquit the one, whose cause is good, and condemn the other to punishment, who is guilty of a crime, and as that deserves; which is to do righteous judgment; the contrary to this is an abomination to the Lord, Pro 17:15.
deu 25:2And it shall be, if the wicked man be worthy to be beaten,.... There were four kinds of death criminals were put to by the Jews, stoning, strangling, burning, and slaying with the sword; and such crimes not as severe as these were punished with beating or scourging; and who they were that were worthy to be beaten is at large set forth in the Misnic treatise called Maccoth (x), or "stripes", which are too many to be transcribed. Maimonides says (y), that all negative precepts in the law, for the breach of which men are guilty of cutting off, but not of death by the sanhedrim, are to be beaten. They are in all twenty one, and so all deserving of death by the hand of heaven; and they are eighteen, and all negative precepts of the law broken, for which there is neither cutting off nor death by a court of judicature, for these men are to be beaten, and they are one hundred and sixty eight; and all that are to be beaten are found to be two hundred and seven:
that the judge shall cause him to lie down; which seems to be on the floor of the court, since it was to be done immediately, and in the presence of the judge; and the Jews gather (z) from hence, that he was to be beaten neither standing, nor sitting, but bowed; that is, ye shall command or order him to lie down, or to fall upon the ground with his face towards it:
and to be beaten before his face; in the presence of the judge, that the sentence might be properly executed, neither exceeded not diminished; and indeed all the judges were to be present, especially the bench of three; while he was beating, the chief of the judges read the passage in Deu 28:58; and he that was next to him counted the strokes, and the third at every blow said Smite (a): of the manner of beating or scourging; see Gill on Mat 10:17,
according to his fault, by a certain number; as his crime and wickedness was more or less heinous, more or fewer stripes were to be laid on him; as ten or twenty, fewer or more, according to the nature of his offence, as Aben Ezra observes, only he might not add above forty; though he says there are some who say that according to his fault the stripes are larger or lesser, but all of them in number forty.
(x) Ib. c. 3. sect. 1. 2, 3, &c. (y) Hilchot Sanhedrin, c. 19. sect. 1. (z) Misn. Maccot, c. 3. sect. 13. (a) Maimon & Bartenora in ib. sect. 14.
deu 25:3Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed,.... And that this number might not be exceeded, it is ordered by the Jewish canons that only thirty nine should be given; for it is asked (b),"with how many stripes do they beat him? with forty, save one, as it is said, in number "forty" that is, in the number which is next to forty;''this they make out by joining the last word of Deu 25:2 with the first of this; and that this was an ancient sense of the law, and custom upon it, appears by the execution of it on the Apostle Paul; who was not indulged, but suffered the extremity of it as it was then understood; see Gill on Co2 11:24; moreover, that they might not exceed this number, they used to make a scourge of three lashes, so that every strike they fetched with it was reckoned for three stripes, and thirteen of them made thirty nine; wherefore if they added another stroke, it would have exceeded the number of stripes by two:
lest if he should exceed, and beat him above these with many stripes; they might diminish them, if a man was weak, and not able to bear them; but they might not exceed them, if a man was as strong as Samson, as Maimonides (c) says:
then thy brother should seem vile unto thee; as if he was a beast, and not a man, and much less a brother. The Targum of Jonathan is,"lest he be in danger, and thy brother be vile;''lest he be in danger of his life, and become vile, as a dead carcass; so the apostle calls dead bodies "vile bodies", Phi 3:21; or in danger of being maimed, and becoming lame or deformed, and so be contemptible: and this punishment of beating with the Jews was not reckoned, according to their writers, reproachful, and as fixing a brand of infamy upon a person; but they were still reckoned brethren, and restored to their former dignities, whatsoever they possessed; so Maimonides (d) says,"whoever commits a crime, and is beaten, he returns to his dignity, as it is said, "lest thy brother be vile in thine eyes"; when he is beaten, lo, he is thy brother; an high priest, that commits a crime, is beaten by three (i.e. a bench of three judges, by their order), as the rest of all the people, and he returns to his grandeur; but the head of the session (or court of judicature), that commits a crime, they beat him, but he does not return to his principality, nor even return to be as one of the rest of the sanhedrim; for they ascend in holiness, but do not descend.''And yet Josephus represents it as a most infamous and scandalous punishment, as one would think indeed it should be; his words are (e), speaking of the laws concerning travellers being allowed to gather grapes, and pluck ears of corn as they passed;"he that does contrary to these laws receives forty stripes, save one, with a public scourge; a free man undergoes this most filthy (or disgraceful) punishment, because for the sake of gain he reproaches his dignity.''
(b) Misn. Maccot, c. 3. sect. 10. Vid. Buxtorf. Synagog. Jud. c. 25. p. 522, 523. (c) Hilchot Sanhedrin, c. 17. sect. 1. (d) Ibid. sect. 7, 8, 9. (e) Antiqu. l. 4. c. 8. sect. 21.
deu 25:4Thou shall not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out the corn. As oxen are used in ploughing, so likewise in treading or beating out the corn; of the manner of which; see Gill on Co1 9:9; now while it was thus employed, it might not be restrained by any means from eating the corn as it had an opportunity, either by a muzzle put over its mouth, or other ways. The Gentiles had several ways of restraining their cattle from eating, while they thus made use of them, to which this law is opposed. Maimonides (f) has collected several or them together, as prohibited by it; as putting a thorn into its mouth, causing a lion to lie down by it, or causing its calf to lie down without, or spreading a skin on the top of the corn, that so it may not eat. Aelianus (g) relates a very particular way of hindering oxen from eating at such times, used some countries, which was this; that oxen might not eat of the ears of corn, in a floor where they were trod out, they used to besmear their nostrils with cows' dung, which was so disagreeable to the creature, that it would not taste anything though pressed with famine. This law is not to be limited to the ox only, or to this peculiar work assigned it; but, as Jarchi says, respects any sort of cattle, and whatsoever work that has food in it, none of them being to be restrained from eating while at work: and this law was not made for the creatures only, but for men also; and especially for the sake of ministers of the word; who for their strength, labour, and industry, are compared to oxen, and ought to be comfortably supported and maintained on account of their work; for the illustration and confirmation of which this passage is twice produced; see Gill on Co1 9:9; See Gill on Co1 9:10; See Gill on Ti1 5:17; See Gill on Ti1 5:18.
(f) Hilchot Shecirut, c. 13. sect. 2, 3. (g) Hist. Animal. l. 4. c. 25.
deu 25:5If brethren dwell together,.... Not only in the same country, province, town, or city, but in the same house; such who had been from their youth brought up together in their father's house, and now one of them being married, as the case put supposes, they that were unmarried might live with him, and especially if the father was dead; and so may except such as were abroad, and in foreign countries, or at such a distance that this law coals not well be observed by them; though the Targum of Jonathan, and so Jarchi, interpret it of their being united in an inheritance, all by virtue of relation having a claim to their father's inheritance; so that it mattered not where they dwelt, it is the relation that is regarded, and their right of inheritance; and the above Targum describes them as brethren on the father's side, and so Jarchi says excepts his brother on the mother's side; for brethren by the mother's side, in case of inheritance, and the marrying of a brother's wife, were not reckoned brethren, as Maimonides (h) observes; who adds, that there is no brotherhood but on the father's side. Some think that when there were no brethren in a strict and proper sense, the near kinsmen, sometimes called brethren, were to do the office here enjoined, and which they conclude from the case of Boaz and Ruth; but Aben Ezra contradicts this, and says that instance is no proof of it, it respecting another affair, not marriage, but redemption; and says that brethren, absolutely and strictly speaking are here meant; which is agreeably to their tradition (i):
and one of them die, and have no child: son, or daughter, son's son, or daughter's son, or daughter's daughter, as Jarchi notes; if there were either of these, children or grandchildren, of either sex, there was no obligation to marry a brother's wife; so, in the case put to Christ, there was no issue, the person was childless, Mat 22:24,
the wife of the dead shall not marry without unto a stranger; by whom is meant not a Gentile, or a proselyte of the gate, or of righteousness, but any Israelite whatever, that was not of her husband's family; she might not marry out of the family; that is, she was refused by all, the design of the law being to secure inheritances, and continue them in families to which they belonged:
her husband's brother shall go in unto her, and take her to him to wife; that is, supposing him to be unmarried, and this is indeed supposed in the first clause of the text, by dwelling with his brother; for had he been married, he would have dwelt with his wife and family apart; besides, if this law obliged a married man to marry his brother's wife, polygamy would be required and established by a law of God, which was never otherwise than permitted. This is to be understood of the eldest brother, as Jarchi, who is in an unmarried state; so it is said in the Misnah (k),"the command is upon the eldest to marry his brother's wife; if he will not, they go to all the brethren; if they will not, they return to the eldest; and say to him, upon thee is the commandment, either allow the shoe to be plucked off, or marry;''and such a course we find was taken among the Jews in our Lord's time, Mat 22:25,
and perform the duty of an husband's brother to her; cohabit together as man and wife, in order to raise up seed to his brother, and perform all the offices and duties of an husband to a wife; but the marriage solemnity was not to take place when it was agreed to, until three months or ninety days had passed from the death of the brother, that it might be known whether she was with child or no by her husband, and in such a case this law had no force; so runs the Jewish canon (l)"a brother's wife may not pluck off the shoe, nor be married, until three months;''that is, after her husband's death.
(h) Hilchot Yebum Vechalitzah, c, 1, sect, 7. (i) Misn. Yebamot, c. 4. sect. 5. (k) Yebamot, c. 4. sect. 5. (l) Ib. sect. 10.
deu 25:6And it shall be that the firstborn that she beareth,.... To her husband's brother, now married to her:
shall succeed in the name of his brother which is dead; the meaning is, as the Targum of Jonathan,"he shall rise up in the inheritance in the name of his brother;''or, as Jarchi expresses it,"he shall take the inheritance of the deceased in the goods of his father;''that is, he shall have his part and share in the inheritance that the deceased brother would have had if he had lived, which would come to him by his father:
that his name be not put out of Israel; that the family be not lost in Israel, and the inheritance belonging to it pass to another. This law was designed to keep families distinct, and inheritances in them, until the Messiah came, and that it might appear from what family he came; as he did from one in whom, as it is generally thought, this law took place: and it might have still a more special respect to him, as Ainsworth suggests; for Christ in the mystical sense may be signified by the deceased brother; he stands in the relation of a brother to his people, and has all the love, friendship, compassion, and condescension of one; he and they are of one and the same father, of the same family, and of the same nature, and have the same inheritance they being co-heirs with him; nor is he ashamed to own the relation. This brother of theirs is deceased; his death was according to the will of God, what he himself agreed to, and was foretold by the prophets; for which purpose he came into the world, and did die as to the flesh, and that for the sins of his people. Now the Jewish church was his wife, by whom he had no children through the law; that church was espoused to him, he stood in the relation of an husband to her, and she in the relation of a wife to him. Very few children were brought forth by her to him, see, Isa 54:1; and none by the law, by which there is no regeneration, but by the Gospel; it is through that, and not the law, the Spirit and his graces come; or souls are born again to Christ, renewed and sanctified. The apostles that survived Christ, and the ministers of the Gospel, are his brethren, Joh 20:17; and who are instruments in begetting souls to Christ; and these are a seed raised up unto him, and are called not after the name of the apostles and ministers of the word, through whose ministry they are begotten, Co1 1:12; but after Christ; and have the name of Christians, or anointed ones, from him, and by which means his name is, and will be continued as long as the sun endures, Act 11:26.
deu 25:7And the man like not to take his brother's wife,.... The provision here made by this law, when this was the case, is such as did not take place before it became a law; for then Onan would have taken the advantage of it, and refused marrying his brother's wife, which it is plain was not agreeable to him, Gen 38:9; as many do now on one account or another. Leo of Modena (l) says,"it was anciently accounted the more laudable thing to take her, than to release her; but now the corruption of the times, and the hardness of men's hearts, are such, as that they only look after worldly ends, either of riches, or of the beauty of the woman; so that there are very few that in this case will marry a brother's widow, especially among the Dutch and Italian Jews, but they always release her:"
then let his brother's wife go up to the gate; to the gate of the city, where the judges sit for public affairs; to the gate of the sanhedrim, or court of judicature, as the Targum of Jonathan; and this affair was cognizable by the bench of three judges, and might be dispatched by them; for so it is said (m),"the plucking off the shoe, and the refusal of marriage, are by three:''i.e. three judges, which was the lowest court of judicature with the Jews:
unto the elders, and say; which according to the above Targum were to be five wise men, of which three were to be judges, and two witnesses; and she was to say in the Hebrew language, in which, according to the Misnah (n), she was to pronounce what follows:
my husband's brother refuseth to raise up unto his brother a name in Israel, he will not perform the duty of my husband's brother; that is, in a few words, he will not marry her.
(l) Ut supra, sect. 3. (Leo Modena's History of Rites, &c. l. 1 sect. 3.) (m) Misn. Sanhedrin, c. 1. sect. 3. (n) Sotah, c. 7. sect. 2.
deu 25:8Then the elders of his city shall call him,.... Require him to come, before them, and declare his resolution, and the reasons for it; recite this law to him, and explain the nature of it, and exhort him to comply with it, or show reason why he does not, at least to have his final resolution upon it:
and speak unto him; talk with him upon this subject, and give him their best advice; and what that was Maimonides (o) more particularly informs us; if it is good and advisable to marry, they advise him to marry; but if it is better advice to pluck off the shoe, they give it; as when she is young and he is old, or she is old and he young, they advise him to allow the shoe to be plucked off:
and if he stand to it: and say, I like not to take her; if, after all the conversation, debate, and counsel between them, he is resolute, and abides by his first determination, that he will not marry her, then the following method was to be taken.
(o) Yebum Vechalitzab, c. 4. sect. 1.
deu 25:9Then shall his brother's wife come unto him in the presence of the elders,.... The time and place being appointed the evening before by three Rabbins, and two witnesses, as Leo of Modena says (p); of which she was apprized, and ordered to come tasting:
and loose his shoe from off his foot; his right foot, which was thus done;"they bring him a leather shoe, which has a heel, but not sewed with linen (linen thread), and he puts it on the right foot, and binds the latchet on his foot, and stands, he and she, in the court; he fixes his foot on the ground, and she sits and stretches out her hand in the court, and looses the latchet of his shoe from off his foot, and pulls off his shoe, and casts it to the ground (q):''this he suffered to be done to show that he gave up his right to her; and he was so used by way of reproach, to signify that he deserved not to be reckoned among freemen, but among servants and slaves, that went barefooted, having no shoes on: and in the mystical sense of it, as Ainsworth observes, it spiritually signified, that such as would not beget children unto Christ (or preach his Gospel for that purpose), it should be declared of them that their feet are not shod with the preparation of the Gospel of Christ, Eph 6:15,
and spit in his face; in a way of contempt, as a token of shame and disgrace; but the Jewish writers generally interpret this in a softer manner, as if it was not in his face, but in his presence, upon the floor, and seen by the judges (r):
and shall answer and say, so shall it be done unto the man that will not build up his brother's house; that is, in this contemptuous and shameful manner shall he be used.
(p) Ut supra, sect. 4. (Leo Modena's Hostory of Rites, &c. l. 1. sect. 4.) (q) Maimon. ut supra, (Yebum Vechalitzab, c. 4.) sect. 6. (r) Ibid. sect. 7. Targum & Jarchi in loc.
deu 25:10And his name shall be called in Israel,.... Not his particular and personal name, but his family; for it seems that not only a mark of infamy was set upon him for refusing to marry his brother's widow, but upon his family also:
the house of him that hath his shoe loosed; which, as Leo of Modena says (s), was repeated by her three times; and at every time the people with a loud voice answer and call him, one that had his shoe loosed; and then the Rabbin tells the man that he is at liberty now to marry whom he pleases; and if he desires a certificate from them of this setting free his kinswoman, they presently give him one; and she also had a writing given to her by the judges, certifying the same, that she was free also to marry another; of which the following is a short form or copy (t)."In such or such a session (or court), such an one, the daughter of such an one, plucked off the shoe of such an one, the son of such an one, before us; she brought him before us, and she loosed the shoe of his right foot, and spit before him spittle, which was seen by us upon the ground; and said, so shall it be done to the man that would not build up his brother's house.''A larger form may be seen in Maimonides (u), as well as a type and copy of the matrimonial contract. From this law an high priest was free, Lev 21:14; and so a king, according to the Jewish canon (w).
(s) History, ut supra, sect. 5. (Leo Modena's History of Rites, &c. l. 1. sect. 5.) (t) T. Hieros. Sanhedrin, fol. 19. 1. (u) Hilchot Yebum Vechalitzah, c. 4. sect. 29. (w) Misn. Sanhedrin, c. 2. sect. 2.
deu 25:11When men strive together, one with another,.... Quarrel with one another, and come to blows, and strive for mastery, which shall beat, and be the best man:
and the wife of the one draweth near for to deliver her husband out of the hand of him that smiteth him; perceiving that his antagonist has more skill or strength, or both, for fighting, and is an more than a match for her husband, who is like to be much bruised and hurt; wherefore, to save him out of the hands of the smiter, she goes up to them to part them, or take her husband's side:
and putteth forth her hand, and taketh him by the secrets; or privy parts; in Hebrew his "shameful" parts (x), which through shame are hidden, and modesty forbids to express in proper terms; and such is the purity of the Hebrew language, that no obscene words are used in it; for which reason, among others, it is called the holy tongue. This immodest action was done partly out of affection to her husband, to oblige his antagonist to let go his hold of him; and partly out of malice and revenge to him, to spoil him, and make him unfit for generation, and therefore was to be severely punished, as follows.
(x) "verenda ejus", V. L. Pagninus, Montanus, Tigurine version; "pudenda ejus", Piscator.
deu 25:12Then thou shall cut off her hand,.... Which was to be done not by the man that strove with her husband, or by any bystander, but by the civil magistrate or his order. This severity was used to deter women from such an immodest as well as injurious action, who on such an occasion are very passionate and inconsiderate. Our Lord is thought to refer to this law, Mat 5:30; though the Jewish writers interpret this not of actual cutting off the hand, but of paying a valuable consideration, a price put upon it; so Jarchi; and Aben Ezra compares it with the law of retaliation, "eye for eye", Exo 21:24; which they commonly understand of paying a price for the both, &c. lost; and who adds, if she does not redeem her hand (i.e. by a price) it must be cut off:
thine eye shall not pity her; on account of the tenderness of her sex, or because of the plausible excuse that might be made for her action, being done hastily and in a passion, and out of affection to her husband; but these considerations were to have no place with the magistrate, who was to order the punishment inflicted, either in the strict literal sense, or by paying a sum of money.
deu 25:13Thou shalt not have in thy bag divers weights,.... Or, "a stone and a stone" (y); it being usual, in those times and countries, to have their weights of stone, as it was formerly with us here; we still say, that such a commodity is worth so much per stone, a stone being of such a weight; now these were not to be different:
a great and a small; great weights, to buy with them, and small weights, to sell with them, as the Targum of Jonathan paraphrases it.
(y) "lapis et lapis", Montanus, Vatablus, Piscator.
deu 25:14Thou shall not have in thine house divers, measures,.... Or, "an ephah and an ephah"; which was one sort of measure in use with the Jews, and held above a bushel; and is put for all others, which should be alike, and not
a great and a small; one to buy with, and another to sell by, as before observed; which would be to cheat both seller and buyer in their turns; see Amo 8:5.
deu 25:15But thou shall have a perfect and just weight, a perfect and just measure shall thou have,.... That is, full weights, and full measures; and such as are alike, and everywhere used, according to the standard of the country; See Gill on Lev 19:36,
that thy days may be lengthened in the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee; long life was always reckoned a blessing, and is frequently promised to, obedience, and particularly long life in the land of Canaan; which was a most delightful and fruitful land, and which a man might wish to live long in; deceitful men, are threatened with not living half their days, and such may they be said to be that use false weights and measures, Psa 55:23.
deu 25:16For all that do such things,.... Keep, different weights and measures, and make use of them to defraud their neighbours in buying and selling:
and all that do unrighteously; what is not just and right between man and man, in any other instance whatever:
are an abomination unto the Lord thy God; both they and their actions; he is a righteous God, and loves righteousness, and hates injustice of every kind.
deu 25:17Remember what Amalek did unto thee,.... The Amalekites, how they came out against them, and fought with them at Rephidim, Exo 17:8,
by the way, when ye were come forth out of Egypt; which was an aggravation of their cruel and inhuman action, that they not only came out against them unprovoked, were the aggressors, and fell upon them as they were travelling on the road, but when they were just come out of Egypt, where they had been in hard bondage, and their spirits broken, and they not used to war; and so took them at all these disadvantages, a people that had not in the least injured them.
deu 25:18How he met thee by the way,.... Not with necessary provisions, food and drink, which would have been but a piece of kindness and humanity to travellers; but met them sword in hand, in order to stop their journey, and make them captives, at least to harass and distress them:
and smote the hindmost of thee; came upon them in a sly cowardly manner, and attacked their rear:
even all that were feeble behind thee: women and children, and such men as were weak, sickly, labouring under some disorder, and so lagged behind, and could not keep up with the rest; on these Amalek first fell, and began his attack here:
when thou wast faint and weary; with travelling, and the more so for want of water, which was their case at Rephidim, when Amalek came out against them; which is another aggravation of their unkind usage of them they were not to forget:
and he feared not God; who was then in the pillar of cloud and fire with Israel, which phenomenon Amalek might see, and yet did not fear; and who had done such wonders for Israel in Egypt, and had brought them from thence, and had drowned Pharaoh and his host in the Red sea, of which doubtless Amalek had heard, and yet feared not the Lord, who had done such great things.
deu 25:19Therefore it shall be, when the Lord thy God hath given thee rest from all thine enemies round about,.... Not only when they had subdued the Canaanites, and got possession of their land, but when they were clear and free from all their neighbouring nations, Moabites, Midianites, Edomites, Ammonites, and Philistines; wherefore it may be observed, that this did not take place, as not immediately after the conquest of Canaan, so neither in the times of the judges, when they were harassed frequently by their neighbours, and not until the times of Saul, the first king of Israel:
in the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee for an inheritance to possess it; the sense is, when they were in the full possession of the land given them by the Lord, as an inheritance to be enjoyed by them and theirs; and were at an entire rest from all enemies, and so had their hands at liberty to employ against Amalek:
that thou shalt blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven: that is, utterly destroy them, so that there should be none left of them any where, to put in mind that there ever were such a people on earth; men, women, children, cattle of all sorts, were to be destroyed, and nothing left that belonged unto them; that it might not be said this beast was Amalek's, as Jarchi, and to the same purpose Aben Ezra; see the order for this renewed, and the accomplishment of it, at least in part, Sa1 15:2, &c.
thou shall not forget it; neither the unkindness of Amalek, nor this order to destroy him. The Targum of Jonathan adds,"and even in the days of the King Messiah it shall not be forgotten.'' | <urn:uuid:851887f6-f00f-4459-bddc-d1155c0ea527> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/cmt/gill/deu025.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131304625.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172144-00035-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98582 | 7,323 | 2.609375 | 3 |
H5N1 strain could start wave of bird flu outbreaks
Reuters / Tan Ee Lyn | October 30 2006
Scientists in Hong Kong and the United States have detected a new strain of H5N1 bird flu virus in China and warned it might have started another wave of outbreaks in poultry in Southeast Asia and move deeper into Eurasia.
The strain, called the "Fujian-like virus" because it was first isolated in China's southern Fujian province in March 2005, has increasingly been detected since October 2005 in poultry in six provinces in China, displacing other H5N1 strains.
The strain might also have become resistant to vaccines, which China began using on a large scale from September 2005 to protect poultry from H5N1, said the scientists.
The researchers are from the University of Hong Kong, including virologists Guan Yi and Malik Peiris, and Rob Webster of St Jude Children's Research Hospital in the United States.
"The predominance of this Fujian-like virus appears to be responsible for the increased prevalence of H5N1 in poultry since October 2005 and recent human infection cases in China," they said in an article published in the U.S.-based Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (www.pnas.org).
"It has already caused poultry outbreaks in Laos, Malaysia and Thailand, and human disease in Thailand. It is likely that this variant has already initiated a third wave of transmission throughout Southeast Asia and may spread further in Eurasia."
The first wave of H5N1 outbreaks occurred in late 2003 and 2004 in many parts of Asia. The second wave started in China's Qinghai Lake in May 2005 and that strain has since been found in parts of Europe, Africa and the Middle East.
The virus has killed more than 150 people since late 2003 and remains largely a disease among birds. But experts fear it could trigger a flu pandemic and kill millions of people if it mutates into a strain that can pass from human to human.
The researchers collected 53,220 fecal samples from chickens, geese and ducks in poultry markets in six Chinese provinces between July 2005 and June 2006. Of these, 1,294 tested positive for H5N1.
But genetic sequencing of viruses collected from October 2005 onwards showed the Fujian strain was clearly becoming predominant over other H5N1 strains. Between April and June this year, 103 out of 108 H5N1-positive samples were of the Fujian type.
"That's pretty conclusive proof that this new variant is predominant," said Gavin Smith, one of the researchers in the Hong Kong team.
To test how well vaccinated poultry could stand up to various strains of H5N1, the researchers collected 1,113 blood samples from chickens from November 2005 to April 2006.
Only 180 samples, or 16 percent, tested positive for H5N1 antibodies. They were exposed to 3 strains of H5N1 -- namely the Yunnan, Guiyang and Fujian-like strains.
The antibodies managed to neutralize the Yunnan and Guiyang strains, but had little or no effect on the Fujian virus.
"The market poultry, many of them don't have antibodies against H5 virus and those that do are not well protected against the Fujian virus, which is why we think the Fujian-like virus has been able to grow because other (strains) have been suppressed," Smith told Reuters in an interview.
"What happens with vaccines is that you basically introduce something that kills off most of the viruses, but there are always going to be some viruses that can escape from it."
"TerrorStorm is something that should be seen by everyone, no matter what their stance/affiliation/political bent. " - Rich Rosell, Digitally Obsessed UK
Get TerrorStorm on DVD today
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Just like us, our pets are exposed to a myriad of diseases everywhere they go. Immunizations are a critical link to your pet’s health and longevity.
What Does It Mean to Immunize My Pet?
The immunization of a pet is the process of vaccinating the pet against one or more potentially debilitating and potentially lethal diseases. A vaccination is the introduction of an antigen (something that looks like a specific disease to the body, but does not cause the disease) in order to stimulate the immune system to be ready to fight against the actual disease to reduce or eliminate the symptoms and consequences of the disease.
What Is the Reality of the Threat?
Meeting other animals, exposure to ticks, fleas, and worms, and other environmental exposures can introduce our pets to a wide array of debilitating or life threating diseases. The threat to your pet is real and it is critical to make sure that they are protected so they can live long, healthy lives.
The basic immunizations your pet should have include distemper, hepatitis, parvovirus, and rabies. If you board your pet or if your pet goes to day care, the dog park or another environment with other animals, tell your veterinarian so they can help navigate the other potential vaccinations that they may require.
You should also talk to your veterinarian about other disease prevention measures that you should consider based on your environment, specific geographical location, and normal activities that you and your pet enjoy. These threats may include fleas, ticks, poisonous plants, parks, or open areas know to have risks of rabies, hantavirus, or other potential health risks.
Can There Be Side Effects?
Just like with people, our pets can have side effects from receiving a vaccination. Most side effects are temporary and minor. Your veterinarian will be able to explain what each specific vaccine is for and what the potential side effects might be.
Where To Get More Information
The best source of information is your veterinarian and the local SPCA. If your pet needs vaccinations or if you want an evaluation of your home environment, consider using a mobile veterinarian. In the Salem, Oregon area you can always rely on Rolling Vet Animal Care. Learn more at www.rollingvet.com or 503-400-7992. | <urn:uuid:1e5f5f96-2650-4950-99b9-d9a1ea639b42> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://rollingvet.com/why-immunizations-are-important/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703509104.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117020341-20210117050341-00755.warc.gz | en | 0.919276 | 466 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Researchers from Tuskegee University in Alabama conducted a study targeted at finding a way to incorporate natural and fresh antioxidants into the diets of astronauts while traveling in space. They grew 18 different varieties of hydroponic carrots using two different methods of nutrient delivery. Growing carrots hydroponically cultivates the vegetables by placing the roots in liquid nutrient solutions rather than in soil.
Among all foods, carrots have the highest carotenoid content. They also contain a natural pigment known for provitamin A and have been associated with protection against cancer, cardiovascular diseases, cataracts and macular degeneration as well as enhancing the immune response. Astronauts can be exposed to elevated levels of radiation, which might put them at risk for some types of cancer. Researchers believe that the addition of unprocessed carrots to their diets may help reduce the negative effects of radiation and cancer development.
The hydroponically grown carrots were issued nutrients in two different methods. One method is the nutrient film technique (NFT), in which the roots were exposed to a nutrient solution within a plastic film trough. The second method is the microporous tube membrane system (MTMS), in which nutrient tubes were embedded into Turface—a material similar to crushed clay— where the carrots were planted.
All carrots were harvested 70 days after planting. They were tested for moisture, fat and carotene content as well as color and texture. Consumer testing also occurred to test the acceptability of the hydroponic carrots. This group evaluated color, crunchiness, sweetness, fibrousness, blandness and overall preference of the 18 different carrot types grown using NFT and MTMS.
The study concluded that hydroponic carrots grown using the MTMS method were most appealing to consumers due to their color and more carrot-like appearance. Moisture contents were similar among all hydroponic carrots as was the carotene content. Lead researcher A.C. Bovell-Benjamin stated, “The Nevis-F carrot cultivar grown using the NFT method had the highest carotenoid content and acceptability among consumers, and therefore, it will be the most likely choice for inclusion in NASA’s food system.”
To receive a copy of the study, please contact Jeannie Houchins at [email protected].
© 2009 Institute of Food Technologists
Jeannie Houchins | Newswise Science News
Drone vs. truck deliveries: Which create less carbon pollution?
31.05.2017 | University of Washington
New study: How does Europe become a leading player for software and IT services?
03.04.2017 | Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung (ISI)
Heatwaves in the Arctic, longer periods of vegetation in Europe, severe floods in West Africa – starting in 2021, scientists want to explore the emissions of the greenhouse gas methane with the German-French satellite MERLIN. This is made possible by a new robust laser system of the Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT in Aachen, which achieves unprecedented measurement accuracy.
Methane is primarily the result of the decomposition of organic matter. The gas has a 25 times greater warming potential than carbon dioxide, but is not as...
Hydrogen is regarded as the energy source of the future: It is produced with solar power and can be used to generate heat and electricity in fuel cells. Empa researchers have now succeeded in decoding the movement of hydrogen ions in crystals – a key step towards more efficient energy conversion in the hydrogen industry of tomorrow.
As charge carriers, electrons and ions play the leading role in electrochemical energy storage devices and converters such as batteries and fuel cells. Proton...
Scientists from the Excellence Cluster Universe at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich have establised "Cosmowebportal", a unique data centre for cosmological simulations located at the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ) of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. The complete results of a series of large hydrodynamical cosmological simulations are available, with data volumes typically exceeding several hundred terabytes. Scientists worldwide can interactively explore these complex simulations via a web interface and directly access the results.
With current telescopes, scientists can observe our Universe’s galaxies and galaxy clusters and their distribution along an invisible cosmic web. From the...
Temperature measurements possible even on the smallest scale / Molecular ruby for use in material sciences, biology, and medicine
Chemists at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) in cooperation with researchers of the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)...
Germany counts high-precision manufacturing processes among its advantages as a location. It’s not just the aerospace and automotive industries that require almost waste-free, high-precision manufacturing to provide an efficient way of testing the shape and orientation tolerances of products. Since current inline measurement technology not yet provides the required accuracy, the Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT is collaborating with four renowned industry partners in the INSPIRE project to develop inline sensors with a new accuracy class. Funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), the project is scheduled to run until the end of 2019.
New Manufacturing Technologies for New Products
19.06.2017 | Event News
13.06.2017 | Event News
13.06.2017 | Event News
22.06.2017 | Life Sciences
22.06.2017 | Materials Sciences
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Editor's Note: This information comes from the NASA/JPL Moon Mineralogy Mapper Website, which was taken offline in June 2013. It is archived here to preserve the historical record.
NASA's Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) was one of six guest instruments India's Chandrayaan-1 mission to Earth's moon.
The goal of the M3 instrument was to map the mineral composition of the entire lunar surface at a high resolution. M3 complements the capabilities of the other Chandrayaan-1 instruments, and fulfilled an essential need for remote compositional analysis of the Moon.
The M3 instrument is an imaging spectrometer. It generates images of moon surfaces in long narrow strips and spreads them like a rainbow in push-broom fashion. The acquired images are formed into a multi-colored map of the lunar surface. As the spacecraft orbits the moon, M3's rectangular photodetector quickly records these narrow strip images in a 260-color spectrum. These images are stored in computer memory and transmitted back to earth by radio several times per day. The data is processed and the images are combined to form a map aggregate of the lunar surface.
Sunlight that is reflected from the lunar surface enters the M3 instrument and is imaged by a three mirror telescope (fore-optic). A slit at the entrance to the spectrometer keeps other light out, so the spectrometer can only see this part of the lunar surface. The spectrometer disperses the blue to near infrared light (wavelengths of 400 to 3000 nanometers) onto 260 rows of the detector. This forms 260 images of the ground in a gradient of colors.
M3 sees a 24 degree field-of-view and can make an image that is 40 kilometers wide on the moon's surface. This is imaged onto 600 detector pixels, with each pixel representing 67 meters on the surface. The circumference of the moon is 10,930 kilometers. With overlap, it takes more than 274 image swaths to completely map the moon.
The spectrometer optics were designed to be small and light weight. They were also designed to produce no distortion in either spatial or spectral direction. That means the color sample is the same for all pixels in a row and the ground image is the same for all pixels in a column.
The M3 photodetector array comprises the Teledyne 6604A mercury-cadmium-telluride sensor chip assembly. A set of filters is placed directly in front of the detector to eliminate unwanted light that was introduced by the grating.
Due to the large volume of data that is generated by this imaging spectrometer, and the desire to make a full mineralogical map of the lunar surface, the instrument was designed to operate in two modes. Target Mode provides full resolution for specific targets of interest and Global Mode which averages 2 pixels in the spatial direction and 2 to 4 pixels in the spectral direction and reduces the amount of data by a factor of 12. The priority for operations was to first obtain the full lunar surface in Global Mode, then obtain the most interesting regions using Target Mode.
M3 Instrument - Flight Configuration Pictures
This is the rear view of the M3instrument in Flight Configuration with Optical Bench Assembly (OBA) and Instrument Electronics Assembly (IEA) connected.
M3 Team Photo Collection
| M3 Science Team |
| Thomas Glavich || Project Manager (2005 - 2008), NASA JPL |
| Mary L. White || Project Manager (2008 - End of Mission), NASA JPL |
| Carlé Pieters || Principal Investigator, Brown University |
| Robert O. Green || Instrument Scientist, NASA JPL |
| Joseph Boardman || Geometric Calibration, Analytical Imaging and Geophysics LLC |
| Bonnie Buratti || Photometry Calibration and Validation, NASA JPL |
| Roger N. Clark || Volatiles, Thermal Calibration, USGS |
| James W. Head || Science Targets, Brown University |
| Peter Isaacson || Synthetic Data, Brown University |
| Rachel Klima || Parameter Definition, Brown University |
| Georgiana Kramer || Reflectance Calibration and Data Validation, Bear Fight Center |
| Sarah Lundeen || Instrument Ground Data System, NASA JPL |
| Erick Malaret || Level 2 Data Production, Applied Coherent Technology Corp. |
| Thomas McCord || Reflectance Calibration and Validation, Bear Fight Center |
| Stephanie McLaughlin || Level 2 Data Archive, University of Maryland |
| Daniel Moriarty || System Analyst (2011 - End of Mission), Brown University |
| John F. Mustard || Mixing, Brown University |
| Jeffrey Nettles || System Analyst (2005 - 2010), Brown University |
| Noah Petro || Target Coordinator, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |
| Cassandra Runyon || Education Public Outreach, College of Charleston |
| Matthew Staid || Basalt Composition and Integration, Planetary Science Institute |
| Jessica Sunshine || Special Targets, Level 2 Data Lead, University of Maryland |
| Lawrence Taylor || Resource Targets, Ground Truth, Planetary Geosciences Institute |
| Stefanie Tompkins || Highlands Composition, DARPA |
| Padma Varanasi || Mission Operations, NASA JPL |
Last Updated: 28 August 2013 | <urn:uuid:b6dc079c-3c09-462d-91ba-a3de91a2e6e8> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/scitech/display.cfm?ST_ID=2569 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300031.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00154-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.870747 | 1,118 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Ah, the picky reader.
- The preschooler who wants you to read [Insert title here]. Again. For the 1,347th time.
- The second grader who will read dinosaur books. ONLY dinosaur books.
- The fourth grader who turns up his nose (or rolls her eyes) when you make a book suggestion at the library.
- The sixth grader who says “no” to reading because it looks too much like homework (and would rather use a screen).
- The spouse who “hates” to read. No reason given.
Do you recognize them? Maybe you have one in your house? It is pretty easy to spot a picky reader, but getting them to expand their reading horizons or just “keep reading” isn’t easy at all. In fact, it can be pretty frustrating.
Hopefully, these tips will take some of the stress and worry out of your way … and open up more time for YOU to enjoy reading.
The Single-Minded Reader
At the beginning when a child gets focused on A book or A topic, we’re excited. They want books! But then, we’ve tired of the character or subject and they aren’t ready to move on. And if we try, well … everyone is unhappy.
- Let them keep reading – without you. Odds are they have memorized the book you have read 200 times – let them read it to the dog or grandma. Even if the dinosaur book has too many words, let them look at the pictures and make up the story.
- Record yourself. Make an audio recording of you reading the beloved book. Great for letting your child follow along while looking at the page.
- Go to the expert! If your child only likes books with trucks, ask the librarian for suggestions of different types of books: nonfiction, fiction, photo-illustrated, etc.
The Moody Reader
Don’t tell them, but this may be the easiest group of readers to Hornswoggle. Defeating the eye rolls, the loud sighs, and … are definitely within your reach.
- Pick an audiobook – something with adventure and suspense. Driving to a soccer tournament? Start the audiobook. When you hear the moans, say you’ll only listen to a chapter or two. Yes, they might want you to turn it off, but they might not! Don’t be surprised if they want to hear more of the book on the way home.
- Consider an audiobook for their mobile device.
- Get graphic. It can be a picture book, graphic novel, fiction or nonfiction, even an old favorite from their childhood. The “appropriate reading level” doesn’t matter. Grab a couple different books and put them in a high-traffic area of the house. [I personally like the coffee table in our family room.] Don’t say a word about them. Then watch how they get picked up and “browsed.”
- Designate family reading time. Not every night, and maybe not for long, but make it a habit. As Rachel Toalson points out in this post about reading aloud with older kids, even preteens value that together time that comes with sharing a book.
The Retrenched Non-Reader
For whatever reason – and those reasons don’t matter – your partner doesn’t like reading. If they’re like my brother, they read for work and to handle the mail and other “adulting,” but pick up a book for fun? No way.
- Let it go. Acknowledge that you wish they enjoyed books and let it go.
- Have a conversation. Ask your spouse why they don’t like to read. It not only helps you understand their perspective, but it can be useful for keeping those experiences out of your home.
- Point out other ways they can help you demonstrate that reading is important.
The Big Don’t!
The goal is to create a positive reading environment and experience for your kids. Most people who say they don’t like to read also report that felt like reading was a chore. In other words: they felt pressured.
Skip the clock watching and tear up the reading log. Removing the carrot-and-stick and rewards programs will prove more beneficial in the long run.
Got other suggestions for helping picky readers? We’d love to hear them. | <urn:uuid:5eaccde6-fa50-4eb9-828d-f6f07f960c6e> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://thereadingtub.org/help-picky-readers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499758.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129180008-20230129210008-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.949357 | 948 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Photo courtesy of Anwar Huq, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Today’s blog is about how the sari can help reduce cholera. So if you are thinking about throwing your straggly sari away, think again.
Cholera, a deadly diarrheal disease transmitted through water, continues to plague the developing world where it is difficult to access clean drinking water. Most people die from cholera because of dehydration and not from the bacteria itself, given it is treatable through antibiotics.
In 2010, researchers from Bangladesh and University of Maryland teamed up and experimented with developing an effective and cheap water filter: a sari folded 4 times. From 1999 to 2000, they went to three villages with high rates of cholera and asked villagers to fold their saris 4 to 8 times and place the sari on brass and aluminum pots, known as “kalash” in Bangladesh. The pots are dipped in the pond, canal or river, and enters the pot through the sari cloth. The villagers were told to decontaminate the sari filters after each use.
They found that old saris made of cotton were the most effective in removing the cholera bacteria. The rate of cholera dropped by half and the sari filters removed other germs that caused diarrhea and other digestive problems.
The researchers came back to the villages 5 years later and found that nearly one-third of women were still using saris filter for household water.
So instead of throwing your used cotton saris away, why not donate them to help families get drinkable water and help reduce cholera in the world.
For organizations: If you send or donate saris to South Asia or elsewhere, please contact us at [email protected]. We want to partner with you on donating saris from women in the U.S.A. | <urn:uuid:299e3a28-c2da-47b4-823e-68c054e1410b> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.ammascloset.com/turn-sari-water-filter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585516.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022145907-20211022175907-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.954708 | 398 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Climate change is increasing extreme weather events, and Africa is greatly exposed. Drought, flooding, extreme heat and tropical cyclones are all major risks with the consequence that 30 of the world’s 40 most climate-vulnerable countries are in sub-Saharan Africa1. Given Africa’s high dependence on its natural resources, with agriculture contributing 16% of the continent’s GDP and employing roughly 60% of the population, these climate extremes pose a very high risk in the continents’ economies and household livelihoods. In Kenya, for example, in the three drought years in 2009, 2010 and 2011, the drought cost the country 11%, 7% and 9% of its entire GDP.
At the same time, only 3% of global climate finance2 finds its way to Africa to drive mitigation and adaptation. There is also a large protection gap with a very low percentage of African weather-related losses currently being insured. A specific example is Cyclone Idai which in 2019 affected Mozambique, Malawi and Zimbabwe. Of the $200bn losses, only 7% were covered by insurance3. As the frequency and severity of weather events increases, if more is not done to change this situation and increase resilience, then the cost of climate disasters will render sustainable development virtually impossible in Africa.
We thus face a major sustainable development crisis for which urgent action is required. The insurance industry has a vital role to play in responding to help drive both mitigation and adaptation.
Insurers are underwriters and asset managers of long-term capital and, in both capacities, can meaningfully contribute towards reaching net-zero carbon emissions.
As underwriters, insurers play an essential role in facilitating the flow of capital to mitigation projects through providing de-risking solutions to investors. For example, in the geothermal energy sector in East Africa, where capital intensive early-stage development drilling has a low probability/high severity risk profile, investors need risk transfer solutions to make the risk-return profile attractive. To address this barrier, FSD Africa is working on setting up a local underwiring pool that will provide de-risking solutions to enable the crowding-in of private capital to this important renewable energy source.
On the flip side, insurers can leverage their underwriting to reduce capital flows to the fossil fuel industry by making underwriting decisions using an ESG lens and not purely based on short-term commercial factors.
As managers of significant pools of long-term capital, insurers also have a critical role to play in the transition to a net-zero emissions economy through green investing.
The recently convened UN Net-Zero Insurance Alliance demonstrates the growing global momentum towards this.
The insurance industry is expert at managing complex long-term risks, and so when it comes to managing the unavoidable long-term consequences of a warming planet, the industry has much to contribute.
The starting point in managing risk is understanding it and having the right data and models to make informed decisions on how to respond. In simple terms, you need to know the likelihood of a hazard occurring, the direct financial losses it will cause and the indirect impacts (e.g. services disruption) that will result. Catastrophe models have been used for many years by insurers to model these types of impacts and price the risk. By incorporating climate risk modelling into these projections, insurers can help businesses and governments make informed decisions on what resilience initiatives to pursue.
Once risk is understood and evaluated, it needs to be managed. Investing in physical risk reduction measures (e.g. irrigation systems or flood defences) and pre-arranging risk finance are two important management options. The insurance industry is a key player in enabling both. For the necessary private finance to flow to resilient infrastructure, as with mitigation projects, risk transfer solutions underwritten by insurance companies are often required. And when it comes to pre-arranging risk finance, this is obviously the core of what the insurance industry offers. So, insurers making the necessary solutions available to individuals, businesses and governments is vital to ensuring climate resilience.
The way forward
One of the key global initiatives developed explicitly for the insurance industry is UNEP’s Principles for Sustainable Insurance (PSI). It focuses on sustainable insurance that reduces risk, develops innovative solutions, improves business performance, and contributes to environmental, social, and social-economic sustainability.
Given FSD Africa’s increasing focus on the role of finance in climate mitigation and adaptation, we have joined the UN Environment’s PSI initiative and will be directly supporting the implementation of the PSI global programme in Africa. FSD Africa was also a founding signatory to the recent Nairobi Declaration, which commits African insurance organisations to play the sustainability roles described in this article. We strongly appeal to all African insurance industry leaders is to also sign the Nairobi Declaration. Let’s work together to leverage the collective financial might of the insurance industry towards a sustainable future.
UNEP FI: PSI – Principles for Sustainable Insurance – a global sustainability framework and initiative of the UNEP Finance Initiative (2012)
1 Notre Dame Research
2 CPI, 2019
3 Swiss Re Institute, 2019 | <urn:uuid:c9e95c1c-7b1f-484c-b7e2-6308767a719d> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.fsdafrica.org/news/the-role-of-insurance-in-climate-change-and-sustainable-development/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588244.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027212831-20211028002831-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.927293 | 1,050 | 2.75 | 3 |
Write down what you eat on three weekdays and one weekend day, using the following guidelines:
- Record everything you eat and drink immediately.
- Note what you're doing while you're eating―driving, watching TV, etc.
- Describe how you felt while you ate: angry, sad, happy, nervous, starving, bored?
- Be honest. It's a journal, not a newsletter, and no one has to see it but you.
- At the end of each day, examine how your emotions affected your eating.
Every day, try to make sure that you're getting at least:
- 9 servings of whole-grain cereal, rice, or pasta (1/2 cup) or bread (1 slice).
- 5 servings of fruits and vegetables (1/2 cup).
- 3 servings of low-fat milk, yogurt, or cottage cheese (1 cup).
- 8 ounces of lean meat, poultry, or fish or a nonmeat equivalent (1 ounce of meat = 1 egg, 1/2 cup beans, or 2 to 3 ounces of tofu).
Use the Food Journal Worksheet to keep it all organized. | <urn:uuid:6abed900-4d60-4747-bbe6-48df6668388a> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.realsimple.com/health/nutrition-diet/healthy-eating/keep-food-journal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828286.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00235-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925365 | 239 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Battle For Okinawa: World War II | home
Sugar-Loaf the Gateway to Naha
Photo Below; Sugar-loaf was one of the hardest fought regions of the Battle; Naha was home to the 32nd Japanese Army and Gateway to Naha and ultimately key to the southern end of the island. (Photo Courtesy of the 6th Marine Association)
Killing Ground on Okinawa
"The Battle for Sugar Loaf Hill"
By James H. Hallas
Praeger Publishers. Westport, Conn. 1996. 272 pages
LC 95-22013. ISBN 0-275-94726-2. C4726 $47.95
On May 12, 1945, the 6th Marine Division was nearing Naha, capital of Okinawa. To the division's front lay a low, loaf-shaped hill. It looked no different from other hills seized with relative ease over the past few days. But this hill, soon to be dubbed, "Sugar Loaf," was very different indeed.
Part of a complex of three hills, Sugar Loaf formed the western anchor of General Mitsuru Ushijima's Shuri Line, which stretched from coast to coast across the island. Sugar Loaf was critical to the defense of that line, preventing U.S. forces from turning the Japanese flank. Over the next week, the Marines made repeated attacks on the hill losing thousands of men to death, wounds, and combat fatigue. Not until May 18 was Sugar Loaf finally seized. Two days later, the Japanese mounted a battalion-sized counterattack in an effort to regain their lost position, but the Marines held.
Photo; Left: Member of the 1st Marine Division draws a bead on
a Japanese Sniper while trying to take Wana Ridge
(National Archive Photo; Used with Permission)
Frontal Assault ... Faulty Strategy?
Ironically, these losses may not have been necessary. General Lemuel Shepherd, Jr., had argued for an amphibious assault to the rear of the Japanese defense line, but his proposal was rejected by U.S. Tenth Army Commander General Simon Bolivar Buckner. That refusal led to a controversy that has continued to this day.
"Hallas's chronicle of the battle's many instances of grace under fire will enhance all collections devoted to war's human dimensions." - Publishers Weekly
Photo; Above: Naha. Capital of Okinawa Note the denuded vegetation from American bombardment during the softening up process
the Capital of Okinawa was nearly completely leveled.
Here the city sports a million souls in 1974. The Okin-awans suffered heavy loss-es in the Allied Bombard-ment; first suffering under the rule of the Japanese. My courier duty driver told me that times were rough during the war and that he and his family escaped the slave-labor forces organized by the Japanese. He said, that 'he and his family and many others found caves to hide in and had little food. But, were free. He hated the Japanese during the war; and after the war many Japanese escaped into the hills and hid out only armed with sharp sticks. He said he and his friends found weapons and often hunted for the soldiers.' | <urn:uuid:a2a883f0-f57c-4260-b0ee-fd0440e9cf5f> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://darbysrangers.tripod.com/Okinawa/id19.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608954.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527133144-20170527153144-00405.warc.gz | en | 0.966049 | 656 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Following many years of research, Antoni Rossell, professor at the Autonomous University of Barcelona, was able to establish a realistic musical reconstruction of the Spanish gesture song El Cantar de mio Cid (The Poem of the Cid) and revisits in front of an audience the vocal work and the gestures of a 13th century juggler. The film contained in the volume captures excerpts from the lyrical interpretation of the Cid by Antoni Rossell by adding numerous visual supports and film footage shot at the same places evoked in the song. He plunges the spectator into a timeless Spain, of harsh beauty, composed of deprivation and silence; the devastated land of exile.
The volume contains the DVD of the film, preceded by 8 unpublished studies on essential aspects of the Cantar de Mio Cid which has been published in three languages (French, Spanish and English):
A presentation of the performance of Antoni Rossell and the film;
A discussion on the medieval epic and song;
A presentation of the musicology approach of Antoni Rossell;
Who was Rodrigue de Vivar, the Cid?
What are the first texts of the corpus Cidien?
What does the poem do with spatial references?
The links between the Castilian poem and its French models | <urn:uuid:b616f1e6-610b-4d06-aa1d-507a246a5472> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://international.ens-lyon.fr/the-cid-sung-by-antoni-rossell-355129.kjsp?RH=TEMP-INTER-EN | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645824.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318145821-20180318165821-00113.warc.gz | en | 0.926945 | 267 | 2.75 | 3 |
Information designer Eleanor Lutz has studied the ways we can consume info, whether it be charts, graphs or anything in between. Her infographic on our Solar System is out of this world, showing a huge amount of data displayed in an elegant and space-like manner. The detail is breathtaking, and obviously the culmination of years of work and research. Check out the full size graphicfor amazing detail, and to learn about the 18,000+ items known items in our solar system.
This map shows the orbits of more than 18000 asteroids in the solar system. This includes everything we know of that’s over 10km in diameter – about 10000 asteroids – as well as 8000 randomized objects of unknown size. Each asteroid is shown at its position on New Years’ Eve 1999, colored by type of asteroid. | <urn:uuid:9b50965a-3b2d-4da0-91b4-53f21c3d179c> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://mossandfog.com/every-known-body-in-the-solar-system-on-one-infographic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402131986.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20201001174918-20201001204918-00176.warc.gz | en | 0.931556 | 164 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Pasta is delicious – there’s no denying that! Pasta is often seen as the bane of many healthy people’s lives, a comfort food that’s versatile, but it may not be the healthiest option on the menu. But is this always necessarily true?
Here are some fun facts about pasta and its nutritional values you might want to bear in mind.
1. It’s very high in carbs – that’s a fact.
2. …but, there’s good news.
However, it actually has a fairly low glycaemic index. This means that blood sugars do not spike as quickly as you might expect when you eat it. This means that it can take longer for you to digest pasta than other foods, for example.
3. …and that means…
This also means that pasta is really filling! Even a smaller amount will likely make for a filling meal, regardless of the accompaniment.
4. There are many ways to make pasta.
Not all pasta is made the same. Most pasta is enriched or refined. A healthier alternative is whole wheat, which many people swap out if they are trying to change their diets.
For example, one cup of refined spaghetti has six more grams of carbohydrates than whole wheat. It also has more calories, with 220 per cup compared to 174 per cup for whole wheat.
5. It’s not good for coeliacs.
Therefore, any sufferers are advised to avoid traditional pasta as far as possible. There are gluten-free alternatives.
6. There are plenty of hidden pasta perks.
However, those who can eat gluten will benefit from many foods that contain it. For example, gluten pasta is starchy and packed full of fibre. This means that it may actually help you lower the risk of heart disease and diabetes.
7. Save the salt!
Pasta is also relatively low in sodium. Sodium and salt levels are often notoriously high in processed foods and can be extremely bad for you if consumed regularly. It is therefore worth keeping these levels in check.
8. It’s not necessarily about the pasta…
Pasta can be a low calorie, diet friendly food. However, what stacks up the calories for many people is what they eat with it. What’s more, many people boil pasta with a lot of salt – which, again, can be very harmful for your body in the long run.
9. Pasta can fight inflammation.
Pasta is also rich in resistant starch. According to studies, this can help us to prevent inflammatory diseases and conditions in our digestive system. This is thanks to the fatty acids created during carbohydrate fermentation.
10. Don’t overdo it, and you’ll be fine.
Health bodies recommend that you actually try to make carbohydrates up to 65% of your daily diet. Therefore, by eating a healthy amount of cooked pasta, you might actually be taking healthier steps than you think. Don’t always see pasta as the enemy!
FAQs about Pasta
Can you eat pasta as part of a diet?
Yes! Providing you keep your carbohydrates in check, you can eat pasta as diet food. It’s part of the popular Mediterranean diet, for example.
Is it safe to eat pasta every day?
Not necessarily - it depends on portions - as starch can be very bad for you.
What’s healthier - pasta or rice?
Rice is lower in calories by about a third - it’s therefore a better diet option!
Do you know any fun facts about pasta? Share them in the comments below! | <urn:uuid:67f0205f-805d-4854-9af3-3c4f589e8882> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://factcity.com/facts-about-pasta-and-nutrition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100452.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202203800-20231202233800-00726.warc.gz | en | 0.957584 | 759 | 3.015625 | 3 |
What is Python?
Python is a popular programming language. It was created by Guido van Rossum, and released in 1991.
It is used for:
- web development (server-side),
- software development,
- system scripting.
What can Python do?
- Python can be used on a server to create web applications.
- Python can be used alongside software to create workflows.
- Python can connect to database systems. It can also read and modify files.
- Python can be used to handle big data and perform complex mathematics.
- Python can be used for rapid prototyping, or for production-ready software development.
- Python works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc).
- Python has a simple syntax similar to the English language.
- Python has syntax that allows developers to write programs with fewer lines than some other programming languages.
- Python runs on an interpreter system, meaning that code can be executed as soon as it is written. This means that prototyping can be very quick.
- Python can be treated in a procedural way, an object-orientated way or a functional way.
- Over 37 lectures and 55.5 hours of content!
- LIVE PROJECT End to End Software Testing Training Included.
- Learn Software Testing and Automation basics from a professional trainer from your own desk.
- Information packed practical training starting from basics to advanced testing techniques.
- Best suitable for beginners to advanced level users and who learn faster when demonstrated.
- Course content designed by considering current software testing technology and the job market.
- Practical assignments at the end of every session.
- Practical learning experience with live project work and examples.
- Lectures 6
- Quizzes 0
- Duration 69 hours
- Skill level All levels
- Language English
- Students 50
- Assessments Yes | <urn:uuid:91b1e98e-7bb2-44c0-bb02-6d291c372947> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://eduma.thimpress.com/demo-restaurant/courses/professional-cooking-class-for-senior/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644915.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530000715-20230530030715-00113.warc.gz | en | 0.849652 | 418 | 3.1875 | 3 |
- Robert E. Petersen Collection
- Ancient Firearms - 1350 to 1700
- Road to American Liberty - 1700 to 1780
- A Prospering New Republic - 1780 to 1860
- A Nation Asunder - 1861 to 1865
- The American West - 1850 to 1900
- Innovation, Oddities and Competition
- Theodore Roosevelt and Elegant Arms - 1880s to 1920s
- World War I and Firearms Innovation
- WWII, Korea, Vietnam and Beyond - 1940 to Present
- For the Fun of It
- Modern Firearms - 1950 to Present
- Hollywood Guns
Winchester Model 1885 Single Shot Rifle (1)
In "Low Wall" configuration, the receiver of the Winchester single shot was low enough that the breechblock and hammer were both exposed. The Model 1885, Winchester's first single shot rifle, was manufactured c. 1885-1920 in both High Wall and Low Wall configuration. SN 91354
Circa 1885 Winchester (U.S.) Low Wall Lever-Action Falling-Block Rifle (single-shot/ breech-loading/ black powder/ cartridge ammunition) Also designed by John M. Browning, the Low Wall Winchester appeared about the same time as the High Wall (see Case 45 gun #13). Also a single-shot arm, it features low sides on the frame with the breech and hammer quite visible. It may truly be said that in the 1880s and 1890s, eastern shooters loved lever-action single-shot hunting and target rifles.
This love, however, did not penetrate so much to western areas of the country, where self-protection was paramount. In the west, the repeater was to remain king and would eventually rule the entire country for purposes of protection. In Canada, the United States, and Mexico, this consideration would always be the paramount priority for people in the selection of guns. --Dr. William L. Roberts, THE AMERICAN LIBERTY COLLECTION; #103 During the latter years of the 19th century, medium-range Schuetzen (offhand) matches became very popular. A typical off-hand rifle of that period was fitted with an adjustable palm rest below the forearm. The palm rest often could be swung to a vertical position for firing, with the ball or grip piece held in the shooter's hand. The shooter's elbow was braced against his hip to provide the necessary steadiness in the off-hand position.
Action of the typical Schuetzen rifle was fitted with a heavy barrel, usually octagonal, and the target sights were fully adjustable for windage and elevation. The action was fitted with double set triggers and an elaborate finger lever typical of the ornamental designs of the late 19th century. Also standard was a high comb buttstock to properly locate the shooter's face in the off-hand position, and an elaborate hooked buttplate to accurately position the butt of the rifle when firing. | <urn:uuid:5d4f866c-e2c1-455e-a968-30c109a50bde> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://nramuseum.org/guns/the-galleries/innovation,-oddities-and-competition/case-23-the-scheutzenfest/winchester-model-1885-single-shot-rifle-(1).aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573105.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917181046-20190917203046-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.946195 | 601 | 2.65625 | 3 |
1 Agriculture: from Problem to Solution Achieving the Right to Food in a Climate-Constrained World Moving away from a market-based } } approach to food, agriculture and climate change Redirecting agriculture to serve its social, economic and ecological function in a sustainable way CIDSE Guiding Principles and Recommendations together for global justice
2 In this paper Executive Summary 3 Principles 6 Recommendations 9 Conclusion 18 Adaptation* Adaptation to climate change refers to adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Various types of adaptation can be distinguished, including anticipatory and reactive adaptation, private and public adaptation, and autonomous and planned adaptation. Mitigation* An anthropogenic intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases. Resilience Is defined as the ability of groups or communities to cope with external stresses and disturbances as a result of social, political and environmental change (Adger 2000). *IPCC definitions, 2001, How can we redirect agriculture to serve its social, economic and ecological function in a sustainable way? This document presents CIDSE s views on the guiding principles which should govern agricultural and climate policies given the challenge climate change poses to people and the planet. Policy recommendations and considerations are based on the current state of discussion and analysis on the climate-agriculture nexus in CIDSE and its member organisations. We would like to give a special thanks to Christine Campeau from the Ecumenical Advocacy Alliance (EAA) for her contributions to the section on consumption and food waste. Contacts: Gisele Henriques (Food policy), +32(0) Emilie Johann (Climate policy), +32(0) Published in October 2012 by CIDSE, Rue Stévin 16, 1000, Brussels, Belgium Cover This paper is available in English, French and Spanish at
3 3 Executive Summary Climate change, agriculture and food security are inextricably linked. CIDSE believes the challenge of addressing existing global hunger while preparing to feed an increasing population in the context of a changing climate is the defining challenge of our times. This challenge can only be overcome through coherent cross-sectoral policies that reduce emissions from agriculture and simultaneously increase the capacity of the sector to cope with the impacts of climate change, while harnessing its potential for poverty alleviation. This paper outlines basic principles which CIDSE believes should provide a framework for addressing agriculture and securing the right to adequate food amidst the climate challenge. As the international alliance of Catholic development agencies, our principles are grounded in Catholic Social Teaching and human rights principles which uphold dignity, equity and justice. We believe human rights particularly the right to adequate food must be the starting point for all analysis and policy development in relation to climate change, agriculture and food security. As development organisations, we ground our analysis in the experiences of our projects and programmes, and in the hands-on work of our Southern partners who engage directly with affected communities. Today, nearly one in seven human beings is denied their basic human right to food. The challenges of ensuring food security are already significant and climate change will only make it harder to overcome them. Agriculture is a key sector as far as climate change is concerned, both in terms of its contributions and the impacts it suffers as a result of it. Agricultural activities, including the indirect ramifications of land use change and deforestation, 1 account for one third of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. 2 At the same time, the agricultural sector is particularly affected by climate change and adaptation will certainly be needed to face climate-related challenges such as desertification, land degradation, drought, floods and water scarcity. In addition, agriculture is the primary source of livelihood of the majority of the world s poor people, 75 percent of which are small-scale food producers. 3 These are the most vulnerable, who not only produce the majority of the world s food 4 through low emissions practices, but also have the least capacity to cope with climate change. Despite strong scientific evidence, growing impacts and emerging policy frameworks, the ambition to address climate change is still largely inadequate. Levels of CO 2 emissions reached an all time high of 34 billion tonnes in With emissions increasing and inadequate targets and policies in place, the gap between political commitments and the science-based reductions needed to stay within the 2 C limit 6 is widening. 7 Under a business as usual scenario for food demand and production, emissions from agriculture are set to rise by almost 40 percent above 2005 levels until On a global scale, nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions from soils and methane (CH 4 ) from enteric fermentation of ruminants constitute the largest sources of GHG emissions from agriculture. In recent years, the consequences of land use change have also released into the atmosphere large quantities of ecosystem carbon such as CO 2. 9 Beyond these global figures, the reality is very diverse, with industrial agriculture accounting for a significantly larger contribution to GHG emissions than smallholders, due to its reliance on external farming inputs, use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, concentration of methane from livestock production, and CO 2 released from farm machinery use and large-scale land clearing.
4 4 Agriculture: from Problem to Solution - Achieving the Right to Food in a Climate-Constrained World Despite historical overall boosts in production in the last 50 years, hunger is increasing. Today we produce 17 percent more calories per day per person than we did 30 years ago in spite of a 70 percent population increase, 10 yet increases in yields have not automatically translated into food security. Hunger is not just a matter of insufficient production, and the question of unequal access is crucial as far as food security 11 is concerned. The Price Volatility and Food Security Report (2011) 12 by the Committee on World Food Security (CFS) High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) on Food Security and Nutrition stated that there is no need to boost agricultural growth [but rather an] urgent need to guide that growth towards long-term food security. The question is: how can we redirect agriculture to serve its social, economic and ecological function in a sustainable way? For this to happen, we believe there is a need to forge sustainable development pathways which will redirect the role of agriculture to the service of society and to build diverse and resilient food production systems which contribute to food security, social equity and environmental regeneration. Finally, there is also an urgent need to question our current consumption and production models which are not only unsustainable from an agricultural perspective but also a major driver of climate change. It is imperative to put an end to highly emitting economies in general, and to place the finitude of natural resources at the centre of our economic system. As such, developed countries must start to drastically reduce their emissions, notably in the agricultural sector, and support developing countries to take low emissions development pathways. In this light, this paper sets out key recommendations for decision makers, targeting particularly the negotiations on agriculture within the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technical Advice (SBSTA) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the round table on food security and climate change at the 39 th session of the Committee on World Food Security (CFS), as these are the two most legitimate intergovernmental bodies dealing with climate change and food security respectively. A real change of direction is urgently needed and long overdue. CIDSE calls for the following principles, which are presented in detail in this paper, to guide future policy direction: Right to food approach; removing concepts of charity and emphasising the moral and legal obligation to ensure that all people have the capacity to feed themselves in dignity. Harnessing agriculture s role in reducing poverty; as the principle economic sector of most developing countries, agriculture constitutes the main source of livelihood for the majority of the world s poor. States have an obligation to protect and fulfil the right to adequate food for their populations, and consequently, to support their local agricultural sector in a way that responds to the needs of the most vulnerable.
5 5 Respect for Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR); a principle which translates the joint responsibility of the international community for environmental damages resulting from human activities in a way that reflects countries respective contributions to GHG emissions, the way they are impacted by those emissions, and their respective abilities to cope with the impacts. Science integrity and precautionary principle; the scientific knowledge provided by intergovernmental scientific bodies on climate change and its environmental and socioeconomic impacts must be the basis of political action. In this paper CIDSE also presents six detailed recommendations to policy makers on climate and agricultural issues. Recommendations: } Invest in small-scale food production } Support sustainable models of production } Beware of false solutions agriculture in carbon markets and agrofuels 13 } Secure access to land, natural resources and the commons } Align finance, trade and agriculture policies to realise the right to adequate food } Change consumption patterns and reduce food waste and post-harvest loss
6 6 Agriculture: from Problem to Solution - Achieving the Right to Food in a Climate-Constrained World Overarching Principles 1. Respect for and adherence to human rights Human rights are protected under international human rights and humanitarian law, and the correlative State obligations to all signatories are equally well-established under international law. The impacts of climate change put basic human rights at risk. The right to adequate food is a human right. It is the right of all human beings to live in dignity, free from hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition. A right to food approach removes concepts of charity and emphasises the moral and legal obligation to ensure that all people have the capacity to feed themselves in dignity. The right to adequate food is recognised in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights 14 and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), 15 among other instruments. As authoritatively defined by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Committee on ESCR) in its General Comment 12: The right to adequate food is realised when every man, woman and child, alone or in community with others, has physical and economic access at all times to adequate food or means for its procurement. According to Olivier de Schutter, UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, To produce his or her own food, a person needs land, seeds, water and other resources, and to buy it, one needs money and access to the market. The right to adequate food therefore requires States to provide an enabling environment in which people can use their full potential to produce or procure adequate food for themselves and their families. To purchase food, a person needs adequate incomes: the right to adequate food consequently requires States to ensure that wage policies or social safety nets enable citizens to realize their right to adequate food. 16 An approach centred on human dignity regarding all policies and sectors is needed to focus on those whose access to food is insecure, i.e. on those whose rights are either being violated or are at risk, and to address the responsibilities of duty holders to promote, protect and fulfil those rights. Such an approach will ensure an analysis of the root causes of hunger What is Agroecology? Agroecology is concerned with the maintenance of a productive agriculture that sustains yields and optimises the use of local resources while minimising the negative environmental and socio-economic impacts of intensive practices. It: Is a whole-systems approach to agriculture and food that is deeply localised and reflects traditional knowledge and experience, Links ecology, culture, economics, and society to sustain agricultural production, healthy environments, and viable communities, Applies principles of ecology to the design and management of sustainable agroecosystems.
7 7 in the context of climate change, and the importance of the participation of those affected in developing and implementing responses. An approach centred on the respect of human rights will also ensure an analysis that identifies people and groups that are particularly vulnerable to food insecurity and the specific barriers they face, including, for example, women. 2. Poverty Alleviation and the Socio-Economic Role of Agriculture The importance of the agricultural sector to poverty alleviation is significant. Agriculture represents a larger share of the economy in those countries with the highest percentage of poor and undernourished people. As the principle economic sector of most developing countries, it constitutes the main source of livelihood for the majority of the world s poor. The rural poor are particularly dependent on the agricultural sector, either on a subsistence level or for income to meet household needs. However, to encourage growth in this sector, and to face the lack of financing by the international community, governments in developing countries have been turning increasingly to private sector actors and the foreign direct investment 17 they provide for solutions, the latter becoming a commonly accepted measure of how we define success in development. There are major concerns with such an approach because the short-term, profit-seeking objectives of some powerful businesses do not address the multi-functionality of agriculture, including factors such as poverty reduction, environment preservation and territorial development, amongst others. Moreover, standards for transnational private companies activities with regards to their impacts on human rights, and their enforcement, are still very much a work in progress. This is a major issue, as foreign direct investments by transnational companies can lead to land and natural resources grabbing, which compromise the human rights of local communities. One major risk of this increased role given to private sector actors is the use of public funds to subsidise the interests of certain businesses at the expense of local populations. Hunger should not be perceived as a business opportunity to take a recent example reported in the press, for arbitrage in relation to food prices induced by the 2012 US drought. 18 Hunger and poverty eradication are first and foremost a responsibility of governments themselves. States have an obligation to protect and fulfil the right to adequate food for their populations, and, consequently, to Agroecological farming methods include: agroforestry, biological control (controlling pests and diseases with natural predators), water harvesting methods, intercropping, green manure cover crops, mixed crop and livestock management, and many other practices. One feature uniting all of the above advances is the low use of external inputs. To put agroecological technologies into practice requires technological innovations, agriculture policy changes and socio-economic changes, but mostly a deeper understanding of the complex long-term interactions among resources, people and their environment. To attain this understanding, agriculture must be conceived of as an ecological system as well as a socio-economic system. From: Center for Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems (UCSC),
8 8 Agriculture: from Problem to Solution - Achieving the Right to Food in a Climate-Constrained World support their local agricultural sector in a way that responds to the needs of the most vulnerable. It is imperative that both agricultural and climate policies do not lose sight of the important role that agriculture plays in poverty alleviation. In fact, any policy to address the nexus must harness this potential if it is to be truly effective. Moreover, we express our concern regarding the current trend in the financialisation of the agricultural sector and related commodification of natural resources. We support the concepts of social equity and encourage the recognition of the finitude of natural resources. We reaffirm the limits of a market-based approach to food, agriculture and climate change an approach which has failed to ensure global food security. 3. Common but Differentiated Responsibilities towards Climate Justice The Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities principle (CBDRRC) 19 is one of the founding principles of the UNFCCC, and of international environmental legislation. Its implementation throughout the different areas impacted by climate change is key in relation to the role of agriculture in mitigation and adaptation. The CBDRRC principle is crucial for a fair sharing of the burden and efforts to solve the climate crisis. It aims to translate the joint responsibility of the international community towards environmental damages resulting from human activities into policies in a way that reflects: Countries contributions towards the unsustainable levels of GHG emissions; The way countries are impacted by these GHG emissions; and Their respective abilities to cope with the impacts, with an emphasis on developed countries responsibility towards the unsustainability of the current environmental models. These elements must be embodied throughout all climate policies whether they concern mitigation, adaptation, delivery of climate finance or technology transfer as well as throughout the different areas impacted by climate change, agriculture and food production. Climate action must reflect countries responsibilities towards climate change, and their respective abilities to cope with it, if we are to achieve climate justice. Sharing the efforts and costs of solving the climate crisis in a fair and equitable way needs to reflect the historical responsibility of developed countries, the growing role of emerging economies and the right to sustainable development for all, particularly for least developed countries. This is a challenge that the international community must meet to ensure that climate policies will enable the global effort urgently needed for sustainable development, the fulfilment of human rights and poverty eradication. 4. The Precautionary Principle The scientific knowledge provided by intergovernmental scientific bodies on climate change and its environmental and socio-economic impacts must be the basis of political action. Climate science is able to give valuable information on what is needed to avoid the worst climate scenarios and their impacts on the most vulnerable areas and populations. In addition, although the current scientific information and work on future scenarios is becoming increasingly rich and accurate, consistent actions are still needed where scientific uncertainties might remain. Article 3.3 of the UNFCCC recalls that countries need to take precautionary measures to anticipate, prevent or minimise the causes of climate change and mitigate its adverse effects. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing such measures. 20 The precautionary principle should be a guiding principle of any climate-related measure in the field of agriculture, particularly when food security might be put in jeopardy.
9 9 Recommendations for Climate and Agriculture policies The Committee on World Food Security The Committee on World Food Security (CFS), as the foremost inclusive international and intergovernmental platform dealing with food security and nutrition, is the legitimate policy-making organ which should guide international efforts to ensure coherence and avoid fragmentation. Climate and agriculture features high on the agenda of the 39 th session of the CFS in October 2012, where a policy roundtable has been devoted to discussing the issue. We thus urge the CFS to take into consideration the findings of the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition Report on Food security and climate change (2012), in addition to our policy recommendations detailed below. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change The consideration of agriculture in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) falls under the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA). In its decision 2/CP17, the Conference of the Parties (COP) decided in Durban (2011) to mandate the SBSTA to consider issues related to agriculture in the context of cooperative sectoral approaches and sector specific actions, to enhance the implementation of article 4, paragraph 1(c) of the Convention, 21 with a view to a decision at COP18. The establishment of a work programme on agriculture is one of the options considered in terms of taking the issue forward. It is important to note that CIDSE rejects any work programme in the UNFCCC under the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) which does not address the urgent adaptation challenges and the need for financial and structural support to sustainable farming practices first and foremost. It is crucial that the proposal for a work programme on agriculture within the UNFCCC does not lead to mitigation measures only, or place additional pressure on small-scale food producers via inadequate climate policies. Addressing agriculture in a new dedicated framework may undermine the valid efforts already being undertaken in regards to agriculture adaptation within the UNFCCC framework, such as the Nairobi work programme and the work programme on loss and damage. The interconnection of food production with social, environmental and economic issues must be integrated into UNFCCC policies. Based on the four principles outlined earlier, CIDSE s key recommendations to guide agriculture and climate policy are as follows: Recommendation 1 Invest in small-scale food production Investment in small-scale food producers via agroecological approaches can realise multiple dividends, simultaneously increasing production, food and income security, enhancing resilience to climaterelated and other livelihoods shocks, and reducing agriculture s contribution to the greenhouse gas emissions. 22 To reduce vulnerabilities and increase the capacity to adapt, power structures that made people vulnerable in the first place must be challenged. For example, if the problem of food insecurity is caused by farmers not being able to afford farming inputs or having too insecure land tenure to have an incentive to invest in it, food aid or provision of better climate information will do nothing to reduce vulnerability.
10 10 Agriculture: from Problem to Solution - Achieving the Right to Food in a Climate-Constrained World Increased investment in agriculture and rural development is needed, placing the rights and resilience of the most vulnerable communities at the centre. This should include increased investment in agricultural research, farmerto-farmer exchanges and close cooperation between farmers and scientific bodies. Such investments should focus in particular on low external input, agroecological approaches, as well as extension services which are as close to the community level as possible, incorporating and building on existing knowledge, practices and institutions. Food for thought: Address misinvestment by shifting agricultural public spending and aid from high-emitting practices towards models that are accessible to the most vulnerable and that are socially, economically and environmentally sustainable. Prioritisation of the provision of public goods, such as extension services and rural infrastructure, is much needed. Increase investment in agroecological approaches and small-scale food production. Such investment is currently far below the necessary levels to support the adaptation and mitigation potential these approaches possess. Prioritise adaptation needs over mitigation, especially as far as smallscale food producers 23 are concerned, particularly as adaptation needs are currently severely underfunded. Include in every agriculture-related policy a strong focus and dedicated measures to improve women s conditions of living and working, addressing factors such as women s access to land tenure. Women are amongst the most vulnerable and yet make significant contributions to national food production. According to the FAO, women produce between percent of food in most developing countries. 24 Support research focused on the onfarm realities of those most affected by food insecurity and climate change, and ensure that the real needs of farmers are effectively addressed. Promote indigenous knowledge and community-led innovation as ways of increasing the resilience of agricultural models. Take into account the needs, views, capacities and experiences of smallscale food producers and the most food insecure in climate adaptation and mitigation policies relating to agriculture, as well as ensuring their participation and representation in policy spaces where relevant issues are discussed. There is a need to provide support for initiatives which facilitate the inclusion and participation of the most affected in the processes that concern them. Strengthen producers organisations so they pool resources, spread risk and increase their bargaining power in the food chain. Support enhanced access to markets for small-scale food producers, and implement measures which will ensure food markets and supply chains are both socially and environmentally sustainable. Specifically: a. Support the development of local markets so that farmers are able to sell their produce at a fair price. b. When small-scale producers are inserted into regional or global markets, support initiatives to increase the power of these producers within supply chains in order to challenge the current domination of individual actors within those chains and to promote more inclusion. We urge parties to the UNFCCC to: Develop policies that jointly address adaptation and mitigation challenges, whilst ensuring specific focus on adaptation needs of small-scale food producers and on the primary responsibility of industrial agriculture in the sector s GHG emissions. If agriculture has to be addressed under a new framework in the UNFCCC, it must be done in a way that (i) does not focus on mitigation only (thus ignoring urgent adaptation needs) and (ii) does not undermine ongoing efforts regarding climate adaptation. Address the severe underfunding of adaptation. Sustainable agriculture programmes that both strengthen food security and increase climate resilience must be supported as a priority within
11 11 the delivery of new and additional public climate finance. Fill the UNFCCC frameworks, such as the Nairobi work programme and the work programme on loss and damage, with political investment, content and money. To this end, it would be more efficient to consolidate these efforts before developing any new framework that might only make the negotiations even more complex than they already are. Implement participatory mechanisms in the SBSTA (similar to those found in the CFS) to ensure that the needs, views and experiences of small-scale food producers can be expressed and taken into account. We urge the CFS to: Encourage the development of local and regional platforms where those most affected by food insecurity and climate change can participate in the design, implementation and evaluation of adaptation and mitigation plans. Integrate climate change concerns in all of its future work and liaise with and inform UNFCCC discussions on agricultural issues. Recommendation 2 Support sustainable models of production There is a significant distinction between the role of different food production models and their contribution to GHG emissions, as well as their added value to local food systems and potential resilience to climate change. Large-scale industrial agriculture with high external input use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and methane from cattle production is highly emitting. Moreover, these production methods contribute to the reduction of forest cover, and, as a result, to emissions from deforestation. The CFS HLPE report on Food security and climate change (2012) warns that significant conversion of new land to food production should not be a major contributor to increased production because of its consequences for GHG emissions. 25 Also, such industrial models are largely characterised by monocropping systems which are inherently vulnerable to climate change. 26 There is therefore a need to recognise and acknowledge the damage that has been done by these models of production. Any mitigation policy in agriculture must therefore, as a priority, tackle emissions where they are most important, i.e. focusing first and foremost on industrialised agriculture, while respecting the right to development of small producers. The current trend to push for sustainable intensification via climate-smart agriculture 27 should be viewed with caution. Even though climate change is clearly undermining production capacities, an approach solely based on increasing yields, without questioning the model of production itself and its impacts, would be very limited, particularly as food insecurity is not solely a matter of insufficient production but also inadequate access. 28 The development of export-driven industrial agriculture in some developing countries is one example of the fact that increased production does not necessarily lead to increased equitable access to food. Limited access to food, due to high food prices, is one structural root cause of food insecurity. What is needed is rather to support increased productivity and efficiency of small-scale food production and policies which will ensure food security at a local level with stable access to food. It must be noted that beyond the production of commodities, agriculture also has a social and economic role, whilst providing important environmental services which are public goods. The multifunctional nature 29 of the agricultural sector is largely neglected in approaches that solely focus on increasing production. The 2008 report by the International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD) notably reminds us that smallscale diversified farming is responsible for the lion s share of agriculture globally. While productivity increases may be achieved faster in high input, large-scale, specialised farming systems, greatest scope for improving livelihoods exist in small-
12 12 Agriculture: from Problem to Solution - Achieving the Right to Food in a Climate-Constrained World scale, diversified production systems in developing countries. 30 Moreover, support for sustainable models of production (that is to say models which are based on the functioning of ecosystems) implies the choice of small-scale and family farming over large-scale industrialised agriculture. Indeed, small-scale farmers are in a better position to implement techniques for conserving natural resources (such as water, soil and forests) which respect local conditions, thereby creating more resilient and sustainable systems. Food for thought: Promote policies which will address the climate crisis and food insecurity in a holistic way, assessing the emissions range from different agricultural models, as well as their ability to sustainably reduce emissions. Decisions must be based on independent scientific assessments (such as that of the IAASTD report) of the emissions from different practices, and on accurate information regarding the adaptation and mitigation potentials of each model, including social aspects and cost effectiveness. Provide incentives for sustainable food production, agroecology and regenerative agriculture, as well as promote the diversity of the genetic resource base. Take into account the primary responsibility of industrial production models in the design of climate mitigation policies. Further clarify the concepts of sustainable intensification and climatesmart agriculture, taking into account their impacts on the environment and food security of local communities. We urge parties to the UNFCCC to: Ensure policies are based on sound scientific research and are governed by the precautionary principle. Decisions under the convention must be informed by relevant international institutions, notably the Committee on World Food Security (CFS), and also the IAASTD report and the findings from the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to food 31 on the adaptation and mitigation potentials of agroecological practices. We urge the CFS to: Deliver more action-orientated policies and decisions and promote monitoring and accountability mechanisms for States to effectively implement policies and programmes. Assess and compare different farming systems and their contributions to emissions (direct and indirect) and potential for adaptation. Call for increased investments and research into agroecological models to ensure food security and increase resilience with special attention to the needs of women farmers. Encourage States to remove incentives for emission-intensive agriculture. Recommendation 3 Beware of false solutions agriculture in carbon markets and agrofuels Though low-emitting food production systems are crucial for reducing the contribution of agriculture to overall GHG emissions, such systems need to be supported in a way that is coherent and addresses agriculture adaptation as a priority. For instance, many false solutions to climate change mitigation in the agricultural sector are being promoted. Essentially, these solutions are inadequate for both climate mitigation and food security. The inclusion of agriculture in carbon markets is one example of a false solution. It is argued that this solution would be a good way to mobilise financial resources to ensure climate mitigation in agriculture whilst fostering adaptation and alleviating poverty. Proposals to include agriculture in offsetting markets are, however, questionable from an environmental perspective and present considerable risks for small-scale producers. There are indeed major concerns that soil carbon markets lead to increased pressure on food security, whilst at the same time contributing nothing to emissions reductions and also undermining climate mitigation efforts. Firstly, large farms and agribusiness, rather than small-scale farms, would be likely to attract most investment in soil carbon sequestration. Under the
13 13 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and any regulated carbon offset mechanism, project development and certification cycles are lengthy, complex and costly. Consequently, those most likely to obtain carbon credits are those who can afford to pay for specialist carbon consultants and who can offer offset projects large enough to cover the CDM-related transaction costs. Moreover, there is a fear that such a solution may undermine climate change mitigation. Carbon offset strategies such as the CDM are only feasible for industrial processes, where greenhouse gas emissions can easily be measured. Agricultural fields, however, are subject to complex biological processes and are highly heterogeneous in nature. This makes it difficult to obtain the reliable soil carbon measurements which would be essential for the quantification of sequestered CO 2 and the generation of corresponding credits. Finally, including agriculture in carbon markets could also lead to increased pressure on land as investors become attracted to the financial gains associated with acquiring land under this scenario. This can further incentivise land grabbing, leading to continued expansion of large-scale monocultures at the expense of smallholders, traditional crops and biodiversity. Another false solution of grave concern is the use of agrofuels as substitutes for conventional oil, which is currently being promoted to de-carbonise the transport sector. This has led to major social and environmental impacts, most notably on agriculture and food security, with only marginal or even negative impacts on climate mitigation. The growing demand for agrofuels has had negative effects on local food security due to pressures on land and competition between food and fuel crops. Agrofuel policies have also led to the indexing of food prices to oil prices, contributing to increased food price volatility. The contribution to GHG emissions of the Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC) for agrofuels production (via deforestation and conversion of land for fuel crops, for example), is very significant, and strongly undermines agrofuel mitigation potentials. 32 As such, there is little evidence that the majority of agrofuel policies and programmes are aiding either climate change mitigation or food security. 33 Hence, mitigation policies need to integrate assessments of the potential detrimental impact that could undermine food production or encourage land grabbing, so as not to further incentivise false solutions. Food for thought: Reject the use of flexibility mechanisms that shift responsibility for mitigation to developing countries. Ensure that potential solutions are indeed accessible to small-scale food producers and will not create more of a burden, such as increased debt. Abolish agrofuel blending mandates and any subsidies for production (such as public investment or fiscal facilities) and focus on ways to reduce energy consumption, rather than maintaining them at the current unsustainable level. Establish strong social and environmental safeguards to govern private investments in agricultural adaptation and mitigation projects. We urge parties to the UNFCCC to: Consider adaptation as the priority focus of climate policy dealing with agriculture. Mitigation options considered should aim at reducing emissions where they are most important, i.e. industrial agriculture first and foremost. Thoroughly assess mitigation options considered by all parties, and aim at being sustainable, equitable and fair. The potential impacts of mitigation options on food security must be assessed and subsequently addressed. Reject the inclusion of agriculture in carbon markets. Proposals for mitigation measures must include indicators to effectively monitor the emissions reductions, the effectiveness and the sustainability of different approaches. Consider the work undertaken by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) towards the fifth assessment report (AR5), providing a review of climate science as the guideline of political decision on climate and a tool to revise countries pledges.
14 14 Agriculture: from Problem to Solution - Achieving the Right to Food in a Climate-Constrained World Integrate an approach to agriculture in the UNFCCC throughout global, national and local levels. The SBSTA should provide information to parties on how consistency can be guaranteed between actions planned in National Adaptation Programme of Actions (NAPAs) and Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) and policy proposals on agriculture. We urge the CFS to: Ensure that adaptation and mitigation programmes, policies and strategies are assessed, ex-ante and ex-post for their possible impacts on the right to adequate food. Encourage governments and donors to support the development and dissemination of projects that strengthen adaptation with sustainable practices increasing carbon sequestration and integrating disaster risk reduction where appropriate. Challenge false solutions, such as agrofuels, by exposing the impacts of such policies on food security. Strongly reject the promotion of genetically modified seeds in the name of resistance to climate stresses such as drought or salinity in any climate-related policy. Patenting of all forms of life should be strictly banned. Recommendation 4 Secure access to land, natural resources and the commons Lack of secure land tenure and access to natural resources is one of the key structural causes of hunger and poverty. Access and conflict over productive resources such as arable land and water will become increasingly strained due to climate change. It is therefore imperative that governments protect the rights of small-scale food producers to their resources as they are the primary stewards of such resources. Arable land, or the proportion of the earth where food can grow, is being depleted at an alarming rate. Today, less than ten percent of the planet s total land area is arable. During the past 40 years nearly one third of the world s cropland (1.5 billion hectares) has been abandoned because of soil erosion and degradation. This means we are losing about 75 million hectares to land degradation every year. 34 Economic interests are becoming increasingly directed towards this most scarce resource and this is leading to the dispossession of thousands of people the world over. This trend, also known as land grabbing, is likely to continue unless measures are put in place to protect the poorest. Land grabbing can lead to the dispossession and/or the adverse incorporation of people into an unsustainable agro-industrial system. It compromises their livelihoods and their capacities to feed themselves and further intensifies resource degradation. Drivers of land grabbing include food production for wealthier countries, agrofuel production, large-scale infrastructure projects, carbon credit and other marketbased mechanisms, as well as pure speculation on this increasingly scarce resource by banks, pension funds and other financial actors. Rising agricultural commodity prices make the acquisition of land look like an increasingly attractive investment option. Efforts must be stepped up to secure land for small-scale producers. This will ensure people are not arbitrarily dispossessed of their land, and obtain better deals from incoming investors. There is also a need to institute redistributive land reform to address the unequal distribution of land which characterises the post-colonial context of so many of the world s poorest people.
15 15 Food for thought: Secure land tenure and rights of users through the rapid implementation of the Voluntary Guidelines for the Responsible Governance of Land, Fisheries and Forests. 35 Introduce a two-year moratorium on largescale land investments made by foreign and transnational companies, until the final conclusion and implementation of the CFS principles on Responsible Agricultural Investment (RAI). Recognise customary rights. Provide land redistribution and compensation where necessary. Integrate the principle of free, prior and informed consent and robust compensation regimes into national legislation through appropriate legal frameworks which ensure legal support for local populations, as well as protection of those defending land rights. Integrate the nexus of sustainable models (such as agroecology) into discussions regarding the CFS principles on Responsible Agricultural Investment. We urge parties to the UNFCCC to: Further work on the interactions between climate change and land grabbing, so as to ensure that mitigation and energy policies do not further contribute to this phenomenon. Policies such as agrofuel targets and subsidies, which divert food to energy use and promote land concentration, must be abolished. We urge the CFS to: Support the implementation of the Voluntary Guidelines for the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests as its foremost priority. Support the development of integrated land use policies for food security, adaptation and mitigation. Reduce land use change for agriculture through support for agroforestry for instance. Recommendation 5 Align finance, trade and agriculture policies to realise the right to adequate food It is anticipated that climate change will have dire impacts on food production, and, as a result, on food prices. Historically, the availability of cheap food on the international market was one of the factors that contributed to reduced investment and support to local agriculture in developing countries. This is generally put forward as one of the reasons for the food crisis of , as countries found themselves vulnerable to price fluctuations and unable to procure locally for their needs. For developing countries, market liberalisation has meant a significant increase in dependence on food imports, making the rise in prices a matter of grave concern. Trade policies were negotiated in an era of overproduction and this now needs to be revisited. One of the main lessons to be learned from the food crisis is that the world market is not a reliable source for stable and affordable food supply any more. In times of increased prices and volatility, imports cannot be the cornerstone of any sustainable food security strategy. 36 In a 2011 discussion paper from UNCTAD, 37 a significant shift from conventional, industrial, monoculture-based and high external input-dependent production towards sustainable production systems that considerably improve the productivity of small-scale food producers was recommended. Increasing food production in this way needs to be accompanied by a more supportive trade and macroeconomic framework if improved livelihoods and higher incomes for small-scale food producers are to be realised. Despite this fact, food trade is expected to increase under climate change, with most developing countries becoming more dependent on food imports and fluctuations in market prices and thus increasing vulnerability to related shocks.
16 16 Agriculture: from Problem to Solution - Achieving the Right to Food in a Climate-Constrained World Food for thought: Better incorporate food security and climate change concerns into market policies and trade agreements during international negotiations. Revaluate trade rules to reflect concerns about the right to adequate food rather than prioritising the concerns of exporters to access markets. Create space in trade negotiations for food-insecure countries to respond to international price fluctuations, including the implementation of price stabilisation measures, import quotas and tariffs and even export restrictions if needed. Grant low-income, food-deficient countries special consideration when negotiating trade rules. Make multilateral, bilateral and national agricultural trade policies subject to exante and ex-post socio-economic and environmental impact assessments. Enable governments in developing countries to move ahead with effective trade measures, including use of special safeguards in order to support smallscale food producers participation in local and regional markets. Implement new and innovative financial systems as promising sources of public climate finance, such as a Financial Transaction Tax (FTT), in order to support adaptation and mitigation initiatives. Introduce tighter rules on speculation in financial markets, including the establishment of position limits for nonbonafide actors. We urge the CFS to: Further elaborate discussions on the role of trade on food security, paying special attention to the new challenges posed by climate change. Recommendation 6 Change consumption patterns and reduce food waste and post-harvest loss Today, while nearly one billion people experience hunger, another one billion are considered obese and overweight. 38 Obesity causes 3.8 million deaths worldwide before the age of sixty, 39 and in the coming years, the number of deaths from obesity-related conditions is expected to climb to 5.1 million by In countries such as the United States, this means that the current generation of children could have shorter life expectancies than their parents due to their dietary lifestyles. 40 As a planet, we are consuming more food, due in part to population growth, but also because average food consumption is increasing. In particular, those who can afford it are eating higher proportions of meat, dairy products and processed foods which are less efficient at being converted to calories than whole grains, fruits and vegetables. Ironically, economic growth is contributing to this change. Nutrition is improving in India, China and elsewhere, but a growing part of these populations are also over-consuming and consuming more processed foods, leading to a dietary transition which is having serious impacts on public health. Obesity is also related to the quality of the food being consumed. To support this dietary transition, we are witnessing an increased diversion of grain crops from human food to animal feed, as demand for meat and dairy products has steadily risen since the 1960s. 41 About one third of world crop production (covering 3.7 billion hectares) is used to feed animals. 42 On average, it takes around 6kg of plant protein to produce just 1kg of animal protein. 43 Land needed by local/ indigenous populations for their own food production is being taken over to raise animal feed. The division between feed cultivation and livestock production is also a growing problem. A fundamental aspect of sustainable agricultural systems is that nutrients are circulated; for instance, manure from livestock is used to fertilize the fields. When animal production and feed cultivation are geographically separated, nutrients cannot be recycled and are therefore lost in the local nutrient cycle. Furthermore, more than one third of the food produced on this planet for human consumption is wasted. 44 This amounts to approximately 1.3 billion tonnes of lost food
17 17 per year. 45 In developing countries, waste occurs mainly on-farm, due to limitations in post-harvest methods, preservation techniques, packaging and distribution systems. In developed countries, waste most often results from consumer behaviour and inefficient processes in the supply chain. This presents a tremendous opportunity when we consider that all of the hungry people in the world could be lifted out of undernourishment on less than 25 percent of the food that is wasted in the United States and Europe alone. 46 According to the FAO, ten percent of rich countries greenhouse gas emissions come from growing food that is never eaten. In a world challenged by climate change, a rising population, and a global economic crisis, we need to be smarter, more efficient, and fairer about the way we produce, distribute and consume our food. Large corporations are taking over more and more of the food system, using production methods that deplete resources in the long term. Food and land are seen as tradable commodities, with their value set by investors interested in profit. The food industry inflicts more than two dollars of environmental and resource damage for every one dollar of profit. On net sales of US$12.8 trillion, it causes US$200 billion worth of environmental problems, which is 224 percent more than its profit earnings. 47 In sum, current production techniques offer minimal gains while the human and environmental costs are severe. These are systemic problems in how we produce, distribute and consume food, and problems which need to be challenged. Food for thought: Invest in consumer awareness and encourage a shift towards healthier and more sustainable dietary choices as part of adaptation. This includes more consumption of diverse fruit and vegetables and less consumption of livestock products. Invest in consumer awareness on the food waste issue, particularly in developed countries. Introduce mechanisms and innovations that will produce more efficient food systems with less waste along the chain, including the re-use of urban organic waste (free from pollutants) back into agricultural land, as well as the reutilisation of animal manure for biogas, for instance. Identify and support food production processes and distribution practices which are more resource efficient and have fewer environmental externalities, encouraging and enforcing restrictions on the private sector to produce and distribute in ways that result in fewer GHG emissions. Establish shorter food chains and local economies through farmers markets, community-supported agriculture and local food councils, for example. Support better post-harvest measures in developing countries where food is wasted on farm. Strengthen consumer organisations. Procure locally for social programmes when possible. We urge parties to the UNFCCC to: Provide parties, via the SBSTA, with information on the mitigation potential of measures limiting the expansion of the wasteful agri-food chain, and offer support to more efficient post-harvest measures in developing countries.
18 18 Agriculture: from Problem to Solution - Achieving the Right to Food in a Climate-Constrained World Conclusion Under the business as usual scenario, increases in agricultural production will fundamentally mean increases in greenhouse gas emissions; but there are ways, via agroecological models, to delink food production from increased emissions. Building resilience in production systems and the livelihood strategies of the poor is essential if communities are to adapt to both climatic and economic changes. To this end, there is a need to curb the expansion of the industrial agri-food model and support agroecological models of production which are accessible to small-scale food producers, support the regenerative capacities of the earth and do not contribute to further GHG emissions. A shift in the way we conceive and practice agriculture is urgently needed. Part and parcel of this is the recognition of the role of inclusive governance in ensuring all parties uphold a vision for sustainable agriculture. Public consultations and participation in adaptation and mitigation programmes and projects, as well as open, transparent, and inclusive decision making are critical if we are to realise the right to adequate food in a climate-constrained world. The fragmentation of policies by sector cannot respond to the new challenges posed by climate change. Coherent policies, grounded in human rights, must be the cornerstone for all decision making.
19 19 Agroecology in Practice AS-PTA (Agroecology and Family Farming) has worked with small farmers communities since 1983, promoting agroecology as a strategy to overcome food insecurity and poverty. In its local development programme in the semi-arid region of the Brazilian Northeast, AS-PTA cooperate with regional farmers organisations, involving up to 14 municipal level unions and hundreds of community-level associations in one of the largest NGO-led initiatives in Brazil. Through participatory methods, the organisation has identified the main production and marketing constraints faced by these communities, analysing their root causes and proposing and piloting solutions. One of the most important issues in this region is water scarcity for human and animal consumption, as well as agricultural production. The potential of rain water harvesting, including innovative techniques such as subterranean dams and micro-irrigation projects, has been identified as an important response to the dry spells that frequently affect the region. The propagation of local seed varieties which are more resilient to drought, as well as natural vegetation management for animal rearing, are also important complementary strategies. Evaluations of AS-PTA s projects have demonstrated improved income generation through improved production and better access to local markets, as well as significant increases in the nutritional well-being of households involved. Most importantly, AS-PTA has seen that participants in the programme have become much less vulnerable to drought conditions since they began implementing agroecological methods. AS-PTA is part of a national network for agroecological development and disseminates its methods and techniques to other civil society partners. This network (ANA) also advocates at the local and national levels for public policies which promote rural sustainable development and improve conditions for the family farmers who are responsible for 70 percent of the production of the food consumed in Brazil.
20 20 Agriculture: from Problem to Solution - Achieving the Right to Food in a Climate-Constrained World References 1 According to the Committee on World Food Security High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition Report on Food Security and Climate Change, crop and livestock agriculture accounted for 15 percent of emissions in This includes two percent from related sectors (production of chemical inputs, energy consumptions, irrigation, etc.). Land use change in and of itself accounts for another percent. See: 2 Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, Agriculture in the climate talks: looking beyond Cancun, 2010, p.2, 3 For the purposes of this paper small-scale food producers refers to all those engaged in livelihoods related to food production this includes, farmers, fisherfolks, pastoralists, gatherers/ harvesters and agricultural workers. The concept of small scale differs significantly between countries and is not merely a matter of hectares. For the sake of this paper, we use the term to capture the concept of scale in the operation, as well as the model of production it employs and the contribution of family labour towards the production. 4 In Africa and Latin America, small-scale farming represents approximately 80 percent of all farms. In Latin America small-scale farms produce up to 67 percent of total output and create up to 77 percent of employment in the agricultural sector (FAO, 2001). 5 PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency and European Commission Joint Research Center, Trends in Global CO 2 Emissions, 2012, p.6. 6 The 2 to 1.5 C threshold of temperature rise has been long identified as the ceiling above which climate change would become irreversible, calling for ambitious and urgent political action. 7 UNEP, Bridging the Emissions Gap, 2011, p.8, 8 The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), Agriculture and Rural Development Day 2012: Lessons in Sustainable Landscapes and Livelihoods, press-releases. 9 Foresight, The Future of Food and Farming, 2011, p.134, 10 FAO, IFAD, WFP, Reducing Poverty And Hunger: The Critical Role Of Financing For Food, Agriculture And Rural Development, 2002, p.9, 11 There are four pillars to food security: availability, access, utilisation and stability. 12 The Committee on World Food Security High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition, Report on Price Volatility and Food Security, 2011, 13 CIDSE opts to use the term agrofuels, as opposed to biofuels. Agrofuels are liquid fuels made from fuel crops grown on a large scale for agro-industrial models. Agrofuels, such as ethanol and bio-diesel, are currently produced from plants such as corn, oil palm, soy, sugar cane, sugar beet, rapeseed, canola, jatropha, rice and wheat. Biofuels, on the other hand, refer to small-scale models of production, and to non-industrial liquid fuels frequently made in owner-operated facilities for local consumption. See: Food First, Agrofuels in the Americas, Chapter II, p.4, 2009, 14 United Nations, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 15 Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Human Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, www2.ohchr.org. 16 Olivier De Schutter, 17 For more information on how agricultural investment by private sector and agribusiness actors impacts the global South, see: Entraide et Fraternité, Commerce international, 2012,
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ICC 105 19 Rev. 1 16 October 2012 Original: English E International Coffee Council 109 th Session 24 28 September 2012 London, United Kingdom Strategic action plan for the International Coffee Organization
Fact sheet: The need for mitigation United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Along with adaptation, mitigation is one of the two central approaches in the international climate change process.
G20 Agriculture Ministers Meeting Communiqué Xi an, 3 June 2016 1. We, the G20 Agriculture Ministers, met today in Xi an to discuss how G20 members can promote food security, nutrition, sustainable agricultural
National BiodiversityStrategyandActionPlan (NBSAP),St. Lucia page 8 Resource tenure and access Most agricultural lands, and a majority of forest lands, are privately owned. Two significant trends can be
CLIMATE CHANGE, WOMEN AND GENDER EQUALITY Prativa Karki Kathmandu, Nepal Abstract This essay is organized in four distinct parts. The first part of the essay gives a description of the relationship between
The European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party, convening in, Catalonia on 19th and 20th November 2009: Notes that: The EU is responsible for approximately 10 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions
Principles for Responsible Agricultural Investment that Respects Rights, Livelihoods and Resources Synoptic Version A discussion note prepared by FAO, IFAD, the UNCTAD Secretariat and the World Bank Group
CL 153/3 Web Annex 6 1 Web Annex 6: Output indicators and targets 2016-17 SO1: Contribute to the eradication of hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition 1.1 Member countries and their 1.1.1 Improving capacities | <urn:uuid:dad5f82f-6639-43ce-9269-c1a7ca9e1730> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://docplayer.net/278880-Agriculture-from-problem-to-solution.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128329344.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629135715-20170629155715-00187.warc.gz | en | 0.922021 | 14,641 | 3.28125 | 3 |
AUSTIN (KXAN) — Do you ever have trouble getting a full night of sleep? Biomedical engineers at the University of Texas at Austin may have discovered the perfect solution.
Researchers at the Cockrell School of Engineering have discovered that taking a hot bath about one to two hours before bed can significantly improve your sleep. Over 5,322 studies were reviewed detailing how warming a body could affect multiple sleep-related conditions including sleep latency, sleep time and sleep efficiency.
“When we looked through all known studies, we noticed significant disparities in terms of the approaches and findings,” said Shahab Haghayegh, Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Biomedical Engineering. “The only way to make an accurate determination of whether sleep can in fact be improved was to combine all the past data and look at it through a new lens.”
According to researchers, the optimal temperature for the bath is between 104° – 109° Fahrenheit. They also said the best time to take a bath is 90 minutes before going to bed.
The full paper explaining the findings was recently published in the journal “Sleep Medicine Review” and can be read on their website here. | <urn:uuid:f01eb4a4-e26a-4f9c-b09f-0def59de8b2c> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.kxan.com/news/researchers-at-ut-say/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735964.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805183003-20200805213003-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.96393 | 245 | 2.734375 | 3 |
1863 – Edvard Munch, Norwegian artist most famous for his painting The Scream, is born.
By 1892, Munch formulated his characteristic, and original, Synthetist aesthetic, as seen in Melancholy (1891), in which color is the symbol-laden element. Considered by the artist and journalist Christian Krohg as the first Symbolist painting by a Norwegian artist, Melancholy was exhibited in 1891 at the Autumn Exhibition in Oslo. In 1892, Adelsteen Normann, on behalf of the Union of Berlin Artists, invited Munch to exhibit at its November exhibition, the society’s first one-man exhibition. However, his paintings evoked bitter controversy (dubbed “The Munch Affair”), and after one week the exhibition closed. Munch was pleased with the “great commotion”, and wrote in a letter: “Never have I had such an amusing time—it’s incredible that something as innocent as painting should have created such a stir.”
In Berlin, Munch became involved in an international circle of writers, artists and critics, including the Swedish dramatist and leading intellectual August Strindberg, whom he painted in 1892. During his four years in Berlin, Munch sketched out most of the ideas that would comprise his major work, The Frieze of Life, first designed for book illustration but later expressed in paintings. He sold little, but made some income from charging entrance fees to view his controversial paintings. Already, Munch was showing a reluctance to part with his paintings, which he termed his “children”.
1866 – Alfred Werner, Nobel Prize wining Swiss Chemist, is born.
Alfred Werner (12 December 1866 – 15 November 1919) was a Swiss chemist who was a student at ETH Zurich and a professor at the University of Zurich. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1913 for proposing the octahedral configuration of transition metal complexes. Werner developed the basis for modern coordination chemistry. He was the first inorganic chemist to win the Nobel prize, and the only one prior to 1973
1901 – Guglielmo Marconi receives the first transatlantic radio signal (the letter “S” [***] in Morse Code), at Signal Hill in St John’s, Newfoundland.
At the turn of the 20th century, Marconi began investigating the means to signal completely across the Atlantic in order to compete with the transatlantic telegraph cables. Marconi established a wireless transmitting station at Marconi House, Rosslare Strand, Co. Wexford in 1901 to act as a link between Poldhu in Cornwall, England and Clifden in Co. Galway, Ireland. He soon made the announcement that the message was received at Signal Hill in St John’s, Newfoundland (now part of Canada) on 12 December 1901, using a 500-foot (150 m) kite-supported antenna for reception—signals transmitted by the company’s new high-power station at Poldhu, Cornwall. The distance between the two points was about 2,200 miles (3,500 km). It was heralded as a great scientific advance, yet there also was—and continues to be—considerable scepticism about this claim. The exact wavelength used is not known, but it is fairly reliably determined to have been in the neighbourhood of 350 meters (frequency ≈850 kHz). The tests took place at a time of day during which the entire transatlantic path was in daylight. We now know (although Marconi did not know then) that this was the worst possible choice. At this medium wavelength, long distance transmission in the daytime is not possible because of heavy absorption of the skywave in the ionosphere. It was not a blind test; Marconi knew in advance to listen for a repetitive signal of three clicks, signifying the Morse code letter S. The clicks were reported to have been heard faintly and sporadically. There was no independent confirmation of the reported reception, and the transmissions were difficult to distinguish from atmospheric noise. (A detailed technical review of Marconi’s early transatlantic work appears in John S. Belrose’s work of 1995.) The Poldhu transmitter was a two-stage circuit.
1962 – German mathmetician Ulrike Luise Tillmann is born.
In 2004 she was awarded the Whitehead Prize of the London Mathematical Society.
She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2008 and a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society in 2013.
2016 – Adafruit adds the MicroPython – Skill badge, iron-on patch into the store.
You’ve learned the MicroPython programming language! MicroPython is a tiny open-source Python programming language interpreter that runs on microcontroller, originally written by Damien George (http://micropython.org/). With MicroPython you can write clean and simple Python code to control hardware instead of having to use complex low-level languages like C or C++ (what Arduino uses for programming). It’s great for beginners! | <urn:uuid:a5746a64-8db8-405f-a69e-dca154796a6e> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://blog.adafruit.com/2017/12/12/time-travel-tuesday-timetravel-a-look-back-at-the-adafruit-maker-science-technology-and-engineering-world-227/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823442.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210191406-20181210212906-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.970807 | 1,060 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Understanding Chronic Conditions: Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is more commonly known as “heart disease,” a term that encompasses many different kinds of heart-related ailments. These ailments include diseases of the arteries, heart valve disease, and stroke.
CVD also encompasses atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque on artery walls. Arterial plaque is made of a combination of substances, including cholesterol and fatty substances that can accumulate due to an unhealthy diet and little exercise. This plaque build up can result in the formation of clots that restrict blood flow to the heart. The blockage of blood to the heart is called a myocardial infarction, commonly referred to as a “heart attack.” If the pressure inside the artery becomes too great, it can rupture, causing internal bleeding and often death. Atherosclerosis is related to Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), which is the most common form of heart disease and also the most common cause of heart attacks.
A Decade Analysis: How Women are Inspiring you to Protect against Heart Disease
One of the many conditions enveloped in the term “heart disease” is called “arrhythmia.” Two common forms of arrhythmia are tachycardia and bradycardia. Tachycardia entails a heartbeat that is faster than average, above 100 beats per minute. Bradycardia entails a heartbeat that is slower than average, less than 60 beats per minute. Arrhythmia also manifests as Atrial Fibrillation and Ventricular Fibrillation, the irregular contraction of the upper and lower chambers of the heart, respectively.
Also read: Increase Breast Size in a Natural Way?
Heart valve disease is another form of CVD which can manifest in several ways. Stenosis is a condition where valves in the heart do not open enough and restrict blood flow. Regurgitation is where arterial valves don’t close enough and can cause lowered blood pressure. Mitral valve prolapse occurs when a valve in the heart bulges abnormally and does not allow the valve to close properly– it is sometimes referred to as “floppy valve syndrome” because the leaflets of the valve billow too much.
Preventing CVD starts with education. Knowing what kinds of illnesses spring from poor heart health is the first step to being vigilant about developing problems. It’s critical that physicians, nurses, and patients are all informed of these issues so that emergent problems, like heart attacks, can be avoided.
Recommended: 10 Elements of Health & Fitness
This educational infographic discusses the types, prevalence, causes, and prevention of heart disease. Nurses in particular need to be familiar with CVD because it is one of the most prevalent forms of chronic illness in the world. | <urn:uuid:9ec2afb3-f709-46e3-bffc-8dc86ff19886> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://allinfographics.org/understanding-chronic-conditions-cardiovascular-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999218.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620125520-20190620151520-00513.warc.gz | en | 0.93613 | 580 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Menstrual cramps, also known as dysmenorrhea or period pains, is the pain associated with menstruation. The pain typically occurs in the lower stomach and lower back and can last anywhere between 1 – 4 days. The pain can be very uncomfortable and for many debilitating.
Period pain is caused as a result of the uterus contracting — meaning it squeezes or cramps up. This makes the lining come off the walls of the uterus and leave the body. When the uterus cramps up, it’s helping the period blood flow out of the vagina.
There is good news however, in this article we will look at a few simple ways to help combat period pain. A lot can be done to relieve cramps by combatting the muscle tightness and inflammation itself so look through our list and see what ways you can ease that time of the month.
Drink more water
It is common to feel bloated when experiencing period pain, drinking 6-8 cups of water a day can massively help tackle bloating. As well, try reducing your intake of salt and avoid alcohol as both encourage fluid retention and further bloating. If you find the taste of water to get boring, try adding in a slice of lemon or lime for a little extra flavour. As well eat food that has a high water content; cucumber, spinach, broccoli to name a few.
Hot water bottle
Placing a hot water bottle or heat pad on your stomach can help to reduce pain. The heat helps to relax the cramping muscles that cause the period pain. Be sure to wrap the hot water bottle in a towel to avoid burning your skin. You can do this whilst either relaxing on a coach or when you’re working sat at your desk during the day.
Warm bath or shower
In the same way a hot water bottle works to relax the cramping muscles in your lower abdomen, so too can a warm bath or a shower. Taking the time to yourself to relax in a nice warm bath can also help lift your mood as well as reduce the pain. It is important to take time to look after yourself and not feel guilty for spending time relaxing as the downtime can often help your productivity once you’re feeling better again.
As menstruation cramps are caused by tightening of the muscles it is a great idea to spend at least 5 minutes a day massaging the affected area, typically the lower stomach or lower back. This further allows muscles to relax and eases cramping. As well, massage will encourage blood flow which will help the body pass blood which is needed for a healthy period. In the same way as a warm bath or a hot water bottle can help you relax so to can massaging.
Caffeine is a vasoconstrictor; this means that drinks such as coffee constrict blood vessels and this in turn tightens the vessels that feed the uterus. By reducing your caffeine intake, you in turn allow for better blood flow and reduced tightness. Also taking a break from caffeine every once in a while may have other benefits to your overall health.
Omega-3 fatty acids such as fish oil can go a long way to lower inflammation. Several recent studies have found that women who took fish oil had less menstrual pain than those who took a placebo. As well as a wide range of other health benefits, fish oil is great for helping with menstrual cramps.
Vitamin D, E, Calcium Citrate & Magnesium, have all been suggested to reduce pain experienced during menstruation. Eating foods high in these vitamins may help to reduce period pain as well as promote good general health.
Tried all these and nothing is working?
Sometimes the cramps are just too painful. In fact, A 2017 YouGov survey found that 91% of women experience period pain at some point and 57% say this has adversely affected their ability to work. Fortunately, every year better medical treatments are created to help reduce period pain. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory treatments are shown to have a very positive effect on menstrual cramps, by working to relieve swelling, redness and inflammation. Be sure to browse our full range of period pain treatments that are all NHS approved and available for next day delivery.
Naproxen is a medicine that reduces inflammation and pain in joints and muscles and has become a popular medicine for treating period pain. It can be taken as a liquid or in tablet form, see package for usage instructions.
Mefenamic acid is another useful medicine for combatting period pain. Mefenamic acid works by blocking a naturally occurring chemical called cyclo-oxygenase enzymes, the body produces fewer chemicals called prostaglandins. Some of these prostaglandins are produced in parts of the body that are injured and can cause pain and inflammation. By blocking these from producing, Mefenamic Acid helps relieve pain and inflammation. | <urn:uuid:8c768556-0d5a-4dc4-a4a9-7ff9b91b89da> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.mypharmacy.co.uk/5-ways-to-treat-bad-period-pain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655896905.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708062424-20200708092424-00160.warc.gz | en | 0.959131 | 999 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Critical Lives Muhammad | 20 Copies Bulk
Muhammad was a religious visionary and political leader. Raised in the harsh Arabian Peninsula and orphaned while still a child, this unlikely leader and military genius received a calling to transform his society from a collection of raiding tribes into one of the worlds most progressive societies. His message of monotheism and righteousness motivated an entire people to abandon idolatry and spread the word of God to surrounding nations. Although he was a military genius, his greatest accomplishments came from the religion he preached: Islam, which called its adherents to lead a life of prayer, charity, and contemplation. The second largest religion in the world, both Islams prophet and its values are today often misunderstood by adherents and outsiders alike. This concise, informative biography explores: Muhammads background and boyhood, as well as the culture and society in which he lived A look at Muhammad as a family man, and how his personal life was a testament to his high regard for women Muhammads mission as a prophet and his new religions philosophy on topics ranging from monotheism to interfaith relations The Quran and how it was revealed, how Muslims view it in their religious life, and the concept of Jihad from Muhammads perspective Introduction Part One: Muhammads Early Life and Roots 1. Arabia Before Islam 2. The Child of Tragedy 3. Muhammad: Merchant of Mecca Part Two: The Coming of Prophethood 4. From Citizen to Prophet 5. The Unwelcome Prophet 6. Finding a Home for Islam 7. From Mecca to Medina 8. The Challenge of Ascendancy Part Three: The Struggle for Survival 9. The Great Battle of Badr 10. The Battle of Uhud 11. The Great Siege of Medina 12. Going Home: The Conquest of Mecca Part Four: Tomorrow the World 13. Arabias Last Stand 14. Looking Northward 15. The Passing of a Prophet Appendixes A: Muhammad in Western Literature B: An Outline of the Major Events of Muhammads Life C: Islams First Twenty Years D: Resources and References E: The Lineage of Muhammad
We highly recommend using UPS to ship bulk orders. If you choose to use USPS to ship your bulk order, we will not take any responsibility for any damaged, lost or stolen items.
This product hasn't received any reviews yet. Be the first to review this product! | <urn:uuid:7e7b6fa1-1b4a-4302-bfbf-a3c0c4bfeb6a> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://furqaanbookstore.com/critical-lives-muhammad-20-copies-bulk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370507738.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402173940-20200402203940-00345.warc.gz | en | 0.928381 | 484 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Design a Differential Amplifier by Inspection
Designing the differential amplifier by inspection is part of the art in the analog design. Inspecting the circuit and knowing how it works, it really gives you a feeling on what the values of the resistors should be.
Looking back at the example I took in MasteringElectronicsDesign.com: Solving the Differential Amplifier – Part 1 and Part 2, we need to have an output signal of -1.25V to +2.365V with an input signal of -0.5V to 5.5V. In those two articles I used the differential amplifier transfer function and I applied math to find the resistors.
This time I am going to demonstrate how this circuit can be solved by simple reasoning and knowing how it works. Some calculations are also necessary. Cannot get rid of math totally.
Let’s write down the design requirements.
If Vin1 = -0.5V, then Vout1 = -1.25V and
If Vin2 = 5.5V, then Vout2 = 2.365V.
First, let’s remark the following: If we bring a positive signal in the V1 input, the output will swing towards the positive rail. If we connect a positive signal to V2, the output will swing towards the negative rail. Of course, if the input signal is negative, the effect is opposite (see Figure 1).
The transfer function of the differential amplifier is as follows:
For this function proof read MasteringElectronicsDesign.com: How to Derive the Differential Amplifier Transfer Function.
We will use V1 as the signal input, because the amplifier is not an inverter. The design requirements show that, when the input swings positive, the output goes positive as well. Let’s ignore for the moment V2. We will make V2 zero, by connecting R3 to ground (see Figure 2). If V2 is zero the transfer function can be rewritten as in the following equation.
The amplifier output in Figure 2 has to swing between -1.25V to +2.365V which means that the output total trip is
The same can be written about the input range
Therefore the gain has to be
In effect, this circuit is an attenuator, with a sub-unity gain.
By comparing equations (2) and (5), we conclude that
However, even if we do calculate the resistors based on equation (6), we know that there is something missing. Although the output range of 3.615V is correct for the input range of 6V, when the input is at Vin1 voltage level, the output is not at Vout1. By the same token, when Vin is at Vin2 level, the output is not Vout2. Although the total trip at the amplifier output is correct, the extremities are not in the right position. We need to introduce an offset, to move Vout1 in position, at -1.25V. If we do that, since the swing is correct, Vout2 will fall at the correct voltage level of 2.365V.
How do we calculate the offset? If we multiply Vin1 with the amplifier gain, the result is
The difference between -0.301V and Vout2 = -1.25V is -0.949V. This is the negative offset we need to introduce at the amplifier output. How do we do that? Enters V2. A positive value at V2, will move the output in the opposite direction. Comparing equations (1) and (2), the output offset is
We can choose for V2 any suitable voltage level or reference we have in our system. If this is V2 = 2.5V, and after choosing a standard value for R3 = 10 kOhm, we can calculate R4 as 3.795 kOhm. A standard value for R4 is 3.83 kOhm, with 1% tolerance.
Now that we know the resistor ratio R4/R3, R1/R2 can be easily calculated using equation (6). After calculations, R1/R2 = 1.29. Then we can choose R1 = 10 kOhm, therefore R2 = 7.754 kOhm. A standard value for R2 is 7.68 kOhm, with 1% tolerance. | <urn:uuid:b6f5670b-e849-4a4b-b5e2-747ba36e3c3d> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://masteringelectronicsdesign.com/solving-the-differential-amplifier-part-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886110774.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822123737-20170822143737-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.886129 | 918 | 3.203125 | 3 |
28 September 2012 Indigenous communities must be included at all levels in Namibia’s policies, a United Nations expert stressed today, adding that the Government must engage with them while respecting their unique identities.
“Like many other countries around the world that have experienced European colonization and waves of migration, indigenous groups that are in the minority in Namibia have suffered injustices in the past that leave them disadvantaged, to varying degrees, in the present,” said the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Anaya, at the end of his nine-day mission to the country.
“These groups have expressed to me a strong desire for greater inclusion in decision-making at all levels, to be able to genuinely set their own priorities for development, and to regain or strengthen rights over lands and natural resources, particularly lands to which they retain a cultural attachment.”
Mr. Anaya welcomed Namibia’s initiatives for the development of the San and other minority communities. However, he said that during his trip he had detected a lack of policies that assign “a positive value to the distinctive identities and practices of these indigenous peoples.”
He recalled the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, which states that indigenous peoples have the right to maintain their distinct identities and cultures as a basis of their development and place in the world, to pursue their own destinies under conditions of equality, and to have secure rights over lands and resources, with due regard for their traditional patterns of use and occupancy.
“With respect to the San peoples in particular, who were the primary focus of my visit, I recognize that, especially in recent years, the Government has entered into some innovative arrangements with San tribes through which they have been able to increase their control over management of land areas and derive some substantial benefits,” Mr. Anaya said.
However, he noted that there are still also numerous San communities that were entirely dispossessed of their lands prior to independence, and those lands are now in the hands of the State and private landowners.
The communities he met with also expressed a strong desire for increased educational opportunities. He also heard that many communities do not have recognized traditional authorities, and that minority indigenous communities are often placed under the jurisdictions of chiefs of neighbouring dominant tribes, who make decisions on behalf of the minority communities.
During his mission, Mr. Anaya visited Namibia’s capital, Windhoek, and the regions of Tsumkwe, West Caprivi, Okuakuejo, and Opuko. He met with representatives and members of various San groups, as well as with representatives from the Government, non-governmental organizations and UN agencies.
Independent experts, or special rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council to examine and report back, in an unpaid capacity, on specific human rights themes.
Mr. Anaya will present a report on his visit at a forthcoming session of the Council in Geneva.
News Tracker: past stories on this issue | <urn:uuid:f9520390-a921-4a1c-845a-3e0d4bb4b58c> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=43109&Cr=indigenous&Cr1= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948515165.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212041010-20171212061010-00757.warc.gz | en | 0.971394 | 620 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The residents of a gated community in Argentina are struggling to get along with some unruly new neighbors: hundreds of the world's largest rodents.
The capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), also known as carpinchos, have been running rampant for weeks inside Nordelta, an affluent neighborhood north of Buenos Aires that is home to around 40,000 people. Local residents have reported that the robust rodents, which can reach over 4 feet (1.2 meters) long and weigh up to 174 pounds (79 kilograms), have been pooping in gardens, destroying flower beds, causing traffic accidents and allegedly biting pet dogs, although capybaras are not known to be aggressive toward humans or pets, according to Argentine newspaper La Nacion.
However, environmentalists say the capybaras are not invading Nordelta but rather taking back their home from the multimillion-dollar development, which, in the late 1990s, was built on top of ecologically important wetlands surrounding the banks of the Paraná River, the second-largest river in South America.
"It's the other way round: Nordelta invaded the ecosystem of the carpinchos," Enrique Viale, a prominent Argentine environmental lawyer, told The Guardian. "Wealthy real-estate developers with government backing have to destroy nature in order to sell clients the dream of living in the wild," he added, "because the people who buy those homes want nature, but without the mosquitoes, snakes or carpinchos."
Capybaras never completely disappeared from Nordelta after the community was completed, but their population plummeted due to the loss of habitat and disturbance caused by construction. Now, after decades without any natural predators, such as jaguars, their population is rising again, with a 17% increase in the past year. Currently, around 400 capybaras roam Nordelta, but experts think that, at the current rate, the population could eventually reach around 3,000, according to La Nacion.
Nordelta residents want officials to remove capybaras from the development and introduce new measures to stop the rodents from freely wandering around the 3,000-acre (1,214 hectare) community — for instance, by adding reinforced hedgerows and fencing, according to La Nacion. Some locals have also threatened to shoot the capybaras, although so far, none have been killed, according to The Guardian.
In response, environmental activists have been protesting within Nordelta over the past week, many wearing mascot-like cardboard capybara headpieces, to call for the government to protect the capybaras and allow them to remain within their once-natural habitat, according to La Nacion.
The capybaras have also become popular among the Argentine public, particularly within Buenos Aires, with many poorer people seeing them as a symbol of a class war against the city's elite, who have destroyed an important ecosystem to separate themselves from the poorer communities, according to The Guardian.
For example, Nordelta has changed the natural drainage systems provided by the wetlands and regularly causes flooding in the surrounding communities. "When there are extreme weather events, it is the poorer surrounding neighborhoods that end up flooded," Viale told The Guardian. "As always, it is the poor who end [up] paying the price.”
Some experts believe that, because of the backlash from environmentalists and poorer communities, Nordelta residents will have to get used to their new neighbors rather than remove them.
"Nordelta is an exceptionally rich wetland that should never have been touched," Sebastian di Martino, a biologist and conservation director at the Rewilding Argentina Foundation, told French news agency AFP. "Now that the damage has been done, the residents need to reach a certain level of coexistence with the carpinchos."
Originally published on Live Science. | <urn:uuid:885662dc-625b-4ddd-a371-b67c3ac82e1b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.livescience.com/capybaras-invade-gated-community-in-argentina.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00768.warc.gz | en | 0.959771 | 793 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Indian Children’s Book Ranks Hitler on a par with Gandhi, Mandela
Adolf Hitler found a prominent place in a children’s book on world leaders, known for spending their lives for the betterment of their country and people, after an Indian publisher included his name in the list. The publisher has put Hitler on the same pedestal as Mahatama Gandhi, Barack Obama and Nelson Mandela, reported The New York Times.
The book has been published by Pegasus imprint of India’s B. Jain Publishing Group. ‘Leaders’ puts spotlight on 11 leaders in the world who have tried to make the world “better”. The description of the book as on Pegasus website puts it as a compilation of all the men and women who “inspire you”.
The book cover also features Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Mynammar’s leader Aung San Suu Kyi, who, in the past, has received a lot of criticism for ignoring the plight of Rohingyas in Mynammar.
According to The New York Times, Rabbi Abraham Cooper, Associate Dean of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, an international Jewish human rights organisation, said in a statement, “Dedicated to the betterment of countries and people? Adolf Hitler? This description would bring tears of joy to the Nazis and their racist neo-Nazi heirs.”
The Simon Wiesenthal Center has also called for the Indian publisher to remove “Leaders” from circulation.
Clarifying the stand of the publication on the issue, Annshu Juneja, a publishing manager at the imprint said, “We are not talking about his way of conduct or his views or whether he was a good leader or a bad leader but simply portraying how powerful he was as a leader,” reported The New York Times.
The report points out that in parts of Asia, atrocities committed in Nazi Germany is sometimes poorly understood and Hitler is often glorified.
The book “Leaders” was published in the year 2016 and is still available for sale online.
(With inputs from The New York Times.) | <urn:uuid:75ad0ecd-e571-497d-96fd-bcc2b1781f63> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.thequint.com/lifestyle/books/india-children-book-lists-hitler-great-leader | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583658844.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117062012-20190117084012-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.960308 | 444 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Back Translation: The translation of a target document back to the original source language. Back translations are legally required for some kinds of documents where absolute accuracy is extremely important, such as patient instructions and medical consent forms, and they may be advisable in other similar contexts. Certain differences between the source document and back translation may indicate a misunderstanding by the translator or ambiguity in the source text. As a general means of quality assurance, however, back translation has many potential pitfalls, so it should be used with caution. More information »
CAT (Computer Assisted Translation) Tools: A combination of a translation memory builder with other tools, such as glossaries or term bases (for specialized areas), and quality assurance tools. They help translators and reviewers work more efficiently and with more consistency and quality. These tools also allow the direct editing of tagged files, such as html and xml files. More information »
DTP (Desktop Publishing): The process of reformatting a translated document to accommodate text expansion or contraction and left-to-right text changes (as with Arabic or Hebrew) and changes in font style (as with character-based languages or those that do not use Latin alphabets). Multilingual DTP is done by native speakers of the target languages in order to ensure accuracy. More information »
Localization: Translation into the local version of the language of the target audience is only part of the localization process. For a document, localization may also involve things like changing images, colors and layout to meet local expectations. For software, websites, and mobile apps, localization may also mean additional steps such as coding for the correct language; modifying forms to account for local name, date and address usages; and adjusting for right-left languages, like Arabic and Hebrew. In other words, localization includes all the changes that will promote understanding as well as usability in a particular market.
Post-editing: professional editing of material generated by machine translation to ensure that it is comprehensible. It is often used along with specialized machine translation systems on technical materials turned out in large volumes. For the best results, other steps such as simplified authoring methods and continual “training” of the software are also used. More information »
Termbase: Each industry has its own preferred terminology. A termbase is a glossary of words and phrases and their industry-specific translations. When translating technical materials, a first step is to establish and translate a glossary of important terms. The approved termbase can be loaded into our translation tool so that the translator will receive prompts when the terms appear in the source text. Establishing a termbase ensures consistency and clarity in the target translation. More information »
Transcreation: more creative than everyday translation. It is generally used for advertising and marketing materials and may involve substantially changing the original text to conform with local cultural preferences and language usage. Transcreation is judged by the extent to which it conveys a message in line with the message in the original while also having a similar emotional impact on its intended audience. More information »
Translation Memory: A database that stores segments (sentences, headings, list elements, etc.) and their corresponding translations as the document is translated. It correlates the source segments in the original language with the target segments in the translation so that an existing translation can simply be recovered from the database and only new material needs to be translated. This can mean tremendous savings for a client over the long term. More information » | <urn:uuid:b943002e-cd22-49d9-a3a7-42d2cf1b2b5f> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.mtmlinguasoft.com/glossary-of-terms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323682.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628134734-20170628154734-00481.warc.gz | en | 0.913093 | 707 | 3.359375 | 3 |
“Diabetic mothers-to-be have high risk of giving birth to children with congenital abnormality,” The Guardian said today.
The news is based on UK research that compared the rates of birth defects in women with and without diabetes. It found that about 7% of pregnancies in women with diabetes were affected by birth defects that were not caused by problems with the number or structure of the chromosomes. This was 3.8 times higher than the rate in women without diabetes. The study also found that women who have worse control over their blood sugar around the time of conception were at greater risk.
It has been known for some time that diabetes in pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of various complications, and this large study provides further evidence on the link between diabetes and birth defects. UK medical guidance already addresses this risk, and recommends that from adolescence onwards, women with diabetes should be routinely given information on the importance of planning any future pregnancies and on getting specialist care and advice when they decide to have a baby. Women with very poor control of their diabetes are also advised not to become pregnant until their blood sugar control has improved.
Women with diabetes are likely to already be aware of these risks. However, this study provides another reminder that diabetic women who are thinking about becoming pregnant should discuss their options with their doctor first.
The study was carried out by researchers from Newcastle University, the Regional Maternity Survey Office in Newcastle, and the South Tees NHS Trust. It was funded by Diabetes UK, the Department of Health, the Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership, and the four primary care trusts in northeast England. The study was published in the peer-reviewed medical journal Diabetologica.
The Guardian provided good coverage of this story, and put it into context of what is already known about how a woman’s diabetes can affect her pregnancy. The shorter news article in The Independent covered the basics of the story, but could be taken to suggest that the study was the first to discover the risk. In fact, this risk has been known for some time.
Pregnancies in women with diabetes are already known to be at increased risk of various complications, including stillbirth and birth abnormalities. This cohort study aimed to clarify the extent to which diabetes increases the risk of major birth defects, and how this risk is affected by other factors such as maternal age, smoking and socioeconomic status.
A cohort study is the best way to assess this type of question, which could not be answered by a randomised controlled trial. Clearly, women with diabetes differ from women without diabetes in terms of their medical condition, but the two groups may also vary in other ways. It is important that researchers take such differences into account during their analyses.
The researchers used data collected on approximately 401,000 pregnancies that occurred between 1996 and 2008. They looked at whether mothers had diabetes, and if their babies had birth defects. The researchers then looked at whether birth defects were more common in babies born to mothers with diabetes.
The researchers obtained their data from the north of England, collected by the Northern Diabetes in Pregnancy Survey (NorDIP) and the Northern Congenital Abnormality Survey (NorCAS). NorDIP contains data on pregnancies in women diagnosed with diabetes at least six months before conception. It does not include women with gestational diabetes (diabetes that only occurs in pregnancy).
The study excluded multiple pregnancies (twins or triplets) and included pregnancies where the baby died at or before 20 weeks of pregnancy, or where the pregnancy was terminated due to a foetal abnormality. It included all eligible births in the study region in the study period. Abnormalities were classified according to standard definitions, and could be recorded up to the age of 12 years. Some birth abnormalities are caused by problems with the number or structure of chromosomes (the structures in the cell that contain our DNA). These abnormalities were looked at separately.
The researchers looked at the effect of various diabetes-related factors including how well the woman’s blood sugar was controlled at around the time of conception, whether she had type 1 or type 2 diabetes, and diabetes complications diagnosed before pregnancy (such as kidney or eye problems). They also looked at the effect of maternal age at the time of delivery, gestational age at time of delivery, folic acid intake before conception, foetal gender, number of previous babies, pre-pregnancy care, and smoking during pregnancy. Any significant factors were taken into account in the analyses to determine the effect of the individual factors.
Among the 401,149 pregnancies, 1,677 were in women with pre-existing diabetes. Most of these women (78.4%) had type 1 diabetes. Overall, 9,488 pregnancies were affected by at least one major birth defect, and 129 of these were in women with diabetes.
In women with diabetes, 71.6 per 1,000 pregnancies were affected by non-chromosomal major birth defects. This was 3.8 times higher than the rate in women without diabetes. Women with diabetes did not have an increased risk of having a baby with birth defects caused by chromosomal abnormalities.
When looking at specific factors linked to the risk of birth defects, the researchers found that women who had worse blood sugar control at around the time of conception were at increased risk of having babies with birth defects. Blood sugar control is often calculated using a measure called HbA1c level. This represents the levels of haemoglobin in the blood with a sugar molecule attached.
Doctors generally try to keep HbA1c levels below 7%. In this study, each increase of 1% in HbA1c over 6.3% was associated with a 30% increase in the odds of birth defects (odds ratio [OR] 1.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2 to 1.4). Women who already had kidney problems as a result of their diabetes also had an increased risk of having babies with birth defects (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 5.3).
Some other factors were associated with an increased risk of birth abnormalities when looked at in isolation, such as low intake of folic acid and lower socioeconomic status. However, once all other factors were taken into account, these were no longer statistically significant.
The researchers concluded that the main modifiable factor associated with birth defects in women with diabetes is their blood sugar control at around the time of conception. They say that the association with diabetes-related kidney problems needs to be studied further.
This study supports the existence of an association between maternal diabetes and increased risk of birth abnormalities, and helps quantify the size of the association. The study’s strengths include its large size and ability to include the entire population in the study area. However, there are a number of points to note:
The link between maternal diabetes and an increased risk of birth defects is already established. Better blood sugar control can help reduce this risk, although it cannot eliminate the risk completely. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) recommends that women with diabetes who are trying to conceive should aim for an HbA1c of less than 6.1%, if this can be achieved safely. It also suggests that women with an HbA1c of over 10% should avoid becoming pregnant.
NICE also recommends that:
This study supports the need for specialist information and planning for pregnancy in women with diabetes. Women with diabetes who are thinking about becoming pregnant should discuss this with their doctor if they have not already done so. | <urn:uuid:5bf624a9-ad85-4cfc-89c3-eebf9d83deaf> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.ripongazette.co.uk/news/nhs-news/diabetes-increases-birth-defect-risk-1-4223220 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462035.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00136-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980356 | 1,541 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The future of fuels for transportation may ultimately be hydrogen, the most widespread element in the universe. (Yes, there is a lot out there, in here, and in between, but a problem is getting it to be freed-up from other elements, as in separating the H2 from the O.)
Companies like BMW have been working on hydrogen powered vehicles for a number of years. Here, for example, is the Hydrogen 7, which goes back to 2006 (though this variant is from 2008). A hydrogen-powered vehicle. A hydrogen-powered vehicle with a V12 under its hood.
But while developments undoubtedly continue, pure electric vehicles seem to garner the most attention. So hydrogen, it seems, may be all about the future, right?
In fact, BMW is using fuel cells for transportation right now.
But this is BMW Manufacturing in Spartanburg, South Carolina, and the transportation in question is of parts in the plant.
The company is now using some 230 fuel-cell powered material handling devices in the 4-million-square-foot factory.
One of the benefits of using the hydrogen system is that it allows them to save. . .electricity. BMW estimates that they will avoid the use of 4.1-million kW/hours per year with its recently expanded hydrogen system (they had been using about 100 transporters since 2010).
In addition to which, they are now in phase two of the “Landfill Gas-to-Hydrogen Pilot Project.” Phase one was about economic and technical feasibility. Now the project team, headed by the South Carolina Research Authority, are moving on to the implementation and testing of the equipment that will be used to assure the purity of the hydrogen derived from methane that is sourced from a landfill.
BMW Manufacturing, incidentally, is the global site for the production of the X3, X5 and X6 vehicles. | <urn:uuid:5394115e-4e9e-41fe-9e75-74d92410e4dc> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.autofieldguide.com/blog/post/bmw-continues-to-use-hydrogen | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737875203.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221755-00205-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958412 | 388 | 3.421875 | 3 |
The condition Ext1(A, Z) = 0 can be equivalently formulated as follows: whenever B is an abelian group and f : B → A is a surjective group homomorphism whose kernel is isomorphic to the group of integers Z, then there exists a group homomorphism g : A → B with fg = idA. Abelian groups A satisfying this condition are sometimes called Whitehead groups, so Whitehead's problem asks: is every Whitehead group free?
Caution: The converse of Whitehead's problem, namely that every free abelian group is Whitehead, is a well known group-theoretical fact. Some authors call Whitehead group only a non-free group A satisfying Ext1(A, Z) = 0. Whitehead's problem then asks: do Whitehead groups exist?
- If every set is constructible, then every Whitehead group is free;
- If Martin's axiom and the negation of the continuum hypothesis both hold, then there is a non-free Whitehead group.
Since the consistency of ZFC implies the consistency of both of the following:
- The axiom of constructibility (which asserts that all sets are constructible);
- Martin's axiom plus the negation of the continuum hypothesis,
Whitehead's problem cannot be resolved in ZFC.
J. H. C. Whitehead, motivated by the second Cousin problem, first posed the problem in the 1950s. Stein (1951) answered the question in the affirmative for countable groups. Progress for larger groups was slow, and the problem was considered an important one in algebra for some years.
Shelah's result was completely unexpected. While the existence of undecidable statements had been known since Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931, previous examples of undecidable statements (such as the continuum hypothesis) had all been in pure set theory. The Whitehead problem was the first purely algebraic problem to be proved undecidable.
Shelah (1977, 1980) later showed that the Whitehead problem remains undecidable even if one assumes the Continuum hypothesis. The Whitehead conjecture is true if all sets are constructible. That this and other statements about uncountable abelian groups are provably independent of ZFC shows that the theory of such groups is very sensitive to the assumed underlying set theory.
- Free abelian group
- Whitehead torsion
- List of statements undecidable in ZFC
- Statements true if all sets are constructible
- Eklof, Paul C. (1976), "Whitehead's Problem is Undecidable", The American Mathematical Monthly, The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 83, No. 10, 83 (10): 775–788, doi:10.2307/2318684, JSTOR 2318684 An expository account of Shelah's proof.
- Eklof, P.C. (2001) , "Whitehead problem", in Hazewinkel, Michiel (ed.), Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4
- Shelah, S. (1974), "Infinite Abelian groups, Whitehead problem and some constructions", Israel Journal of Mathematics, 18 (3): 243–256, doi:10.1007/BF02757281, MR 0357114
- Shelah, S. (1977), "Whitehead groups may not be free, even assuming CH. I", Israel Journal of Mathematics, 28 (3): 193–203, doi:10.1007/BF02759809, MR 0469757
- Shelah, S. (1980), "Whitehead groups may not be free, even assuming CH. II", Israel Journal of Mathematics, 35 (4): 257–285, doi:10.1007/BF02760652, MR 0594332
- Stein, Karl (1951), "Analytische Funktionen mehrerer komplexer Veränderlichen zu vorgegebenen Periodizitätsmoduln und das zweite Cousinsche Problem", Math. Ann., 123: 201–222, doi:10.1007/BF02054949, MR 0043219 | <urn:uuid:f1cb9d8f-ca51-4394-83f1-1a0060fe6d70> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehead_problem | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525863.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718231656-20190719013656-00161.warc.gz | en | 0.813026 | 910 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Algae Biofuel: Finding Algae Species For Making Renewable Energy
Researchers are starting a new project to find algae biofuel -- algae species which could be used as source for energy-rich oils. Algae DISCOVR Project, dhort for Development of Integrated Screening, Cultivar Optimization and Validation Research, is a $6-million collaborative project which will reduce the cost and time to find algae biofuel.
Finding algae species best for making biofuel is not an easy task. Lab results from test tubes often get results that are not the same with what really happens when the algae are on the pond. In the Algae DISCOVR Project, researchers expect to find four algae biofuel out of 30 candidates in three years.
"Algae biofuel is a promising clean energy technology, but the current production methods are costly and limit its use. The price of biofuel is largely tied to growth rates. Our method could help developers find the most productive algae strains more quickly and efficiently," lead researcher, Michael Huesemann of the Department of Energy said on a press release by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
First, the team will do a multi-step screening process using PNNL's Laboratory Environmental Algae Pond Simulator mini-photobioreactors to study the growth rate of the different types of algae strains. Those with suitable growth would be investigated further to measure oil, protein and carbohydrate content. They will also study how each type would react to harmful bacteria and algae predators.
The researchers will then evaluate how much biomass (organic matter used to make biofuel) each type can produce. They will choose those which can produce at least 20 percent more than previously well-studied algae strains. The will also study which algae strains contain more oil and those which can survive in stressful conditions like high temperatures.
The algae strains which will be chosen after each step will be grown in large outdoor ponds in Arizona. They will also harvest biomass and study how fast the algae grow in different lighting and temperature conditions. After the project, the researchers would also like to study how to harvest algae biofuel and assess the feasibility of using the selected algae in making biofuel, cited Science Daily.
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‘Resident Evil 7: Not A Hero DLC’ First Gameplay Trailer Leaks Online
First gameplay trailer pertaining to RE7: Not A Hero DLC has just leaked on YouTube. | <urn:uuid:411e7cc6-ed57-42d5-93d4-5c34edecc660> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.itechpost.com/articles/74515/20170114/algae-biofuel-finding-species-making-renewable-energy.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948544124.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214124830-20171214144830-00171.warc.gz | en | 0.933634 | 984 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Wastewater is water that is collected in drainage and sewer systems. This may include water from residential and industrial use and rain water. Wastewater may contain harmful bacteria, organisms, solid wastes, and other harmful chemicals and pollutants. A wastewater treatment plant is a facility that receives wastewater and treats and cleans it for redistribution back into nature or for reuse.
In the past, wastewater was simply disposed of in large bodies of water. The large size of a body of water would dilute much of the pollutants present in the wastewater. In addition, natural organisms would, over time, break down the pollutants in the water. Because the process of breaking down harmful organisms takes time to naturally occur, this method of treatment would not adequately nor effectively treat and clean the enormous volume of wastewater that is produced today.
A wastewater treatment plant works by accelerating the natural process of water treatment. Wastewater is directed via a sewage and drainage system to the treatment plant, where the incoming water is known as influent. The first phase of treatment screens out large pieces of debris such as rocks, wood, and litter. This debris is collected and generally taken to a landfill for disposal.
The wastewater is then held in tanks or basins. This allows solid particles to settle to the bottom and for grease or scum to rise to the top. Skimmers on the surface of the water collect the scum on the surface and scrapers collect the solid particles on the bottom, to be further processed as sludge. After processing, about 65% of sludge is reused as fertilizer. The sludge that is not reusable is disposed of in a landfill.
The secondary phase of the process in a wastewater treatment plant involves adding both microorganisms and oxygen to the wastewater. The microorganisms feed on and therefore remove much of the harmful bacteria present in the water. The adding of oxygen into the water is known as aeration and encourages the growth of the helpful microorganisms, which in turn speeds up the treatment process.
The microorganisms that were added to the water are then removed. The water is once again held in basins or tanks to allow the microorganisms to settle to the bottom. Most of these microorganisms are then reused in the treatment process, while a small percentage becomes sludge.
The wastewater is then treated with chlorine or ultraviolet light to kill any remaining harmful bacteria. Because chlorine is in itself a harmful substance, other chemicals may be added to neutralize the effects of chlorine. Once this step is performed the process is complete and the water, known as effluent, is typically discharged from the wastewater treatment plant into a body of water. | <urn:uuid:fa8a4666-5fc6-4bad-932a-e3be2e13cea5> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://healthynet.biz/?p=568 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690318.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925040422-20170925060422-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.957576 | 529 | 3.96875 | 4 |
Copyright © University of Cambridge. All rights reserved.
'Factor Lines' printed from http://nrich.maths.org/
This text is usually replaced by the Flash movie.
Arrange the four number cards (1, 2, 3 and 21) on the grid above to make a diagonal, vertical or horizontal line.
You can put a number card on a square with
- the same number
- a multiple of that number
- a factor of that number.
In how many different ways can you do it?
You can use the interactivity above or this sheet
. The interactivity keeps track of the number of different lines you have created and you can view the lines you've already made by clicking 'Show lines'.
This problem has been adapted from the book "Cards on the Table" by Fran Mosley, published by BEAM Education | <urn:uuid:6d5c393d-d6bc-4eea-8ca4-0b7880ce6656> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://nrich.maths.org/1138/index?nomenu=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400373301.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123253-00056-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926326 | 179 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. An RFID tag is an object that can be attached to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification using radio waves. Chip-based RFID tags contain silicon chips and antennae. Passive tags require no power source, whereas active tags require an internal power source.
The benefits of implementing RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) in meetings, conferences & events comes from the ability to be able to effectively measure and enhance the overall value for both attendees and exhibitors. These new insights have not been available to show management until the use of RFID within the conference environment.
By implementing RFID you will be able to:
Evaluate overall facilitation of interaction between attendees & exhibitors
RFID tags with an internal power source. Battery life is several years, the read range spans larger distances and usually is adjustable. Antenna
Used by both RFID tags and readers, they receive and transmit radio waves. Encode
The process of writing data to an RFID tag. Frequency The speed of radio waves traveling between an RFID tag and a reader. Speeds are generally given in terms of KHz (kilo hertz), MHz (mega hertz), and GHz (giga hertz). Interference
Usually a liquid or metal that prevents the radio signals to be read correctly by an RFID tag or transmitted accurately by an RFID writer. Passive Tags
RFID tags without a direct power source. Tags receive power from radio waves transmitted by a reader/antenna. Read range is generally a shorter distance. Read Range
The distance where an RFID tag is read by a antennae/reader. Reader
Device that reads/translates data from an RFID tag. Radio Frequency Identification
Acronym used in description of a technology utilizing radio waves to uniquely encode and read items. RFID Chip
Silicon chip, which is encoded/programmed with attendee’s unique information. Tags can be written/encoded multiple times with unique information. RFID Tag
Consisted of an RFID chip and an accompanying antenna. Transponder
The technical name for an RFID tag. Writer
Device that transmits data to an RFID tag. | <urn:uuid:445c3117-d798-4f9f-af03-b633d5adddba> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.conventionstrategy.com/brochures-info/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668585.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115042541-20191115070541-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.849553 | 485 | 3.5625 | 4 |
NSUSL examines the difficulties the HVP industry faces in adapting to new technology and climate change
The growing issue of climate change is directly affecting a number of industries, including heating, ventilation and plumbing. The UK government is under pressure to reduce carbon emissions, which could involve altering legislations when it comes to the HVP industry.
Some 14% of the UK’s total greenhouse gases come from our homes. This is a similar level to vehicle emissions. It’s estimated over than 20,000 homes a week must switch to low-carbon heating between 2025 and 2050 in order to meet UK climate goals.
There is a growing demand from consumers for greener lifestyle choices, including heating and ventilation. This has seen a rise in the demand for heat pumps and hydrogen boilers, in an attempt to reduce carbon emissions.
Transitioning to a greener future in HVP brings its own obstacles, however. Two cleaner, greener options are heat pumps and hydrogen boilers.
There are question marks over the use of refrigerants in heat pumps, which pose health and safety risk, as well as the qualifications of installers handling maintenance of the pumps. With hydrogen boilers, there are concerns over how environmentally friendly the production methods of hydrogen are. Allow NSUSL to discuss the difficulties the HVP industry faces in adapting to new technology and climate change.
How are heat pumps better for the environment?
Air sourced heat pumps (ASHPs) extract outside air, which can be used to heat radiators and water in homes. It can generate heat in temperatures as low as -15°C. Although ASHPs run using electricity, the heat which they extract is constantly being renewed, making them a more environmentally friendly and sustainable method of heating than traditional gas boilers. There are, however, concerns over the use of refrigerants in heat pumps, particularly with maintenance.
The use of refrigerants in heat pumps
One potential drawback of heat pumps is that they require refrigerants to operate. When installing a monobloc heat pump, the refrigerant is sealed. This doesn’t pose much of a risk and plumbers who aren’t REFCOM registered are able to install these heat pumps.
However, if there is a maintenance issue with a heat pump, the refrigerant inside could have leaked. Any plumbers repairing a heat pump where it is possible they may come into contact with the refrigerant must be appropriately qualified with REFCOM. Homeowners will be unaware of this necessity, so it is the responsibility of HVP businesses and installers to ensure any installers maintaining heat pumps are qualified to do so.
A suspected refrigerant leak should be treated by a registered plumber urgently. Refrigerant is odourless and tasteless, it can also transition between liquid and gas easily, meaning if there is a leak it can be difficult to tell.
R32 heat pumps in particular are a major concern. Many manufacturers are switching to heat pumps that contain the r32 refrigerant, which is known to be mildly flammable. However, manufacturers have dismissed the likelihood of an r32 heat pump being a fire risk.
In testing, static electricity and sparks from other residential appliances lack sufficient energy to ignite the refrigerant. The only way the r32 refrigerant can be ignited is with an open flame, which even doing so intentionally is unlikely.
Nevertheless, it is important for HVP companies and contractors to be aware of the risks. Any plumbers or engineers carrying out maintenance work on heat pumps must be fully-qualified and aware of the risks of dealing with unfamiliar technology and materials.
As the government clamps down on environmental laws and legislation, this will bring new policies and requirements for HVP companies, as well as the UK installers equipped with leading the industry towards a greener future.
Are hydrogen boilers better for the environment?
Hydrogen boilers are another viable alternative to natural gas. They are a low carbon option, which if they become popular, will greatly reduce the impact the HVP industry has on the environment.
One benefit of using hydrogen boilers is that it wouldn’t inhibit the gas network infrastructure, which eight out of 10 homes are currently connected to. Hydrogen is also more energy-efficient than gasoline. There is as much energy in 1kg of hydrogen as there is in 2.8kg of gasoline.
One potential drawback of utilising hydrogen boilers is the production phase. Although hydrogen is more energy-efficient than gasoline, it is also more expensive to produce. Hydrogen also isn’t entirely carbon-neutral. Electrolysis and STR (Steam Methane Reforming) are the two processes used to produce hydrogen. Both of which can emit carbon.
The electrolysis process involves separating hydrogen and oxygen from water using electricity. However, how environmentally friendly this process is depends on how the process is powered. If the electrolysis process is powered by renewable energy, such as electricity generated from solar and wind farms, then the process is carbon neutral.
STR can also release carbon emissions into the atmosphere. The process uses steam to heat the methane in natural gas. This can, however, be captured to prevent harmful emissions from entering the atmosphere.
HVP is unlikely to be the only industry to be affected by climate change. Hydrogen, in particular, will be used in many more industries to reduce carbon footprint. The infrastructure is already in place for hydrogen to revolutionise how the HVP industry affects climate change; however, producers must ensure the production of hydrogen is carbon-neutral.
Heat pumps are more expensive than hydrogen boilers and will require more advanced installation as they aren’t connected to the existing gas network. Installers must also take into account the use of potentially hazardous refrigerants in heat pumps.
+44 (0)7970 347890 | <urn:uuid:e2c23cda-7735-45ff-90ab-902a6fabe6a7> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.pbctoday.co.uk/news/energy-news/hvp-industry-climate-change/74236/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347432521.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200603081823-20200603111823-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.946265 | 1,195 | 2.859375 | 3 |
pliosaur, a group of large carnivorous marine reptiles characterized by massive heads, short necks, and streamlined tear-shaped bodies. Pliosaurs have been found as fossils from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods (about 200 million to 65.5 million years ago). They are classified in the order Plesiosauria, along with their long-necked relatives, the plesiosaurs. Pliosaurs possessed powerful jaws and large teeth, and they used four large fins to swim through Mesozoic seas.
One notable pliosaur is Liopleurodon, a genus found in Middle Jurassic deposits in England and northern France. Liopleurodon is significant in that several fossils of variable quality that range in length from 5 to 25 metres (16 to 85 feet) have been placed in this genus, leading many authorities to question whether such specimens should be reclassified into other genera.
On the other hand, some groups did indeed grow quite large. For example, Kronosaurus, an Early Cretaceous pliosaur from Australia, grew to about 12 metres (about 40 feet) long; the skull alone measured about 3.7 metres (12.1 feet) long. An even larger pliosaur from the Jurassic, dubbed “Predator X,” was unearthed in Svalbard in 2009. Although it remains unclassified at present, some details are known. Its length and weight are estimated at 15 metres (about 50 feet) long and 45 tonnes (almost 100,000 pounds), respectively. The jaws of this creature are thought to have produced a bite force of 33,000 pounds per square inch, perhaps the highest bite force of any known animal.
Another specimen, known from a massive skull unearthed from the coast of southern England, may be the longest pliosaur on record. Extrapolations made from the 2.4-metre (7.8-foot) skull suggest that the specimen ranged from 10 to 16 metres (33 to about 53 feet) from head to tail. | <urn:uuid:083dc1da-c447-4e9f-84d6-5f8e5f3f234d> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/464866/pliosaur | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802776556.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075256-00142-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960905 | 415 | 4.09375 | 4 |
proxy servers - Definition from the Hotspot Shield Glossary
A proxy server is a server that bridges the gap between a client and a physical server. In essence, it acts as a middleman between a client and server and filters out any information that it can sort itself.
Proxy servers are useful for directing traffic, filtering server requests, and improving the performance of a network. Proxy servers will store requests in their cache for a set amount of time. This can reduce server traffic instead of forwarding every new request onto the main server, the proxy can check through its cache and if it has the request, can directly return it to the client. Furthermore, proxy servers can filter server traffic and allow clients limited access to a network or website for example. | <urn:uuid:84a034b2-1481-4e07-84e4-35bc4872570c> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.hotspotshield.com/glossary/proxy-servers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948588420.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216181940-20171216203940-00036.warc.gz | en | 0.907783 | 150 | 3.5 | 4 |
Basant Panchami Celebration
In hindu religion saraswati puja is celebrated all over india.Saraswati is the goddess of Education, Crafts and Arts.
Saraswati puja is
always fall in the month of magh(january – february).Students celebrate saraswati puja with
a great way in college ,school,and in private tuition.Students worship to goddess saraswati for the success of learning,arts and crafts.
She is the mother of the Vedas. She is always dressed in white saree which symbolizes the
purity and she rides on a white swan which symbolizes the purity and discrimination.
In west bengal saraswati puja celebrated in every house. Saraswati puja is a part of social
celebrations.In school ,college the ladies teacher and the young girls try to wear the beautiful yellow traditional silk saree or plain
Pushpanjali are offered to maa
saraswati.Young people enjoy the day with their friends and family.Cultural programmes held in night with great devotion. | <urn:uuid:e62acca2-fe3a-4e67-9198-a16d7277c47f> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://renjiveda.wordpress.com/tag/saraswathy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335276.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928180732-20220928210732-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.85055 | 317 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Hypermobile Flatfoot And Pediatric Obesity: What You Should Know
- Volume 24 - Issue 10 - October 2011
- 8030 reads
- 0 comments
1. Wearing SC, Hills AP, Byrne NM, Hennig EM, McDonald M. The arch index: a measure of flat or fat feet? Foot Ankle Int. 2004; 25(8):575-581.
2. Riddiford-Harland DL, Steele JR, Baur LA. Are the feet of obese children fat or flat? Revisiting the debate. Int J Obes (Lond); 2010 June 22 E-Pub.
3. Villarroya MA, Esquivel JM, Tomas C, et al. Assessment of the medial longitudinal arch in children and adolescents with obesity: footprints and radiographic study. Eur J Pediatr. 2009; 168(5):559-67.
4. Mickle KJ, Steele JR, Munro BJ. The feet of overweight and obese young children: are they flat or fat? Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006; 14(11):1949-53.
5. Riddiford-Harland DL, Steele JR, Baur LA. Medial midfoot fat pad thickness and plantar pressures: are these related in children? Int J Pediatric Obes. 2011; 6(3-4):261-6.
6. Hills AP, Parker AW. Gait characteristics of obese children. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991; 72(6):403-7.
7. Pfeiffer M, Kotz R, Ledi T, Hauser G. Sluga M. Prevalence of flat foot in pre-school-aged children. Pediatrics. 2006; 118(2):634-9.
8. Bordin D, DeGiorgi G, Mazzocco G, Rigon F. Flat and cavus foot, indexes of obesity and overweight in a population of primary-school children. Minerva Pediatr. 2001; 53(1):7-13.
9. Mauch M, Grau S, Krauss I, Maiwald C, Horstmann T. Foot morphology of normal, underweight and overweight children. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008; 32(7):1068-75.
10. Chen KC, et al. Relevant factors influencing flatfoot in preschool-aged children. Eur J Pediatr 2011;170(7):931-6.
11. Chang JH, Yeh CJ, Tung LC, Yang JF, Yang SF, Wang CH. Prevalence of flexible flatfoot in Taiwanese school-aged children in relation to obesity, gender and age. Eur J Pediatr. 2010; 169(4):447-52.
12. Chen JP, Chung MJ, Wang MJ. Flatfoot prevalence and foot dimensions of 5- to 13-year-old children in Taiwan. Foot Ankle Int. 2009; 30(4):326-32.
13. Napolitano C, Walsh S, Mahoney L, McCrea J. Risk factors that may adversely modify the natural history of the pediatric pronated foot. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2000; 17(3):397-417.
14. Hefti F. Foot pain [translated from German]. Orthopade. 1999; 28(2):173-9.
15. Luhmann SJ, Rich MM, Schoenecker PL. Painful idiopathic rigid flatfoot in children and adolescents. Foot Ankle Int. 2000; 21(1):59-66.
For further reading, see “Point-Counterpoint: Asymptomatic Flatfoot In Kids: Should You Treat It?” in the January 2010 issue of Podiatry Today. | <urn:uuid:0c909698-77ee-4aca-a1db-a269367cab7a> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.podiatrytoday.com/hypermobile-flatfoot-and-pediatric-obesity-what-you-should-know?page=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164039245/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133359-00004-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.682351 | 799 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Citation: Gross L (2005) As the Antarctic Ice Pack Recedes, a Fragile Ecosystem Hangs in the Balance. PLoS Biol 3(4): e127. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030127
Published: April 12, 2005
Copyright: © 2005 Liza Gross. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abbreviations: CCAMLR, Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources; CDW, Circumpolar Deep Water; LTER, Palmer Long Term Ecological Research program
Harrowing tales of starvation and endurance epitomize Antarctica's “heroic age,” when men equipped with little more than fortitude struggled against a landscape seemingly designed to thwart their intentions. A menacing sea ice figures prominently in these improbable survival stories. Daunting to early-20th-century explorers—trapping (and ultimately crushing) Ernest Shackleton's Endurance and derailing Robert Scott's 1901 Discovery expedition—the seasonal pack ice is the lifeblood of Antarctica's marine ecosystem.
But as winter temperatures continue to climb in the Antarctic, the once-forbidding winter sea ice is starting to deteriorate. The ice pack is forming later and retreating earlier—and it's having a serious impact on the abundance of krill, the backbone of the Antarctic food chain.
“Sea ice is the engine that drives Antarctic ecosystems,” says William Fraser, a principal investigator for the Palmer Long Term Ecological Research program (LTER) and president of Polar Oceans Research Group in Montana. “Many of the key species that govern ecosystem dynamics in the Antarctic have life histories that depend on the availability of winter sea ice. The most important species in most sectors of Antarctica is krill.”
A major food source for Antarctic fish, penguins, pelagic seabirds, seals, and whales, krill (Euphausia superba) look like shrimp, but weigh just a gram as adults and measure about six centimeters long (Figure 1). Norwegian for “whale food,” krill aggregate in super-swarms that can reach a density of 30,000 individuals per square meter, attracting whales, which can eat three tons of krill in a single feeding, and fisheries, which net on average 100,000 metric tons per year.
(A) This gravid female is nearly ready to release her eggs.
(B) Krill feed on phytoplankton, indicated by the green color in this specimen's digestive organ.
(Images: Langdon Quetin and Robin Ross, researchers at the Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, and funded by the Office of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation)
The waters off the Antarctic Peninsula favor high krill concentrations. “Once you get into extreme environments such as the Southern Ocean, diversity will decrease but the number of individuals will increase because the production can be very high,” says Scott Gallager, a marine biologist at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States).
Production is particularly high along the sea ice edge, he says, because the ice is thinner, which allows more sunlight to penetrate, and because ocean mixing processes along the continental shelf cause an upwelling of nutrient-rich deep water. Increased nutrients support increased primary production along the ice edge. “If ice forms too late,” says Gallager, “you don't get this higher production, which impacts zooplankton populations like the larval krill that graze the under-ice surface, feeding on ice algae. The ice edge is an absolutely critical habitat, a nursery, for larval krill.”
But this krill hotspot is showing some of the most dramatic changes in sea ice extent. Fraser says the western Antarctic Peninsula has registered the “largest increase in temperatures on the planet”—on the order of 6 degrees Celsius—over the past 50 years. This warming trend, he says, has been particularly pronounced during the winter—“crunch time” for many key Antarctic species.
“There was a time when almost every winter experienced very heavy sea ice,” Fraser says, “reaching out into the Drake Passage.” Where once heavy sea ice would form on average four out of every five years, he says, now it forms just one or two years out of five (Box 1). In a typical year, ice starts to form in the coldest regions along the southern coast in late March/early April (austral fall), then works its way up the coast. But late ice years are becoming more common, with ice forming two to three weeks later. “These patterns are completely different from patterns that existed as recently as 30 to 40 or 50 years ago,” says Fraser. “The whole system is becoming unhinged as a result of this enormous warming.”
Box 1. Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere System Controls Sea Ice Extent
What are the chances that the western Antarctic Peninsula will start to see more heavy-ice years? Annual winter sea ice extent depends on air-sea interactions between a recently discovered atmospheric phenomenon called the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave (Figure 3) and Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW), which is part of the massive Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
The Antarctic Circumpolar Wave can either bring air up off the Antarctic continent, making the peninsula colder than normal, or down out of the South Pacific or South America, making the peninsula warmer, explains Eileen Hofmann, oceanography professor at the Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography at Old Dominion University (Norfolk, Virginia, United States). “What seems to be happening is that the atmosphere and ocean are transitioning into another state because of the warming in the Antarctic Peninsula, and now there are fewer colder periods,” says Hofmann, who also heads Southern Ocean GLOBEC (Global Oceans Ecosystem Dynamics). “It warms up particularly in the winter because you don't get the strong winds coming up the continent as frequently. And so less sea ice forms in the winter.”
The southern boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current meets the continental shelf along the Antarctic Peninsula. As the current moves back and forth along the shelf, it pumps deep water onto the shelf. “Where you get this upwelling of CDW,” Hofmann says, “it preferentially selects for diatoms, the preferred food for Antarctic krill.” And embryos released around deep water develop faster and hatch at shallower depths, which means they don't have as far to swim to reach the surface, which in turn means less chance of being eaten en route and a better chance of finding food sooner. Once the larvae reach surface waters, the circulation over the continent helps retain them along the western Antarctic Peninsula.
If there's no winter sea ice covering the ocean surface, the momentum from the atmosphere can go into the ocean and enhance mixing, which forces heat up to the surface and prevents sea ice from forming, Hofmann says. “If you raise the temperature to -1.7 degrees Centigrade”—salinity causes ocean water to freeze at −1.82 degrees C—“you get no sea ice. It's that small difference that makes the system very responsive to climate change.”
And melting ice introduces freshwater, which is much lighter than seawater, says Scott Gallager of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. “Freshwater would essentially float on the surface and cap off mixing and heat transfer,” he explains, which ultimately speeds up the process of warming—producing an exponential increase in the rate of ice-edge retreat.
One of the potential scenarios with rising temperatures, says Hofmann, is that the Antarctic Circumpolar Current will move farther away from the continental shelf along the peninsula. “That would greatly diminish the supply of CDW, and change the physical and biological structure of the shelf,” she says. Alternatively, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current would get pinned against the continental shelf. “If CDW is continually pumped onto the shelf, then it probably would warm up the whole shelf water above freezing,” says Hofmann. And that, she says, could lead to a collapse of the sea ice.
Retreating Sea Ice and Krill Declines
In November 2004, the most comprehensive study to date of krill distribution and abundance in the Southern Ocean reported a catastrophic drop in krill numbers. Angus Atkinson, a marine biologist with the British Antarctic Survey, led the study. “We pulled together all the net samples we could lay our hands on that had been obtained in the Southern Ocean over the last 80 years,” Atkinson says, analyzing nearly 12,000 krill summer net hauls taken from 1926–1939 and from 1976–2003.
“The Southern Ocean is an enormous area, and at least half of krill stocks were in this comparatively narrow sector between South Africa and the Antarctic Peninsula,” he says. His team found a positive correlation between winter sea ice cover and the abundance of krill the following summer. There's evidence of a general decline in winter sea ice extent and duration, Atkinson says, and of a general decline in krill populations—down 80% over the past 30 years—over the entire southwest Atlantic sector.
Though krill populations showed big fluctuations in the early years, their average numbers were higher over a longer period, explains Volker Siegel, a krill biologist with the Sea Fisheries Research Institute in Hamburg, Germany, who worked with Atkinson. “Where in the early days you might have 100 krill per square meter on average—with fluctuations between, say 20 and 300—nowadays you might see 20 per square meter, which goes from 50 to five individuals per square meter.”
Neither Atkinson nor Siegel can say for sure what's causing the decline, but both say the winter sea ice is clearly playing some role. Krill live about five to six years. During the breeding season, from December to March, embryos are released in the upper water column, and the larvae hatch at depths ranging from 400 meters to 1,500 meters, unlike many fish and other invertebrate larvae, which hatch at the surface. Larvae then have to swim up through the water column to reach the sea surface. Unlike adults, krill larvae don't have enough body fat to carry them through food shortages. “They'll starve if they have to rely on water-column food distributions, and that's where the sea ice comes in,” says Atkinson. “The ice may also shelter them from predators, but one way or another, ice in the winter is good for young krill.”
“We've got to find out what's causing these changes and then we can start to predict what's going to happen with future scenarios of climate change,” Atkinson says. “The other thing we've got to do is look at alternative things which might be affecting krill. We might find there are other things declining as well as sea ice, such as their food, or there might be a change in the fertilization of the waters.”
Accompanying the drop in krill abundance, Atkinson and Siegel found an increase in salps, transparent jelly-like creatures that typically inhabit warmer waters than krill. Expanding into the warmer waters, salp populations are increasing in the southern part of their range and replacing the krill. Most krill-dependent predators do not eat salp.
Krill Declines Ripple up the Food Chain
At a hearing on climate change impacts before the United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation in May 2004, LTER's Fraser testified that the western Antarctic Peninsula's cold, dry polar marine ecosystem is gradually being replaced with a warm, moist maritime climate. While all the major components of the food web are responding to these changes, Fraser said, the clearest evidence comes from studies of two especially sensitive indicators of climate change: krill and penguins. “Trends in penguin populations provided some of the first evidence that sea ice conditions in some areas were deteriorating in response to climate warming,” Fraser told the senators.
This evidence came from Fraser's own studies, over the past 30 years, of three Antarctic penguin species that share similar life histories (including a penchant for krill) but show striking contrasts in their relationship to the sea ice (Figure 2). For Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) penguins, the presence of sea ice is absolutely essential for survival. Chinstrap (P. antarctica) and gentoo (P. papua) penguins, on the other hand, require the absence of sea ice. “Adélie penguins have experienced a nearly 70% decrease in their populations at our study sites on Anvers Island [Palmer Station] in the western Antarctic Peninsula over the last 30 years,” says Fraser, “and there's evidence that other krill-dependent predators are beginning to decrease.”
(A) Ice-dependent Adélie penguins, at their nesting grounds on Anvers Island, have lost 10,000 breeding pairs since 1975.
(B) Ice-avoiding chinstrap penguins at Anvers Island are increasing in number and range.
(C) Breeding gentoo penguins—an ice-avoiding species that has not inhabited Anvers Island sites for at least 800 years—are turning up at Palmer Station.
(Images: Donna Fraser)
That's a loss of 10,000 breeding pairs since 1975. The major factors underlying this precipitous decline, Fraser says, are retreating sea ice and increasing snowfall. (The loss of sea ice increases the flow of water vapor from the open ocean to the atmosphere, increasing precipitation.) “When sea ice forms,” he explains, “it covers these regions of high production and the birds are just able to plop into the water into very good feeding areas.” With a life history accustomed to the formation of sea ice at critical points in their life cycle, Adélies are finding themselves faced with an unpredictable sea ice cycle that outpaces their ability to adapt. “The birds just don't have the sea ice when they need it,” Fraser says. As if losing critical winter habitat weren't bad enough, Adélies must also contend with the effects of increased snowfall. When the snow melts in the spring, it's flooding their nesting areas and drowning their eggs and chicks.
The population trends for “ice-avoiding” chinstraps and gentoos are quite different. Both species are increasing their populations and beginning to replace Adélie penguins across a broad range in the western Antarctic Peninsula. “We're seeing breeding gentoo penguins at Palmer Station,” Fraser says, with a trace of astonishment. “The paleoecological record does not show that species at our study sites in the last 800 years.”
Though chinstraps and gentoos also depend on krill, they've dealt with krill declines by eating more fish and squid (which, not incidentally, also eat krill). Fraser believes this dietary flexibility, along with the increased availability of open water and a late breeding schedule (which protects their eggs and chicks from spring snow meltwater), largely explain their range extensions.
“Adélies don't seem capable of adjusting anything about their life history,” says Fraser. “They're hard-wired to their breeding area, returning to an area year after year after year, even though conditions are deteriorating.” And so, their numbers continue to plummet as more chicks perish. Another ice-dependent, krill-eating penguin species, the emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri), is not faring any better. “We have just one emperor colony in our study region, and it's decreasing very fast,” Fraser says. “It's gone down from 300 breeding pairs to nine. They're on the verge of extinction in our study region.”
A Question of Sustainability
A major issue in devising strategies to protect krill populations concerns the impact of krill fisheries. Since drastic declines have occurred in the absence of heavy fishing, it's especially important to establish the population dynamics of Antarctic krill. Siegel works with the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) to develop sustainable fishing regulations. Based on a point estimate of 44 million metric tons of krill in the southwest Atlantic sector in 2000, CCAMLR calculated a potential yield of 4 million tons, far above the average 100,000-metric-ton catch today. Siegel believes the fisheries aren't posing a significant threat to krill stocks at this point, but says much remains to be learned about krill population structure.
Gallager is not so sure about the impact of krill fishing. Some krill fisheries operate near the island of South Georgia, east of the Falkland Islands. “We know that these populations are not self-sustaining, but require recruiting of adults from other locations, and probably from regions along the western peninsula of Antarctica,” says Gallager. “If we go in and fish out the populations that are not self-seeding, then they could be entirely wiped out.” That's why it's crucial to know which populations, if any, are self-sustaining, he says. “And we don't know a lot about that at all.”
Toward that end, Gallager is working on an under-ice “zooplankton observatory” that would sit on the bottom of the ocean floor and continuously release a flotation package—“once an hour, for hopefully the next ten years”—outfitted with sonar and optical sensors up to the surface, then winch itself back down again. The plan is to deploy the observatory off Palmer Station in May 2006. The hope is that data gathered on over-wintering larval krill will shed light on the factors influencing krill survival over the long term. “It may be that this coupling between larval krill and ice is actually underpinning the entire question of krill population dynamics,” says Gallager—in which case, understanding how the ice moves relative to the water currents and wind shear over the top will be critical.
Many other aspects of krill biology remain obscure as well. Biologists still don't understand the precise mechanisms required to enhance larval growth, reproduction, and recruitment (replenishing populations with new individuals), or how temperature fluctuations affect metabolism and larval growth rate. Robust tests of long-held theories of how the under-ice habitat sustains krill larvae require much more quantitative data—over time and over a wide scale—on larval abundance, distribution, and foraging behavior. But netting krill is not easy. Larvae tend to wedge themselves into nooks and crannies, defying divers' attempts to nab them while protecting their expensive nets— loaded with even more expensive electronic gear—from the ice.
Whatever is behind the correlation between sea ice decline and krill declines, the future of the Antarctic ecosystem hangs in the balance. A 2001 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicted that the Antarctic Peninsula will experience some of the largest, most rapid climate changes on earth. If these trends of rising temperatures and decreasing sea ice continue, says LTER's Fraser, “what we are going to see in the next ten, 20, 30 years is a system that is completely different from the one that exists now. Adélies will become regionally extinct.”
Concluding his testimony on climate change impacts, Fraser warned the US Senate committee that if future warming continues and the cycle of heavy ice years exceeds the life span of krill, the species will face a reproductive crisis. And that, he said, “will have catastrophic consequences to the integrity of this marine ecosystem.”
In 1912, for the sake of a few emperor penguin eggs, Apsley Cherry-Garrard and two members of Scott's ill-fated polar expedition endured what Cherry-Garrard called “extremity of suffering” from which only “madness or death may give relief.” The group believed the eggs might prove that the penguins were the missing link between “birds and the reptiles from which birds have sprung.”
Our understanding has advanced light years since then, rendering such notions nearly quaint. Cherry-Garrard and his companions thought the forbidding Antarctic landscape immune to human assaults. Today, with this notion, too, proven false, one wonders if the damage can be reversed. In Atkinson's diplomatic phrase, “there are political issues involved” where global warming is concerned. But the clock is ticking. If the Antarctic ecosystem collapses, it won't be because scientists were off on a misguided search for penguin eggs.
In 1996, oceanographers Warren White and Ray Peterson identified significant inter-annual variations in the atmospheric pressure at sea level, wind stress, sea surface temperature, and sea-ice extent over the Southern Ocean. They called this system of coupled anomalies the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave. This simplified schematic summarizes the inter-annual variations in sea surface temperature (red, warm; and blue, cold), atmospheric sea-level pressure (bold H and L), meridional wind stress (denoted by τ), and sea ice extent (gray lines), together with the mean course of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (green). Heavy black arrows depict the general eastward motion of anomalies, while other arrows indicate communications between the circumpolar current and the more northerly subtropical gyres. (Image: Warren White, http://jedac.ucsd.edu/ACW/index_research.html)
Further Reading and Information
- 1. Loeb V, Siegel V, Holm-Hansen O, Hewitt R, Fraser W, et al. (1997) Effects of sea-ice extent and krill or salp dominance on the Antarctic food web. Nature 387: 897–900.
- 2. Atkinson A, Siegel V, Pakhomov E, Rothery P (2004) Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the Southern Ocean. Nature 432: 100–103.
- 3. Malloy KD, Holman MA, Mitchell D, Detrich HW (1997) Solar UVB-induced DNA damage and phytoenzymatic DNA repair in Antarctic zooplankton. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94: 1258–1263.
- 4. U.S. Southern Ocean global ocean ecosystems dynamics program Available: http://www.usglobec.org/reports/tos-files/lagle64-74.pdf. Accessed 14 February 2005.
- 5. Siegel V (2000) Krill (Euphausiacea) demography and variability in abundance and distribution. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 57: Suppl 3151–167.
- 6. Fraser W, Trivelpiece WZ, Ainley DG, Trivelpiece SG (1992) Increases in Antarctic penguin populations: Reduced competition with whales or a loss of sea ice due to environmental warming? Polar Biol 11: 525–531.
- 7. Fraser WR, Hofmann EE (2003) A predator's perspective on causal links between climate change, physical forcing, and ecosystem response. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 265: 1–15.
- 8. Prézelin BB, Hofmann EE, Moline M, Klinck JM (2004) Physical forcing of phytoplankton community structure and primary production in continental shelf waters of the Western Antarctic Peninsula. J Mar Res 62: 419–460.
- 9. Hofmann E, Husrevoglu YS (2003) A circumpolar modeling study of habitat control of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) reproductive success. Deep-Sea Res II, Top Stud Oceanogr 3121–3142.
- 10. British Antarctic Survey. Antarctic research Available: http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/BAS_Science/index.html. Accessed 14 February 2005.
- 11. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group I (2001) Climate change 2001: The scientific basis. Third assessment report. Available: http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/index.htm. Accessed 14 February 2005. | <urn:uuid:32141956-d925-4db2-a089-e0ed1fc98e26> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030127 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141177566.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124195123-20201124225123-00526.warc.gz | en | 0.92164 | 5,162 | 3.375 | 3 |
An inherited disease in which too much dietary iron is absorbed, The excess iron slowly accumulates in the liver, heart, pancreas, testes and other organs. Men are more often affected than women because women naturally lose iron in menstrual blood.
Symptoms and complications
Haemochromatosis hardly ever causes problems until middle age. A reduction in the size of the testes and loss of sex drive are usually the initial signs. Excess iron over a period of time creates enlargement of the liver and cirrhosis (chronic liver damage) and can lead to diabetes mellitus, bronze skin colouration (caused by the iron pigment deposition in the skin), cardiac arrhythmia, and eventually liver cancer and liver failure.
Diagnosis relies on blood tests and a liver biopsy (removal of a small sample of tissue for analysis). Treatment is by venesection (withdrawal of blood from a vein). In the beginning the procedure is carried out weekly. After iron levels have returned to normal, the process of venesection is then required less often. | <urn:uuid:244c6dc3-4366-47bb-bb79-4b62fc481a91> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://drstephenferguson.com/health/view/369 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648000.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322190333-20180322210333-00410.warc.gz | en | 0.925479 | 223 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The Teatrix is a design concept for robotic furniture that would be able to move and modify itself in your house based on your available space, mood, activities or everyday needs. It would consist of modular blocks that come in different sizes, shapes, textures and colors.
How many times per year do you move your furniture around? Wouldn’t it be nice if you could just click on a simple app to reorganize your living spaces? One of the designers I worked with, Adolfo Esquivel, suggested taking a new look at furniture for the 21st century, and together we started exploring ways to reinvent how interior living could evolve with the use of modular furniture, robotics, online apps and other new consumer technology.
How it works
Basically, imagine a sofa equipped with small electric rubber wheels. This sofa could draw its energy from a wireless electricity source located in your living room (e.g., Witricity) or recharge itself with the sun. Now imagine that you want to move that sofa; you could simply address it (like you address ‘Alexa’ from Amazon or ‘Siri’ from Apple) and ask it to move on its own. You could also push it gently and it would respond to your sensory input.
If we can achieve this with one sofa, we can also achieve it with hundreds of other pieces of furniture—chairs, tables, beds, carpets, night tables, lamps, etc. The size of the wheels or micro bearings would vary. The furniture could also be made to grow or shrink based on how many people you are hosting for dinner or how high you prefer your office desk to be.
The Teatrix app could also let you change a whole room’s layout simply by touching a button. It could be made to change silently at night so that when you wake up your kitchen is ready for breakfast. Of course, you could change it remotely and also share set-ups with friends and family.
Of course, modularity is key. I think that the electric modules should be made available to all furniture manufacturers so that each of them could easily incorporate Teatrix technology into their design. Some people might be interested only in buying a few pieces (like a lamp that can move closer when you are reading). Others will want the full Teatrix experience.
What’s the added value?
Well, first, I think that if you can move or convert your furniture easily and even hack into some settings (experienced users), it will be possible to reduce the number of rooms in a house or even reduce the size of each house. (Think about Japan where space is really limited.) It should prove useful for older people or physically challenged people. The possibilities are endless. I’m getting new ideas just typing this article…
I would like to thank Adolfo Esquivel for creating the renderings of the Teatrix and for providing the initial idea that got us started with this whole concept. Adolfo is a Colombian industrial designer, currently attending a master’s in transportation design program at the UQAM of Montreal. He works as a freelance industrial designer based in Montreal. Adolfo also created the design of the Nauki captain-less sailboat and the Metropolis police drone equipped with a Tron-like emphatic avatar. | <urn:uuid:d35340f4-c0ca-4f82-a7b8-9b895a426f6f> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://imaginactive.org/2016/04/teatrix/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401624636.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200929025239-20200929055239-00420.warc.gz | en | 0.958594 | 682 | 2.546875 | 3 |
As we grow older, our bodies undergo several chemical and physical changes that alter the way we react to the world. When it comes to alcohol and drug abuse, this means that we can expect certain behavioral aspects to change and the trends to vary when looking at people in different age groups. Numerous studies have been done on the way that age affects drug and alcohol use and vice versa, and results show that there are definite correlations between substance abuse and the age of the addict.
Statistics have shown that those who start to drink alcohol at a younger age are more likely to become dependent later on. About 33% of the population tasted their first alcohol between the ages of 15 and 17, while 18% experienced it prior to this. As for alcohol abuse or dependence, the numbers start off high with those who first drank before they were 12 and then drop off after that. For example, 16% of alcoholics began drinking prior to turning 12 years old, while only 9% first touched alcohol between 15 and 17. This percentage is even lower, at 2.6%, for those who first started the habit after they were 21. These statistics clearly show that introducing a person to alcohol at a very young age can put them at severe risk of dependence or abuse later on in life.
It has been shown that binge drinking is most prominent in youngsters between the ages of 18 and 22. As mentioned before though, alcohol abuse can start many years before this, and is a serious problem in today’s society. It is estimated that approximately three million teenagers in the USA are alcoholics and that 5,000 deaths each year can be connected to underage drinking.
For those who do binge drink, there may be difficulties in then obtaining many of life’s major goals, such as progressive career development, finding love, getting married, achieving financial independence, and receiving a higher educational qualification. This can then lead to further problems later on in life.
When treating an underage alcoholic, it is essential to realize that their behavior can stem from several other psychological disorders, such as:
* Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
* Antisocial Personality Disorder
Any treatment will have to focus on these disorders as well as dealing with the root problem of alcohol dependence or abuse. The drinking habits of the parents will also have to be considered as this can have a very influential effect on how a child behaves. In the treatment of an underage alcoholic, it may be important for the parents to make some sacrifices as well.
While alcoholism is dangerous at any age, these risks are even more pronounced when a person gets older. Once over the age of 65, it is possible for alcohol dependence of abuse to lead to a myriad of physical symptoms and a higher risk of injury or even death. The following are very real situations which can occur in the elderly who drink in excess of the recommended amount:
* The onset of cancer, liver damage and brain damage.
* A worsening of conditions such as osteoporosis, diabetes and high blood pressure.
* Increased confusion or forgetfulness, which could be mistaken for Alzheimer’s.
* Increased risk of problems, such as heart attacks, as symptoms are hidden by the effects of excessive drinking.
It is also more likely that those over 65 will be taking medication, such as aspirin, laxatives or antihistamines. Mixing alcohol with these types of drugs can lead to symptoms such as internal bleeding, liver damage or constant drowsiness. Some medications also contain alcohol which can heighten the effect and lead to more pronounced risks in the aging alcoholic. In some cases, as with sleeping pills or anti-depressants, the results can be deadly.
Alcohol dependence and abuse in the elderly can stem from a variety of psychological disorders, such as depression, boredom, anxiety and loneliness. These root causes have to be tackled in any sort of treatment programs, whether this is done through a rehabilitation clinic or under family supervision at home, since they are the underlying reason why the patient feels the need to drink so often.
Like with alcohol, the earlier someone starts to use drugs, the higher the chance that they will grow to abuse or become dependent on them later on in life. In 2003, the average age for first drug use among admissions to substance abuse treatment facilities was 18.6 years. Among these patients, 14% started to use drugs prior to the age of 13 with marijuana being the earliest reported drug of abuse. Looking at total admissions and the drugs used, 23% used marijuana, 9% used stimulants, 5% used opiates and 4% used cocaine prior to their 13th birthday. Most of these underage drug users were referred to treatment programs through their schools or the criminal justice system. One interesting thing to note is that the number of admissions of those who took drugs prior to being 13 years old remains fairly unchanging regardless of how many past admissions they have had. This shows that their tendency to use remains in spite of spending time within drug treatment centers, especially in these younger users.
Overall, statistics have shown that illicit drug abuse rises with age until it peaks at those around 18 to 20 years old. After this, it decreases steadily as people get older. In 2001, 22.4% of drug users were aged 18 to 22. Compare this to the 3.8% of 12 and 13 years and the 4.5% of those aged 26 years and older who take illegal substances. In total, 51% of all illicit drug users were aged 12 to 25. These numbers vary with the type of drug though, and we can see that this age group prefers hallucinogens and inhalants. On the other hand, drugs such as cocaine and psychotherapeutics were used more commonly in those aged 26 and above.
Substance abuse is not just a problem for the youth of today, however. Painkillers, sleeping pills and other over-the-counter drugs can be a real risk for those aged 40 and above as well. Figures in this field are rising and new treatments will have to be developed to cater for this new group of drug dependent patients. Even though these individuals may have regular contact with the medical profession, the symptoms of drug abuse may go unnoticed and untreated. It is up to the families to keep an eye out for signs that their relative has grown dependent on their medication instead of using it as directed.
As well as this, as time goes on, the drug users of today will grow up and, if they still retain the habit, will have to be treated when they are older as well. Estimates show that by 2020, the US will require twice as many drug and alcohol rehabilitation programs as it does today. Whether the focus is on cannabis, cocaine, or painkillers, the need is there to develop the necessary procedures to treat the growing number of aging clients that is expected over the next decade or so. | <urn:uuid:483de92b-68d8-4c1d-9ce1-46723c98cc4d> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://alcoholrehab.com/drug-addiction/age-and-substance-abuse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267868237.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625170045-20180625190045-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.971432 | 1,398 | 3.171875 | 3 |
American children are in crisis. Inner cities are filled with violence and massive drug problems; families are dysfunctional; illiteracy is rising; society's efforts to combat educational failure, poverty, crime, and disease have created an enormous economic debt for the future. In this compassionate and controversial book Irving Harris argues that the key to breaking the cycle of poverty, hopelessness, and violence is very early intervention: we must provide adequate caregiving to children from birth to age three and--to stop the cycle even sooner--we must discourage pregnancy among adolescents. Harris, a successful businessman, has devoted himself to children's causes for the past forty years and has initiated and funded numerous programs geared to children and families. He presents data from research in pediatrics, social work, nursing psychology, and education showing that children who receive early nurturing and stimulation are far more likely to have success in school and in life. He urges that the government build more day-care centers and train more caregivers and public-health nurses for babies and small children; that schools offer instruction and counseling in prenatal care; and that there be easier access to contraceptives and abortions in order to reduce unwanted pregnancies. | <urn:uuid:56f280e7-3601-4735-94ab-429e77e82b20> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://bookshop.org/books/children-in-jeopardy-can-we-break-the-cycle-of-poverty-9780300199802/9780300199802 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988882.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20210508121446-20210508151446-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.960278 | 231 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The Constitution provides for proportional representation in the U.S. House of Representatives and the seats in the House are apportioned based on state population.More >
The founders designed the House of Representatives to represent the people rather than the states, which each send two Members to the U.S. Senate. Article I, Section II of the Constitution provides each state at least one U.S. Representative, while the size of a state’s delegation to the House depends on its total population. Based on the 1787 national population, each House Member in the First Federal Congress (1789–1791) represented 30,000 citizens. As U.S. territory expanded and the population grew, the Membership of House of Representatives increased and individual Members’ constituencies were enlarged. | <urn:uuid:82f7259a-6527-4bdf-96f9-d09a568855eb> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://history.house.gov/Institution/Apportionment/Apportionment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038862159.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418224306-20210419014306-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.94033 | 158 | 4.5625 | 5 |
Sprint running performance can be investigated relatively simply at the whole-body level by examining the timing of the phases of the stride and the forces applied to the ground in relation to a runners body weight. Research using this approach has been used to address a number of basic questions regarding the limits and determinants of human running speed. The primary differentiating factor for the top speeds of human runners is how forcefully they can strike the ground in relation to body mass. A general relationship between mass-specific force application and maximum running speeds results from from the similar durations of the aerial and swing phases of the stride for different runners. Recent work has elucidated the mechanism by which faster runners are able to apply greater mass-specific ground forces in the very brief foot-ground contact times sprinting requires.
"FORCE, MOTION, SPEED: A GROUNDED PERSPECTIVE ON HUMAN RUNNING PERFORMANCE,"
ISBS Proceedings Archive: Vol. 35
, Article 289.
Available at: https://commons.nmu.edu/isbs/vol35/iss1/289 | <urn:uuid:6881061d-6af8-4ced-87d2-5d423564f6d1> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://commons.nmu.edu/isbs/vol35/iss1/289/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257731.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524184553-20190524210553-00124.warc.gz | en | 0.90536 | 225 | 2.84375 | 3 |
For Seniors: Set Up a Windows Internet Connection
The first step in going online on your laptop is to set up a connection in Windows so that you can access the Internet. To do that, follow these simple steps.
From the Desktop, press Win+I to display the Settings.
Click Control Panel.
Click Network and Internet.
In the resulting window, click Network and Sharing Center.
In the resulting Network and Sharing Center window, click the Set Up a New Connection or Network link.
A window will open.
In the Choose a Connection Option window, click Next to accept the default option of creating a new Internet connection.
If you are already connected to the Internet, a window appears; click Set Up A New Connection Anyway.
In the resulting dialog box, click your connection.
These steps follow the selection of Broadband. Other options could include Dial Up.
In the resulting dialog box, enter your username, password, and connection name (if you want to assign one) and then click Connect.
Windows detects the connection automatically, and the Network and Sharing Center appears with your connection listed.
In many cases, if you have a disc from your ISP, you don't need to follow the preceding steps. Just pop that DVD into your DVD-ROM drive, and in no time, a window appears that gives you the steps to follow to get set up. | <urn:uuid:baba032e-93f3-4eda-a96f-ec7247498ba2> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/for-seniors-set-up-a-windows-internet-connection.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049279525.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002119-00208-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.867556 | 285 | 2.765625 | 3 |
In the decade to 1930, Paul Nash’s art had come a very long way, and as an art critic for the respected weekly magazine The Listener, and the Week-end Review, he was in a position of influence. In the next eight years, he was to become both a leading practitioner and advocate for modernism and internationalism in art.
Blue House on the Shore (c 1930-31) is set on the French Mediterranean coast, which Nash visited around 1927 and in 1930. It explores the surrealist principle of incongruity, in placing a simple blue building, with contradictory perspective, on a sandy Riviera beach, among fishing boats.
Whiteleaf Cross (1931) may appear unreal, but is quite an accurate depiction of a cruciform hill carving in Whiteleaf Hill near Princes Risborough in Buckinghamshire, not far from Nash’s old family home. On a down set between small woods, a chalk escarpment has been cut with a trench, which extends to the symbol of a cross above. It is late autumn, with trees devoid of leaves, or their foliage a deep brown.
Nash’s watercolour Mansions of the Dead from 1932 is an illustration for an obscure and mystical essay titled Urne Buriall (1658), by Sir Thomas Browne, which concerns itself with death and immortality. Nash also made a second version which was shown at the International Surrealist Exhibition four years later.
Nash described this painting as showing “aerial habitations where the soul like a bird or some such aerial creature roamed at will”. In addition to those ‘souls’, there are regular geometric constructions which resemble bookshelves with a spacious and airy hangar above.
In 1933, Nash, together with Henry Moore, Barbara Hepworth, and others, founded the Unit One art movement, which started to breathe life back into art in Britain before the Second World War. He also exhibited alongside the works of Jean Arp, Joan Miró, Georges Braque, Max Ernst, Paul Klee, and Pablo Picasso.
In the summer, he visited the neolithic landscapes of Silbury Hill and Avebury, in Wiltshire, England, whose magic and sinister beauty were to inspire him in several works.
In the late autumn, the Nashes went to London, then on a long trip through France to Gibraltar and North Africa. They returned to England the following summer, living in a cottage on the coast of Dorset near Swanage. Paul Nash was promptly invited by John Betjeman to write a guide to Dorset for the popular Shell Guide series. That was published just over a year later, in 1936.
Voyages of the Moon (1934-37) develops ideas which Nash first expressed in a drawing of light bulbs reflected repeatedly in the mirrored walls of a restaurant in Toulon, France. He combines multiple spheres with a forest of vertical rods, which is reminiscent of a lunarium, a form of orrery showing the movements of the moon. This is set inside a spacious hangar or warehouse with high skylights.
Equivalents for the Megaliths (1935) was inspired by the neolithic landscapes of Wiltshire, here the massive standing stones of Avebury in particular. Nash provides rolling downs and ripe grainfields as the basis for this painting. In the distance is a geometric representation of Silbury Hill, and in the foreground are clean and precise modern solids, the more recent equivalents, perhaps, of the standing stones which they appear to have replaced.
In 1936, Nash took part in the first International Surrealist Exhibition in London, showing among other works photocollages and an objet trouvé of a piece of wood retrieved from a stream, as well as several of his paintings. The Nashes moved again in the autumn, this time to a large house in Hampstead, near London. The following year, he had a large solo exhibition at the Redfern Gallery in London, and visited the White Horse hill figure cut into the chalk down at Uffington in Berkshire.
Landscape from a Dream (1936-38) is one of Nash’s most complex and elaborate surrealist paintings, inspired by Freud’s theories of the significance of dreams as reflections of the unconscious. Nash locates this collection of incongruous objects on the Dorset coast, a landscape which he associated with the praeternatural. Dominating the scene is a large framed planar mirror, almost parallel with the picture plane.
Stood at the right end of the mirror is a hawk, which is staring at its own reflection, which Nash explained is a symbol of the material world. To the left, the mirror reflects several floating spheres, which refer to the soul. The reflection shows that behind the viewer, a red sun is setting in a red sky, with another hawk flying high, and away from the scene.
To the right of the hawk is a five-panelled screen which is made of glass, through which the coastal landscape can be seen: it is a screen which does not screen.
Nash’s watercolour Three Rooms of 1937 was a response to the International Surrealist Exhibition of the previous year. The three rooms have become taken over by the sky (top), a forest (middle), and the sea (bottom). The work’s graphic elements are reminiscent of the paintings of William Blake.
Circle of Monoliths (1937-38) is one of a pair of complementary paintings of the same title, which Nash made over the same period. The other (currently in a private collection) shows a similar arrangement of rock-like objects on a coast with cliffs.
What might at first appear to be a collection of completely abstract images turns out to have strong roots in the physical world. Like its companion, the landscape is of chalk cliffs (upper left) and sea, with a large chalk pinnacle just to the right of centre; these are inspired by the coast of Dorset, but made to appear unnatural by their unusual colours.
Two broken ridges run from the foreground into the sea. These are composites of old hedges, stone walls, and the rock spines which are embedded in beaches along the Dorset coast, with occasional trees, again in strange colours. The forms of the larger objects scattered across the pale blue beach are those of rocks and other found objects, which Nash collected. Their surfaces appear to be ‘silvered’ to act as mirrors, and reflect spheres which symbolise the soul.
Nocturnal Landscape (1938) was another response to the International Surrealist Exhibition. Nash populates a sparse desert-like landscape with a collection of incongruous objects. These have their inspiration in forms he saw in nature, and in found objects, At the upper left is a grille, which echoes his earlier geometric forms. The moon’s crescent shape has been distorted, as if bites have been taken from it.
By 1939, as another major war looked imminent, Nash was at the height of his surrealism, and on the threshold of once again becoming a war artist.
Wikipedia – an excellent and detailed account.
Chambers, Emma (ed) (2016) Paul Nash, Tate Publishing. ISBN 978 1 84976 491 9. | <urn:uuid:df4752d8-1b65-4924-a2d3-2b4b91b24464> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://eclecticlight.co/2017/03/08/paul-nash-from-ancient-to-surreal-3-1931-1938/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823705.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211215732-20181212001232-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.956469 | 1,522 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Ming Mang is a Tibetan game of strategy. Players start with their pieces arrayed around the edge of the board. Pieces move around like rooks in chess, sandwiching enemies in the same way as reversi. The winner is the first player to turn all the enemy pieces into his own colour.
It is played on a board looking a bit like a go board, and pieces are placed on the lines in the same way. Traditionally, it was played on a board of 17x17 points, but the size is variable. Ming mang boards are uncommon outside Tibet, so the game is sometimes played with the pieces and board for the more widespread game of go. It can also be played on a standard draughts board with 28 pieces each side.
History of Ming Mang
Ming Mang was popular with monks before the Chinese invasion of 1959. The game was taken with the monks to their various places of refuge, becoming more well known in other countries. It resembles reversi, in that pieces when captured change colours and are taken over by the side who captured them. It differs from reversi, though, in that pieces are moved around the board.
The game’s capture rule is very similar to the more well known game of reversi, or Othello. Rows of pieces are captured by sandwiching them, and when captured, pieces change ownership and colour. It is therefore possible that ming mang was an inspiration for reversi.
Rules for Ming Mang
The game is played by two players on a square board marked with a grid of lines. For the purpose of this leaflet the traditional board of 17 by 17 points will be used. Each player will need 64 pieces, 32 of which start on the board and 32 are kept in store.
1. At the start of the game, each player has half his pieces filling two adjacent edges of the board, as shown in the diagram.
2. Black takes the first move.
3. Each turn a player moves a single piece along a marked line as far as he pleases.
4. A piece may not jump over another.
5. A piece must come to rest on an empty point.
6. A player may capture a row of enemy pieces by placing two of his own at each end of it, one at each end of the row.
7. Such rows of pieces must be horizontal or vertical. It is not possible to capture diagonal rows.
8. When captured, enemy pieces are replaced by pieces of the capturing player's own colour. There are always, therefore, 64 pieces on the board.
9. The game is over when one player cannot move. This can be for one of the following reasons:
(i). the player has no pieces left, or
(ii). the player has pieces but they are trapped and unable to move.
10. The player who cannot move loses the game and his opponent is declared the winner. | <urn:uuid:644cfc31-625d-4d4a-b91b-d605974999a6> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | http://www.cyningstan.com/game/328/ming-mang | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335504.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930212504-20221001002504-00494.warc.gz | en | 0.981601 | 608 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Do you have any information on cholesterol?
— Seeking fat
Dear Seeking fat,
Cholesterol is a white, waxy lipid (fat) found naturally in the human body. Most cholesterol is produced by the liver, while a smaller amount is ingested directly from meat, poultry, seafood, dairy products, and other foods of animal origin (plant foods do not contain cholesterol). Cholesterol is involved in many vital life-processes, such as the production of hormones and the repair of cell membranes. To get where it's needed, cholesterol travels through the bloodstream as lipoproteins — fat packaged up in little protein spheres.
Studies have demonstrated that a blood test measuring cholesterol levels can help establish one's risk for heart disease. This test measures the amount of fat found in the bloodstream, including high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and triglycerides (another type of fat molecule). A total cholesterol score is then obtained by putting these three numbers into a mathematical formula. Research has shown that high levels of HDL decrease one's risk for heart disease (hence the term "good" cholesterol), while high LDL levels (a.k.a. "bad" cholesterol) increase one's risk. The medical community currently uses the following guidelines to put these numbers in perspective.
|Total Cholesterol||< 200 milligrams (mg)/deciliter (dL)|
|LDL||< 130 mg/dL|
|HDL||> 60 mg/dL|
|Triglycerides||< 150 mg/dL|
Because the total cholesterol score is a composite that includes both "good" and "bad" cholesterol, this number alone is less useful as an indicator of risk than the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL. For example, having a total cholesterol number above 200 mg/dL indicates a statistically greater risk of heart disease, but if this number is arrived at because the HDL number is especially high while the LDL and triglyceride numbers are normal or low, then the risk level may actually be below average. The ideal total cholesterol to HDL ratio is less than 3.5; a ratio of 4.5 is average, while a ratio of 5 or greater is a red flag.
|Total Cholesterol/HDL Ratio Guidelines|
|Ideal: < 3.5|
|Potentially Harmful: = 5|
Blood cholesterol levels vary according to genetics as well as lifestyle choices. For example, eating saturated fats is the largest contributor to high blood cholesterol levels. Other lifestyle factors include smoking, which is associated with lowering HDL levels (increasing risk), and regular exercise, which is associated with boosting them (lowering risk).
For more detailed information on cholesterol, read the related Q&As or visit the American Heart Association web site.Alice! | <urn:uuid:f3171093-fca8-4c36-9161-387a25b3ecb4> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/do-you-have-any-information-cholesterol | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051165777.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005245-00070-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902501 | 578 | 3.3125 | 3 |
World Day of Social Justice, 20.2.19
Please click on the image for the piece
The discourse on ‘whiteness’ at first glance seems like an extremely academic and niche discussion. In public discourse, the term ‘whiteness’ usually prompts bewildered questions such as “why do you blame all White people?”, “why are you being racist?” and “what about Black people…?” And for a critical race scholar debating with a lay person it can be quite a challenge to get across that ‘whiteness’ as a term is not really about White people, per se but about a system of cultural governance and societal ordering that has historically evolved from the medieval clash of political dominance between Dar al Islam and Christendom, the early Valladolid debates about the human rights of colonised Amerindians and (mature) colonialism and the transatlantic slave trade (amongst others). Without a widely acknowledged and popular shorthand that resonates with the general public, all of the ethical issues associated with these landmark events that are essentially concerned with shaping the Western identity, are hard for a lay person to get to grips with.
Click on the image for more. | <urn:uuid:459711ea-dd46-492f-93e7-95f8e5ee124d> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://ornettedclennon.me/2019/02/22/why-whiteness-matters-in-the-real-world-22-2-19/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204461.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325214331-20190326000331-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.944676 | 255 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The webmaster is the person in charge of maintaining a Web site. The jobs of a webmaster include writing HTML for Web pages, organizing the Web site's structure, responding to e-mails about the Web site, and keeping the site up-to-date. On some Web sites you might see a phrase that says, "send dead links and other Web site problems to [email protected]." At times, being a webmaster can be a rather arduous job. I received some dead links in the mail one time, and let me tell you, it wasn't pretty.
This page contains a technical definition of Webmaster. It explains in computing terminology what Webmaster means and is one of many Internet terms in the TechTerms dictionary.
All definitions on the TechTerms website are written to be technically accurate but also easy to understand. If you find this Webmaster definition to be helpful, you can reference it using the citation links above. If you think a term should be updated or added to the TechTerms dictionary, please email TechTerms!
Subscribe to the TechTerms Newsletter to get featured terms and quizzes right in your inbox. You can choose to receive either a daily or weekly email. | <urn:uuid:6cd2b333-676a-45c3-9950-9381efcefb9a> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://techterms.com/definition/webmaster | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488517820.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210622124548-20210622154548-00309.warc.gz | en | 0.906977 | 252 | 2.5625 | 3 |
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