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How do adult stem cells protect themselves from accumulating genetic mutations that can lead to cancer?
For more than three decades, many scientists have argued that the "immortal strand hypothesis" - which states that adult stem cells segregate their DNA in a non-random manner during cell division -- explains it. And several recent reports have presented evidence backing the idea.
But in a recent issue of the journal Nature, University of Michigan stem cell researcher Sean Morrison and his colleagues deal a mortal blow to the immortal strand, at least as far as blood-forming stem cells are concerned.
They labeled DNA in blood-forming mouse stem cells and painstakingly tracked its movement through a series of cell divisions. In the end, they found no evidence that the cells use the immortal-strand mechanism to minimize potentially harmful genetic mutations.
"This immortal strand idea has been floating around for a long time without being tested in stem cells that could be definitively identified. This paper demonstrates that it is not a general property of all stem cells," said Morrison, director of the Center for Stem Cell Biology at the U-M Life Sciences Institute.
It remains possible that stem cells in other tissues use this process.
"We've been able to show that this is not a mechanism by which blood-forming stem cells reduce their risk of turning into cancer and, presumably, we should be looking elsewhere to understand what those mechanisms really are," he said.
Stem cells generate all of the tissues in the developing human body, and later in life provide replacement cells when adult tissues are damaged or wear out.
Adult stem cells continue to divide throughout a person's life, replenishing the supply of stem cells while generating other cells that develop into specialized tissues -- muscles, nerves or blood, for example.
Like most cells in the body, adult stem cells divide through mitosis, the process of duplicating the chromosomes and distributing a complete set to each of two daughter cells.
During mitosis, the double-stranded DNA molecule splits into two complementary ribbons of genetic material. Each of the original strands is then used as a template to build two double helixes.
DNA encodes genetic information using a four-letter alphabet. Each time a new strand is assembled alongside the template strand, there's a chance that an incorrect genetic letter will be inserted in the new strand, causing a mutation that could lead to cancer.
The immortal strand hypothesis, proposed in 1975, suggests that dividing adult stem cells always retain the older, or "immortal," template strand. The new, mutation-prone strand goes to daughter cells that give rise to specific tissues.
This non-random distribution process is known as asymmetric chromosome segregation. Adult stem cells use it to minimize their chances of accumulating harmful mutations, according to the immortal strand hypothesis.
To test this idea, Morrison's team administered a DNA-labeling substance called BrdU to mice for several days, giving the DNA time to incorporate the label. Then they extracted the blood-forming stem cells to see how many of them retained BrdU.
If the immortal strand hypothesis is right about asymmetric segregation, then under certain experimental conditions the adult stem cells should hold onto the BrdU label.
"What we found is that not many stem cells retained it," said Morrison, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute researcher.
"In fact, what happened with the label was completely consistent with what you'd expect by random chromosome segregation -- which is known to be how most cells divide -- and was completely inconsistent, in every context we looked, with the immortal strand model."
The experiments also revealed that BrdU is not the general-purpose stem-cell marker many researchers thought it was.
Some scientists have assumed that BrdU-retaining cells found in a variety of tissues are stem cells. But Morrison and his colleagues are the first known to carefully measure stem cell purity among BrdU-retaining cells, and they found it to be "a very insensitive and nonspecific marker."
The Nature paper will be published online Aug 29. The lead author is Mark Kiel of the U-M Life Sciences Institute, the U-M internal medicine department, the U-M Center for Stem Cell Biology, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
"This study suggests that researchers should test BrdU label retention as a marker before assuming it can be used to identify stem cells in other tissues," Kiel said.
In addition to Kiel and Morrison, U-M co-authors are Shenghui He, Rina Ashkenazi, Sara Gentry and Trachette Jackson. Monica Teta and Jake Kushner of the University of Pennsylvania also are also co-authors. The work was supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the National Institute of Aging, and the U.S. Army Research Laboratory/Office.
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:4616f632-77bd-4c2f-954f-3f4c97f91151> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070829143649.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982931818.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200851-00204-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937665 | 994 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Johnson Space Center, Houston
August 26, 2005
International Space Station Status Report: SS05-040
The crew of the International Space Station (ISS) unloaded cargo delivered last month on the Space Shuttle Discovery. They also prepared for the arrival of more supplies and repaired a key component of the environmental control system.
In the fifth month of their six-month mission, Expedition 11 Commander Sergei Krikalev and NASA Flight Engineer and Science Officer John Phillips finished unpacking cargo bags transferred to the Station's Zarya module from Discovery three weeks ago. All the unpacked items were entered into the Station's computerized inventory system. The crew will also unload bags stowed in the Unity and Zvezda modules.
Today, the crew began loading the Progress resupply craft docked at the aft end of Zvezda with trash and unneeded gear. The spacecraft will undock from the complex at 6:23 a.m. EDT, Sept. 7. It will fire its engines; enter the Earth's atmosphere and burn up over the Pacific Ocean.
At 9:08 a.m. EDT, Sept. 8, a new Progress, the 19th to visit the Station, will launch from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Filled with more than 2.5 tons of food, fuel, oxygen, water and spare parts, the spacecraft will automatically dock to the ISS at 10:50 a.m. EDT, Sept. 10. The docking will be broadcast live on NASA TV.
A new liquids unit for the Russian Elektron oxygen-generation system, which failed several months ago, will be on board the Progress. The liquids unit circulates water through the Elektron, separating it through electrolysis into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen is vented over board and the oxygen is circulated into the Station's atmosphere for breathing.
While Elektron has been inactive, oxygen from the Progress tanks was used to repressurize cabin atmosphere. Multiple sources of oxygen, with ample supplies, are available for use by the crew.
On Tuesday, Krikalev repaired the Vozdukh carbon dioxide removal system by replacing a faulty valve. Vozdukh shut down late last week, prompting the temporary use of another air-scrubbing system, the U.S. Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly in the Destiny Laboratory.
Also on Tuesday, Krikalev and Phillips discussed life and work aboard the Station with students gathered at the Cincinnati Museum Center in Ohio. The educational event was broadcast to schools in the Ohio Valley.
On Wednesday, Phillips replaced a failed laptop computer used to house inventory and information about the Station's medical supplies. The computer experienced problems three weeks ago during Discovery's visit.
The Expedition 11 crew also spent 90 minutes Wednesday practicing emergency procedures during an exercise that simulated the rapid depressurization of the Station's cabin. Rehearsals of this nature are conducted periodically to maintain proficiency for the crew and flight controllers.
In addition to exercise and routine maintenance, the crew stowed spacewalking tools used last week during their excursion outside the Pirs Docking Compartment to retrieve experiments and hardware. The spacewalk was the only one planned for Expedition 11.
For information about crew activities, future launch dates, previous status reports and Station sighting opportunities on the Internet, visit:
For information about NASA and agency programs on the Internet, visit:
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Back to NASA Homepage | <urn:uuid:a24bbb6b-6102-45d6-908b-beae64be5392> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2005/aug/HQ_SS0540_ISS_Status_Report.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380368.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00117-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.883012 | 759 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Expendable bathyhermograph (XBT) measures temperature down to the depth of about 800 m from a moving ship. Since the late 1960s XBTs contributed the majority of the subsurface temperature measurements in the ocean. However the XBT sample depth is not measured but calculated from the estimated fall-rate. The uncertainties in the fall-rate and the malfunctioning of the acquisition system cause XBT temperatures to be biased. This bias was shown to be comparable in magnitude with the typical decadal-scale temperature variability , so that neglecting this bias can seriously distort our estimates of global ocean climate change. Using original XBT data from the World ocean database WOD09 (Boyer et al., 2009) we provide a data product which includes depth- and temperature-corrected XBT profiles. The correction method is based on the recent study by Gouretski and Reseghetti (2010). | <urn:uuid:479ebc12-dce2-4004-a78b-22b8be5e570f> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://icdc.cen.uni-hamburg.de/1/daten/ocean/xbt.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317130.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822130553-20190822152553-00533.warc.gz | en | 0.90555 | 185 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Bringing Life Skills On Par With Math SkillsMarlaine Cover | Social Entrepreneur and Parenting Strategist
Every human being alive today, be they a world leader or a knife toting gang member, is working on the same two mandatory assignments – surviving and communicating with others. Free will does not mean we choose the assignments. It merely means we choose how much pain we suffer in the learning process.
The skills we use to succeed in these assignments are most commonly called Life Skills.
Tragically, the Life Skills educational process more closely resembles genetic inheritance than academics. If your father has red hair, you have red hair. If your father screams and yells you scream and yell. Children learn what they live, as the famous poem is titled.
Why? Why do we accept that children can learn to read and write from third party educators, but not conflict resolution and interpersonal communication skills? How might the world change if we embraced a more optimistic and dynamic narrative?
Take any societal ill (diabetes type II epidemics, financial collapse, wars) and you will find their origins in an inferior educational process.
Two years ago I founded the (now top ranked) Parenting 2.0 group on LinkedIn. Our mission is for children’s Life Skills Average (LSA) to one day be as appreciated as their Grade Point Average (GPA). Specifically we advocate:
- Greater appreciation of the mandatory curriculum.
- Benefits of embracing a more dynamic and proactive Life Skills’ educational process.
- Greater collaboration among educators.
Author Perspective: Business | <urn:uuid:7db1c859-900c-49bf-ae28-ad984f30a283> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://evolllution.com/opinions/bringing-life-skills-on-par-with-math-skills/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886117519.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823020201-20170823040201-00383.warc.gz | en | 0.927943 | 319 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Charismatic megafauna such as polar bears, wolves, and whales need advocates—but who will speak up for the sand lance, a diminutive fish that burrows into the seabed? Marine ecologist Martin Robards does, writing in the literary anthology Crosscurrents North: Alaskans on the Environment (Snowy Owl Books, 2008) about the ecological importance of the sand lance, a “keystone species” that occupies an important role in the oceans’ food chain:
Reduced in stature but not importance by their generic name of “forage” or “bait,” these fish are among the unsung heroes of our oceans … a sleek spear-shaped fish with a steely blue back and silver belly, rarely exceeding much more than eight inches and about as thick as a pinky finger.
When the tide goes out in the sand lance’s shallow-water habitat, Robards notes, the fish will burrow down and wait for the water to return—a practice that leaves them vulnerable to savvy predators like ravens, bears, and gulls, who know how to find and dig them up. But when the tide is in, sand lance can fall prey to swimming birds such as puffins and cormorants and to fish such as salmon, pollock, and flounder. Writes Robards:
Living on the junction between land, sea, and air makes sand lance available to more hungry creatures than may seem fair. It also places them in the path of all that is spilled and dumped, and disturbances that can render their precious sand refuges unusable. Although these steely lances that live life on the edge of everything are the embodiment of “littleness,” we need to care about them and their part in the vastness of the oceans. They are the real deal, sustaining everything from the mighty leviathan to murrelets deep in coastal rainforests to farmer’s fields in Europe and Japan [where they are used as fertilizer]. They epitomize everything that is important because, as a keystone species, they cannot be replaced.
Sand lance and their close relatives, which are sometimes known as sand eels or candlefish, live in many of the world’s oceans. They are seldom part of human diets, notes Robards, but he has heard of Alaskans rolling them in flour and spices, deep-frying them, and enjoying a tasty serving of “french fries with eyes.”
Source: Crosscurrents North | <urn:uuid:bd415290-47dc-4e97-a618-42bf6d8c470c> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.utne.com/environment/the-sand-lance-small-fish-with-a-big-role-7327 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986655310.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014200522-20191014224022-00339.warc.gz | en | 0.956787 | 537 | 3.375 | 3 |
Assembly is a basic element ofpackaging in .NET. An assembly consists of IL code, metadata that describeswhat is in the assembly, and any other files or information that theapplication needs to run, such as graphics and sound files.
An assemblyperforms the following functions:
ØIt contains code that the CLR executes. Assemblycontains IL code plus the manifest in a portable executable (PE) file will beexecuted by CLR. Note that each assembly can have only one entry point (i.e.,DllMain, WinMain, or Main).
ØAn assembly is the unit at which permissions arerequested and granted. Hence it forms a security boundary.
ØIt forms a type boundary. Every assembly has aunique name and the type’s within those assemblies includes the name of thatassembly. Hence every type has unique name or unique boundary. The assembly’smanifest contains assembly metadata that is used by CLR for resolving types andsatisfying resource requests.
ØIt forms a version boundary. The assembly is thesmallest version able unit in the CLR. All types and resources in the sameassembly are versioned as a unit. The assembly’s manifest describes theversion.
ØIt forms a deployment unit. When an applicationstarts, only the assemblies that the application initially calls must bepresent. Other assemblies, such as localization resources or assemblies containingutility classes can be retrieved whenever they are called. This allowsapplications to be kept simple and thin at first.
Assembliescan be static or dynamic. Static assemblies can include .NETtypes (interfaces and classes), as well as required resources for the assembly(bitmaps, JPEG files, resource files, and so on). Static assemblies are storedon disk in PE files. Dynamic assembliesare one which run directly from memory and are not saved to disk beforeexecution. They can be saved disk after they have executed. | <urn:uuid:6255381d-4aad-43ea-b768-08bb95872206> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.mindstick.com/blog/114/assemblies-in-dot-net | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426372.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726182141-20170726202141-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.911062 | 399 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The next few weeks will feature blog posts written by our students who spent their Spring Break doing research on the islands of Curacao and St. Lucia.
Hey, my name is Trey! I’m a computer science major who was given the opportunity to travel with
Clemson Geopaths to Curacao and take some 360 imagery for research on virtual reality in education,
specifically for geology students.
The first big stop for my project was the Hato Caves. We had the unique chance to take some pictures
inside of the cave, which turned out amazing on the 360 camera! I found myself getting really frustrated
trying to take pictures with my regular camera, since it was so dark inside.
Our tour guide told us the history of the cave as a hiding spot for slaves, and he also knew a surprising
amount about the geology of the caves. Apparently, they are part of the middle limestone terrace of
Curacao, which formed roughly 300,000 years ago. Erosion caused the formation of features like
flowstones, while stalactites and stalagmites were formed by calcium in dripping water. These
stalactites and stalagmites sometimes come together to form a limestone column. One of these
limestone columns had formed recently, and was available to see in the caves!
Deeper into the caves we saw lots of bats, a room with a natural window, and more flowstones creating
beautiful sculptures. However, none of these sculptures compared to what we saw towards the end of
our tour: the fantasy room. This room was decked out with naturally formed stone structures that
resembled things like a pirate, a laughing donkey, and a statue of the Virgin Mary.
Even as someone who isn’t a geologist, it was breathtaking seeing so many beautiful structures all
naturally formed in one place. Because I had people to show me how the Hato Caves connected to the
formation of the rest of the island, I got an entirely different layer of depth that made this experience
particularly awe-inspiring. I couldn’t get enough time to take pictures of everything there!
At the end of the day, the Hato Caves gave me some awesome content to work with, and a beautiful
setting to be able to share through VR.
Thank you to the Hato Cave staff for making this tour possible! | <urn:uuid:fc4fe3a9-d80f-4d36-a57a-b76987850c3c> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://www.clemsongeopaths.com/blog/vrincuracao | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201953.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319093341-20190319115341-00520.warc.gz | en | 0.964661 | 502 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Veteran cave explorer Bill Stone has announced that in 2017, he'll lead an expedition into the Chevé Cave system, a sprawling underground complex in the Oaxaca region of Mexico, which water flow suggests may descend nearly 1.6 miles into the Earth. If that turns out to be true, Chevé would earn the title of the world's deepest cave, taking away the distinction currently held by Krubera Cave in the Western Caucasus mountains in Georgia, which is about 1.36 miles deep.
But scientists say that even if Chevé sets a new depth record, it may not last. Geological data leads them to believe there are numerous undiscovered caves across the globe, and that some of of those subterranean passageways may reach vastly deeper into the planet. Given the limits of the technology used for detection, though, finding those caves may be a challenge, and exploring them even more so.
There are plenty of places to look for them. Karst terrain -- rugged landscapes with high elevations and and underlay of limestone, into which water can seep to carve out caves -- covers 20 to 25 percent of the Earth's land surface. "There are probably tens of thousands of undiscovered caves that might exist out there," explains George Veni, executive director of the National Cave and Karst Research Institute.
At least in theory, some of those caves may reach far deeper than any humans have explored, according to Lewis Land, a hydrologist for the institute. "The only limit is how far down groundwater can circulate though limestone, before the pressure becomes too great," Land said. "And it seems that it can do that at far greater depths than we once thought."
The Kola Superdeep Borehole, a Soviet-era experiment to drill deep into the Earth that lasted from 1970 until 1994, reportedly found water circulating at a depth of 4.3 miles. Land said that in the 1980s, an oil exploration project in Oklahoma broke through into a cave that was at least 2.2 miles beneath the Earth's surface. That sort of subterranean chamber, which has no entrance anywhere near surface level, would be difficult if not impossible for humans to explore.
Other super-deep caves might be accessible, provided researchers can locate them. Right now, the means to do so are limited. The sensing technology that's most readily available to cave explorers is electrical resistivity, in which an instrument measures how electricity moves through the ground, and looks for subtle fluctuations that indicate a cave beneath the surface.
But that method is only useful about to a depth of about 800 feet, Land said. Seismic reflection, a technology used by energy companies to prospect for oil and gas deposits, can reach deeper, but it doesn't have the resolution to spot a passageway that may only be a few feet wide.
And while space scientists can study distant worlds with satellites equipped with robotic instruments, it's harder to do that when you go underground.
"Remote sensing technologies are very limited with caves,"Joel Despain, chairman of the International Exploration Committee of the National Speleological Society of the U.S., explained in an email. "In some circumstances thermal imaging can reveal cave entrances with airflow that is cold or warm compared to surface temperatures."
That's why cave explorers rely on a more low-tech but still reliable method. "Cave researchers dump non-toxic dye into cave streams to see where the water emerges at springs far downstream and at a much lower elevation," Despain said. "This is what ultimately determines the potential depth of Cheve and most caves -- the height of where cave-making-water enters the cave system and the depth of where it exits and emerges as a spring on the surface."
But even when a dye trace indicates what might be a record-deep cave, that's just the start of the challenge of exploring it.
"Just because the water can flow to that lowest spring there is no guarantee that any human can follow," Despain explained. "They will need to find their way through faults that turn huge spacious cave passages into giant mazes of tiny holes between giant unstable blocks of rock, and they will dive into water-filled passages using very advanced equipment where there is no surface to swim up to if there is an equipment problem. They will rig thousands of meters of ropes to reach the great depths of the cave and will manually haul and carry all of this equipment to the bottom."
"It is a huge, complex and very challenging and risky endeavor," Despain said.
The only real way to determine a cave's depth is for humans to get to the bottom, and there's no guarantee that they will be able to probe deep enough into Chevé to set the record. Alexander Klimchouk, a researcher at Ukraine's Institute of Geological Sciences and co-leader of the group that explored Krubera in 2004, wrote in an email that cave hasn't been fully explored, either, and that it might turn out to be at least as deep as Chevé's projected size.
"However, I respect the dedication of Bill Stone and the team (this is what drives all discoveries), and I wish them good luck," Klimchouk said.
Regardless of which cave turns out to be the deepest, science will win because these deep spaces in the Earth contain a potentially vast amount of information for researchers. Veni noted that caves are filled with living organisms, including insects and microbes that may help scientists to discover new antibiotics and other medicines.
They also have preserved evidence of past climate cycles, which scientists can use to fine-tune their models for future trends. Additionally, NASA is interested in studying caves on Earth so that it can develop technology to explore them on Mars or other worlds. | <urn:uuid:9fdeee67-6377-4652-b6ab-9c7593d3ff04> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.seeker.com/where-is-the-worlds-deepest-cave-1770636273.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320539.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625152316-20170625172316-00715.warc.gz | en | 0.955496 | 1,174 | 3.625 | 4 |
brace up(redirected from brace oneself)
1. To physically support, bolster , or reinforce someone or something. A noun or pronoun can be used between "brace" and "up." That picture frame is broken, so I braced it up with a candle to keep it from falling over.
2. To physically or mentally prepare oneself, someone, or something for something, typically something that is imminent, in an attempt to limit any adverse impact. A noun or pronoun can be used between "brace" and "up." I braced myself up for that big bump by holding onto the seat in front of me. I had braced myself up for rejection, so hearing that I'd gotten the promotion was a very pleasant surprise!
brace someone or something up
to prop up or add support to someone or something. They braced the tree up for the expected windstorm. They braced up the tree again after the storm.
to take heart; to be brave. Brace up! Things could be worse. I told John to brace up because things would probably get worse before they got better.
Also, brace oneself. Summon up one's courage or resolve, as in Brace up, we don't have much farther to go, or Squaring his shoulders, he braced himself for the next wave. This idiom uses brace in the sense of "to bolster" or "to strengthen." The first term dates from the early 1700s, the variant from about 1500.
1. To provide something or someone with additional support; prop up someone or something: We used plywood to brace up the wall paneling. The old tower would have fallen down if we hadn't braced it up.
2. To prepare or strengthen someone or something to face some challenge: We braced up the car for the road race. They gave me some encouraging words to brace me up for the interview. I'm glad you were braced up for your exams.
3. To summon one's strength or endurance; prepare to face a challenge: I spent all day bracing up for my performance in the concert that evening. | <urn:uuid:2a72ecd9-600a-4cb3-87f5-33b1feda6b8f> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/brace+oneself | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213737.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818193409-20180818213409-00138.warc.gz | en | 0.95885 | 436 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Jewish moneylender in Venice. Angered by his mistreatment at the
hands of Venice’s Christians, particularly Antonio, Shylock schemes
to eke out his revenge by ruthlessly demanding as payment a pound of
Antonio’s flesh. Although seen by the rest of the play’s characters
as an inhuman monster, Shylock at times diverges from stereotype
and reveals himself to be quite human. These contradictions, and
his eloquent expressions of hatred, have earned Shylock a place
as one of Shakespeare’s most memorable characters.
in-depth analysis of Shylock.
wealthy heiress from Belmont. Portia’s beauty is matched only by
her intelligence. Bound by a clause in her father’s will that forces
her to marry whichever suitor chooses correctly among three caskets,
Portia is nonetheless able to marry her true love, Bassanio. Far and
away the most clever of the play’s characters, it is Portia, in
the disguise of a young law clerk, who saves Antonio from Shylock’s
in-depth analysis of Portia.
merchant whose love for his friend Bassanio prompts him to sign
Shylock’s contract and almost lose his life. Antonio is something
of a mercurial figure, often inexplicably melancholy and, as Shylock
points out, possessed of an incorrigible dislike of Jews. Nonetheless,
Antonio is beloved of his friends and proves merciful to Shylock,
albeit with conditions.
in-depth analysis of Antonio.
gentleman of Venice, and a kinsman and dear friend to Antonio. Bassanio’s
love for the wealthy Portia leads him to borrow money from Shylock
with Antonio as his guarantor. An ineffectual businessman, Bassanio proves
himself a worthy suitor, correctly identifying the casket that contains
friend of Bassanio’s who accompanies him to Belmont. A coarse and
garrulous young man, Gratiano is Shylock’s most vocal and insulting
critic during the trial. While Bassanio courts Portia, Gratiano
falls in love with and eventually weds Portia’s lady-in-waiting, Nerissa.
she is Shylock’s daughter, Jessica hates life in her father’s house,
and elopes with the young Christian gentleman, Lorenzo. The fate
of her soul is often in doubt: the play’s characters wonder if her
marriage can overcome the fact that she was born a Jew, and we wonder
if her sale of a ring given to her father by her mother is excessively
friend of Bassanio and Antonio, Lorenzo is in love with Shylock’s
daughter, Jessica. He schemes to help Jessica escape from her father’s
house, and he eventually elopes with her to Belmont.
lady-in-waiting and confidante. She marries Gratiano and escorts
Portia on Portia’s trip to Venice by disguising herself as her law
servant. A comical, clownish figure who is especially adept at making
puns, Launcelot leaves Shylock’s service in order to work for Bassanio.
The prince of Morocco
- A Moorish prince who seeks Portia’s hand in marriage.
The prince of Morocco asks Portia to ignore his dark countenance
and seeks to win her by picking one of the three caskets. Certain
that the caskets reflect Portia’s beauty and stature, the prince
of Morocco picks the gold chest, which proves to be incorrect.
The prince of Arragon
- An arrogant Spanish nobleman who also attempts to
win Portia’s hand by picking a casket. Like the prince of Morocco,
however, the prince of Arragon chooses unwisely. He picks the silver
casket, which gives him a message calling him an idiot instead of Portia’s
Venetian gentleman, and friend to Antonio, Bassanio, and Lorenzo.
Salarino escorts the newlyweds Jessica and Lorenzo to Belmont, and
returns with Bassanio and Gratiano for Antonio’s trial. He is often almost
indistinguishable from his companion Solanio.
Venetian gentleman, and frequent counterpart
The duke of Venice
ruler of Venice, who presides over Antonio’s
trial. Although a powerful man, the duke’s state is built on respect
for the law, and he is unable to help Antonio.
father, also a servant in Venice.
Jew in Venice, and one of Shylock’s friends.
- A wealthy Paduan lawyer and Portia’s cousin. Doctor
Bellario never appears in the play, but he gives Portia’s servant
the letters of introduction needed for her to make her appearance
servant, whom she dispatches to get the appropriate materials from | <urn:uuid:fc12c2bb-f2c8-4352-917e-0d368bc510ce> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.sparknotes.com/shakespeare/merchant/characters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867094.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525141236-20180525161236-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.912217 | 1,094 | 2.609375 | 3 |
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Students use the internet to examine sites that deal with Geometry. Individually, they are to practice the same techniques on the website that they are doing in class. They can solve different problems and check their answers to end the lesson.
3 Views 0 Downloads | <urn:uuid:b12f9291-1754-4103-ad72-da9f60de85b6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.lessonplanet.com/teachers/geometry-on-the-web | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00086-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921382 | 111 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The world's most powerful particle collider is up and running, but the Large Hadron Collider will idle along at 1/14th of its peak, speed-of-light specs for the next several weeks.
In the meantime, a debate continues amping up. It's the buzz among skeptics in the blogosphere and has been the muse for at least one hip-hop poet. No matter whom you ask, the LHC is already a pretty inspiring piece of equipment.
Opponents have been moved to predictions of doomsday scenarios that regard it as a 17-mile-long catalyst to catastrophe. Being bunkered 300 feet below the border of France and Switzerland safely beyond the layman's view has only fueled the fears that it's a $10 billion money pit with enough power to literally create a black hole.
That's a sentiment that is not shared among physicists, including those in Utah, who regard the LHC as a doorway to a new era of basic science research they've been anticipating for more than 20 years.
Utah made a bid for the Superconducting Super-Collider in the mid-1980s but lost out to Texas, which also ultimately lost, too, when Congress pulled the plug due to a price tag that would rival expenditures for the NASA space program. The new accelerator/collider at CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research), was Europe's answer to the SSC.
Switching on the LHC is not a eureka moment for physicists, but having a machine capable of bringing the cosmos into the lab comes pretty close
What might be learned or how the future could be affected by what it reveals really isn't the point right now, and its potential danger is being overstated to say the least, said Utah State University physicist Stan Larson, noting that having the capacity to go the deepest humans have ever been able to probe into the nature and behavior of the basic matter of all life is a marvel in itself.
Many calculations have been done by hundreds of scientists around the world about the possible creation of black holes by the LHC, Larson said. "There have been no significant disagreements in the results of all those calculations if a micro-black hole is created by the LHC, the expectation is it will escape from the gravitational field of the Earth and travel out into space, he added.
"Nature reaches the energies covered by the LHC every day, right here on Earth," he said. "The Earth is constantly being bombarded by cosmic rays high energy particles from outer space that reach energies similar to and in excess of the energy of the LHC every second of every day. That being the case, if it is easy and plausible to make black holes, then Nature is already doing it every day right over our heads."
Colliders are "bread and butter" research projects designed to search for the Standard Higgs boson, the only particle in the Standard Model of Elementary Particles and Fields that has not yet been observed directly, said University of Utah physics professor Charlie Jui.
Colliders are designed to circulate proton beams in opposite directions and collide the beams head on in several designated "interaction points." The goal of such experiments is to convert the kinetic energy of the colliding protons to produce and measure exotic massive particles. The proposed SSC in the U.S. was designed to circulate protons at 20 TeV (A TeV is a unit of energy equal to 1 trillion electron volts.) in each direction or 40 TeV of available energy for the interactions, Jui said.
For comparison, the proton-antiproton collider at the Fermi National Accelerator Lab run by the U.S. Department of Energy in Batavia, Ill., provides 1 TeV for each beam. Previous experiments there and elsewhere have all failed to observe the Higgs boson. If these particles are found, the standard model, more than a quarter-century after its articulation, will finally be complete.
The LHC will simulate interactions under way a million times a second or more since the Earth acquired a thick atmosphere, Jui said, noting that the the collisions of proton beams equivalent in energy of 100 to 1,000 TeV each.
"Some theorists have in recent years surmised the occurrence of micro black holes, which might be producible in a collider," Jui said. "There is no experimental evidence for this phenomenon. Most experimentalists have tended to not even comment on the rather fanciful speculation that the production of such entities might lead to the destruction of the Earth."
The phenomenon in the real world was carefully tracked between May 1997 and April 2006 by the U.'s High Resolution Fly's Eye Experiment. An international consortium is continuing to the gather data on the cosmic rays at the Telescope Array Project near Delta. More information is available at www.cosmic-ray.org
/reading/learn1.html, at findarticles.com/p/articles
/ai_n18722313 and at www .telescopearray.org.
Detailed parameters of the LHC can be found at quench
E-mail: [email protected] | <urn:uuid:25e70b12-ff91-44da-96b4-b4fb59718f15> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.deseretnews.com/article/700258995/Collider-sparking-wonder--and-fear.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221217909.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821014427-20180821034427-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.945334 | 1,057 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Lost your keys? Your brain might be in a better state to recall where you put them at some times than at others, according to new research from UC Davis. A paper describing the work is published June 13 in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
"It's been assumed that the process of retrieving a memory is cued by an external stimulus," said Charan Ranganath, professor at the UC Davis Center for Neuroscience and Department of Psychology. "But we found that the levels of brain activity before items came up were correlated with memory."
Graduate students Richard Addante and Andrew Watrous; Ranganath; Andrew Yonelinas, professor of psychology at the UC Davis Center for Mind and Brain; and Arne Ekstrom, assistant professor of psychology at the Center for Neuroscience, measured a particular frequency of brainwaves called theta oscillations in the brains of volunteers during a memory test.
Theta waves are associated with a brain that is actively monitoring something, Ranganath said. For example, rats show high theta waves while exploring a maze.
In the memory test, the volunteers had to memorize a series of words with a related context. They later had to recall whether they had seen the word previously and the context in which the word was seen.
High theta waves immediately before being prompted to remember an item were associated with better performance.
The work goes against the assumption that the brain is waiting to react to the external world, Ranganath said. In fact, most of the brain is busy with internal activity that is not related to the outside world - and when external stimuli come in, they interact with these spontaneous patterns of activity.
It's not clear whether it is possible to deliberately put your brain into a better state for memory recall, Ranganath said. The laboratory is currently investigating that area - with the hope that it might lead to better treatments for memory loss.
The work was funded by grants from the NIH. | <urn:uuid:34f3fe19-96e7-4be4-960a-26b65d59d9ee> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-06/uoc--bsa061311.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174167.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00190-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967427 | 402 | 3 | 3 |
This is a highly magnified image of a single-celled diatom algae. It is one of the tiniest and oldest living things on the planet. The naturalist Charles Darwin wrote about it to emphasise an idea that remains momentous: that we humans evolved from other, simpler species. At the time, this was taken to be dangerously demeaning. But it’s a hugely liberating lesson. Often we expect too much from ourselves and others. We forget our origins as smaller, hairier primates and (before that) simple clusters of cells, like these algae. We need to climb down, and recall our mortality, our frailty, our terrible limitations and our weaknesses – which are tied to our deep ancestry as tiny things at the bottom of the sea.
About the Paperweight
For centuries, artists produced ‘memento mori’, works of art that would remind their viewers of death and usually featured a skull or an hourglass.
The point of these works wasn’t to make people despair, but to help them use the thought of death to focus on the real priorities. Vivid reminders of mortality and the transient nature of life put our prosaic obsessions into question. When measured against the finality of death, the true insignificance of some of our worries is emphasised and we’re given an opportunity to feel a little braver about what we really want and feel.
We have created a collection of glass paperweights to serve as our own, modern versions of a ‘memento mori’. These objects are both pleasing to look at and should serve as daily inspirations to tackle our most important task: to live in accordance with our true talents and interests and to make the most of whatever precious moments we may have left. | <urn:uuid:a09b79a8-d019-42f3-9af7-e435cb633de8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.culturelabel.com/products/memento-mori-paperweight-algae-the-school-of-life | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00255-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955028 | 370 | 2.953125 | 3 |
- Intestinal causes of lower:
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a doctor would ask.
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Intestinal causes of lower intestinal bleeding: Intestinal causes of lower intestinal bleeding refers to bleeding or hemorrhage from the rectum caused by a disease, disorder, or condition of the small intestine or large intestine. See detailed information below for a list of 15 causes of Intestinal causes of lower intestinal bleeding, Symptom Checker, including diseases and drug side effect causes.
The following medical conditions are some of the possible
causes of Intestinal causes of lower intestinal bleeding.
There are likely to be other possible causes, so ask your doctor
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Chronic digestive conditions often misdiagnosed: When diagnosing chronic symptoms of the digestive tract, there are a variety of conditions that may be...read more »
Antibiotics often causes diarrhea: The use of antibiotics are very likely to cause some level of diarrhea in patients. The reason is that antibiotics kill off not only "bad" bacteria, but can also kill the "good" bacteria in the gut. This leads to "digestive imbalance"...read more »
Food poisoning may actually be an infectious disease: Many people who come down with "stomach symptoms" like diarrhea assume that it's "something I ate" (i.e. food poisoning). In fact, it's more likely to be an infectious diarrheal...read more »
Mesenteric adenitis misdiagnosed as appendicitis in children: Because appendicitis is one of the more feared conditions for a child with abdominal pain, it can be over-diagnosed (it can, of course, also fail to be diagnosed with...read more »
Chronic digestive diseases hard to diagnose: There is an inherent difficulty in diagnosing the various types of chronic digestive diseases. Some of the better known possibilities are peptic ulcer, colon cancer, irritable bowel...read more »
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Search Specialists by State and City | <urn:uuid:529fee80-c1c8-4817-b386-460ace2ba6c3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/sym/intestinal_causes_of_lower_intestinal_bleeding.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398873.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00013-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904787 | 822 | 2.890625 | 3 |
National Reconciliation Week 2017
Each year, National Reconciliation Week celebrates and builds on the respectful relationships shared by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and other Australians in the journey towards reconciliation.
This year we celebrate significant anniversaries of two notable events; 27 May, the day the historic 1967 Referendum was carried, and 3 June, when the High Court delivered its landmark judgement in the Mabo case in 1992.
This year those dates are especially significant being the 50th anniversary of the Referendum and the 25th anniversary of Mabo. Both these events forever changed Australia and it is fitting that as we continue to push for reconciliation, we reflect on the hard work of so many people before us.
This year’s theme Let’s Take the Next Steps encourages us all to draw on the dedication and determination of past campaigners for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander rights and support the movement for Constitutional recognition.
For more information, visit Reconciliation Australia at: www.reconciliation.org.au/nrw/events
To find out more about Stockland's RAP (Reconciliation Action Plan), see here >> https://www.stockland.com.au/about-stockland/sustainability | <urn:uuid:c107b5f0-b42e-4296-95a5-83b623e0004c> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.stockland.com.au/shopping-centres/centres/stockland-cairns/offers-and-events/news/2017/22/10/10/national-reconciliation-week-2017 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999838.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625132645-20190625154645-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.9004 | 259 | 2.59375 | 3 |
OKay i have done the first parts of this question, but now i am stuck
It goes like this:
a bridge has a deck arch in the shape of a parabola. The road deck runs
horizontally along the top of the arch. The structure is further strengthened
by 14 vertical steel cables, equally spaced, between the road and the arch.
In addition, you know that if the base of one of the pylons is taken as the origin,
then the equation, y, of the arch is given by: y= -1/100x sqaured + 27/10x (x being the unknown)
a) solve algebraically for the width of the bridge
I calculated it to be 270metres long
b) What is the horizontal distance between each steel cable?
I calculated it to be 18metres between each
c) solve algebraically for the greatest height of the arch.
well its undoubtedly the middle of the parabola. therefore the middle of the width. the way it is drawn shows that is you find the height of the bridge, the answer will be the same, as the parabola touches the top of the bridge.... if im not explaining right plz tell me what u dont understand. i may be able to scan the picture..?? | <urn:uuid:19615e97-9b17-40a5-a53e-d08e6b4ea06a> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://mathhelpforum.com/pre-calculus/14661-deck-arch-bridge.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119651018.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030051-00083-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927226 | 272 | 3.8125 | 4 |
|rabbits in the wild / tradition||
the physical aspects
Rabbits are prey animals. Everything in the wild is trying to eat them. Rabbits survive by exceptional hearing, being very sensitive and running at the first sign of danger, social groups which thump on the ground to alert the other rabbits. Rabbits survive by avoiding the open where hawks and owls can catch them, and by being able to run quickly, make sharp turns and huge hops and squeeze into little spaces where other animals can't follow them. They can hop up and turn direction in the air.
They have eyes on each side of their head. Prey animals include horses, fish, some whales, and cows. Predators including dogs, cats, humans, racoons, hawks, owls, coyotes, foxes, and snakes have eyes in the front -- and they all eat rabbits. Because of their eye location they can see in back of them, as well as in all directions. Rabbit vision is based on movement. Any sudden movement means danger. If you think about hawks, any sudden movement from above or behind is very frightening to a rabbit. If you try to talk to a rabbit head on, they can't see you. Their eyes are best suited to dawn and dusk lighting.
Rabbits hear pretty much in our range but also hear much higher pitched sounds which include rodents, bats, bugs, some bird noises and lots of mechanical or electrical sounds we can't hear. Ears can be rotated to better collect sound. Ear position is important in rabbit language, even in lop ear breeds--watch their ears carefully. Rabbits love music but please, not when they are sleeping (daytime or nighttime) and only at low volume. Usually rock and roll has too much 'thumping' sounds but I noticed one of my rabbits seemed to like "Linkin Park" and "The Who" and my current rabbit loves live acoustic guitar.
Like most animals, smell is the most important way of sensing the world. Let them smell your shoes when you come home.
Rabbits have something like 18,000 taste buds while we only have about 9,000.
Under their chin. You will see them rubbing their chin against the furniture. This marks their territory.
These have nerves in them such as our fingers. Do not cut their whiskers.
Rabbits live in a social group like chimps or humans and have a highly developed social order. They use sounds, scents and body language to communicate. They are extremely sensitive, extremely loving, but they also get angry like no other 'pet'. Dogs will soil your bed, but rabbits will get angry and express anger right at you. They will nip, and if they really don't trust you or have been badly mistreated they will bite. If their nails are too long you can get badly scratched. If your bunny is angry, hold something up to his teeth that he can express his anger on such as a piece of newspaper, a towell or something. Let him vent for awhile. Wear gloves and sleeves if necessary and avoid the head.
Rabbits go through puberty somewhere around 6 months and that's when many become 'difficult'...when they are just becoming rabbits, of course. Male rabbits construct an elaborate nest with sticks and females hop over them into the nest when they are interested.
rabbits in the wild and the importance of tradition
Rabbits live in large dens under the ground. Some hares live above ground but like most rabbits, spend most of their life in the undergrowth. In the house rabbits will try to construct tunnels, underground dens and spend time under chairs and in other 'safe' places. Rabbits are not rodents but share a love of running around the perimeter of the room (and will knaw on any weeds or wires that are in their way). They like to live on high ground (in a marsh they can't dig underground) and they like all the trees to stay in the same position (no rearranging furniture). All dens and nests must have 2 exits even in the house.
Rabbits live in a group in which some of them are dominant rabbits and the others are the workers. The dominant ones eat first and have access to the best females. Some of the others are great diggers, some are great at knawing through tough branches. You will see this in your house. Some will drive you crazy with their chewing when you really should be proud of them. Give them something you want them to chew. Some are docile and some are born leaders and will stand up to you. Any rabbit who shows a sign of age or sickness will be harassed unmercifully, will be denied access to rare food and water, and will often die because of it. Watch out for this in your house rabbits too.
There is nothing more important to a rabbit than tradition. It must be a big part of how they survive in the wild. Perhaps knowing when it's safe to go to the meadow, or when a certain plant is in bloom. You must keep regular hours daily. A rabbit will respect the fact that he has to go back into the cage if you do it at the same time every day. At snack time they will go to the refrigerator or stand by the box of hay. Or sit near you staring at you. Or run around to get your attention. Or come over for a pet, or give you 'the poke'. They don't want a petting, they want you get back on routine. Same behavior at bedtime. If you watch your rabbit, you will see that he has a different place to sleep depending on what time of day it is.
If a bunny wants to run around the perimeter of the room in the undergrowth rather than cross the middle of a room where a hawk could get him (naturally) then he will want to trim these roots and vines that are in his way (electrical cords). He needs to have a path with no obstructions in case of emergency getaway. This what a good rabbit does. Biting an electrical cord can kill him, ruin the appliance and burn down the house (though it can just causes a cut and a big spark). He will also tend to knaw away at any wood furniture that is too close to the wall to run behind. Same thing for a sofa...make sure one can run behind it. See Rabbitproofing.
rattling, loud chewing, rippping, throwing things around, clanging and generally making a racket
You may notice annoying behavior which often happens when you are trying to sleep in on the weekends. There are no weekends in the wild. In the wild one must get up at the same time every dawn to look for food. Rabbits forage at dawn and at dusk and sleep or rest the rest of the time. If they think you need to get up, they will be relentless. I have heard a 2 hour symphony on weekend mornings: one rabbit was loudly ripping up newspaper and the other was making some loud bell-like tones on the metal bars. (I have a shelf from Ikea made out of metal bars which makes a great door fence...my two fighting rabbits can lick each other through it and it makes great music.) (See Miscellaneous section)
returning to the 'scene of the crime'
I don't know why they do this, but you will find that after a traumatic episode of nail cutting or medicine administration, later they will hop over to the area the trauma took place. I cannot see how this could possibly be a safe behavior in the wild, but perhaps this is how they learn more about what they survived. It is almost like they are asking for another episode but they aren't. Rabbits are the most curious of animals.
All text and graphics copyright ©1995-2016 by Carolyn 'r' Crampton. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:edf075fd-2030-4b65-b813-eddc84db10c1> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.cramptonarts.com/rabbits/r_wild.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049278244.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002118-00082-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971456 | 1,626 | 3.375 | 3 |
As the world moves towards a more sustainable future, electric cars are becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to gasoline vehicles. While both electric and gas cars have their advantages and disadvantages, it’s important to weigh the pros and cons of each before making a decision. Electric cars offer benefits such as lower fuel costs, zero emissions, and reduced maintenance costs, while gas cars generally have a longer range and are more readily available. In this article, we’ll explore the pros and cons of both electric and gas cars to help you make an informed decision about which type of vehicle is right for you. In this blog, we will cover electric cars vs gas cars pros and cons, and lastly, you will easily make a decision to choose one of them.
Electric Cars Pros and Cons
Pros of Electric Car
Environmental Benefits: Electric cars emit significantly less greenhouse gases than traditional gas cars, making them a more eco-friendly option. They also don’t release harmful pollutants into the air, which can improve air quality and reduce health problems related to air pollution.
Lower Operating Costs: Electric cars are much cheaper to operate than gas cars. They require less maintenance, and the cost of electricity is much lower than gasoline. Furthermore, many governments offer incentives and tax credits to encourage people to switch to electric vehicles, which can further lower the cost of ownership.
Quiet and Smooth Ride: Electric cars are incredibly quiet and provide a smooth, vibration-free ride, which can enhance the driving experience. The lack of engine noise and the smooth acceleration create a more peaceful, relaxing atmosphere in the car.
Better Performance: Electric cars have instant torque, which means that they can accelerate quickly and smoothly. They also have a lower center of gravity, which can improve handling and stability, especially around corners.
Energy Independence: With an electric car, you are not reliant on fossil fuels, which can be subject to price fluctuations and supply disruptions. Electric vehicles can be charged using renewable energy sources such as solar power, which means you can be energy-independent and reduce your carbon footprint.
Cons of Electric Car
Limited Range: One of the major drawbacks of electric cars is their limited range. Most electric cars have a range of 100-200 miles on a single charge, which is much less than the range of gas-powered cars. This can be a major issue for those who travel long distances or have to drive for extended periods without access to a charging station.
Long Charging Time: Another drawback of electric cars is the time it takes to charge them. Even with fast charging stations, it can take several hours to fully charge an electric car, whereas filling up a gas tank takes only a few minutes. This can be a major inconvenience for those who need to get back on the road quickly.
Higher Initial Cost: Electric cars are typically more expensive than gas-powered cars, which can be a major drawback for those on a tight budget. While the cost of electric cars has been decreasing in recent years, they are still more expensive than gas-powered cars, especially when you consider the cost of installing a charging station at home.
Limited Availability of Charging Stations: While there are more and more charging stations popping up across the country. They are still far less common than gas stations. This can be a major issue for those who need to travel long distances or live in areas where charging stations are scarce.
Environmental Concerns: While electric cars are often touted as being more environmentally friendly than gas-powered carS. There are still concerns about the environmental impact of the production and disposal of batteries used in electric cars. Additionally, many electric cars are still powered by electricity generated from fossil fuels. This can negate some of the environmental benefits of electric cars.
Do you know the Reasons Why Your Car Won’t Start?
Gas Cars Pros and Cons
Gas Car Pros
Wider availability of fuel: Gas stations are much more readily available than charging stations for electric cars, especially in rural areas. This makes gas cars more convenient for long-distance travel and remote areas.
Longer range: Gas cars have a much longer range than electric cars, which need to be recharged frequently. Gas cars can be driven for hundreds of miles on a single tank of fuel, whereas electric cars generally have a range of 100-300 miles.
Faster refueling: It only takes a few minutes to fill up a gas tank. While recharging an electric car can take hours.
Lower initial cost: Gas cars are generally cheaper to buy than electric cars, which are still a relatively new technology. This makes gas cars more accessible to people on a budget, especially those who need a car for daily commuting or short trips.
Better performance: Gas cars generally have more horsepower and torque than electric cars. Making them more powerful and responsive. Gas cars are also better suited for off-road driving and other activities that require a lot of power and control.
Check our blog on How to get better gas mileage
Gas Car Cons
Environmental Impact: Gasoline vehicles contribute significantly to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Electric cars, on the other hand, produce zero emissions, reducing their environmental impact.
Maintenance Costs: Gasoline vehicles have more moving parts, which require regular maintenance and replacement. Electric cars have fewer moving parts, reducing maintenance costs.
Fuel Costs: The cost of gasoline fluctuates, making it difficult to predict fuel costs. In contrast, electric cars rely on electricity, which is more stable and predictable.
Range Anxiety: Gasoline vehicles have a longer range compared to electric cars, making long-distance travel more convenient. While electric car ranges are improving, there is still a concern about running out of battery power during longer trips.
Initial Cost: Gasoline vehicles are generally less expensive to purchase than electric cars. This initial cost difference may make it difficult for some consumers to justify the purchase of an electric car, despite the long-term savings.
Should I Buy an Electric Car?
However, if you are considering purchasing a new vehicle, it is important to consider your needs, lifestyle, and budget. Electric cars can offer numerous benefits such as zero emissions, lower fuel costs, and reduced maintenance costs, but they may not be suitable for everyone. Consider factors such as your daily commute, and access to charging stations. The availability of government incentives or tax credits before making a decision. It may also be helpful to test-drive electric cars to see if they meet your needs and preferences.
Do electric cars last longer than gas cars?
Electric cars generally have fewer moving parts and less wear and tear on their engines compared to gas cars. This can make them more durable and potentially last longer. However, factors such as battery life and maintenance practices can also impact longevity.
Is insurance expensive for electric cars?
Insurance for electric cars can be more expensive than for traditional cars due to their high purchase price and the cost of replacing their advanced technology. However, some insurance companies offer discounts and incentives for electric car owners to balance out the costs.
To check the best Used Japanese Car for sale, Vist SBT Japan | <urn:uuid:b0423db4-9878-4962-9b06-d5f8c53d3b2f> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.usedautoarena.com/electric-cars-vs-gas-cars/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945372.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325191930-20230325221930-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.959728 | 1,449 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Think of technical skills, and you probably imagine something related to IT or technology – data science, maybe, or computer programming. But in fact, the term “technical skills” spans the huge variety of “hard” skills that are necessary for many jobs and industries. And lots of them have nothing to do with IT.
What are technical skills?
Technical skills vary enormously from industry to industry, but they essentially boil down to the skills and competencies needed to perform job-specific tasks, whether digital or physical. They’re the practical skills required to do a job successfully, in other words.
So, if you’re a nurse, your technical skills will include inserting IVs, reading patient charts, and all the other tasks wrapped up in delivering patient care. If you’re a truck driver, your technical skills revolve around being able to safely drive a huge truck and deliver cargo where it’s needed. And so on and so on, whether you’re a plumber, hair stylist, accountant, lawyer… Whatever your role, there will be skills and expertise – digital and physical – that are particular to your industry. These are your technical skills.
The in-demand technical skills of the future
The nature of work is changing, and technology is playing a greater role in almost all professions. Yet even as more and more tasks become automated, there’s still enormous value in technical skills. In fact, in the complex, hybrid workplaces of the future – where tasks and goals are accomplished through a blend of machine and human power – I believe technical skills will become more valuable than ever.
So, what sort of skills will be most in demand in our rapidly evolving workplaces? Obviously, technical skills in coding, AI, and data science are already in high demand. But looking beyond IT and technology, some of the essential technical skills for 21st-century work are likely to include:
· Customer relationship management
· Project management
· Social media management
· Video and other content creation
· Product development and product lifecycle management
· Technical writing, or being able to explain complex subjects in plain English
· Data literacy, or being able to effectively use and make sense of data
· Mechanical maintenance
How to develop your technical skills
The specifics will vary, of course, but generally speaking, you develop technical skills through a combination of training, education, on-the-job learning, and good old-fashioned experience. With this in mind, here’s how to ensure your technical skills stay sharp:
· A good starting point is to encourage your employer to invest in the technical training needed to do your job. As part of this, consider the increasing role of technology and how new technologies might change certain aspects of your job. A project manager, for example, may find themselves increasingly overseeing remote team members and may therefore want to brush up their knowledge of tools that promote remote collaboration.
· On top of workplace learning, you’ll need to take an active, independent approach to learning if you want to keep up with the latest topics and trends in your industry. I find books, audiobooks, industry magazines, and podcasts are the easiest way to keep up with the latest in my field. Try to embrace such self-directed learning as your personal growth time rather than another burden on the to-do list.
· Sign up for relevant online courses. Whatever your chosen field, there will be tons of structured courses online through providers like Coursera and Udemy. For example, Udemy has courses on everything from electrical wiring to making marketing videos. If possible, seek out courses that offer bite-size learning tools (think short videos, quizzes, brief tutorials, etc.). Not only is this easier to fit in around everyday life, learning in short, focused bursts is great for knowledge retention.
· Look at informal learning channels, like YouTube. There’s a wealth of information on YouTube, and many educators – including myself – have embraced it as a way to deliver informative, engaging content.
· Make learning social, if you can, by joining forces with other learners. Are there, for example, others within your organization who are facing the same challenges or on the same educational path? Sharing the experience can help to boost accountability and make learning more fun.
· Learn from others in your field, perhaps through job shadowing or by working with a mentor. Spending time with an expert is a great way to pick up practical and technical skills.
· Finally, adopt the mindset of a lifelong learner, someone who is continually curious and keen to learn new things. This is vital because technology is advancing at such a rapid pace that almost all jobs will change to some degree. Far from making technical skills less important, I believe this rapid evolution will make technical skills more important than ever – but it will require you to continually keep your skills sharp as technology evolves.
To stay on top of future trends and future skills, make sure to subscribe to my newsletter and have a look at my new book, Future Skills: The 20 Skills & Competencies Everyone Needs To Succeed In A Digital World. | <urn:uuid:c37b7477-e71c-4061-ae62-62b552be31a9> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://emmetico.com/the-most-in-demand-technical-skills-and-how-to-develop-them/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494826.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20230126210844-20230127000844-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.933758 | 1,058 | 3.125 | 3 |
Dictionaries can be a great way for your child to find out new words and improve their vocabulary – but not just any will do. For your child to get the most out of a dictionary, it has to include words they are likely to hear and use at home and school. It also needs to have definitions and examples that will make sense to them.
Publisher Sam Armstrong explains how Oxford Children’s Dictionaries are made to work perfectly for different ages, and how the Oxford Children’s Corpus is used to figure out which words to include by analysing real children’s language.
Why do we need dictionaries for children?
What’s it like to work in children’s publishing, as the Publisher for Children’s Dictionaries? Sam talks about what her job involves and why she loves it!
Making dictionaries for children is all about tailoring them to suit different ages and abilities. Choosing the right design, layout, colour, and fonts all help make our books easy to understand and enjoy. Everything is tested out in the classroom, and educational experts give guidance on curriculum vocabulary.
We try to make our books fun to look at, with plenty of illustrations and help for the younger children. The alphabet is on the side of every page, and the letter you are in is highlighted. This helps make them easy for every child to use.
Our children’s dictionaries are compiled specially for children – they are not cut-down, edited versions of our adult dictionaries. As the reader gets older, the complexity and the quantity of definitions tends to increase – a first dictionary wouldn’t describe ‘foot’ in terms of poetic metre, for example.
We make our dictionaries using something called the Oxford Children’s Corpus.
What is the Oxford Children’s Corpus?
The Oxford Children’s Corpus is a huge database of language – a unique word bank that has been built up over the last 10 years by Oxford University Press. It contains over 300 million words, from countless examples of writing both for and by children. The writing comes from lots of places, like websites and books for children, as well as the stories from BBC Radio 2’s 500 Words competition.
We can search the Oxford Children’s Corpus to research how children are using language. This makes our dictionaries completely evidence-based – by finding out exactly how children use language, we can tailor our books to fit them exactly. We include the words that children actually use, not the words we think they use.
We can also analyse the writing to see where we can help young people. For example, we can see the gaps between more and less able writers, and produce material that supports children across the range; we can identify bespoke subsets of language, such as a specific 19th century corpus for children studying the Victorians; and we can stay completely up-to-date, with relevant content and supporting resources like crosswords and anagram puzzles.
Our data means that we tend to be first to spot emerging trends, too, like the increasing use of ‘gaming’ vocabulary, like ‘ramp’, ‘glitch’ and ‘level’, in children’s writing about real life situations. This all helps us make dictionaries that are as useful as possible for developing vocabulary at every age.
More from Oxford Owl
The Oxford Primary Grammar, Punctuation, and Spelling Dictionary is the essential reference book. In full colour, it has easy-to-use rules and help, plus an alphabetical list of the tricky, and everyday, words including those most commonly misspelt, all backed by analysis of Oxford’s unique database of children’s writing.
Using the Oxford Reading Tree Floppy’s Phonics Sound and Letters Programme and synthetic phonics, the Oxford Phonics Spelling Dictionary helps children become proficient readers and spellers. With 4000 words, ordered by sounds and spellings and linked to the Alphabetic Code Chart, it makes preparing for the phonics screening check simple and fun.
Major new edition of the Oxford First Dictionary in paperback includes new words and more pages to improve spelling, extend vocabulary and support comprehension in the curriculum. Its accessible alphabetical layout and new supplement on spelling and grammar tips and activities, makes it the perfect first dictionary for home and for starting school!
New edition of the bestselling Oxford Primary Dictionary with more words added, more spelling support, and enhanced supplements for grammar and language help. Easy-to-use with clear entries and examples from the books children love reading, plus curriculum help, it is the ideal dictionary for children aged 8+.
This is not an ordinary dictionary. Lots of dictionaries tell you what an ‘alligator’ is, or how to spell ‘balloon’, but they won’t explain the difference between a ‘ringbeller’ and a ‘trogglehumper’. All the words that Roald Dahl invented are here, with real citations from Roald Dahl’s children’s books and illustrations by Quentin Blake, to inspire and encourage young writers and readers. | <urn:uuid:6904cbc7-0645-43c7-aeff-da9026d86b86> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://home.oxfordowl.co.uk/blog/why-does-your-child-need-a-dictionary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371805747.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407183818-20200407214318-00395.warc.gz | en | 0.930332 | 1,074 | 3.75 | 4 |
Freedom of Information
Administrative law is designed to promote accountable, transparent and responsible government, and the Freedom of Information Act 1982 is a critical part of it.
The Act gives the public the right to access government-held information about themselves or policies, information that is used in government decision-making.
The legislation aims to increase public participation in government processes, with a view to enable better-informed decision making, as well as to increase scrutiny, discussion, comment and review of government activities.
Functions and powers under the Act are designed to facilitate and promote public access to information, promptly and for the lowest reasonable cost.
Each state and territory also has FOI law which regulates agencies in their jurisdiction.
What information can I access?
You can access documents held by Federal Government agency or minister that:
- contains personal information;
- is used in policy making;
- is used to make administrative decisions.
You cannot access documents classed as exempt under Freedom of Information laws or accessible to the public under other arrangements.
Exemptions can apply to information:
- that affects national security, defence or international relations;
- contained in cabinet documents;
- that affects law enforcement and public safety;
- subject to secrecy restrictions (such as taxation, child support, or patent laws);
- that is legally privileged;
- that is collected in confidence;
- where disclosure would be in contempt of parliament or court;
- that contains trade secrets or commercially valuable information;
- contained in electoral rolls.
Conditional exemptions can apply when the information is:
- personal and it is unreasonable to disclose it;
- about certain operations of an agency (such as an audit);
- about deliberations relating to agency or minister’s functions;
- about relations between federal and state governments;
- commercially sensitive and could damage the economy;
- about financial or property interests of the Commonwealth.
However, refusal of a Freedom of Information request must also be against the public interest. The Act sets out factors to be considered when deciding whether release of a document is in the public interest.
In favour of access, factors include:
- the aims of the Act, such as public participation in government decision making;
- whether the information would inform debate on a matter of public importance;
- whether the information would promote effective oversight of public spending;
- allowing a person to access their own personal information.
Factors which must not be considered in deciding whether to release the document:
- embarrassment to or loss of confidence in the government;
- potential for a person to misinterpret or misunderstand the information;
- the seniority of the document’s author;
- potential for confusion or unnecessary debate.
Documents accessible to public under other arrangements
Freedom of Information laws cannot be used to source documents available under the Archives Act 1983 or accessible to the public for a fee, such as in a land title register. It also does not apply to documents held by certain institutions, such as the Australian War Memorial, the National Library of Australia, and the National Film and Sound Archive.
Some agencies are exempt from providing documents under the Act, including Aboriginal Land Councils, the Parliamentary Budget Office, the Auditor-General, and intelligence agencies such as the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation and Australian Signals Directorate.
Some agencies are exempt from disclosing certain documents. For example, the ABC and SBS do not have to disclose program material, and the NBN does not have to release details of its commercial activities.
What is a document?
The Act applies only to information in the form of a document, which is defined as:
- any paper or other material on which there is writing or marks, figures, symbols or perforations;
- a map, a plan, a drawing or a photo;
- any article from which sounds, images or writing can be reproduced;
- any article on which information is recorded or stored electronically or mechanically.
This includes copies of parts of copies of the documents.
How do I lodge a request?
You should contact the relevant agency or minister first, because most have arrangements to access information.
You have the right to access information and have it amended or annotated if you believe it is inaccurate, incomplete, out of date, misleading or incorrect.
Under Section 15 of the Act, the request must be in writing to the minister or agency, and state that it is an FOI application. It must provide enough details to identify the document, and an address for where it is to be sent. Reasons for the application are not required.
There is no initial charge to lodge a request but a minister or agency can charge you to process the request and for you to access the document(s). An estimate of the cost must be supplied to you, and you have 30 days to respond. You can agree to pay the cost, ask for the cost to be reduced or removed, or withdraw your request.
When will I receive a decision?
A letter acknowledging the request will be sent to you within 14 days. A decision must be made within 30 days but this period can be extended if:
- the agency or minister needs to consult with a third party;
- you agree to a time extension;
- the request is complex or large;
- you have yet to provide a response on the estimated cost.
Access to the document can be granted in several ways, including as hard copy, in electronic form, or as an opportunity to inspect, listen or view (if the document is sounds or images).
You can request the document in a form you prefer, and it must be provided in that form unless the requested form is unsuitable, it would cause unreasonable interference with the work of the agency or minister, or it would infringe copyright.
Information in the document could be exempt and this copy might be deleted. The agency or minister must explain why this has been done.
If no decision on the request is made within 30 days, the request is deemed to have been refused. You then have right to ask for review.
For advice on this or any legal matter, contact Armstrong Legal.
WHERE TO NEXT?
Have you been left out of a Will or treated unfairly? We offer a free assessment of your case and a no win no fee policy. We have a specialist team that deals only in Wills & Estates servicing NSW, VIC, QLD, ACT, SA & WA. The law relating to Wills and Estates can often be complex and confusing so we encourage you to make contact with our team. | <urn:uuid:9a470883-e798-41f3-bc54-8587135fb350> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.armstronglegal.com.au/administrative-law/national/freedom-of-information/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703495936.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210115164417-20210115194417-00628.warc.gz | en | 0.9318 | 1,352 | 3.46875 | 3 |
In the Chinese province of Xinjiang, science fiction has taken a sharp turn into horrifying reality. The government has detained up to a million people in “re-education” camps that they insist are vocational training centers. Many of these detainees are Uighurs, members of a predominantly Muslim ethnic group. Those who have been detained are supposedly guilty of committing religious and political transgressions on social media. However, according to the New York Times, the government’s real motive is to increase the Communist Party’s control over Muslim minorities within the country. This is far from hard to believe. In authoritarian regimes, the state becomes the center through which all citizens view life. Minority groups often have strong ties to their communities, religions, and ethnic identities. In the eyes of the state, if control is to be absolute, those ties should either be stamped out or the population should be removed. China’s moves to imprison Uighurs are unfortunately far from abnormal. They are yet another manifestation of a long worldwide history of oppression and subjugation.
What makes this case especially troubling however is the Chinese government’s aggressive use of DNA technology. In order to round-up its minority populations, especially those who will resist “re-education,” China has begun constructing a comprehensive DNA database. This data has often not been collected voluntarily. According to the New York Times, many Uighurs have received text messages from the police and local party cadres about required free medical checkups. Despite the Chinese government’s claims that the DNA machines are simply being used for “internal use,” there is no question that the database will eventually be used to better target and remove threats to the regime. This is a truly stunning and frightening development. Not just for China, but for the international world as we know it. As mentioned earlier, many governments have no problem detaining their own citizens for the supposed greater good of the state. Even, the United States who is as defined by freedom and liberty as it is by racism and inequality (see Internment of Japanese Americans, 1942-1945). However, in the past some members of a persecuted minority group were able to avoid detection by hiding their identity. The use of DNA technology largely eliminates this possibility. There is no way to hide who you are if your own genetic material betrays you.
Another revelation of this story is the fact that many of us are inadvertently complicit in the building of a genetic database for Uighurs. In order for the Chinese government to create a DNA profile, it had to compare the Uighur’s DNA with other populations. Dr. Kenneth Kidd, a Yale University geneticist, proved to be the solution to this issue and provided China with genetic material from people all around the world. That’s right, the data from the same tests that thousands of people use to find out more information about their ethnic and racial identity is now being used to infringe upon the rights of approximately a million people. In our quest for answers and our excitement over the advancement of technology, we often forget to consider what is being done with our data. In this case, the answer is far from comfortable.
Additionally, Dr. Kenneth Kidd’s justification for his arrangement with the Chinese government raises questions about the resurgence of scientific racism. He stated that he found his work with the ministry to be similar to work with the police elsewhere and more strikingly that, “governments should have access to data about minorities, not just the dominant ethnic group, in order to have an accurate picture of the whole population.” Setting aside the political motivations for a census in the first place, Dr. Kidd’s statement is chilling. Not only is he implying that the government needs to have an exact idea of its minority populations (which leaves the door open for a wide range of detrimental policies) but also that, somehow a person’s racial status is defined by their DNA. This idea is reminiscent of the tradition of racial classification, like the “one-drop rule’ in the United States in which a person with even one African ancestor was grouped as black. This is a dangerous road to to continue down. If we start to classify people’s race by genetics alone, the distance between science and scientific racism will begin to get smaller and smaller. And if ideas about race and science continue to be tied into technological advances, it is unlikely that China’s abuse of DNA testing will remain an authoritarian problem alone. | <urn:uuid:78564b20-0476-4316-85d1-80bd8c825163> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://thewellesleynews.com/2019/05/09/the-darker-side-of-dna-testing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738727.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811025355-20200811055355-00115.warc.gz | en | 0.967096 | 919 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Understanding Alzheimer's Disease: What You Need to Know
Where can you get more information?
Contact the following groups to learn more about Alzheimer’s disease. They can tell you about Alzheimer’s disease support groups, services, and publications. They also can give you information about clinical trials and other research studies.
Alzheimer’s Disease Education and Referral (ADEAR) Center
The Center provides information on:
- diagnosing Alzheimer's disease
- treating Alzheimer’s symptoms
- caring for the person with the disease
- meeting the needs of caregivers
- finding long-term care for the person with Alzheimer’s
- taking part in Alzheimer's disease research
ADEAR staff can refer you to local and national resources. The Center is a service of the National Institute on Aging, part of the Federal Government’s National Institutes of Health.
The Alzheimer’s Association is a nonprofit group offering information and support services to people with Alzheimer’s disease and their caregivers and families. The Alzheimer's Association also sponsors research. Call or visit their website to find out where to get help in your area.
Alzheimer’s Foundation of America
This nonprofit group serves people with Alzheimer’s disease and their caregivers and families. Services include a toll-free hotline, publications, and online resources.
The Eldercare Locator helps families find resources in their community, such as home care, adult day care, and nursing homes. Contact them to learn about services in your area. The Eldercare Locator is a service of the Administration on Aging. It is funded by the Federal Government.
Publication Date: June 2011
Page Last Updated: October 21, 2015 | <urn:uuid:01812993-0796-45df-8465-13922090fd63> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/publication/understanding-alzheimers-disease/where-can-you-get-more-information | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170425.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00454-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904283 | 355 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Known simply as bad breath, or more specifically chronic bad breath that persists even when the affected individual takes steps to reduce it.
An integral definition of Halitosis not only implies its well-known meaning but also the reasons why it occurs and what can be done about it.
The word is a combination of the Latin halitus and the Greek suffix -osis, and literally means “breath condition”. The recognition of bad breath is documented in Egyptian medical writings dating from 1500 BC.
Ancient doctors suggested using a combination of herbs and wine to eliminate halitosis. The first Chinese holistic healers understood that the white layer on the tongue may be responsible for bad breath and invented a rudimentary lingual cleanser.
However, it was not until the 1920s when Listerine began an aggressive marketing campaign for their mouthwash that the term “Halitosis” became part of the everyday vocabulary.
Nearly 50 years ago, Dr. J. Tonzetich, a researcher working for the University of British Columbia, finally discovered the root cause of bad breath by showing that anaerobic bacteria and volatile sulfur compounds that excrete as waste material cause halitosis.
On the basis of this revelation, scientists were then able to create solutions that target and eliminate this type of bacteria.
What causes Halitosis?
The main cause of halitosis is dry mouth or xerostomia . In addition to helping us chew, swallow and digest food, saliva also promotes oral health and maintains an optimal pH level in the mouth (more than seven percent).
When someone suffers from xerostomia, the mouth becomes an excellent breeding ground for anaerobic bacteria, or bacteria that thrive in environments where there is no oxygen or almost nothing. In addition, ph levels decrease creating a high acid condition that also leads to the growth of anaerobic bacteria.
When talking about Halitosis, it is necessary to understand why these bacteria cause bad breath. These oral anaerobes consume proteins in the form of mucus, food particles and other debris from the mouth that are not properly brushed and rinsed.
A mouth that has a dry mouth does not have enough oxygenated saliva to help remove the remains of the mouth.
As a result, bacteria that consume oral proteins emit substantial amounts of sulfurous compounds that smell like rotten eggs or decaying organic matter.
So, what essentially causes chronic Halitosis is the excrement of anaerobic bacteria facilitated by the fermentation of peptides and proteins found in gingival crevicular fluid, saliva, desquamated epithelial cells and blood.
Volatile sulfur compounds produce the most malodorous substances that delineate a definition of halitosis. VSCs mainly contain dimethyl sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, and methyl mercaptan, all compounds that emit strong, disgusting odors that resemble rotten eggs and / or decomposing meat.
Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria found in the plaque also create bad breath by filling the mouth with powerful-smelling metabolic byproducts, such as putrescine, valeric acid, skatole and butyric acid.
The bacterial species prevalent in cases of chronic Halitosis include:
- Porphyromonas gingivalis.
- Treponema denticola.
- Tannerella forsythensis.
This type of bacteria also causes cavities and other serious oral diseases that could cause sepsis, a dangerous infection of the blood due to an untreated infection.
Halitosis is sometimes caused by tonsilloliths or tonsil stones embedded in the tonsils. The stones of the amygdala are small white spots of calcified remains of the mouth that emit sulphurous odors when they are stung or when they disintegrate naturally.
Treatment and prevention
The treatment for bad breath (Halitosis) will depend on its cause.
Generally, the most effective treatment is to improve your dental hygiene. As part of your daily routine, you should:
- Flossing between teeth
- Brushing teeth and gums
- Clean your tongue
- You may want to consider investing in an electric toothbrush, which can make cleaning easier and more effective.
Cleaning your teeth
Your dentist will probably recommend brushing your teeth at least twice a day with toothpaste with fluoride .
Below are some tips on how to brush your teeth and keep your mouth healthy.
- Use dental floss to clean between the teeth and remove trapped food that could cause cavities, brush on its own, only clean approximately 60% of the tooth surface.
- Choose a small or medium toothbrush with synthetic bristles from multiple soft strands.
- Replace your toothbrush every three or four months.
- Brush your teeth for at least two minutes, you can have a toothbrush at work or at school so you can brush your teeth after lunch.
- Brush all areas of your teeth, paying particular attention to where your teeth and gums are located, your dentist or oral hygienist may recommend the use of a special single-strand brush for specific problem areas of your mouth.
- Use a separate toothbrush or tongue scraper to lightly brush your tongue: some toothbrushes have a tongue cleaner on the back of the brush head.
- Avoid brushing your teeth for 30 minutes after drinking an acidic drink, such as fruit juice, or eating acidic fruits, such as oranges, to help prevent tooth abrasion.
Your dentist may recommend that you rinse your mouth every day with an antibacterial or anti-odor mouthwash. This should not replace brushing, but it can be included as part of your daily routine.
Read more about dental health and how to keep your teeth clean.
If you wear false teeth, you should take it out at night to give your mouth a chance to rest. Clean your dentures well before putting them on the following morning:
- Do not use toothpaste to clean your dentures as it may scratch the surface and cause stains.
- Clean your dentures completely with soap and warm water, denture cream or a tablet to clean dentures.
- Use a separate toothbrush to clean your dentures.
- Your dentures should be kept clean and fresh if you follow this routine. It will also help prevent the buildup of plaque, which can cause bad breath.
Tips for fresh breath
To help keep your breath fresh, you should:
- Give up smoking
- Eat a healthy and balanced diet and avoid eating spicy or spicy foods.
- Reduce sugary foods and drinks, as it can increase the amount of bacteria in your mouth.
- Reduce your alcohol consumption.
- Reduce the coffee.
- Drink plenty of water to help prevent the mouth from drying out.
- Chewing sugar-free gum after eating to stimulate the flow of saliva will help eliminate the remaining food particles.
- You must visit your dentist for regular check-ups. Having regular dental check-ups will ensure that any plaque and calculus, formerly known as tartar, is removed from the teeth, especially in hard-to-reach areas.
Your dentist can recommend the best way to clean your teeth and gums, and point out areas you may be missing. They can also identify any signs of gum disease and ensure early treatment.
Bad breath can be caused by a gastrointestinal problem, such as H. pylori infection or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). You can be referred to a gastroenterologist.
The recommended treatment will depend on the type of gastrointestinal condition you have. For example, if you have a stomach ulcer, you may need a combination of two or three different antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), this is known as eradication therapy. | <urn:uuid:a9228d83-dcac-4d58-879a-2083f0d07adc> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://scopeheal.com/halitosis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347439928.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604094848-20200604124848-00571.warc.gz | en | 0.919472 | 1,612 | 3.625 | 4 |
Mumps alert on campuses
The following is a public health update issued on December 9, 2016 from the Chief Provincial Public Health Officer.
Provincial public health officials confirmed today that cases of mumps continue to be reported in Manitoba. While the majority of cases are people between 17 to 29 years of age and are connected to the University of Manitoba, the University of Winnipeg and Université de St. Boniface, some cases are not connected to these sites.
The majority of affected individuals are students and live in Winnipeg. With the holiday season approaching, students may be attending events or returning home and, if infected, could spread mumps to people in communities throughout the province and elsewhere.
Manitoba typically experiences four to five cases of mumps every year. Between Sept. 1 and Dec. 8, 61 cases have been reported in Manitoba.
Public health officials in the regional health authorities investigate each case of mumps and identify the people they may have been contact with and the locations. Where appropriate, people will be offered immunization. Individuals with mumps will be asked to restrict their contact with others to reduce the possible spread of mumps. Public health officials will continue to monitor the situation in Manitoba and provide updated information as necessary.
The mumps virus can be passed on to others when an infected person passes fluids from the mouth and nose to another by sharing drinks, food or cigarettes; by kissing; by coughing or sneezing within a few feet of another person.
To reduce the spread of mumps, people should:
- wash their hands often with soap and water or use hand sanitizer if soap and water are not available,
- avoid sharing drinking glasses or eating utensils,
- cover coughs and sneezes with the forearm or a tissue, and
- stay home when sick.
Although there can be rare complications from mumps, the vast majority of cases are mild, with full recovery in one to two weeks. Key symptoms include swelling and pain in one or more salivary glands, usually on both sides of the face, and fever.
The mumps virus can be spread to others from two to three days before and four to five days after symptoms appear. Some people infected with mumps may not have any symptoms at all, but can still spread the virus to other people.
In Manitoba, a two-dose measles/mumps/rubella (MMR) vaccine program was introduced in 1996. Protection against mumps is offered free-of-charge as part of Manitoba’s routine immunization schedule at 12 months of age and again at four to six years of age. Health-care workers and students may also be eligible. Manitobans should contact their health-care provider to determine if they require this vaccine.
People who think they might have mumps, or have been in close contact with someone who has been diagnosed with mumps, should phone their health-care provider or phone Health Links–Info Santé at 204-788-8200 or 1-888-315-9257 (toll-free) for more information.
If visiting a physician or health-care provider, it is best to call ahead and make an appointment so health-care staff can take steps to reduce the exposure of other people to the virus.
For more information about mumps, visit www.gov.mb.ca/health/publichealth/diseases/mumps.html.
Frequently asked questions – information from University Health Service
There have been a number of students recently diagnosed with Mumps at the University of Manitoba Fort Garry campus.
What is Mumps?
Mumps is infection caused by the Mumps Virus. Manitoba typically experiences 4-5 cases of mumps each year.
How is Mumps spread?
Mumps is spread easily from person to person by direct contact with fluids from the mouth and nose of an infected person.
Examples of how it can be spread include:
-Coughing or sneezing within a few feet of another person;
-Sharing food, utensils or drinks (ex: water bottles);
-Sharing things like lip gloss, cosmetics or cigarettes;
-By touching objects that were recently exposed to infected mucus or saliva and then rubbing your eyes, mouth or nose;
Individuals that live or interact with each other in close quarters on a regular basis are at a higher risk of exposure to the virus and therefore it is very important to take the simple steps outlined below to prevent the spread.
What are the signs and symptoms of mumps?
-Swollen and tender salivary glands on one or both sides of the face;
-Headache and muscle aches.
-Less common symptoms include swollen and tender testicles in teenage and adult males.
Prevention is important because the mumps virus can be spread two days before symptoms appear and four to five days after they appear. Some people infected with mumps may have no symptoms at all, but can still spread the virus to others.
Why is Mumps a concern?
Although symptoms are usually mild and resolve on their own, in rare cases mumps can cause more serious complications.
How is it treated?
There is no specific treatment. Treatment focuses on managing the symptoms. Because mumps is caused by a virus, antibiotics are not given.
What should I do to prevent getting mumps?
1. Check your immunization records to see if you have had two doses of the MMR vaccine. You can contact your health care provider or public health office for assistance in accessing your records.
2. If you have not had two doses of MMR vaccine then you should either arrange for vaccination with your health care provider or contact your local public health office a to receive an immunization. In Manitoba, protection against mumps is offered free-of-charge for those who are eligible.
3. Wash your hands frequently or use hand sanitizer, cover your mouth with a tissue or your shirtsleeve when you cough or sneeze, and avoid sharing personal items. These are all very important steps in preventing the spread of the virus.
4. Stay home when you are sick.
What do I do if I think that I have Mumps?
1. If you develop symptoms or signs suggestive of Mumps, limit contact with others and contact University Health Service (contact info below) or your health care provider. Phone ahead to alert the clinic that you suspect you may have mumps so that they can take adequate precautions to prevent spread to others.
2. While awaiting diagnosis, you should limit contact with others until 5 days after the swollen glands first appear. Please stay home! Do not attend work or school.
I was told I have Mumps. What do I do now?
-Do not attend class for 5 days after the onset of symptoms;
-Do not go to work for 5 days after the onset of symptoms;
-Do not participate in group or social activities, including activities like going to the gym or the library for 5 days after the onset of symptoms;
-Avoid close contact with others until five days after the onset of symptoms.
For further information please see:
Manitoba Health website: gov.mb.ca/health/publichealth/diseases/mumps.html
Health Links 24-hour phone line at 204-788-8200 or toll-free 1-888-315-9257 or visit wrha.mb.ca/healthinfo/healthlinks/ with any questions or concerns.
To access health care on campus, contact:
University Health Service, 105 University Centre, 204-474-8411. | <urn:uuid:d9d724c5-9b35-4cb1-b1f7-0eb7909151cf> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://news.umanitoba.ca/mumps-alert-on-campuses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499857.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131091122-20230131121122-00688.warc.gz | en | 0.944446 | 1,617 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Presentation on theme: "Date submitted to deafed.net – July 7, 2009 To contact the author for permission to use this PowerPoint, please"— Presentation transcript:
Date submitted to deafed.net – July 7, 2009 To contact the author for permission to use this PowerPoint, please To use this PowerPoint presentation in its entirety, please give credit to the author.
By: Lindsey Brown
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet born in Philadelphia on December. 10, Thomas was a good student and impressed people with his intellect. attended Yale University at the age of fourth teen and graduated first among his class. In 1812, he attended Andover Theological Seminary and graduated in 1814.
Alice Cogswell, the deaf daughter of his neighbors, Dr. Mason Cogswell and his wife Mary He taught her words by writing them with a stick in the dirt. Gallaudet realized that there was no where to educate Alice, but that she was cognitively intact. He traveled to Europe to study methods for teaching deaf students
Thomas wanted to gain knowledge from the Braidwood family in Edinburgh, Scotland. The Braidwoods were not interested in sharing their information about teaching the deaf. He was also not satisfied that the oral method produced desirable results.
While in Great Britain he met, Laurent Clerc Gallaudet followed to Paris to study the school's method of teaching the deaf using manual communication. He loved it! After learning, he persuaded Laurent Clerc to return with him to the United States.
The two men toured New England and successfully raised private and public funds to found a school for deaf students in Hartford, which later became known as the American School for the Deaf. Young Alice was one of the first seven students in the United States.
The Childs Book on Repentance. Boston: The American Tract Society, The Childs Book of the Soul. Boston: The American Tract Society, The Childs Book of the Fall of Man. Boston: The American Tract Society, 1841.
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet. (2009, May 22). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 16:40, May 22, 2009, from d= Reagan, Timothy. Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins. Feb American National Biography. 16 Nov Booth, Edwin. Booth's reminiscences of Gallaudet, American Annals of the Deaf, Volume 26, Number 3, July 1881, pages , "Tribute to Gallaudet--A Discourse in Commemoration of the Life, Character and Services, of the Rev. Thomas H. Gallaudet, LL.D.--Delivered Before the Citizens of Hartford, Jan. 7th, With an Appendix, Containing History of Deaf-Mute Instruction and Institutions, and other Documents." By Henry Barnard, (Download book: Barnard | <urn:uuid:38dee293-d4ba-4107-8b59-6fe7352167ee> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/690700/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719638.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00154-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946654 | 587 | 2.859375 | 3 |
What is Hip Dysplasia? Hip Dysplasia typically develops because of an abnormally developed hip joint, but can also be caused by cartilage damage from a traumatic injury. With cartilage damage, joint injury, or a hip joint that isn’t formed properly, over time the existing cartilage will lose its thickness and elasticity. This breakdown of the cartilage and degenerative bone changes will eventually result in pain with any joint movement. No one can predict when or even if a dysplastic dog will start showing clinical signs of lameness due to pain. Severity of the disease can be affected by environmental factors, such as caloric intake or level of exercise. There are a number of dysplastic dogs with severe arthritis that run, jump, and play as if nothing is wrong and some dogs with barely any x-ray evidence of arthritic changes that are severely lame.
The OFA (Orthopedic Foundation of America) classifies hips into seven different categories: Excellent, Good, Fair (all within Normal limits), Borderline, and then Mild, Moderate, or Severe (the last three considered Dysplastic).
Excellent: Superior conformation; there is a deep-seated ball (femoral head) which fits tightly into a well-formed socket (acetabulum) with minimal joint space. Good: Slightly less than superior but a well-formed congruent hip joint is visualized. The ball fits well into the socket and good coverage is present.
Fair: Minor irregularities; the hip joint is wider than a good hip. The ball slips slightly out of the socket. The socket may also appear slightly shallow.
Borderline: Not clear. Usually more incongruency present than what occurs in a fair but there are no arthritic changes present that definitively diagnose the hip joint being dysplastic.
Mild: Significant subluxation present where the ball is partially out of the socket causing an increased joint space. The socket is usually shallow only partially covering the ball.
Moderate: The ball is barely seated into a shallow socket. There are secondary arthritic bone changes usually along the femoral neck and head (remodeling), acetabular rim changes (osteophytes or bone spurs) and various degrees of trabecular bone pattern changes
Severe: Marked evidence that hip dysplasia exists. Ball is partly or completely out of a shallow socket. Significant arthritic bone changes along the femoral neck and head and acetabular rim changes.
The hip grades of excellent, good and fair are within normal limits and are given OFA numbers. This information is accepted by AKC on dogs with permanent identification and is in the public domain. Radiographs of borderline, mild, moderate and severely dysplastic hip grades are reviewed by a team of consultant radiologists and a radiographic report is generated documenting the abnormal radiographic findings. Unless the owner has chosen the open database, dysplastic hip grades are closed to public information.
This evaluation of hip conformation is a very valuable tool when used by breeders to reduce the incidence of hip dysplasia in a breed. | <urn:uuid:7b92a926-90e3-4956-b774-c7895715aadc> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | http://www.texasark.com/Hip-dysplasia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988741.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506053729-20210506083729-00518.warc.gz | en | 0.936014 | 650 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Study the most pressing issues facing the world today – from the climate crisis and extinction, to 21st century cities.
On this course, you can become an authority on the issues you care about most – and that matter to the world around you. You’ll gain a grounding in both physical and human geography – and you can specialise, if you want.
You’ll have the flexibility to follow your interests. You could study progressive conversation approaches, like rewilding. You could investigate desertification and resource scarcity. Or you could analyse urban protest movements, like Extinction Rebellion.
Your learning will centre on the areas:
- Environmental issues, society and sustainability
- Geographical research skills
You’ll learn directly from expert researchers – and you’ll be closely supported all the way through.
You’ll also carry out fieldwork – both in the UK and abroad. You’ll build hands-on skills, and you’ll investigate important issues – from coastal erosion to cultural tourism. | <urn:uuid:9720be95-2f26-4f6f-be37-7b0580979c68> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.studey.com/courses/geography/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100779.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208212357-20231209002357-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.928125 | 212 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Skip to Main Content
In the frame of humanitarian antipersonnel mines detection, a multisensor fusion method using the Dempster-Shafer evidence theory is presented. The multisensor system consists of two sensors-a ground penetrating radar (GPR) and a metal detector (MD). For each sensor, a new features extraction method is presented. The method for the GPR is mainly based on wavelets and contours extraction. First simulations on a limited set of data show that an improvement in detection and false alarms rejection, for the GPR as a standalone sensor, could be obtained. The MD features extraction method is mainly based on contours extraction. All of these features are then fused with the GPR ones in some specific cases in order to determine a new feature. From these results, belief functions, as defined in the evidence theory, are then determined and combined thanks to the orthogonal sum. First results in terms of detection and false alarm rates are presented for a limited set of real data and a comparison is made between the two cases: with or without multisensor fusion. | <urn:uuid:7dd1b36a-bcc2-46e2-b989-88f4d53d66f8> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?reload=true&arnumber=1347300&contentType=Journals+%26+Magazines | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637898894.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025818-00006-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943383 | 222 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Multiple Perspectives Improve Laparoscopy
What makes laparoscopic surgery “minimally invasive” — instruments enter the patient through narrow tubes — also makes it visually constraining. As they work on different tasks, surgeons all see the same view. What if each surgeon could control a separate view best suited to the specific task? In a new paper, pediatric surgeon Dr. Francois Luks and his team of co-authors at Brown University and Hasbro Children’s Hospital report that in a small in vitro trial, surgeons with their own views performed faster and more accurately.
“When we perform regular surgery, there is more than one point of view,” said Luks, professor of surgery in the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University. “If I’m operating with somebody on an open case, I can focus on one aspect of the wound while my assistant can focus on something else. I can cut a suture while he starts the next. We can never do that with laparoscopy, because it is only a single image.”
For Luks and his colleagues the idea of giving each surgeon control of his or her own point of view during laparoscopic surgery has emerged as a key step toward making laparoscopic surgery feel more like open surgery. | <urn:uuid:9be15862-3f4a-48e0-b502-adbc4e357f1c> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.surgicalproductsmag.com/print/articles/2012/07/multiple-perspectives-improve-laparoscopy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637904367.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025824-00198-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965099 | 268 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The presented article contains a 2D mesh generation routine optimized with the Metropolis algorithm. The procedure enables to produce meshes with a prescribed size h of elements. These finite element meshes can serve as standard discrete patterns for the Finite Element Method (FEM). Appropriate meshes together with the FEM approach constitute an effective tool to deal with differential problems. Thus, having them both one can solve the 2D Poisson problem. It can be done for different domains being either of a regular (circle, square) or of a non – regular type. The proposed routine is even capable to deal with non – convex shapes.
The variety of problems in physics or engineering is formulated by appropriate differential equations with some boundary conditions imposed on the desired unknown function or the set of functions. There exists a large literature which demonstrates numerical accuracy of the finite element method to deal with such issues. Historical development and present – day concepts of finite element analysis are widely described in references . In Sec. 2 of the paper and in its Appendixes A – D, the mathematical concept of the Finite Element Method is presented. In presented article the well – known Laplace and Poisson equations will be examined by means of the finite element method applied to an appropriate mesh. The class of physical situations in which we meet these equations is really broad. Let us recall such problems like heat conduction, seepage through porous media, irrotational flow of ideal fluids, distribution of electrical or magnetic potential, torsion of prismatic shafts, lubrication of pad bearings and others . Therefore, in physics and engineering arises a need of some computational methods that allow to solve accurately such a large variety of physical situations. The considered method completes the above-mentioned task. Particularly, it refers to a standard discrete pattern allowing to find an approximate solution to continuum problem. At the beginning, the continuum domain is discretized by dividing it into a finite number of elements which properties must be determined from an analysis of the physical problem (e. g. as a result of experiments). These studies on particular problem allow to construct so – called the stiffness matrix for each element that, for instance, in elasticity comprising material properties like stress-strain relationships . Then the corresponding nodal loads associated with elements must be found. The construction of accurate elements constitutes the subject of a mesh generation recipe proposed by the author within the presented article. In many realistic situations, mesh generation is a time – consuming and error – prone process because of various levels of geometrical complexity. Over the years, there were developed both semi – automatic and fully automatic mesh generators obtained, respectively, by using the mapping methods or, on the contrary, algorithms based on the Delaunay triangulation method , the advancing front method and tree methods . It is worth mentioning that the first attempt to create fully automatic mesh generator capable to produce valid finite element meshes over arbitrary domains has been made by Zienkiewicz and Phillips . The advancing front method (AFM) starts from an initial node distribution formed on a basis of the domain boundary, and proceeds through a sequential creation of elements within the domain until its whole region is completely covered by them. The presented mesh algorithm takes advantage from the AFM method as it is demonstrated in Sec. 3. After a node generation along the domain boundary (Sec. 3.1), in next steps interior of the domain is discretized by adding internal nodes that are generated at the same time together with corresponding elements which is similar to Peraire et al. methodology , however, positions of these new nodes are chosen differently according to the manner described in Sec. 3.2. Further steps improve the quality of the mesh by applying the Delaunay criterion to triangular elements (Appendix E) and by a node shifting based on the Metropolis rule (Sec. 4). | <urn:uuid:6a2e7ebb-b27c-4fb7-8357-1961666e65f8> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.taketechease.com/fem/fem2d/mesh2d_1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249501174.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223122420-20190223144420-00366.warc.gz | en | 0.935444 | 773 | 3.234375 | 3 |
* This is the Consumer Version. *
Treatment Options at the End of Life
Often, the available choices involve a decision whether to accept the likelihood of dying sooner but to be more comfortable or attempt to live slightly longer by receiving aggressive therapy that may increase discomfort and dependence. For example, a person dying of severe lung disease may live longer if placed on a mechanical ventilator (a machine that helps people breathe). However, most people find being on a ventilator very unpleasant and often require heavy sedation.
Some dying people and their families feel that they must try any treatment that might prolong survival, even when hope for gaining more than a little time is unrealistic. Such treatment often sacrifices the person’s last few days to side effects without gaining quality time, causes discomfort, entails substantial costs, and burdens family members. In many cases, as a person nears death, the focus of care should shift entirely to providing comfort measures to ensure that the dying person does not suffer and has every opportunity to experience the closure that honors the life lived. Personal philosophy, values, and religious beliefs become more important when such decisions are made by and for a dying person.
Food and water given through tubes (artificial nutrition and hydration) do not usually make a dying person feel better (see Loss of appetite) or live significantly longer. Feeding tubes may cause discomfort and even make death occur sooner. Side effects of feeding tubes include pneumonia, swelling caused by an accumulation of fluid (edema), and pain. If undesired, these measures can be prohibited by advance directives or by decisions at the time when tube feeding might otherwise be used.
People who are debilitated or who have severely wasted away may live for several weeks with no food and minimal hydration. Family members should understand that stopping fluids does not result in the person’s immediate death and ordinarily does not hasten death when the person simply is uninterested in taking or unable to take fluids by mouth.
The act of trying to revive a person whose heart and breathing have stopped (resuscitation) includes measures such as chest compressions, rescue breathing, drugs, and electrical shocks. Resuscitation is the only treatment provided automatically in the hospital unless specifically decided otherwise in advance (called a do-not-resuscitate [DNR] order—see Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) Orders). Resuscitation efforts can be prohibited by advance care planning, whether a formal advance directive (see Advance Directives) or an agreement between the patient (or a person designated by the patient to make health care decisions if the patient is unable to make decisions) and the doctor. Once decided, the doctor writes the needed order in the patient’s medical record.
Because resuscitation at best returns people to the state they were in before their heart stopped, it is not beneficial for people who are coming close to death, for whom the stopping of their heart is simply the final event. Such people are overwhelmingly unlikely to respond to resuscitation. The very few who do respond survive only briefly and often without return of full consciousness.
The decision to forgo resuscitation makes sense for most people expected to die soon, and such a decision need not weigh heavily on the family.
Often, dying people and their family members may prefer to have the final days at home—a familiar, supportive setting—and not in a hospital. For people who are at home, this usually requires a reminder to all caregivers not to call an ambulance when symptoms indicate the approach of death (see When Death Is Near). For people who are in the hospital, staff can help families arrange for the person to go home with all necessary treatments for comfort, such as drugs and a hospital bed. If hospitalization is preferred, or is unavoidable, it is especially important to have the person’s decisions regarding undesired interventions documented.
People usually do best when they discuss their wishes for end-of-life care well in advance of a crisis that makes such decisions urgent. Such early discussions are very important because, later on, illness often prevents people from explaining their wishes. Family members are often reluctant to decline life-prolonging treatment without clear prior direction from the ill person. This process of making decisions in advance for end-of-life care is called advance care planning, and it can result in legally enforceable advance directives (see Advance directives). Advance directives should be in writing and comply with legal requirements whenever possible. People should also have Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST—see Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST)) documents. These documents are similar to advance directives in that they reflect the person's wishes regarding care. They are different from advance directives in that they are medical orders written by the person's doctor.
However, even without written documents, a conversation between the patient, family, and health care practitioners about the best course of care gives substantial guidance for care decisions later, when the patient is unable to make such decisions, and is much better than not discussing the issues at all.
* This is the Consumer Version. * | <urn:uuid:d1fb8754-9763-4bc5-a26a-feb676887f00> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/fundamentals/death-and-dying/treatment-options-at-the-end-of-life | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172902.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00197-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953173 | 1,046 | 2.671875 | 3 |
A small insight into the Primary Group at Kettering Citadel. Thanks to Chris Ward and her team for all they are doing.
Lesson Plan –
Asking Jesus – Early one morning
- Register and Collect Money
- Sit children down and give each a plate; put 2 or 3 plates of fruit (sliced banana, grapes, apple); biscuits (chocolate fingers, party rings, plain biscuits) and ask the children to choose what they would like to eat. Do the same with the drinks.
Whilst the children are enjoying the food and drinks say:-
This reminds me of a story about Jesus – Jesus and friends were eating a meal and he said – “I am going away soon, but God will send someone else who will always be with you” The friends waited in Jerusalem, they wondered when this person would come – what would he be like?
A few weeks later, lots of Jesus’ friends were together in a room – suddenly, they heard a noise like a strong wind blowing. They could hear it all around them – something special was happening.
Next the friends saw what looked like flames dancing above people’s heads – but they were not hot like ordinary flames.
Then they all started talking in lots of different languages – people from other countries were amazed because they could all understand what the friends were saying.
Then Jesus’ friends knew that God had sent his Holy Spirit to help them.
We are all Jesus’ friends and we can still ask him for what we need – he will help us if we are sad or if we know people who are ill or lonely we only have to ask Jesus to be with them. When we ask Jesus for what we need we can trust him to answer.
Colour action picture.
Thank you Jesus that we can be your friends – that we can ask you for what we need and thank you Jesus that we can trust you. Amen. | <urn:uuid:8d3641c1-61a4-43f0-a4c3-904756be6ff7> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://tsakettering.co.uk/2015/05/14/kettering-primary-group-2015-an-insight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891886.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123091931-20180123111931-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.978667 | 397 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Doing laundry is an activity that we are used to performing. In this process the water and the alkali contents in soap work together. The alkali effectively removes greases and ordinary dirt that is stuck in our garments making it loose and washing it out during rinse cycle and centrifugal spin.
Drying laundry can be through hanging of the wet clothes or through drying using electric heated dryer.
Dry cleaning is a process of cleaning clothes without using water. In this process garments are immersed in a liquid solvent thus no water is use.
Downside of Dry Cleaning
Although dry cleaning can effectively clean clothes, it can be very expensive. This is one reason why many people avoid buying garments that need to be dry cleaned.
Another downside to dry cleaning is the chemical used. One of the common chemical is perchloroethylene and it is identified as a carcinogen. Contact to this chemical can cause nausea, dizziness, respiratory problems and more. It is also a hazardous air pollutant and toxic to plants and aquatic animals.
For health conscious individuals this is a very concerning fact. Hence, we should consider natural alternatives to dry cleaning.
The main reason why fabrics are labelled dry clean only is to keep the shape of the fabric or the embellishments on it. You can wash dry clean only clothes in the sink using cool water with mild detergent except those made from silk, wool or rayon. Rinse the garments thoroughly but avoid wringing. Just squeeze the water gently off of the clothes. Hang to dry.
Delicate fabrics like silk, wool and rayon need exceptional home cleaning care. Wash the fabric in cool water using very mild detergent with pH above 7. After washing the garments do not squeeze or wring. Just place the cloth on top of a towel and shape it back to its original shape then press it dry between two towels. Lay the item flat until it completely dries.
You can steam clean clothes by putting them in a dryer at medium heat together with a damp towel. Another method is by hanging your clothes in the bathroom and turning your hot shower on. The steam coming from the hot water will penetrate the clothes. During the steam cleaning process brush the garments with a clean towel.
For sweaters, it would help if you wear an additional item of clothing under the garments that requires dry cleaning. This way you can protect the clothes from odor and sweat stains but this does not protect from external stains.
Drink THIS Green Powder Every Morning (It Will Be The Best Decision You Ever Make!)
- Having more energy than you thought possible
- Not being so dang hungry all the time
- Feeling strong
- Sleeping like a baby
- Finally shifting that stubborn fat
It cleanses your body from the inside out... detoxifying... de-stressing... naturally and effortlessly melting away stubborn layers of fat. Just stir a spoonful into a glass of water in the morning and experience the best health ever! | <urn:uuid:a8ab219b-a04a-4e0f-8ca0-14fbcab00110> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://naturehacks.com/natural-alternatives-to-dry-cleaning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141211510.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20201130065516-20201130095516-00707.warc.gz | en | 0.922572 | 607 | 2.78125 | 3 |
E-Commerce : E-Commerce Introduction to E-commerce : Introduction to E-commerce Buyer
Producer BUYER : BUYER A buyer is a person who want to purchase goods or services in exchange of money. SELLER : SELLER A Seller is person who offers goods and services to buyers.
A seller can either be a Retailer or Wholesaler.
A Retailer is person who directly sells the goods and services to Retailer. PRODUCER : PRODUCER A producer is a person who creates the products which are offered by the seller’s to the buyer’s.
A producer is also seller who sells his products to the Retailer’s, Wholesaler or directly to customers. Example for E-commerce Transactions : Example for E-commerce Transactions The product to be sold
A place to sell the products
Then a method to market or advertise
A method to accept orders
A method to accept money
A way to deliver goods or services
A way to accept returns
Customers support Advantage of E-commerce : Advantage of E-commerce Global reach:- Web is accessible to Global audience.
Instant availability:- Web is available all the time i.e. 24 hrs a day and 365 days.
Systematic Communication:- Web displays the information of all the products.
Reduce paper work:- The time required to process and deliver the transaction is also reduced. Advantage of E-commerce : Advantage of E-commerce Easier Entry into new markets:- People all over the world can access the website.
Improve market analysis:- The large base of internet user can be surveyed for an analysis of market ability of new product.
Lower Transaction cost:- The cost of taking order and customer services are lower on the web.
Flexibility:- A shop on the web gives you flexibility to build an order over several days. Types of eCommerce : Types of eCommerce Business to Business
Business to Consumer
Consumer to Consumer
Consumer to Business
Business to Employee Business to Business : Business to Business Ecommerce is conducted between two business. The interaction between the two Business takes place though two computer applications.
Examples The first company sells automobile parts and the second company assembles these parts and sells the automobiles to the customers Business to Consumer : Business to Consumer Ecommerce is conducted between a user and a business through a computer link. The B2C interaction is between a user and a computer application.
Examples A company that assembles the automobile parts and offers automobiles to customers. The Transaction between the company and Customers is known as a B2C transaction Consumer to Consumer : Consumer to Consumer The seller and buyer are both customers. The interaction between these two customers takes place though a computer application. Allow people to sell their goods on the web you as a buyer can quote the price you would like to pay for that item. The person selling the item may agree or
disagree. Consumer to Business : Consumer to Business Consumers can communicate with
businesses marketplace, customer can
Communicate with the site operators
And between Ecommerce sites and their
Customers. Business to Employee : Business to Employee The company offers services to services. To their employees. The companies build intranets to accelerate communication and knowledge management. The employee can purchase office supplies or submit requests for reimbursements etc Participants involved in an online transaction : Participants involved in an online transaction 1.Customer: A customer is person who
Initiates an electronic transaction to buy
A product or service
2. Merchant Web front office owner who offers goods and services to
customers using the electronic commerce infrastructure.
3. Card issuer / Customers Bank
Like Citibank and Standard chartered bank 3. Merchant bank:holds the merchant s account4.Acquirer:An acquirer is trusted third party5 Payment Gateways: linkbetween an online store front and the merchant bank6.Cash cash in electronic terms is referred to as electronic cash : 3. Merchant bank:holds the merchant s account4.Acquirer:An acquirer is trusted third party5 Payment Gateways: linkbetween an online store front and the merchant bank6.Cash cash in electronic terms is referred to as electronic cash | <urn:uuid:8f64d2cc-0d8d-49f5-80c1-95d9ec7908ab> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/retailbond-143775-commerce-business-entertainment-ppt-powerpoint/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645359523.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031559-00333-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918959 | 863 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Religious freedom is generally respected in Swiss prisons, according to a study released on Wednesday in Bern by the National Fund for Scientific Research.
The report says Christianity is still the most common religion among inmates, but there is an increase in the number of prisoners calling themselves Muslims and Buddhists.
Religious practices in jails is not impeded, the study concludes.
Specifically regarding Muslims, the study says that staff and non-Muslim inmates often have stereotypical assumptions that Muslims are violent and oppress women. On the other hand, Muslims face new challenges, particularly in regards to Ramadan, Friday prayers and dietary rules.
The large prisons make concessions to meet these needs, but Muslims have to take the initiative. The Department of Prisons allows some exceptions for Ramadan, and occasionally an imam will lead Friday prayers. but unlike the Christian denominations, the imam doesn't have an office on the premises. The prohibition on eating pork sometimes leads to tensions. In some prisons, the inmates can eat halal meat, but must pay for it themselves. In some prisons, they use bath towels instead of a prayer rug, since those are prohibited. | <urn:uuid:175b2145-8b4b-46f9-9dc2-e1183c7590ae> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://islamineurope.blogspot.com/2011/02/switzerland-religious-freedom-in-prison.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172775.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00323-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949227 | 228 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Women in Construction
OSHA Guidance Documents and Regulations
- General Working Conditions in Shipyard Employment; Final Rule (PDF). This standard provides sanitation protection including: privacy, locking doors, lighting, sanitary and well-stocked facilities requiring use of non-portable, plumbed toilets, if feasible, and non-single, occupancy facilities, to be gender-specific. 29 CFR Parts 1910 and 1915, 137 pages, (May 5, 2011).
- Portable Toilet and Sanitation Best Practices for Women in Construction (PDF). National Association of Women in Construction (NAWIC) Alliance (2016, January).
State OSHA Guidance documents and regulation
- Toilets at Construction Jobsites. Title 8 of California's regulatory code, Subchapter 4, Article 3, Section 1526, California OSHA, Construction Sanitation Standard.
- Availability of and Access to Toilets and Hand Washing Facilities (PDF). Standards Notice 58 NC Depart of Labor (NCDOL).
- Women in Construction. NC Depart of Labor (NCDOL), (June 2011).
- Women in the Construction Workplace: Providing Equitable Safety and Health Protection. Advisory Committee on Construction Safety and Health, (HASWIC) workgroup, (June 1999).
- Diversity and Women in Construction Workgroup
- Women's Bureau. Women in the workforce are vital to the nation's economic security. The Women's Bureau develops policies and standards, and conducts inquiries to safeguard the interests of working women; to advocate for their equality and economic security for themselves and their families, and to promote quality work environments.
- Women Working in Green Construction & Energy Efficiency Fact Sheet (PDF). U.S. Department of Labor, Women's Bureau, (June 2010).
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
- Women's Safety and Health Issues at Work. NIOSH/CDC, Education and Information Division, (April 2012).
- Working Women Face High Risks from Work Stress, Musculoskeletal injuries, other disorders, NIOSH Finds. NIOSH/CDC, (August 2012).
- Lead - Pregnant Women: Are You Pregnant? NIOSH/CDC, (November 2010).
- Providing Safety and health Protection for a Diverse Construction Workforce: Issues and Ideas. NIOSH/CDC, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication 99-140, (1999).
- Stressors and adverse Outcomes for Female Construction Workers. NIOSH/CDC, (1988).
- Workplace Safety and Women. Podcasts at CDC, NIOSH/CDC, (April 2008).
EEO/Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP)
- Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs. Administers and enforces three equal employment opportunity laws: Executive Order 11246, as amended (EO); Section 503 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, (503); and the Vietnam Era Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act of 1974, as amended, 38 U.S.C. 4212 (VEVRAA).
- Technical Assistance Guides for Federal Contractors and Subcontractors. Assists Federal and Federally-assisted construction contractors and subcontractors comply with the Federal laws and regulations that prohibit Federal and Federally-assisted construction contractors from discriminating in employment, and require that they undertake affirmative action to ensure equal employment opportunity in their workforces.
- Sex Discrimination Guidelines, Part 60–20.3(e) Job policies and practices
- Worker Fact Sheets. U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Federal Compliance Programs (OFCCP).
- How to File a Discrimination Complaint
- Frequently Asked Questions. OFCCP.
- Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
- Information about filing a charge with EEOC.
- Facts about Sexual Harassment - (Violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964). For additional information see:
- Questions and Answers for Small Employers on Employer Liability for Harassment by Supervisors
- Sexual Harassment. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
- Personal Protective Equipment for Female Construction Workers: Does it Fit? (PDF). Mount Sinai - Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health (January 2016).
- Ill-Fitting PPE Hurts Women and Construction. Laborers’ Health & Safety Fund of North America (December 2015).
- Council on Women and Girls
- Building Equality for Women in the Construction Trades (PDF). University of Massachusetts Boston, Moir, Susan; Thomson, Meryl; and Kelleher, Christa, Unfinished Business, (April 2011). | <urn:uuid:47c7c7a2-7ed0-4bfa-acb1-1d59661258e1> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.osha.gov/doc/topics/women/other.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122619.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00110-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.840393 | 955 | 2.671875 | 3 |
President de Gaulle asserted here last night, in his traditional year-end address to the nation, that, on the strength of his past policies, he would ultimately be able to bring peace to the Middle East as well as to Vietnam.
Without mentioning either Israel or the United States by name, but referring to his policies of opposing Israel’s role in the Middle East and the American role in Southeast Asia, he declared that the warnings he had issued to both Israel and the U.S.A. had proved justified by events. All sides are now coming around to his views, he stated, and “all signs indicate, therefore, that we shall be in a position to contribute most effectively to international solutions.”
In his address to the nation, which was televised, Gen. de Gaulle avoided all the harsh terms he had previously employed, either against Israel and the Jews or against the U.S. role regarding Vietnam. His castigation of Israel and Jews in general, at a press conference here last November, had aroused much world criticism as well as the opposition of many Frenchmen in public life.
The Archive of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency includes articles published from 1923 to 2008. Archive stories reflect the journalistic standards and practices of the time they were published. | <urn:uuid:d9240f57-6e36-4f80-b68b-aa8e313b9985> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.jta.org/1968/01/02/archive/milder-de-gaulle-casts-self-as-peacemaker-for-middle-east-vietnam | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823516.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210233803-20181211015303-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.983701 | 260 | 2.53125 | 3 |
“In the past, as today, turquoise represents origins and belonging, protection and health, abundance and beauty. It stands for all aspects of a good life and, more explicitly, it symbolizes water, sky, rain, sun, bountiful crops and healthy, happy children. Turquoise is integral to the local cultures – no wonder it represents them to the world!”
I noticed this quote upon entering the Museum of Indian Arts and Culture’s new exhibit “Turquoise, Water, Sky: The Stone and Its Meaning”. It beautifully explained the myriad of ways that this stone touches every part of the Native American culture and the exhibit is curated in such a way, that you are drawn from one gallery to the next; sharing in how the artist has interpreted the stone’s influence.
Incredibly ornate large Squash Blossom necklaces, single strand beaded necklaces, silver bracelets with large stones set within, silver overlay techniques by Hopi artists, and so much more were present throughout the exhibit. The color of turquoise, unique to every stone, was breathtaking.
I encourage you to take the time to read each of the descriptions near the displays. I discovered that a Santo Domingo shell bird necklace (carved prior to 1954) symbolizes the importance of water through the color of the stone and the origin of the shell. This was a beautiful combination with the white and brilliant blue. I learned that the Navajo silver boxes were a form of inheritance and that the Hopi created the silver overlay technique. Did you know that the Zuni’s snake symbol is interpreted as lightning and is associated with rain? I really enjoyed taking home the understanding of the preciousness of this stone and its meaning for so many indigenous cultures.
I enjoyed the video of Michael Roanhorse on Navajo bracelet design and Jolene Eustace (a Cochiti/Zuni jeweler). Have a seat, take a moment and watch the artists create. Test yourself and see if you can choose the true, simulated or enhanced turquoise. I was surprised at the true color of the raw turquoise. That’s your hint.
There are four other exhibitions currently at the MIAC. Native American Portraits: Points of Inquiry is just a stunning exhibit of archival photographs against a turquoise backdrop. These black and white photographs document the changing perceptions of Native Americans over the past 100 years. I recommend taking the time to see all of the exhibits.
I would be remiss if not to include that the MIAC sits on Milner Plaza at Museum Hill with the International Folk Art Museum. I have included the link to the IFAM here, but will blog another time on their exhibits. Feel free to peruse their site and plan a half day, when visiting, for both museums and maybe include the nearby Wheelwright Museum and the Spanish Colonial Arts Museum.
Museum hours are currently 10am-5pm Tuesday through Sunday. Summer hours are every day from 10am-5pm, and Fridays are free from 5pm-8pm.
I recommend that you stop in for lunch at the Museum Hill Café from 11am-3pm and experience the best patio views of Santa Fe.
My hope is that you plan enough time to enjoy all that Santa Fe has to offer when you visit the Inn of the Governors. Or maybe, you will need to schedule a return visit very soon. Safe travels, Deb Swanson | <urn:uuid:e30f1369-31a2-4a70-acb2-88aa93a339b6> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://innofthegovernors.com/eat-drink-explore/santa-fe-locals-view-blog/turquoise-water-and-sky | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660070.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118110804-20190118132804-00295.warc.gz | en | 0.954374 | 714 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Loss of innocence in lord of the flies essay
Loss of innocence in lord of the flies within the novel innocence is progressively lost through the boys the boys were placed in a situation where they had no other. Get an answer for 'how does golding portray the loss of innocence through symbolism in lord of the flies give examples with quotes ' and find homework help for. Free essay: their innocence has been lost and, along the way, their hope with a unanimous belief that they are not leaving the island, reservations have. The tools you need to write a quality essay or term another theme explored in lord of the flies is the loss of innocence which means the fly lord.
Innocence in lord of the flies one way the loss of innocence is seen is through the rules not being followed because there is no one to enforce them. Extracts from this document introduction lord of the flies: how does golding present the loss of innocence in goldings' lord of the flies, the boys slowly loose. The literary theme in william golding's classic novel, lord of the flies is loss of innocence much like in life essay basics - essay writing: help and review. Loss of innocence 1 the loss of innocence is evident in most characters of the lord of the flies the spar between jack and ralph appears to be constantly stirring. Define innocence essay for a loss of innocence get studying today and infant loss of innocence docx rogers loss of innocence lord of the flies.
Ralph is a boy of twelve years and few months, who had not yet lost his innocence after crash landing on the island by the end of lord of the flies, ralph cries for. Lord of the flies setting 2 instincts and this helped develop the theme of loss of innocence “lord of the flies” was set on an isolated essay sample. A loss of innocence all of the boys were innocent kids there are many themes in lord of the flies by william golding one of the most evident themes in. Everything you ever wanted to know about the quotes talking about innocence in lord of the flies write essay infographics sounds like a loss of innocence.
Loss of innocence thesis lord of the flies ranked #1 by 10,000 plus clients for 25 years our certified resume writers have been developing compelling resumes, cover. “lord of the flies” and “the hunger games” – term paper introductory essay. Within the novel innocence is progressively lost through the boys the boys were placed in a situation where they had no other choice but to grow up, and grow up fast.
Loss of innocence lord of the flies sustaining a civilized society within humans who are eager for survival, will eventually expose their loss of.
- Loss of innocence lord of the flies essays essay daily routine my mother.
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- The book lord of the flies was published in 1954 by the nobel-prize winner william golding during the period of the cold war and the atomic age.
- Which of the characters in lord of the flies experiences this loss of innocence in an essay of approximately 2 pages lord of the flies essay prompts.
Innocence lost the two most common themes within lord of the flies are the battle between civilization and savagery and the loss of innocence these common themes. Free essays on lord of the flies loss of innocence get help with your writing 1 through 30. Another example of the loss of innocence was when roger was throwing stones and rocks at the other children below him lord of the flies essay - excellent. Lord of the flies in the lord of the flies, by william golding there is a theme of loss of innocence that is played out all through the text the loss of. Lord of the flies loss of innocence thesis we are experts with more than 10 years of experience get resume writing tips along with essay, cover letter or resume. Lord of the flies - loss of innocence - visual essay lord of the flies - loss of innocence - visual essay skip navigation sign in search loading. | <urn:uuid:8567a3ea-4e1c-4edf-bf71-cfe301a20433> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://bjpaperpcdu.alexandru.me/loss-of-innocence-in-lord-of-the-flies-essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210735.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816113217-20180816133217-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.955021 | 843 | 3.546875 | 4 |
What if one day you were to wake up in the morning and you realize that you are unable to recognize people around you? What if all the faces around you looked equal? It would be terrible, wouldn’t it? Well, about 2% of the world’s population experience this, and they suffer from a rare condition known as “prosopagnosia”.
But what is prosopagnosia?
Prosopagnosia prevents the proper distinction of people’s faces, and can cause a serious problem in their life. The etymological origin of the word comes from the Greek “prosopon” (something like what is placed in front of the face and has subsequently resulted in the word “person”) and “agnosia” (or lack of knowledge).
Comparing this to the steps of automatic people’s facial recognition, we could say that someone with prosopagnosia is able to detect faces, but not to identify them. So he is not able to compare it against his database of known people. The diseased person will try to use other distinctive features of the person, perhaps a mole, a certain haircut, a tic, etc.
Yes, it can be prevented
In this regard, there is the question of why many Governments or Security Forces still suffer from prosopagnosia. In fact, if it were a disease attributable to public bodies that ensure our safety, the percentage of diseased would be far superior of that found in humans.
Today, facial recognition technologies are so advanced that they enable you to find someone in a crowd with frankly amazing success rates. Knowing this, it is difficult to understand why this technology is still not being commonly used at places such as airports, train stations, sport stadiums, border controls…
The world is moving in new paths where security plays an important role. Therefore, we should ask the leaders to be able to find a cure for this strange disease, which could limit our daily life significantly. Proposagnosia must be eradicated.
Written by: Javier Rodríguez Saeta | <urn:uuid:393ba93f-09c2-4e81-8078-e8b68c8ddf6a> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://hertasecurity.com/en/node/213 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669422.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118002911-20191118030911-00243.warc.gz | en | 0.969865 | 445 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Gender Equality Index 2019. Work-life balance
2. Domain of work
Phenomena such as digitalisation, globalisation, migration and demographic change, including ageing, have not only transformed the EU labour market but also the primary considerations in the debate over the future of work (European Commission, 2019). With paid work being the main source of income for most families and individuals, policies tackling the changing world of work need to put gender considerations at the heart of responses (ILO, 2019). Existing gender inequalities have to be addressed first and foremost to ensure gender injustice is not perpetuated and to improve the lives of both women and men from different generations and backgrounds.
Although the gender gap in labour-market participation has narrowed over the years, the goal of the Europe 2020 strategy to reach a 75 % employment rate for women and men alike remains elusive for women. While their employment rate in 2018 was just above 67 %, the 79 % rate for men had already surpassed the EU goal. This gender gap reflects numerous structural barriers inhibiting women’s labour-market participation and other inequalities concerning the quality and accessibility of paid work.
Gender segregation in the labour market is a well-known reality. It restricts life choices and the education and employment options of women and men, and determines the status of their jobs. Segregation also drives the gender pay gap, further reinforces gender stereotypes and perpetuates unequal gender power relations in the public and private spheres (EIGE, 2017e). Environmental, demographic and socioeconomic changes are increasing the demand for care workers, predominantly women trapped in low-quality jobs (ILO, 2018a).
The vast under-representation of women in sectors such as ICT points to a major waste of highly qualified human resources and economic potential (EIGE, 2018d). Reducing gender segregation across science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) jobs would increase the GDP in the EU by an estimated EUR 820 billion and create up to 1.2 million more jobs by 2050 (EIGE, 2017a). To achieve this economic and social growth, continuous efforts are needed to move towards a social model that enables both women and men to be earners and carers.
Gender segregation and quality of work are included in the second sub-domain. Sectoral segregation is measured through women’s and men’s participation in the education, human health and social work sectors. Quality of work is measured by flexible working-time arrangements and job prospects with flexibility of work capturing the ability of both genders to take time off for personal or family matters. The job prospects index (a Eurofound job quality index) captures continuity of employment defined by the type of employment contract, job security, career advancement prospects and development of the workplace in terms of the number of employees. It is measured on a scale of between 0 and 100 points, where 100 indicates the best job prospects.
In 2017, a roadmap for Member States to integrate a gender perspective into the European Pillar of Social Rights was set out in its key principles. This included active support for secure and adaptable employment, fair wages, social dialogue and work—life balance (European Commission, 2017b).
In recent years, work—life balance has become a priority policy area for the EU. A key objective of the proposed work—life balance directive is to increase women’s participation in the labour market and support their career progression through better sharing of both women and men’s parental and caring responsibilities (European Commission, 2017c). The directive, among other initiatives, builds on the European Commission’s Strategic Engagement for Gender Equality 2016-2019, which also presents measures for work—life balance.
The fast-paced evolution of the world of work, partly through digitalisation, has made it critical to enhance women’s and men’s skills to ensure equal access to and participation in the labour market. Of particular concern is improving access to secure and quality jobs, especially for women in vulnerable situations such as victims of gender-based violence (Council of the European Union, 2017).
Similarly, the need to reform social protection systems to facilitate fair and decent working conditions for women and men in typical employment situations is highlighted in the proposal for a Council recommendation on access to social protection for workers and the self-employed (European Commission, 2018e).
Overall, only a simultaneous and holistic response to gender-related challenges in the world of work would ensure sustainable economic growth and more active management of the social and public finance risks of population ageing and global uncertainties. | <urn:uuid:2e0de181-4f0d-48c7-983e-f7b244081931> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://eige.europa.eu/publications/gender-equality-index-2019-report/2-domain-of-work?lang=sr-Cyrl-BA | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573760.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819191655-20220819221655-00298.warc.gz | en | 0.939571 | 928 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Q. What is an isthmus?
? An isthmus is a narrow strip of land that connects two larger landmasses and separates two bodies of water. Isthmuses have been strategic locations for centuries.
Q. Farraka barrage is a major reason for contention between India and ___________.
Q. Who among the following is a recipient of Nobel Prize 2018 in the field of Physiology or medicine?
? James P. Allison
Q. Which Lok Sabha speaker has authored the book ‘Matoshree’?
? Sumitra Mahajan
Q. UNESCO Cultural World Heritage site ‘Humayun Tomb’ was constructed by-
? Hamida Banu Begum
Q. Under Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana (PMVVY), there will be an assured periodic return over tenure of ______.
? 10 years
Q. In India, who is known as the highest law officer?
? Attorney General of India
Q. According to the Indian Constitution, the Union ______ body is called the Parliament.
Q. Which state government has recently declared official symbols for the state?
? Andhra Pradesh | <urn:uuid:1f59887f-17c2-4a1a-b759-6663d6583556> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://enaukribazar.com/general-knowledge-question-answerset-182/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588282.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028065732-20211028095732-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.92634 | 251 | 2.78125 | 3 |
All octopuses are venomousApril 16th, 2009 - 4:47 pm ICT by ANI
Washington, April 16 (ANI): Contrary to the belief that only blue-ringed octopuses are venomous, scientists have now found that all octopuses are poisonous.
Scientists from the University of Melbourne, University of Brussels, and Museum Victoria say that all octopuses and cuttlefish, and some squid are venomous.
The researchers say that their study suggests that they all share a common, ancient venomous ancestor and highlights new avenues for drug discovery.
Dr Bryan Fry from the Department of Biochemistry at the Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, revealed that while the blue-ringed octopus species remain the only group that aredangerous to humans, the other species have been quietly using their venom for predation, such as paralysing a clam into opening its shell.
“Venoms are toxic proteins with specialised functions such as paralysing the nervous system” he said.
“We hope that by understanding the structure and mode of action of venom proteins we can benefit drug design for a range of conditions such as pain management, allergies and cancer,” he added.
Scientists have examined many creatures for years as a basis for drug development. However, octopuses, cuttlefish and squid remain an untapped resource.
Fry now says that their venom may represent a unique class of compounds.
For the study, his team obtained tissue samples from cephalopods ranging from Hong Kong, the Coral Sea, the Great Barrier Reef and Antarctica.
Analysing the genes for venom production from the different species, the researchers found that a venomous ancestor produced one set of venom proteins, but over time additional proteins were added to the chemical arsenal.
They say that the origin of such genes also sheds light on the fundamentals of evolution, presenting a prime example of convergent evolution where species independently develop similar traits.
Fry has revealed that the research team will next try to determine why very different types of venomous animals seem to consistently settle on the similar venom protein composition, and which physical or chemical properties make them predisposed to be useful as toxin.
“Not only will this allow us to understand how these animals have assembled their arsenals, but it will also allow us to better exploit them in the development of new drugs from venoms,” said Fry.
“It does not seem a coincidence that some of the same protein types have been recruited for use as toxins across the animal kingdom,” the researcher added.
The study has been published in the Journal of Molecular Evolution. (ANI)
- Octopus venom can treat allergies, cancer - Apr 16, 2009
- Researchers tap into Antarctic octopus venom - Jul 27, 2010
- Jurassic era squid ink composition still unchanged - May 22, 2012
- 500m-year-old squid-like carnivore no more a mystery - May 27, 2010
- Lizard venom may provide drugs to fight hypertension - Dec 07, 2010
- 'Venom from snakes could save lives too' - Sep 20, 2012
- Worker ants can kill termites - Dec 15, 2011
- Squid can 'drop arms' as defensive tactic - Aug 03, 2012
- Scientists discover first protein-based amphibian toxin in Chinese tree frog - Aug 18, 2009
- Cambridge scientists synthesize mother of pearl - Jul 25, 2012
- Scientists discover unique sea snake - Feb 22, 2012
- Scorpion venom-injected pesticide could protect plants from bugs! - Apr 28, 2011
- Brazil spider's venom could help in man's sexual life - Aug 30, 2012
- Similar gene controls plant, human clocks - Dec 02, 2010
- Spider venom 'could be the new Viagra' - Mar 08, 2011
Tags: blue ringed octopus, cephalopods, chemical arsenal, coral sea, cuttlefish, department of biochemistry, dr bryan, drug discovery, example of convergent evolution, great barrier reef, melbourne university, museum victoria, new avenues, octopuses, tissue samples, toxic proteins, university of melbourne, untapped resource, venomous animals, venoms | <urn:uuid:c7d35881-9ea2-40b6-b12e-7759f9d753af> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health/all-octopuses-are-venomous_100180508.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719397.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00055-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926095 | 874 | 3.28125 | 3 |
|Should this page or section be a single collaboration with Portal:German? Please Discuss|
If you are familiar with German and are interested in German literature, please visit this site.
|Courses in German|
|Course #1:||German I|
|Course #2:||German II|
|Course #3:||German III|
|Course #4:||German IV|
|Learning Project:||German Home Immersion School|
Beginners in German and those who wish to contribute at this level should first visit Wikibooks for the beginners course Äußern!.
The German version of Wiktionary provides all of the relevant reference material and is maintained by native speakers: Das Wikiwörterbuch.
There is also the German version of Wikipedia as a resource for practice in reading and understanding. Try looking up your country or local town and read the highlights in German.
Once you have familiarised yourself with what is available in the other Wikis you are ready to read and contribute to the Introduction.
Find other participants
How to go about learning German
Deutsche Welle is a great source for learning. www.dw.de under "Deutsch lernen": slowly spoken German, News in German, Photo Action Calls...
There are special techniques required by adults to learn a new language some advice is available from Hurd, S and Murphy, L (eds) Success with Languages. ISBN 0415368375.
Self Teach - Beginners
The BBC have a number of publications that are designed for beginners in German:
- The first of these is an audio only two CD pack called "Quickstart your German" ISBN 0563471093. This is a fine start for someone with no German at all.
- "Talk German" is a beginers book and 2 CDs covers basic tourist situations. ISBN 0563520191.
- "Get by in German" is a travel companion with CD. ISBN 9781406612622.
- "Colloquial German" by Dietlinde Hatherall and Glyn Hatherall (1998) is a very straight forward beginners guide. With CDs or Cassettes the audio is clear and intertaining. The subjects are typical for beginners books (cafe, shopping, directions, time of day, sightseeing, talking about yourself etc). The book has very few pictures and illustrations which means more german for your money. There are lots of hints and tips about learning german. ISBN 0415027993.
- In "My Daily Phrase German" Podcast teacher Catriona will guide you through the basics of the German language by introducing you to basic German in daily podcasts. There are 100 shows organisaed into a 20-week course. You can automatically download each new episode for free by subscribing in iTunes with more information at http://www.radiolingua.com/.
- German sound files can be found at commons:Category:German pronunciation | <urn:uuid:235026e9-5f8e-475d-90e8-4cee896981ca> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Topic:Learning_German | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612283.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529111205-20170529131205-00253.warc.gz | en | 0.863716 | 617 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Most injury lawsuits are brought before a court because some injury happened to some person because of another person. However, as most are aware, those facts are not enough to win a lawsuit as some legal principle needs to back up the claims being brought by the plaintiff. Most of the time, the legal theory behind a civil suit for injury, is that of negligence.
The definition of negligence is a concept that involves a duty that was owed to one individual and failure to exercise that duty or act in a manner that is consistent with how other reasonable people would act. Thus, for negligence to be proven, it must be clear that there was a duty, that there was a failure to exercise that duty, that the failure to exercise the duty was the direct – proximate – cause of the injury and that an actual injury occurred.
It is important to note that all four of the negligence elements, mentioned above, must be proved. An absence of proof as to any of those elements means that negligence, as a whole, cannot be proven.
However, even if all of the elements to negligence are proven, this does not mean that the other party to the lawsuit will not have an opportunity to defend.
The two main defenses in a negligence action are contributory negligence and assumption of risk.
Contributory negligence is a legal defense that asserts that the other party also had a duty to act, effectively apportioning out the negligence of both parties in a percentage-like fashion. For example, if one person was intoxicated while driving and gets into an accident with another person who was sober but sped through a stop sign, it is likely that both parties contributed to the accident. A court would then apportion out the fault on a percentage basis.
Assumption of risk is a legal defense that states that a party is at least partially at fault if they voluntarily expose themselves to the risk. For example, if a person pays an entry fee to a football league and they break their leg on a routine play, it is unlikely the league will be liable since the person who was injured should know that football is a dangerous sport and that injury was possible. However, if the person broke their leg after stepping in a two-foot deep pothole, the player likely did not assume that risk since it was the league who failed to maintain the field in a proper manner.
No matter who wins the lawsuit, it is likely damages will be awarded. Damages are awarded on a compensatory, and sometimes punitive, manner. Compensatory damages are awarded for the payment for measurable costs such as hospital bills, prescriptions, lost wages, etc. Punitive damages are awarded to the victim in order to punish a wrongdoer.
Learn more about proving negligence in Nevada.
If you feel you need assistance with a negligence claim, seek the help of qualified and experienced legal counsel. 702 Defense has years of experience in the area of law and can be reached at 702-333-3673. | <urn:uuid:91958dea-6dbb-43c8-b1a0-6757306dc9aa> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.shouselaw.com/nevada/personal-injury/what-is-negligence | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255562.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520041753-20190520063753-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.981922 | 601 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The Pilgrim’s Progress is John Bunyan’s most enduring legacy. The book, which went through eleven editions in the author’s lifetime, has never subsequently been out of print. Though it now appears as two parts in one volume, the parts were...
John Bunyan was born in 1628 in Elstow, Bedfordshire, England to a poor brazier. He received little formal education. However, he did know how to read and write, and eventually chose a career as a tinker (someone who mends pots and kettles). At sixteen, he joined the parliamentary army and was stationed for three years at Newport Pagnell.
1650 was a momentous year for Bunyan. He got married, witnessed the birth of his first child (of six), and began to undergo a religious conversion. His first daughter, Mary, was blind, and her condition seems to have lead Bunyan to re-evaluate his life. He was haunted by his sins and found solace in the two books that his wife brought in her dowry, Dent’s Plain Man’s Pathway to Heaven and Bayly’s Practice of Piety. John Bunyan decided to embrace a new religious way of life. By 1655, he was preaching in the Bedford church of St. John’s, and gained popularity quickly. In 1659, following the death of his first wife, Bunyan married a woman named Elizabeth.
Bunyan's first book, Some Gospel Truths, was published in 1656, not long after his preaching career began. By 1660, the tide of religious tolerance in England had turned, and Bunyan was arrested and jailed for preaching without a license. Thus began a period of intense productivity for Bunyan, for as Richard Greaves observes, “his greatest works were either written in the Bedford Jail or composed with that experience in mind” (18). Bunyan's spiritual autobiography, Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, modeled after St. Augustine’s Confessions, was published in 1666, while he was still imprisoned. His imprisonment was, in fact, rather lenient, and Bunyan was often allowed to leave prison to attend church or visit his family. Most importantly, he was allowed to write.
Nevertheless, his wife lobbied tirelessly for his release, but Bunyan remained in jail until 1672. Scholars believe he began writing The Pilgrim’s Progress around 1668.
After hid release from prison, Bunyan became the pastor of St. John’s Church in Bedford. His preaching was in high demand so he also travelled quite frequently. In 1678, the first part of The Pilgrim’s Progress was published, followed in 1680 by The Life and Death of Mr. Badman. Another of Bunyan's most famous works, The Holy War, was published in 1682. The second part of The Pilgrim’s Progress was published in 1684.
Bunyan continued to write serve as the pastor of the Bedford Church until his sudden death in 1688. | <urn:uuid:bee950a1-6f15-4e2f-b124-a86b61aa6c24> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.gradesaver.com/author/john-bunyan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464054526288.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524014846-00127-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.990259 | 636 | 3.671875 | 4 |
The Sagas of the Icelanders May Not be Myth After All
Despite numerous so-called myths which existed in stories, sagas and texts of our ancient past being proven true, many still insist that all myths and legends are simply down the imagination and creativity of our ancestors. However, one recent study has given validity to the Sagas of Icelanders – a unique corpus of medieval literature written a thousand years ago – and has found that the Vikings may have been more social than savage.
The word ‘Myth’ originates from the Greek word mythos, meaning ‘word’ or ‘tale’ or ‘true narrative’, referring not only to the means by which it was transmitted but also to its being rooted in truth. Mythos was also closely related to the word myo, meaning ‘to teach’, or ‘to initiate into the mysteries’. This is how the word was interpreted by Homer—who is generally identified to have lived in the 7th or 8th century B.C.E.—when composing his great works, including The Iliad, in which he meant to convey a truth.
As the age of science and philosophy began questioning truth itself, the meaning of the word began to evolve, and around 400 years later myths became limited to fictional tales of superstition or fantasy, symbolic stories. However, as technological advances in archaeology and research have been made, more and more myths of our past have been proven true – the once legendary city of Troy has now been found, and the sea monsters drawn on ancient maps have been verified as legitimate animal species, such as giant squid, walruses and dugongs.
The Icelandic Sagas are no exception - a Viking Sunstone or ‘magical gem’ used to navigate the seas spoken of in the sagas is a real crystal made of a calcite substance which was discovered in a shipwreck, and the recent discovery of Viking artefacts on an island of Denmark provides evidence that the legendary city of Lejre once existed.
The Sagas are stories about ancient Scandinavian and Germanic history, about early Viking voyages, the battles that took place during the voyages, about migration to Iceland and of feuds between Icelandic families. They were written in the Old Norse language, mainly in Iceland, between 1100 and 1300 AD and describe the life of certain characters before the year 1000 AD. The tales are usually realistic, with some exceptions, and are sometimes romanticised and fantastic, but always dealing with human beings one can understand.
A new study published in the European Physical Journal reports on a detailed analysis of the relationships described in the ancient Icelandic manuscripts, and the results have uncovered complex social networks, which challenge the stereotypical image of Vikings as unworldly, violent savages.
The researchers from the University of Coventry mapped out the interactions between over 1,500 characters that appear in 18 sagas including five particularly famous epic tales. Their analyses show that the overall network of saga society is consistent with real social networks.
Although the historicity of these tales is often questioned, this research supports the hypothesis that the Sagas are based on reality and contain fictionalised distortions of real societies. | <urn:uuid:0ef928d3-ed5e-4675-972b-9bdb5cd72c0e> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/sagas-icelanders-may-not-be-myth-after-all-00881 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711003.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205032447-20221205062447-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.968448 | 654 | 3.21875 | 3 |
World Cancer Day
“Most cancers are caused by factors such as the consumption of tobacco and alcohol, diet, certain types of infections, radiation, and environmental exposure to different types of chemicals in the environment. We need to put our efforts to prevent cancer on the same scale as the efforts to cure cancers.
We need a more comprehensive cancer prevention strategy in New Brunswick, that targets all the risk factors including alcohol abuse, workplace health, carcinogens in the environment and consumer products, air quality, pesticide use and water quality. An effective strategy needs to be community specific to deal with particular determinants of cancer in local communities.
It’s time we end the intentional release of probable carcinogens into our environment, such as glyphosate, which is sprayed over vast areas of our Crown lands at public expense. We need a harm prevention strategy for alcohol abuse which has been linked to breast cancer. We need a province-wide effort to identify radon gas in homes which can cause lung cancer, and ensure remedial measures are taken.
Cancer can be prevented. Dramatic progress has been made to prevent cancer from tobacco use and infections in New Brunswick. We need to build on these successes and implement a comprehensive cancer prevention strategy to better safeguard the health of New Brunswickers. | <urn:uuid:bf0e4c08-6d8a-47ed-b2a7-41c286cdbad1> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://davidcoonmla.ca/world-cancer-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583705091.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120082608-20190120104608-00206.warc.gz | en | 0.948061 | 258 | 3.234375 | 3 |
The rise of antimicrobial resistance has significantly reduced the options available for treating tuberculosis (TB) and other diseases caused by bacteria, threatening to plunge humanity back into the pre-antibiotic era. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a rod-shaped bacterium that is responsible for around 10 million new infections and 1.4 million deaths per year (Pai et al., 2016). With an estimated 0.5 million cases of drug-resistant TB every year, this disease now accounts for a substantial fraction of the global burden of antimicrobial resistance (WHO, 2018). The current treatment for drug-resistant TB involves taking a combination of antibiotics over a period of up to 24 months, or six months for drug-sensitive TB. Such extensive treatment periods, with associated side effects, including deafness, create an urgent need for new drugs that shorten the duration of treatment, reduce the daily pill burden, and are effective against drug-resistant strains.
As the bacterial cell wall has formed the basis of successful antibiotic therapy for decades, the search for new TB drugs has led to renewed interest in the mycobacterial cell wall as a drug target (Alderwick et al., 2015). Mycobacteria, a genus that also includes the bacteria that cause leprosy and Buruli ulcer, have a complex cell wall that consists of an outer capsule-like layer, anchored by long-chain fatty acids known as mycolic acids, and two polymers (Kieser and Rubin, 2014). One of these polymers is called arabinogalactan; the other one, peptidoglycan, is made from monomers that contain a sugar molecule and a short peptide chain that consists of three to five amino acids. The sugar molecules bind together to form a long chain that is further strengthened by the formation of crosslinks between neighboring peptide chains; mainly between the third amino acids on both peptide chains (to form a 3–3 crosslink), or between the fourth amino acid of one and the third amino acid of the other (to form a 4–3 crosslink) (Raghavendra et al., 2018).
Current tuberculosis drugs that target the cell wall affect the synthesis of the mycolic acids and the arabinogalactan layer, but none are directed at peptidoglycan. Paradoxically, this polymer (in particular the cross-linking process) has been a successful drug target in other bacterial infections, but treating tuberculosis with the same drugs has so far been fruitless. This is mainly due to inherent mechanisms in M. tuberculosis that inactivate certain types of antibiotics, and to the fact that we know relatively little about how this polymer is synthesized and remodeled as the bacteria spread (Story-Roller and Lamichhane, 2018). Now, in eLife, two independent groups of researchers report results that advance our understanding of these processes (García-Heredia et al., 2018; Baranowski et al., 2018).
As bacteria grow and divide, peptidoglycan needs to be constantly broken down and reassembled. In other rod-shaped bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, growth is achieved by the insertion of new peptidoglycan units along the sidewall. However, the way mycobacteria grow is very different. Their growth happens at the polar regions (that is, at each end of the bacterium) through the addition of new units of peptidoglycan to the sub-polar region of the cell wall. Mycobacteria further lack homologues of E. coli proteins that direct peptidoglycan growth to the sidewall. Consequently, in mycobacteria, rapidly changing peptidoglycan segregates to the cell poles, while inactive peptidoglycan remains at the sidewall (Figure 1). However, preliminary observations have suggested an active sidewall peptidoglycan 'metabolism', but definitive evidence of this phenomenon, together with a detailed mechanistic explanation, has been lacking.
Sloan Siegrist of the University of Massachusetts and colleagues – including Alam García-Heredia and Amol Arunrao Pohane as joint first authors – report the results of experiments on M. tuberculosis and its close relative, M. smegmatis, where they explore peptidoglycan biology further (García-Heredia et al., 2018). The team used reagents called fluorescent D-amino acids (FDAAs) to monitor the arrival and distribution of new peptidoglycan units both inside and outside the cell, as well as the remodeling of peptidoglycan outside the cell (Figure 1). They found that the proteins involved in the synthesis of new peptidoglycan units and remodeling of existing polymers can be found at both cell poles and at the sidewall. The amount of polymer incorporated into the sidewall decreased gradually from the poles to the middle of the cell. The cells only grew from the poles, suggesting that the remodeling process in the sidewalls may have a different purpose.
García-Heredia et al. then used antibiotics to either block the synthesis of new peptidoglycan units or the remodeling process, and found that both processes affected the incorporation of FDAAs into the cell wall differently. This indicated that peptidoglycan precursors are produced and remodeled along the sidewall of mycobacteria. Moreover, a group of enzymes called L,D-transpeptidases appeared to play a crucial role during peptidoglycan remodeling or repair when the bacterium responded to peptidoglycan damage. To back this up further, FDAAs marking the new production sites were predominantly incorporated at the sidewall when the bacteria were exposed to peptidoglycan-damaging antimicrobials.
In independent work, Hesper Rego of Yale, Eric Rubin of Harvard and colleagues – including Catherine Baranowski as first author – report results on how the structural properties of peptidoglycan change as the polymer ages during bacterial growth (Baranowski et al., 2018). Mycobacteria distinguish themselves from other bacteria by having a large proportion of 3–3 crosslinks in their peptidoglycan, whereas bacteria such as E. coli tend to have a very high proportion of 4–3 crosslinks.
Baranowski et al. also used FDAAs and found that the amount of probe incorporated into the sidewall decreased from the cell poles to the middle of the cell, as García-Heredia et al. had reported. However, when they removed all L,D-transpeptidases, the enzymes that drive the formation of 3–3 crosslinks, FDAA uptake was reduced, the bacteria lost their rod shape, and bulges called 'blebs' started to appear in the cell wall. Atomic force microscopy then revealed that the cell wall at a bleb was weaker than it was elsewhere.
Baranowski et al. propose that peptidoglycan at the cell pole most likely consists of 4–3 crosslinks. However, as the cell grows, peptidoglycan ages and moves to the sidewall, where it is remodeled into the 3–3 conformation (Figure 1). Consistent with this, D,D-transpeptidases, the enzymes that help to form 4–3 crosslinks, preferred to stay at the cell pole, while L,D-transpeptidases were predominantly found on the sidewall.
These observations confirm that the sidewall of the mycobacteria undergoes continuous restructuring, a process that possibly renews aged peptidoglycan. Moreover, the remodeling process relies on the careful coordination and distinct spatial patterning of various proteins, including the enzymes for the formation of 4–3 crosslinks and 3–3 crosslinks. The change from the 4–3 to the 3–3 confirmation is needed to increase the strength of peptidoglycan in the side wall and to maintain the rod shape of cells as they grow.
Collectively, the two studies provide unique mechanistic insights into the metabolism of peptidoglycan and how mycobacteria coordinate their growth. FDAA markers in combination with some of the genetic tools used provide an ideal starting point from which to develop screens for candidate drugs that target peptidoglycan biosynthesis and remodeling. Further study of these processes will undoubtedly drive the identification of new antimicrobials that could meaningfully add to the existing arsenal of tuberculosis drugs. As peptidoglycan can be found in many pathogenic bacteria, the new drugs that emerge from such efforts might also be able to treat other infectious diseases.
The mycobacterial cell wall--peptidoglycan and arabinogalactanCold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 5:a021113.https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a021113
How sisters grow apart: mycobacterial growth and divisionNature Reviews Microbiology 12:550–562.https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3299
Peptidoglycan in mycobacteria: chemistry, biology and interventionGlycoconjugate Journal 35:421–432.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10719-018-9842-7
ReportGlobal Tuberculosis Report 2018World Health Organization.
Rod-shaped mycobacteria expand from their poles, yet d-amino acid probes label cell wall peptidoglycan in this genus at both the poles and sidewall. We sought to clarify the metabolic fates of these probes. Monopeptide incorporation was decreased by antibiotics that block peptidoglycan synthesis or l,d-transpeptidation and in an l,d-transpeptidase mutant. Dipeptides complemented defects in d-alanine synthesis or ligation and were present in lipid-linked peptidoglycan precursors. Characterizing probe uptake pathways allowed us to localize peptidoglycan metabolism with precision: monopeptide-marked l,d-transpeptidase remodeling and dipeptide-marked synthesis were coincident with mycomembrane metabolism at the poles, septum and sidewall. Fluorescent pencillin-marked d,d-transpeptidation around the cell perimeter further suggested that the mycobacterial sidewall is a site of cell wall assembly. While polar peptidoglycan synthesis was associated with cell elongation, sidewall synthesis responded to cell wall damage. Peptidoglycan editing along the sidewall may support cell wall robustness in pole-growing mycobacteria.
Background: Worldwide, most colorectal cancer screening programmes were paused at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, whilst the Danish faecal immunochemical test (FIT)-based programme continued without pausing. We examined colorectal cancer screening participation and compliance with subsequent colonoscopy in Denmark throughout the pandemic.
Methods: We used data from the Danish Colorectal Cancer Screening Database among individuals aged 50-74 years old invited to participate in colorectal cancer screening from 2018-2021 combined with population-wide registries. Using a generalised linear model, we estimated prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of colorectal cancer screening participation within 90 days since invitation and compliance with colonoscopy within 60 days since a positive FIT test during the pandemic in comparison with the previous years adjusting for age, month and year of invitation.
Results: Altogether, 3,133,947 invitations were sent out to 1,928,725 individuals and there were 94,373 positive FIT tests (in 92,848 individuals) during the study period. Before the pandemic, 60.7% participated in screening within 90 days. A minor reduction in participation was observed at the start of the pandemic (PR=0.95; 95% CI: 0.94-0.96 in pre-lockdown and PR=0.85; 95% CI: 0.85-0.86 in 1st lockdown) corresponding to a participation rate of 54.9% during pre-lockdown and 53.0% during 1st lockdown. This was followed by a 5-10% increased participation in screening corresponding to a participation rate of up to 64.9%. The largest increase in participation was observed among 55-59 year olds and among immigrants. The compliance with colonoscopy within 60 days was 89.9% before the pandemic. A slight reduction was observed during 1st lockdown (PR=0.96; 95% CI: 0.93-0.98), where after it resumed to normal levels.
Conclusions: Participation in the Danish FIT-based colorectal cancer screening programme and subsequent compliance to colonoscopy after a positive FIT result was only slightly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Funding: The study was funded by the Danish Cancer Society Scientific Committee (grant number R321-A17417) and the Danish regions. | <urn:uuid:2e530d4d-737b-4b5a-8e11-23ca724653b3> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://elifesciences.org/articles/42033 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499700.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129044527-20230129074527-00601.warc.gz | en | 0.928491 | 2,729 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Earlier this week a reader of this blog introduced me to a term I hadn’t encountered before: the ‘bosom serpent’. The phrase apparently originated in the study of folklore, and describes an ancient tradition of stories in which the human digestive tract is colonised by other animals. These are typically snakes – as you’d expect – but also include frogs, lizards and many other types of creepy-crawly.
This folk tradition seems to have overlapped with the emergence of modern medicine, and early medical journals contain numerous reports of strange creatures (allegedly) living in the stomach – you’ll find a few examples here, here and here. Coincidentally I recently stumbled across a story about a bosom serpent – or rather a stomach eel – which I was intending to blog about, so here it is.
In October 1838 a physician from Nova Scotia, James Geddes, wrote to the American Medical Intelligencer with this strange tale:
A lad, aged 18, had been for four years subject to fits (the kind I do not know), occurring every month or two; had been under the care of several practitioners. About three months ago was taken ill as usual, and felt sick and qualmish, his mother administered some lac assafoetidae…
Asafoetida is a substance obtained from a herb which grows in Iran and India. In many countries it is still employed medically, particularly in disorders of the digestion. In nineteenth-century American medicine it was used as an antispasmodic. ‘Lac assafoetidae’ is a preparation made by dissolving the dried gum in water, producing a milky solution. A contemporary edition of The Dispensatory of the United States of America refers to its ‘excessively disagreeable smell and taste’, which led many people to prefer using it in an enema.
He soon after vomited, and on examining the contents on her return to his bed-room found he had ejected an eel.
An eel. Right.
He continued for a day or two in a state of insensibility, and on recovering remembered that four years ago he had a consciousness of swallowing something while drinking out of a brook by the road-side, not far from the harbour.
Four years earlier? This sounds unlikely.
Many persons called to see it. It had, I am told, all the appearance of the common eel; measured fourteen and a half inches in length and one and a half in circumference. Many persons gave credence to the statement, others disbelieved it altogether. Among others, a medical gentleman called, having a jar in readiness; he removed the contents of the [eel’s] stomach and intestines; on arriving at his house he examined them in the presence of his father, also a medical practitioner, and found what was evidently gravel, eel grass, and sandflies.
Gravel, eel grass and sandflies, while usual items for an eel to ingest, are not those one would expect to find in the gastrointestinal tract of an 18-year-old boy. Their presence casts doubt on the whole affair – if it wasn’t hugely dubious anyway. But the boy stuck to his story:
This has been stoutly contradicted by the family, who assert that he vomited the eel, although no person was present at the time; and they explain the contents as follows, viz.
1st. That he partook of leeks the day preceding.
2d. That he drank freely of molasses and water.
3d. That the sugar was sandy which was put in his tea.
4th. That he is now in good health—free from fits; which has not been the case the four former years.
These do not strike me as particularly compelling arguments. Nevertheless, Dr Geddes still entertained the possibility that the boy really had an eel in his stomach:
The above is a very brief and imperfect outline of the case, but I trust sufficient for you to form an opinion whether an eel could remain for such a length of time within the human stomach and resist its solvent powers. And if so, how?
The editor of the Intelligencer offers a slightly arch response:
We know not what reply to give to our correspondent. That living bodies are capable of existing in the stomach and intestines of animals is undoubted; intestinal worms, as well as the young of the hair-worm (gordius), the leech, the eggs of the gad-fly, &c., received from without, are known to become developed in animals, and to give rise to morbid phenomena in the digestive lube and elsewhere; but we confess the evidence in the following case appears to us apocryphal, and the conclusion, that the animal in question had existed in the stomach for so long a time, in the highest degree improbable, we would not say impossible.—Ed. | <urn:uuid:1d6b9d77-dbb6-49e4-ba8c-1fdd6901e6f1> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.thomas-morris.uk/the-stomach-eel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584431529.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123234228-20190124020228-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.976275 | 1,034 | 2.875 | 3 |
Creating the Earth-Sun System in the Classroom
Students explore a model of the earth’s daily rotation and its
annual revolution around the sun. They try to figure out at which point
each season occurs in their part of the world. This lays the groundwork
for understanding the reasons for seasons and for making sense of Mystery
Prepare a simulation of the Earth-Sun system by placing a lamp on the
floor to represent the sun. Use a globe to represent the earth. It will
spin (rotate) on its axis and revolve around the sun. Cut a star shape
out of paper, label it the North Star, and place it on the board. Orient
the North Pole of the globe so it points toward the star. Finally, place
4 Xs of masking tape on the floor on each side of the lamp.
Ask a student
to find your city or state on the globe and tape a small paper circle
on it. Challenge them to keep an eye on this location – and the
light it receives – as they explore how the Earth and sun interact!
the terms rotation and revolution.
Have a volunteer demonstrate rotation with his or her body and then
with the globe. (You might reveal that spinning is another
word for rotation.) Next, let them know that the Earth rotates counterclockwise
on its axis. Have a volunteer demonstrate this. Ask students to notice
what happens to the light hitting your globe's school location. Ask,
What do you think each rotation represents? Explain your thinking.
(Each represents a 24-hour day during which every location has daylight
another volunteer to show how the Earth moves (revolves) around the
sun (also counterclockwise). Explain that the Xs represent different
seasons and that the Earth is not up and down on its axis, but always
tilted (23.5 degrees) with the North Pole facing the North Star at
all times. As the student walks around the sun slowly to represent
the earth’s revolution, remind him or her to spin the globe
quickly to also represent days passing. Ask, What do you think
one complete revolution represents? (A year or 365 ¼ days.)
a volunteer to stand at one of the Xs and rotate the earth to show
two days coming and going. Have another student take the globe and
move counterclockwise to the next X and do the same, and so on with
each season. Remind them to keep the North Pole pointing to the North
Star as they revolve around the sun from season to season. As they
do so, ask students to pay close attention to the sun's relationship
to their hometown during each season.
small groups to discuss which X they think is which season. You might
prompt them to focus on their hometown and discuss characteristics
of each season there: temperature, sunlight, and so on. They may want
to again examine the relationship between their hometown circle and
the lamplight on the globe. Also share this clue with them: the first
days of spring and fall are called the equinox, which is
related to the word equal.
each group write a label for each of the four seasons and place the
labels face down on what they think is the appropriate X. Then season
by season, turn over the labels and ask each group to explain its
thinking. Conflicts in labels should spark fertile discussions! Rather
than confirm answers at this point, you might want to conduct the
next couple of activities and revisit students’ ideas at the
end. Alternatively, you can pass out and discuss the Earth,
Sun, and Seasons drawing.
Students: Have students draw diagrams showing the relationship
between the earth and the sun as it would be on the day they are doing
this activity. Then have them sketch North and South America on their
"earth" and place a small x in the approximate location of
Younger Students: Give students this challenge question:
One day, a boy in Massachusetts is going skiing with his family. What
might a girl in Australia be doing?
(Also see these assessment tasks.)
Set up a model of the earth's annual revolution around the sun in the
classroom and keep it active all school year. Put the sun in the center
and create an Earth with the proper tilt. Mark a pathway the Earth will
follow on its 360-degree revolution. Mark both equinoxes and solstices
along the path. Try to make the model large enough so each week's changes
are visible. Once each week, have students move the earth to its proper
position in relation to the sun. | <urn:uuid:9b799f87-6f33-4a32-aacc-44d21a89d901> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/mclass/SeasonModel.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507447020.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005727-00311-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937765 | 977 | 4.09375 | 4 |
June 26, 1861
Messrs. Editors: Excepting our
privateers the Confederate States have not a ship at sea. We may safely originate plans for blowing up
the vessels employed in blockading our ports, without danger of being “boisted by our own ____.”
an attempt is not to be expected from Governmental Departments and Bureaus;
projectors, with their own “seething brains and shaping fantasies” are a terror
to them. Throughout our Southern
seaports, men of a mechanical turn and of the right spirit must go to work,
maturing the best plans for the destruction or the capture of every blockading
things invite the enterprise. From the
Chesapeake to the mouth of the Rio Grande, our coast is better fitted for submarine
warfare than any other in the world. It
has all been most minutely surveyed and mapped.
It has almost no tides, it has uniform currents, and a bottom always
sandy, seeming to invite adventurous feet to travel over it. It is possible “submarines” are now
traversing these sands, acquiring confidence in their new element and skill in
the use of their terrible engines of destruction. Experiments should be multiplied for fixing
upon the most effective form for the submarine shell, percussion cap for firing
the fuse, and especially the arrangements of the fatal wire—safe when not in
use, and inevitable when drawn upon and enemy.
All that one can do, we will do for the destruction of our invaders; but
we would rather capture them than kill them.
We will, as far as possible, heed the calls of humanity. If, in the course of a week or two, the
Niagara should see, by day, such a smoke rise nearby from the sea as she never
saw before, or by night, a rocket thrown by unseen hands, it will be an
invitation to her to come to an anchor under the guns of Ft. Morgan.
before any “submarines” have been drilled, shells may easily be planted all
over the cruising grounds of the blockading fleets, which cannot be sailed over
without exploding them.
I would have every hostile keel chased from our coast by submarine
propellers. The locomotive Diving Bell
is well known. The new vessel must be
cigar shaped for speed—made of plate iron, joined without external rivet-heads;
about 80 feet long, with a central section of about 4 by 8 feet—driven by a
spiral propeller, a ____ ____, or, (far better) by a steam engine, occupying
the ____ part of the boat. When its
bottom is tight, the Torpedo boat takes the surface like any other boat, a part
of the top folding back. Closing its
top, it sinks on getting a prize fairly in range and within striking
distance. A harpoon point, easily
separated from the forward end of the boat after being driven into the enemy’s
side, (some ten feet under water) carries the wire that holds the shell. The shock of the attack disengages the shell
from the bottom of the boat and strikes the percussion cap for igniting the
half minute fuse. The air pump, the
inhalation tubes, the eye glasses, are already used. The new Aneroid Barometer, made for increased
pressure, will enable the adventurer easily to decide his exact distance below
not tarnished with steam the torpedo boat should carry sail when on a
cruise. Two of them—each an outrigger to
the other—could spread so much ____ as to outsail all
briefest terms—are the efforts which skillful and patriotic men will
undoubtedly attempt forthwith. These outlines are freely given to our
enemies as well as friends—for in submarine warfare the invader has no resources.
Fulton failed in 1814, simply for the reason that he had neither friction
match, percussion cap nor safety fuse.
In the present state of the ____ ____ and the ____ sciences, it would be
a burning shame to the South if hostile ships should continue to venture upon
soundings near any of our harbors.
am preparing a detailed Memoir on Submarine Warfare, discussing matters not
proper to be spoken of here, illustrated with engravings. Copies of the pamphlets will be sent to the
Mayors and municipal authorities of Southern maritime cities.
from individuals must be made through the local authorities.
[Transcribed by Sharon Strout] | <urn:uuid:9f903f9f-4610-4195-bf13-5bb494452ebe> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://csanewspapers.com/States/Tennessee/Maury/1861_0626_Submarine.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488512243.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20210622063335-20210622093335-00294.warc.gz | en | 0.937068 | 971 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Online education is becoming a legitimate and viable option for education systems around the country. Both colleges and secondary schools are offering classes to students. In fact many states and schools are requiring students to take some method of mode of online learning. New York made major changes around seat time and face-to-face contact between student and teacher. The state's intentions are good. They want to move away the focus from seat time, and they want to offer courses that might be hard to offer in certain areas of the state to all students. With all these innovative systemic changes, one might think we are completely on the right track. I offer a word of caution.
Online education is in danger of replicating a system that isn't working. Yes, I wrote it. With all the potential for innovation that online education has to offer, we have fallen into the pitfall of replication. The keyword is "danger." There is much that online education can do to innovate the education system, and much that has already been done as a result. Yet most of the actual courses and pedagogical structures that are in place are simply replicating the traditional style of education.
What's the biggest positive effect of online education? It is causing schools to reevaluate and seek to answer the question: "Why do students need and want to go our schools?" In addition, online education is focusing on the learning, not time, a movement toward competency-based pathways, especially those championed by iNACOL, and moving conversations about student achievement in the right direction. Teaching and learning can be tailored to the specific student. Students complete work at their own pace and seek feedback and instruction as they need, rather than when the teacher decides. Students are immersed in a variety of technology tools and media, allowing for different ways to learn content.
With all these positive implications and results, what is missing? The pedagogical structures for most online courses is traditional and does not meet the needs of all students and the variety of learning styles that they come with. Although there might be a variety of media types, such as videos or music or reading, the lesson design is still in the "sage on the stage" mode, where the course knows the content and pushes it out on students. Although students might be asked to show what they know in different modalities, from a collage to a podcast, they mimic low-level performances of regurgitating knowledge for the teacher to assess. Grading practices are often poor, with arbitrary point values being given, rather than focus on the standards. Well-designed rubrics are not present for students, and if they are, the students are left to their devices to understand it. Revision mimics a typical essay from school, where only one draft is required. Although there might be discussion boards or other social media to collaborate, collaborative assessments and work are not present to create a true need to collaborate. Discussions boards, for example, are treated as a summative assessment, points in the grade book. Shouldn't it instead be used for the purpose is was created? It should be a place where collaboration and wrestling with rigorous questions can occur, not a punitive measure to "cattle prod" students into doing work. Courses are often not culturally responsive, nor are teachers trained in culturally responsive teaching and what it looks like online.
The good news is that there are some innovators out that are truly looking at online education to implement proven pedagogical practices that seek to engage students. Some schools are using project-based learning as their focus to create a need to know the online content and demand that students innovate and collaborate together, whether fully online or in a hybrid model. Game-based learning courses are starting to be developed where students engage in missions to learn important content and skills where timely feedback and incentives are the norm. Some online courses are completely standards-based, where students are graded on learning targets, not simply time and work.
What should you take away from this? We can do better. Parents should be asking tough questions around these concerns when they consider signing up their student for online classes. Course providers should be trying new and innovative practices and consider culture in the course design. Teachers need to trained in these new pedagogical methods, so that professional resources includes not only strategies and tools for teaching online, but a push toward an innovative art of teaching. All stakeholders should be actively involved in collaborating on courses with the content developers and push back when they see "the same old thing." Our students deserve the best possible education, not simply a replication of a system that has not served all our students. | <urn:uuid:1bfd95f9-25a3-470c-b544-b6f253d4e21f> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.huffpost.com/entry/online-education_b_921666 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780053918.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210916234514-20210917024514-00711.warc.gz | en | 0.969416 | 936 | 3 | 3 |
A new study has shown that the speed at which persons over 45 years of age walk could be an indicator of their brain and body age. The team of researchers from Duke University found that persons who walked slowly were more likely to have “accelerated aging” compared to those who walked faster. The study titled, “Association of Neurocognitive and Physical Function With Gait Speed in Midlife” was published in the latest issue of the JAMA Network Open.
Image Credit: Athapet Piruksa / Shutterstock
The team with the first author Line J.H. Rasmussen, a post-doctoral researcher in the Duke University department of psychology & neuroscience, found that on a 19 point scale that they prepared, slow walkers were more likely to have worse teeth and immune systems and also had worse lung functions compared to fast walkers. Not surprisingly, the slow walkers were in pooere shape compared to faster walkers, they explained. Rasmussen, in a statement said, “The thing that’s really striking is that this is in 45-year-old people, not the geriatric patients who are usually assessed with such measures.”
In a landmark finding, the team tested three year olds with neurocognitive tests and the IQ scores at three, language understanding, motor skills and emotional control and frustration tolerance of these toddlers could predict their walking age later in life at 45. Senior author of the study, Terrie E. Moffitt, the Nannerl O. Keohane University Professor of Psychology at Duke University, and Professor of Social Development at King’s College London, said in a statement, “Doctors know that slow walkers in their seventies and eighties tend to die sooner than fast walkers their same age. But this study covered the period from the preschool years to midlife, and found that a slow walk is a problem sign decades before old age.”
For this study thus the team had to follow up a group of nearly 1,000 individuals born in Dunedin, New Zealand in a single year and tested them as they grew older. The last tests applied were on 904 individuals between April 2017 and April 2019 at age 45. At age 45 they underwent MRI scans of their brains and it was noted that those who walked slowly had lesser brain mass compared to the fast walkers.
Total brain volume, mean cortex thickness, brain surface area were all reduced in slow walkers. In addition the white matter of their brains had more “hyperintensities” compared to fast walkers, the researchers noted. These hyperintensities were actually small lesions that were associated with blood vessels of the brain. The brains of slow walkers, wrote the researchers, were older than those of fast walkers the team found.
All the participants underwent physical tests and neurological and cognitive tests as children and every couple of years till they were 45. They noted that performance of the children at age three in intelligence, language and motor skills tests predicted their speed of walking and health when they were 45. They wrote that those children that had an average IQ 12 points lesser than others were slower walkers. These slow walkers had an average gait speed of 1.2m/s compared to fast walkers at an average speed of 1.75m/s.
In a further test the individuals’ facial age was also determined. Slow walkers tended to appear older to a panel of eight persons who screened the photographs. Rasmussen explained that speed of walking has been a measure of health for the elderly in several studies. This is the first time that it is being used for persons as young as 45. He added that this study followed them up for a long time to see the impact of speed of walking on their health. Rasmussen said, “It’s a shame we don’t have gait speed and brain imaging for them as children.” He added that when these individuals were children MRI had just been invented and it was a while before children could undergo MRI scans. However some signs of these children becoming slow walkers later in life were present he said. Rasmussen said. “We may have a chance here to see who’s going to do better health-wise in later life.” Several lifestyle choices could be responsible for slow walking and health of the slow walkers, he concluded.
The researchers explained that low calorie diets and several drugs could help slow the process of aging. Walking speed could help doctors determine the human aging process and also act as predictor of health they added. If a person is a slow walker, they could be screened for diseases earlier, the team said.
The study was supported by grants from US National Institute on Aging, the UK Medical Research Council, the Jacobs Foundation, the New Zealand Health Research Council, the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, the Lundbeck Foundation, the US National Science Foundation and the US National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
In a related study published in the BMJ, similar findings were noted. This study was titled, “Self-rated walking pace and all-cause, cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality: individual participant pooled analysis of 50 225 walkers from 11 population British cohorts.”
The researchers wrote that pace of walking was associated with risk of “premature mortality.” They looked at 11 population-based baseline surveys in England and Scotland conducted between 1994 and 2008 and included over fifty thousand walkers in their analysis.
They noted that increasing the pace of walking could reduce the risk of deaths due to any cause and deaths due to cardiovascular disease. Those over 50 years of age and who were not meeting the criteria of regular physical activity, also showed benefits of increasing their walking pace, the team wrote.
The authors of the study concluded, “Walking pace could be emphasised in public health messages, especially in situations when increase in walking volume or frequency is less feasible.”
Association of Neurocognitive and Physical Function With Gait Speed in Midlife,” Line Rasmussen, Avshalom Caspi, Anthony Ambler, et al. .JAMA Network Open, Oct. 11, 2019. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.13123, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2752818 | <urn:uuid:f98b065d-6fb7-4535-9372-1891c4c6f686> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.2share.info/uncategorized/signs-of-aging-detected-by-a-simple-walking-test-at-age-45-news-medical-net/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363337.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20211207075308-20211207105308-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.976781 | 1,321 | 3.125 | 3 |
2019 has been another record year for harbour seal pups observed in the Danish-Dutch-German Wadden Sea. The number of newborns was the highest and its percentage of the total August moult count is the second highest ever recorded. The Expert Group Seals (EG-Seals) of the Trilateral Wadden Sea Cooperation estimates a total of 40,800 harbour seals in their newly published “Trilateral surveys of Harbour Seals in the Wadden Sea and Helgoland in 2019”, based on trilaterally coordinated surveys in the Danish, Dutch and German parts of the Wadden Sea World Heritage site.
“For years now we have observed a very strong and stable harbour seal population,” states Bernard Baerends, Executive Secretary of the Common Wadden Sea Secretariat (CWSS). “These are especially good news when remembering the severe disturbances in the past decades, from human activities to outbreaks of the phocine distemper virus in 1988 and 2002, as well as influenza virus in 2014, all of which caused significant losses. We can safely assume that our measures and trilateral cooperation to protect the marine mammal and its habitat are showing real impact in leading to a thriving population.”
The trilaterally coordinated aerial surveys are conducted twice a year – during moulting season, when harbour seals spend more time on land, and during pupping season. During the moult in August 2019, a total of 27,763 harbour seals were observed in the Wadden Sea and Helgoland, which is a minor increase of one percent to 2018, yet the highest count recorded since the first counts in 1975. The EG-Seals state that the result is a continuation of the stabilizing trend seen since 2012 where the average annual growth rate has been 0.4%. Looking at the regions, the harbour seal population in the Danish Wadden Sea remains the same at 2,676. In Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea, 8,721 seals were counted (+1% compared to 2017; no numbers for 2018 available) and 8,772 in Lower Saxony and Hamburg (+9% from 2018). In the Netherlands the count slightly decreased by 7% (7,338 individuals). On Helgoland the highest regional growth was noted with 256 seals and an increase of 33% to 2018. Shifts in regional numbers may have different reasons, such as a variation in the survey date, varying numbers of seals hauling out, weather or a migration between areas. The latter underlines the significance of trilateral counts and that harbour seals in the Wadden Sea must be regarded as one large population.
During the 2019 pupping season in June 9,683 pups were counted in the Wadden Sea, which is the highest number registered yet (+2% to 2018). Divided into regions, in Schleswig-Holstein, where in 2018 a large increase was observed, a significant decrease was detected (-19% to 2018) with 3,723 pups counted. In Denmark, 919 pups were counted (+64%). In Lower Saxony and Hamburg an increase of 26% was noted with 2,711 pups. In the Netherlands 2,330 newborns were recorded (+6%).
The percentage of pups of the total August moult count was 35%, the second highest ever recorded. The EG-Seals concludes that this trend, which has been observed since 2012, is paradoxical, as one of the signs of a population approaching carrying capacity would be a decrease in pup production or pup survival. Nevertheless, pup production has increased and in order to investigate pup survival, comprehensive data has yet to be collected.
Harbour seals, as well as grey seals, are one of the iconic species of the region. Part of the Trilateral Wadden Sea Cooperation, the trilateral Expert Group Seals (EG-Seals) (former TSEG) coordinates the counts and harmonizes the data from across the Wadden Sea region. The harbour seal is trilaterally protected under the Agreement on the Conservation of Seals in the Wadden Sea (WSSA) concluded under the auspices of the UN Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). CWSS acts as the secretariat of WSSA. | <urn:uuid:2573f2b0-f31f-4091-b41f-2e4806e76d2b> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://waddensea-worldheritage.org/nl/news/harbour-seals-population-thriving-wadden-sea | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710953.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204004054-20221204034054-00160.warc.gz | en | 0.961532 | 872 | 3.078125 | 3 |
But Who Picks Those Locally Sourced Beets?
Friday, April 18, 2014
Margaret Gray, associate professor of political science at Adelphi University and the author of Labor and the Locavore: The Making of a Comprehensive Food Ethic (University of California Press, 2013), argues that the locavore movement needs to look at the labor practices of those small family farms.
Excerpt from the Introduction of Labor and the Locavore: The Making of a Comprehensive Food Ethic by Margaret Gray
Is local food an ethical alternative?
A September drive up the Taconic State Parkway or New York Thruway or a journey along one of the region’s rural roads offers storybook views of bountiful red and yellow fruit adorning rows of trees. The orchards of the Hudson Valley have been a staple of the agricultural region for several centuries. The twenty-first century has seen a revival of interest in the valley’s farms as consumers visit pick-your-own farms and pull over at farm stands. For local urbanites the Hudson Valley delivers; many of the goods on offer at farmers’ markets originate from the region. The media storm of food advocacy has increased our exposure to farming. We have a better feel for the seasonality of local produce; glossy photos help us see how our food grows (who expected okra to point up?); farmers’ struggles with the weather and pests are more fully understood; the nuances of the meaning of “free range” are no longer lost on us; and we read about the many tasks involved in farming from sunup to sundown.
What the orchards often hide and food writers tend to avoid are the stories of the farmworkers who staff these regional farms. Unheard is Marco’s complaint that his sixteen-hour workdays at minimum wage are destroying his body and Gloria’s desire for a seat during her long days packing apples. Although the 2000 case against upstate New York labor contractor Maria Garcia, who pleaded guilty to forced labor, received some media coverage, we usually do not get to read about how Hector was fired from his job and lost his home on the farm when he hurt his back trimming apple trees in icy conditions. Hidden are the conditions, the expectations, and the hopes of the farm labor force.
“I aimed at the public’s heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach.” So went the acerbic response of Upton Sinclair to the reception of his muckraking novel The Jungle about workers in Chicago’s slaughterhouses. The book’s profound impact ushered in a round of legislative protections—including the passage of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act and the 1906 Meat Inspection Act—along with a durable consensus about the need for consumer regulation and advocacy. However, neither public advocates nor policy makers responded in kind to Sinclair’s depiction of the low-wage immigrant work force and their deplorable workplace conditions. In much the same way, today’s burgeoning alternative food movement is in danger of repeating this injustice.
Food movement advocates and consumers, driven to forge alternatives to industrial agribusiness, have neglected the labor economy that underpins “local” food production. Consequently, the injunction to “buy local” promotes public health at the expense of protecting the well-being of the farmworkers who grow and harvest the much-coveted produce on regional farms.
The U.S. public has not been reluctant to recognize the exploitation of immigrant farmworkers on factory farms, which are part of the industrial, commodity food system. But the resurgence of interest in healthy food and sustainable agriculture among academic and popular writers has overlooked the role of hired labor in smaller-scale agrifood production. Instead, it has been borne along by an idealized, agrarian vision of soil-and-toil harmony on family farms. In a similar vein, it was once commonly assumed that organic fruits and vegetables were produced under more ethical conditions, until journalistic exposés and scholarly scrutiny demystified the category of “organic” by revealing how it was co-opted by big agribusiness, which influenced the weakening of federal organic standards. The “organic” label on a product no longer carries the automatic imprimatur of morally superior food.
Despite the veneer of ethical production, it remains the case that local or small agricultural producers are driven by market dictates and regulatory norms that render their approach to labor relations more or less undistinguishable from those of larger, commodity-oriented, industrial farms.
Localism trades on the ideals of agrarianism and the self-reliant yeomanry, ideals that have written out of their record the role of hired labor. In correcting the record, and making a case for expanding the ethical reach of food justice, this book explicates the hidden costs of agrarianist dogma and the human consequences flowing from policy makers’ neglect of these costs.
Food writers have promoted locavore diets as wholesome and righteous alternatives to the capitalist-industrial food system, and many small farmers have seen their businesses thrive on the back of this new consumer trend. In the public mind, eating locally resonates with eighteenth-century republican ideals about self-sufficiency that hark back to the nation’s origins. Yet countering the influence of this Jeffersonian romanticism is the growing public awareness, stimulated by heightened scrutiny of immigration, of the fact that small farms, like their factory farm counterparts, are largely staffed by noncitizen, immigrant laborers, and specifically undocumented workers and foreign guest workers.
The insourcing of this cheap immigrant labor, a longstanding practice in large farming states and metropolitan areas, is now widespread in smaller farming states, as well as most service industries and in a range of suburban and smaller urban locations. Yet the prevailing mentality within the alternative food movement has not absorbed this reality. Promoting ethical consumption and demanding a shift to sustainable and just agriculture rarely include a call for justice for farmworkers. Food advocates and their organizations display a tendency to conflate local, alternative, sustainable, and fair as a compendium of virtues against the factory farm that they so vigorously demonize. Yet this equation discourages close scrutiny of the labor dynamics by which small farms maintain their operations.
Following the logic espoused by the food movement, the moral scrutiny of food production should focus in part on the livelihoods of those who labor in the fields. In other words, for food politics to truly promote public health, improving workers’ conditions should be considered as important as protecting watersheds or shielding animals from pain and stress. With so much laudatory attention heaped on the small producers, their employees, by right, should be afforded the same high moral estimate. In addition, sustainability in all areas of life is increasingly recognized as an inherently valuable goal.
Ethical eaters should be concerned if their own health and livelihoods are advanced at the expense of others. Exposés of the high cost of cheap food, which count the external environmental costs of industrial food production, do a disservice to readers by neglecting the farm work force. The same principle should be applied to the local farm ecosystem. A better understanding of immigrant workers’ role as the mainstay of U.S. agriculture is necessary if the new generation of ethical farming is going to provide sustainable jobs.
Promoting local food justice in terms of environmental protection, animal welfare, and saving small farms from the auctioneer or the bulldozer is an admirable goal for those interested in an alternative to the capitalist-industrial food system. But if a food ethic that values environmental, economic, and social goals is to extend to all those involved in production, then it must entail active support for workers’ rights with a view to improving the livelihoods of the laborers. The research presented in this book—about the labor economy of regional farms in the Hudson Valley region of New York State—is an effort to take on that challenge. This book questions the underlying power systems that shape the way we understand our food systems, large and small, and invites readers to consider what it means to embrace a more comprehensive food ethic.
From the book [Labor and the Locavore: The Making of a Comprehensive Food Ethic] . Copyright (c) 2013 by Margaret Gray. Reprinted by permission of University of California Press. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:db209b0e-76cf-4eda-b68c-f506c9ca4947> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.wnyc.org/story/who-picks-those-locally-sourced-beets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657139395.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011219-00058-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949516 | 1,727 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Houttuynia cordata 'Chameleon'
Photo Courtesy of Walters Gardens, Inc.
| ||Common Name: Chameleon Plant|
Common Name (Alternative): Tricolor Houttuynia
A spectacular show of color! Depending on how much sunlight is available, the Chameleon plant changes color, hence the common name. In shady areas, the leaves will be variegated green and cream. With more sun, they will take on striking hues of yellow, pink, and scarlet red. In early summer, nickel-sized, white flowers appear sporadically.
Houttuynia is a groundcover that is very easy to grow just about anywere. Its main requirement is consistant moisture, and it can even grow in shallow water. It is a vigorous grower, and care must be taken to prevent it from overrunning the garden. A root barrier is recommended or plants can be grown in deep, bottomless containers in ponds.
Origin: Not Native to North America
Sun or Shade?:
Full sun (> 6 hrs. direct sun)
Part shade (4-6 hrs. direct sun)
Full shade (< 4 hrs. direct sun)
Wet or dry?:
Consistent water needs
Need critter resistant plants?:
How fast should it grow?:
When should it bloom?:
How's your soil?:
Sweet or Sour Soil?:
Acidic Soil (pH < 7.0)
Neutral Soil (pH = 7.0)
Alkaline Soil (pH > 7.0)
What's your garden style?:
Houttuynia can be grown in any light conditions and moist to wet soil. It's not hard to grow this plant, but it is challenging to contain once it is established. Care should be taken to curb its invasive habits. This plant also breaks dormancy relatively late in the season, but its rapid growth more than makes up for this. | <urn:uuid:109df1da-18ff-4e25-9bf7-a6bee7030149> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.perennialresource.com/plants/general-perennial/533_houttuynia-cordata-chameleon.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163915534/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133155-00035-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.848418 | 412 | 2.984375 | 3 |
On this date in 1838, composer Georges Bizet, ne Alexandre Cesar Leopold Bizet, was born in Paris. The musical prodigy entered the Paris Conservatoire at age nine. Over the next decade Bizet won virtually every prize available, including the Prix de Rome. Bizet refused a career as a concert pianist in order to compose operas. He wrote about 30, none particularly successful, until he composed "Carmen" in 1875, based on Prosper Merimee's book about a Spanish gypsy girl. "Carmen" was controversial not only because of its humble subject matter and passionate sweep, but for the fact that the libretto was written in French, and (scandalously) could be understood by the audience. Criticism and a lukewarm reception closed the play after a brief run, although the composers of Bizet's day praised it. The dejected composer, who suffered from ill health, died of a heart attack three months later at the age of 36, never knowing "Carmen" would become the best-known, best-loved and most produced opera in history. Bizet also wrote "Jeux d'Enfants," 12 charming piano duets. Bizet was a rationalist. As a young man, struggling with his religious and philosophical views, Bizet was asked by his Academy to write a Mass. Preferring to write a comedy, he replied: "I don't want to write a mass before being in a state to do it well, that is a Christian. I have therefore taken a singular course to reconcile my ideas with the exigencies of Academy rules. They ask me for something religious: very well, I shall do something religious, but of the pagan religion. . . . I have always read the ancient pagans with infinite pleasure, while in Christian writers I find only system, egoism, intolerance, and a complete lack of artistic taste." D. 1875.
“Religion is a means of exploitation employed by the strong against the weak; religion is a cloak of ambition, injustice and vice . . . . Truth breaks free, science is popularized, and religion totters; soon it will fall, in the course of centuries--that is, tomorrow. . . . In good time we shall only have to deal with reason.”
—Georges Bizet, from Bizet, by William Dean. Colier Books, 1962
Compiled by Annie Laurie Gaylor
© Freedom From Religion Foundation. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:4f69712f-a72e-4264-9d43-d4bf813269a9> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://ffrf.org/news/day/dayitems/item/14613-georges-bizetgeorges-bizetgeorges-bizetgeorges-bizetgeorges-bizetgeorges-bi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170993.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00518-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968625 | 536 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Hidden documents connect us to a concentration camp survivor
At first glance, the tiny brown-paper books look completely ordinary. Opening them, you find their small pages filled with penciled text, smudged from handling and the passage of time. A reader with a knowledgeable eye might discern that they are written in Polish. Told that they date from the Second World War, the picture may start to become clearer.
The tiny volumes, written and carefully concealed by their author, are in fact cookbooks and a diary kept at great personal risk by a female prisoner sent to the Bergen-Belsen, Ravensbruck and finally the Kleinmachnow concentration camps during World War II.
These fragile slips of paper are documents that form the basis of a case study on camp prisoner Irena Matusiak, contained in the first module of The Virtual Museum of the Holocaust and the Resistance, recently launched by McMaster University Library. Funded in part by a generous gift from benefactors Monte and Madeleine Levy, the Virtual Museum will eventually consist of five modules that, together, tell some of the horrific and heroic stories of the Holocaust and Resistance, connecting us to that time and reminding us of the great human cost.
The first module focuses on the experience of Jews, political prisoners, and other persecuted groups in the many concentration camps, transit camps, and prisons located throughout Nazi-controlled Europe. It consists of a series of case studies that weave together letters and first-person accounts from archival collections in the Library’s William Ready Division of Archives and Research Collections with clips from oral histories in the USC Shoah Foundation’s Visual History Archive and narrative text that interprets and contextualizes these rich primary sources.
Additional modules will roll out over the next year and include: Module 2: World War, 1939-1945, Jewish Underground Resistance collection; Module 3: Allied and German propaganda distributed by air drops and shelling; Module 4: The Underground Resistance in Europe; and Module 5: Nazi culture, the Holocaust, and anti-Semitism.
To read the case study on Irena Matusiak, and the other case studies, please visit library.mcmaster.ca/archives/virtualmuseum. To see the original documents, stop by the Division of Archives and Research Collections on the Lower Level of Mills.
Related story: "Tiny Holocaust diaries major find". The Hamilton Spectator, November 9, 2012. | <urn:uuid:0223a144-56bf-4f8f-bbbf-089485b70177> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://library.mcmaster.ca/news/22306 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500836108.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021356-00292-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90978 | 496 | 3.1875 | 3 |
This paper here goes into some detail about how Mars' experiences its own form of 'ice ages' on a quasi periodic basis driven by the wobbling of its axis. The main mechanism outlined is that the stability of water ice on the surface increases with increased obliquity. This is in contrast to Earth when at high obliquity there is increased polar summer insolation leading to metling. What is the difference?
On a more discussion based addition to the question, could factors such as ice albedo and other feedback loops play a similar role in Mars' ice ages that they do in Earth's ice ages?
I have also asked this at the Astronomy stack exchange here | <urn:uuid:b94ff677-e265-417c-b985-adcaedaa41be> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://earthscience.stackexchange.com/questions/2149/why-does-mars-experience-an-ice-age-at-high-axis-obliquity-when-earth-experi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738351.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200808194923-20200808224923-00169.warc.gz | en | 0.975565 | 140 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Loci and natural alleles for cadmium-mediated growth responses revealed by a genome wide association study and transcriptome analysis in rice
BMC Plant Biology volume 21, Article number: 374 (2021)
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that is harmful to the environment and human health. Cd pollution threatens the cultivation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in many countries. Improving rice performance under Cd stress could potentially improve rice productivity.
In this study, 9 growth traits of 188 different cultivated rice accessions under normal and Cd stress conditions were found to be highly variable during the seedling stage. Based on ~3.3 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 119 Cd-mediated growth response (CGR) quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified by a genome-wide association study (GWAS), 55 of which have been validated by previously reported QTL and 64 were new CGR loci. Combined with the data from the GWAS, transcriptome analysis, gene annotations from the gene ontology (GO) Slim database, and annotations and functions of homologous genes, 148 CGR candidate genes were obtained. Additionally, several reported genes have been found to play certain roles in CGRs. Seven Cd-related cloned genes were found among the CGR genes. Natural elite haplotypes/alleles in these genes that increased Cd tolerance were identified by a haplotype analysis of a diverse mini core collection. More importantly, this study was the first to uncover the natural variations of 5 GST genes that play important roles in CGRs.
The exploration of Cd-resistant rice germplasm resources and the identification of elite natural variations related to Cd-resistance will help improve the tolerance of current major rice varieties to Cd, as well as provide raw materials and new genes for breeding Cd-resistant varieties.
Cadmium (Cd) is a well-known heavy metal element that has a long decomposition cycle, easy migration, high toxicity, and is difficult to degrade, thereby posing a major threat to environmental safety and harming human health through the food chain in the form of biological enrichment . Cd results in harmful pathogenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenesis effects on the human body, including bone pain caused by chronic Cd poisoning [2, 3]. Cd is not an essential element for plant growth and has adverse effects on growth. When Cd accumulates to a certain extent, plants exhibit toxic symptoms, stunted root growth, and inhibited absorption of water and nutrients, leading to a series of physiological metabolic disorders, including blocked chlorophyll, sugar and protein synthesis, decreased photosynthesis, and altered enzymatic activities, which ultimately lead to reduced yield . Cd destroys plant roots by altering RNA synthesis and proton pump activity, and can replace essential elements, including sulfur, calcium, and magnesium, thereby leading to a shortage of these essential elements . Cd mainly binds to proteins in plants and affects their growth and development by interfering with enzymatic activities, resulting in growth disorders . However, the genetic basis of Cd effects on rice growth remains poorly studied.
Recently, several rice genes have been reported to be involved in the uptake and transport of Cd, including OsIRT1 , OsIRT2, OsNRAMP1 , OsNramp5 , OsHMA3 , OsHMA2 , OsLCT1 , CAL1 , OsCd1 , OsZIP1 , LCD , and OsCCX2 . Among them, OsNramp5 are responsible for transporting Cd from the apoplast to root cells. OsHMA3 in the tonoplast selectively sequestrates Cd into vacuoles and OsHMA2 and CAL1 transport Zn and Cd from the roots to shoots. OsLCT1, a transporter gene for Cd transport in the phloem, regulates grain Cd accumulation. However, to date, only 3 quantitative trait loci (QTL) (i.e., OsHMA3, CAL1, and OsCd1) have been cloned [10, 13, 14]. Three genes (i.e., OsPCS1, OsPCS2, and OsCLT1) have been found to be involved in the chelation of Cd [18,19,20] and OsPCS2 was more strongly activated by Cd than by As(III) [21,22,23]. Additionally, the auxin transporter, OsAUX1, is involved in primary root and root hair elongation and Cd stress responses in rice . Although our knowledge of the genetic control of Cd uptake and accumulation in rice has gradually increased, the molecular characteristics of these genes and other genes remain to be identified.
Phytoremediation techniques for Cd contamination in soil has received increasing attention [25, 26]. It has been reported that different rice varieties have different Cd tolerance [27, 28]. In order to cultivate Cd-tolerant rice varieties, it is important to explore the genetic factors that control Cd-mediated growth responses (CGRs). Genome-wide association study (GWAS) is an effective tool for exploiting elite alleles that control important agronomic traits in germplasm resources [29,30,31,32]. Wu et al. performed a GWAS using 100 barley accessions and identified 9 QTL for root Cd, 21 for shoot Cd, 15 for grain Cd, and 14 for root-to-shoot Cd translocation. Zhao et al. detected 14 QTL for Cd accumulation in rice grain from a collection of 312 rice accessions by a GWAS. Recently, the grain Cd accumulation QTL, OsCd1, which belongs to the major facilitator superfamily, was identified by a GWAS based on 127 rice cultivars . Thus, GWAS for CGRs would aid us to identify more excellent natural variations related to Cd-tolerant.
This study investigated the responses of rice growth to high Cd stress. Based on a GWAS and transcriptome analysis, Cd-tolerant germplasm resources were explored and elite natural variations associated with Cd-resistance were identified. Collectively, these results serve as a resource for potentially improving the tolerance of current major cultivars to Cd and provide useful information for cloning candidate genes in future studies.
Phenotypic variation of 9 seedling growth traits under normal and Cd stress conditions
A collection of 188 cultivated rice accessions, consisting of 80 indica, 83 temperate japonica, and 25 tropical japonica, obtained from a mini-core collection of rice in China and other regions of the world, were used in this study [35, 36] (Table S1). This collection represents a large variation of geographical origins and genetic diversity. Various root and shoot traits at the seedling stage were investigated under normal and Cd stress conditions (Table S1), including the sum of root length (SRL), root area (RA), superficial area of roots (SA), root volume (RV), root diameter (RD), maximum root length (MRL), shoot length (SL), shoot weight (SW), and root weight (RW). Compared to normal conditions, 8 traits (i.e., SRL, RA, SA, RV, MRL, SL, SW, and RW) decreased in varying degrees after Cd treatment (Table 1), while 5 traits (i.e., SRL, RA, SA, RV, and RW) were more sensitive, especially RV. These results were consistent with the findings of previous studies that found that Cd stress may inhibit the growth of seedlings [37, 38]. RD did not change under Cd stress, indicating that the growth of root thickness was not affected by Cd. MRL was also less affected by Cd. In order to study the effects of Cd on rice growth, the ratios of the values under Cd stress versus the values under normal conditions (G/N) were used to measure CGRs. Considering the large genetic differences between subspecies, CGR indices among indica, temperate japonica, and tropical japonica rice were compared. The SW and RW indices for temperate japonica were higher than indica (P = 0.038 and 0.040, respectively), while the SL index for temperate and tropical japonica was less than indica (P = 0.0006 and 0.007, respectively). Indica and tropical japonica had similar RA (P = 0.59), SA (P = 0.66), and RV (P = 0.98) values, and the RV value of indica were lower than temperate japonica (P = 0.035). There were no differences in SRL values between subspecies (P > 0.05).
The CGRs of germplasm resources exhibited a great deal of variation (Fig. 1). The variation ranges of SA, SRL, RA, RV, SW, and RW were large, while the variation ranges of RD, MRL, and SL were relatively small. High correlation coefficients were detected for SRL, RA, SA and RV indices (Fig. S1). High correlation coefficients (> 0.65) were also detected between RW and SW, RA, SA, and RV indices. Low correlation coefficients (< 0.2) were detected between RD, MRL and SL indices, suggesting that there were distinct genetic architectural differences among these indices and that a high MRL index did not indicate enhanced SL index.
Identification of QTL for CGRs by GWAS
A GWAS was performed to identify QTL for CGR traits under an expedited mixed linear model approach (EMMAX program) based on ~3.3 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with missing rates of ≤ 30% and a minor allele frequency (MAF) > 0.05 covering the whole rice genome (MAF) [31, 39]. Thirteen, 9, 12, 14, 22, 8, 5, 13 and 23 CGR QTL were obtained for SA, SRL, RA, RV, SW, RD, MRL, SL and RW indices, respectively (Fig. 2, S2 and S3; Table S2). There were several common QTL intervals among the different CGR indices (Table S2). Eight common QTL were detected among SA, RA and SRL, indicating that they were pleiotropic (Table S2). There were twenty-two common QTL between two CGR indices, and 1 common QTL were detected between six CGR indices. However, there were no common QTL detected between MRL and RD indices, which was consistent with a low correlation (Fig. S1).
Comparison of GWAS results with reported QTL/genes
The genomic positions of known Cd-related functional genes with the QTL intervals obtained in this study were compared. Seven genes were co-localized with the associated sites (Figs. 2 and 3; Table S2). OsAUX1, an auxin transporter involved in primary root and root hair elongation, and in rice Cd stress responses , was located in the linkage disequilibrium (LD) region where the qSRL1.1, qRA1.1, qSA1.1, qRV1.3, and qSL1.3 loci were detected (Table S3). CAL1 is a gene that encodes a defensin-like protein acted on by chelating Cd in the cytosol and facilitates Cd secretion to extracellular spaces. It was previously found to lower cytosolic Cd concentration, while driving long-distance Cd transport via xylem vessels . In this study, CAL1 was detected in the LD region of the qSRL2.1, qRA2.1, qSA2.1, qRV2.1, and qSW2.4 loci. OsHMA2, a major transporter of Zn and Cd from roots to shoots, was located in the region of the qSRL6.1/ qRA6.1/ qSA6.1 loci. OsCLT1 encodes a CRT-like transporter 1 and functions as an important component of glutathione homeostasis and Cd tolerance in rice roots . In this study, it was located in the region of the qSW1.1 and qRW1.2 loci. OsCd1, a major facilitator superfamily gene involved in root Cd uptake that contributes to grain accumulation in rice, was located in the region of the qSW3.1 and qRW3.1 loci. OsLCT1, a low-affinity cation transporter for phloem Cd transport in plants, was located in the region of the qRD6.1 and qSL6.6 loci. OsHMA3, a P1B-type heavy metal ATPase that transports Cd into the vacuoles for sequestration , was located in the region of the qRW7.1 locus.
Moreover, the localization of associated sites detected in this study were compared with previously detected Cd-related QTL from the linkage mapping and GWAS of previous studies [14, 27, 42,43,44,45,46]. A total of 55 associated sites were co-localized with 28 previously reported QTL (Fig. 3; Table S2). Specifically, qSRL3.1, qRA3.2, qSA3.2, qRV3.3, and qSW3.2 were all located in the regions of qSRR3 (SRR, shoot/root ratio of Cd concentration) ; qSRL8.1, qRA8.1, qSA8.1, and qRV8.1, were located in the region of qRDW8.2 (RDW, root dry weight); qSRL9.1, qRA9.1, and qSA9.1, were located in the region of qLR-9; qRA3.4, qSA3.4, and qRV3.5, were located in the region of qCd3 (Cd, grain Cd content). These results indicate the important roles of repeatable QTL detected by linkage mapping and GWAS, and these QTL may be related to each other.
Elite alleles in 7 cloned genes for CGR
To better understand the natural variation of 7 known genes, haplotype analyses were performed using all of the non-synonymous SNPs within their ORFs and promoters. Twelve SNPs in the promoter and 2 non-synonymous SNPs (i.e., Chr1_36999122 and Chr1_36999123) were detected at the OsAUX1 locus, which play important roles in response to Cd stress and root development . Four distinct haplotypes, including 2 major haplotypes, Hap.1 and Hap.2, were identified based on the 14 SNPs in cultivated rice and exhibited a large genetic difference between indica and japonica (Fig. 4a). Hap.1 was mostly present in temperate and tropical japonica, while Hap.2 was mostly present in indica. Significant differences in CGR indices (i.e., RV, SW and RW) were detected between Hap.1 and Hap.2 (Fig. 4e). Accessions with the Hap.1 genotype had higher RV, SW and RW indices than accessions of other haplotypes, indicating Cd tolerance in seedlings.
A total of 8 SNPs (MAF ≥ 0.05) in OsCd1 identified 4 haplotypes (Fig. 4b). The vast majority of indica accessions were Hap.1, while japonica accessions were Hap.2 or Hap.3. Accessions carrying Hap.1 showed lower RV, SW and RW indices than japonica carrying Hap.2 or Hap.3 (Fig. 4f). Furthermore, recent studies revealed that accessions with OsCd1D449 have higher grain Cd concentrations compared to those with OsCd1V449 , which also exhibit a lower Cd transport ability, suggesting that the missense mutation, V449D, is responsible for the divergence of rice CGRs between indica and japonica. Interestingly, 2 indica accessions with higher CGR indices were Hap.3, indicating that elite japonica alleles had been introgressed into indica accessions through breeding (Fig. 4b).
Recently, Liu et al. reported that variations in OsHMA3 contributed to differential grain Cd accumulation between indica and japonica. Here, 6 non-synonymous SNPs (i.e., Chr7_7408467, Chr7_7408183, Chr7_7407112, Chr7_7406920, Chr7_7406728, and Chr7_7406505) and 8 SNPs in the promoter of OsHMA3 revealed 2 major haplotypes, Hap.1 and Hap.2 (Fig. 4c). Hap.1 contained most indica rice and was associated with lower RV, SW, and RW indices. In contrast, Hap.2 contained most temperate and tropical japonica rice and was associated with higher RV, SW and RW indices (Fig. 4g). Similarly, 3 major haplotypes were detected in OsCLT1 with Hap.1 was associated with higher RV, SW, and RW indices (Fig. 4d and h); its frequency was high in temperate and tropical japonica, but low in indica.
Three of 16 SNPs (i.e., Chr6_29481363, Chr6_29481366 and Chr6_29481398) in the promoter region of OsHMA2 distinguished 2 distinct major haplotypes, Hap.1 and Hap.2 (Fig. S4a). The RV, SW and RW indices of Hap.1 were significantly higher than Hap.2 (Fig. S4d). Additionally, a premature termination codon mutation, K153* of Hap.3 was detected in OsHMA2. Hap.3 also had higher RV, SW and RW indices, but lower frequency.
Nine SNPs in the promoter and 1 non-synonymous SNP (i.e., Chr2_25190881) of CAL1 revealed 3 major haplotypes (Fig. S4b). Most japonica carried Hap.2 and the difference in the number of indica rice of three major haplotypes was small. Hap.1 had higher CGR indices than Hap.3 in indica (Fig. S4e). However, there was no significant phenotypic difference between Hap.3 and Hap.4, indicating that the non-synonymous SNP could not be the cause of the variation affecting RV, SW and RW indices. These results suggest that the codon sequences in CAL1 for maintaining protein function were highly conserved and that the phenotypic differences among haplotypes could be caused by differences in the expression levels of germplasm resources, which was consistent with a previous study on CAL1 that found that it positively regulated the Cd contents in the leaves and xylem sap .
Only 2 haplotypes were detected by 13 non-synonymous SNPs and 10 SNPs in the promoter of OsLCT1. All of the indica accessions were belonged to Hap.2 (Fig. S4c). Both Hap.1 and Hap.2 had temperate japonica and tropical japonica rice accessions. RV and SW indices of Hap.1 were higher than Hap.2 (Fig. S4f).
Differentially expressed rice genes in response to Cd stress from RNA-Seq data
To investigate the transcriptomic response of rice to Cd stress, an RNA-Seq analysis was performed on 3 Cd-tolerant varieties (CTVs) and 3 Cd-sensitive varieties (CSVs) under normal and Cd stress conditions (Fig. S5; Table S1). RNA-Seq data of 3 biological replicates were combined to screen the common DEGs in each variety. RNA-Seq data of 3 Cd-tolerant varieties and 3 Cd-sensitive varieties were combined to screen the common DEGs in all CTVs and CSVs, respectively. A total of 2,528 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that respond to Cd stress were identified. More DEGs were identified in CTVs (1,068 up-regulated and 773 down-regulated genes) than CSVs (712 up-regulated and 729 down-regulated genes) under Cd stress (Fig. S5). According to the gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, the up-regulated DEGs in CSVs were highly enriched in oxidation reduction, zinc ion transmembrane transport, and tetrapyrrole, heme and iron ion binding, while down-regulated DEGs were enriched in oxidoreductase, carbohydrate metabolic processes, hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounds and apoplast (Fig. S6; Table S4). Genes enriched in the GO terms oxidation reduction, aminoglycan catabolic process, heme binding and iron ion binding were up-regulated, while genes enriched in the GO terms photosynthesis, oxidoreductase activity, thylakoid and photosynthetic membrane were down-regulated in CTVs (Fig. S7; Table S5). Interestingly, the down-regulated genes in CSVs enriched in hydrolase activity, hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounds, endopeptidase inhibitor activity, and peptidase inhibitor activity were up-regulated in CTVs (Figs. S6 and S7).
There were 476 co-up-regulated and 278 co-down-regulated genes among CTVs and CSVs (Fig. 5a and b; Table S6). The GO analysis revealed that these common genes were enriched in oxidation reduction, tetrapyrrole binding, heme binding, metal ion transmembrane transport, and phenylpropanoid metabolic processes (Fig. 5c and d). For CTV-specific DEGs, up-regulated genes were enriched in oxidation reduction, iron ion binding, and heme binding, while down-regulated genes were enriched in photosynthesis, thylakoid, and photosynthetic membrane (Fig. S8; Table S7). Chitin has selective permeability in material transport and plays a role in attracting cations [49,50,51,52]. Interestingly, genes enriched in the GO term, chitin metabolic process, were up-regulated in CTVs (Fig. S8), suggesting that chitin may be associated with CGRs in CTVs. The term oxidation reduction in biological process and the term oxidoreductase activity in molecular function were the most significant GO terms in CTV-specific up-regulated terms and they contained 29 cytochrome P450, 8 peroxidase precursor, 7 dehydrogenase, 4 flavin-containing monooxygenase family protein, and 3 NADP-dependent oxidoreductase genes, which could help to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS)-relevant oxidative damage (Fig. S8; Table S7). The terms photosynthesis in biological process and the term membrane in cellular component in CTV-specific down-regulated terms contained 25 genes related to photosynthesis and 13 transporters genes, which may function in plant growth and Cd transport.
Determination of candidate genes within CGR QTL by integrated genomic and transcriptomic analyses
The CGR loci identified by GWAS provided important clues for understanding the genetic architecture of the observed variations in rice growth under Cd stress. To identify the candidate genes responsible for each CGR locus, based on the LD decay values in indica and japonica (123 kb and 167 kb, respectively), all of the genes within 200 kb of the most significant SNPs were extracted and the data derived from the RNA-Seq analysis, the gene ontology (GO) Slim analysis , and their annotations and functions of homologous genes were considered. Firstly, there were 1,594 genes in intervals of 119 CGR QTL, including 921 clearly annotated genes (Table S8). Eighty-eight candidate genes from 74 CGR QTL were obtained by the integrated genomic and transcriptomic analyses (Table S9). Enriched GO terms of common genes between the GWAS and RNA-Seq analysis included response to stimulus (GO:0050896), transporter activity (GO:0005215), electron carrier activity (GO:0009055), and iron ion binding (GO:0005506) (Fig. S9). Secondly, in order to identify Cd-related membrane transporters in rice, a GO Slim analysis was conducted and the genes related to membrane and transport were selected as important candidate genes. Altogether, 53 candidate genes from 48 CGR QTL located on 12 chromosomes were found to be associated transport and membrane (Fig. S10; Table S10). Thirdly, according to the function of gene annotations and homologous genes, 12 candidate genes in 13 QTL intervals were identified (Table S11). By applying these approaches, a total of 148 genes from 85 CGR QTL were identified, being selected as potential candidate genes for each of the loci controlling CGR traits in rice (Table S11). Among them, 7 cloned Cd-related genes (i.e., OsCd1, OsAUX1, OsHMA2, OsHMA3, OsCLT1, CAL1 and OsLCT1) were identified for the CGR genes. More importantly, some reported genes also identified in this study (i.e., OsATX1, OsBOR3, OsTIP2, OsZIP8, OsVAMP714, OsHMA5, OsCAX1b, QHB, OsABI5, UbL402, OsGA20ox1/qEPD2/GNP1 and OsUGE1) were found to play certain roles in CGRs.
Haplotype analyses of 6 QTL genes for CGRs
Among the closely associated candidate genes, several reported genes had no evidence regarding their functions in the control of CGR traits. Six of these genes (i.e., OsGSTU31 (LOC_Os10g38189), OsGSTU6.1 (LOC_Os10g38340), OsGSTU6.2 (LOC_Os10g38360), OsGSTU21 (LOC_Os10g38150), OsGSTU32 (LOC_Os10g38314), and OsATX1) were selected for functional analyses as case studies.
One QTL (i.e., qSW10.2/qRW10.2) controlling both SW and RW on chromosome 10 was identified by GWAS and 38 genes were in the interval. Among them, 5 candidate genes, all encoding glutathione S-transferase (GST), were up-regulated under Cd stress according to the transcriptomic data (Table S11). Using the MSU Rice Genome Annotation (Osa1) Release 7 for annotated genes, 20 GST genes in or around this QTL interval were identified, 12 of which were co-up-regulated under Cd stress (Tables S4 and S5). The tolerance of plant cells to toxic elements is highly dependent on glutathione metabolism. First, GST proteins indirectly act on Cd accumulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) by maintaining the antioxidant flavonoid pool . GSTs detoxify cytotoxic substrates and ameliorate their toxicity by catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione to substrates . These findings suggest that this gene cluster could play an important role in the CGRs of rice. Further investigations were conducted to analyze the haplotypes of 5 GST genes within this QTL. Four SNPs in the promoter and 6 non-synonymous SNPs (i.e., Chr10_20449102, Chr10_20449187, Chr10_20449235, Chr10_20449241, Chr10_20449359, and Chr10_36999971) were detected in OsGSTU31. Three distinct haplotypes, including 2 major haplotypes, Hap.2 and Hap.3, were identified based on the 10 aforementioned SNPs and exhibited large genetic differences between indica and japonica (Fig. 6a). Hap.2 contained most temperate and tropical japonica, while Hap.3 contained the most indica. Significant differences in CGR indices were detected between Hap.2 and Hap.3 (Fig. 6e). Accessions with the Hap.2 genotype had higher RV, SW, and RW indices than accessions of other haplotypes and exhibited Cd tolerance in seedlings. Four non-synonymous SNPs and 11 SNPs in the promoter of OsGSTU6.1 revealed 2 major haplotypes, Hap.1 and Hap.3 (Fig. 6b). Hap.1 contained most japonica and was associated with higher RV, SW, and RW indices. In contrast, Hap.3 contained most Indica and was associated with lower RV, SW, and RW indices (Fig. 6f). Similarly, 2 major haplotypes were detected in OsGSTU6.2, OsGSTU21, and OsGSTU32 with Hap.1, Hap.3, and Hap.2 associated with higher RV, SW, and RW values, respectively (Fig. 6c, g and S11). Their frequency was high in temperate and tropical japonica, but low in indica.
There were 14 annotated genes in the qSRL8.2 QTL interval (Table S5). A heavy metal-associated domain containing protein, OsATX1 (LOC_Os08g10480), was detected, which was reported to exhibit the heterologous expression of OsATX1 in a Cd-sensitive mutant of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), Δycf1, which increased the tolerance to Cd by decreasing their respective concentrations in transformed yeast cells . Interestingly, no polymorphism was detected in the code region of OsATX1 among rice accessions, suggesting that the sequences in OsATX1 for maintaining protein function were highly conserved. Twelve SNPs in the promoter region of OsATX1 revealed 2 major haplotypes and Hap.1 was predominant and associated with higher RV, SW, and RW indices than Hap.4 (Fig. 6d, h). These results suggest that phenotypic differences among different haplotypes could be caused by differences in the expression levels of OsATX1 among rice accessions.
The growth and development of rice are inhibited under Cd stress. Whether low grain Cd rice or high shoot Cd rice varieties for phytoremediation, both of these varieties were required to grow well under Cd stress. Using rice mini-core germplasms to systematically study the differences in rice growth responses to Cd, Cd-tolerant varieties and Cd-sensitive varieties were screened in this study in order to identify Cd-tolerant genes. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first attempt to conduct a GWAS for CGR traits. In total, 119 QTL for CGRs were identified, 55 of which overlapped with previously reported Cd-related QTL. Based on an integrated analysis strategy, a total of 148 candidate genes for CGRs, including 7 cloned Cd-related genes, were identified. Elite alleles of 13 genes were investigated and will serve as potential candidates for the genetic improvement of Cd-tolerant rice.
The complexity of genetic control of CGR traits and exploration of candidate genes
Cd is a toxic heavy metal that inhibits the growth of roots and shoots, reduces leaf and tiller number, physiologically impairs photosynthesis and mitochondrial respiration, and results in DNA degradation and cell death [44, 56]. Various traits exhibited different responses to Cd. The SRL, RA, SA, RV, and RW were considerably different between normal and Cd stress conditions, while RD and MRL exhibited minor change (Table 1). Different responses to Cd were detected among accessions from different subgroups. Both temperate and tropical japonica had higher RW and SW indices than indica, while RV index of indica and tropical japonica were lower than temperate japonica (Table 1). In this study, > 100 QTL were identified for CGR traits (Table S2), suggesting that the genetic regulation of CGRs is very complex and many genes play an important role in the growth of rice under Cd stress. However, only 3 Cd-related QTL (i.e., OsHMA3, CAL1, and OsCd1) were cloned. The findings of this study provide important information for cloning novel CGR genes in future studies.
Considering the relatively low LD decay of rice, 1 associated locus in this study was defined as a 200 kb region containing > 10 genes ; therefore, it was rather difficult to pinpoint the causal genes for these loci. However, the combined use of QTL information, expression profiles, GO Slim analysis, and prediction of gene functions could help uncover candidate genes, just as candidate genes were uncovered in this study. Based on the RNA-Seq data, GO Slim analysis, and gene annotations, 88 candidate genes for 74 CGR QTL, 53 for 48 CGR QTL, and 12 for 13 CGR QTL were identified (Tables S5, S6, and S7). Furthermore, many known genes were located in these CGR QTL. Collectively, this study provided a relatively comprehensive analysis of the genetic architecture of CGR in rice.
Favorable natural haplotypes/alleles for the improvement of Cd tolerance in rice
The mining of more favorable alleles of CGR genes is required in order to achieve ideal Cd tolerance in rice. At the single-gene level, favorable haplotypes for 13 CGR genes were identified (Figs. 4 and 6, S4, and S11), including 7 known Cd-related genes and 6 novel genes. Most japonica accessions carried superior OsHMA3Hap2, OsHMA2Hap1, OsCLT1Hap1, OsCd1Hap3, OsAUX1Hap1, OsATX1Hap1, LOC_Os10g38150Hap1, LOC_Os10g38189Hap2, LOC_Os10g38314Hap2, LOC_Os10g38340Hap1, and LOC_Os10g38360Hap1 haplotypes. Additionally, elite japonica alleles of these genes can be considered as primary alternatives for improving Cd-tolerance in indica. Because the expression of OsHMA3, CAL1, and OsAUX1 were induced by Cd [13, 24, 41, 48], natural variations in the promoter region of rice accessions were likely important functional SNPs associated with CGR traits. The results of the haplotype analysis indicated that major haplotypes, which consist of non-synonymous SNPs in the coding sequence (CDS) and/or promoter regions within single loci, represent important allelic diversity of QTL underlying the variation of CGRs in rice populations.
OsHMA3 is a cadmium transporter located in the vacuolar membrane of rice roots, belonging to the heavy metal ATPase (HMA) family. OsHMA3 could transport Cd2+ into vacuoles to isolate it and reduce the transport of Cd2+ to the aboveground, thus reducing cadmium toxicity [41, 58]. Four haplotypes were identified in rice diversity populations. There were five non synonymous SNPs and 8 SNPs on the promoter between haplotype 1 and 2 (Fig S4). Among them, F229L, V323G were located in A-Domain, V550I, S614G, C678R in ATP- binding domain, and V752A in Metal- binding domain of OsHMA3 (Yan et al. 2016). The SNPs in the promoter had been proved to affect the transcriptional activity . Therefore, the differential functions of OsHMA3 between Hap.1 and Hap.2 could be attributed to the eight nucleotide changes occurring in the promoter region. OsHMA2 is a major Zn and Cd transporter in rice roots and shoots. It is homologous with OsHMA3, a heavy metal ATPase. Its C-terminal region is essential for Cd transport in shoot . In rice accessions, Hap.1 had significantly higher RV, SW and RW indices than Hap.2, indicating that the three SNPs (i.e., Chr6_29481363, Chr6_29481366 and Chr6_29481398) could play important role in response to Cd for rice. Hap.3 of OsHMA2 had a premature termination codon mutation and resulted in a truncated protein product, which could affect its cadmium transport function. Ten indica rice and 4 temperate japonica rice in Hap.3 were primary improved varieties, only one was recently improved varieties (Fig S4g and Table S12). Compared with Hap.1 and Hap.2, Hap.3 had relatively fewer varieties. These results suggested that Hap.3 was just found recently and had already been used in recent rice breeding, but it was rarely used at present. Future breeding with Hap. 3 is a potential alternative for improving Cd tolerance in current elite varieties.
Natural variations in 6 QTL genes served important roles in CGR
ATX1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes an 8.2-kDa peptide, which has significant similarity with many bacterial metal transporters. ATX1 is involved in the transport and distribution of copper and protects cells from the toxicity of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide . The resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae atx1 deletion strain to Cd2+ was higher than that of wild type and ATX1 can specifically bind Cd2+ . The two copper chaperones of Arabidopsis thaliana, namely Antioxidant Protein1 (ATX1) and ATX1-Like Copper Chaperone (CCH) (CCH), share high sequence homology . Arabidopsis Antioxidant Protein1 (ATX1) plays an essential role in copper (Cu) homeostasis, conferring tolerance to both excess and subclinically deficient Cu . The high affinity of Cd for thiols might be the reason that Cd2+ also can bind the Cu-binding motif MXCXXC, which was required for the physiological function of ATX1 . Knockout of OsATX1 resulted in an increase of Cu concentration in roots, while overexpression of OsATX1 decreased root Cu concentration but increased shoot Cu accumulation. The concentrations of Cu in developing tissues, including upper nodes and internodes, younger leaf blades, and leaf sheaths, were increased significantly in OsATX1-overexpressing plants and decreased in osatx1 mutants compared with the wild type , indicating that rice varieties with high OsATX1 expression might show more sensitive to Cd. In fact, overexpression of OsATX1 increased Cd accumulation in the shoots . Haplotype analysis showed that OsATX1 showed significant indica-japonica differentiation. The high RV, SW, and RW indices of japonica rice might be resulted from their low OsATX1 expression (Fig S12). Thus, gene editing of OsATX1 promoter could improve cadmium tolerance of cultivated rice.
The induction of oxidative stress by Cd was one of the major alterations in plant cells . When redox imbalance occurs, membrane lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids were oxidized, which in turn affects plant metabolism. Glutathione functioned as an antioxidant and moderated the redox imbalance induced by toxic metal accumulation in Arabidopsis . Moreover, OsGST4 played an important role during oxidative stress by ROS-scavenging in rice . In this study, the RNA-Seq data revealed that many genes enriched in the GO term, oxidation reduction, responded to Cd stress (Fig. 4c and d). Cd may be formed as a complex with phytochelatins or glutathione, and is subsequently transported to the vacuoles through an unidentified ABC transporter. Glutathione is used to detoxify xenobiotics through GSTs. GST family genes were previously found to play roles in Cd resistance and accumulation of pak choi . In this study, a GST gene cluster on chromosome 10 was identified by the integrated genomic and transcriptomic analyses (Table S11). Twelve of these genes were up-regulated under Cd stress. The haplotype analysis revealed that all 5 OsGSTUs in the QTL interval showed indica-japonica differentiation and their japonica haplotypes had higher CGR indices (Figs. 6a–c and S11). These results suggest that the GST gene cluster played an active role in detoxification and the japonica alleles of the 5 GSTs enabled rice to grow better under Cd stress.
The CGRs of germplasm resources exhibited a great deal of variation and the influence of Cd on the growth of indica rice was greater than that of japonica rice. A total of 148 genes from 85 CGR QTL were obtained by comprehensive analyses. Natural elite haplotypes/alleles of 13 genes, including 7 cloned Cd-related genes and 6 novel genes, are identified and will serve as potential candidates for the genetic improvement of Cd-tolerant rice. The cultivation of novel Cd-tolerant varieties also helps to ensure a stable rice yield.
Plant materials and phenotyping
A total of 188 rice accessions from around the world were used for evaluating CGRs in this study. Hydroponic experiments were performed at the greenhouse of Agricultural Genomics Institute in Shenzhen, China during the summer of 2018. All of the seeds were soaked in deionized water at 37°C in the dark for 2 d, then transferred to a net floating on deionized water for 5 d. Seedlings were cultured in a half-strength Kimura B nutrient solution (pH, 5.4) with the following composition (μM): 90 KH2PO4, 270 MgSO4, 180 (NH4)2SO4, 90 KNO3, 180 Ca(NO3)2, 3 H3BO3, 0.5 MnCl2, 1 (NH4)6Mo7O24, 0.4 ZnSO4, and 20 Fe(III)-EDTA. Solutions were changed 3 times per week and the pH was adjusted to 5.4 every day. Plants were grown in a greenhouse with natural sunlight at 30°C during the day and 25°C at night . In order to compare the growth of normal and Cd-treated seedlings, 15-d-old plants were exposed to Cd stress in a 1/2 Kimura B nutrient solution containing 50 μM CdCl2 for 7 d, solutions were renewed every 2 d. The experiment was conducted three times. Five plants per variety were sampled and the sum of root length (SRL), root area (RA), superficial area of root (SA), root volume (RV), root diameter (RD), maximum root length (MRL), shoot length (SL), shoot weight (SW), and root weight (RW) were measured.
The sequence data of all of the rice accessions for GWAS were obtained from the 3,000 Rice Genomes Project . The SNP data were filtered out with minor allele frequencies (MAF) < 0.05 and missing rates > 30%. The efficient mixed model analysis (EMMA) feature of the EMMA eXpedited (EMMAX) software was employed for GWAS . The significance threshold was calculated using the formula “-log10(1/the effective number of independent SNPs)” as described previously , and effective numbers of independent SNPs were determined by PLINK to be 398107 in this population . The suggestive P values was 2.5 × 10−6. Finally, the threshold was set at −log(P) = 5.6 to identify significant association signals. Based on the LD decay values in indica and japonica rice (123 kb and 167 kb, respectively), several SNPs passing the threshold on the same chromosome were clustered as one associated locus with a region of < 200 kb. All genes located within the candidate region were extracted .
RNA-Seq and GO enrichment analyses
Three Cd-tolerance cultivars (CTVs) (CX47, Yungeng 23 and IRIS_313_9050) and 3 Cd-sensitive cultivars (CSVs) (GUI630, ALBANIA_SPECIES and BAXIANG) based on phenotyping results were selected for the RNA-Seq analysis (Fig. S5; Table S1). 15-d-old plants of the 6 varieties were planted under normal and Cd stress conditions for 12 h, and then the roots were sampled for RNA extraction. RNA was extracted by preparing samples using a Micro RNA Extraction kit (Axygen, NY, USA) and reverse transcribed into cDNA using a ReverTra® Ace qPCR-RT kit (TOYOBA, Osaka, Japan). RNA-Seq libraries were prepared using 3 biological replicates for each variety and sequenced separately using a Hiseq Xten sequencer. TOPhat2 software was used to align the cleanup data to the reference genome MSU V7.0 and gene expression was quantified by fragment per kilobase million (FPKM) using the Cufflinks default parameters. A false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05 and absolute value of log2 ratio ≥ 1 were used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as previously described . GO enrichment analyses were conducted using agriGO v2, an online GO analysis toolkit and database for agricultural communities .
Correlation coefficients between the measured traits were calculated using the R package PerformanceAnalytics as described in Note S1. The violin map for haplotype analysis was also constructed in R. Data were statistically analyzed and multiple comparisons were made using Duncan’s multiple range test as described . P values of less than 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. Different letters denote significant differences. Statistical calculations were performed using Microsoft Excel 2010.
Availability of data and materials
Gene annotation referred to RGAP (http://rice.plantbiology.msu.edu/). All of the SNP data were obtained from the Rice Functional Genomics and Breeding (RFGB) database version 2.0 (http://www.rmbreeding.cn/Index/). SNP and Genotype data for GWAS can be downloaded from 3K Rice Genomes Project database (https://snpseek.irri.org/_download.zul). Information about 188 accessions utilized in our study can be found in Table S1. We extracted 188 accessions SNP genotype from 3K Rice SNP database. Reference genome MSU V7.0 was used (http://rice.plantbiology.msu.edu/pub/data/Eukaryotic_Projects/o_sativa/annotation_dbs/pseudomolecules/). Transcriptome information from this research can be downloaded in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra) through accession number PRJNA745371. Other datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are included within the article and its additional files.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms
Cd-mediated growth response
Quantitative trait loci
Genome-wide association study
Efficient mixed model analysis
Superficial area of root
Maximum root length
False discovery rate
Differentially expressed genes
Minor allele frequency
Reactive oxygen species
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We thank LetPub (www.letpub.com) for its linguistic assistance during the preparation of this manuscript. We also thank Haiyan Xiong (University of Cambridge) and Muhammad Abdul Rehman Rashid (University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan) for critical reading and suggested revision of the manuscript.
This work was supported by grants from the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (Nos. KQTD2016113010482651, 2017050414212249, JCYJ20170303154319837 and JCYJ20170303154506881), National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents (BX201600151), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2018M631616 and 2019T120150), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 31901514). The funding numbers provided the financial support to the research programs, but didn’t involve in work design, data collection, analysis and preparation of the manuscript.
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Correlation coefficient among 9 traits related to high cadmium-mediated growth responses.
Quantile-quantile plot for SA (a), SRL (b), RA (c), RV (d), SW (e), RD (f), MRL (g), and SL (h).
Identification of RW QTLs for cadmium-mediated growth responses by GWAS.
Haplotype analysis of OsHMA2, CAL1 and OsLCT1.
Modified Venn diagrams showing the common and specific Cd-responsive genes across different Cd-tolerant and Cd-sensitive rice varieties.
GO enrichment analysis of DEGs in response to Cd stress in CSVs.
GO enrichment analysis of DEGs in response to Cd stress in CTVs.
GO enrichment analysis of specific Cd-responsive genes in CTVs.
GO enrichment analysis of common genes between GWAS and RNA-seq.
The numbers of genes annotated with transport and membrane from the Go Slim assignments for annotated genes.
Haplotype analyses of two QTL genes for cadmium-mediated growth responses.
Expression analyses of OsATX1 in natural rice varieties.
Information about 188 accessions utilized in our study.
Summary of QTLs for cadmium-mediated growth responses by GWAS.
List of 7 reported cadmium related genes in regions of association loci.
DEGs in response to Cd stress in CSVs.
DEGs in response to Cd stress in CTVs.
The common Cd-responsive genes across different Cd-tolerant and Cd-sensitive rice varieties.
The specific Cd-responsive genes in CTVs.
The list of 921 well-annotated genes in CGR QTL intervals.
Determination of 88 candidate genes of CGR QTLs by integrated GWAS and transcriptomic analyses.
The 53 candidate genes and the Go Slim assignments for annotated genes in QTLs
Determination of candidate genes for CGR QTLs by integrated genomic, transcriptomic analyses, GO Slim analysis and gene annotations.
Documented variety type information of 16 varieties in Hap.3 of OsHMA2.
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Yu, J., Liu, C., Lin, H. et al. Loci and natural alleles for cadmium-mediated growth responses revealed by a genome wide association study and transcriptome analysis in rice. BMC Plant Biol 21, 374 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-021-03145-9 | <urn:uuid:508b9a8f-0df3-4865-8259-6d7c28b39927> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12870-021-03145-9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00627.warc.gz | en | 0.908508 | 15,310 | 2.515625 | 3 |
This post is an abbreviated version of a recent presentation to the League of Women Voters of San Juan County, Washington. You will find a link to the slideshow version at the end of the post.
The question we most often hear about taxes is, are they too high, or too low? The answer to both questions is YES. How can that be?
Taxes are too high in the sense that they distort the decisions made by households and businesses. At the same time, they are too low in the sense that they do not bring in enough revenue to pay for government as we know it. We cannot continue to operate the government that way.
Economists measure the sustainability of the federal budget in terms of the cyclically adjusted primary balance (CAPB). That is the deficit or surplus averaged over the business cycle, without including interest payments. To be sustainable, the CAPB should be near zero, or slightly in surplus.
As of 2011 the United States has a CAPB of -6.8 percent, the largest deficit of any developed country. That means we need to cut nearly 7% from the deficit, through spending cuts or tax increases, to achieve sustainability. Failing to do so will cause the government debt to grow out of control. We will inevitably end up like Greece, or worse. Not tomorrow maybe, but not in the far distant future, either.
Where to start? The first choice we have to make is, how big a government do we want? Opinions differ. Some people are happy with the size of federal government we have now. At 23 percent of GDP (cyclically adjusted), it is about the same size relative to the economy as in the 1980s, although it is larger than it was in that lucky period between the end of the cold war and the start of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Others would like to cap total federal spending at 18% of GDP, about where it was in the last year of the Eisenhower administration. Economists can't answer the question of how big the government should be; only voters can.
Once we decide how big a government we want, we need a tax system that can pay for it. Our current tax system cannot do the job. Its tax rates are too high. They distort the decisons of consumers, savers, employers, producers, everyone.
What we need is tax reform that lowers tax rates and broadens the tax base.
One approach to tax reform is to lower marginal tax rates for everyone while eliminating loopholes. There are lots and lots of loopholes.
Another approach to tax reform is to replace existing taxes like payroll taxes and the corporate income tax that distort incentives, while replacing the lost revenue with broad-based taxes like energy taxes or value added taxes.
The bottom line: Tax reform is a must. It is good for liberals, it is good for conservatives. It should not be hard to find a compromise. Remember, continuing business as usual is NOT a viable option.
Follow this link to view or download the slideshow version of this presentation. | <urn:uuid:ccdfec18-9744-4512-9ed0-627ee61ac60a> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://dolanecon.blogspot.com/2011/09/truth-about-taxes-what-are-our-choices.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121153.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00451-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963373 | 622 | 2.6875 | 3 |
A research article addresses issues related to the current Wi-Fi standard for connectivity in portable devices and proposes a new standard, called Wi-Bo, specific for wearables. Wi-Bo, short for Wireless Body, would have a frequency between 10 and 20 GHz and a maximum range of two meters. As the analyst and author of the report, Andrew Sheehy, explains: “It seems that what is needed is a new wireless network standard.
“Wi-Fi is a short-range wireless network standard that is used to connect devices in domestic and office settings. ‘Wi-Bo’ would be a standard micro-range wirless network used to interconnect devices that are mounted on the body, better known as gadgets or wearabes. ”
Sheehy’s idea is that with multiple devices anywhere – some even working inside the user’s body as is the new trend of implant wearables – all the services connected to each other and to the home level network, the Wi-Fi, they simply will not measure up.
The analyst maintains that a smart phone or Smartphone would be a natural candidate to be the central controller device to wirelessly interconnect the other devices that are carried in the body, would fulfill the function of a router or modem. In contrast Smart Glasses, according to him, it would be very difficult to fulfill this mission, as predicted, its current design as we know it collapsed in a pair of contact lenses that is still in development but it will be sufficient for these types of devices of use eyepiece, while the SmartWatch is not an option due to problems with low battery life.You can check out google android emulator online for better use.
It is an interesting area to examine. As we launch ourselves headlong into an Internet of things, the world based on networks with a large number of connected devices, naturally goes on to overwhelm all the normal networks of connection. A term that is emerging from a solution to this problem is to generate large networks of low area power (LPWA), which are low cost but also inefficient in capacity. There are emerging technologies that increase the speed and connection of Wi-Fi, called Hotspot 2.0 to the 802.11ac standard. However, the mountain is only getting bigger in the same control device.
Sheehy concludes: “It is likely that a number of entrepreneurs are developing this same technology idea at this time or, if not, they will soon do so. It seems clear that any start-up with this type of micro-networks, could be a success in the development of a technological approach that could be used to carry out a ‘wireless network for portable devices, or even wearables of various brands, or because no , a standard micro-network for all, would be interesting for companies like Google, Apple, Microsoft or Samsung, even those smaller companies “. | <urn:uuid:40993a83-cc7b-4509-b5ca-cc1a6fa1f369> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://skimall.net/proposed-new-wi-fi-standard-for-wearables-connectivity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676595531.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723071245-20180723091245-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.956613 | 597 | 2.859375 | 3 |
As teachers, when it comes to writing, we can " choose between sentencing students to thoughtless mechanical operations and facilitating their ability to think." ( Syrene Forsman, " Writing to Learn Means Learning to Think " ). I find Forsman saying to speak volumes for the writing crisis in our schools. There are still teachers who teach writing as a mechanical process and probably some of us ,the digital immigrants ,were taught writing this way, but does this make it the right teaching strategy to use with your students ? Definitely not. John Dewy was unequivocal on this, for him " If we teach today's students as we taught yesterday we rob them of tomorrow".
Here is a great slideshow to learn about how to use Google Docs to facilitate a writing workshop with your students.
2- Zoho Docs | <urn:uuid:b27c101c-786b-403b-bd8e-0999c869673f> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.educatorstechnology.com/2013/03/teachers-guide-to-teaching-writing.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164581855/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134301-00003-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967002 | 164 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Washington, DC (PRWEB) June 26, 2013
Students who attend an Early College high school are significantly more likely to enroll in college and earn a degree than their peers, according to the results of a rigorous, multi-year study of 10 schools that were part of the Early College High School Initiative (ECHSI) created by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
“The Early Colleges in this study yielded significant and meaningful improvements in almost every student outcome examined,” said Andrea Berger of the American Institutes for Research (AIR), who led the project.
In 2002, the Foundation launched ECHSI to increase opportunities for underserved students to earn a postsecondary credential. Since then, more than 240 Early Colleges have opened in the United States. Early Colleges partner with colleges and universities to offer students the chance to earn an associate’s degree or up to two years of college credits toward a bachelor’s degree during high school at little or no cost.
The study compared outcomes for students admitted through a lottery to an Early College with outcomes for students who were not admitted. Key findings of “Early College, Early Success: Early College Initiative Impact Study,” include:
“Although the findings from this study are applicable only to the 10 Early Colleges included in the study sample, they provide strong evidence for the positive impacts of Early Colleges on students … In addition, Early Colleges appeared to mitigate the traditional educational attainment gaps between advantaged and disadvantaged students,” the authors wrote in the report.
The 10 Early Colleges examined used admissions lotteries for the academic years 2005-06, 2006-07 and 2007-08. The overall study sample included 2,458 students. The primary student outcomes for the study were high school graduation, college enrollment, and college degree attainment. Data came from administrative records from schools, districts, and states; the National Student Clearinghouse (NSC); and a survey administered to students. Due to privacy concerns, the Early Colleges are not identified in the study.
To read the full report, visit http://www.air.org.
Established in 1946, with headquarters in Washington, D.C., the American Institutes for Research (AIR) is a nonpartisan, not-for-profit organization that conducts behavioral and social science research and delivers technical assistance both domestically and internationally in the areas of health, education and workforce productivity. For more information, visit http://www.air.org. | <urn:uuid:22c18ccb-90ef-4f89-83c1-930566d49d07> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/6/prweb10873646.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999651896/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060731-00077-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961573 | 501 | 2.671875 | 3 |
A discussion of gonorrheal endocarditis and gonococcemia seems timely for three reasons:
There is increased interest in the disease; the large number of recent papers on the subject have made physicians aware that the condition is by no means uncommon. It has been said to comprise 11.6 per cent of all cases of bacterial endocarditis,1 and one report stated that of cases of acute endocarditis studied at autopsy 26 per cent were of gonococcic origin.2
At present the diagnosis is either missed or not made until the disease, the mortality of which is extremely high, has been rampant for several weeks. It may be well to call attention to certain aids in diagnosis in the hope that the physician may at least suspect the presence of the condition before a blood culture positive for gonococci is obtained.
The introduction of fever therapy and the use of sulfanilamide and its derivatives
DAVIS JS. DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF GONORRHEAL SEPTICEMIA AND GONORRHEAL ENDOCARDITIS. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1940;66(2):418-440. doi:10.1001/archinte.1940.00190140126007 | <urn:uuid:b350a5f1-557a-41bb-823b-0a3c7760039b> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/546153 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170614.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00222-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947097 | 261 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Loss of control in flight is now the biggest cause of commercial aviation fatalities, so what can be done to teach pilots how not to lose control? Two 2009 accidents involved stalls–Colgan Air 3407 and Air France 447–yet stalls are an elementary maneuver taught early in pilot training. If stalls are such a big problem, could training later in a pilot’s career using simulators better prepare pilots to get out of a stall or impending stall?
Taking this question one step further, could simulators be used to replicate actual accidents and thus help pilots experience the broken chain links that led to the accident in a way that is more effective than just training to avoid a specific wrong maneuver? After all, the accident data is usually available and could be downloaded easily into a simulator’s computers, including all the flight parameters, the ATC calls and even the cockpit distractions.
These questions aren’t new, but there are constraints and challenges. For example, how would a training company introduce the startle factor that is part of every accident while also replicating a specific accident? How much would it cost to add this capability to a simulator? And would this training truly be beneficial?
According to Doug Carr, NBAA vice president of safety, security and regulation, “Today’s simulators can do a pretty good job of replicating abnormal and emergency situations. It’s just a matter of programming. I think programming a simulator to replicate these conditions wouldn’t be that difficult.”
But programming the simulator isn’t the only issue, Carr explained. “The challenge is to design a training program that can effectively introduce the pilot to the condition and then [teach] how to correctly identify the situation and recover from it. Every pilot has no doubt been asked at the end of a sim session, if there’s time left, if there’s anything else he’d like to do. Exposing pilots to scenarios where there has been no coordinated training effort could lead to negative training and improper or dangerous techniques.”
Simulator manufacturer and training company CAE has launched a program by which flight data from aircraft flight operational quality assurance (FOQA) systems is downloaded into simulators so pilots can re-fly particular and realistic anomalous flight scenarios. CAE’s system is called simulator operational quality assurance (SOQA). CAE Flightscape ran a SOQA program in 2009 using a Boeing 737 simulator at CAE SimuFlite in Dallas for the U.S. Air Force, which flies the C-40 variant of the 737. One of the key findings of the CAE SOQA program is that it enables simulator instructors to measure what students are doing in the simulator, rather than simply making subjective observations.
FlightSafety International, which pioneered the use of sophisticated simulators for airlines and business aviation and has a simulator manufacturing division, “does not replicate specific accidents and incidents in simulators for training purposes,” according to a company spokesman. “The simulators FlightSafety designs and manufactures replicate the performance and operating characteristics of the aircraft they represent and are qualified to the highest standards established by aviation regulatory agencies around the world. The flying characteristics of FAA Level D-qualified simulators are based on actual aircraft performance data. They are designed and qualified to enable the pilot to fly the simulator within the normal flight envelope and in accordance with the government qualification. They are therefore able to generally replicate situations that are within these parameters.
“Our instructors are able to introduce a wide variety of faults, failures and weather conditions during the simulator sessions. They can be set up to specific weather, autopilot settings and other conditions. They are able to present various instrument indications, fly-by-wire control faults and system failures with the associated warning horns and cockpit warning indications. The simulators also have the capability to ‘play’ simulated or recorded tower conversations. Introducing faults, failures and weather with specific settings or parameters during training helps pilots to correctly evaluate the situation and to be fully prepared to take the appropriate action or actions.”
Wally David, president and CEO of SimCom Training Centers, has put considerable thought into the question of whether accident replication could add to training quality and the regulatory issues that this might raise.
“At SimCom, we believe lessons learned from the past can play an effective role in avoiding accidents in the future,” David wrote in a response to AIN’s query. SimCom has put this belief into practice, adding a new product called accident intervention training to its curricula.
According to David, “Accident intervention training entails using selected NTSB accident reports as a basis for classroom analysis and discussion. This is followed by hands-on exercises in the simulator, allowing our customers to personally experience the events that led to some of those same accident scenarios. Having ‘been there and done that,’ our customers learn valuable responses that prepare them for avoiding the same or similar accident scenarios in the real world.
“Benefits of accident intervention training are clear. While discussing the circumstances surrounding a particular accident in the classroom is valuable, actually experiencing similar sights, sounds and aircraft responses in the left seat of the simulator is much more beneficial. Being able to practice and experience in the simulator what you can’t in the airplane is the true value of simulator training. SimCom believes replicating accident scenarios, to the extent possible, is an area where simulator training excels. Accident profiles that can be safely duplicated and practiced in the simulator simply cannot be accomplished by training in the airplane.”
While SimCom sees the benefits of accident intervention training, there are challenges, according to David. Closely replicating the exact circumstances of an accident is difficult, but modern simulators make this possible, he said. “The simulators we operate have the sophistication and technology to closely duplicate a number of physical, visual and aural cues, placing our customers [in] circumstances [similar to those] encountered in the actual accident. Need evidence? Just ask our customers as they emerge from the simulator. There are some damp shirts and satisfied expressions that go with [students’] knowing they have learned something meaningful.”
Another challenge is regulatory. FAA regulations (Part 60 for simulator qualifications and Part 142 for training programs), David noted, “dictate what we can and cannot offer related for training in airplanes that require a type rating. As a result, simulator training providers such as SimCom can’t offer training outside what is authorized. For example, we are not allowed to duplicate an accident that would take the simulator into a region of operation that is beyond what is documented by flight-test data from the actual airplane.”
Finally, adding accident intervention training that is not normally included in a Part 142 curriculum will add time to the training event, which is already tightly constrained.
“Despite these challenges,” David said, “SimCom incorporates accident intervention training into many of our training courses and curricula. Duplicating accident scenarios in the simulator and the resulting lessons learned are potentially life-saving experiences for our customers.”
Simulators That Stall
Dr. Sunjoo Advani, president of International Development of Technology based in The Netherlands, is also chairman of the International Committee for Aviation Training in Extended Envelopes (Icatee). Advani’s company develops simulator solutions for various industries, including aviation. Icatee is developing effective techniques for upset prevention and recovery training (UPRT), to prevent loss-of-control accidents.
One problem Icatee faces is that UPRT can’t be done effectively solely in a classroom or a simulator or an aerobatic aircraft. All three need to be combined to give pilots the training they need to prevent loss of control. “You need the academics, the practical experience of understanding what it feels like to enter a stall and recover a stall so you can avoid a stall, and you need the simulator to create a realistic environment,” he said.
One of the problems with simulators is that they aren’t designed to provide a realistic experience outside their aerodynamic envelopes, and those stop at the moment just before the full stall is reached, according to Advani. “For every Level D simulator, you have a specific data package for that particular aircraft, engine and avionics configuration. That has to–by FAA and ICAO standards–meet objective criteria until a certain point, and that point is approach to stall, or the point of maximum lift. After that point, in current simulators, nothing exists.”
The reason simulator aerodynamics don’t go beyond that point is because, he said, “manufacturers didn’t want to take responsibility,” and it was assumed that well designed flight controls would help properly trained pilots avoid stalls and prevent accidents. “Well, it just so happens that the accidents are occurring in that region,” he said.
Icatee is working on research that will supply ICAO (and thus the regulators in countries that are ICAO members) guidance on not only how UPRT could be delivered effectively but also on how simulators could be modified to teach real stall training. “We have a simulator standards document that will define the technology standards that will be used in future simulators.
“We’re not going to force all simulators to be able to spin upside down and to start centrifuging their pilots,” he said. “What we want to do is to create better scenarios in simulators that teach upset prevention and recovery training. We want to create a more rigorous training environment with the use of simulators. And in later phases of the project, what we expect from simulators is better buffet simulation and a representative model of the stall.”
While Advani sees plenty of opportunity to improve pilot training with a proper combination of UPRT tools, he is also wary of the possibility of negative training using simulators. “We want to avoid negative training by showing pilots what can go wrong if they do the wrong thing. The danger of negative training in simulators is significant. [For example, in the crash of Airbus A300-600] American 587 [near New York JFK Airport in November 2001], the pilots had been taught in the simulator to use rudder in such incidents; they did use rudder, and that led to the structural failure of the fin, causing the crash. So we’re aware of that. And that’s our number one goal at Icatee, to avoid negative training.”
Industry support for Icatee’s efforts is strong, with more than 90 participants in the working group, according to Advani. “We’re not here to crank up the cost of training; that will be a consequence, of course, but we all realize that this is something to be taken seriously. If we want to deal with the number-one threat in aviation safety, then the industry is going to have to face up to that.” | <urn:uuid:74122a06-8957-4b38-8e68-367edf46d622> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.ainonline.com/comment/3554 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398459875.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205419-00083-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943768 | 2,302 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Widely adopted by Vietnam-era anti-war activists, the term was first coined by General Dwight D. Eisenhower (Ike), 34th President of the United States, in his prophetic "Farewell Address" given on January 17, 1961.
"This conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry is new in the American experience. The total influence -- economic, political, even spiritual -- is felt in every city, every State house, every office of the Federal government. We recognize the imperative need for this development. Yet we must not fail to comprehend its grave implications. Our toil, resources and livelihood are all involved; so is the very structure of our society.
In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist.
We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together."
Though the term "Military-industrial complex" is usually used in reference to the United States, it has also been occasionally used to describe other militarily strong nations, such as the former Soviet Union.
Source: Public Papers of the Presidents, Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1960, p. 1035- 1040 | <urn:uuid:5d3c4925-cb6d-455e-a765-14132a11de3e> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://encyclopedia.kids.net.au/page/mi/Military-industrial_complex | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645199297.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031319-00223-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94439 | 311 | 2.625 | 3 |
Andre Palfrey-martin collection
Andre Martin….Dateline: 19.00hrs [BST] 27 March 1964 – read on………………….
Birth of Pirate Radio in Britain – April 1964
Fifty three years ago, the radio world was going to be changed forever for the listeners in the United Kingdom. In the February of 1964, Irish musician manager and businessman Ronan O’Rahilly obtained the 702-ton former Danish passenger ferry, Fredericia, which was converted into a radio ship at the Southern Irish port of Greenore.
The Fredericia was renamed MV Caroline [after the daughter of the late President Kennedy] On 26th March the MV Caroline set sail under the command of Captain Baeker. Her destination was given as Spain. A Royal Navy destroyer inspected the MV Caroline as she passed Plymouth. On Good Friday – Friday, 27 March 1964, at 18:00 hours the MV Caroline dropped anchor off the coast of Felixstowe, Suffolk, and started test transmissions. The following day – Saturday, 28 March, broadcasting regular programming started at 12 noon on 197 meters on the medium wave band (announced as 199 meters)
The official opening was undertaken by Simon Dee. And the first programme, which had been pre-recorded, was hosted by Chris Moore. The first record that was played on Radio Caroline was “Not Fade Away” by The Rolling Stones. Radio Caroline’s first musical theme was Jimmy McGriff’s “Round Midnight”, a jazz standard co-composed by Thelonious Monk. In March 1964, Birmingham band The Fortunes recorded the song “Caroline”, which later became the station’s theme song. The station’s slogan was “Your all-day music station”.
Broadcasting hours were between 6 am and 6 pm to avoid competition from Radio Luxembourg. After its 6 pm close-down, the station returned to the air at 8 pm and continued until after midnight. This was to avoid direct competition with popular television programmes
What was on offer to the young people in Britain when Radio Caroline launched? It must be remembered that, the Radio Networks were under state control, and the amount of time allowed each day for “recorded music”! ie record was about 5 hours spread across all the networks – Light Programme, Home Service and Radio Three. Because of this restriction much of the music provided was “live” performance or recorded programmes, ie bands, groups and singers. The main competition would have come from Radio Luxemburg broadcasting from the Grand Duchy of Luzemburg, and not being subject to British Laws – the English service was using a lot of pre-recorded programmes, all being sponsored by one of the major record labels, ie DECCA, EMI, PYE etc. It had been because of this “ closed shop” policy that Ronan O’Rahilly had started “ pirate radio” he wanted to promote a Georgie Fame single – but could not break the hold of the big companies and let the independent record labels have air time.
A typical weekends broadcasting would have looked something like this – let’s look first at Saturday – 8.00-10.00 Children’s Choice : 10.00 – 12.00 Saturday Club with Brian Matthews featuring some current pop records, studio recordings and live bands : 13.00-13.30 Jack Jackson and then from 13.30 onwards to about 18.00 –Sports afternoon. The evening would have been made up of musical, comedy and concerts.
Sundays – 9.00 – 10.00 Children’s Favourites: 10.30 – 11.30 Easy Beat with Brian Matthews, records, studio recordings and live bands: 11.31 – 12.00 Religious Service: 12.noon – 13.30 Two Way Family Favourites – BBC London and BFBS[British Forces Broadcasting Service] Cologne [Koln Germany] record requests and dedications – we still had service personnel stationed throughout the world: 13.30 – 14.00 Billy Cotton Band Show, Variety show: 14.00-14.30 Comedy – Navy Lark, Hancock etc.. also on a Sunday afternoon you would have “Top of the Pops” with Fluff – Alan Freeman, another regular show was “Movie Go Round” and of course “Sing Something Simple”
About the only other legal radio source of popular music would have been if you had been lucky enough to be able to tune into American Forces Network – the sources were Holland and France, but this was very much hit and miss as it was dependent on the atmospheric conditions and direction of the transmission – there were only a few US bases in Britain, and they would not have been allowed to broadcast in UK because of the GPO.
Jim Breeds… Worth noting that Caroline is still ‘on the air’ at http://radiocaroline.co.uk/#home.html and occasionally on 1368kHz if you’re in the north.
Alan Esdaile… I was listening to a great show from Clive Garrard last week.
Robert Searle… The very first day Radio Caroline aired,I heard Simon Dee show,it was the first time I actually heard a Bob Dylan record on the radio.
Eric Harmer… I think Simon Dee’s parents lived in Westfield Lane.
Graham How… It certainly is Simon Dee!
Coastal Ham Radio https://coastalhamradio.wordpress.com… guess for its day it “dared to go where…..” well you know the rest. Hard to imagine it just celebrated its 53rd birthday. | <urn:uuid:627a7a79-5927-4c68-bb87-de15484dd682> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://ninebattles.com/tag/radio-caroline/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574182.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921022342-20190921044342-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.967559 | 1,178 | 2.609375 | 3 |
English pirate William Dampier wrote a widely influential memoir after being recruited in Hampton for a 5-year-long voyage of piracy, adventure and exploration. (May 30, 2013)
Blackbeard may get all the attention. Black Bart was even more feared. But for my money, the most important pirate to cast a shadow across Hampton Roads was an almost completely unknown Englishman named William Dampier.
Exactly what he was doing in the bustling port town of Hampton in the early 1680s isn't well understood. No one knows how or why he got here. But with Hampton's prime location off the northernmost reaches of the Gulf Stream and its proximity to the transatlantic trade winds, there's been plenty of speculation that, like many other enterprising brigands from as far away as the West Indies, he sailed to Virginia to take advantage of the many opportunities to sell off pirate loot.
Whatever his reasons, Dampier was still here in 1682 when former shipmate John Cooke captained a ship full of amateur English pirates all the way from West Africa in search of a little seasoning from this buccaneering veteran. Careening his vessel on the Eastern Shore, Cooke came to Hampton and recruited both Dampier and another former shipmate, Edward Davis, who would later hang for consorting with the notorious Capt. William Kidd.
Sailing back to West Africa, the crew won a new ship in a card game, then set off back across the Atlantic and around Cape Horn for an astonishingly 5-year-long campaign in which they captured ships, ransomed captives and sacked towns all the way from Chile to Panama. They also explored the Galapagos Islands along the way, with the curious Dampier making drawings and taking extensive notes.
Dampier wasn't among the group of five -- including Davis -- who later returned to Hampton Roads, were captured with their loot on the James River and then bought their freedom by giving 300 pounds to the Rev. James Blair for the establishment of the College of William and Mary. Instead he left the ship and sailed west across the Pacific, where he was marooned on a deserted island for many months before being rescued.
But where his shipmates' adventures have been mostly forgotten, Dampier's live on through the influence of the memoirs he wrote and published after his return to England.
Jonathan Swift used his amazing accounts of exploration and travel as the inspiration for his famous novel "Gulliver's Travels." They also sparked Daniel Defoe to write the equally famous "Robinson Crusoe." And even 150 years later the pioneering naturalist Charles Darwin referred to Dampier's writings during his own milestone voyage to the Galapagos and Easter Island, the experience of which led to Darwin's landmark theory of evolution.
That's a pretty long shadow for a pirate.
Want to hear more about Hampton Roads and pirates?
Come see me this Saturday at the Blackbeard Pirate Festival, where I'll be signing copies of "Out of the Sea Came Pirates: The Golden Age of Piracy in Hampton Roads." 10 a.m.-2 p.m. at the Hampton History Museum booth near the Virginia Air & Space Center.
I'll also be giving out free copies of James Fort and USS Monitor posters to anyone who likes our Hampton Roads History page on Facebook.
-- Mark St. John Erickson | <urn:uuid:1faf4f8a-6353-44f2-b5ac-13e6ae1e203b> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.dailypress.com/features/history/our-story/dp-hampton-roads-most-important-pirate-20130530,0,2501462.post | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657135930.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011215-00278-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969931 | 689 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Culture and Development
Placing culture at the heart of development policy constitutes an essential investment in the world's future and a pre-condition to successful globalization processes that take into account the principles of cultural diversity. It is UNESCO's mission to remind all States of this major issue.
As demonstrated by the failure of certain projects underway since the 1970s, development is not synonymous with economic growth alone. It is a means to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual existence. As such, development is inseparable from culture. Strengthening the contribution of culture to sustainable development is a goal that was launched in connection with the World Decade for Cultural Development (1988-1998). Ever since, progress has been made thanks to a corpus of standard-setting instruments and demonstration tools such as cultural statistics, inventories, regional and national mapping of cultural resources.
In this regard, the major challenge is to convince political decision-makers and local, national and international social actors to integrating the principles of cultural diversity and the values of cultural pluralism into all public policies, mechanisms and practices, particularly through public/private partnerships.
This strategy will aim, on the one hand, at incorporating culture into all development policies, be they related to education, science, communication, health, environment or tourism and, on the other hand, at supporting the development of the cultural sector through creative industries. By contributing in this way to poverty alleviation, culture offers important benefits in terms of social cohesion. | <urn:uuid:28f30d41-c2af-4cca-8438-4fffda1540f8> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.unesco.org/en/cultural-diversity/culture-and-development/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500820886.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021340-00104-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93025 | 300 | 2.875 | 3 |
Neighbouring nations like Bangladesh and Nepal are the key importers of maize from India, it added.
Bangladesh has imported maize value USD 345.5 million within the first ten months of the present fiscal, whereas Nepal’s import stood at USD 132.16 million throughout this era.
Different outstanding importing nations are Vietnam, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Taiwan, and Oman.
Maize is the third most vital cereal crop in India after rice and wheat. The cereal crop is primarily cultivated in Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.
In India, maize is grown all year long, and it’s predominantly a Kharif crop with 85 per cent of the world below cultivation within the season.
Along with staple meals for human beings and high quality feed for animals, maize serves as a primary uncooked materials/ingredient to many industrial merchandise, together with starch, oil, protein, alcoholic drinks, meals sweeteners, pharmaceutical, beauty, movie, textile, gum, bundle and paper industries. | <urn:uuid:184d6764-c3e3-4f2e-8899-3dd81d2243de> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://makrifatbusiness.net/india-exports-maize-exports-rise-28-5-to-816-31-million-in-april-january-fy22/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663016949.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528154416-20220528184416-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.883547 | 229 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Paranoia [ˌpærəˈnɔɪ.ə] (adjective: paranoid [ˈpærə.nɔɪd]) is a thought process believed to be heavily influenced by anxiety or fear, often to the point of irrationality and delusion. Paranoid thinking typically includes persecutory beliefs, or beliefs of conspiracy concerning a perceived threat towards oneself. (e.g. “Everyone is out to get me.“) Making false accusations and the general distrust of others also frequently accompany paranoia. For example, an incident most people would view as an accident, a paranoid person might make an accusation that it was intentional. However, just because an individual is paranoid does not necessarily mean his or her suspicions are false, as noted in Catch-22: “Just because you’re paranoid doesn’t mean they aren’t after you.”
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Okay so it is safe to assume that Paranoia is the unreasonable fear, delusional fear that something or someone is out to get you. Well then what if it is a reasonable fear, as I told the shrink. If paranoia is the unreasonable fear that something is going to happen, what about if you know something is going to happen and will happen and it does are you still paranoid?
If I’m wrong in what I see then I will be the first to admit it. I usually am. But if I’m right again then what. Why do I tell people things that are going to happen, argue with them about it, then they find it’s true no matter how strange it may be then they tell me I’m still crazy. Fine I’m crazy, I don’t care. Maybe I am paranoid, but if I’m right what is that a paranoid person who is right I guess.
I’ll let history decide. | <urn:uuid:42597b3a-644d-48ce-897a-5b8c7c17baac> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://housesutphin.com/2012/04/30/paranoia-4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487626465.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20210617011001-20210617041001-00341.warc.gz | en | 0.948716 | 403 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Whether you want to start a club or just meet new people, building a community can be difficult. However, with time and patience, you can build a community on your own. Start by establishing the basics. Determine what people need and how to build a community that meets that need. Bring members together by introducing like-minded people and hosting events. Maintain a strong community by encouraging people to be nice to each other and be around.
Part 1 of 3: Establish the Basics
Step 1. Determine what people need
People join a community for a reason. They need something that provides the social support and networking present in a community. If you want to create a community, think about people's needs and how to meet them.
- Where do you want to create a community? At work? At school? In your neighborhood?
- What do people in these places need that is missing? Think of a missing niche that a community can provide.
- Perhaps the people at your work tend to be very reserved due to the long hours of homework. They may need to feel more camaraderie with their coworkers. You can create a community based on a specific social event. For example, maybe you can start a board game club for people to interact outside of work.
Step 2. Look for shared connections
Emotional connections help bring people together. In a community, it is important to share that connection with others. Think about the things you share with the people around you. What are the common emotions or experiences they have? Focus on this as you work on building a community.
- Think about the things you have shared with those around you. People often come together for a unique experience or sensation to them. Observe the people you want to contact and ask yourself what they have shared and what they have in common.
- For example, you may want to create a community in your residence at the university. All of your fellow students may be away from home for the first time. Everyone is likely to experience feelings like loneliness, fear, and anxiety. Encourage people to share these emotions. This can cultivate a sense of community.
Step 3. Pick the right leaders
Good leaders are vital to a community. As you gather members or form a group or club, identify people who can be leaders. Choose to choose those who show qualities of a good leader in power.
- Leaders have to keep the group in check and let members know when they get out of control. Therefore, honesty is important. Find someone who can tactfully address bad behaviors.
- Communication skills are also very important. Find a leader who is easy to talk to and who conveys information well.
- Leaders must be confident. Find someone who is confident and is not afraid to speak up.
- Find someone who is committed. Pick someone you can count on to attend meetings day after day.
Step 4. Set symbols
A symbol seems simple, but community members are often linked by symbols that help them identify with the community. Notice how people who love certain sports take pride in the team logo and color. Think of some kind of symbol, color, or inside joke for the community to come together.
For example, if you have a weekly trivia night at work, a good idea is to have team colors that everyone should wear
Part 2 of 3: Gain Members for the Community
Step 1. Have standards for membership
While standards sound somewhat exclusive, they are a way to cultivate a sense of belonging. The goal is to bring together people with similar goals, opinions, and perspectives. Think about the type of members your community needs and how to set strict standards.
- What are the limits for your community? How do people become part of the community and how do you make it unique in some way?
- Limits are often related to a sense of emotional security. For example, if you create a community for college students, you might be able to make it only for college students. In this way, people will not feel uncomfortable sharing their feelings about matters unique to being a student.
- In addition, it establishes requirements for personal dedication. If you want the community to thrive, people must be dedicated. For example, if you start a book club, make a rule that you can only miss a certain number of matches.
Step 2. Gather like-minded people
Look for people with the same views and opinions. You can create a scattered community by identifying people with similar wants, needs, and feelings and introducing them. Find people who fit into your community and try to get them to join.
For example, imagine you want to create a community of friends at work. If you know an accounting person with the same sense of humor as someone in sales, invite them to have a drink with you after work
Step 3. Organize events
Community members come together through shared experiences. Bring people together to celebrate, socialize and interact. This can cultivate a sense of community and help you find more members.
For example, if it's someone's birthday at your residence, have everyone come out to celebrate the occasion
Step 4. Strive to generate meaningful conversations
Strong social connections between members are important in any community. By dating other people, you promote meaningful connections. Avoid small talk and get people to open up to each other.
Sometimes certain activities can promote meaningful conversations. Imagine that you are a teacher and you want to create a strong community for a creative writing class. Instead of planning a conventional icebreaker activity, have everyone share something a little more personal, like their first memory
Part 3 of 3: Keeping Your Community Strong
Step 1. Make decisions together
Each group will undergo changes. Since you need to make decisions, organize meetings where everyone can have a say. Have some kind of system for making decisions together. For example, everyone can share their opinion and then vote.
For example, if you organize a book club, allow everyone to share their ideas regarding which book they will read next time
Step 2. Drive away bad people
Unfortunately, communities often attract negative members. To maintain a strong community, pay attention to people who are disliked by others or who just don't fit into the dynamic. If someone causes trouble or drama, you can politely let them know that they are no longer welcome in the community.
- For example, if someone who attends book club is always late and rude to others, it is okay to stop them.
- You can say something like, "I'm sorry, but people aren't comfortable with your presence because you can't seem to prioritize this right now."
Step 3. Allow participation to be equal
Communities must have a space where everyone can share. In a community, it is important to encourage everyone to participate equally. Make sure everyone has a say in decision-making and that no one feels left out.
For example, in the context of a classroom, don't call the same students over and over again. Encourage students who are often very shy to raise their hands and speak
Step 4. Share your emotions
If you are the one who wants to create a community, people must feel close to you. To promote a feeling of closeness, be open with your feelings and emotions. When encouraging others to share personal things, always be willing to share in return.
For example, if you ask someone how they feel about a new stressor at work, be willing to share your emotions as well. A new boss or a change in company policy can be stressful, so be willing to share your personal experiences with stress
Step 5. Be nice to the members
Make sure people in your community feel valued. Doing kind little things for members will help keep the community strong over time. It will also remind people of the benefits of being part of a community. | <urn:uuid:a17dfc1f-aa06-416c-8c91-8b9f6f9d22c7> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://how-what-instructions.com/13224969-how-to-create-a-community | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647895.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601143134-20230601173134-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.961653 | 1,604 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Join us here live: Wednesday 29 September, 18.30 - 19.30.
Meet poets at the frontlines of protest movements fighting for the right to speak freely and without fear of persecution.
Poetry is frequently used as a tool in protest movements to inspire, unite, and mobilise support. From Black Lives Matter and women’s liberation to protest movements in Myanmar and Afghanistan, poetry holds the power to gather crowds during a rally, or grab attention online. Poets can offer support and guidance in the most challenging, tragic or dangerous situations. Join Myanmarese-British poet ko ko thett and poet and scholar Dr Choman Hardi for a live poetry reading and conversation about the power of poetry in protest movements.
In celebration of Banned Books Week 2021 with the theme “Books Unite Us. Censorship Divides Us,” Index on Censorship and the British Library invite you to explore the role of poetry in protest. What role does poetry play in protest movements? And can poetry be a form of protest in its own right?
Writers Ben Okri, David Hare and Samira Ahmed consider walls in literature and in our lives; physical, political, societal and spiritual. This event was livestreamed from the British Library on 23 September 2019 to public libraries across the UK as part of Banned Books Week, the celebration of the freedom to read. This event took place in partnership with the British Library, The Royal Society of Literature, English PEN, Free Word, Hachette UK, Index on Censorship, Islington Council’s Library and Heritage Service, Libraries Connected, Media Diversified and The Publisher’s Association.
Watch again now.
This event took place on: 28 October 2020.
‘There are years that ask questions and years that answer.’ – Zora Neale Hurston
Over a career that spanned more than 30 years, Zora Neale Hurston published four novels, two books of folklore, an autobiography, numerous short stories, and several essays, articles and plays. Today, her work unites readers across the world, yet she died penniless, buried in an unmarked grave.
Black Girl’s Book Club co-founders Natalie Carter and Melissa Cummings-Quarry – who cite Neale Hurston as the ‘the patron saint of Black women’ – chair a conversation with poets Jackie Kay and Salena Godden about Hurston’s writing life, and how she has become regarded one of the most significant Black woman writers of the 20th century.
Presented in association with the Royal Society of Literature. This event celebrates Unfinished Business: The Fight for Women's Rights, a UK-wide exhibition by the British Library and public libraries.
How do you tell the story of a recipe? A recipe is so much more than a set of instructions; it is a story, an experience waiting to happen. We explore the role of voice, narrative and storytelling in cookery books with three fantastic food writers; Nigella Lawson, Ella Risbridger and Bee Wilson. This event was livestreamed from the British Library on 8 April 2019 to public libraries across the UK.
Join us here: Wednesday 21 July, 19:30 - 20:30.
Poetry and women’s stories from Newcastle. Meet Newcastle based poets, Degna Stone, Ellen Moran and Sky Hawkins and hear their new poetry inspired by the British Library exhibition Unfinished Business. From bodily autonomy and the right to education, to self-expression and protest, the exhibition explores how feminist activism in the UK has its roots in the complex history of women’s rights.
Dive in to the poets’ explorations in to the intersection of class and feminism, body image in mainstream media and creating a manifesto for the seventh generation.
Despite the disruption of pandemic, the three brilliant poets have been working across Fenham, East and West End with branch libraries and organisations such as Children’s Society Women’s Group and Tyneside Women and Girls to capture stories that inspire their newly commissioned poetry.
Leading poetry producers Poet in the City and the British Library present this special event as part of their Collections in Verse collaboration.
You can explore more Unfinished Business events <a href="http://www.living-knowledge-network.co.uk/unfinished_business" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here</a>
Watch again now.
This event took place on: 1 October 2020.
Live from the Union Chapel, London.
In this special event in celebration of the 200th anniversary of the Royal Society for Literature, actor, comedian and writer Stephen Fry talks to comedian and author Shappi Khorsandi about writing across forms – from sketch comedy to poetry, independently and in collaboration, written and performed – that has elevated him to the status of national treasure.
Stephen grew up in a house with colossal bookcases filled with classic works of literature, and would use them as medicine cabinets to treat his childhood. He has remarked that writing is a ‘newer technology – only five or six thousand years old’ by which ‘we can change utterance into permanence’, and when once asked for writing advice, he responded: ‘the important thing to do for those who want to liberate their writing is to be able to let go of their self-consciousness, to allow the words to write for them.’
Presented in Partnership with the Royal Society of Literature and the British Library. This event is available to the audiences and users of public libraries through the Living Knowledge Network. | <urn:uuid:12c3871d-f777-4342-aac8-3e43fb795d5c> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | http://living-knowledge-network.co.uk/library/poetry-in-protest-banned-books-week | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780060803.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928122846-20210928152846-00395.warc.gz | en | 0.95012 | 1,171 | 2.96875 | 3 |
IMPORTANT NOTE: There are two major types of source material used by researchers; these are known as primary and secondary sources. Primary sources provide firsthand accounts about a person or event. They include letters, diaries, speeches, interviews, newspaper articles from the time, and many other types of documents or artifacts. Secondary sources are usually published books or articles in which the author presents a personal interpretation of a topic based on primary sources. Most library books are secondary sources, as are encyclopedias. Secondary sources are important because they show how people have formed different opinions about historical events, which can provide a framework for adding your own analysis to the overall discussion of history. Please click below for a summary of each type of source and how it can be useful in your research. | <urn:uuid:38b88cda-ff2a-4076-85c6-70055e8d643a> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.wpunj.edu/coe/departments/professional-development-schoolcommunity-partnership/njhistory/teachers/primary-and-secondary-sources | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647406.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320111412-20180320131412-00728.warc.gz | en | 0.961065 | 156 | 4 | 4 |
Date of this Version
A better understanding of how farmers adjust their production practices to cope with extremely wet or dry conditions is essential for developing effective drought mitigation policies and reducing the impact of other natural disasters. Reducing the risk associated with drought and flood in the long-run may be more cost effective than smoothing short-term income losses through disaster relief money. Most existing assistance programs focus on diversifying and stabilizing income risks through crop insurance and direct payments, however there are fewer efforts designed to reduce the long-term agricultural risk. Climate change makes this particularly important, as expected impacts include more droughts and climate variability in the future. | <urn:uuid:d93a0de2-00c8-47be-8951-24e87bfa20b5> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/agecon_cornhusker/332/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823255.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019065335-20171019085335-00711.warc.gz | en | 0.945983 | 129 | 3.328125 | 3 |
This happens because AutoCAD is 3D capable software and cannot connect objects that have no intersection point in 3D space. To make it work you just have to change all Elevations to 0, or at least have them at equal one.
Why can’t I fillet in AutoCAD?
Because AutoCad will only fillet polylines when they are already connected. Otherwise you have to explode them as the command line tells you to do. shift to trim the line, this retains the PL. If I turn the line into a polyline, they fillet OK and thus create one polyline.
Why is my fillet command not working?
Solution: Delete the corrupt AutoCAD profile and recreate a new profile using one of the default installed profiles as a starting point. This can be done by exporting a non-corrupt default profile and renaming it and then importing into the program again as shown below: … Select a default profile and hit Export.
WHY JOIN command is not working in AutoCAD?
Type PE↵M↵ to start the Pedit command with the Multiple option, and then select all the objects that you want to join and press ↵. If you see a convert message, enter Y↵. At the Enter an option [Close/Open/Join/ Width/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Reverse/Undo]: prompt, click the Join option in the prompt or enter J↵.
How does fillet work in AutoCAD?
AutoCAD 2014 For Dummies
- Click the Fillet button on the Home tab’s Modify panel. …
- Type R and press Enter to set the fillet radius. …
- Type a fillet radius and press Enter. …
- Select the first line of the pair that you want to fillet. …
- Select the second line of the pair that you want to fillet.
How do you fillet edges in AutoCAD?
To Fillet a 3D Solid Edge
- Click Solid tab Solid Editing panel Fillet Edge. Find.
- Select the edge of the solid to fillet.
- Specify the fillet radius.
- Select additional edges or press Enter.
How do I fillet a polyline in AutoCAD?
To Fillet an Entire Polyline (AutoCAD Mechanical Toolset)
- Click Home tab Modify panel Fillet. Find.
- Enter P for polyline.
- On the ribbon, in the Fillet Options panel, check the fillet size. To change the fillet radius: Click Fillet Options panel Fillet Size drop-down. Find. …
- Click an empty space in the drawing area.
- Select the polyline.
How do you make two lines coplanar in Autocad?
To correct this:
- Select all of the lines to be modified.
- Right-click and select Properties.
- Set Start Z and End Z to 0 (zero) or another consistent value. The default may show “Varies.”
27 мая 2020 г.
What is join in AutoCAD?
The Join command in AutoCAD is used to join the objects end to end to create a single object. The objects can be curved or linear, depending on the requirements. It combines the series of linear and curved to create a single 2D or 3D object.
How do I find gaps in AutoCAD?
HPGAPTOL is the setting which will allow AutoCAD to hatch an area which has gaps. If you change the number to 0, everytime you try to hatch an area using PICK POINTS it will show you a red circle where the lines don’t intersect/join.
What is the use of Pedit in AutoCAD?
Common uses for PEDIT include joining 2D polylines, converting lines and arcs into 2D polylines, and converting polylines into curves that approximate B-splines (spline-fit polylines). Different prompts are displayed, depending on the type of object you select to edit.
Which is the latest version of AutoCAD software?
The latest version by 2019 end is AutoCAD 2020. The latest version always includes more advanced features than the previous version. Since 2010, AutoCAD was released as a mobile application marketed as AutoCAD 360.
What’s a fillet?
(Entry 1 of 2) 1 : a ribbon or narrow strip of material used especially as a headband. 2a : a thin narrow strip of material. b : a piece or slice of boneless meat or fish especially : the tenderloin of beef.
How is fillet pronounced in CAD?
Food = fill ā. I’ve only heard it pronouncedb like fill-it or fill-et. The same way as billet. | <urn:uuid:0e4b1ecf-8f0d-4f3a-b5ac-8d34afd07375> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://birchlerarroyo.com/autocad/why-fillet-is-not-working-in-autocad.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152168.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727010203-20210727040203-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.799482 | 1,035 | 2.890625 | 3 |
|Basic glossary and abbreviations
Bandwidth: The range of frequencies, expressed in hertz (Hz), that can pass over a given transmission channel. The bandwidth determines the rate at which information can be transmitted through the circuit.
Broadcast: A signal transmitted to all user terminals in a service area, or the process.
Digital: Referring to communications techniques and procedures whereby information is encoded as binary language, as opposed analog representation of information in variable, but continuous, wave forms. Electronic mail: each Internet user can have his or her own address for electronic mail messaging. It is possible to exchange text, documents, graphics and multimedia messages like voice mail and video mail.
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
Multivideoconference: a videoconference among several user groups. The meeting is usually managed by a chairman that decides who is authorized to speak
Near Video on Demand: multiple copies of the same movie are distributed at regular time intervals; the user can view the copy that is going to start next and can move "forward" and "backward" among the different copies.
Network: A term used to describe various communication interconnections. There is a communication network, a computer network and the public switched telephone network. There are also others in the system.
Newsgroups: thousands of discussion groups are currently active over the Internet, sharing information among millions of people. The news groups cover virtually every subject, ranging from science to entertainment, from sports to children's education, from nature to computing, it is like a huge database spread around the world.
Remote education: the Video on Demand technology can be successfully applied to computer-based training and in students' education with teacher-student interactivity.
SMS: Short Message Service - Short text messages that can be sent to a mobile phone.
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access - a technology for delivering digital wireless service using time-division multiplexing (TDM). TDMA works by dividing a radio frequency into time slots and then allocating slots to multiple calls. In this way, a single frequency can support multiple, simultaneous data channels. TDMA is used by the GSM digital cellular system.
Teleshopping: shopping in a virtual mall with payment using your credit card.
Teleworking/Homeworking: a multimedia communication service for remote access to the company's resources.
Video on Demand: a fully interactive video service in which the end user can request and control a personal copy of a desired movie, just like with a VCR.
Videoconference: a multimedia service for business users to allow participation in conferences or meetings of remote users.
Videotelephony: the traditional telephony service is enriched with speakers' real-time images.
Web browsing: using a navigation tool running on a personal computer, users can "move" among the Web servers within the Internet, selecting information, viewing images or moving pictures and downloading applications. The application interface is very user-friendly: users can browse the information by means of simple point-and-click operation with the mouse. The Web pages are built as hypertext, containing links to other Web pages elsewhere in the Web that can be accessed by clicking on the link icon.
Tietoverkkolaboratorio on nyt osa Tietoliikenne- ja tietoverkkotekniikan laitosta. Tällä sivulla oleva tieto voi olla vanhentunutta.
Kurssien ajantasainen tieto on MyCourses-palvelussa.
Tämä sivu on tehty oppilaiden harjoitustyönä. Tietoverkkolaboratorio ei
vastaa sivun oikeellisuudesta, ajantasaisuudesta tai ylläpidosta.
Vakavissa tapauksissa yhteyshenkilöinä toimivat ja
Sivua on viimeksi päivitetty 27.11.1998 11:47.
[ TKK > Sähkö- ja tietoliikennetekniikan osasto > Tietoverkkolaboratorio > Opetus ] | <urn:uuid:03070691-c2cb-4613-a8fb-62489f726a35> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.netlab.tkk.fi/opetus/s38118/s98/htyo/54/abbrev.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370509103.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402235814-20200403025814-00428.warc.gz | en | 0.739624 | 889 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Family Issues Focusing
Family and Systemic Psychotherapy uses the close interpersonal relationships between family members to help one another. The key to dealing with family issues is to help couples, family members or siblings to explore difficult emotions and thoughts in a safe manner. It helps each member to understand and acknowledge one another's emotions and allow them to express it safely, and in an effective manner.
Family therapy has been shown to be effective for people of all ages who are experiencing family issues or problems in their key systems (relationships) with people with whom they are close. It helps to build relationships and boosts the strengths and self-esteem of everyone in the system. Your family might need intervention if members have substance abuse problems, violent outbursts, if the family experienced a trauma, if a close family member died or if the family is not functioning at its normal capacity.
This type of therapy enables people to work with one another, instead of on one another and enables families to talk about issues that are causing distress without disrespecting emotions. Instead, it invites engagement of the family members in order to support recovery.
Therapists who address family issues use a range of different approaches to bring about the best results. While group therapy will probably take place once weekly, where the family will all meet with the therapist, individual sessions might be required too. This provides a great supplement to the family therapy work and is an ideal place for individuals to express their personal family issues that are hard to discuss in front of everyone.
If you are looking for a counsellor or psychologist who does family counselling you may want to search the directory to find a professional whose approach will suit you best.
Focusing is all about body sense - the structural component of a human being. It teaches the client to become fully aware of body and mind interactions, and the effects those collisions have on his or her life experience.
This fascinating therapy involves focusing on the body-mind relationship, which, at first, is not easy. Through focusing, the client will begin to feel a shift as the body starts to address the issue, and answers arrive for handling situations.
Focusing can bring about the gift of self-healing in terms of psychological issues within fewer than ten focusing sessions. It can treat a range of issues, from minor behaviour or personality issues, to severe cases of child abuse. Couples can experience fascinating changes in listening skills through focusing, too.
If you are looking for a therapist who offers Focusing, please browse our list of practitioners below.. | <urn:uuid:d70cb597-83b6-42eb-8b95-7891362764a2> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://counsellingbc.com/counsellors/approach/focusing-209/practice/family-issues-126?postalcode=&qt-facet_blocks=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400209999.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923050545-20200923080545-00712.warc.gz | en | 0.955935 | 514 | 2.671875 | 3 |
|시간 제한||메모리 제한||제출||정답||맞은 사람||정답 비율|
|1 초||256 MB||5||2||2||40.000%|
Milo of Croton was a six-time Olympic champion in wrestling famed for his strength. He supposedly saved Pythagoras’s life by holding up the ceiling of a collapsing building until Pythagoras was safe. He in part acquired his strength by a training regimen of carrying a calf around the village once a day for a long time, until it was a full-grown bull.4
In this problem, we will evaluate Milo’s training regimen a little more carefully. When you carry a young bull around the village, there are two effects: you’ll be sore for the next few days (and able to lift less weight), and you’ll build up more muscle for the future, allowing you to lift more weight in the future. For each day (equivalently, weight of the calf), you will be given two numbers: a permanent strength increase, which will kick in 3 days after the exercise, and a soreness penalty, which will be in effect the next 2 days after the exercise. Both permanent strength increase and soreness penalties are cumulative, i.e., if Milo exercises for two days in a row, for the next day after that, he will be sore from both, and the second day after, he will be just sore from the second exercise (while gaining the strength from the first).
You will be told how much the calf weighed the first day, how much Milo could lift on the first day, how many days Milo wants to exercise, and what the exercise effects are for carrying the calf at the different weights. When Milo’s ability to lift equals the weight of the calf, he will be successful in lifting it, but not when it is strictly less. Milo exercises every day, and the calf gains one pound every day. Your goal is to determine if Milo can successfully finish his exercise regimen, and if not, on what day he first fails.
The first line is the number K of input data sets, followed by the K data sets, each of the following form:
The first line contains three integers w, c, d, separated by a space. 0 ≤ w ≤ 1000 is the weight that Milo can lift on day 1. 0 ≤ c ≤ 1000 is the weight of the calf on day 1. 1 ≤ d ≤ 100 is the number of days that Milo is planning to exercise.
This is followed by d lines. Each line i = 1, . . . , d describes the effect of carrying the calf around the village when it weighs c + i − 1, i.e., on day i. It consists of two integers gi, si. 0 ≤ gi ≤ 1000 is the permanent strength gain from carrying the calf, which kicks in at day i + 3. 0 ≤ si ≤ 100 is the soreness penalty from carrying the calf, which hurts him on days i + 1 and i + 2.
For each data set, output “Data Set x:” on a line by itself, where x is its number.
If Milo can finish his entire regimen, then output “Completed successfully.” Otherwise, output the first day on which Milo cannot carry the calf any more.
Each data set should be followed by a blank line.
2 150 130 4 10 8 8 8 8 11 9 20 131 130 3 10 0 10 0 10 0
Data Set 1: Completed successfully. Data Set 2: 3 | <urn:uuid:07cdab13-a76c-4b44-af3f-6c75716f8461> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.acmicpc.net/problem/10208 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376831334.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219045716-20181219071716-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.954856 | 785 | 2.984375 | 3 |
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Earlier storage mechanisms in PVs resulted in the generation of energies at costs higher in comparison to natural gas. Many new ideas have been developed in the last few years, where technologists were trying to lower the cost of production and storage.
The technology of using molten salt with stored solar power has been around for some time; where salt was heated at 566 degrees Celsius – it provided a cost-competitive energy storage option. These were highly affordable systems and could provide viable electricity at half the cost of hydroelectric storage.
New research in these areas includes the development of low–cost basic electronic components in PVs where the plastic substrates are replaced by low-cost environmental-friendly biocompatible sustainable material. Molten silicon-based blocks can be used instead of regular batteries to store solar energy.
A group of engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology used a system based on silicon to store energy produced through solar, hydro and geothermal energy. The excess power generated can be trapped in grid storage PV boxes, which contain boxes with graphite lining holding white-hot molten silicon.
Recently, Perovskites cells made up of lead were developed for storage through Nanoengineering methods to reduce costs without losing performance. These are lightweight, flexible plastic cells that can compete with silicon-based stores.
Research led to the prototyping of paper batteries, nanopaper transistors, biosensors, and the studies were made related to the use of paper/cellulose like paper for photovoltaic devices, capacitors and batteries, where users will be able to buy printed sheets of solar cells, that could trap energy by the use of pioneering coating methods.
The technology requires large 10m wide graphite tanks that are insulated and filled with molten silicon. One of the tanks stores silicon at 1926 degrees Celsius (the cold tank) that is linked to the hot boxes, where the element is stored at a temperature of 2370 degrees Celsius.
This technology can provide easy energy storage in solid-state blocks that can fulfil the demand for a small city of 100,000 homes. Further, the cost of storage can be one of the lowest compared to solar and wind PVs. The life of the system can be up to 80 years, and the delivery of electricity can be made anywhere, irrespective of the geographical location.
In the new system, silicon is used as an alternative to salt, which is an abundant element found in the earth's crust, which constitutes 25.7 per cent of the earth's crust by weight and can withstand temperatures over 4K degrees Fahrenheit.
Researchers found if liquid silicon was stored at 3,600 degrees Fahrenheit for one hour, a coat of silicon carbide was formed in the box that prevented corrosion of the tanks. This is also called the sun in a box technology, where congealed energy can be stored and used whenever needed.
To find out more about solar panels investment, check 99 Alternatives at (http://www.99alternatives.com).
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Designed and Managed by Mont Digital | <urn:uuid:6c5bd5a2-be12-4ed5-9e9e-9135ca737a74> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.99alternatives.com/article/scientists-experiment-with-silicon-and-paper-cells-to-store-energy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653930.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607143116-20230607173116-00325.warc.gz | en | 0.938 | 731 | 3.75 | 4 |
Consequently, obesity emerges as the exemplary socially constructed illness, wherein obese individuals attain their ‘sick’ or ‘diseased’ status due to the interaction of their weight and the importance and moral value placed upon health, weight, and body image in modern society (Campos et al.
While fat bodies may have real, physical limitations, the idea that they present a threat to the larger society is overwhelmingly a social construction. Experts may warn that fat is ”catching,” but what is feared is a transfer of ”bad” behaviours, and loss of self-control.
The High Cost of Excess Weight
No less real are the social and emotional effects of obesity, including discrimination, lower wages, lower quality of life and a likely susceptibility to depression. Read more: health risks and why being overweight does not decrease mortality.
The evidence for social and environmental factors that contribute to obesity are often underappreciated. Obesity prevalence is significantly associated with sex, racial ethnic identity, and socioeconomic status, which creates complex relationships between each of these characteristics.
There could be number of other factors such as social and physical determinants that could cause overweight and obesity. Social factors could involve stress that could be financial or a stress from trauma, lack of sleep, marriage problems, and lack of education regarding health or types of food choices.
Definition of social construct
: an idea that has been created and accepted by the people in a society Class distinctions are a social construct.
Body image ideals, like race and gender, are social constructs that have grown out of a combination of history, politics, class, and moral values. One need look back only a few generations, or across cultures, to see that attitudes about thinness and fatness are fluid and ever changing.
Why is obesity a problem to society?
Obesity is serious because it is associated with poorer mental health outcomes and reduced quality of life. Obesity is also associated with the leading causes of death in the United States and worldwide, including diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and some types of cancer.
It is possible that those who are obese or underweight are less likely to have strong social relationships. These Americans may lack self-confidence or be negatively stereotyped based on their weight, making it harder to form or maintain relationships.
Why does socioeconomic status affect obesity?
In lower-income countries, people with higher SES were more likely to be obese. … It may be that in lower-income countries, higher SES leads to consuming high-calorie food and avoiding physically tough tasks. But in higher-income countries, individuals with higher SES may respond with healthy eating and regular exercise.
However, the inter-person spreading dynamics of obesity are seldom studied. A distinguishing feature of the obesity epidemic is that it is driven by a social contagion process which cannot be perfectly described by the infectious disease models. | <urn:uuid:7d59d972-f967-4fa1-ac5a-d5a8d020b280> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://lowcarbisland.com/about-metabolism/you-asked-is-obesity-socially-constructed.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500076.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203221113-20230204011113-00167.warc.gz | en | 0.960173 | 594 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Birds that dwell in or migrate to any region found in Europe and any nearby islands of the Atlantic Ocean.
Birds that dwell in the East Atlantic Ocean (Azores).
Birds of Iceland.
Birds that dwell in the Adriatic Sea and Sea of Azov.
Birds that dwell in the Black and Caspian Sea.
Birds that dwell in Corsica.
Birds that dwell in Cyprus.
Birds of the Palearctic.
Birds of Russia.
Birds of Eurasia.
Some species dwelling on the North African Coast.
Birds of the Mediterranean Sea and islands located in the Mediterranean Sea.
Birds dwelling in islands of Spain (Canary, Balearic).
Disclaimer: This list combines species from several endangered species lists. Using the total
count of species found on this site as an official count of endangered species of the world is not recommended. For more
information on what creatures are listed on this site, please visit our About EEC page. | <urn:uuid:c1879561-2f4c-4997-8ca6-100df1df09d7> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://earthsendangered.com/continent.asp?view=&ID=6&gr=B | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249508792.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223162938-20190223184938-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.896857 | 212 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Application of Coherent Detection
What Can Coherent Detection Be Used for?
The basic principle and advantages of coherent detection behind OCT finds applications in several application areas besides ophthalmic imaging such as Metrology and 3D Vision for autonomous systems.
Coherent detection is also known as:
- Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) or Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR) from fiber length measurement
- Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW)
Coherent detection has the advantage of: | <urn:uuid:b8447d65-54f7-4b80-9cbc-6cc2cd2ac7c9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://octlight.com/applications/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476374.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303111005-20240303141005-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.889728 | 104 | 2.859375 | 3 |
In September 1950, Horace Ward, an African American student from La Grange, Georgia, applied to law school at the University of Georgia. Despite his impressive academic record, Ward received a reply-in reality, a bribe-from one of the university’s top officials offering him financial assistance if he would attend an out-of-state law school. Ward, outraged at the unfairness of the proposition and determined to end this unequal treatment, sued the state of Georgia with the help of the NAACP, becoming the first black student to challenge segregation at the University of Georgia.
Beginning with Ward’s unsuccessful application to the university and equally unsuccessful suit, Robert A. Pratt offers a rigorously researched account of the tumultuous events surrounding the desegregation of Georgia’s flagship institution. Relying on archival materials and oral histories, Pratt debunks the myths encircling the landmark 1961 decision to accept black students into the university: namely the notion that the University of Georgia desegregated with very little violent opposition. Pratt shows that when Ward, by then a lawyer, helped litigate for the acceptance of Hamilton Earl Holmes and Charlayne Alberta Hunter, University of Georgia students, rather than outsiders, carefully planned riots to encourage the expulsion of Holmes and Hunter. Pratt also demonstrates how local political leaders throughout the state sympathized with-even aided and abetted-the student protestors.
Pratt’s provocative story of one civil rights struggle does not stop with the initial legal decision that ended segregation at the university. He also examines the legacy of Horace Ward and other civil rights pioneers involved in the university’s desegregation-including Donald Hollowell and Constance Baker Motley-who continued for a lifetime to break color barriers in the South and beyond. We Shall Not Be Moved is a testament to Horace Ward, Hamilton Holmes, Charlayne Hunter-Gault, and others who bravely challenged years of legalized segregation.
- publisherUniversity of Georgia Press
- publisher placeAthens, GA
- restrictionsAll rights reserved
- rights© 2002 by the University of Georgia Press
- rights holderUniversity of Georgia Press | <urn:uuid:0d3b77c6-44e5-4b06-bbf4-f58019a9634b> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://ugapress.manifoldapp.org/projects/we-shall-not-be-moved | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400283990.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927152349-20200927182349-00384.warc.gz | en | 0.922012 | 436 | 2.515625 | 3 |
This fact sheet is part of CancerCare’s Chemobrain Information Series
Problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning mentally as well as usual, are informally referred to by patients as chemobrain. Health care professionals call these symptoms cognitive deficits, from the word cognition, which means thought, and the word deficit, which means falling short of.
Symptoms of Chemobrain
If you are experiencing these types of problems, you may be experiencing chemobrain, and you are not alone:
- Memory loss
- Trouble paying attention
- Trouble finding the right word
- Difficulty with new learning
- Difficulty managing daily activities
People often notice these problems during chemotherapy treatment. Within one year of treatment, many people find these difficulties greatly improve or no longer exist. However, for some people, chemobrain can continue for years following completion of treatment.
Causes of Chemobrain
Researchers are uncertain of the exact causes of these difficulties, but they are currently studying this problem in order to find ways to both treat and prevent it. The causes of long-lasting chemobrain (more than one year after treatment) are not known. However, there are a number of very treatable factors that can cause temporary but similar problems in people undergoing chemotherapy. These include:
- Low blood counts
- Fatigue and sleep disturbances
- Medication to treat side effects
- Hormonal changes resulting from some cancer treatments
Tell your doctor if you’re having trouble with your memory or notice any other symptoms of chemobrain. He or she can help eliminate some of the factors that can also cause cognitive problems. For example, medication that treats nausea can make you less alert and affect your ability to think clearly. A simple change to your prescription may make a real difference in how you feel.
What You Can Do to Cope
There are things you can do to help yourself. Please see CancerCare‘s fact sheet “Combating Chemobrain: Keeping your Memory Sharp” for helpful tips.
When to Consult a Neuropsychologist
If one year has passed since you completed chemotherapy, and you have tried self-help techniques to cope but are still troubled by memory and related problems, you will need a professional evaluation. Professionals who are skilled at assessing and treating the symptoms of chemobrain are called neuropsychologists.
Neuropsychologists are psychologists with special training that prepares them to help people experiencing trouble in areas such as attention, new learning, organization and memory. These doctors will do a complete evaluation and determine if there are any treatable problems such as depression, anxiety, medication and fatigue. They also identify the areas in which you need assistance, as well as your areas of strength.
After their evaluation is complete, neuropsychologists may suggest cognitive remediation or cognitive rehabilitation. This process involves working with a professional on problem areas and developing a plan that helps improve your functioning so you can better manage your daily life. Remediation should also include practical ways to address your specific areas of concern.
How To Find a Neuropsychologist
Professional organizations can refer you to a qualified neuropsychologist. These are listed in the resource section of this handout. You can also ask your physician for a referral. Once you have found a neuropsychologist, work with him or her to determine your insurance coverage for an evaluation and cognitive remediation. Some Medicare and Medicaid plans and private insurers pay for these services, but coverage varies, so it is important to have this information before deciding on a treatment plan.
The Role of Oncology Social Workers
Talking with a social worker who understands cancer issues can be very helpful. Oncology (cancer) social workers are trained to help individuals cope with the emotional impact of these types of problems. CancerCare‘s staff of professionally trained oncology social workers can work with you develop a plan to address these difficulties, including referrals to important resources. We offer detailed advice on the telephone, online, or in person to help you improve your functioning on many levels. CancerCare also offers free counseling, education and financial assistance. | <urn:uuid:555e2da5-27af-4a0d-8586-600514382489> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.oncologynurseadvisor.com/home/for-patients/fact-sheets/cognitive-problems-after-chemotherapy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00778.warc.gz | en | 0.957109 | 857 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The Tichborne Dole is one of the eccentric British traditions and dates back to the thirteenth century. It takes place in the village of Tichborne near Alresford in Hampshire every year on 25 March, the Feast of the Annunciation (Lady’s Day).
Over eight hundred years ago, there lived a kind and generous women called Lady Maybela. It was custom in those days that if the woman had a lot of money, it all belonged to her husband from the day of their marriage. So, although Lady Maybela had been very rich, she had to ask her husband, Sir Roger de Tichborne, for anything she wanted.
Sir Roger was not the nicest of all people. Lady Maybela had to beg for everything she needed. Most of things she had she gave to the poor.
When she was very ill and dying, she asked her husband if he would still be kind to the poor people after she was dead. She wanted him to give bread to the poor once a year. Sir Roger wasn't very happy about this, for he would have to give up some of the flour that he made from the wheat he grew and he didn't like to give anything away for nothing!
Now, remember that Lady Maybela was very ill! Sir Roger took a burning log from the fire. He told his wife that however much of his land she could get round before the flames from the log went out, he would set aside for the growing of wheat and this wheat would be made into flour for the poor.
Lady Maybela called to her maids and they lifted her from her bed into the grounds outside.
Now, everyone knows that March is a very windy month, but as Sir Roger carried the burning log outside to watch Lady Maybela, the winds dropped and the flames from the log burned brightly with an unflickering flame. Lady Maybela tried to stand up but she was too weak, so she began to crawl on her hands and knees. As she disappeared in the distance, the servants held their breath and watched the flames on the log. Sir Roger was getting more and more angry as he saw how far his wife was crawling - he thought he had set her an impossible task. He saw Lady Maybela turn and start to cross across the land - then, still crawling, she turned again, this time to crawl down back to the house. All the time the flame burned brightly.
As Lady Maybela was nearing the house, the log was nearly all burned out, and when at last she reached the place where she had started, the flame suddenly went out. She had crawled over an area of twenty-three acres! These same twenty-three acres are, even today, still known as the 'Crawls'.
Before Lady Maybela died she made Sir Roger promise to give all the flour grown on the 'Crawls' to the poor every 25th March, and just to make sure he kept his promise, she put a curse on the Tichborne family and house. The curse said that anyone in the family not giving flour to the poor on 25th March would find that their house would collapse, their money would be lost and seven sons would be born followed by seven daughters and the name Tichborne would die out.
The flour was given every year until 1796, when Sir Henry Tichborne gave money to the church instead of flour to the poor. He had seven sons, his eldest son had seven daughters and half the family fell down, so a very worried son of Sir Henry, a Sir Edward Doughty-Tichborne, started up the custom again - and things have been all right ever since.
Story as re-told by Toni Arthur in her book 'All the Year Round | <urn:uuid:44b8dc88-d298-45ac-9468-43f5a78f8351> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://projectbritain.com/calendar/March/tichborne.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119649133.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030049-00261-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.993979 | 782 | 3.265625 | 3 |
American Indians are the only ethnic group in the United States who, for generations, were subjected to forced education by the federal government. In the early years, Indian children were hunted down and taken by force to boarding schools, residing there for three or more years. These children were stripped of their Native identities, not being allowed to speak their native languages or practice their cultural traditions. This presentation provides historical and social interpretations of this painful era in American Indian history, examining the U.S. federal laws that put it into motion and the drastic life changes that occurred across the Indian Nations as a result.
Evangeline Parsons Yazzie, Ed.D., is a Professor of Navajo at Northern Arizona University. A Navajo woman originally from the small community of Hardrock on the Navajo Reservation, Parsons Yazzie teaches and writes on behalf of Navajo elders as a means of acknowledging and honoring her parents for their gifts of language, culture-knowledge, and teachings. She is an award-winning author of a bilingual children’s book, the co-author of a Navajo language textbook for high school and college students and, most recently, the author of a fictional romance novel based on Navajo historical events. | <urn:uuid:0069a603-c4c7-4bdb-945b-1afd6e24430c> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://azhumanities.org/event/boarded-up-social-and-historical-interpretations-of-the-american-indian-boarding-school-era-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643388.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20230527223515-20230528013515-00325.warc.gz | en | 0.975799 | 242 | 3.84375 | 4 |
They were shown with piano or organ accompaniment, sound effects, and subtitles. Comedy was the most popular type of movies during this time of films. The humor in these films were very slapstick-meaning people thought it was funny when someone fell on a banana peel or got a custard pie in the face.
Buster Keating, Laurel Hardy, and Charlie Chaplin were some famous comedians. Many Canadians regularly attended one of the 900 movie theaters across Canada. Mary Pickoffs was a famous actress in the sass.Mary Pickoffs was a legendary silent film actress and was known as “America’s sweetheart. She was a founder of United Artists and helped establish the Academy. Mary Pickoffs was born on April 8, 1892, in Toronto. In 1909, she appeared in 40 movies for D.
W. Griffith American Biography company. She also worked as a producer and co-founded United Artists, with Charlie Chaplin, and Douglas Fairbanks, Sir. , who would become her second husband. Pickoffs retired from the screen In 1933 but continued to produce.She died In 1979. Sports Canadian sport In the sass was booming.
People followed famous players Like Babe Ruth In baseball, Bobby Jones In golf and Howe Moreno In hockey. Medal really helped sports In Canada. Newspapers remoter all sporting events and magazines such as Manacle’s used sports articles. Radio and film started to use sports too. Baseball was the most popular summer sport In Canada. Every community had a baseball diamond and a team. The National Hockey League was established In 1917.
There were only 5 teams, two In Montreal, one In Toronto, one In Ottawa and one In Quebec City. Professional hockey was becoming popular south of the border, but most hockey players were still Canadian. Music and Dancing Jazz was the music of the sass. Arlington with musicians In New Orleans. This style of music spread across the united States and North Canada. Some of the famous Jazz musicians were Louis Armstrong, Jelly Roll Morton, and Duke Longtime. Jazz music evolved through the decade.
Soon there were genres of the music Like the blues and swing.Jazz music encouraged daring and energetic dances one of the most popular dances was called the Charleston. The Image above Is some people doing the Charleston. Entertainment In The sass By bioinformatics Entertainment in the sass By Joshua Abandons from the screen in 1933 but continued to produce. She died in 1979. Canadian sport in the sass was booming. People followed famous players like Babe Ruth in baseball, Bobby Jones in golf and Howe Moreno in hockey.
Media really helped sports in Canada. Newspapers sport in Canada.Every community had a baseball diamond and a team. The National Hockey League was established in 1917. There were only 5 teams, two in Montreal, one in Toronto, one in Ottawa and one in Quebec City. Professional hockey was Jazz was the music of the sass. Originating with musicians in New Orleans.
This style of music spread across the United States and North Canada. Some of the Jazz music evolved through the decade. Soon there were genres of the music like the of the most popular dances was called the Charleston. | <urn:uuid:bb1ea09d-bd40-490b-b74c-c807e6120624> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://newyorkessays.com/essay-charlie-chaplin-2731/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655934052.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711161442-20200711191442-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.983994 | 649 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Introduction To Internet Programming
A routine knowledge of Web Programming is crucial for anybody who wishes to do website development or even create an online business. Such knowledge can be achieved through a basic knowledge of HTML. However, internet growth entails a variety of various other languages and equipment as well. Someone who wants to find out about HTML will have to understand HTML development equipment as well furthermore.
As with any technical area of interest, you can find both those who write HTML and those who use it. The majority of internet sites nowadays are developed using HTML. As well as the users themselves probably write HTML in the form of plain text documents as they add content. HTML makes it less complicated for web programmers to include text message merely, images, videos, and other data.
HTML isn’t just text; this is a markup vocabulary really. Markup languages allow two languages to work together. For example, in the template program, you would use HTML to spell it out the data and how it is shown. The HTML will all of the formatting and styling of the info so the user can notice quickly and easily. However, no impact will be got because of it on the meaning of the info or how it is displayed.
Several people use HTML to write simple text documents for the purpose of making them editable. There are many different programs that read the HTML code and screen them in various ways. The person who wants to make their document even more interactive may use some HTML coding languages to make that happen. There are thousands of free software programs that can be used to make adjustments to a document. Some people opt for just free software program and others prefer to use commercial software program.
With HTML, an individual can create a website to demonstrate how something can be carried out. They can also make some basic text and then add some color and style to make it seem more interesting. A site that does not include any graphics is often known as aplain text message site. Many websites now also contain audio and video formats, which are easier to see on small screens than on large computers.
Certain HTML tags may be used to display special articles, such as video, an audio file, and other multimedia. If you wish to add your own pictures, you might like to use HTML desks, that are markup codes that are independent of the actual image. Desks can be included in several methods. Using HTML dining tables is a very easy process.
If an image is too big to fit into a web page, a web programmer can make a picture using HTML desks just. A picture can be added by inserting special HTML tables right into a page. You just need to put the table’s ID in to the html code of the picture. You may even be able to add tables to your own web page making use of themes. It is easier to insert templates than to utilize HTML tables.
A picture is useful when you want showing a video. All you have to to do is usually insert the Video ID into the HTML code for your picture. If you do not know the video’s ID, it is possible to just place it into the text boxes where web designers are allowed to enter their very own input. When somebody varieties the ID in, it is converted into an ID and then it will be sent to the web server. You’ll be able to add a CSS class to the picture if you wish to use it as a background image for a full page.
After all the HTML code is generated, the program code can be evaluated with the HTML processor to determine what it will do. The HTML processor will be written in PHP, although a number of other languages support this. PHP is a scripting language, meaning it can be useful for programming web pages in addition to for creating HTML pages.
It is important to comprehend that web programming is not exactly like making images and placing them onto a page. When a webpage is done the real method it was made, the design is usually stored in the database and saved. When a web developer wants to change the design, he or she simply can make modifications to the Html page of changing the design of the net web page instead.
HTML pays to in some cases, but it is not necessary. In addition to text, videos and images, HTML pays to in other ways as well. This can include animations, sound effects, videos, and animations, webpages, software assessment, maps, and flash movies. – all of the ordinary items that can assist create a web site more interesting. to use.
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A root amputation is the surgical removal of a root from a multi-root tooth. This procedure is necessary when a single root is damaged/infected and cannot be healed, but the rest of that tooth (and roots) can be saved.
After a root amputation, the remainder of the tooth is reinforced, and brought back to full functionality, with a crown or filling. The teeth best-suited to this procedure are molars, the multi-rooted teeth at the back of the mouth.
If the problem root is not removed, the infection will spread to the rest of the roots/tooth, necessitating a complete tooth removal. And while in the past, diseased or injured teeth were always pulled, thanks to technology, today your tooth can be saved through root amputation. | <urn:uuid:e091b3f6-6359-469c-96c8-075a41348c52> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.monalisadental.ca/kitsilano-dental-services/vancouver-endodontics/root-amputation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578526807.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20190418201429-20190418223429-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.932993 | 164 | 2.765625 | 3 |
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The Mongol empire in the 13th century conquered great swaths of Asia, the Middle East and even parts of Europe at staggering speed, but how did Genghis Khan and his armies manage to conquer so much and so fast? The answer may lie in some ancient dead trees found recently in an old volcanic lava flow in Mongolia. The trees were so well preserved that their annual growth rings were still visible and gave an astonishing insight into the climate of the 1200s. The wood rings were spaced wide apart showing that the trees grew well, thanks to plenty of rain. And because the trees did well, the chances are that the grasslands of the vast Mongolian plains also grew lush in the wet climate. Those rich grasslands would have fuelled the Mongol armies, giving plenty of grazing land for the thousands of horses that the troops relied on, and livestock to feed the soldiers.
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In 1847 and 1848, immediately before and after the publication of Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre, the satirical British magazine, Punch, published a number of humorous articles on the unfortunate situation of governesses in England. The articles depict the position of governess as a rather thankless and pitiable job, usually in a humorous style. However, the articles also provide interesting insights about the requirements for being a governess and the way in which Victorian society viewed governesses. The articles also helps explain why Jane Eyre interacts with Mr. Rochester and the other inhabitants of Thornfield in the way she does and why she wanted to be a governess in the first place.
One of the articles, entitled “The Model Governess,” describes the ideal governess in detail. The description in the article is an almost perfect summary of Jane Eyre’s character:
Respectably connected, young, accomplished but poor, is the Model Governess. She closes the door against all acquaintances and relations the moment she enters her situations, and as for friends, she loses them all Ð forgets in time the very name of one; for who ever heard of a Governess with friends? She never goes out, and is allowed no visitors. To be perfect, she should be ugly. Woe betide her, if she be pretty!
Granted, the article was printed after the publication of Jane Eyre, so the novel may have influenced the author, but the connection is noteworthy nonetheless. Jane Eyre meets every one of these qualifications. She is young, poor and graduated from the Lowood Institution as one of the best in her class. She has neither real friends nor relatives who care about her. And she is plain. In other words, Jane is the perfect candidate for a governess. But why would a clever, independent woman like Jane Eyre want to be in a position where it is required that “she bears all without a murmur, and never retorts” and where “it is her sad situation to be always suspected?” Jane simply states that she wants “a new place, in a new house, amongst new faces, under new circumstances.” Is it necessary that she denigrate herself by taking a job where she will not be appreciated at all and which will probably lead nowhere? An article in The Westminster Review, published a few decades after Jane Eyre, further illuminates the injustice inherent in the governess system by comparing the job of a governess to the job of a private tutor (a man):
The tutor never dreams of making his present occupation his profession for life. He is probably reading for some exam. Or saving a little money to put himself through a special course of study. His salary is from £70 to £80 per anum, and he thinks this little enough, even with board and lodging thrown in. He teaches Latin, Greek, science, mathematics, and the usual English subjects, and is allowed certain fixed hours for recreation or study. On the other hand, the governess receives, if highly accomplished and certificated, from £35 to £50 per annum. She has no better prospect in life, and her salary decreases as she advances in years. For this sum she is expected to teach thoroughly (and does) English, French, German, music, drawing, painting, and very probably in addition violin playing, singing, and the elements of Latin. In an ordinary middle-class family she is supposed to assist the mistress of the house generally. She arranges flowers, writes notes, does the shopping, goes on various errands, mends clothes, and is even expected to help with the housework when there is a breakdown in the domestic staff.
Jane has very little self-confidence and continuously underestimates her own strengths and exaggerates her weaknesses. For example, after Jane hears about Blanche Ingram, a supposedly beautiful woman whom she believes Mr. Rochester means to marry, Jane decides to draw a picture of herself and a picture of Blanche so that she can compare them and show herself how illogical her feelings for Mr. Rochester are. She sketches the portrait of herself in chalk in about two hours, while she spends two weeks sketching the portrait of Blanche on ivory using her finest paints and pencils. Naturally, Blanche’s portrait is superior. This incident reveals Jane’s low self-regard and need to torture herself should she think too highly of herself. One of the Punch articles, “College for Governesses,” says, “They (governesses) must be humble, as in that case they will be spared many disappointments, and respectful themselves, as they must not consider they have a claim for respect on any person in the establishment they belong to.” Jane certainly is humble, perhaps a little too humble. She clearly does not expect the other inhabitants of Thornfield to respect her because she does not regard herself as a valuable member of the household.
As a governess, Jane occupies a rather awkward position at Thornfield. Governesses during the Victorian Era lived with the family and did some activities with the family and others with servants. Their position in the household was a temporary one, so they were rarely accepted into the family. Generally the governess lived in her own sphere and kept to herself. In “A Model Governess,” the author complains,
She must not mind being told once a week that she is eating the “bread of dependence;” and, above all, she must “know her station,’ though it is rather difficult to say what that station is. It is not the drawing-room, it is not the kitchen, nor is it the young ladies’ room. It must be the landing-place.
Jane Eyre “knows her station” very well. When reading Jane Eyre, the reader might wonder at first why Jane is so reserved around Mr. Rochester despite his numerous attempts to include her in the family. It is because it is not her station. Jane is very careful not to overstep the boundaries she believes society has set for her. She is intelligent and independent yet she refuses to do anything that society might look down upon. Perhaps it is as a result of her lack of self-confidence that Jane feels she must rigidly adhere to her “station.”
Governesses in Victorian England led rather depressing lives. The families they worked for often alienated them, yet they were still usually expected to do more work than anyone in the family. Governesses were often treated like servants and received little compensation for their hard work. Jane Eyre takes up this miserable vocation even though she is a talented and intelligent young woman and could possibly have found a more fulfilling job, such as the teaching job she obtains from St. John Rivers later in the novel. Jane simply has so little confidence in herself and her abilities that she can’t allow herself to do work she really enjoys. Because she has little self-confidence, she won’t even consider raising her social status and finds it easier to simply accept that she will always be a poor lower-class governess. She rejects Rochester at first because, even though she likes him, she has so little self-assurance that she refuses to believe a man of his status could possible like a girl like her. Luckily, Rochester helps her to gain confidence in herself and her abilities by loving her and Jane does not have to remain a governess.
Brontë, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Petersborough: Broadview Literay Texts, 1999.
“College for Governesses." Punch, or the London Charivari 13 (1847): 131.
"A Model Governess." Punch, or the London Charivari 14 (1848): 51.
"Sisters of Misery" Punch, or the London Charivari. 15 (1849): 78.
"The Decay of the Gentlewoman". The Westminster Review 1904: 458-458.
Lecaros, Cecilia Wadsö. “The Victorian Governess Novel.” Victorian Web. 17 May 2010.
Last modified 18 May 2010 | <urn:uuid:4517e1a9-7652-4bdc-98ae-1731db1576b1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.victorianweb.org/periodicals/punch/flanagan.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00448-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975744 | 1,686 | 2.828125 | 3 |
You can also check at the progressions documents given in this blog. In this instance, a copy of the outcomes of the evaluation can be sent to the Learning Center together with the application. Skim entries once every week for patterns in errors.
What Is Math Fluency – the Story
Parents, teachers, and anyone with an eligibility meeting have to be equipped to comprehend the fundamentals of the kinds of tests which were used and what the scores mean. https://www.grademiners.com There are example IEP Goals for Reading listed below the info about ways to compose amazing targets. Students completed 1 practice session utilizing cover-copy-compare for subtraction in line with the group assignment.
Parents also have access to detailed reporting which make it simple to observe your youngster’s progress. Math and Memory Memory may have a substantial influence on thinking with numbers. They must understand a concept well to be able to solve it mentally.
It’s possible to also encourage some wonderfulmath talk by asking your children to go over the strategy they mean to use to acquire the solution. Knowing the origin of the problem in children like these is an important part of understanding how to help them. It is http://www.cned.fr/scolaire/college going to almost always be essential to read a problem many times, both at the beginning and during working on it.
You MUST KNOW if your son or daughter is making very good progress in reading. To ensure that your kid is getting the appropriate kind reading instruction, you might also need to check out information to assist you understand exactly what sorts of help your son or daughter needs. Usually, kids take this test once they have topped the PIAT-R, but nevertheless, it may be used at any age.
What Is Math Fluency: the Ultimate Convenience!
Students must be flexible to be able to decide on a proper strategy for those numbers involved, and also have the ability to use a single method to fix an issue and another system to examine the results. It is crucial to be aware that this doesn’t mean that the subject is performing at precisely the same level as that grade or age, simply that the typical score was exactly like the sample. Therefore a problem around three pigs could possibly be changed into one which has any range of pigs.
Effort includes processing speed in addition to mental stamina. The cognitive assessment is going to have an overall IQ score. A complete evaluation can demonstrate the specific areas where she’s struggling.
What Everybody Dislikes About What Is Math Fluency and Why
Once a student understands the idea, time is imperative to practice the concept to come up with fluency. Luckily there are plenty of ways and strategies to use with kids to improve fluency in math every step along the way. Whether you’re differentiating the learning in your classroom or want something for the entire group, you will likely find it here.
Parents are well conscious of the value of reading fluency. To begin with, it’s only critical to learn the facts from 1 to 9. Fact fluency is a critical background skill in math.
Top Choices of What Is Math Fluency
Since reasonable accommodations are based on the present effect of the disability, documentation has to be current. In reality, even adults can learn with increased ease too. Pick the one which is quite suitable for your student.
When communication issues are found, their effects can be far-reaching through a person’s life. The solution to this problem will contain the reply to the previous few questions. The majority of the moment, the practice problems follow the exact order as the sample difficulties.
After all, the measure of succeeding in learning math facts is not just in the capacity to answer the equations correctly, but additionally in the time needed to develop the right answers. Distinct varieties and amounts of evidence has to be gathered to suit unique purposes. These facts have to be recalled accurately, with little mental work.
Polya’s second stage of locating a strategy tends to suggest that it’s a fairly straightforward matter to think of a suitable strategy. From that point, students may pick from nine games to play. Some folks think lots and tons of multiplication drills are the best way to go.
At first this game is able to move slowly as students are merely becoming fluent. The score in every area will indicate ability in the a variety of areas measured. There are lots of truly awful free on-line math games out there.
If you wish to prevent drilling students on multiplication facts, games are a good way to encourage fluency. You’re going to need the Adobe reader for the next worksheets. Another way to construct math fluency is by way of teaching mental math.
Directions and grid paper are available HERE. The sheets within this section are for children who already have a good grounding in what multiplication is and the way it works. All the multiplication worksheets within this section will aid your child to come up with their speed and accuracy at multiplying.
Strategies students may utilize to seek out facts which aren’t yet committed to memory. While they may understand a concept, they may not be able to apply it to another problem. With differentiated learning, they are able to grasp the concepts in a way that is best understood using their abilities.
Once a student was evaluated, there are a variety of scores which can be tricky to sort through and understand. So long as the outcomes are used alongside other measures of performance, they can offer valuable info about student learning. 24 Summary Douglas’ in general performance was in the typical variety.
However, as soon as they are understood and efforts are made to help lower the effect of the slower pace, these students’ very best abilities can shine. I would add this is true of grades, too. I believe with continued aid and direct instruction he’ll make gains. | <urn:uuid:f94207ba-0d44-4152-a0a6-92e8f0112b90> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://blog.startupbusinessaccounting.com/secret-answers-to-what-is-math-fluency-revealed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514571506.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915134729-20190915160729-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.961958 | 1,217 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Most breeds of duck are similar in appearance in the earliest stages of life. In most cases, careful observation can help you determine exactly what type of duckling you're watching. As ducklings develop, it will become easier for you to identify exactly what species they are.
Observe the color of the ducklings. Mallards are the most common type of domestic duck and the ducklings will have brown coloring near their eyes, on their heads, backs, wings and tails while the rest of their bodies are yellow. Wood ducks are common, and the ducklings are nearly identical to mallard ducklings. Muscovy ducklings are hatched yellow, then develop brown coloring that will fade as they mature. Pekin ducklings will be bright yellow with orange bills and legs; they do not turn brown.
Look at the parent or other adult birds who are accompanying the ducklings. Ducks prefer to stay in flocks rather than wander out on their own, particularly ducklings. Adult ducks are much easier to tell apart by breed. If the adults surrounding the duckling are all the same species then you can pretty much guarantee the ducklings are going to be the same breed as the adults. Consult a bird guide or local birding club for assistance if you are unable to identify the breed of the parent, as some species or colorations can be rare or are seen only in certain regions.
Take your ducklings to an avian veterinarian and have the veterinarian determine the species of the duckling. Have your avian veterinarian perform genetic testing to determine what breed the ducklings are if she can not identify them based on their physical appearance.
- Continue to observe the ducklings as they develop and mature, the differences between the breeds will become more apparent as they mature and you will be able to tell what breed they are.
- kotomiti/iStock/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:47881684-092d-459e-9310-5586779bb37f> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://animals.mom.me/identify-duckling-breeds-6668.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805023.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118190229-20171118210229-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.949251 | 380 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Simplify Fractions Calculator
Please enter the numerator and denominator of fraction and click Simplify button.
We use the greatest common divisor (GCD) method to simplify fractions. This method is also known as euclidean algorithm.
Until finding the greatest divisor of numerator and denominator of fraction we keep on calculating. When the divisor found, we show the simplified fractions with these divisors. | <urn:uuid:a1b3b658-91ec-4ba7-9ee8-1cf90fad3088> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.fractioncalculator.net/simplify-fractions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865691.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523161206-20180523181206-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.867522 | 92 | 3.5625 | 4 |
City Travel – The Ancient Jewish Ghetto, Venice
The world’s first ghetto.
[Text and photos by Mayank Austen Soofi]
Butchers and blacksmiths, fortune-tellers and beggars, carpet sellers and cobblers, chickens and children… all of this made more frenzied by the great milling crowds.
It could be Old Delhi.
This is the world’s first ghetto, and it is not in India but Italy. The ancient Jewish district of Venice was the world’s first officially segregated quarter to confine a persecuted minority community into a limited space. It’s observing its 500th anniversary this year—the Most Serene Republic of Venice declared on 29 March 1516 that “The Jews must all live together… they do not move around during the night… let two doors be built which are to be opened each morning… and to be closed each night at 12 by four Christian guards… paid by the Jews….”
To mark its five centuries, the Jewish Community of Venice and the Municipality of Venice are aiming to re-establish the Ghetto as “a meeting point of people, a crossroads of cultures, a gateway to understanding the history of Jewish civilization, and a symbol of freedom beyond walls.”
The Delhi Walla just returned after spending a month there. The noise and chaos were experienced through the mind’s eye–today’s Venice Ghetto is a quiet place, but an animated guide brought the past alive for a visiting group of Jewish teens from New York. One of them had posed a question on how this place was when fully populated; I eavesdropped on the reply.
The young New Yorkers looked around in disbelief as the veteran guide continued with his account of the Ghetto’s early life. The past does not even remotely resemble the present. The boatloads of tourists with selfie sticks largely leave this part of town alone.
A street in the Venice Ghetto
The district, which gave the world the word ‘ghetto’, is no longer a ghetto. Most residents are now Catholics. Descendants of those early Jewish residents left this neighborhood decades ago to settle in other parts of this watery city. Though wandering through the area gives no easy hint of its Jewish past, careful eyes could notice its uniqueness. The buildings here are higher than in other parts of Venice—since the residents were not allowed to expand their district laterally, they did so vertically, adding floors to accommodate their increasing numbers. If, like me, you are lucky to enter people’s homes in the Ghetto, you shall discover that the ceilings of these houses are lower than elsewhere in Venice—this resulted from the compulsion of having as many family homes in a single building as possible. A moving short story by the poet Rainer Maria Rilke set in this historical district tells of an elderly Jew who wants to live on the topmost floor so that he can see the world outside the Ghetto.
A sign in the Ghetto
While monuments and museums enrich travel, a visit to an unfamiliar city is not complete until one enters a private home, sits in the drawing room, and looks out at the view from one of the windows–just the way the resident would do daily. So, one day in the Ghetto, I stepped inside the apartment of maths teacher Elena Ferrazzi, looked down at the big square from her window, lounged at her kitchen table, and was astonished to discover that the other side of her kitchen was not another home like hers but one of the most important synagogues of Judaism—the Grand German Synagogue. It was like sharing your drawing room wall with the Konarak temple. Such a thing is perhaps possible only in a ghetto where the extraordinary is made to exist cheek-by-jowl with the mundane.
Elena Ferrazzi’s kitchen
The Venice Ghetto is now very cosmopolitan; the kosher restaurants have Bangladeshi Muslims as cooks. A wildly popular pizzeria here is owned by a Coptic Christian from Cairo. The only mom-and-pop kosher bakery is run by a Catholic family. The Ghetto also has one of the few woodcarving shops left in Venice.
The window glimpse of a square in the Ghetto
Although the district is so small that you can walk through it in ten minutes flat, it is so rich in history and has had so much of its character altered over the recent past that you need time to understand the place and its people. Being a leisurely traveller in Venice, it was possible for me to go deeper into that history–among the rewards was a visit to a private house that was famous for being inhabited by a Jewish ghost.
No talk of Venice and its Jews can be complete without recalling its most famous resident – the one who never really existed but whose story could well have been real. The moneylender Shylock is one of the unforgettable creations of William Shakespeare, whose 400th death anniversary is observed this year. If Shylock lived here, he would have been a regular in the Grand German Synagogue—only Ashkenazi Jews from Germany were allowed by the city’s Christian authorities to be moneylenders. Built in 1528, this is the oldest of the five synagogues of Venice, all of which are in this historic ghetto.
The lavishly decorated temple has scores of glittering chandeliers hanging from the roof. The 500-year-old wood of the walnut pews looks dark and sacred. The Ten Commandments run over the walls in gold letters. The gold-plated pulpit, too, is remarkable. And yes, the place is so well preserved that Shylock’s presence is almost palpable..
The Jewish Museum
It is your entry point to the district’s five synagogues. The guided tour also leads you through small halls packed with old chandeliers, scrolls and other ancient Jewish knickknacks. On view are timeworn gold ornaments and intricate textile fabrics that vividly represent the traditions of the Jewish world. A hand-woven rug depicting Jerusalem is incredibly fragile.
The Holocaust Memorial
Situated at Campo del Ghetto Novo, one of the two squares in the Ghetto, the memorial consists of a symbolic barbed wire–strung on top of a brick wall—and a display of seven bronze panels fixed on the same wall. A separate panel is engraved with railway carriages that evoke the final journey of the 256 Venetian Jews who died in the Nazi concentration camps. In the evening, the place is filled with the sounds of children playing. The sunset sky here is out of this world.
Emilio Piacentini’s Wood Carving Shop
The seventy-something Emilio Piacentini is among the half-a-dozen aging woodcarvers left in Venice, and the only one in the Ghetto. He started the business 40 years ago. Before that this used to be a horsemeat shop. The dimly-lit shop has a delicious rundown flavor. The paint is peeling off the walls, the mirrors are layered with decades of grime and cobwebs hang from the ceiling. The carpenter’s long worktable is topped with dozens of strange tools that you wouldn’t have seen before. Most days, Piacentini is seen working on wood frames, making designs unique to Venice. Buying a small decorative artifact here will be an authentic Venetian souvenir instead of the Chinese-made plastic junk in the touristy parts of the city. Ask him to show you his old hand-drawn gondola designs.
Libreria Alef Bookshop
Opened in 2006, this is one of Jewish Italy’s most important contemporary landmarks. Libreria Alef is the only bookstore in this country devoted exclusively to Judaism, which means that it stocks books written for or by the Jews (there are lots of Woody Allen books here). A must-buy is the classic The Ghetto of Venice by Riccardo Calimani (see top photo), a Venetian author said to have one of the city’s best private libraries. The shop is tucked inside the Jewish Museum. It also has an in-house café stocked with some delicious cookies straight out of Jewish cookbooks.
Shaul Bassi, director of The Venice Center for International Jewish Studies
Panificio Volpe Giovanni Kosher Bakery
This is the only old-fashioned family-run kosher bakery left in the Ghetto and is run by a Catholic family—mother Giusi, father Davide, son Nicolo, and his girlfriend Eleonora. “Our customers consist of people living in the area… but actually most are tourists, Jewish tourists,” says Giusi Volpe, the bakery’s matriarch. The bakery was founded 60 years ago by her father-in-law, who, she says, “Opened this shop here not because the area belonged to Jews or Christians but because he sensed an opportunity.” Make sure to try the delicious **** (forgotten the name will ask and add).
Youssef Safwat’s Pizzeria
In its 500th year, the world’s first ghetto has expanded to absorb diverse diaspora. The always-jovial Youssef Safwat is the Cairo-born Christian owner of the enormously popular pizzeria Al Faro. Locals from across Venice come to the Ghetto to sup on Safar’s pizzas. The staff includes Muslim Bangladeshis and Christian Moldovians. Vegetarians must try the spinach pizza with ricotta and mozzarella cheese. It’s the best thing about the Ghetto.
A Jewish Ghost’s House
Centuries ago, this was the living quarters of the Ghetto’s chief rabbi, but now it is home to a retired psychiatrist (who, by the way, is a Catholic). It has lovely creaking wooden stairs and is situated in the same building as the historic Italian synagogue, which mostly remains closed to tourists. The house is famous for a ghost—it was even featured in a book. The psychiatrist told me that the spirit was that of a Jewish man who was in love with a Christian woman. The man was killed during the 17th century inquisition in Italy. The ghost was finally made to leave the place a few years ago by an exorcist, who, well, was a Catholic, too.
Ancient Jewish Cemetery
The graveyard is not in the Ghetto but is a logical point to end the journey into the ancient Jewish district. Actually, the principal (read Christian) cemetery of Venice is on the outlying island of San Michale—the two famous graves here are those of the poet Ezra Pound and the composer Igor Stravinsky. The Jewish cemetery lies further away in Lido, the island that was the setting of Thomas Mann’s novel Death in Venice. The tombs are littered across the mossy ground. Many are broken into pieces and many lie cracked. Wild grass and blue violets run over several tombs. The cemetery is older than the Ghetto. It looks its age and is all the more beautiful for it.
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