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Difference between Product and Process in Software development
Product and Process are the two crucial terms in software development. The elementary difference between the two is that a "process" is a sequence of steps to be followed to create an appropriate product, while a "product" is the final outcome of the software development cycle.
Read this tutorial to learn more about Product and Process in the context of software development and how they are different from each other.
What is a Product?
The product is the final outcome of the software development process. It is the software application or system that is being built or maintained. A product is built on the customer's requirements/requests.
In the context of software development, a product consists of several components such as requirement specifications, design and test documents, user manuals, etc. To develop a desired software product, the software development team and the customer should define the purpose and scope of the product. The "purpose" gives the information about the objective of the product, and the "scope" gives the details about fundamental data, functions, and behavior of the product.
What is a Process?
The process is a set of steps that are to be followed to create a software product. A process is basically a template that can be used to create multiple products in a similar fashion. In software development, the process directs the development of the product. The process takes care of all the development cycles of a software product.
Process makes the progressive changes in requirements of the product. It includes the various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC), such as planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing, and deployment. The process also includes the methods, techniques, and tools that are used to complete the work, such as agile methodologies, version control systems, and integrated development environments (IDEs).
The main objective of the process in software development is to ensure the successful completion of each phase of the software development.
Difference between Product and Process in Software Development
The following table highlights the important differences between a Product and a Process in software development −
The product is the final result of a development cycle.
The process is a sequence or set of steps that should be followed to create a product.
Product development focus is on final outcome.
The process focuses on each step to be followed during software product development.
A product life cycle tends to be in the short term.
A process life cycle is generally long term.
The main goal of product development is to finish the work and get the product delivered successfully.
The main goal of a process is to make a good quality products.
The most significant difference that you should note here is that the product is the final result of a development cycle, whereas the process is a series of steps that should be followed to create the product.
- Difference Between Product and Process
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- Difference between Hardware and Software
- Difference between Marketing and Business Development
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- Agile Development Models in Software Engineering
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- Snapshot of Agile Software Development
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- Difference between Software Testing and Embedded Testing
- Difference between Open Source and Proprietary Software
- Difference between hardware serial and software serial in Arduino
- Entrepreneurship Development Process
- Difference between Process and Thread | <urn:uuid:2b58a502-41af-457a-a2d1-d7c10a046260> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.tutorialspoint.com/difference-between-product-and-process-in-software-development | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500273.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205161658-20230205191658-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.91018 | 925 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Almost all retail stores – including grocery stores, home improvement stores, convenience stores, and drug stores – may produce hazardous waste. Returned or expired chemicals, spilled cleaning products like bleach, damaged aerosol cans, and even used fluorescent bulbs may need to be managed as hazardous waste. Even though you may generate only a small volume of hazardous waste, the fines for hazardous waste noncompliance can still add up.
This area covers the proper management and disposal or recycling of hazardous and universal wastes. Hazardous wastes include any waste that can be dangerous or potentially harmful to our health or the environment. Hazardous wastes can be liquids, solids, or contained gases that have certain properties, such as being toxic or flammable. Typical examples of hazardous wastes that a retail facility might generate include batteries, mercury-containing equipment, returned or damaged products like pesticides, some cleaning products and some cosmetics, aerosol cans, and cleaning materials such as solvent rags or concentrated cleaners. Some expired pharmaceuticals may also be considered hazardous waste, and are discussed in the RCC Pharmacy Department page.
At the federal level, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) governs the management of hazardous wastes. RCRA does not provide a single list of all hazardous wastes. It lists some specific wastes that are considered hazardous and provides guidance on how to identify "characteristic" hazardous wastes. The majority of hazardous wastes generated at a retail location are likely to fall into three categories under RCRA. The first are called characteristic wastes and include materials which are corrosive, ignitable, toxic, or reactive. The remainder would generally be what are called "P-listed" and "U-listed" (discarded commercial chemical products) waste. The P and U lists are specifically listed in the regulations and include specific commercial chemical products in an unused form, including some pesticides and some pharmaceutical products.
Many states are authorized to implement the RCRA program and state regulations can be more stringent than the federal requirements. The RCC has a matrix showing some of the differences in state programs and one with variations in hazardous waste reporting requirements.
What is a Hazardous Waste?
RCRA hazardous wastes include discarded material (garbage, refuse, some recyclable materials, sludge, or other discarded material including solids, semisolids, liquids, and contained gaseous materials) that pose a significant threat to public health or the environment. Wastes are defined as hazardous by EPA if they are specifically named on one of the four lists of hazardous wastes or if they exhibit one of four characteristics. State regulations may designate additional hazardous waste characteristics or lists of hazardous wastes.
Universal waste is a subcategory of hazardous waste. At the federal level, universal waste includes: batteries, some recalled and unused pesticides, mercury-containing equipment (e.g., thermostats), lamps (e.g., fluorescent bulbs), and aerosol cans. EPA allows facilities to manage these waste streams as universal instead of hazardous to make the process easier. For example, a facility does not have to include the universal waste weight when determining their hazardous waste generator status (discussed below), and is allowed to store universal waste on site for up to one year.
States may impose additional requirements on these wastes (except for some battery types designated under federal law) and may also allow other types of hazardous wastes to be managed under that state's universal waste regulations. The RCC Hazardous Waste Matrix has information on state universal waste variations.
Hazardous Waste Determinations
All facilities should know what is commonly in their waste and recycling. Before disposing or recycling of something that might be hazardous, a waste determination should be made. (Remember, many common household products may be considered hazardous waste.) There are many ways to complete waste determinations, including generator knowledge (e.g., based on Safety Data Sheets (SDS) or experience), analytical testing for one of the four characteristics, or a review of the hazardous waste lists in the regulations. Your state may also have additional characteristic or listed hazardous wastes. Be sure to consult your state's environmental protection web page when making a determination.
Once you have determined if your waste is hazardous, you should check to see if it has been excluded or exempted. For example, EPA exempts alcoholic beverages that have less than 24% alcohol by volume from the hazardous waste rules. Additionally, many types of solvent rags have been given an exemption as long as certain conditions are met. EPA's web page on the criteria for the definition of solid waste and solid and hazardous waste exclusions inlcudes a decision tree for identifying hazadous waste.
Hazardous Waste Generators
Once you have determined that your facility generates hazardous waste, you need to know how much hazardous waste is generated and the frequency. At the federal level, Hazardous Waste Generators are divided into three categories based upon the quantity of waste. Your state may have different or additional categories. The federal categories are:
- Large Quantity Generators (LQGs) generate 1,000 kilograms per month or more of hazardous waste, more than 1 kilogram per month of acutely hazardous waste, or more than 100 kilograms per month of acute spill residue or soil.
- Small Quantity Generators (SQGs) generate more than 100 kilograms, but less than 1,000 kilograms, of hazardous waste per month.
- Very Small Quantity Generators (VSQGs) generate 100 kilograms or less per month of hazardous waste, or 1 kilogram or less per month of acutely hazardous waste, or 100 kilograms or less per month of acute spill residue or soil.
Each class of generator must comply with its own set of requirements (which include the level of required training, waste accumulation time limits, and storage and manifest requirements). SQGs and LQGs must also submit a Notification of RCRA Subtitle C Activities- Instructions and Form (Form 8700-12) to the EPA and state to obtain an EPA ID number. Some states also require VSQGs to notify. For more information on these requirements, see the EPA Hazardous Waste Generator Regulatory Summary Table.
Additionally, most states are authorized to implement the RCRA program and can have categories of hazardous waste generators that are different from the federal categories, see the State Differences in Hazardous Waste Generator Categories.
Hazardous Waste Generator Requirements
The EPA has Guidance on federal requirements for each generator size. In general, this includes ensuring that the waste is stored in compatible containers, is properly labeled with the words "hazardous waste" and the name of the waste, and that there is adequate space to ensure containers can be inspected. There are additional inspection, training, record keeping, and reporting requirements depending on your generator status. In general, the lower the generator status the fewer requirements. States may impose different obligations on generators for training, accumulation, reporting, and other requirements for managing hazardous waste.
Hazardous Waste Manifests and Shipping
All hazardous waste shipments initiated by LQGs and SQGs must have a manifest. For SQGs and LQGs, personnel signing the hazardous waste manifests must be trained before they can sign manifests and need a refresher every three years. Before signing, you should check the information entered on the manifest to ensure that it is accurate and complies with the applicable DOT regulations. When signing a hazardous waste manifest, you certify that the materials listed on the manifest are properly classified, described, packaged, marked, and labeled, and are in proper condition for transportation according to DOT regulations. You are responsible for ensuring the hazardous waste transporter/hauler has an EPA ID Number and that the waste reaches the destination facility. Some states may impose additional requirements for hazardous waste transporters and/or require hazardous waste manifests for VSQGs.
Sustainability and Reducing Compliance Risk
Because RCRA is a complex regulation with potentially significant risks, understanding the regulations and developing a strong compliance program can reduce your regulatory risk.
In addition, reducing the amount of hazardous waste generated can reduce regulatory requirements, thus making compliance easier and less expensive. Hazardous waste can be reduced by reducing the amount of waste (fewer returned items, changing processes to reduce waste generated) or reducing materials that are considered hazardous if they become a waste (using cleaning products that are not hazardous and selecting merchandise that will not become a hazardous waste).
State-by-state tracking of implementation of the Hazardous Waste Generator Improvement Rule.
Overview of state variations in hazardous waste regulations under RCRA, including hazardous waste characteristics, thresholds, and universal waste.
State-by-state summary of permitting options and exemptions for emergency generators, including general permits and construction operation permits.
Overview of variations in hazardous waste reporting by state for routine periodic reporting and requirements for manifest submissions.
Detailed look at emergency generator air regulations including regulatory requirements and federal compliance options.
Regulatory areas for pharmacy including hazardous waste, DEA-controlled substances, reverse distribution, and drain disposal. | <urn:uuid:1a307619-2a57-4835-9d80-660b58776a5b> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.rila.org/retail-compliance-center/regulations/hazardous-waste-regulations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154214.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801123745-20210801153745-00658.warc.gz | en | 0.902604 | 1,818 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Written on: March 8th, 2018 in Blog Posts
Annie Jump Cannon was born on December 11, 1863, in Dover, Delaware. She was interested in astronomy from a young age, as she and her mother referenced an old astronomy textbook to identify stars seen from their attic. She attended Wilmington Conference Academy, today known as Wesley College, located in Dover. Cannon later attended Wellesley College in Massachusetts, one of the top academic schools for women. She was a student under Sarah Frances Whiting, one of the few women physicists in the United States at the time. She graduated as valedictorian with a degree in physics in 1884.
In 1896, Cannon became a member of “Pickering’s Women”, a group of women hired by Harvard Observatory. She created the Harvard Classification Scheme, the first serious attempt to organize and classify stars based on their temperatures and spectral types.
In 1925 she became the first woman to receive an honorary doctorate of science from Oxford University. In 1935, she created the Annie J. Cannon Prize for “the woman of any country, whose contributions to the science of astronomy are the most distinguished.”
Stephanie Kwolek was a chemist and an inventor who worked at DuPont for forty years. She is best known as the inventor of Kevlar. For her discovery she was awarded the DuPont company’s Lavoisier Medal for outstanding technical achievement. In 1995, she became the fourth woman to be added to the National Inventors Hall of Fame. In 1946, Kwolek graduated from Margaret Morrison Carnegie College of Carnegie Mellon University with a Bachelor of Science degree with a major in chemistry. In 1946, she was offered a position at DuPont’s Buffalo, New York, facility. She later moved to Wilmington, Delaware, in 1950 to continue to work for DuPont. While working for DuPont, Kwolek invented Kevlar, though she did not know what it would be used for, she knew that the compound, five times stronger then steel by weight could have many uses.
In 1980, Kwolek received the Chemical Pioneer Award from the American Institute of Chemists, and an Award for Creative Invention from the American Chemical Society. In 1986, Kwolek retired as a research associate for DuPont, but continued to show a passion for chemistry for the rest of her life until her death in 2014.
Born in Wilmington, Delaware in 1861, Emily Bissell is known for being the founder of Wilmington’s first public kindergarten. She is also known for her efforts to introduce child labor laws in Delaware. In 1883, she founded an organization, now known as the West End Neighborhood House that originally provided social services to Wilmington’s immigrant Irish and German families.
Bissell was passionate finding the cure for tuberculosis. She popularized the system where people attached a special kind of stamp to their mail during the Christmas season, and the proceeds would go to fighting the disease. Though the idea failed at first, Bissell continued on, eventually making three thousand dollars, which was well beyond her original goal.
She spent the remainder of her life promoting Christmas stamps and helping to eliminate tuberculosis before dying in 1948. In 1980, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 15 cent stamp in her honor.
Mary Ann Shadd Cary was a Anti-slavery activist, journalist, publisher, teacher and lawyer. She was the first black woman publisher in North America and the first woman publisher in Canada. Cary was one of the most outspoken female proponents of the abolition of slavery of her day, and promoted equality for all people.
Cary was born in Wilmington, Delaware, on October 9, 1823 to a socially activist father. Her family moved to Pennsylvania (at the time had better educational opportunities for Black children), and she attended a Quaker school.
In 1987 she was posthumously designated a Women’s History Month Honoree by the National Women’s History Project. She was also honored by Canada; named a Person of National Historic Significance. Mary Ann Shadd Cary’s former residence in the U Street Corridor in Washington D.C. was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.
Margaret Irving Handy was born in Smyrna, Delaware and was the daughter of L. Irving Handy, a U.S. Representative. After graduating from medical school, she was the first female native-born Delawarean to become a doctor and was also the state’s first pediatrician. She established a pediatric clinic. She became Assistant Chief at Delaware Hospital, and later in 1921 she became Chief of Pediatrics where she set up a nursery for premature babies.
In 1945, she established the first mothers’ milk bank at Delaware Hospital (now Wilmington Hospital) in Wilmington, Delaware, after a hospital board member whose baby son died because she was unable to nurse him. The bank supplied breast milk to mothers throughout the United States as well as for research purposes, for 40 years.
She received multiple awards including New York Eye and Ear Infirmary’s Elizabeth Blackwell Citation and the Annie Jump Cannon medal from Wesley College. In 1953, she was awarded the Josiah Marvel Cup for outstanding contributions to the state and to society in the field of children’s medicine.
Mabel Vernon was born on September 19, 1883 in Wilmington, Delaware. She was a member of the American Woman Suffrage Association. Vernon attended the 1912 convention of the National American Woman Suffrage Association as an usher. Vernon was one of the principal members of the Congressional Union for Women Suffrage.
She was one of the Silent Sentinels, which was a group of women in favor of women’s suffrage who protested in front of the White House during Woodrow Wilson’s presidency.
Pauline Young was an African-American teacher, librarian, historian, lecturer, community activist, humanitarian. She was a devoted lifelong member of her local and the national chapter of the NAACP. Born in Massachusetts, Young grew up near an underground railroad point before moving to Delaware. Young joined the NAACP at the age of 12, and she served nine years as the secretary. Later, she became the president of the Wilmington, Delaware branch.
Young was honored by the Wilmington Branch of the National Association of University Women, she was recognized for outstanding service to the Home, the Community, the State, and the Nation and was hereby inducted to the Hall of Fame of Delaware women. Young received a Certificate of Honorary Membership from Delaware State College’s Black Studies Program. The University of Delaware Library renamed the residency program in honor of Young.
Visit the Delaware Department of Human Resources to see a list of all awardees in the Hall of Fame of Delaware Women.
See events happening this month for International Women’s Day in Delaware, by Technical.ly.
We want to hear from you. Got a great idea for a post or series of posts on our blog? Send your ideas to us… | <urn:uuid:13b624be-d9fe-46d7-bb03-85c63669c0aa> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://firststate.blogs.delaware.gov/famous-delaware-women/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153971.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730154005-20210730184005-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.979554 | 1,438 | 3.234375 | 3 |
February 17th, 2012, 08:09 PM
[RESOLVED] Capitalize a String in C++
I have a problem. I need to print the string called "last" in uppercase format. can you check why my program prints nothing.
here is the important section of the code.
if (infile.is_open()) // if file was able to open
while (getline(infile, line))
string::size_type pos1 = line.find(' '); //pos1 is the position of the first space
if (pos1 != string::npos)
string::size_type pos2 = line.find(',', pos1); //pos2 is the position of the comma
string last = line.substr(pos1, pos2 - pos1); //remove everything before the first space
const int length = last.length();
for(int i=0; i!=length ; ++i)
last[i] = std::toupper(last[i]);
cout <<last <<endl;
outfile << last << endl;
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This a Codeguru.com survey! | <urn:uuid:b9c4d89d-cb19-4515-905a-532870565a9c> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://forums.codeguru.com/showthread.php?521260-RESOLVED-Capitalize-a-String-in-C&p=2055951&mode=threaded | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186530.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00412-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.650607 | 264 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Our curriculum is designed to enable students to get a hands-on introduction to robotics, understand the Internet of Things around us, and become enthusiastic about the concepts of Engineering and Design. The idea is to become creative with problem solving so they can use the concepts of strategy, creativity, collaboration to address real-time problems around them.
We’re different than scores of other Coding schools out there because of our strong emphasis on Soft skills based on the 6 pillars of FutureSTRONG, namely, Communication, Confidence, Collaboration, Clarity, Courage and Commitment.
Bring your device and an open mind!
95$ per month for new students / 85$ per month (for current students of the Academy. Text 678.310.5025 for Discount Code)
None. Some block coding or programming experience on Platform(s) like Code.org / Scratch is good but not necessary.
Program & Curriculum Details:
Our curriculum creates a balance between use of technology and the development of interpersonal skills – much needed in our 21st century. This is a 12 weeks program.
Week 1: Introduction to Robots
Week 2: Intro to STEAM Robotics and AI
Week 3: Hands On Modeling – Robotics Hand, Table Top
Week 4: Hands On Modeling – Doodle Robot and Solar Robot
Week 5: Advanced STEAM Robotics: Precision, Patience and Practice
Week 6 – 8: Spheros Programming
Week 9: Real Life Applications for Robotics
Week 10: Careers in Robotics (VEX/FLL)
Week 11: Intro to Vex Catapult Robot
Week 12: Intro to LEGO Basic Robot
Please note, this is NOT the Vex IQ Robotics class that we offer for our Middle schoolers.
Free Child Discovery Assessment:
We give a free assessment to all children to determine the course of action for each one of them. However, there’s no obligation to sign up to classes.
Register below and we will contact you!
STEAM Robotics Registration & Payment:
Semester – Robotics:
Monthly – Robotics:
Call or text 678-310-5025. Email: [email protected] | <urn:uuid:8b824bda-3193-4cdd-8d55-b4f42ae8eb45> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://futurestrongacademy.com/steam-robotics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400201601.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200921081428-20200921111428-00169.warc.gz | en | 0.850386 | 456 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Please share this presentation with others who would like to become self-sufficient and save money on their energy bills.
Do NOT recklessly spend all the extra money saved from reduced energy bills. Try to invest it wisely to look after family members and prepare for possible emergencies in the future.
This presentation is ONLY being made available for a short time frame and will be REMOVED in the near future if Mark comes under too much pressure from big energy companies, if you can not follow the rules above, please CLOSE THIS WINDOW IMMEDIATELY to free up your slot for the next person in line.
If you agree to all the above, click the "I Agree" button below to proceed to the following private presentation.
56 year old geography teacher Mark Edwards created his home-power system after his family was left cold and powerless following an unexpected flood..
He set out to create a power method that was cheap, easy to obtain (or build), easy to move and could use a constant source of power to create energy - meaning no dependency on sun, gas or wind.
He now uses this power source to drastically cut electricity bills and keep his family safe in times of crisis.
We have the potential to produce all of our electricity from clean energy sources
Today, we have the technology and the know-how to move beyond our dependence on polluting power plants by using clean, safe, and free renewable energy. By harnessing the potential of zero point magnetic energy, we can transform how we produce electricity.
A clean energy future will rely not just on renewable energy, but also
on better use of the energy we currently produce. By making the energy we produce last longer, or by increasing "energy efficiency," we can avoid the need for new polluting power plants. We can increase energy efficiency by using available technologies that do the same amount of work but use less energy, like a computer that goes to sleep when it's not in use.
I'm talking about a simple device that can be used by any family around the world and can even change the course of the entire energy industry!
Over the past year over 17000 people have also already successfully used the very same technique to get over tragic milestones such as hurricanes, snow storms or floods.
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I'm sure you're already intrigued and you want to know all about how this system works. Take the quiz to find out!
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Today is the last part of my three-part mini-series on the risk of zombification. Hopefully the preceding articles will have given you something to think about, put you mind at ease regarding one of the greatest fears of our time, and entertained you a little bit. On Wednesday I'll be getting down to the serious business of survival.
SCENARIO 3: Stem cell experimentation effects.
The advantage of stem cells, and the attribute which has led them to be so widely used in medicinal procedures is two-fold. Firstly, their ability to reproduce without specializing (giving a slew of "Blank slate" cells which can be used for which ever task is required) and their ability to specialise into almost any kind of cell as necessary.
-Alteration of personality to correct birth defects and learning disabilities
Risk: As yet, it is unlikely that stem cell procedures are advanced enough to be able to cause a zombie style outbreak. Furthermore those procedures which are currently being developed would be prohibitively expensive to effect a sufficient percentage of the population to pose a threat. Also, as the treatments are highly regulated and focussed on specific conditions, there is little chance of run-away eperimentation.
Will it Zombies? No.
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Child abuse is generally understood in our day in broad terms, including the physical, mental, and spiritual harassment of children. It is often understood as inflicting physical harm on children such as striking, punching, whipping, depriving them of physical needs, or subjecting them to sexual perversity. Also, included in the understanding of child abuse is the psychological and emotional harm caused by excessive criticism, denigration, constant verbal maltreatment, psychological abandonment, or hatred.
None of these evils, however, is new or unknown in history. In the period when Christianity first began to spread throughout society, the place of children oftentimes was very precarious. Fathers had, in Roman Law, the right of life and death over their children. Abortion, infanticide, and the exposure of new born infants was a common practice. Young children who were exposed were frequently rescued by those who would use them for immoral purposes, such as pornography, homosexuality and prostitution. Christianity reacted strongly to these attacks against children and developed a widely-based and coherent moral teaching and practice reacting to wide-spread child abuse.
At the heart of Christian teaching and moral values concerning child abuse is the whole Orthodox Christian understanding of marriage and family. One of the essential purposes of marriage is procreation. Spouses become parents not only in a physical way, but also spiritual, since Orthodox Christianity understands procreation as the cooperation of husband and wife with God for the continuation of the human race not only in a physical sense but also morally and spiritually. For the Church, children are a gift from God who complete and fulfill the communion of husband and wife, in the image of the community of Divine Persons which is the Holy Trinity. Ethically, children are required to obey and respect their parents (Exodus 20:12) and parents assume the responsibility for the physical, moral and spiritual nurture of their children. The love of parents for their children is assumed by the teaching of the Church as natural and proper. It expresses itself in affection for children and concern for their welfare. Jesus asked, “If a son shall ask bread of any of you that is a father, will he give him a stone?”, assuming the good will and intentions of the parent. The Church expects as well that parents will guide, direct, and discipline their children, including appropriate punishment when necessary. For, not to discipline offspring is to treat them “as illegitimate children, not as sons” (Hebrews 12:5-11). But discipline and punishment for the sake of correction must be motivated by love and genuine concern for the child, so the teaching of the Church also places limits: “Fathers, do not provoke your children to anger,” (Ephesians 6:4) “lest they become discouraged” (Colossians 3:21). The major task of parents is to direct their children in the paths of the Lord, that they may know Him and in Christian faith, obedience, and Sacramental life, grow in the image of God toward Theosis. In addition, parents are obligated to educate and train their children to be good and useful members of society, to earn their living, so as to contribute to the general welfare and assist the poor and to develop a consciousness of service to humanity, as well as to prepare them in turn to become husbands, wives, and parents in the future.
With this background, it becomes evident why, very early in its history, the Church sought to protect children from abuses of all kinds. Many of those early concerns are still pertinent today, and unfortunately, some new concerns have been added. The war against the child begins with abortion. What the Apologist Aristides said in the Second Century continues to be true today: “It is not permitted to destroy the fetus while it is still in the womb. To prevent birth is to be beforehand with murder; and it makes no difference whether one kills a life already born, or suppresses it at birth. He is already a man who is about to be one; and every fruit already lives in its seed.” (Apology IX, 6) Orthodox Christians will oppose abortion in principle and practice and will struggle to change the immoral legalization of abortion as a legalization of murder.
Though exposure of children in a physical sense does not happen too often in our society, it still occurs elsewhere throughout the world. It should also be noted that moral, emotional and psychological abandonment is becoming more wide-spread. Morally, the ancient practice led to the sexual abuse of children. Justin Martyr, writing about the year 155, noted that Christians “hold it a crime to expose newborn infants because we see that almost all of them are dragged into prostitution, not only the girls, but also boys people raise adolescents for the sole purpose of abusing them obscenely” (1st Apology XXVII, 1). An alarming increase of child pornography, child prostitution and child homosexuality is now being reported in the press, and the Church must oppose it. Even more widespread in our society is the emotional abandonment of our children. Children are not “wanted”, they are a “burden,” it is not “fashionable” to have children. The neo-paganism of our times repeats the attitudes of the enemies of the child of every age. A pagan work called The Satyricon advised that one ought not to have children, for whoever does have any won’t receive party invitations and won’t be esteemed. In imitation, our day speaks of “mere motherhood” and denigrates parenthood, which the Church sees as cooperation with God. How can these be reconciled? Orthodox Christians in precept, word and deed will affirm both parenthood and childhood.
Another concern unique to our time is that children are isolated from the rest of the social fabric with their own music, styles, values, heroes, etc. Among the chief culprits in this “abandonment” is television. Many parents today use TV to “baby sit” their children. But it has taken over the family. The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese Department of Religious Education pamphlet on TV refers to “the way the TV subtly gets control of our lives TV casts out the natural experiences of the family, the daily give and take, the conversations and the personal sharing It reshapes family life. It influences the raising and growth of children. It shapes and molds people’s attitudes and world view almost without their realizing it.” (Television in the Christian Home, p.5).
This psychological abandonment of our children allows all sorts of un-Christian values to enter the hearts and minds of our children, something no Christian parent may properly do, for it is the responsibility of parents to nurture, educate, and guide their child in the ways of faith, moral values and spiritual life. A Christian writing from the earliest period of the Church instructs Christian parents “Do not neglect your son or daughter; but teach them from childhood the fear of God.” (Didache IV, 9). It is abuse of our children to permit the secular society to imbue them with materialistic, secularist and immoral values, denying to them the “waters of life” (Revelation 21:6) which come from God, for we deny to them in fact their “true light and life” (John 1:4; 11:25, 20:31). What greater abuse can there be! We must support all efforts of the Church, movements in society and civil efforts to provide a spiritually and morally wholesome environment for our children and wage a vigorous struggle against all that pollutes and distorts their lives, whatever form it may take.
One of the greatest abuses of children is the diabolical spread of drugs. Young people are systematically introduced to various drugs and made psychologically and physically dependent upon them. This fearsome addiction attacks their whole being, destroying their moral freedom and spiritual growth. If abuse of alcohol is condemned by the Church (Romans 13:13, Galatians 5:21), how much more so does the Orthodox Church oppose involvement with illicit drugs?
It remains to be noted that the Orthodox Church utterly condemns those who physically do bodily harm to children. Children are to be treated with love, concern, patience and understanding. The tenderness of Jesus toward children is the source of our opposition to child abuse. “And He took a child, and put him in the midst of them; and taking him in his arms, he said to them, ‘Whoever receives one such child in my name, receives me; and whoever receives me, receives not me, but him who sent me’.” (Mark 9:36-37) Thus, the remarkable conclusion: to treat a child with love is to show love for God. But the opposite is fearsome: to abuse a child is to abuse God!
Until his retirement, Fr. Stanley Samuel Harakas was the Archbishop Iakovos Professor of Orthodox Theology at Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology in Brookline, Massachusetts. He is the author of many books. The above extract is reprinted fromContemporary Moral Issues Facing the Orthodox Christian; Light & Life Books; Minneapolis, Minnesota; pp 112-117. | <urn:uuid:6f516c84-3e49-4655-aa30-9662282deb07> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.pravmir.com/an-orthodox-view-on-child-abuse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481832.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217091542-20190217113542-00541.warc.gz | en | 0.965471 | 1,903 | 2.75 | 3 |
THE number of birds of prey illegally poisoned in Scotland has fallen to its lowest level since records began in 1989.
RSPB Scotland today revealed that a total of seven birds of prey, including a golden eagle and two buzzards, were killed as result of deliberate poisoning last year - less than half the death toll of 17 birds in 2011.
The total number of poisonings is the lowest number ever recorded by the RSPB in Scotland. Only four years ago, in 2009, a total of 45 birds were illegal poisoned North of the border.
The wildlife conservation charity welcomed the decrease, but stressed that the illegal killing of raptors was still continuing at “wholly unacceptable levels” in some parts of Scotland.
In addition to the seven confirmed incidents of illegal poisoning, there were a further 13 confirmed incidents of other forms of killing of birds of prey, including a golden eagle found shot in Dumfries and Galloway and another golden eagle killed by a trap in Angus.
Two of the illegal poisoning cases were in the Borders, two in East Ayrshire and one each in Highland, Moray and Dumfries and Galloway.
Stuart Housden, the director of RSPB Scotland, said: “We applaud the continued focus on tackling raptor persecution by the Scottish Government, but much remains to be done. We also welcome the decline in illegal poisoning. However if those who wish harm to our country’s birds of prey simply turn to other forms of persecution, such as shooting or trapping, then there is little to celebrate.”
He continued: “The deaths of these golden eagles are particularly appalling, given that the golden eagle was recently voted the nation’s favourite species in the Scottish Natural Heritage poll for the Year of Natural Scotland. We call for a new look at how the full rigour of the law can be applied in cases of raptor persecution to act as a meaningful deterrent to those considering illegal activity of this type. These crimes have no place in 21st Century Scotland, and responsible land managers must make that clear to all partners.”
Ian Thomson, RSPB Scotland’s Head of Investigations, stressed: “Again, most of these crimes were discovered purely by chance, by local residents, walkers or birdwatchers, in remote areas of countryside, so we thank the public for their continued vigilance”
He added: “From the cases outlined in this report, it is clear that a significant number of individuals still flout the laws protecting our native birds of prey. We accept that legal predator control of foxes and crows, alongside appropriate habitat management can have conservation benefits for some ground nesting birds. But we need our moors to be managed sustainably, in ways that are not narrowly focussed on ever-increasing grouse bags, and this includes giving a home to the raptors which should occur on these moors. It is only when species like the hen harrier and golden eagle are breeding successfully and regularly in such areas that we can be confident that bird of prey persecution is truly declining.”
An RSPB spokesman said: “The annual document also draws attention to suspected cases of illegal killing of birds of prey including the destruction of nests or eggs and the disappearance of a number of birds of prey fitted with satellite transmitters, part of scientific research to look at their movements and survival.
“As in recent years, the majority of reported incidents or suspected incidents of illegal killing took place in areas managed for driven grouse shooting, particularly in the eastern and central Highlands and the southern Uplands of Scotland. Confirmed victims included thee buzzards, three goshawks, three golden eagles, a hen harrier, a peregrine, a tawny owl and a short-eared owl.”
A spokesman for The Scottish Gamekeepers Association said: “The RSPB has clearly spent a lot of money in writing this report, which entitles them to put forward their own viewpoint. With this agenda in mind, it is important, that the public refer to the actual crimes, as published annually by the Scottish Government with information provided officially by the Police and SASA (Science and Advice for Scottish Agriculture) rather than speculative possible or suspected cases, which are clearly going to confuse.”
He added: “All PAW (Partnership Against Wildlife Crime) partners, including ourselves, are fully behind the printing of the official statistics annually, based on actual legal cases, and see no reason why this should change.
“While we have been encouraged by the progress made, with the official statistics stating a record of only three confirmed cases of illegal poisoning of birds of prey in 2012, reports such as this do little other than damage to on-going partnership efforts designed to reduce crimes against birds of prey.
“As stated consistently, the SGA continues to advocate legal means to solving countryside conflicts. Because of this, the clarity and impartiality provided by law is important to us.” | <urn:uuid:17e15fd0-66a5-4922-935a-73e4873e86f5> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.scotsman.com/news/environment/bird-of-prey-poisoning-at-record-lows-1-3217290 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172017.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00484-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965017 | 1,032 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Figure 1: Blog
With the introduction of technology and web browsing the idea of the ‘traditional classroom’, one where pens and paper are at the forefront, is changing at a rapid pace. We are no longer walking into classrooms with blackboards and frontward facing desks lined in a row. Classrooms of the 21st century have smartboards and groups of desks facing each other allowing the students to collaborate and discuss with ease. Technology’s ever-changing nature means that as teachers we must constantly reflect on our practices and keep up to date with the latest technological advances in order to inspire our students to become more engaged learners.
Creativity in the classroom is important on many levels. As educators we expect our students to become creative in their thinking and production of information. So how can we place such high expectations on our students if we do not provide them with creative lesson plans and the skills needed to produce these outcomes?
Our students are the ‘digital natives’ of today; they communicate and use technology across all areas of their lives (Wallagher, 2015). The future careers of our students will be largely dependant on strong computer skills as well as digital fluency and one way to introduce them to these skills can be through the use of blogging in the classroom (Pappas, 2013). Blogging should be viewed as a creative way to bridge literacy across the curriculum (Wallagher, 2015). Not only does it develop literacy skills needed to create pieces of writing, it also encourages students to think about the inclusion of auditory and visual technologies with the inclusion of programs such as Voki and Sway. The learning styles of students greatly differs within a classroom and programs such as these appeal to those learners who require imagery, videos and graphs to learn as well as those who prefer auditory cues.
Blogging can be individual, collaborative or both. It allows for free expression and can be used to encourage even the most introverted of students to voice their opinion in what can be done on an anonymous but public platform.
Figure 2: Blog Keyboard
Pappas, C. (2013). How to use blogs in the classroom. Retrieved from https://elearningindustry.com/how-to-use-blogs-in-the-classroom
Wallagher, M. (2015). How blogging is being used in the classroom. Retrieved from http://www.emergingedtech.com/2015/09/the-state-of-blogging-in-the-classroom/
Unknown. (2016). Blog. Retrieved from http://www.thepiedmontonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/blogging.jpg
Unknown. (2016). Blog Keyboard. Retrieved from http://becomeablogger.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Blog2.jpg | <urn:uuid:5b6dc40e-f3db-4dfd-94ae-3d904cb8af3a> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://christina90blog.wordpress.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866326.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524131721-20180524151721-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.939878 | 581 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The Children’s Library (CH) provides educational, recreational, and cultural resources for children aged 6 to 11. It has a large collection of picture books, story books, nonfictional books, and multimedia materials in several languages covering a wide range of subjects from art to zoology.
The main objective of the CH is to develop children’s reading, research, and creativity skills through different programs and activities. In addition to the reading area, the CH has a computer lab, an activity room, a storytelling and puppet show corner, and a multimedia corner. A special section is dedicated to children with different types of disabilities. Several activities are offered by the CH staff on a daily basis, such as storytelling, puppet shows, and arts and crafts. Children’s book authors are often invited to read to the children. | <urn:uuid:50a06969-363f-48c5-8f52-0822c670ebaf> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://bibalex.gov.eg/en/center/details/childrenslibrary | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703518201.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119072933-20210119102933-00143.warc.gz | en | 0.964801 | 169 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Language is not just the words we speak and write. Communication also involves expressions, gestures and voice tones. For humans, some of the understanding of this communicationis hard-wired from birth; babies understand smiles and frowns as soon as they can focus their eyes. Even though they may not know the words, they can tell happy and angry voice tones easily. While our pets don’t talk the same way we do, they do have their own set of gestures and tones, and sometimes things are “lost in translation.”
Puppies are notorious for this sort of miscommunication. When canines play and are happy, they often give high pitched yips. When they are scared, upset or angry, they give deep growls. This can lead to significant problems when training new puppies. With new puppies, veterinarians often hear from couples that “this dog only listens to my husband,’ or “this puppy spites me, when I try to fuss at it for peeing on the floor, it stares at me and wags his tail.” The real issue is more likely use to voice tones; puppies (and many adult dogs) don’t understand the words we are saying, so they rely mainly on voice tones. Many women when confronted with an unruly or disobedient dog become upset, and their voice becomes high pitched. This is “heard” by a puppy as happy, leading to a happy wagging tail during an attempted scolding. Conversely, baritone men can have problems rewarding their puppies, since their voice always sounds like an angry deep growl to them.
Cats and dogs can have a similar problem when dogs attempt to play. Both canines and felines, when interacting with each other, find direct eye contact to be intimidating and threatening. (Fortunately, most pets learn eye contact from people is okay.) Dogs have added a prefix called “play bow,” with their chest on the ground and rear in the air. The play bow means whatever they do next is in play; whether its barking, growling or staring, it is just kidding around. Unfortunately, cats threaten each other by puffing out their tails and making their rear end look bigger. The dog will “play bow” and then growl and bark, and say in dog language “let’s play wrestling,” while the cat sees an inflated tail, staring eyes and growling and barking, which in cat language is seriously threatening. If the cat then runs away to try to escape this horrible threatening monster, the dog “hears” this as “let’s play chase” and goes happily after his new found playmate.
The intimidating nature of a cat stare is why so many people who have multiple cats will report that everyone was laying calm and quiet, and suddenly two cats attacked each other. While it seemed peaceful, there was usually a staring and ear position “screaming match” going on for some time before the argument became physical. Since we don’t speak cat naturally, many owners miss the conflict entirely until fur is flying.
We should never forget that or four legged friends live not only in our world, but their own as well. Once you start looking, you may be surprised at the “conversations” happening that you entirely missed before.
Lake Seminole Animal Hospital | <urn:uuid:2f19b5a5-8bf9-47c4-89dd-6531776d9ccf> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.lakeseminoleah.com/speaking-dog-or-cat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540527010.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210070602-20191210094602-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.974863 | 701 | 3.1875 | 3 |
When researching historic garments, it's important to remember that the names we might give to a garment are not necessarily the same as what would have been used in the past. Though the garment above could easily be described as a short cape or cloak, in the past it had a more specific and individual name: pelerine. One of many types of garments used to cover women's shoulders during the 19th century, the name is possibly derived from a 1717 Watteau painting titled Pilgrimage to Cythera. The painting depicts a group of pilgrims either sailing to, or returning from, the island of Cythera, reputed birthplace of Aphrodite. The women pilgrims or pѐlerines, wear short, shoulder-covering cloaks over their dresses.
Pelerines created a smooth, sloped, shoulder-line, a desirable silhouette throughout much of the 19th century. Usually cut with a high-neck, pelerines were often made of the same fabric as the dress worn underneath. Trimmings usually consisted of coordinating ribbon, self-fabric bias or simple piping. Very popular in the 1840s, versions of the pelerine remained popular through the 1890s. These images from the New York Public Library Digital Gallery illustrate a variety of 19th century pelerines.
Pelerines were often associated with relatively casual situations. The fashion press suggested ensembles including pelerines for visits to the country or the seashore. More formal pelerines were made of lace or delicate crochet. In March of 1853, Godey's Lady's Book suggested lace pelerines for "ladies who, for convenience or lightness of dress, wear low corsages [bodices] in the evening, but do not like to leave the neck entirely exposed." Wearing a pelerine in this situation hinted at exposed flesh, while still providing a modicum of modesty.
This pelerine, from a young girl's ensemble, has a more shawl-like shape. Some pelerines had extended front tabs, which hung down the front of the body. As the pelerine changes shape, the boundaries become hazy. With extended fronts, does it become a tippet or a mantle? Maybe a mantlet? If the back drops down the body, does it become a cape or cloak? Though it might seem like splitting hairs to some, when researching it's important to know all possible search terms.
Readers, are there names or categories of dress that you find confusing? Send us your questions! | <urn:uuid:45f36b03-03e6-4d5f-91be-230e2386383c> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://blog.fidmmuseum.org/museum/2010/03/pelerine.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438043058631.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002418-00108-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952805 | 530 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Because Parkinson’s can impact the reflexes needed to maintain an upright posture, people with Parkinson’s may feel unstable while standing upright. This postural instability — better known as poor balance and coordination — can make certain physical activities difficult, and it also increases the risk of falling. The good news is that although postural instability is a common Parkinson’s symptom, it can be managed and mitigated with practice. By training your balance frequently, you can improve your postural stability and even regain some of your automatic balance reflexes.
The most beneficial exercises to improve your balance are ones that are physically and cognitively challenging. They require effort and force you to focus. You may feel a bit shaky or wobbly; so, be sure to hold onto a chair or wall (or, of course, stop) if you feel so unsteady that you may fall. Like other exercises that keep your body and mind challenged, balance practice should get progressively more difficult as your balance improves.
Ready to find your balance? Here are a few exercises to try:
From a sitting position in a chair, stand up. Is that easy? Sit back down and close your eyes. Now stand up. Was that more difficult? Now place a firm pillow on the floor by a wall where you can hold on if necessary. Stand on the pillow. Notice how your body feels standing on the pillow compared to standing on solid ground. Is it more challenging? Good—that means it’s improving your balance!
Stand with your feet hip-width distance apart by a wall or piece of furniture you can hold on to if necessary. Slowly lift your right heel so only your toes of that foot are touching the floor. If this is easy, lift your right toes off the ground so that you are balancing only on your left leg. Continue to raise your right knee as high as you feel comfortable and hold the pose for as many seconds as you can. You can even hug your knee, like in the photo below. Then, repeat the exercise with your other leg. Complete 10 repetitions on each leg.
Stand with your feet hip-width distance apart by a wall or piece of furniture you can hold on to if necessary. Shift your weight to your left leg and lift your right leg out behind you. Hold this pose for up to 30 seconds. If you’d like to make it more challenging, extend your arms out in front of you, like in the photo below. Repeat the exercise with the opposite leg.
Stand with your feet hip-width distance apart by a wall or piece of furniture you can hold on to if necessary. Lift your right leg out to the right for a standing side-leg raise. Hold this pose for up to 30 seconds. Lower your right leg. Lift your left leg out to your left side. Hold for up to 30 seconds, then repeat the exercise again on the right and left sides. To make the exercise more challenging, raise your arms above your head as you complete the practice, or, if you’re feeling really strong, you can try using a resistance band around your foot and raising it up with your hand, like in the photo below.
This pose, called Tree Pose or Vrikshasana in yoga, is a standing pose that can improve your balance. Stand with your feet together and bring your hands together at the center of your chest. Shift your weight to your left foot. Bend your left right outward (not as if you are marching but as if your right leg is forming two sides of a triangle with your left leg as its base) and lift it. Place the sole of your right foot on your side of your left shin or just above the knee, like in the photo below. Hold this pose for as long as you are able. Repeat with the other leg. To make this pose more challenging, lift your hands over your head, like in the photo below.
More Exercises for Balance
Activities that incorporate elements of balance—such as yoga, tai chi, Pilates, the Feldenkrais Method®, boxing, and dance—are ideal for people with Parkinson’s because they not only relieve stress but also help build balance control. Just as important? Aerobic exercise. Although not all forms of aerobic exercise incorporate balance in obvious ways, it is invaluable for regaining and maintaining balance. Research shows, again and again, that exercise reduces Parkinson’s symptoms and improves quality of life, and studies also show that aerobic exercise impacts the brain in a way that can help people with Parkinson’s regain automatic balance reflexes.
Practice, Practice, Practice
Remember that balance is learned; we taught ourselves as toddlers to balance by practicing, again and again and again. Do the same now. Find ways to challenge your balance as often as you can. (Here’s a neat app that might help!) Take it one step (or one leg lift) at a time, and you will be retraining your balance in no time. | <urn:uuid:56409cd9-71a9-49d0-9783-c6dfbbf3d019> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://davisphinneyfoundation.org/exercises-for-balance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588284.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028100619-20211028130619-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.941406 | 1,029 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The New Hampshire house that inspired Harriet Wilson, the country’s first female African-American novelist and author of “Our Nig” in 1859, still stands on the edge of Milford.
It offers a glimpse of what life was like for a woman who worked there as a white family’s servant. But nothing marks the home’s historical significance. A statue of Wilson is in Milford park.
It’s the same in Greenland, where nothing marks the site where Ona Marie Judge, the former slave of Martha Washington, lived after escaping by ship to Portsmouth. Nellie Brown Mitchell, a famous black opera singer in the 1850s and 1860s who sang in England and formed her own concert company, also called Dover home. But you wouldn’t know it.
“Black history in the state remains invisible and unheralded,” said JerriAnne Boggis, director of the Portsmouth Black Heritage Trail and who hails from Milford. “It speaks to the invisibility of a culture and the importance that it plays. If we don’t recognize a culture, then we aren’t recognizing what it means to be American.”
Boggis, along with several other scholars and activists in the state, wants to change that.
Inspired by the creation of a black heritage trail in Portsmouth more than two decades ago, they are drawing up plans for a similar trail that would cover the entire state. They envision a network snaking through nearly a dozen towns and featuring as many as 60 sites — some of which are already recognized by their town’s historical societies or the state.
Supporters are now in the process of forming a nonprofit to develop the trail and raise money for it.
“We want to show an inclusive history that is American,” said Boggis, a Jamaican-American woman, who came to the state as a student. “You know, we talk about America being a melting pot. But really, we rarely celebrate the different cultures, the different pieces that go into that melting pot.”
The trail would recognize the leading African-Americans who have called the mostly white state home, including preacher Thomas Paul from Exeter who formed the African Meeting House in Boston and Wentworth Cheswell from Newmarket who is believed to be the first African-American elected to public office.
Organizers said it would also go a long way to correcting a historical record in New Hampshire that often glossed over African-American achievements — minimizing them, for example, in town records or histories — and downplaying the state’s role in slavery.
Escaped slaves passed through the Underground Railroad in places like Lee or settled in the state, where they worked on farms and built houses and were teachers, preachers, politicians and businessmen. At the same time, there were prominent slave owners across the state and Portsmouth was the place where slaves were unloaded from ships and sold in markets.
“We can rethink what New Hampshire was,” said Sen. David Watters, an expert on the state’s early black history who is involved in the trail project.
“It was not, as the myth has it, the bastion of abolitionism and whiteness,” he said. “I discovered that there was a slave held in New Hampshire as late as 1840. That came as a surprise to most folks who assumed slavery disappeared at the time of the Revolution.”
The push for a trail comes at a time when African-American history is getting more attention with the opening of the National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, D.C., planned for Sept. 24. In the Northeast, black heritage trails have been established in Vermont, Portland, Maine, and Boston among other locations.
“Museums, monuments, and other spaces for public history have been particularly proactive recently in highlighting the central role of African-American history in the national story. The National Museum of African American History and Culture is only the largest and most recent example of a broader trend,” Ben Wright, historian of African American history at the University of Texas at Dallas, said. “Working black histories into our national narratives is essential if we want to understand contemporary racial tensions.”
In Portsmouth, two dozen sites tell the story of black history dating back 350 years. The city is also home to the African Burying Ground Memorial Park, which recognizes what is believed to be the only African burial site from the 1700s in New England.
Valerie Cunningham, who founded the city’s black heritage trail and is helping develop the statewide trail, said she hopes the larger trail has the same impact as the one in Portsmouth — drawing tourists from around the country and attracting educators looking to go beyond the traditional textbooks in their exploration of history.
“The goal would be to raise awareness and make the history more visible,” she said. “It’s one thing to tell people that there was black history in New Hampshire. It is another thing to see a marker or a trail map.”
This article was written by Michael Casey from The Associated Press and was legally licensed through the NewsCred publisher network. | <urn:uuid:940c270a-2f50-402f-9687-019cf9e67455> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://skift.com/2016/09/04/new-hampshire-wants-to-grow-civil-rights-tourism-with-black-heritage-trail-plans/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488553635.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624110458-20210624140458-00190.warc.gz | en | 0.96809 | 1,083 | 3.125 | 3 |
One of the most prominent Soviet Arctic scientists of the 1920s and 1930s, Mikhail Mikhailovich Ermolaev was a geologist, physicist, and oceanographer. After working in the Arctic for some thirteen years, he was arrested by the NKVD, convicted on a trumped-up charge of "sabotage," and sent to the Gulag for ten years. After barely surviving a year of correctional hard labour in a lumber camp, Ermolaev was appointed to a sharashka, or professional team, which was charged with extending the railroad to the coal mines of Vorkuta in the farthest reaches of northeast Russia. Still later, he and his family were exiled to Syktyvkar and Arkhangel'sk. Remarkably, Ermolaev was eventually able to resume his academic career, ultimately establishing a new Department of the Geography of the Oceans at Kaliningrad State University.
Translated from the original Russian and edited by William Barr, this biography is a fascinating personal account typical of the experiences of so many Soviet citizens who were unjustly banished to the infamous Gulag. Because Ermolaev was part of a specialist team, the conditions he and his family endured were better than most, with reasonably comfortable quarters and relatively adequate food. However, his story still clearly illustrates the brutality and inhumanity of the system.
Ermolaev's son, Aleksei, was one of the authors of the original Russian-language biography published in 2005. His own recollections of his father's arrest and of the family's experiences while his father was in the Gulag, along with an excellent selection of family photographs, infuse Arctic Scientist, Gulag Survivor with a sense of immediacy and personal connection. Thanks to the expertise of William Barr, Ermolaev's story is now available in English for the first time. | <urn:uuid:7867f0d2-9d37-44f6-a106-1a25e5ce3eba> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://peacelibrarysystem.cantookstation.com/resources/5818fae4235794587e39a237 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249504746.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223142639-20190223164639-00566.warc.gz | en | 0.985443 | 382 | 2.625 | 3 |
M uch of today’s large steel mill equipment was installed 40 to 50 years ago when maintenance labor was plentiful, oil inexpensive, and used lubricants easily disposed of. Now owners are upgrading this equipment by boosting power and adding sophisticated controls. Yet, they often leave 40-year-old lubrication systems in place.
On the other hand, manufacturers of high-volume products are installing transfer lines that require sophisticated lubrication systems with predictive maintenance capabilities.
For both types of machines — upgraded mill equipment and new transfer lines — modern central lubrication systems offer many advantages.
Replacing outdated systems
Lubrication methods have evolved over the years from manual to sophisticated central systems. Generally unsuitable for large machines, manual lubrication is limited to a small number of lubrication points — usually on equipment that operates intermittently and at low speeds. Here, the amount of lubricant alternates between too much (right after it is applied) and too little (just before it is re-applied).
Other drawbacks include forgotten lubricant points, sporadic application, lubricant mixups, safety and health concerns, and process contamination.
Central, continuously circulating, oil lubrication systems are the next step up. Long used on large mill gear drives, these systems, Figure 1, avoid the problems of forgotten lubrication points, sporadic application, and lubricant mixups. But they may be susceptible to heat build-up caused by lubricant churning, plus leakage, oil contamination, lubricant replacement and disposal difficulties, and minimal monitoring. Also, they tend to apply too much lubricant on machine components if improperly adjusted.
Today, designers are replacing both of these methods with automated central lubrication systems that apply small amounts of lubricant at frequent intervals, thereby maintaining a consistent amount of lubricant on the drive components. Also, these systems monitor and control their own performance.
Sorting out systems
All central lubrication systems contain a pump, reservoir, and distribution network. But they differ in their delivery methods. There are two basic systems, parallel and series-progressive, plus hybrid systems that combine elements from both types.
Parallel systems include circulating oil, dual and single-line, orifice, and oil mist versions. The first type, circulating oil, supplies a continuous flow of oil to all lubrication points simultaneously, Figure 1. A gravity return loop directs oil back to the sump or reservoir.
Dual and single-line parallel systems pump lubricant simultaneously to dispensing devices, each of which dispenses a measured amount of lubricant. Dualline systems use double-acting feeders, Figure 2, to dispense lubricant. Here, reversing the flow discharges one side of the feeder while priming the other for the next cycle. Single-line systems use spring-loaded injectors. Removing pressure in the system lets each injector retract and recharge for the next cycle.
Orifice systems deliver oil simultaneously to all lubricated points. At each point, an orifice with an elastomeric check valve controls the amount of oil delivered.
Oil mist systems generate and distribute finely atomized oil to lubrication points.
Series-progressive systems include grease, oil, air-oil, and air-grease spray types. Grease or oil systems pump lubricant to multi-piston, divider valves that operate in sequence. Each piston completes its stroke and discharges a measured amount of lubricant into its delivery line before the next piston is activated, Figure 3. Blockages or broken lines generate pressure feedback, which can be monitored to detect abnormal operation.
Air-oil systems mix measured amounts of oil from divider valves with a flow of compressed air that carries the oil to the lubrication point, Figure 4.
Air-grease spray systems use compressed air to atomize measured amounts of grease from a divider valve.
Mill drives get air-oil
Series-progressive airoil systems can be used to lubricate large mill drives. This approach borrows metering and delivery concepts developed for high-speed machine tool spindles. Though mill gears and bearings run at much slower surface speeds, the same techniques — supplying only the needed amount of oil and conveying droplets of lubricant with compressed air — work well for these components.
Because the system delivers just enough oil to gears and bearings, the absence of excess oil reduces heat buildup from lubricant churning and viscous shear. Further, the air flow helps to cool both lubricant and lubricated components. And power consumption by both machinery and lubrication system is reduced.
Compared to older lubrication methods, air-oil systems eliminate the need to handle, condition, and dispose of thousands of gallons of lubricant. Reduced oil consumption stretches lubricant dollars as much as 75%.
Bearings. In a typical arrangement for lubricating bearings (right side in Figure 4), individual shots of oil from a divider valve travel through a tube to a mixing tee where they combine with a constant flow of air. The air and oil mixture then enters a tube leading to the lubrication point, and the air flow continually delivers minute quantities of oil through the tube to the bearing. In addition to delivering oil, the air flow can also pressurize a sealed drive housing to keep out contaminants.
Gears. To lubricate gears (left side in Figure 4), a divider valve sends a measured amount of oil (or grease) to either a spray valve, which incorporates both a nozzle and shut-off control, or to a spray nozzle. The nozzle directs an intermittent oil spray at the pressure (loaded) side of each gear tooth.
Monitoring and control
Programmable controllers have simplified control of even the largest multi-zone central lubrication systems. Based upon sensor feedback or elapsed time, these controllers determine lubricant volumes, plus lubrication intervals and sequences, and they monitor lubrication system performance. Controls for individual machine zones permit adjusting lubrication to match sporadic machine operation.
Monitoring components typically include cycling indicators, pressure sensors, and controller I/O. Bearing temperature, vibration, filter condition, and metallic-debris sensors can be added to help users predict when maintenance is required. Alarms, data logging, and communication with plant controllers further increase the monitoring and control capabilities.
Specifying a system
Whether you design the system or farm it out to a lubrication specialist, considering these checkpoints will help you get the most from central lubrication.
1. Operating requirements of each lubrication point (speed, load, duty cycle).
2. Gear or bearing mounting configuration at each point.
3. Type of lubricant required at each point.
4. Environmental factors (temperature, contaminants).
5. Plant standards (plumbing, air, electrical).
6. Lubrication and maintenance schedules.
7. Type of monitoring (current status or ongoing retrospective analysis).
8. Faults to be detected (pressure, flow, temperature, vibration).
9. Operator and network interface requirements.
10. System programming responsibility (inhouse or vendor).
George Nemes is an application engineer for Lubriquip Inc., Cleveland. | <urn:uuid:61d67205-0744-46be-9e64-c69b9d21aa8b> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.machinedesign.com/motion-control/central-lubrication-protects-large-mill-equipment-and-transfer-lines | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527148.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419061412-20190419083412-00134.warc.gz | en | 0.909475 | 1,465 | 2.515625 | 3 |
What are the causes of chronic migraine?
Researchers haven’t identified a definitive cause for migraines. However, they have found some contributing factors that can trigger the condition.
Factors that may trigger a migraine include:
- bright lights
- changes in brain chemicals, such as a decrease in levels of the brain chemical serotonin
- changes in barometric pressure
- changes in sleep patterns
- excess stress
- severe heat, or other extremes in weather
- hormone changes in women, such as estrogen and progesterone fluctuations during menstruation, pregnancy, or loud sounds
- intense physical activity
- skipping meals
- unusual smells
- use of certain medications, such as oral contraceptives or nitroglycerin
If you experience a migraine, your doctor may ask you to keep a headache journal. Writing down what you were doing, what foods you ate, and what medications you were taking before your migraine began can help identify your triggers.
Keyword: causes chronic migraine; causes chronic migraines; chronic migraine causes; chronic migraines causes | <urn:uuid:eee9f61f-50b5-498a-ac7d-6c858fe099ea> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://pointclickcares.com/what-are-the-causes-of-chronic-migraine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057447.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923195546-20210923225546-00515.warc.gz | en | 0.928455 | 218 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Olwenna, The Rare And Beautiful
How to Pronounce Olwenna
Olwenna pronunciation: “OL-wen-Na”
History of the Name
There are not many references to this particular derivative of Olwen, and their histories are very difficult to separate. Olwen was the name of a maiden in one of the tales of King Arthur known as Olwen and Cullwch. This tale was probably first written in the 10th century, so it is probable that the name Olwen and it’s derivative Olwenna is at least that old.
The name Olwenna is actually very popular, in spite of the fact that the social security administration records the name as below the top 1,000 most popular names.
Discover the meaning and origin of other Welsh girls‘ names | <urn:uuid:6c1049d3-f971-4a1b-ae33-d3db8732bb47> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.welshgirlsnames.co.uk/olwenna/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549427749.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727062229-20170727082229-00402.warc.gz | en | 0.947866 | 169 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The EPA tracks air quality under the Air Quality Index (AQI) measurement based on the number of air pollutants. Scores are between 0 and 500: 0–50 is GOOD, 51–100 MODERATE, 101–150 UNHEALTHY FOR SENSITIVE GROUPS, and 151+ is UNHEALTHY.
This graph shows ground-level ozone concentration trends for Merced, Stanislaus, and San Joaquin counties. Ground level ozone, a secondary pollutant, occurs when two primary pollutants (nitrogen oxide and volatile organic compounds) react in sunlight and stagnant air. Ozone levels overall have trended downward; San Joaquin County has had the lower overall levels since 1991. CBPR obtained this data from the California Air Resources Control Board, California Almanac of Emissions and Air Quality (Source: UOP CBPR Index).
Asthma and Air Quality
Asthma and air quality are related. Although the region’s unhealthy ozone days have fallen 41% since 2000, the region contains some of the U.S.’s most polluted air. According to the American Lung Association, San Joaquin County ranked ninth in the nation for particulate matter in 2015. More than 27% of San Joaquin County Community Health Needs Assessment survey respondents reported breathing problems as a top community health concern, and 39% of respondents claimed air pollution as a major environmental concern.As this graph shows, the percentage of children age 1–17 whose parents report an asthma diagnosis is almost 20% higher than that of California. And San Joaquin County adult asthma diagnoses are 7% higher than California. | <urn:uuid:394da242-c82e-4466-82cb-94439b505fb0> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://ca-sjcog.civicplus.com/253/Air-Quality | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583884996.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123023710-20190123045710-00285.warc.gz | en | 0.911414 | 330 | 3.53125 | 4 |
An egg inside an egg. Sounds tasty doesn’t? When one couple gathered some eggs from their hen, they came across a very large egg. It turned out that the egg was large for a good reason…it had another egg inside it. The video below shows the actual footage of what happens when the large egg is cracked open. In addition to a yoke and a white that you would normally see when you crack an egg, you see an entirely separate egg complete and still in its shell.
The egg owner is intrigued and goes on to opening the extra egg to see what’s inside it. It turns out this is a normal egg with the yolk and white intact.
Apparently, there is a name for such a phenomenon and an egg inside an egg is known as a counter-peristalsis contraction, which means that the egg that had already gone through the hen’s oviduct gets sucked back up before it has a chance to finish developing, thus allowing another egg to develop around it.“Sometimes, if you have another ovulation before the first egg is laid, you have a ‘counter-peristalsis contraction,’ which means the oviduct will contract upward, and the first egg will be moved back up,” Poultry Science editor Gregory Bedecarats said. “When you see a tiny egg incorporated in a larger one, it means the egg was still present in the shell gland and got sucked back up the oviduct to where the other egg was having its white deposited.”
“I have seen that happen once before when my aunt had chickens. Also, cut a bell pepper open once and there was another tiny, fully formed, bell pepper inside it.”
When the family cracks open the egg it looks a bit like one of those Russian Nesting Dolls.
One commenter had a decent explanation for the rare incident…
“Sometimes when the hen is laying an egg it doesn’t have the sperm to make a baby chicken so very rarely the egg goes back the way it came (instead of laying the first egg it goes back up the chicken’s body) and another eggshell surrounds the first egg.. therefore when the second egg lays it’s much bigger and has another egg inside! 1 question. How did you get the egg? I don’t think they would sell it in a store.” | <urn:uuid:09ecda8f-fe65-4368-a739-ec9c9bd0caf3> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://worldtruth.tv/she-was-surprised-to-find-such-a-large-egg-under-her-hen-cracks-it-open-to-strange-find/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153971.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730154005-20210730184005-00576.warc.gz | en | 0.972905 | 502 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Some plants make a red pigement called Lycopene. The most common source for most people is tomatoes. Lycopene is thought to help prevent certain types of cancer, but also may help with cholesterol problems and prevent hardening of the arteries. Time to eat more tomatoes!
Lutein and Zeaxanthin are two nutrients that are important for good eye health. Since the eyes “collect” light, there is a lot og UV radiation entering the eyes, and lutein and zeaxanthin help to mop up the free radicals that result. | <urn:uuid:bc16bcdd-cb19-405f-a690-c0edb96af540> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://juicingtherainbow.com/category/nutrients/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578533774.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422015736-20190422040757-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.950917 | 118 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Type in the word “rhododendron” in an image search, and countless beautiful photos of vibrantly-coloured blooms will appear. The same is true when searching through the Botany Photo of the Day archives: Rhododendron ‘Cornubia’, Rhododendron moupinense, and Rhododendron periclymenoides represent but a few of the beautiful rhododendron flowers that we have featured.
UBC Botanical Garden has a fabulous collection of rhododendrons from Asia and North America. Like many of our visitors, I am amazed at the beauty and diversity of flower forms possessed by this remarkable genus. As I wander the narrow, shaded pathways of the David C. Lam Asian Garden, however, I am just as often struck by the beauty of the rhododendron leaves that I encounter and by the way that these leaves play with the Garden’s ambiance. The thick, substantial rhododendron leaves allow brief shafts of light through the canopy, shining a spotlight on random botanical objects that would otherwise pass unnoticed: here, a spot of light touches on the threads of last-year’s maple leaf; there, a tiny tip of a pipevine corkscrews brightly against a dark background. Tiny botanical beauties go unnoticed against a wall of fuchsia flowers, but shine against the restrained backdrop of rhododendron leaves.
Of rhododendron leaves, I find those with contrasting indumentum the most captivating. Indumentum is the coating of extremely fine hairs that can be found on the lower surface of the leaves of many rhododendron species, including those of Rhododendron falconeri. Today’s photo shows the underside of one of these leaves, which in its entirety measures about 20 cm long and 8 cm wide, is elliptic in shape, and is held on a long petiole (stalk). I am entranced by the pinnate pattern formed by this leaf’s strong veins and by the dusting of felt-like, rusty hairs.
The upper surfaces of Rhododendron falconeri leaves are dark green and have been described as curiously wrinkled. A very light coating of hairs, termed tomentum, coats these surfaces and may prevent insect herbivory. | <urn:uuid:ba43861a-38b4-4157-b62d-0d990dcb4434> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://botanyphoto.botanicalgarden.ubc.ca/2015/08/rhododendron-falconeri/?replytocom=18861 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655906934.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710082212-20200710112212-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.938842 | 495 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Inflation is slowly but steadily going down, the consumer price index showed, according to a report released Tuesday by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
The CPI measures the monthly change in prices that U.S. consumers pay for certain goods. It’s a key government indicator of inflation.
Here are three things to know about the inflation report and what it might mean going forward.
1. It has some of the lowest increases in more than a year.
Prices rose 6 percent in February compared to a year earlier. This is a decent slowdown from January, which saw prices go up 6.4 percent compared to the year before. This is the eighth consecutive month that the inflation rate has dropped and the smallest yearlong increase since September 2021.
Obviously, 6 percent is still high, especially considering the Federal Reserve’s target of 2 percent inflation. But the pace of inflation is slowing, decreasing to a 0.4 percent increase in February compared to 0.5 percent in January.
Removing the price increases for food and energy, which are always volatile even before the Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine tied up supply chains, prices rose 5.5 percent compared to last February. This is the smallest yearlong increase since December 2021.
Mark Zandi, the chief economist at economic research group Moody’s Analytics, said inflation was “headed in the right direction.”
“Inflation is painfully high, but steadily receding. It is on track to be closer to 3% by year’s end, and the Fed’s inflation target by next summer,” he said on Twitter.
2. But inflation in key areas remains high.
Energy prices have been steadily decreasing over the past few months, which has contributed to the slowing inflation. Prices for fuel, gas, and electricity fell 0.6 percent from January.
But prices for food and shelter increased. Shelter, in particular, was the biggest contributor to prices hikes in February, with housing costs going up 0.8 percent. Part of that is due to the Fed’s aggressive campaign of raising interest rates, which has driven up mortgages even as home prices go down. People who own property are having to pay more, while people who can’t afford to buy are having to stay in the rental market. While rent costs have started to ease up, they’re still high due to high demand.
Costs for groceries went up 0.4 percent in February, and the price of eating out went up 0.3 percent.
3. What does this mean looking forward?
The Fed begins its policy-setting meeting Tuesday and was widely expected to hike interest rates by 0.25 percent for the second time.
The new CPI report is unlikely to affect that decision, but the Fed could be influenced by the recent closures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank. Regulators in California and New York, respectively, swooped in to shut down both banks after panicked customers began to withdraw their funds en masse.
Goldman Sachs chief economist Jan Hatzius predicted Sunday that the SVB and Signature failures would prompt the Fed to hold off on raising interest rates for now.
But Ian Shepherdson, chief economist at the consulting firm Pantheon Macroeconomics, thinks the Fed will stay the course.
“Assuming markets stay calm and no more banks fail, we think the Fed will hike” by 0.25 percent, he wrote in an analysis Tuesday.
“To be clear, we think further hikes are now unnecessary; the lagged effect of the increases over the past year are enough to push inflation back to target, but Fed officials have been unwilling so far to accept this argument.”
The U.S. central bank is scrambling to achieve a so-called soft landing, or a decrease in inflation without tipping the economy into a recession. The labor market has remained strong overall, causing concerns that the economy has not slowed sufficiently to avoid a downturn.
Dean Baker, senior economist at the Center for Economic Policy and Research, put the likelihood of a 0.25 percent hike at “50-50.”
“I think we have a very good shot [at a soft landing] as long as the Fed doesn’t get carried away,” he told The New Republic.
This post has been updated. | <urn:uuid:f2671482-339a-4181-bff6-17e9c52aa84d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://newrepublic.com/post/171130/bls-inflation-report-march-2023 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00826.warc.gz | en | 0.96993 | 901 | 2.625 | 3 |
Flag of the Faroe Islands. Wikipedia.
From BBC Travel (hat tip: Pam Wilson):
The Faroe Islands’ 500-year-old fight to save its language
Situated between Iceland and Scotland, the isolated Faroe Islands are in a unique position. For years, their remoteness kept locals out of reach of their Danish rulers.
“The people of the Faroe Islands have been raised in the belief that we can manage our own destiny,” said Magni Arge, Faroe Islands MP in the Danish Parliament.
The Faroes are an archipelago of 18 verdant, volcanic islands jutting out of the Atlantic Ocean between Scotland, Iceland and Norway. With a Celtic and Viking heritage – and a population of about 50,000 – they’re semi-autonomous but still a Danish dependency, having been ruled by both Denmark and Norway for centuries.
The Faroese have had a long struggle for self-rule, which had a turning point during World War II. Denmark was occupied by the Nazis, and it was Britain that provided protection from German invasion due to the islands’ proximity to the Shetland Islands and UK mainland. With no contact with Denmark for five years during the war, the islanders began to forge their own path.
Over the last few decades, many Faroese have been building towards a new wave of independence, including the struggle to not only hold on to their native tongue, but also to help it flourish.
The Faroese people have been fighting to keep their language alive ever since it was suppressed by the Danish, when the islands became part of the Dano-Norwegian Kingdom in 1380. With the Reformation, that stronghold was reinforced and Faroese was completely banned in schools. People had no choice but to succumb to the vernacular of the law courts and the Danish parliament.
While Danish dominated official realms for centuries, the wider community continued to speak and sing in Faroese. The written language they use now only formally came into being in 1846, and over the next few decades an upturn in the Faroese economy, caused by sloop fishing and the end of the Danish trade monopoly, further increased national confidence.
With greater links to the outside world in the late 1800s, people began to assert the integrity of their own tongue, and oral Faroese became a school subject in 1912, followed by the written language in 1920. After the establishment of Home Rule in 1948, Faroese was recognised as the official language of government; however, Danish is still taught as a compulsory subject, and all the Faroes’ parliamentary laws still need to be translated into Danish.
Read the whole thing – which is a slideshow; make sure you watch the fourth slide, which is a short video proposing why Faroese, which is related to Icelandic, survived Danish proscription:
“Our own language was very much tied into the way we lived. So each and every bit of a boat has its distinct name, and each tool has its name, and each walk path. Everything had its name tied into the old Faroese language. And if they lost that they probably would lose the ability to live here as well.”
The Faroese passed on their stories through kvæði, ballades that accompany the chain dance.
“Our language has lived through these stories, that have been told from generation to generation. Now we have around 17000 verses. And I think that’s a lot because we should remember it was only 5000 people on these islands at the time. It’s been verses that they have remembered in their heads.”
I was also interested in their attempts at updating their language while avoiding Anglicisms and other loan words:
“We Faroese are a bit puristic, so we like to have our own words, like Icelanders. We think, ‘Why should we all take the English words? We should all make something ourselves! I speculated, ‘What should we call a computer?’ ‘Tel’ is a number. So ‘telda.’ Everybody called it ‘telda’ – computer!”
“When we were kids, we were always thinking this sounded a bit weird. But nowadays, you think it’s weird if anybody says ‘helicopter’ or if anybody says ‘computer’ instead of ‘telda’ and such.”
I applaud such efforts, which you can also see in Quebec and Israel. I actually don’t like how internationally influential English is. The great thing about making up words self-consciously is that you can control for euphony and brevity as well as meaning. “Telda” is just a nicer word than “computer”!
Slide sixteen addresses Faroese political nationalism. I guess that the Faroe Islands are a few steps behind Iceland on this front, which won home rule in 1874, “extended” home rule in 1904, sovereignty in 1918, and compete republican independence in 1944.
The Faroese have a long history of discussion, democracy and government, and Tinganes (pictured) in the capital Tórshavn is claimed by the Faroese to be one of the oldest parliamentary meeting places in the world. The current building inhabits the site of the first Viking parliament that met here sometime after 900AD.
The current drive to write their own constitution is the next stage in the movement towards what many Faroese hope will be self-governance, though it’s a controversial issue for some, given how much financial support is received from Denmark.
Nevertheless, the Faroese are keeping a close eye on how Catalonia’s bid for independence progresses, as well as Britain after Brexit. Separatists feel that independence is long overdue, though for many, the spike in taxes if they were to lose Danish support is more than enough reason to keep some of the ties that bind them. Whatever does happen in the future though, the fight to keep Faroese as a living, breathing language will endure.
Looks like I’ve got another place to add to my bucket list! | <urn:uuid:c33a286c-3f81-4924-9f56-6eac4d1fd09a> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://blogs.reinhardt.edu/history/category/islands/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711712.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20221210042021-20221210072021-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.975923 | 1,302 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The Mars Atmospheric and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission will obtain critical measurements of the Martian atmosphere to help understand dramatic climate change on the red planet over its history. MAVEN will provide information on how and how fast atmospheric gases are being lost to space today, and infer from those detailed studies what happened in the past. Studying how the Martian atmosphere was lost can reveal clues about the impact that change had on the Martian climate, geologic and geochemical conditions over time, all of which are important in understanding whether Mars had an environment able to support life.
MAVEN is scheduled to launch on November 18, 2013 from Cape Canaveral, Fla. The trip to Mars takes 10 months, so the spacecraft will go into orbit around Mars in September of 2014.
It will take 5 weeks for MAVEN to get into its final science-mapping orbit, test the instruments, and test science sequences. After this phase, MAVEN has a 1-Earth-year primary mission during which it will make its key measurements.
The MAVEN orbit will be elliptical. At its closest point to the planet, it will be 93 miles above the surface. At this altitude, the spacecraft will pass through the upper atmosphere on each orbit and can sample the gas and ion composition directly. At its highest point, it will be more than 3728 miles above the surface and can carry out ultraviolet imaging of the entire planet. This combination of detailed measurements and global imaging is a powerful way to understand the properties of the upper atmosphere.
The altitude in the MAVEN orbit will be lowered for five “deep-dip” campaigns during the mission. In each deep dip, the spacecraft will take measurements down to an altitude of about 77 miles. These measurements will provide information about the well-mixed lower atmosphere, giving scientists the “full picture” of the atmosphere.
The MAVEN spacecraft will make measurements in all regions of “near-Mars” space. These measurements will allow scientists to characterize the current state of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere, determine the rates of loss of gas to space today, and extrapolate backward in time in order to determine the total loss to space through time. | <urn:uuid:15ddc628-9878-41f6-9699-744ffd9cc2a8> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://www.visitnasa.com/maven-providing-answers-about-mars-climate-history?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=maven-providing-answers-about-mars-climate-history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141180636.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20201125012933-20201125042933-00441.warc.gz | en | 0.929608 | 450 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Most homeowners are aware of the risk of handling asbestos insulation, a common part of home construction from the 1940’s to 70’s. Construction workers may be even more keenly aware of the connection between airborne asbestos fibers and deadly mesothelioma than homeowners. But, while asbestos insulation can be easy to identify (and is no longer used in new construction), a recent article in the International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health is a reminder of the potential danger that still exists in a less obvious place: joint compound.
Joint compound is the paste-like substance that is used to smooth the seams between sheets of drywall. For decades, many manufacturers added chrysotile asbestos fibers to joint compound to make it thicker and more spreadable and to increase its strength and resistance to heat, fire and corrosion. This practice continued until the late 1970’s. The joint compound or “mud” as it is called in the construction trade, was then covered with drywall tape, which was also sometimes made with asbestos for the same reasons.
But this combination turned out to be a serious mesothelioma threat, especially to construction workers who used it. Joint compound was typically sold in powdered form, which had to be mixed with water to make it spreadable. Wet joint compound is less of a mesothelioma threat, but the powdered form certainly was. Tens of thousands of workers unknowingly inhaled mesothelioma-causing asbestos fibers in joint compound powder before it was pulled from the market. Now, even though asbestos-containing joint compound is no longer sold, the product still presents a risk. Disturbing joint compound used on old dry wall can release asbestos.
In his article, Dr. Dahlgren and coauthor Trevor Peckham remind physicians treating suspected mesothelioma cases not to overlook joint compound as a potential source of exposure. Although drywall itself was never made with asbestos, contractors and do-it-yourself remodelers with older homes should be aware of the potential mesothelioma risk in drywall dust because of the joint compound. The EPA has said that there is no safe level of asbestos exposure. | <urn:uuid:6797666c-cef9-49ce-a526-f162ba54dee4> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://survivingmesothelioma.com/joint-compound-still-a-mesothelioma-threat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152085.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805224801-20210806014801-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.961719 | 448 | 3.109375 | 3 |
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Could there be a way to make a sci-fi-style wormhole out of two black holes?
Wormholes have been (theoretical) objects of wonder since the dawn of science fiction, but it would be wild if we could prove these shortcuts through spacetime existed, and even wilder if we could create one.
Theoretical physicist Sepehr Nezami and his team at CalTech now believe there is a way to manipulate black holes into creating that shortcut. Enter quantum entanglement. You need to entangle black holes, no matter how far away from each other, so much that anything happening to one will affect the other. Quantum information that falls into the first one will get shredded. If these black holes are linked the right way, that scrambled info should zoom through the wormhole that connects them and emerge from the second one intact.
Wait. What?! To say this is complicated is an understatement.
The idea started off the back of Hawking radiation, the thermal radiation that Stephen Hawking thought black holes spontaneously spewed out into space as they slowly “evaporated.” One of a pair of photons should be released back into space while the other remains past the point of no return. There have been endless arguments about the quantum value of both the particles and the point of escape, since they could basically be anything. Some scientists believe that if you (again, theoretically) gathered up all the photons that escaped, you’d recover information that was thought to be irreversibly lost in the black hole’s innards.
There is a glaring problem here. You would only be able to access those particles after half the black hole evaporated. Past that point, any qubits (“quantum bits” or basic units of information that can have infinite values) thrown back in would boomerang back, since the black hole had become so entangled with what became its Hawking radiation after billions of years. It is this theory of quantum entanglement that sparked the idea of creating a wormhole.
Nezami is no stranger to quantum teleportation. He can’t beam anyone to the Enterprise and back, but he can zap encrypted information from one quantum device to another. The issue with this kind of information transfer is that you can’t receive a message right away and expect to read it like a text, because it will look unrecognizable. Just entangling the black holes apparently wouldn’t be enough. However, general relativity says that the shortcut that entanglement creates between black holes is no different than a wormhole.
What Nezami and his team propose, since we can’t exactly haul a black hole into a physics lab, is to make quantum particles act like black holes and scramble information incredibly fast. Each “black hole” will be made up of a few qubits, and the two will be entangled as much as possible. An additional interaction will be factored in to make sure that information will emerge without needing to be decoded.
Maybe the Transporter in Star Trek isn’t becoming a reality anytime soon, but if the experiment succeeds, it might just become a little more scientific and a little less fictional.
(via Quanta Magazine) | <urn:uuid:89185fc2-1ded-49ad-8de9-48acfaf58650> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/can-black-holes-be-morphed-into-wormholes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679102612.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210155147-20231210185147-00680.warc.gz | en | 0.942715 | 686 | 3.4375 | 3 |
“No,” said he. “You have come here accused of great crimes—of having assisted in taking the lives of some of the defenceless settlers. When you have been tried by the laws of the land, and been proved innocent, then your Father will give you his hand.”
They looked still more serious at this address, as if they thought it indicated that their Father, too, believed them guilty, and stepping back a little, they seated themselves, without speaking, in a row upon the ground, facing their Father and the officers. The other Indians all took seats in a circle around them, except the one-eyed chief, Kau-ray-kau-say-kah (the White Crow), who had been deputed to deliver the prisoners to the Agent.
He made a speech in which he set forth that, “although asserting their innocence of the charges preferred against them, his countrymen were quite willing to be tried by the laws of white men. He hoped they would not be detained long, but that the matter would be investigated soon, and that they would come out of it clear and white.”
In reply he was assured that all things would be conducted fairly and impartially, exactly as if the accused were white men, and the hope was added that they would be found to have been good and true citizens, and peaceful children of their Great Father, the President.
When this was over, White Crow requested permission to transfer the medal he had received as a mark of friendship from the President, to his son, who stood beside him, and who had been chosen by the nation to fill his place as chief, an office he was desirous of resigning. The speeches made upon this occasion, as interpreted by Paquette, the modest demeanor of the young man, and the dignified yet feeling manner of the father throughout, made the whole ceremony highly impressive; and when the latter took the medal from his neck and hung it around that of his son, addressing him a few appropriate words, I think no one could have witnessed the scene unmoved.
I had watched the countenances of the prisoners as they sat on the ground before me, while all these ceremonies were going forward. With one exception they were open, calm, and expressive of conscious innocence. Of that one I could not but admit there might be reasonable doubts. One was remarkably fine-looking—another was a boy of certainly not more than seventeen, and during the transfer of the medal he looked from one to the other, and listened to what was uttered by the speakers, with an air and expression of even childlike interest and satisfaction.
Our hearts felt sad for them as, the ceremonies finished, they were conducted by a file of soldiers and committed to the dungeon of the guard-house until such time as they should be summoned to attend the court appointed to try their cause.
ESCAPE OF THE PRISONERS. | <urn:uuid:b455d79b-3a49-4572-a618-b8527005e9eb> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/12183/193.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931008720.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155648-00236-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.993502 | 604 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The parable of the Pharisee and the tax collector praying in the temple has much to tell us. In this meditation we use texts of Scripture, St Augustine, St John Chrysostom and St Josemaria to reflect on how:
- We too should endeavour to pray before the Blessed Sacrament whenever possible
- The Pharisee’s pride and self-righteousness make his good deeds of less value
- We should never judge others the way the Pharisee did
- The tax collector teaches us the great importance of humility
- We should regard all our virtues and good deeds as gifts from God.
- We are all sinners and we should ask God to forgive us, as the tax collector did
- We should do penance for our sins and go regularly to confession | <urn:uuid:b0ab71a3-559c-448a-a8ba-8ca16a5544d9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fatherfladerblog.com/tag/tax-collector/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00049.warc.gz | en | 0.934412 | 162 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Generic Name: calcium acetate (KAL see um AS e tate)
Brand Name: Calphron, Eliphos, PhosLo Gelcap, Phoslyra
What is Calphron (calcium acetate)?
Calcium is a mineral that is needed for many functions of the body, especially bone formation and maintenance. Calcium can also bind to other minerals such as phosphate, and aid in their removal from the body.
Calcium acetate is used to control phosphate levels to keep them from getting too high in people with kidney failure.
Calcium acetate may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
What is the most important information I should know about Calphron (calcium acetate)?
You should not use calcium acetate if you have high levels of calcium in your blood.
What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before taking Calphron (calcium acetate)?
You should not use calcium acetate if you are allergic to it, or if you have high levels of calcium in your blood.
Ask a doctor or pharmacist if it is safe for you to use this medicine if you have other medical conditions, especially:
if your kidney disease gets worse; or
if you also take digoxin (digitalis, Lanoxin).
It is not known whether calcium acetate will harm an unborn baby. Do not use this medicine without a doctor's advice if you are pregnant.
It is not known whether calcium acetate passes into breast milk or if it could harm a nursing baby. Do not use this medicine without a doctor's advice if you are breast-feeding a baby.
Do not give this medicine to a child without medical advice.
How should I take Calphron (calcium acetate)?
Use exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor. Do not use in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended.
Your doctor may occasionally change your dose to make sure you get the best results.
Take this medicine with each meal, unless your doctor tells you otherwise.
You may need to keep a food diary to measure how much calcium you are getting in your diet.
You may need frequent medical tests to help your doctor determine how long to treat you with calcium acetate.
Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat.
What happens if I miss a dose?
Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose.
What happens if I overdose?
Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222.
What should I avoid while taking Calphron (calcium acetate)?
Do not take additional calcium supplements unless your doctor has told you to.
Avoid using antacids without your doctor's advice. Use only the specific type of antacid your doctor recommends. Many antacids contain calcium and you could be getting too much of this mineral if you take a calcium antacid with calcium acetate.
Calcium acetate can make it harder for your body to absorb other medicines you take by mouth.
Avoid taking an antibiotic such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro), moxifloxacin (Avelox), or levofloxacin (Levaquin) within 2 hours before or 6 hours after you take calcium acetate.
Avoid taking an antibiotic such as doxycycline (Doryx, Oracea), minocycline (Solodyn), or tetracycline within 1 hour before you take calcium acetate.
Avoid taking levothyroxine (Synthroid, Levothroid) within 4 hours before or 4 hours after you take calcium acetate.
Calphron (calcium acetate) side effects
Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.
Stop using calcium acetate and call your doctor at once if you have:
high levels of calcium in your blood--nausea, vomiting, constipation, increased thirst or urination, muscle weakness, bone pain, confusion, lack of energy, or tired feeling.
Common side effects may include:
increased calcium in the blood
This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
See also: Side effects (in more detail)
What other drugs will affect Calphron (calcium acetate)?
Other drugs may interact with calcium acetate, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Tell each of your health care providers about all medicines you use now and any medicine you start or stop using.
More about Calphron (calcium acetate)
Related treatment guides
Where can I get more information?
- Your pharmacist can provide more information about calcium acetate.
- Remember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children, never share your medicines with others, and use this medication only for the indication prescribed.
- Disclaimer: Every effort has been made to ensure that the information provided by Cerner Multum, Inc. ('Multum') is accurate, up-to-date, and complete, but no guarantee is made to that effect. Drug information contained herein may be time sensitive. Multum information has been compiled for use by healthcare practitioners and consumers in the United States and therefore Multum does not warrant that uses outside of the United States are appropriate, unless specifically indicated otherwise. Multum's drug information does not endorse drugs, diagnose patients or recommend therapy. Multum's drug information is an informational resource designed to assist licensed healthcare practitioners in caring for their patients and/or to serve consumers viewing this service as a supplement to, and not a substitute for, the expertise, skill, knowledge and judgment of healthcare practitioners. The absence of a warning for a given drug or drug combination in no way should be construed to indicate that the drug or drug combination is safe, effective or appropriate for any given patient. Multum does not assume any responsibility for any aspect of healthcare administered with the aid of information Multum provides. The information contained herein is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects. If you have questions about the drugs you are taking, check with your doctor, nurse or pharmacist.
Copyright 1996-2012 Cerner Multum, Inc. Version: 8.01. Revision Date: 2015-06-09, 1:05:19 PM. | <urn:uuid:f88f6623-a47b-46c4-9aeb-3c6d835c2994> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.drugs.com/mtm/Calphron.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049277091.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002117-00134-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895501 | 1,405 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The state of Queensland has got an alien thorny invader: Prickly acacia, or in scientific terms Acacia nilotica subspecies nilotica.
Prickly acacia is a shrub or small tree which belongs to the plant family Leguminosae, subfamily Mimosoideae, a family which also accommodates the sensitive plant Mimosa pudica, well-known as a curiosity house plant. The prickly invader A. nilotica is native to Africa, the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent and was introduced from India into Australia in the late 1890s. Originally imported as an ornamental, A. nilotica ssp. indica was later widely used as a shade and fodder tree for sheep. But what was initially a valued addition to the Australian flora soon became a menace. When the grazing regime in Australia changed from predominantly sheep to cows and the country also experienced a number of successive wet years, the balance swung in the favour of prickly acacia. The thorny shrub spread quickly and has now invaded around six million hectares of arid and semi-arid land in the State of Queensland. Acacia nilotica ssp. indica is also present in the Northern Territory as well as in Western Australia. Due to its substantial impact on the environment as well as on the economy, particularly on the livestock industry, prickly acacia was initially declared a noxious weed in Queensland in 1957. Subsequently the plant has also been listed as a “Weed of National Significance” for the whole of Australia. And Australians have every reason to be worried, as the prickly invader has got the potential to spread throughout the arid regions of the whole of northern Australia.
Mechanical and chemical means are being used to control the spread of prickly acacia; however these methods are often uneconomical, particularly when dealing with large areas of infestation. It was, therefore, decided that biological control must be explored as an additional management strategy as it would provide a low-cost and sustainable additional method of control. Since the early 1980s A. nilotica ssp. indica has been the target of an Australian classical biological control programme. The initial focus of this programme has been on arthropods as natural enemies to control the Australian invasion of the thorny shrub. A number of insects from the native ranges of prickly acacia in Africa and Pakistan have since been tested and released in Australia, however, few have established and without substantial impact on the prickly invader. Field surveys in India revealed that here prickly acacia regularly comes under severe attack from rust pathogens, while no other related plant species growing in the same habitat seems to be susceptible. This observation led to the decision to include also the assessment of fungal pathogens into the overall biocontrol programme. When looking more closely, it was found that in fact two different rust fungi are involved in giving A. nilotica ssp. indica a hard time in India: Ravenelia acaciae-arabicae and Ravenelia evansii. Out of the two, R. acaciae-arabicae was chosen as the first pathogen to be evaluated for its host specificity and suitability as a classical biocontrol agent. However, this rust species was found to sporulate on one non-target Acacia species native to Queensland. Quite clearly this poses an unacceptable risk to the Australian flora for which Acacia species constitute a key component. Hence this particular rust species, however damaging in the native range of prickly acacia it might be, cannot be considered any further for control of prickly acacia in Australia. As yet it is early days for the second species, R. evansii, as its assessment has only just commenced. Should this rust species “behave” and prove to be host specific attacking only the target weed prickly acacia, then small rust spores could possibly make all the difference to the future of the weed in Australia.
Dr. Marion K. Seier
Senior Scientist, Invasive Species Management, CABI | <urn:uuid:b7d5a860-3f61-4452-8b1f-e35be93fc207> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://cabiinvasives.wordpress.com/2011/11/25/rusty-solutions-for-a-prickly-problem/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424623.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723222438-20170724002438-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.959106 | 846 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Canine collars can help you simply prepare your canine. The collars are made out of several types of supplies reminiscent of cotton, steel, leather-based and nylon.
Varieties of Canine Collars
There are lots of varieties of canine collars with the principle ones being:
Halter-type: you need to place it on the canine’s head, from the neck to nostril. It often connects with the leash on the canine’s chin. This Dog Collars is right for you in case your canine is massive and powerful, and has the tendency of pulling himself. While you pull the leash, you’ll pull the canine’s head down or on the facet. This makes it unimaginable for the canine to maneuver forward or pull you ahead thus providing you with all of the management you want over the canine.
Harness: this one you place across the neck and across the shoulders of the canine. The unit is often advisable for canines with higher respiratory ailments. It’s also possible to use it in case your canine is affected by ailments of the throat or trachea reminiscent of collapsed trachea.
Pronged: it is often known as pinch collar and it comes with blunt prongs that protrude inward from the hyperlinks. The collar is particularly designed to assist in coaching cussed pullers. The cool factor with the unit is that it provides you extra management and is much less prone to hurt your canine.
Martingale: the distinctive factor about this unit is that it does not have a buckle and simply slips over the pinnacle of the canine. The unit is designed for small present canines and canines with smaller heads. For it to tighten across the canine you need to place it correctly.
How one can Purchase the Proper Collar
So that you can purchase the precise canine collar you must contemplate quite a lot of elements.
One of many essential elements that you need to contemplate is the scale of the canine. To acquire the correct measurement you need to use a versatile tape measure. If you do not have a tape measure you need to contemplate wrapping a string loosely across the canine’s neck after which mark the place the 2 ends meet.
To find out if the collar will suit your canine you need to measure it from the centering bar to the farthest gap. For consolation you need to enable two inches for changes.
That is what you must find out about canine collars. As rule of thumb you can purchase these made out of sturdy supplies reminiscent of leather-based and steel. You must also be sure that you purchase the items from a good retailer. | <urn:uuid:e6db6170-a382-4a7f-b3a3-7976de863cbb> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://hermes--outlet.us/understanding-canine-collars/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937193.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420081400-20180420101400-00614.warc.gz | en | 0.93899 | 542 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Wikidata is in its connections. From the start there are the inter language links to Wikipedia and as more statements are added, they are adding value in their own way.
Many statements are repetitive; many people are born or die on the same day. Many people go to the same school or take part in the same event. Items like these can be seen as a cluster, a ball. All of them together are an even bigger ball.
One early choice in Wikidata was to link items to external sources. This has many potentials for the future. We did experiment with comparing data. We may represent external data and not store it in Wikidata.
Through these external links, Wikidata is very much in a galaxy of data. There are clusters here and there of similar data. The value of that data is very much in our ability to represent it. From a language point of view all this data is not diverse. It is therefore our challenge to bring more language people to Wikidata not only for them to add labels but to do this in a SMART way. | <urn:uuid:eb352120-dfd3-4655-ac08-dbcc1e1d1ffd> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://ultimategerardm.blogspot.com/2015/01/wikidata-is-more-like-ball-and-not-so.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948515311.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212075935-20171212095935-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.963247 | 223 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Within the past week, about three dozen honey bees have been visiting our backyard once again. With the recent rains, our bird bath was full to capacity; its rim providing just the correct distance for bees to drink. That is correct, drink water; bees will travel up to five miles, from the hive, to find water. Like we humans, bees are mainly live sacks of water that need to keep hydrated. “…it has been estimated that the bees may be bringing back nearly a gallon of water a day." (Bug Squad: https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=14566)
Of course there are a variety of uses for water, including hive maintenance, honey production and the nurse bees must insure the health and well-being of the queen. Bees cannot swim, so they can drown if they fall into a water source. While the bird bath has a rim, we added flat rocks for them to perch on as well. They lower their proboscis into the water and suck it up. The proboscis is a straw-like tongue used for slurping up liquids and also for tasting. When not being used for either chore, the proboscis is folded up and stored in a groove-like structure in the bee's head.
We checked on the bees daily, making sure the water was reachable for them, and that none had fallen into the water. One night I found two floating in the water, not moving, and I feared they had passed on. Placing them into the palm of my hand, I spoke to them, telling them how sorry I was for getting there too late. I was going to recite a blessing over them, when suddenly, there was movement. Little legs began to twitch; they were alive, but needed warmth.
Bringing them into my home, I continued to cup them inside my palm, and talked to them the entire time. Slowing rising up, they both began to clean themselves thoroughly. Drooping antennae lifted upward; legs swept against bodies and wings; they began to walk and it tickled. As they became more active, their little butts began to wiggle, and I knew it was time.
Walking outdoors, one took off immediately; the second was hesitant. Simply sitting in a chair, watching the sun set, my honey bee companion and I; and then it left.
This is, for me, one of those moments that confirms why life is worth living. | <urn:uuid:6e0c4897-0009-422a-a961-f8f8f7952c32> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.comfortcookadventures.com/2020/09/honey-bees-and-water.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662577757.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524233716-20220525023716-00227.warc.gz | en | 0.981437 | 521 | 2.625 | 3 |
About 40,000 children in Japan need new homes due to neglect or the absence of biological parents, but just 500 find adopted parents each year owing to cultural practices and legal restrictions.
The vast majority of these children are placed in institutions or care homes where, according to rights groups, they are “deprived of the chance for life in a caring family setting.”
Adoptions should become more commonly accepted in Japanese society and the interests of children prioritized, said Hiroe Makiyama, a lawmaker who sponsored a bill regulating agencies that connect potential adoptive parents with kids in need of a new home.
“Now the trend in Japan is that people get married later in their life and therefore many have difficulty having natural children,” the opposition Democratic Party member said in an interview.
“Many seek to have medical help – it’s costly and it’s a burden physically. For these reasons an option might be to adopt, but it’s just not the trend here.”
Advocates hope awareness campaigns and recent legal changes favoring home-like environments will help Japan join other developed countries in marching away from institutionalization.
Official statistics indicate most of the children in need are placed in institutions, while a minority – 4,731 children – are living with foster parents.
A further 1,172 children are in a so-called foster family group, where a larger number of children live in the same home.
Few of the children in alternative care are afforded the certainty of being permanently adopted by a new family. The number of such placements, known as special adoptions, has risen to 544 in 2015 from 474 in 2013.
Still, this is “an extremely low level relative to the United States and Europe,” according to the Nippon Foundation, which is working to promote adoption.
When asked why the rate was so low in Japan, Nippon Foundation program director Eriko Takahashi said adoption had been used for things like creating an heir to continue a family line, but was not well-recognized as a child welfare measure.
“Other factors may be the context of a culture that places importance on blood relations and the society-wide attitude that parents should raise their own children without exception,” Takahashi said in an email.
Human Rights Watch detailed a range of problems with the system in a report titled “Without Dreams: Children in Alternative Care in Japan.”
The title is taken from a 15-year-old resident of an Osaka institution who told researchers she did not have any dreams for the future.
Deficiencies in the system include poor physical conditions in institutions, overly large numbers of occupants, cases of abuse by caregivers and children, and insufficient reporting mechanisms for victims.
A lack of support after people left the centers also harmed their future employment and educational prospects, said the report published in 2014.
“At the root of many of these problems is a long-standing predisposition of Japan’s child guidance centers – which determine the placement of children needing such care – towards institutionalizing children rather than placing them in adoption or foster care,” it argued.
Lawmaker Makiyama added that the child guidance centers were understaffed.
On top of that, she said, “matchmaking” of children with prospective adoptive parents is hampered because information collected by local governments and external placement agencies is not shared effectively.
“So it’s hard to do matchmaking,” Makiyama said.
“Within the local offices nationwide they don’t share the information. So there might be a Hokkaido-based eligible parent who doesn’t mind adopting somebody from Okinawa, but it’s hard for them to connect because there’s a barrier between each city office and institution.”
Making the system work
Human Rights Watch said over-institutionalization was especially problematic for infants, who face potential developmental and psychological damage if they have inadequate time to bond with parents or caregivers.
Just 15 percent of the 2,032 children under the age of 2 who required alternative care in 2011 were placed into foster parent care, the report said, while the remaining 85 percent were placed in infant care institutions.
Experts agree that foster parents — who temporarily look after children in need without necessarily permanently adopting them — need better training, support and monitoring to improve the chances of success.
A quarter of foster care placements do not work out, Human Rights Watch noted, while warning that abuse was a problem.
With this in mind, the Nippon Foundation runs foster parent support seminars. It also promotes adoption through its “Happy Yurikago Project”, named after the Japanese word for cradle, “to enable as many babies and children as possible to live in a warm family setting.”
The foundation’s survey of 170 adoptive families last year found 70 percent of the adopted children said they were satisfied with themselves — much higher than the 46.5 percent level of self-approval found among the general population in a 2011 poll by the cabinet office.
The favorable results did not surprise Makiyama, one of several Japanese politicians who traveled to the United Kingdom on a study tour last year to gain a better understanding of the international push to end institutionalization.
“I think that children after they are raised by their adopted parents — they realize when they’re in their adulthood how much love and how much sacrifice that person made for that child,” she said.
Legislators have taken steps to modernize Japan’s legal framework over the past year, including amending the Child Welfare Act last June to promote the raising of children in home-like settings.
Kanae Doi, the Japan director of Human Rights Watch, said this signaled progress since the publication of the group’s Without Dreams report.
“The Child Welfare Act is a very important basic act for child welfare administration, so I think there is big progress [in this regard],” she said in a phone interview.
“However, the next step should be how to implement this law. Here I haven’t seen the progress I expect. Much more needs to be done in order to ensure that all the children have the love they need from their family.”
Doi called for reforms to the financing system for alternative care.
From the perspective of the institutions, she explained, “there is an incentive for them to institutionalize kids because they are subsidized by the government based on the number of kids in the institution so it is against their financial interest to get the kids out of their institutions.”
Takahashi, of the Nippon Foundation, said: “What we need now is to improve the general public’s understanding of adoption, and training in order to implement adoptions to be carried out by child guidance centers and private adoption agencies.
“Also, when it comes to birth parents who, despite being unable to raise children or having no intention to raise children, are nonetheless opposed to adoption, we need to develop laws by which administrative bodies put priority on the benefit to the children and set limits on parental authority so that they can proceed with adoption.”
Months after the Child Welfare Act changed, the National Diet passed another bill to ensure adoption agencies that receive proper approvals are eligible for government funding.
Some adoption agencies, such as an Osaka-based service with an online bulletin board, have attracted controversy for the speed with which they make a match.
But under the law that passed in December, organizations must consider the best interests of the child and must not make a profit. Makiyama, one of the proponents of the bill, said it aimed to eliminate any bad agencies.
Child guidance centers, non-profit agencies, doctors and the school education system all should “chip in to change our system and enhance the adoption system,” she said.
The former lawyer and television director said she brought an important perspective to the Diet as she had spent more than 10 years living in the US and Europe and had attended an international school.
Many of her friends were adopted or had adopted children themselves.
“I understand both worlds so this is one of the things I think I should highlight,” Makiyama said.
“[Adoption] should be a common understanding among teenagers and the older generation and it shouldn’t be something that should be frowned upon.
“Adopted children should not be discriminated against. It should just be a regular thing to do, a more comfortable thing to do, just as it is in the US or Europe.
“And at the same time we should make sure that children are not placed in families who are looking to abuse them or sell them or do something nasty to them. We have to have a good aftercare system to make sure that they were placed in families with love.” | <urn:uuid:3ebb81f7-42c8-4c3f-bf36-d9d399b33be0> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://asiatimes.com/2017/06/japan-starts-build-better-future-kids-without-parents/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107911027.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20201030153002-20201030183002-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.961599 | 1,857 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The knee is the largest joint in the body. People use it heavily every day as they walk, run, climb, or jump. As a result, it is also very prone to injury and pain. When these occur, a doctor may recommend exercises to help a person strengthen the muscles around the knee.
While many parents are heeding the advice of experts and resisting the urge to have their kids focus exclusively on one sport too early in life, a University of Alberta professor who specializes in youth development is advising parents to keep their children's activities in balance.
Brittle bones are often seen as a woman's health issue, but low bone mass may be more common among middle-aged men than generally thought, a small study suggests. | <urn:uuid:3cfc44b2-4ddc-4b02-bae6-ab4268ec739d> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.davidwhiddonmd.com/blog-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601241.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121014531-20200121043531-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.980378 | 148 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Bodily or corporal punishment by a parent or other authorized guardian is any act causing deliberate bodily ache or discomfort to a minor little one in response to some undesired conduct. Subsequent potential research yielded similar results, whether or not they managed for parental age, child age, race and household structure; 12 poverty, little one age, emotional assist, cognitive stimulation, intercourse, race and the interactions among these variables; 13 or other elements.
The AAP supports educating dad and mom on more effective self-discipline strategies that train applicable conduct and protect the kid and others from hurt. Little one shaming and rejoicing within the punishment of children is horrible, and it’s part of a wider trend of the hatred of children becoming acceptable.
Timeouts may be effective discipline for toddlers A baby who has been hitting, biting , or throwing food, for example, should be instructed why the habits is unacceptable and taken to a chosen timeout space — a kitchen chair or bottom stair — for a minute or two to relax (longer timeouts should not efficient for toddlers).
Reward good behavior: Acknowledging good habits is one of the best ways to encourage your little one to continue it. In other words, “Catch him being good.” Praise your child when he or she shows the behavior you’ve got been looking for. A mum or dad, in a fit of anger, smashed their child’s iPad the opposite day.
Mother and father cannot apply penalties if they are angry. Dad and mom should keep away from bodily punishment. AAP additionally opposes corporal punishment in faculties, which is addressed in a separate coverage statement revealed in 2000. It leads to hotter relationships between dad and mom and children and to fewer conflicts. | <urn:uuid:c8f58845-e847-49c7-b7d8-aff0c32f2972> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.polandconsulateny.com/what-will-it-take-to-finish-bodily-punishment-of-youngsters.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370494064.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329074745-20200329104745-00281.warc.gz | en | 0.937785 | 365 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Taizuquan (太祖拳, Great Ancestor Boxing) is often segregated into the Zhao Taizu (referring to Zhao Kuangyin ( 趙匡胤) First Emperor of the Song Dynasty) and Ming Taizu (referring to Zhu Yuanzhang (朱元璋) First Emperor of the Ming Dynasty). Whereas Zhao Taizuquan is often referred to as Chang Quan (太祖长拳, Long Boxing) and Ming Taizuquan is also known as Hong Quan (洪拳).
In Fujian, one of the oldest styles especially in the southern (Min Nan) areas is referred to as Taizuquan, with a derivative style often noted as Wuzuquan (五祖拳). The main area of concentration of Taizuquan is in Quanzhou and Zhangzhou, which is home to many different styles as well Hakka peoples. There are in these areas alone of 20 different branches of Taizuquan (in this case referring to Southern Taizuquan).
History and Origins
Taizuquan (太祖拳, Great Ancestor Boxing) is often segregated into the Zhao Taizu (referring to Zhao Kuangyin, First Emperor of the Song Dynasty) and Ming Taizu (referring to Zhu Yuanzhang, First Emperor of the Ming Dynasty). Whereas Zhao Taizuquan is often referred to as Chang Quan (太祖长拳, Long Boxing) and Ming Taizuquan is also known as Hong Quan (洪拳).
In Fujian, one of the oldest styles especially in the south (Min Nan) areas is referred to as Taizuquan, with a derivative style often noted as Wuzuquan (五祖拳). The main area of concentration of Taizuquan is in Zhangzhou, which is home to many different styles as well Hakka peoples and Quanzhou areas. There are in these areas alone of 20 different branches of Taizuquan (in this case referring to Southern Taizuquan).
Many of the participants of the various groups and activities were descendants from the previous imperial families. Some suggest to the earlier Hakka from Song period, whilst others perceive it from the Ming Dynasty. Although much of the boxing was derived from the North, the system had to be altered. These changes were meant to firstly deal with the different conditions in the Southern landscape compared to the Northern Central plains but more importantly to reduce the learning time so that members of such groups could grasp combat principles faster and more directly applicable within such a short period.
It is those early movements that combined aspects of Daoism, traditional culture, Ming imperialists, Hakka and like figures which set the stage for the development of a boxing system, Taizuquan. Much of the symbolism and practices associated with the southern martial arts are full of White Lotus/Red Turbans/Tiandihui traditions which are then from ancestors within Daoism and other religious/social movements of the past.Ming Taizu, Zhu Yuanzhang was a known leader of the Red Turbans ( 紅巾軍) also sometimes referred to the Ming Jiao, 明教), which was group descendant from the White Lotus Society (白莲教). After the fall of the Ming many headed southwards from Nanjing. In Southern Fujian and Guangdong province various movements occured which were commensurate with supporting a Ming return within the Manchurian led period of the Qing dynasty.
The Tiandihui ( 天地会, Heaven and Earth Society) was extremely prevalant in the Zhangzhou regions of Fujian aided by the Monk Wan Ti Xi (万提喜), who had recruited some locals Lu Mao, Li Amin and Fang Quan during the Qianlong Period (1711-1799), This movement also spread across nearby Zhangpu and Pinghe counties. The Tiandihui and the earlier Red turbans are related in 1854 were incidents commenced in Shilong village and spread across the South.
Taizuquan is suitable whether in its Song Taizu, Ming Taizu or even on the basis that it was to become Ancestral (where Taizu means Great/Primary ancestor) as one of the most representative of Fujian Boxing methods.
Taizuquan is the classical boxing method of the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou areas of Southern Fujian. One of the earliest practitioners is said to be Ming loyalist, Zheng Li （郑礼). As a member of the anti Qing activities he practiced boxing methods from the central plains and is said to have simplified into effective methods that could be applied to develop others in the societies.
Development of Taizuquan
In the south of Fujian province, Taizuquan (and Wuzuquan) have become the most common form of boxing. There have been many different branches with much development as masters learned from many and added their experiences thereby resulting in a set of differing methods. The core however is the same and Taizuquan is often called Mu Quan (Mother Boxing) since it is so much the root or essence of the martial arts in the areas.
Early Taizu Quan
Since the Ming Dynasty in combating Coastal Pirates until the Qing Dynasty in supporting the resistance against the Manchurian led Qing dynasty, the Minnan areas of Fujian were involved in supporting local Militia. Skills had to imparted quickly and effectively leading to the development of a direct, combat ready martial arts system mostly known as Taizuquan.
Yu Dayou (俞大猷 1503-1579)
Yu Dayou was born in Quanzhou (Luojiang Heshi village) but his ancestors were from Anhui. In 1535 he sat the imperial examinations and later obtained a position within the Imperial palace. He helped to defeat pirates that raided the coastlines of China (they also attacked Japanese and Korean coastlines) in Jiaxing, Zhejiang and as result was promoted Garrison Commander of Fujian. Alongside fellow Ming Generals Qi Jiguang (1528-1588) and Tan Lun (1520-1577), and over a number of different battles over the years eliminate the pirate threat by 1566. Yu Dayou's concepts of martial arts emphasized "direct, powerful", advancing with each step and using the force of the whole body in each strike", these principles are commensurate with that of Taizuquan. He created his own militia with the the local people of Zhangzhou and Quanzhou, teaching them his effective military methods, able to skill them up quickly even making them more effective than the official soldiers from Zhejiang. Yu Dayou wrote a classic《正氣堂集, Compilation of the methods from the Righteous Hall》that includes many great treatise on the martial arts (including a well known section, the Sword Classic). He was renowned for his Staff methods. It is said that in 1560, Yu Dayou travelled to the Shaolin Temple to research their renowned martial arts and staff methods. Unfortunately he was very disappointed as the monks were not skilled at all. As a result he brought two monks back to the South that followed him for three years to acquire his staff methods, which would become known as 《俞家棍, Yu Family Staff》until this day. In the South (Fujian/Guangdong), the staff would be the most commonly known weapon practiced in large arrays with up to hundreds of people in Zhangzhou, these are all thought to be legacies of Yu Dayou.
Zheng Chenggong (郑成功,1624-1662), was the son of Zheng Zhilong who was a pirate and merchant across the islands of japan, taiwan and off the fujian coast of China. His mother was Japanese (翁氏,1601-1646) but stayed in Japan due to regulations at the time. His father arranged for a good confucian education and later Zheng Chenggong moved to Quanzhou studying at the Nanjing Guozijian (University). Later after the fall of the Ming dynasty he lead many troops from the Zhangzhou, Quanzhou and surrounding areas in attacks on the Qing forces often purged in defence with over 170,000 troops he lead expeditions all the way Northward to Nanjing city walls and then was forced to retreat with lack of supplies and inability to combat the large Qing armies. From the Xiamen areas he later established bases from which he later had expeditions to expel the dutch from Taiwan (they retreated to Indonesia). After great battles he died from malaria at a young age of only 38. Many of his troops and fellow rebels formed the resistance movements in the south of China which later became many of the various secret societies and martial arts practices that exist until today.
Wu Xin (悟心, 1691-1758) is one of 8the earliest recorded practitioner of Taizuquan in Quanzhou records. Wu Xin was said to be a monk residing at Dongchan Temple (东禅寺, Eastern Zen Temple) in Quanzhou and taught the style to lay disciples. Wu Xin was said to have studied from another monk who was an ex Ming empire loyalist and had converted to avoid persecution.
He Yang (何阳, 1795-1880) was originally from Yongding, Fujian province whom later opened a small Inn within the Yingzhou district of Zhangzhou. He was said to be a 3rd generation practitioner of the Taizuquan. In the later Qianlong period he later taught martial arts in Zhangzhou (where the martial hall is known as 'Heyang Tang, 何陽堂'). His martial arts were renowned for hard power often described as 'jing gang jing' (Diamond hard power). The Taizu Quan style was also known as Wuzuquan or sometimes as Heyang Quan by latter practioners.
Quanzhou Taizu Quan
In Quanzhou, the style of Taizuquan and Wuzuquan are often used interchangeably.
Li Junren (李俊仁, 1849-1933 ) had studied Taizuquan at the Dongchan Temple in Quanzhou and later returned to Yongchun County, where he also had practiced Baihequan (White Crane Boxing). Through efforts Li Junren also studied some Xuan Nu Quan, combined all the methods and as a result sometimes this line is known as Yongchun Taizuquan or Yongchun Wuzuquan. His martial legacy was left by the masters known as the '5 Yongchun Wuzu tigers who taught throughout Nanyang (South East Asia) which included Li Mao, Li Pu, Li Ba, Yan Qing and Gan Deyuan. With his most renowned disciple being his nephew Gan Deyuan.
Cai Yuming (1857-1910, 蔡玉鸣, fk. Chua Giok Beng)
Cai Yuming was from Fangwei county, Fujian province. From a wealthy background which then allowed him to focus on his real interests in the martial arts. It is mentioned that he became a student of many boxing teachers and later a disciple of Taizuquan Master He Yang (何阳) in Zhangzhou and later through travels absorbed the techniques of many martial arts formulating Wuzuquan (五祖拳, 5 Ancestors Boxing) which he passed on to disciples after returning to Quanzhou where he opened martial arts schools. He Started two schools Longhui (龙会) and ShengGong (圣公).
Cai Yuming became the most renowned master in Quanzhou and the influence so strong that many Taizuquan masters took tutelage and adopted their teachings. It is for this reason that the Taizuquan and Wuzuquan traditions in Quanzhou later became so interelated as they shared the same core origin as well as developments.
Lin Jiuru (林九如 , 1862-1937, fk. Lim Kiu Lu)
Lin Jiuru was prominent master of Taizuquan in Quanzhou and became a disciple of Cai Yuming in his later years after being defeated. As one of Cai Yuming's earlier students he contributed much to the contents of the Wuzuquan and was prominent in promoting the style.
Given this background, Lin Jiuru had two series of students - the earlier sessions (Taizuquan) and the latter sessions (Wuzuquan), however many kept to the original Taizuquan name thereafter. As prominent master in the Quanzhou area he had many students including his son Lin Tian'en (taught in Quanzhou city), Lu Wanding (taught in Zhangzhou, Shima and Xiamen), Miao Yue (Chongfu Temple, Quanzhou) and Lu Pengqi (Head of the Martial arts association in Quanzhou) amongst many others.
Shi Miaoyue (释妙月, 1883-1944, fk. Sek Miao Guat)
Venerable monk Miao Yue, laymen name was Shao Tenglang (邵腾朗), was from Anhai county, Quanzhou, Fujian Province.He had been fond of martial arts since his youth and studied Taizuquan with Master Chen Wenzhang. When he was 13 due to family difficulties, he became a monk but His Master monk passed within a year. He then left the temple and became a recluse at Zimao Mountain, Pujiang City for a while. It was there that by chance a master had passed by the temple and taught Miao Yue skills of Ying Qi Gong (External strength), Qing Gong (Lightness footwork/skills). When he was 16 he entered the Chongfu Temple in Quanzhou and was ordained by Monk Jue Ming. He studied Taizu Quan with Monk Liao Hua (仰华) at the Kaiyuan temple in Quanzhou. He continued studies in Taizuquan with Master Kun and later with Lin Jiuru (who was also a disciple of Cai Yuming and introduced Miao Yue to study diretly).
With great capabilities and skills, he became later known as the Iron Luohan (铁罗汉), Miaoyue taught many students and novices. One of his most well known inheritors was Venerable Monk Yuanzhen (元镇， 1897-1977), who was adept at medicine, martial arts and scriptures, later known as the Gentle Luohan （绵罗汉). Yuanzhen's disciples included Chang Qing (常青) in Quanzhou, Chang Kai (常凯, 1916-1990) in Singapore and Chang Jue (常觉) in Taiwan.
In Chongfu Temple which was used as a pharmaceutical production house during the 1970's and 80's has now been restored and the descendants of Miaoyue who have returned include Venerable Master Fuxin (福欣) amongst others who have been taught by fellow Taizuquan practitioners to restore back some of their skills lost.
Zhangzhou Taizu Quan
Zhangzhou is home to some of the earliest practices of Taizuquan and generally for much of the boxing in Minnan (Southern Fujian Province), being also where the Tiandi Hui (Heaven and Earth Society) and Hong Men (Hong Society) commenced their activities. Whilst there are many different schools of Taizuquan, the are three main Tang (Halls) of Taizuquan in Zhangzhou.
Study Skills Hall
Kang Guanghui (康光辉, 1889-1973) was born in Longhai, Zhangzhou. Although born in difficult conditions as his father passed away whilst he was still a child, he arduosly studied martial arts from youth under various teachers. He later was fortunate to recieve tutelage from Taizu boxer Kang Shouzhai, who imparted him both martial arts and medical skills. He also talk tutelage from Fang Baida in Nei Gong (internal Development), Qing Gong (Lightness Skills), Herbal Medicine and Chinese Bone setting skills.
He later commenced the Xiyi Tang (习艺堂 ,Study Skills Hall) offering medical services and teaching Taizuquan. His skills became wide spread across the Zhangzhou areas of Longhai, Xiangcheng and Longwen where it was said that from young and old, boys or girls over a thousand villagers practiced Taizuquan. The Xiyi Tang was established on the basis that practicing martial arts enhances virtue, with its insriptions as "文明文德知天下，武艺武成定太平" - Proper conduct and virtue allows the wisdom to know all under heaven, martial skills shall ensure eternal Peace (Taiping).
When the Zhangzhou villages of Gutang and Yuekou had schools that were orignally taught by Zhang Yanghua (White Crane Boxing) to enhance the Lion Dancing traditions, other boxing teachers were invited as well, Kang Guanghui was one held with much praise. Kang Guanghui in 1930's travelled to Hong Kong and later throughout South East Asia (Hong Kong, Indonesia, Taiwan, Singapore and Malaysia), practicing medicine and teaching the marital arts. The Zhangzhou Taizuquan style became seeded in those areas as much as in its hometowns across Zhangzhou. He returned many years later in 1940's settling in his hometown where he helped those in need and taught Taizuquan until his late years. Some of the most notable include his son Kang Shouling, Chen Wanqing (Ah Bao) and Ceng Mu.
Thus this school combined the footwork of lion dancing, the fundamentals of white crane and the boxing of Taizuquan. In terms of contents some of the sets include Da/Xiao Simen (Large/Small 4 gates), Wubu (5 steps), Bagua Shizi (8 Trigrams Intersecting set), Bagua Wei (8 Trigrams tail), Lian Zhi Quan (Lotus Leaf Boxing), Fei Feng Quan (Flying Phoenix Boxing), Luohan Quan (Arhat Boxing) and Yanzi Chaoshui (Swallow scoops over water).
Martial Skills Hall
Wuyi Tang (武艺堂, Martial Skill Hall), descends from the teachings of Yongding Master Yu rulong (徐如龙. 1882-1953), who had studied with Master Chen Chimi (陈赤米). In the early 1930's a mister Cai Shenghe was trying to establish a martial arts training centre and had invited the well known Baihe Quan (白鹤拳, White Crane Boxing) Master named Zhang Yanghua who was from Jie Yuan Tang (捷元堂 - other Zhangzhou martial arts hall practising Baihequan).
Instead it was Yu Rulong was later also asked to become a coach and taught many of Cai Shenghe's family and other disciples such as Cai Yahuo (蔡亚火), Cai Chuncheng (蔡春成), Cai Yuanha、(蔡圆蛤), Cai Tianyuan (蔡添元), Cai Zonglin (蔡宗麟) and Cai Kunyu (蔡坤雨). The contents of this style although considered Taizuquan are quite different to the other two. Some of the sets include Shao Chengmen (Lesser city walls), Da Chengmen (Greater city walls), San Lianbu (3 adhered steps), Si Lianbu (4 adhered steps), Wu Hu Xia Shan (5 tigers descend mountain) and Qixing Luodi (7 stars fall to earth).
Twin Ascending Dragon Hall
Shiwei Wushuguan (漳州市尾武术馆, Shiwei Martial Arts Institute), with its Tang name - Shuangfa Denglong Tang (双发登龙堂, Twin ascending dragon hall) has a history of over 150 years. The originator of this school was You Qinglong (游青龙), a Hakka Chinese. At the time, There was a young man called You Hongying (游红婴) who alongside a few other villagers studied Heyang Quan. After an incident when You Qinglong was passing town, You Hongqing begged to be taught by Qinglong. Later all those villages became disciples of You Qinglong. These were in You Hongying, You Yangyi (游养宜), You Bishan (游碧山)、You Suye (游宿夜) and another two whose real names were not recorded only their aliases Ai Guming and Gu Zhuichen.
Later followers or generations of the style included You Changchun, You Tiansen, You Fengyuan and so on. The contents of the style include fundamental sets such as Tou Jie (head section), Tou Jie Fan Quan (Head section opposing fists), Er Jie (two sections), Er Jie Fan (Opposing two sections) and Ziwu Quan (Meridianal Boxing). Intermediate sets are Lianhuan Bagua Quan (Continuous 8 trigrams set), Wai Bagua Quan (Outer 8 trigrams Boxing) and Liu Qing Quan (Flowing Essence boxing). Advanced sets include San Jiao Hu Quan (3 legged Tiger Boxing), Milefo Xiandu Quan (Matreiya Buddha offers belly Boxing) and Qiuyin Fansha Quan (Earthworms turning the sand Boxing).
Nanyang Taizu Quan
Taizuquan in South East Asia (Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines)
|1955 Nanyang Martial Arts Gathering (Chinatown, Singapore)|
Gan Deyuan (1884-1946, fk. Kan Teck Guan) was born in Yongchun county, Fujian province. He was an expert of both martial arts and medicine. His martial arts were studied from his uncle (aunty's husband) Li Junren (李俊仁) who had practiced from the Cai Yuming line as well as from the martial arts descendant from Wu Xin (悟心) who taught martial arts at the Dongchan temple (东禅寺) in the 1730's. This school was sometimes referred to as Yongchun Wuzuquan or Yongchun Taizuquan (永春太祖拳)
In the early 1900's he moved to Singapore and established a hall for the practice of medicine and teaching of martial arts in 1916. Later he opened other schools in Kuala Lumpur (1918) and Malacca (1927). During the Japanese occupation of Singapore (1942-1945) people lived in much dificulty and Master Gan helped by offering medical treatment. He taught many including his children Gan Huhai (干湖海), Gan Huchang (干湖昌) and Gan Hunan (干湖南), as well as disciples Lin Baoshan (林宝山), Li Shaomao (李绍茂), Lin Banghua (林邦华) and Wu Longfei (吴龙飞). Master Gan Huchang opened the Zhonghua martial arts school in 1966, which became the Zhonghua Martial Arts Athletic Association in 1988 and today the Zhonghua Sports Club located in Chinatown, Singapore.
Shen Yangde (1881-1964 沈扬徳, fk. Sim Yong Tik ) was from Nan An county, Fujian and went to Singapore in the 1930's. As the last inner door disciple of Cai Yuming, it is sometimes thought that Shen Yangde absorbed the more completed aspect of the style (earlier years were formulative). Shen was very active and managed to promoted the style in Xiamen, Xia'an county, Quanzhou, Singapore, Indonesia and even Myanmar. He taught many and in Xin'an established the Heyang Martial arts Institute.
In Singapore, his main disciple was Li Hexiang and Xu Naijing (1917-1997) who established the Beng Seng Pugilism & Physical Culture Institute which is still active today. This school was often referred to as Wuzu Heyang Quan (五祖鹤阳拳). This style is characterized by more internalization and vibrating than the direct mentality of earlier lines.
Guo Xionghu (郭雄虎, 1901-1994 , fk. Quek Yong How) studied with Cao Biao (曹彪) and then later Taizuquan with Wen Chaogu (翁朝古), as well as other boxing styles. He later moved to South East Asia and had many times proven his great skills including challenging a famed Thai boxer in Thailand to a challenge which he won to much acclaim.
In 1945, he moved to Singapore and taught there. In 1967 at the national tournament at an advanced age of 66 managed to win the empty hand championship and runner up in weapons. In Singapore, his most notable disciple, Zhao Chunde (赵春德, fk. Teo Choon Teck) established the San Cheen Do (Way of 3 battles) school which combined Taizu with other martial arts.
Lu Wanding (卢万定,1886 -1958, fk Lo Ban Teng) was originally from Zhangzhou, Fujian whose family ran a Liquor business and was born with a natural talent for martial arts. When he was 23 years old he commenced the study of Wuzuquan with a store owner, You Junan (尤俊岸) who was a disciple of Cai Yuming.
Lu Wanding helped with the running of his family Liquor business and had to travel frequently to neighbouting areas such as Xiamen and Quanzhou. At the introduction of his teachers he studied with martial uncles Wei Yinnan (魏隐南), Weng Chaoyan (翁朝言) in Xiamen and with Lin Jiuru (林九如) in Quanzhou.
In 1927 Lu Wanding moved to Indonesia where he practiced medicine and taught martial arts. He was known not only for his physical strength but also for his direct, honest and hard to everyone equalitarian character. Lu was the most influential figure in establishing Cai’s style Wuzuquan in Indonesia. One prime emphasis of his lineage is to breathe right to develop a hard blow as well as the ability to bear the hard blow of an opponent.
During his whole life, Lu deepened his martial arts by watching attack and defense behaviors of domestic animals, such as roosters, in fights. Among Lu's most notable successors are his sons Lu Xiaohe and Lu Xiaojun, and also his first student and nephew Lin Cuigang (林粹刚 1896-1966 fk Lim Tjoei Kang), who is also an adopted son of Shen Yangde.
Chen Jingming (陈京铭, fk. Tan Kiong Beng)
Another notable master was Cai Yuming's disciple who took Wuzuquan to the philippines and started the Beng Kiam club. was one of the top ten disciples of Cai Yuming. Chen was a wealthy merchant who moved to the Philippines in 1900 and made a living as a bone setter.
Soon after the overseas Chinese in Manila became aware of his credentials and sought him out for teaching martial arts. However in his retirement Chen sought to return home to Fujian and as a result sent his son, Tan Kahong who with some his father's disciples jointly established the Beng Kiam school in 1935. Chen Jingming (陈京铭, fk. Tan Kiong Beng) was one of the top ten disciples of Cai Yuming. Chen was a wealthy merchant who moved to the Philippines in 1900 and made a living as a bone setter.
The school left a legacy through Tan Kahong's disciples such as Benito Tan, Alex Co, Daniel Go, Tony Lim, Jose Ang, Bonificiado Lim and Ben Asuncion.
Lu Yanqiu (卢言秋, 1878-1944, fk. Lo Gian Chiu) was born in Quanzhou. He started at age 14 studying martial arts with Master Zhuang Dan (庄胆), then he became a disciple of Gong Pozhan (公婆詹), of the Taizuquan/Wuzuquan style. He also met Cai Yuming and his disciples Lin Jiuru, Chen Jingming and others. After only 5 years of intense training, Lu Yanqiu opened his school in 1897 at Wei Tou village, instructing in martial arts and offering medical services.
In 1899. he traveled overseas over nine years to countries including Burma (Myanmar), Malaysia, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Vietnam and Singapore. He gained great experience and in 1909 returned to Quanzhou. During the turbulent years of 1910-1912, Lu Yanqiu was involved in the nationalist movement hacing served as combat instructor and medical officer for a regimen of the army.
In 1937, the Sin-Japanese ware commenced and by urging of his students given his advanced age he was requested to move to Manila by his students. In 1938, Lu Yanqiu setup the Kong Han Athletic Club and taught there. In 1942, Japanese forces occupied Manila which was to end only in 1944 at which time Lu Yanqiu also passed away. His successor would be his eldest son Lu Qinghui (卢庆辉).
Taiping Taizuquan Curriculum
Taizuquan (Great Ancestor Boxing) is a very thorough system of combat and requires the development of skills across the full human arsenal. In Taizuquan, the forms (or sets) act as the series of training methods and thereby important to the development of the skills within the style. Additional, the general basics and training within Taizuquan includes many different aspects that are continuously developed over the training period consecutively with the study of structure and forms. These aspects are categorized as follows:
- Strikes and kicks, in shadow, against pads and bags and with weight locks
- Grappling and locking methods, inclusive of counters and reversals
- Techniques including timing and knocking exercises with opponents
- Bridging and trapping methods, including use of the joints and extremities
- Power development and generation
- Double striking, kneeling and ground techniques
The boxing sets within Taizuquan are many and varied. There are literally hundreds in existence with each school or branch having their own series. Even when names are similar the execution, techniques and power can also differ. The sets are typically short, compact and encompass only a few key concepts within, each adding onto the knowledge of the previous or introducing new techniques. The sets within our curriculum are from Miao Yue Quanzhou Taizuquan and Xueyi Tang Zhangzhou Taizuquan.
The Zhan (Battle) forms are designed to assist with the practice of power generation within Taizuquan. Whilst Sanzhan is the heart oi Taizuquan, The three most practice battle forms are San Zhan, Wuhu Zhan and Tiandiren Zhan. These are not practiced consecutively but rather introduced as specific points throughout training on general boxing methods.
Essential Boxing Sets
These are the compulsory components of Taizuquan ranging from the very simple to the more intricate of methods.
Advanced Boxing Sets
Once the essential methods have been mastered there are a range of specialized practices (each usually focusing on key set of principles/methods).
Many of the sets in Taizuquan can also be practiced in combination as a 2-man set.
There are over 25 weapons sets, some are listed below:
- Dan Dao (单刀 Saber)
- Yunv Jian (玉女剑 Jade Maiden Sword)
- DuanChui (短槌 Short Staff)
- Guan Dao (关刀 Kwan Kung's Long Saber)
- Shuangtou Chui (双头槌 Two headed Staff)
- Meihua Qiang (梅花枪 Plum Blossom Spear)
- Fangtian Ji (方天戟 Halberd)
- Da Pa ( 大扒 Big Trident)
- Yuefu (月斧 Moon axe)
- Kaishan Fu (開山斧 Long handled Axe)
- Qinglong Da Dao (青龍大刀 Green Dragon Long Saber)
- Shuang Dao ( 雙刀Double Sabers)
- Shuang Bian (双鞭 Double Hard Rods/Sai)
- Liaogong Guai (柳公拐 Crutch)
- Shuang Fu (双斧 Double Axes) | <urn:uuid:52fe932b-40af-42c2-a569-e8803d7d46be> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://www.taipinginstitute.com/courses/jiangnan/taizuquan | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146665.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227063824-20200227093824-00461.warc.gz | en | 0.973706 | 7,191 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Charlie Willis (left) and David Kirkpatrick (right) on the University of Minnesota campus.
Effective teachers know there’s more to helping students succeed than just showing up and teaching a lecture. To do their job well, they have to prepare coursework, reading materials and class activities, as well as grade papers and assignments while also mastering a knowledge of the content they expect students to gain during a course. For online educators like Charlie Willis, however, helping their students succeed involves additional challenges.
“There are innate challenges with teaching biology online, be it an introductory course or an advanced ecology course,” says Willis, a teaching assistant professor in the Department of Biology Teaching and Learning (BTL). “How best to translate the in-class experience to an online space is really not well understood. Not that it hasn't been tried, but the biology education research is still catching up.”
Willis is a part of that broader effort to catch up. He and colleagues across the University of Minnesota are in the midst of launching the Center for Online Biology Education (COBE), an effort to not only run online biology courses for students at the University and beyond, but also a space for educators to study and learn from each other on how to best teach online classes.
“COBE will provide a framework for online biology education, to better support current efforts and to provide flexibility as the field of online biology education expands and matures,” says BTL department head David Kirkpatrick. “With COBE as a central resource repository, we expect that creating new online courses will be easier and the resulting courses will better fit the needs of the undergraduates in CBS and elsewhere.”
Willis and his colleagues hope to take advantage of COBE to build collaborations and tackle the many unanswered questions in effective online education. With a few semesters of online course development under his feet, he already has a sense of what generally has worked with big aspirations for what he and colleagues can find out through the Center.
“In face-to-face courses, you adjust lectures as you go and update students in-class, all at once. Online, students engage the material at different times and rates, and so everything must be ready to go at the start,” Willis says. “I’m hoping through my work with COBE that I expand existing online course offerings and create new ones that work best for students online.” | <urn:uuid:79a84eb5-ddc8-4837-9289-71783b94f6f4> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://cbs.umn.edu/blogs/cbs-connect/teaching-biology-classroom-less-class | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107911027.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20201030153002-20201030183002-00519.warc.gz | en | 0.957936 | 504 | 2.5625 | 3 |
General Overview |
Simple Teenage Acne |
Adult Acne |
Hormonal Acne |
Cystic Acne | Rosacea
Acne is one of the most common diseases of the skin, occurring most frequently in puberty. The extent and severity varies greatly, and it tends to diminish naturally by age 20. In women, however, it can flare again or anew in the 20s and 30s as a result of hormonal irregularity. Rarely, acne will persist for decades.
Lesions begin with a sebum plug in the follicles of the face, chest or back. Sebum is the oily material supplied by the sebaceous glands, and it provides lubrication and water repellency in the skin. Production of this substance increases in adolescence, probably as a consequence of the activity of androgen, the male sex hormones.
As plugs of sebum become trapped in the follicles,they subsequently become inflamed by production and multiplication of bacteria. This leads to the typical red pustules and papules of common acne. Combinations of blackheads, white heads, painful nodules under the skin and cysts are frequently seen.
SIMPLE TEENAGE ACNE
This is the easiest type of acne to treat with Chinese Herbs. Herbs which clear Heat (i.e redness, inflammation) and Fire Poison (i.e. pus, whiteheads), are used. Results usually come by week 3, and a cure (i.e. 85% reduction of pimples) by week 8 to 10, depending on the severity and duration of each case.
There is often a digestive component to this type. If food is not properly broken down and bowel function is abnormal (i.e. constipation, diarrhea), then toxins are absorbed into the blood stream. Secondarily, excess mucus may be clogging the gastrointestinal tract. The skin may be trying to eliminate all of this build up through painful, big, pustular acne which often erupts on the cheekbones and temples. This is the trajectory of the Stomach meridian.
TCM treatment focuses on the digestive dysfunction. Results will be seen by about week 5, with total treatment lasting up to 12 weeks.
Many women are familiar with acne outbreaks that flare just before menstruation, or around ovulation. And as many women have observed, such acne tends not to respond to any "cleansing" type of treatment. This is because there is really no accumulated toxin or Fire Poison to speak of, it is rather caused by hormonal fluctuations and imbalances.
Chinese herbs with a broad hormone regulating effect are the mainstay of treatment. As such, not only can the acne be cured, but often menstrual pain, PMS and other hormonal manifestations are cured as well.
This is the most complicated type of acne, consisting of very large, nodular lesions under the skin, very slow to resolve and likely to cause scarring.
TCM considers these to be accumulations of Phlegm, Stagnated Blood and Fire Poison. Treatment is much slower, as it takes time for herbs to break down these tenacious substances. Successful treatment can take 6 months or more, and patience and consistency are vital.
Rosacea is characterized by reddening and flushing of the face, and often accompanies acne, although it can appear on its own.
Initially the flushing comes and goes, and at this stage it is easiest to treat, with herbs that "clear Heat" from the face.
After some time, the redness is present all the time, without fluctuation. Congested capillaries may be visible on the skin. Severe cases may also present with papules, i.e. red bumps. At this stage, treatment is based on clearing Heat as well as assisting blood circulation in order to clear the congestion.
Results with TCM treatment are very good. The milder, fluctuating form of rosacea might be cured in as little as 6 - 8 weeks, whereas the more severe forms, possibly accompanied by acne and pustules, takes from 10 to 16 weeks to treat completely. | <urn:uuid:033eee85-ad72-4d41-ae6b-59a3351eb43b> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://thetcmclinic.com/acne.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084893629.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180124090112-20180124110112-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.950817 | 847 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Moon MadnessThis page contains answers to questions that have to do with the moon. They explore lunar missions, facts and trivia about the Moon and much more! Click on a topic to see our "Quickie" questions archive or scroll down for more in-depth answers.
Quickie Moon Madness
|Movement of the Moon||(27 questions)|
In-depth questions and answers
1)"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."...planned or spontaneous?
2)Why haven't there been more lunar landings in recent years?
3)Is the Moon hot or cold?
4)Why can't you see the far side of the Moon?
5)What is the period of the Moon? the Earth? How long does it take Mars to rotate on its axis?
6)How does the phenomena of "seasons" occur. Why would it be summer in Maryland when it is winter in the southern hemisphere? Does the Moon have seasons?
7)Why does the Moon have an orange color in the Fall?
8)Why is the Moon moving away from the Earth? Will it just keep on going?
9)Is the Moon round? Diameter, weight, distance, age of the Moon? Internal structure? Is anyone buried on the Moon? and more!
10)What are maria? What are highlands? Phase of the Moon on certain date? Traveling from one phase to another? Moon tilt? If Moon spun twice? and more!
11)Were the Moon landings faked? What about the flag "waving in the breeze"? Who took the astronauts' picture if noone else was on the Moon at the time? | <urn:uuid:38507140-dd64-4282-86ae-fc88f12b1c4c> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.windows2universe.org/kids_space/answers_moon.html&lang=sp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210735.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816113217-20180816133217-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.907523 | 350 | 2.734375 | 3 |
NOTE: This information was compiled from memory and various references, and while I've tried to make it as generic as possible, it is predominately taken from my experience with the Field Artillery in the 1st and 9th Infantry Divisions in VietNam, 1969-1970. Corrections and additions are welcome.
Compiled by J.M. Hopkins - 06 Dec.1996
ORGANIZATION OF THE FIELD ARTILLERY : (typical 1st and 9th Divisions)
Arty weapons were grouped by caliber and type into "batteries" of 3-6 weapons. Howitzers had calibers of 105mm, 155mm, and 8inch. Guns were 175mm. Mortars were 4.2inch caliber. Smaller mortars (81mm) and 'direct- fire' weapons (106mm recoilless, tanks and 'Dusters') were classed as Infantry weapons and not included in the Field Artillery.
Each battery included the necessary gun-crew for aiming (FDC), firing, handling ammo and maintaining the weapons. Gun-crew members were slanged as 'gun-bunnies', 'lanyard-pullers', 'cannon-cockers', and 'ammo-humpers'.
Batteries were grouped into Battalions, supporting a particular AO within the Division. Batteries included weapons of a single caliber, thus an Arty batallion might consist of several 105mm batteries, a couple each of 155mm and 4.2inch batteries and one or two 8inch batteries, totaling about 60 cannon supported by about 600 personnel.
Each Arty battalion reported to a Division level unit (DivArty) for tactical and strategic coordination within the Division AO. The main task of the Arty in VietNam was to provide support for the infantry in the field. This task was chiefly thru executing 'fire missions' called for by the infantry. Each field unit typically had an Arty-FO (Forward Observer) to provide coordination between the infantry and the supporting arty battalion. Battalion FDC coordinated and formed the liason between the infantry on the ground and the assigned covering artillery battery or batteries.
FIRE MISSION TACTICS: Fire missions in VietNam might be routine, such as marking rounds, night-time defensive target zeroing (DTs), or harassment and interdiction missions (H&Is). The highest priority was given to the 'Contact Fire Mission' in support of an infantry unit in actual contact with the enemy.
When the FO called for a fire mission, he also radioed the target's map coordinates, which the Bn-FDC plotted against his last known position. For routine missions the coordinates were encoded or "Shackled" to prevent any tip-off of the troops' location. Contact coordinates were sent "in the clear" since the enemy troops knew where the friendlies were anyway. In addition, the FO called for a particular shell/fuze combination to best engage his target, and a fire-pattern.
Should he want to shoot within about 70 meters of his own location, he was advised that the rounds would land "Danger Close". The Bn-FDC also assigned a particular battery to fire and confirmed that their take-down of the target coords, shell, fuze and fire pattern were correct. The Bn-FDC gave clearance for the battery to fire and advised any aircraft near the Gun-Target (GT) line to avoid the target area as well as the direct line from the battery to the target.
In the battery FDC, the target coords were plotted and the Deflection (azimuth) and Quadrant Elevation (vertical barrel angle) were calculated using the range to target and recommended powder charge. The lastest MET (meteorological) message was consulted to adjust the aimpoint for temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction.
When the FDC had determined the powder charge to use, the gun crews went into action, pulling the proper shell/fuze combo, 'cutting' the proper powder charge, and setting the fuzes if the fuze was a VT or Time fuze. When the guns were ready to fire the crew signalled the FDC, and the FDC ordered "Battery...Fire" and announced to Bn-FDC and the FO: "...SHOT!" indicating that the rounds were in flight.
Knowing the time-of-flight, 10 seconds before the rounds were due to impact, the battery FDC called "...SPLASH!", signaling the FO to watch for the explosion in order to adjust the impact point on subsequent volleys.
Typical firing patterns might be "One Round", followed by "Battery One" if the initial impact was on target. In contact situations the pattern was often"Battery One, Fire For Effect" at the outset to bring large amounts of ordinance onto the enemy quickly. "Battery One" means that the 6 cannon fire one round in unison, while "Fire For Effect" means that the battery will fire continuously at it's maximun sustained rate, adjusting on the fly, until the FO calls "Cease Fire".
Special missions included "Zone And Sweep" patterns or "Time On Target" tactics for preparing an LZ prior to insertion of assault forces, usually by helicopter.
Zone And Sweep directed the battery to fire a Battery One pattern on the target and also one kill radius beyond, below, left and right of the target, expending 30 rounds, patterning an "X" on the target and surrounding area. Typical kill radius was 30 meters for a 105mm or 4.2inch round, 50 meters for a 155mm and 80 meters for an 8inch round.
"Time On Target" (TOT) was a surprise tactic for devastating a particular target area almost instantaneously. Suspected "hot" LZ's were often prep'd with a TOT mission while the assault forces hovered or circled overhead at altitude. Troops were then inserted into the 'sanitized' LZ before the smoke cleared.
TOT missions involved timing the firing of multiple batteries so that all fire on the same location, with the firing times adjusted to cause the rounds to all impact at the same time. A typical TOT might involve 4 batteries (24 guns), of different calibers; some firing rounds fuzed for ground burst, some for airburst. The effect is that a particular jungle clearing might be quiet and peaceful one second and in the next second be totally enveloped and saturated with explosions in the air and on the ground. Bombardment may cease after the initial volley or be maintained in Fire For Effect mode, creating a sustained saturation of the area with detonations.
Artillery missions also included the firing of parachute flares (Illumination or 'Illum') to provide light at night, Marking Round missions to provide an airburst over a designated map location in order to allow the infantry to take a compass reading and verify their own map location. Harassment and Interdiction missions entailed firing on known enemy trails, hang-outs, etc at random times to keep the enemy off balance. Precision fire missions usually involved one gun firing to destroy a single small target, such as a bunker, abandoned vehicle, or any object to be denied to the enemy. The 8inch howitzer was usually employed for precision missions, being the most precise and accurate weapon in the arty arsenal.
AIRBURST: Explosion in the air, used with Shell-HE to increase the anti-personnel effect of shrapnel thrown off by the explosion, or with Shell-SMOKE to provide a visible 'marking round' in the air above a designated point.
BATTERY: The primary artillery unit, consisting of 3-6 cannon of a single caliber.
BATTERY-ONE: a method of fire wherein the cannon of a battery fire each volley in unison.
CHECK-FIRE: a signal for the artillery to immediately halt firing.
DARMA: Defense Against Rocket Mortar Attack. Artillery tactic to fire against enemy rocket or mortar positions during an enemy attack. Coordinated with Q4 Counter Mortar Radar when available and operational.
DELTA-TANGO: Defensive target, designated by an FO for quick attention if his unit comes under attack. Usually called into Bn-FDC/battery as the infantry established its NDP (Night Defensive Perimeter).
DAISY CUTTER: shell or bomb fitted with a fuze extension to provide detonation 1-6 feet above ground, minimizing the cratering effect and maximizing the blast effect. Used with large bombs (2000 lb) and 6 foot daisy cutter fuzes to create an instant clearing in dense jungle for an LZ.
FAC: Forward Air Controller, a Forward Observer in an aircraft.
FDC: Fire Direction Control. The arty unit which at battery level calculated the adjustments of the cannon to cause the shells to impact on target. At Battalion level, the FDC operated from the TOC (Tactical Operations Center) and provided liason between the infantry, artillery and local ARVN authorities with regard to artillery operations. The TOC often contained an Air Warning group which kept aircraft advised of artillery flight thru the local airspace.
FIRE-FOR-EFFECT: the continuous firing of a battery's cannon, sustained until a 'cease-fire' or 'check-fire' is called.
FO: Forward Observer, travelled with the infantry and coordinated arty missions, or an airborn FAC.
FUZE: Mechanism which causes an arty projectile to detonate (explode).
Various fuzes were available in VietNam to provide detonation above ground, on the ground, or below ground at the discretion of the FO in the field.
FUZE-QUICK: Point-detonating nose-fuze, explodes within .002 seconds after impact, aka:'instantaneous'. The 'standard', most often fired artillery fuze.
FUZE-DELAY: Point-detonating nose-fuze, explodes about .010-.015 seconds after impact, allowing the shell to penetrate the target and detonate inside it. Used to attack 'below-ground' targets such as bunkers and tunnels.
FUZE-TIME: Nose-fuze, detonates after a pre-set time delay; used to obtain an airburst, but will also detonate on impact. Used in VietNam with Shell-HE for antipersonnel effect, or with Shell-HE or Shell-SMOKE as an aerial 'marking round',or with Shell-ILLUM. Not as reliable as FUZE-VT for antipersonnel effect.
FUZE-VT: Nose-fuze, VT designates "Variable-Time". A self-contained radar triggered proximity fuze; detonating within 20 meters of any object in its filght path. Used for reliable 20 meter airburst against personnel targets, although it could trigger on tree foliage or flocks of birds (birdburst). Had adjustable "arming time" to prevent triggering on objects close to the firing battery. Was used for "direct-fire" against ground attack on the battery or FSB by setting a zero-second arming time, causing the shell to detonate within .2 seconds of firing, usually at a distance of 60-100 meters from the muzzle. Also detonated on impact should the radar mechanism fail.
GT-LINE: the direct line on a map from the firing battery to the target. Most ground units avoided travel on the GT-Line since the most common 'mistake' of an arty projectile in flight was the "Short-Round" which fell short of the target, invariably on the GT-Line.
GUN: an artillery cannon with a long barrel. The 175mm gun (M107-SP) was self-propelled, weighed 62,100 lbs and could fire 1 round every two minutes to a range of 32,700 meters (20.3 miles). A long range weapon, it could only fire 400 rounds before its barrel had to be replaced, as opposed to the howitzers which could fire 5000-7000 rounds between barrle refittings.
HIGH ANGLE FIRE: artillery trajectory wherein the shell travels higher than its distance down range. Used for firing over intervening mountains, etc, inherently less accurate than low angle fire (standard) due to shell ballistics and wind effects.
HOWITZER: an artillery cannon capable of both High-angle and Low-Angle fire. The 105mm howitzer was the most commonly deployed type in VietNam, weighed about 5,000 lbs, and could fire a shell 11,500 meters (7 miles) at a rate of 3 rounds per minute. The 155mm howitzer was either a 2-wheeled, towed cannon (M114) or a tracked, self propelled weapon (M109-SP), weighed 12,700lbs (M114) or 52,460lbs (M109-SP) and could fire its shells 14,600 meters (9 miles), at 1 round per minute. The 8Inch howitzer was a self-propelled cannon weighing 58,500lbs and could fire 16,800 meters (10.4 miles), at 1 round every 2 minutes.
MORTAR: crew served, muzzle loading, high angle cannon. 4.2 Inch mortars fired projectiles similar to the 105mm howitzer, HE, WP, Illum, etc. Used primarily for fire missions at ranges too short for howitzers (2-3 Km).
ROUND: Before firing, the assembly of shell projectile, powder charge, and case (105mm), ready to be fired. After firing, refers to the projectile only.
SHELL: The projectile which carries a 'payload' to the target; fitted with a fuze on its nose to trigger its explosion. Payloads included high-explosive, white phosphorus, illumination flares, smoke mixture, 'butterfly' bomblets, or anti-personnel fleshettes.
SHELL-HE: Shell carrying High Explosive. Explodes on the target causing damage by blast effect and by high velocity fragments (shrapnel). Typcally the explosive was cyclonite (RDX), conprising about one half the weight of the shell.
SHELL-WP: Shell carrying white phosphorus. Explodes and scatters burning pieces of phosphorus over the target to cause fire damage, or may be used for the screening effect of the dense white smoke produced by burning phosphorus.
SHELL-SMOKE: Carried a grey smoke mixture; used almost exclusively as a marking round with an airburst fuse. Produced a ball of smoke on detonation.
SHELL-ILLUM: Shell carrying a parachute flare for lighting up an area at night. ILLUM always burst at altitude with a 'soft' ejection charge igniting and pushing the flare out of the rear of the shell body. The flare fell slowly on its parachute, providing illumination, while the shell body travelled downrange and the baseplate of the shell fell somewhat backward along the flight path. Firing ILLUM required the FDC to predict all three impact points in order to prevent injury to friendlies due to falling metal.
BEEHIVE: An anti-personnel, direct-fire shell carrying several thousand small steel darts or 'fleshettes'. Each fleshette is about one inch long and has the appearance of a 1" finishing nail with the nailhead stamped into the form of 4 fins, similar to an arrow. A typical 105mm BEEHIVE has 6000 darts, 3000 of which are loaded pointing forward, 3000 pointing backward. The shell is fired directly at advancing enemy formations similar to an aimed shotgun. At about 50 meters from the muzzle, the round ejects the darts toward the enemy with a medium hard ejecting charge. The forward loaded darts spread into a 45 degree fan traveling forward, while the rear facing darts are forced by their fins to flip around in flight. As the darts flip, they loop away from the GT line, forming a fan of about 60 degrees. Thus 6000 darts fly in a 60 degree fan at about 2000 feet per second toward the enemy. The effect on troops in the open is devastating. Enemy troops about 100 meters from the firing cannon may be pierced by 10-20 darts, those closer may receive 100 or more penetrating stab wounds similar to those inflicted by an icepick.
FIRECRACKER: A 155mm or 8inch shell carrying a large number of golfball sized bomblets which it ejects at altitude over the target area. Upon ejection each bomblet opens canted 'umbrella-like' fins and floats spinning to earth. The fluttering, spinning fall has the appearance of a butterfly in flight. Upon impact a spring on the bottom of the bomblet reacts, throwing the bomblet back into the air and starting a time delay mechanism. When the bomblet rises back to about 6 feet above the ground the delay expires and the bomblet detonates with an energy slightly less than an M26 frag grenade. The effect is that of a low altitude TOT, delivered by one shell. The bomblets exploding in quick succession has the sound, at a distance, of a string of firecrackers.
SHORT ROUND: an artillery round which falls short of its target.
"SHOT!": radio signal from battery to FO that his shells are in flight.
SHRAPNEL: high velocity metal fragments thrown off by an exploding shell. The older shrapnel or 'canister' shell which ejected steel balls toward the enemy was superseded in VietNam by the BeeHive round which projected steel darts.
"SPLASH!": radio signal from battery to FO that his shells will impact in 10 seconds.
TREEBURST: Explosion above ground, usually unintentional, due to a shell striking and detonating on trees or other above-ground-level objects.
VOLLEY: the firing of each cannon in a battery.
WALKING BARRAGE: firing between friendlies and the enemy to provide protection while moving the impact point toward the enemy in order to drive him back. | <urn:uuid:c63e0fd6-d72e-412d-8522-cc8cc9d29f41> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.vietvet.org/arty.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297195.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00023-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938407 | 3,776 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Chapter 9 presents interviewees’ reflections as they reassess the war and its impact. The interviewees explore the unintended consequences of the Hmong’s entanglement with the CIA during the US war in Southeast Asia. They measure the losses and upheavals of the war against an appreciation of the subsequent opportunities that came with resettlement in the United States. They revisit betrayals and resentments and express gratitude and pride. Their recollections consist of contradictory viewpoints and perspectives as they struggle to make sense of the war and its enduring legacy. Additionally, the chapter addresses their competing memories and varied truths as narrators.
Oxford Scholarship Online requires a subscription or purchase to access the full text of books within the service. Public users can however freely search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter.
If you think you should have access to this title, please contact your librarian. | <urn:uuid:d7183dd8-65d3-4051-baa1-6df223225b5e> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780190622145.001.0001/oso-9780190622145-chapter-10?rskey=a3iFqF&result=9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670821.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121125509-20191121153509-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.937203 | 184 | 2.546875 | 3 |
While it may take some time, becoming a certified public accountant is an excellent way to achieve job security and a high salary. Certified Public Accountants (CPA) can find their place within many industries and have very high mobility within their field.
What Is a Certified Public Accountant?
A certified public accountant is an accountant that has passed all four sections of the CPA exam, taken the right educational credits and worked a certain amount of hours under the guidance of another CPA.
The exact requirements depend on state, with different states having more stringent requirements for certification than others. To operate as a licensed CPA, a certified public accountant needs to have certification within the state they are practicing in.
Certified public accountants perform many of the same tasks another accountant would, but they have expertise and act as a trusted professional. A certified public accountant may be in charge of audits, corporate taxes or other complex financial engagements. Certified public accountants also often become partners within CPA firms or become controllers in large companies.
What Does a Certified Public Accountant Do?
A certified public accountant needs to maintain their certification through the attendance of continuing education courses and maintenance of their CPA dues. Other than this, a CPA will usually have the same types of responsibilities as another accountant.
However, a CPA will often have other accountants underneath them. CPAs will often be either partners or senior accountants and will have staff accountants that they delegate tasks to.
Often, a CPA won’t do the actual accounting work but instead will review the work as it is completed. Reviewing work can be extremely important, and a CPA needs to have an extensive knowledge of accounting.
Certified public accountants should be able to look at the work papers for a client they have not worked on themselves and determine whether the work papers are accurate. A CPA is usually responsible for ensuring that all the work produced is done in compliance with Generally Accepted Accounting Procedures.
How Do You Become a Certified Public Accountant?
To get certification, a CPA needs to pass all four sections of the CPA exam within a certain time frame. The CPA exam is consistent on a national level and is intended to prove that the certified public accountant is knowledgeable about all aspects of public accounting.
Passing the CPA exam alone is not enough to become a certified public accountant. CPAs are usually required to have a certain amount of experience in the industry, which requires that they work under a CPA or with a certified public accounting firm.
The amount of hours required varies by state, but it can require up to six months of work in the field before an accountant has enough experience to acquire their CPA. The requirements of a CPA can be filled at the same time, so those studying and taking CPA exams can be acquiring their hours as well. The American Institute of CPAs lists the requirements for a CPA as the three Es: education, examination and experience.
Advancement as a Certified Public Accountant
A certified public accountant will usually advance by either becoming a senior accountant, becoming a controller for a larger company or gaining a partnership within the company they are with. Partnerships in the field of certified public accounting are extremely common.
Self-employed CPAs are also common in the areas of taxation, but accounting specialties such as taxation usually demand a partnership due to the high requirements of the field. | <urn:uuid:f7e075f5-d59d-440d-9282-f5302db9b0ad> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://webcollegesearch.com/disciplines/business/how-to-become-a-certified-public-accountant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986707990.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020105426-20191020132926-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.965159 | 699 | 2.75 | 3 |
literary criticism overview
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- 1. Literary Criticism Getting Started
- 2. What is Literary Criticism? An interpretation of a literary work or body of work that is debatable A conversation with the written text An analysis and explication of literary work(s) using literary concepts A thesis that presents an arguable perspective of a literary work.Dollar, Mark. Writing about Literature. The Owl at Purdue. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, 1995-2007. 2 May 2007. Yothers, Brian. Writing the Literary Analysis The Owl at Purdue. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, 1995- 2007. 2 May 2007.
- 3. Criticism deals with Literary Elements Theme Point of View Tone Characterization Style Setting Plot GenreYothers, Brian. Writing the Literary Analysis The Owl at Purdue. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, 1995-2007. 2 May 2007.
- 4. A Great Topic isResearchable Time Task Relevant requirements Sources
- 5. Contemplate thetext.Brainstorm ideas.Generate lots ofideas that fit thetask.Choose the ideathat most appealsto you.
- 6. Read toanswer thesequestions: What sources are available to add to my understanding? What sources help me to develop my argument and support my assertions?
- 7. Explore toanswer thesequestions: What do I already know? What do I need to know to fully understand this topic? What do experts say about this topic?
- 8. How do I write a Literary Analysis? Focus on specific aspects of the text Create a clear and arguable point about this feature of the text Defend this position with reasons and evidence drawn from the text Use: Quotes, summaries and paraphrase from the text Other critics opinions and literary theories Historical, political and social context as well as knowledge of the authors own lifeYothers, Brian. Writing the Literary Analysis The Owl at Purdue. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, 1995-2007. 2 May 2007.
- 9. Which and where are thesources for Literary Criticism?
- 10. R is for Relevance
- 11. A is for AccuracyCheck your facts.Separate opinions from facts.Credit sources of ideas and opinions.
- 12. D is for DetailsBe sure to include Develop each mainall the key idea by providingcomponents of the details totopic. explain, illustrate and explore the concepts thoroughly. Piece the ideas together logically, to create a powerful argument.
- 13. C is for Currency Define the time that is RELEVANT to your topic. Use that information to limit or broaden your search. Be sure to include information and sources that represent the full range of time RELEVANT to your topic.
- 14. A is for AuthorityHaving or marked by an advanced degree Having or showing skill; expert.of competence, as in an Requiring specialized ability orart, vocation, profession, or branch of training: a skilled trade.learning.
- 15. B is for BiasPro Neutra Co l n An opinion that deviates from the neutral has bias.
- 16. Which and where are the sources for Literary Criticism?Search terms to consider: literary criticism criticism, text title, authors name, idea [literary movement, genre, literary element, literary device, concept], critical essay
- 17. Plot Texts Interest Authors Themes ContextReviews Areas of Historical summary Databases Academic One File World Literature and its Times Novels for Students Drama for Students Short Stories for Students Poetry for Students Twaynes United States Authors Series Twaynes English Authors Gale/Cengage Twaynes Masterwork Studies Twaynes World Authors Series Gale Contextual Encyclopedia of American Literature Books, magazines, academic journals, critical essays, newspaper articles, video, audio, images Gale Contextual Encyclopedia
View more > | <urn:uuid:6bc8d903-64c7-458a-8764-45879ccfd85c> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://vdocuments.mx/literary-criticism-overview.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400219691.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924163714-20200924193714-00705.warc.gz | en | 0.853539 | 818 | 2.8125 | 3 |
A point is said to be equidistant from a set of objects if the distances between that point and each object in the set are equal.
In two-dimensional Euclidian geometry the locus of points equidistant from two given (different) points is their perpendicular bisector. In three dimensions, the locus of points equidistant from two given points is a plane, and generalising further, in n-dimensional space the locus of points equidistant from two points in n-space is an (n−1)-space.
For a triangle the circumcentre is a point equidistant from each of the three end points. Every non degenerate triangle has such a point. This result can be generalised to cyclic polygons. The center of a circle is equidistant from every point on the circle. Likewise the center of a sphere is equidistant from every point on the sphere. Read more on – Wikipedia
Video on Equidistance Theorems
Credit Khan Academy | <urn:uuid:94834a78-ee21-4a3f-aca8-6e8b1b12aac1> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://www.versalist.com/jee-syllabus/mathematics/equidistance-theorems/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146744.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227160355-20200227190355-00043.warc.gz | en | 0.897238 | 207 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Physical Therapist for pain relief, sports injury and stroke rehab.
Terms to Know in Physical Therapy
Physical therapy offers a broad range of uses, from recovering from an illness or sports injury to coping with chronic pain. A physical therapist offers a wide array of physical and occupational treatments to manage pain and promote healing. Before you begin working with one of these health professionals, it is helpful to understand some of the terms they will be using in their work.
Active Range of Motion - The motion caused by a muscle contraction, which is often a focus of physical therapy treatments to reduce pain and improve flexibility.
Electrical Stimulation - The use of an electrical current to contract muscles for the purpose of strengthening muscles and increasing blood supply to promote healing.
Physiotherapy - Therapy that uses a variety of physical methodologies like massage and exercise.
Passive Motion - Motion that is the result of forces other than a muscle contraction.
Active Motion - Any motion that is caused by a muscle contraction.
Sports Rehabilitation - Physical therapy used by a technician to treat the pain and injuries incurred from sports activities.
Aquatic Therapy - Exercises performed in a pool to reduce the impact of the activity and provide relief from pain as well as improved strength, flexibility and conditioning.
Manual Therapy - Methods where a physical therapist or technician uses hands rather than machines, such as massage and osteopathic manipulation.
Occupational Therapy - Therapy methods that help patients perform daily tasks like cooking and personal care. Often used in tandem with other types of physical therapy treatment.
Respiratory Physical Therapy - Therapy specifically designed to improve respiratory function and increase activity levels overall.
If you're thinking of trying massage therapy for anything from aches and pains to physical rehabilitation therapy, find someone in our association. Our members provide the best services in the industry.
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If you ever suffer from an injury, chances are you will visit a physical therapist. A physical therapist is a healthcare professional that helps you recover movement and strength.
For example, many sports players suffer from chronic pain in the muscles they use to play. They need help to manage the pain and balance recovery with playing their sports. If someone suffers a respiratory injury or disorder, they might need help recovering respiratory strength.
A physical therapist can provide relief through therapy. They will target your neck, back, shoulders or hips. They might work on your knees or your arms. They will choose the program that works for you based on your needs.
You might need aquatic therapy, in which you work toward pain relief in the water. During electrical therapy, the technician uses electricity to provide stimulation. In orthopedic therapy, the technician focuses on the muscular and skeletal systems to help you recover. Or for chronic pain, they might choose myofascial release.
Physical therapy, often called physiotherapy, is usually performed at a clinic. You visit the medical clinic for a simple outpatient session. For more serious injuries, you might start these programs while you are still in the hospital, under the supervision of your doctor.
After physical therapy, you may still need occupational therapy. An occupational therapist can help you learn to manage your daily tasks without causing extra pain or stress.
If you need a physical or occupational therapist, you should talk to doctor and get a good reference for a reliable, reputable clinic. | <urn:uuid:018b1911-c36e-47d4-9168-61aafff4729e> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.magicyellow.com/category/physical_therapists/sterling_heights_mi.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398448506.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205408-00133-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937579 | 734 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Part of the 29-mile Chicago Boulevard and Park system conceived in the later part of the nineteenth century, Logan Square is the northern terminus of the system as it turns eastward towards Western Avenue and Lake Michigan. The square, boulevard and neighborhood were named for Civil War General and Illinois Congressman John A. Logan. The oval-shaped square, diagonally bisected by Milwaukee Avenue, is home to the Illinois Centennial Monument. The soaring, round stone column sits on a square concrete terrace, raised above grade on an earthen berm on the western half of the site. The monument was designed by architect Henry Bacon (who later designed the Lincoln Memorial) and dedicated in 1918 to celebrate 100 years of Illinois’ statehood.
Logan Boulevard and Kedzie Boulevard extend from the square, eastbound and southbound respectively, and exemplify the Chicago Boulevard plan. Largely intact both architecturally and in plan, these roads have central two-way traffic lanes with wide medians and narrower one-way streets fronting the neighborhood residences. The medians are planted with deciduous trees, lawn, and seasonal plantings at the intersections. The neighborhood’s single family homes and civic buildings are an eclectic mix of styles unique within the city. The Logan Square Boulevards Historic District was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. | <urn:uuid:1fb039a9-315b-4336-91f3-eef266078a12> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://tclf.org/landscapes/logan-square-and-boulevards | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210463.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816054453-20180816074453-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.9496 | 278 | 2.875 | 3 |
Updated: 10/27/2013 11:05 PM KSTP.com By: Leslie Dyste
There are new guidelines to help students who have suffered concussions to return to the classroom.
Back in August KSTP introduced you to 16-year-old Hannah Sipe. She played soccer and basketball but had to stop after suffering four concussions in two years. She says she had trouble concentrating in class and her grades slipped as a result.
Now the American Academy of Pediatrics is recommending a gradual transition depending on how severe the student's symptoms are.
That may mean taking breaks from class or even staying home for half-days.
Research shows school-aged children typically recover from a concussion within three weeks.
Click here to read the full study. | <urn:uuid:83ab2516-50dc-487d-803b-e2b2c6450e4a> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://hbispace.com/printStory/kstp/index.cfm?id=3201796 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454702032759.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205195352-00308-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975491 | 157 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Hard-working volunteers have recently entered Thomas Jefferson’s personal library into LibraryThing. The U.S. Congress purchased Jefferson’s library in 1815 to replace to the library Congress lost when the British Army burned the Capitol in 1814. Thus Jefferson’s library on LibraryThing documents the library that formed Congress’s new library in 1815.
Although Jefferson was at the forefront of intellectual and political life of his time, his library contained rather old books. In 1815, 90% of his library books were printed more than a decade earlier. Half of his library books were printed more than 35 years earlier, that is, prior to 1779. In terms of Jefferson’s life (he was 72 years old in 1815), half the books in his library were printed before he reached 36 years of age. The formation of the U.S., the French Revolution, the rapid growth in book production, and Jefferson’s two terms as president did not put a large share of books into his library.
Jefferson’s books were old in relation to movements in the book trade. In the U.S. at the beginning of the nineteenth century, book sellers kept a print edition for sale for perhaps a decade. In both Britain and the U.S., book production, particularly that of fiction, grew strongly relative to macroeconomic trends from about 1780. In contrast, the number of books per publication year in Jefferson’s library trends downward from the mid 1780s.
The publication dates of books in Jefferson’s library indicate that as he grew older, he acquired a larger share of books addressing current affairs and applied technology. The table below gives the median publication dates of Jefferson’s books by book categories. Apart from newspapers, agriculture formed the most current category. That’s consistent with Jefferson’s interest in fostering an agricultural nation of yeoman farmers. The most dated category consisted of ecclesiastical law and history. Human efforts to build a city of God did not interest Jefferson. His library also show relatively little interest in new developments in poetry and fine arts (Romanticism) and in fiction (novels). Jefferson, in short, was a founding policy wonk.
|Catogory of Books||# Titles||Median Pub. Year|
|Tales and Fables||73||1766|
|Ethics and Morals||211||1762|
Compared to when it purchased books for its library in 1800, Congress paid a higher price for older books when it purchased Jefferson’s library. In 1800, Congress paid $2.97 per book for 740 books that it purchased from a London bookseller. This price includes the cost of packaging and shipping the books from London. The bookseller wrote:
we earnestly hope the books will arrive perfectly safe, great care having been taken in packing them. We judged it best to send trunks rather than boxes, which after their arrival would have been of little or no value. Several of the books sent were only to be procured second-handed, and some of them, from their extreme scarcity, at very advanced prices. We have in all cases sent the best copies we could obtain and charged the lowest prices possible.
In 1815, Congress paid Jefferson $3.69 per volume for 6487 volumes, plus at least an additional $0.10 per volume for packing and shipping from Monticello, Virginia. Adjusted for inflation, this price is about 20 cents higher per volume than the price per volume for the books purchased in 1800. Apparently all but several of the books purchased in 1800 were new books, which probably means that they had been printed within the previous decade. In contrast, 90% of Jefferson’s books were printed more than a decade earlier.
Older, higher priced books are not necessarily worse than newer, lower-priced books. Older books might be more scarce than newer books, and hence more valuable. Book prices varied greatly depending on the size of the book, the quality of its binding, the paper used, and engravings included in the book. Average price and median age are important descriptions of a collection of books, not inverse measures of the attractiveness of purchasing a collection.
Congress’s purchase of Jefferson’s library was quite controversial. One Congressman opposed the bill to purchase the Jefferson’s library with this argument:
the library contained irreligious and immoral books, works of the French philosophers, who caused and influenced the volcano of the French Revolution, which had desolated Europe and extended to this country. [The Congressman stated that he] was opposed to a general dissemination of that infidel philosophy, and of the principles of a man [Jefferson] who had inflicted greater injury on our country than any other, except Mr. Madison. The bill would put $23,900 into Jefferson’s pocket for about 6,000 books, good, bad, and indifferent, old, new, and worthless, in languages which many can not read, and most ought not; which is true Jeffersonian, Madisonian philosophy, to bankrupt the Treasury, beggar the people, and disgrace the nation.
Representatives also put forward less partisan reasons for not approving the bill to purchase the library:
Others, among whom were a number of the political and personal friends of Mr. Jefferson, opposed the bill on the ground of the scarcity of money, and the necessity of appropriating it to purposes more indispensable than the purchase of a library; the probable insecurity of such a library placed here; the high price to be given for this collection; its miscellaneous and almost exclusively literary (instead of legal and historical) character, etc.
The bill to purchase Jefferson’s library was narrowly approved: 81 votes for, 71 votes against.
The accumulation of knowledge doesn’t happen automatically. Jefferson’s library testifies to the personal effort and political controversy associated with accumulating knowledge in the early nineteenth-century. Many signs in the twenty-first century indicate that personal effort and political controversies remain at the center of knowledge accumulation.
Additional data notes:
I calculated the publication year statistics given above by extracting the Jefferson library from LibraryThing, cleaning it slightly, and recoding the (first) category for each book. Here’s a year-by-year summary of the publication dates and book counts. For more detail, here are the individual records with the tab-delimited fields author, title, publication year, original category, and recoded category. For records that included a publication year range, the year in this dataset is the average of the given range. For years that included a “-” (such as “178-“), I’ve replaced the dash was the midpoint of the dashed range. The recoded categories are historically appropriate terms, but are not necessarily consistent with Jefferson’s hierarchical organization of categories.
The dataset excludes 101 records that do not include a publication year. These records do not appear to have a strong publication-year bias. Given the large total number of dated records (4788), excluding a 102-record sample with even some date bias probably wouldn’t effect aggregate statistics much. Note, however, that the LibraryThing Jefferson stat page gives an average publication year of 1754. I calculate an average year of 1756. If the LibraryThing average uses a zero-value for records with no publication year, that might account for the lower LibraryThing average.
The median is a more easily interpretable summary statistic for publication years. The average can depend significantly on a few outliers, e.g. a few very old books. I suggest that LibraryThing replace on its member stat page the “average” publication year line with a “50% of your books were printed before” line.
Some evidence indicates that many books were not destroyed in the fire, but were lost after being removed from the building in 1814. See Johnston (1904) pp. 66-7. For another example of losing valuable federal government property in a nineteenth century fire, see this discussion of the Smithsonian fire of 1865.
When Jefferson was President, he suggested books to be purchased for the library of Congress. See Johnston (1904) p. 37. Thus government purchases may have substituted for Jefferson’s personal purchases. Note also that some of Jefferson’s books may not have been included in the library he sold to Congress in 1815. Jefferson described his library as containing “between nine and ten thousand volumes.” See Johnston (1904) p. 70. The library he sold to Congress consisted of 6,487 volumes.
Amory (2000) p. 198.
Johnston (1904) p. 24, quoting a letter apparently from Cadell & Davies, the London bookseller. See id. pp. 24-5 for the total cost. The items procured for that sum probably also included three maps.
On packing and shipping costs, see id. p. 104.
Id. p. 86, quoting Representative Cyrus King of Massachusetts.
Id., general text. Some argued that Jefferson’s library was worth $50,000; others stated that such a library “might be bought in any of the large cities for half the money.”
Amory, Hugh (2000) “A Note on Imports and Domestic Production,” in Hugh Amory and David D. Hall, The Colonial Book in the Atlantic World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000)
Johnston, William Dawson (1904), History of the Library of Congress : volume I, 1800-1864 (Washington: GPO). | <urn:uuid:ca854ed5-2ab0-4491-8749-16fd6814d8b8> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.purplemotes.net/2008/02/03/thomas-jeffersons-library/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701162903.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193922-00215-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946729 | 2,004 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Edible gardening is trending now. Not that you have to go with everything that is trending in the world, but if it allows you to make a positive impact in your life then I say, go for it!
Space is a challenge when you are gardening in the urban areas. However, this is not an excuse to let gardening be one of those resolutions made on new year’s eve with no intentions to implement.
As long as you have an empty wall or fence, you can engage in small-scale gardening. This type of gardening is not limited to crops only; you can grow flowers, perennials, and annuals, which makes it popular in landscaping.
The Basics of Vertical Gardening
Are you ready to get your hands dirty now? Here is where to start:
Choose Your Garden Type
The main types of vertical gardening are:
- Container-style Garden – Just like the name suggests you will use containers or pots in planting the crops. You can display them in rows, planters, or stack them.
- Pocket Garden – This gardening features plants tucked in pockets made of canvas or felt.
- Wooden-wall Planters / Plastic Containers – There are specific wooden planters made for use in vertical gardening. Due to the large space, a wire mesh is necessary to prevent the container contents from spilling.
You can have the garden indoors or outdoors. If the plants require much sunlight, they should be placed outside. There are plants which do well indoors and outdoors too. You can use modular containers which can be hanged out in summer and moved indoors in winter.
Choose the Plants
You can grow vegetables, herbs, succulents and trailing varieties. Because the room the plants will have for growth and the flexibility will be limited, your choice should factor in these aspects. Herbaceous plants are more flexible than the woody plants. You can mix the plant varieties, for a more beautiful garden and produce.
Pair Plants with Similar Growth Patterns
You can go for all-shade or all-sun plants. The growth factor is crucial too. When you have plants with different growth habits paired together, the dominant one will prevail, hence killing the other one.
Learn Planting Basics
People do not wake up one day, decide to have a garden and actualize this instantly. Planning is crucial, and learning the basics in planting is one of the activities in planning. Learn about the soil, water requirement, and care of the plants. The soil used for potted plants is supposed to have a high moisture content, and be able to hold water for long.
Gravity is an important factor in vertical gardening, given that the plants grow upwards. Gravity pulls water down. Thus, plants which can survive with less water should be situated at the top-most part of the garden.
Prep the Plants
You should grow the crops on a flat ground for several weeks for the roots to be established. It will be a challenge for the roots to grow well vertically because gravity pulls the water to the lower regions. The elevation of the container should be done in steps instead of taking everything up at once.
Consider Drip Irrigation
The maintenance work is demanding during the initial days. The soil available for the potted crops is limited, meaning you have to water them frequently. If you are forgetful or busy with your career, a drip irrigation system can save the day. It can be a simple one like using water bottles, but there are sophisticated ones which come with timers and hoses.
Retain Some Extras Plants Or Seeds For Replacements
Hardly will you have 100% success with the plants you start with. Thus, do not beat yourself up for having some dead plants. You can just replace them.
Steps in Setting up a Vertical Garden
Now that you have learned the basics of vertical gardening, it is time to get down to the real work.
Choose a wall
If you have an ugly wall, you will be surprised at how much beauty vertical gardening can bring to it. However, any wall can benefit from this. Unless you are planting heavy crops, the weight load is not a big deal. The sunlight demands of the crops you are planning to plant should guide you in making the best choice. The wall should offer the best growth conditions for the crops.
Build the Frame
The basic structure of any vertical garden is a 3-layer frame made in a sandwich manner, fabric and sheeting. You should work on the whole setup before hanging. Wood and metallic frames are not recommended because they add to the weight. Plastic is the best material.
Attach the Plastic Sheeting
The frame should be covered with a plastic sheet. It backs the fabric layer and keeps water on your walls. PVC sheets do a good job, but they should have ventilation when the wall is wooden.
Attach Your Fabric
The fabric is the material the plants will be living on, and it should be firmly attached to the frame. It is responsible for holding water for the plants. Any material that can hold water, and not end up rotting can be used a fabric
The fabric should be at least two layers. Use stainless-steel staples and galvanized screws to attach the fabric. Ensure there are no wrinkles or buckling, and the fabric is taut.
You can go ahead and hang your plants on the wall and fix the irrigation system after the wall is entirely set up. The fun part is designing the wall using the plants. There are many design possibilities in vertical gardening. If the plants can grow up to 3 feet on the wall, you will get a nice shed. However, ensure the plants in the shade have minimal light requirements.
Some species will grow up to 8 feet. Drooping occurs at such a height, causing a waterfall effect. As much as this is a great sight, anything underneath will be smothered. You can be dramatic at mixing the plant species and shaping them. If the garden is not making your neighbor’s jaw drop, you need to take it a notch higher!
You can use the empty jar analogy to understand the benefits of vertical gardening. The fuller the jar, the healthier the lifestyle. You will make a greater environmental impact as well. I have given you all the tips and guidelines in vertical gardening. Will you actualize this? I hope you do!
Author – Alex Harris
Alex is a firewood cutting fan and a chainsaw expert. He owns a ranch in Montana where he lives with his wife and son. He is a tech cowboy who enjoys writing his blog ElectroSawHQ.com. | <urn:uuid:13de2e4a-8b0c-408c-af8e-2fa2e5a941d8> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://ecolonomics.org/how-to-easily-build-your-own-vertical-garden/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257651465.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324225928-20180325005928-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.933558 | 1,349 | 2.90625 | 3 |
In May 2009 nine substances have been added under the Stockholm Convention to the already listed „Dirty Dozen" Persistent Organic Pollutants, chemicals that are a source of concern because of their persistence, bioaccumulation, long-range environmental transport, and toxicity. The Stockholm Convention, established in 2001, is a global and legally binding agreement to protect health and the environment from pesticides, industrial chemicals, and unintentional POPs. To date, 169 countries are party to the Convention.
Now at the expiry of one year after the communication (dated 26 August 2009) the amendments adopted by the Conference of the Parties will enter into force on 26th August 2010. Following substances have been added to Annexes A, B or C of the Convention:
- Alpha hexachlorocyclohexane
- Beta hexachlorocyclohexane
- Hexabromodiphenyl ether and heptabromodiphenyl ether (commercial octabromodiphenyl ether)
- Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, its salts and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride
- Tetrabromodiphenyl ether and pentabromodiphenyl ether (commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether
For the majority of the participating countries the nine new POPs will be automatically subject to global controls as of 26th of August, unless they specifically "opt out" till August. Others made a declaration in accordance with Article 25 paragraph 4 and need therefore to accept / ratify the amendments. These "opt in" - countries are: Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Botswana, Canada, China, Guatemala, India, Korea, Mauritius, Moldova, Micronesia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Vanuatu, Venezuela.
Canadian Minister Cannon tabled the amendments on 16 June 2010 in the House of Commons to signal the Government of Canada's commitment to ratifying the amendments. There is no deadline for the parties to opt-in.
The United States and the Russian Federation are non-parties to the treaty.
More on Stockholm Convention see:
For a map showing the participating countries and more information, see: | <urn:uuid:e626156f-6adc-4035-bf9c-82810334564d> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.chemsec.org/business-dialogue/sustainable-chemicals-investments/news-updates/585-nine-new-pops-amendments-of-stockholm-convention-enter-into-force-on-26-august-2010 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246661095.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045741-00253-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.870906 | 451 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Definition of Vertebrae, thoracic
Vertebrae, thoracic: The 12 thoracic vertebrae are situated between the cervical (neck) vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. The thoracic vertebrae are represented by the symbols T1 through T12.
The thoracic vertebrae provide attachment for the ribs and make up part of the back of the thorax (the chest).Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 6/14/2012
Medical Dictionary Definitions A - Z
Search Medical Dictionary | <urn:uuid:21e2e203-6bc1-49a4-a7b0-e64cf4ce0201> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8766 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115860277.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161100-00147-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.813961 | 123 | 3.5 | 4 |
Cancer treatment through radiation at the Zimmer Cancer Center has gone to a place that once primarily belonged to pregnant women.
Patients with small tumors, typically with prostate or gynecological cancer, often undergo an ultrasound before radiation therapy. The ultrasound helps better pinpoint tumors in soft tissue that can move a few millimeters day-to-day, depending on the fullness of the patient’s bladder. This helps the therapist train a higher dose of radiation that is less likely to affect good tissue.
“This is drastically improving our patients’ outcomes,” said Michelle Hoadley RT(T), Chief Radiation Therapist at the Cancer Center. Rather than inadvertently treating healthy tissue, she said, “now we’re able to bring doses up higher for a better cure rate and we’re able to reduce side effects.”
The Zimmer Cancer Center, on the campus of New Hanover Regional Medical Center, is designated as a Teaching Hospital Cancer Program by the National Commission on Cancer, largely based on its participation in national research trials and its affiliation with UNC Hospitals.
The ultrasound technology works in concert with Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy, a new system that began at the Cancer Center last year. This therapy calls for targeting the tumor with a three-dimensional plan that is the size and shape of the tumor. The ultrasound helps further define the tumor’s exact position on the day of treatment.
Hoadley said the Cancer Center began using ultrasound in the spring as leading hospitals across the nation were implementing this technology. This advance in care effectively opened the Cancer Center to the radiation treatment of prostate cancer. It also allows the center to treat smaller tumors than before.
The image is not nearly as dramatic as viewing an unborn child for the first time, although it typically represents the first time patients have seen their bladder.
“No one comes in to look at it,” Hoadley said. “The patient looks at it, but they can’t see the tumor. They’re looking at the surrounding area. The tumor is either gone or it’s too small.”
The next advancement in radiation therapy is more exact pinpointing of tumors in the brain, head and neck, she said. Cameras mounted on the ceiling of the treatment area work with molds patients hold in their mouths to correct for any movement patients make during treatment.
For an appointment at the Zimmer Cancer Center, please call 342.3000 | <urn:uuid:08816c57-e062-438e-9a18-7d30f08bd02c> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.nhrmc.org/about/news/2006/11/a-new-view-improves-care-for-cancer-patients | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540486979.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206073120-20191206101120-00410.warc.gz | en | 0.950802 | 508 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Chan (Ch'an) is one of the major forms of East Asian Buddhism, which orginated in China around the fifth or sixth century, and was then transmitted from China into Korea (as Korean Seon), Japan (as Japanese Zen) and Vietnam (as Vietnamese Thiền). In the West, this form of Buddhism is most commonly known by the Japanese name of "Zen".
The Chinese name chan is derived from the Sanskrit dyana, which is loosely translated a "meditation".
Chan emphasizes direct insight into the nature of reality. This insight is developed primarily through combining the practice of sitting meditation with a direct mind-to-mind transmission from master to disciple. While both philosophical study and good works are also emphasized in this school, these are considered of little use without the wisdom that comes from direct insight into true nature of reality. In this view, while philosophy and positive actions play in important role on the spiritual path, obstacles arise if the student becomes overly attached to these methods. For example, obstacles can arise for:
- a scholar who becomes arrogant at their accumulation of knowledge
- an ordinary person who performs good deeds, but does so with a selfish motivation
Thus, in Chan, insight into reality is given the highest importance.
- 1 Brief history
- 2 Schools of Chan
- 3 Spread of Chan Buddhism in Asia
- 4 Chan in the Western world
- 5 Teaching and practice
- 6 Monastic life in Chan
- 7 See also
- 8 Notes
- 9 References
- 10 Sources
- 11 Further reading
- 12 External links
Prior to the formal establishment of the Chan form of Buddhism, the title chan-shi ("meditation master") was used to refer to a small group of monks who specialized in the meditation. According to Buswell and Lopez:
- Some of these specialists adopted the term chan as the formal name of their community (Chan zong), perhaps sometime during the sixth or seventh centuries. These early “Chan” communities gathered around a number of charismatic teachers who were later considered to be “patriarchs” (zushi) of their tradition.
Bodhidharma is said to have traveled from India to China in the fifth or sixth century CE. According to Rupert Gethin, “it is likely that the roots of Ch’an lie further back in Chinese Buddhist history.”
Rubert Gethin describes the philosophical basis of Chan as follows:
- Bodhidharma is said to have emphasized the teachings of the Lankavatara Sutra, and the theoretical basis of Ch’an centres on the notions of the tathāgatagarbha and ‘emptiness’ as pointing beyond all conceptual forms of thought. Our innermost nature is simply the Buddha-nature (fo-hsing) which is to be realized in a direct and sudden experience of inner awakening (wu/satori).
Peter Harvey states:
- The philosophical background of Chan comes from various texts and streams of thought. One is the Perfection of Wisdom Sutras, especially the Heart Sutra and Diamond-cutter Sutra and their idea of emptiness, two levels of truth, and paradoxical modes of expression. Another is the Lankavatara Sutra, a Yogcara text which also draws on ideas of the Tathgata-garbha. The Indian Yogcara school saw human experience as a projection out of the ‘storehouse consciousness’, due to the maturation of karmic seeds in it. The Lankavatara Sutra equated this kind of unconscious mind with the Tathgata-garbha... Another influence came from the above two texts on the ‘Buddha-nature’: the ‘Treatise on the Buddha-nature’ and ‘Treatise on the Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana’. As the Dharma-kaya, the ‘One Mind’ of the latter text is seen in Chan as the ‘original enlightenment’ of all beings... Many of these ideas are also found in the Huayan school, with its ideas of the One Mind as the unifying principle from which everything is made... In many ways Huayan can be seen as the philosophical counterpart of Chan.
Schools of Chan
- Linji (Lin Chi; Japanese Rinzai)
- Founded by Linji (died 867).
- Emphasized the use of gong-ans (koans), direct methods in teacher-student interviews, and 'sudden awakening'
- Cao-dong (Ts’ao Tung; Japanese Soto)
- Founded by Dongshan (Tung-shan; 807– 69) and Caoshan (Ts’ao-shan; 840– 901)
- Emphasized a particular form of sitting meditation, and 'gradual awakening'
"While the Japanese forms of these two schools have remained separate, they merged in China during the Ming dynasty (1368– 1644)."
Spread of Chan Buddhism in Asia
Thiền in Vietnam
According to traditional accounts of Vietnam, in 580 an Indian monk named Vinītaruci (Vietnamese: Tì-ni-đa-lưu-chi) travelled to Vietnam after completing his studies with Sengcan, the third patriarch of Chinese Chan. This, then, would be the first appearance of Thiền Buddhism. Other early Thiền schools included that of Wu Yantong (Chinese: 無言通; Vietnamese: Vô Ngôn Thông), which was associated with the teachings of Mazu Daoyi, and the Thảo Đường (Caodong), which incorporated nianfo chanting techniques; both were founded by Chinese monks.
Seon in Korea
Seon was gradually transmitted into Korea during the late Silla period (7th through 9th centuries) as Korean monks of predominantly Hwaeom (Hangul: 화엄종; Hanja: 華嚴宗) and East Asian Yogācāra (Hangul: 유식종; Hanja: 唯識宗) background began to travel to China to learn the newly developing tradition. Seon received its most significant impetus and consolidation from the Goryeo monk Jinul (知訥) (1158–1210), who established a reform movement and introduced kōan practice to Korea. Jinul established the Songgwangsa (松廣寺) as a new center of pure practice.
Zen in Japan
Zen was not introduced as a separate school in Japan until the 12th century when Eisai traveled to China and returned to establish a Linji lineage, which is known in Japan as the Rinzai. In 1215, Dōgen, a younger contemporary of Eisai's, journeyed to China himself, where he became a disciple of the Caodong master Rujing. After his return, Dōgen established the Sōtō school, the Japanese branch of Caodong.
The schools of Zen that currently exist in Japan are the Sōtō, Rinzai and Ōbaku. Of these, Sōtō is the largest and Ōbaku the smallest. Rinzai is itself divided into several subschools based on temple affiliation.
Chan in Indonesia
In the 20th century, during the First Buddhist revival, missionaries were sent to Indonesia and Malaysia. Ashin Jinarakkhita, who played a central role in the revival of Indonesian Buddhism, received ordination as a Chan śrāmaṇera on July 29, 1953[web 1] and received the name Ti Zheng (Te Cheng) from bhikṣu Ben Qing.
Chan in the Western world
Chan has become especially popular in its Japanese form. Although it is difficult to trace when the West first became aware of Chan as a distinct form of Buddhism, the visit of Soyen Shaku, a Japanese Zen monk, to Chicago during the 1893 Parliament of the World's Religions is often pointed to as an event that enhanced its profile in the Western world. It was during the late 1950s and the early 1960s that the number of Westerners pursuing a serious interest in Zen, other than the descendants of Asian immigrants, reached a significant level.
Western Chan lineages
The first Chinese master to teach Westerners in North America was Hsuan Hua, who taught Chan and other traditions of Chinese Buddhism in San Francisco during the early 1960s. He went on to found the City Of Ten Thousand Buddhas, a monastery and retreat center located on a 237-acre (959,000 m²) property near Ukiah, California, founding the Dharma Realm Buddhist Association. Another Chinese Chan teacher with a Western following is Sheng-yen, a master trained in both the Caodong and Linji schools. He first visited the United States in 1978 under the sponsorship of the Buddhist Association of the United States, and subsequently founded the CMC Chan Meditation Center in Queens, New York and the Dharma Drum Retreat Center in Pine Bush, New York.[web 2]
Teaching and practice
|Editor's note: this section needs attention. Needs edit for clarity|
Sitting meditation is called zuòchán (坐禅), zazen in Japanese, both simply meaning "sitting dhyāna". During this sitting meditation, practitioners usually assume a position such as the lotus position, half-lotus, Burmese, or seiza postures. To regulate the mind, awareness is directed towards counting or watching the breath, or put in the energy center below the navel (see also anapanasati).[web 3] Often, a square or round cushion placed on a padded mat is used to sit on; in some other cases, a chair may be used.
At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, practice with the koan method became popular, whereas others practiced "silent illumination." This became the source of some differences in practice between the Linji and Caodong traditions.
A koan (literally "public case") is a story or dialogue, generally related to Chan or other Buddhist history; the most typical form is an anecdote involving early Chinese Chan masters. These anecdotes involving famous Chan teachers are a practical demonstration of their wisdom, and can be used to test a student's progress in Chan practice. Koans often appear to be paradoxical or linguistically meaningless dialogues or questions. But to Chan Buddhists the koan is "the place and the time and the event where truth reveals itself" unobstructed by the oppositions and differentiations of language. Answering a koan requires a student to let go of conceptual thinking and of the logical way we order the world, so that, like creativity in art, the appropriate insight and response arises naturally and spontaneously in the mind.
Monastic life in Chan
Chan developed a distinct monastic system.
Emphasizing ordinary activities
As the Chan school grew in China, the monastic discipline also became distinct, focusing on practice through all aspects of life. Temples began emphasizing labor and humility, expanding the training of Chan to include the mundane tasks of daily life. D.T. Suzuki wrote that aspects of this life are: a life of humility; a life of labor; a life of service; a life of prayer and gratitude; and a life of meditation. The Chinese Chan master Baizhang (720–814 CE) left behind a famous saying which had been the guiding principle of his life, "A day without work is a day without food".[web 4]
Contrast with Buddhist practice in India
It was scholar D.T. Suzuki's contention that a spiritual awakening was always the goal of Chan's training, but that part of what distinguished the tradition as it developed through the centuries in China was a way of life radically different from that of Indian Buddhists. In Indian Buddhism, the tradition of the mendicant prevailed, but Suzuki explained that in China social circumstances led to the development of a temple and training-center system in which the abbot and the monks all performed mundane tasks. These included food gardening or farming, carpentry, architecture, housekeeping, administration (or community direction), and the practice of Traditional Chinese medicine. Consequently, the enlightenment sought in Chan had to stand up well to the demands and potential frustrations of everyday life.
- Outline of Buddhism
- Timeline of Buddhism
- List of Buddhists
- Chinese Buddhism
- Japanese Zen
- Lidai fabao ji
- Platform Sutra
- Lathouwers (2000) mentions: Blofeld, John (1988), Bodhisattva of Compassion - The Mystical Tradition of Kuan Yin. Boston: Shambhala
- Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S. (2014), The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, Princeton University
- Gethin, Rupert (1998), The Foundations of Buddhism, Oxford University Press
- Harvey, Peter (2012), An Introduction to Buddhism, Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition)
- Blyth, R. H. (1966), Zen and Zen Classics, Volume 4, Tokyo: Hokuseido Press
- Borup, Jørn (2008), Japanese Rinzai Zen Buddhism: Myōshinji, a Living Religion, Brill
- Brown Holt, Linda (1995), "From India to China: Transformations in Buddhist Philosophy", Qi: The Journal of Traditional Eastern Health & Fitness
- Buswell, Robert E. (1991), "The "Short-cut" Approach of K'an-hua Meditation: The Evolution of a Practical Subitism in Chinese Ch'an Buddhism", in Peter N. Gregory, Sudden and Gradual. Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
- Buswell, Robert E (1993), Ch'an Hermeneutics: A Korean View. In: Donald S. Lopez, Jr. (ed.)(1993), Buddhist Hermeneutics, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
- Chang, Chung-Yuan (1967). "Ch'an Buddhism: Logical and Illogical". Philosophy East and West. 17 (1/4): 37–49. doi:10.2307/1397043. JSTOR 1397043.
- Cleary, Thomas (2005), Classics of Buddhism and Zen: Volume One, Boston, MA: Shambhala publications, ISBN 1-57062-831-9
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- Faure, Bernard (1997), The Will to Orthodoxy: A Critical Genealogy of Northern Chan Buddhism, Stanford University Press
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- Fowler, Merv (2005), Zen Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press
- Gimello, Robert M. (1994), "Marga and Culture: Learning, Letters, and Liberation in Northern Sung Ch'an.", in Buswell; Gimello, Paths to Liberation, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, pp. 475–505
- Goddard, Dwight (2007), History of Ch'an Buddhism previous to the times of Hui-neng (Wie-lang). In: A Buddhist Bible, Forgotten Books
- Gregory, Peter N. (1991), "Sudden Enlightenment Followed by Gradual Cultivation: Tsung-mi's Analysis of mind", in Peter N. Gregory, Sudden and Gradual. Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
- Gregory, Peter N. (2002), Tsung-mi and the Sinification of Buddhism, University of Hawai’i Press, Kuroda Institute, (originally published Princeton University Press, 1991, Princeton, N.J.), ISBN 0-8248-2623-X
- Grigg, Ray (1999), The Ta of Zen, Edison, NJ: Alva Press
- Heine, Steven (2008), Zen Skin, Zen Marrow
- Isshū, Miura; Sasaki, Ruth F. (1993), The Zen Koan, New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, ISBN 0-15-699981-1
- Huaijin, Nan (1997), Basic Buddhism: exploring Buddhism and Zen, Samuel Weiser
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- Kasulis, Thomas P. (2003), Ch'an Spirituality. In: Buddhist Spirituality. Later China, Korea, Japan and the Modern World; edited by Takeuchi Yoshinori, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
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- Laliberte, Andre (2011), Buddhist Revival under State Watch, in: Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 40, 2,107-134
- Lathouwers, Ton (2000), Meer dan een mens kan doen. Zentoespraken, Rotterdam: Asoka
- Leighton, Taigen Daniel (2000), Cultivating the Empty Field: The Silent Illumination of Zen Master Hongzhi, Tuttle Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8048-3240-3
- Liang-Chieh (1986), The Record of Tung-shan, Kuroda Institute (translator: William F. Powell)
- Low, Albert (2006), Hakuin on Kensho. The Four Ways of Knowing, Boston & London: Shambhala
- Maspero, Henri (1981), Taoism and Chinese Religion, University of Massachusetts Press, ISBN 0-87023-308-4
- McMahan, David L. (2008), The Making of Buddhist Modernism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-518327-6
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- Sharf, Robert H. (2002), On Pure Land Buddhism and Ch'an/Pure Land Syncretism in Mediaeval China, Leiden, Netherlands: Brill
- Shimano, Eido T. (1991), Points of Departure: Zen Buddhism with a Rinzai View, Livingston Manor, NY: The Zen Studies Society Press, ISBN 0-9629246-0-1
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- Suzuki, D.T. (2004), The Training of the Zen Buddhist Monk, Tokyo: Cosimo, inc., ISBN 1-59605-041-1
- Torei (2010), The Undying Lamp of Zen. The Testament of Zen Master Torei, Boston & London: Shambhala (translator: Thomas Cleary)
- Verboven, Lucette (1992), Je kunt er niet uitvallen. Interview met Ton Lathouwers. In: Zen, jaargang 13, januari 1992, nummer 48
- Wegner, Michael (2001), Introduction to "Branching streams flow in the darkness: Zen talks on the Sandokai"by Shunryū Suzuki, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-23212-9
- Welter, Albert (year unknown-B), The Formation of the Linji lu: An Examination of the Guangdeng lu/Sijia yulu and Linji Huizhao Chanshi yulu. Versions of the Linji lu in Historical Context (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-16 Check date values in:
- Welter, Albert (2000), Mahakasyapa's smile. Silent Transmission and the Kung-an (Koan) Tradition. In: Steven Heine and Dale S. Wright (eds)(2000): "The Koan. Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism, Oxford: Oxford University Press
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Overview of Chan centers
Specific Chan centers
- Western Ch'an Fellowship Official Website
- Dharma Drum Retreat Center (New York) Official Website. Established by Chan Master Sheng Yen.
- Sacred-text.com's collection of Zen texts
- Buddhanet's collection of Zen texts
- Shambhala Sun Zen Articles
- Booklets from Fo Guang Shan
- Buddhism and Confucianism in Chan Sudden Approach: A Cunning Cultural Paradigm
- History of Zen Buddhism
- Zen history
- Zen Quick Facts
Critical Chan Research
|This article includes content from Chan Buddhism on Wikipedia (view authors). License under CC BY-SA 3.0.| | <urn:uuid:7a1b6ead-d14b-4866-aa07-e9044b5417bb> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://encyclopediaofbuddhism.org/wiki/Chan_Buddhism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.845075 | 5,323 | 3.65625 | 4 |
This Stop message indicates that the requested page of kernel data from the paging file could not be read into memory. This Stop message is usually caused by a bad block (sector) in a paging file, a virus, a disk controller error, or failing RAM. In rare cases, it is caused when nonpaged pool resources run out. It is also caused by defective hardware.
If the I/O status is C0000185 and the paging file is on a SCSI disk, the disk cabling and SCSI termination should be checked for problems. Check your computer for viruses, using any up-to-date, commercial virus scanning software that examines the Master Boot Record of the hard disk. An I/O status code of 0xC000009C or 0xC000016A normally indicates the data cannot be read from the disk due to a bad block (sector). If you can restart the system after the error, Autochk runs automatically and attempts to map out the bad sector. If Autochk does not scan the hard disk for errors, manually launch the disk scanner. Run Chkdsk /f /r on the system partition. Restart the system before the disk scan begins. If you cannot start the system due to the error, use the Recovery Console and run Chkdsk /r . Caution: If your system partition is formatted with the FAT file system, the long file names used by Windows 2000 can be damaged if Scandisk or another MS-DOSbased hard disk tool is used to verify the integrity of your hard disk from an MS-DOS prompt. (An MS-DOS prompt is typically derived from an MS-DOS startup disk or from starting MS-DOS on a multiboot system.) Always use the Windows 2000 version of Chkdsk on Windows 2000 disks. Another common cause of this Stop message is failing RAM. Run hardware diagnostics supplied by the system manufacturer, especially the memory scanner. For details on these procedures, see the owners manual for your computer. Check that all network adapters in the computer are properly seated. Use an ink eraser or an electrical contact treatment, available at electronics supply stores, to ensure network adapter contacts are clean. Check the System Log in Event Viewer for additional error messages that might help pinpoint the device causing the error. Disabling memory caching of the BIOS might also resolve it. Finally, if all the above steps fail to resolve the error, take the system motherboard to a repair facility for diagnostic testing. A crack, a scratched trace, or a defective component on the motherboard can also cause this error. For more troubleshooting information about this Stop message, refer to the Microsoft Knowledge Base at http://support.microsoft.com/support. | <urn:uuid:7da020ad-c987-44dd-9ab9-f58868ddd2cb> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc957628.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500831174.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021351-00424-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.852076 | 556 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Are We Entering an Innovation "Dark Age"?
Jonathan Huebner, a physicist at the Naval Air Warfare Center in China Lake, California, based his analysis on the number of key innovations in relation to world population growth. Using that figure, Huebner determined that innovation peaked in 1873 and has been declining ever since. When analyzing the number of US patents in a similar manner, he determined that US innovation peaked in 1915.
Huebner bases his contrarian view on the fact that many promised innovations have been slow in reaching the marketplace. "I wondered if there was a reason for this," he says. "Perhaps there is a limit to what technology can achieve."
Assuming that Huebner is correct -- and there are many who would say he isn't -- the next step is to determine why innovation is slowing. Have we indeed exhausted the capabilities of our knowledge and resources? Or are economic, political, regulatory or social barriers in place?
Sources: Eurekalert, GeniusNow | <urn:uuid:1cde16d4-5f6f-4ee2-ac2b-dcbdd3d892f6> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://futurewire.blogspot.com/2005/06/are-we-entering-innovation-dark-age.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988725475.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183845-00319-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964503 | 205 | 2.609375 | 3 |
In this video, speech-language pathologist Carrie Clark will show you what to do with a child with autism who is able to speak but tends to not respond to questions that are asked of him.
- Start with simple yes/no questions about his favorite topic. Use “is this ___” for favorite characters, objects, etc. For example, show him a picture of a car and say “Is this a car?” or “Is this a snowman?”. If the child responds verbally, repeat his answer and then praise him for his verbal response (“I like how you said ‘yes’”). If the child does not respond verbally, prompt him with “Use your words” or “You can say ‘yes’”. If the child doesn’t respond after that, offer some sort of tangible reinforcement for his verbal response (“If you want the cookie, you need to answer my question. Say ‘yes’”). Fade back the use of tangible reinforcements as soon as possible.
- Once the child can answer basic yes/no questions verbally, move to basic “what” questions like “What’s this” and “What is he doing?” Again, use highly motivating pictures or objects at first to peak his interest. Use the same method of prompting for verbal responses as above.
- Keep moving through new question forms in this way. Practice each new question form in therapy during structured activities and then encourage the parents to require a verbal response to those types of questions at home, as well. Make sure that everyone has consistent expectations for the child to speak in response to those questions that you have worked on in therapy. I would suggest working on questions in this order: yes/no, what, who, where, why, when, how.
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Get answers to all of your questions about working with children with autism and more by joining The Speech Therapy Solution, Carrie Clark’s premium membership program. You’ll get access to all of Carrie’s training videos and printable therapy materials, questions answered directly by Carrie, plus a monthly webinar and an exclusive Facebook group! Join today! | <urn:uuid:f78907cb-ed41-4c6f-8b02-ee9ebb89b55d> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.speechandlanguagekids.com/teaching-child-autism-respond-questions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202326.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320105319-20190320131319-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.959617 | 477 | 2.875 | 3 |
Associations between insect herbivores and the trees of Terceira island (Azores) native forests
Carla Rego, Mário Boieiro & Paulo A. V. Borges
Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group,
Universidade dos Açores, Portugal
Plants and insect herbivores are two species rich groups with major ecological roles in most terrestrial ecosystems, including oceanic islands. Interestingly, some insect herbivores lineages are known to have diversified in association with their host plants (cospeciation) in Madeira and in the Canaries, originating several endemic species and exclusive ecological associations (Percy, 2010). Nevertheless, habitat destruction and invasive species are threatening these unique interactions. In Azores, native forests suffered a drastic reduction in area since human colonization and several endemic species went extinct (Rando et al., 2013; Alcover et al., 2015; Rego et al., 2015). In a recent study, Rego and colleagues (2019) found that despite this extensive destruction and the introduction of many alien species, the canopy of native forests still hosts a considerable number of endemic insect herbivores, and seems to act as a barrier for the colonization by alien species. Furthermore, they found that some strong ecological associations remain between some endemic plants (Erica azorica, Ilex perado subsp azorica, Juniperus brevifolia, Laurus azoricus and Vaccinium cylindraceum) and native insect herbivores, like the caterpillar Argyresthia atlanticella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) and the bug Kleidocerys ericae (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). Nevertheless, further studies are needed to evaluate the role of plant chemistry in driving these associations and their vulnerability to the predicted climatic changes.
Alcover JA, Pieper H, Pereira F, Rando JC (2015) Five new extinct species of rails (Aves: Gruiformes: Rallidae) from the Macaronesian Islands (North Atlantic Ocean). Zootaxa 4057(2):151-190.
Percy, DM (2010) Insect-plant interactions on islands: codiversification of legume-feeding psyllids (Psylloidea) and their Fabaceae hosts. In: Serrano ARM, Borges PAV, Boieiro M, Oromı´ P, editors. Terrestrial arthropods of Macaronesia: biodiversity, ecology and evolution. Lisboa: Sociedade Portuguesa de Entomologia, pp. 285–307.
Rando, J, Alcover, J, Olson, S & H Pieper (2013) A new species of extinct scops owl (Aves: Strigiformes: Strigidae: Otus) from São Miguel Island (Azores Archipelago, North Atlantic Ocean). Zootaxa, 3647: 343-357.
Rego, C., Boieiro, M., Vieira, V. & Borges, P.A.V. (2015) The biodiversity of terrestrial arthropods in Azores. Proyecto S.E.A. Ibero Diversidad Entomológica. Revista IDE@ - SEA, 5a/5b, 1-24.
Rego, C., Boieiro, M., Rigal, F., Ribeiro, S.P., Cardoso, P. & Borges, P.A.V. (2019) Taxonomic and functional diversity of insect herbivore assemblages associated with the canopy-dominant trees of the Azorean native forest. PLOS One, 14(7), e0219493.
Find out how you can help the Global Trees Campaign | <urn:uuid:76541e9d-295c-4c43-9493-00c5a0992d8c> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://www.maiisg.com/news/ver.php?id=23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141197593.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129093434-20201129123434-00497.warc.gz | en | 0.768579 | 807 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Almost everyone knows how to play checkers, chess and a number of other popular Board games. No less famous and backgammon, which are also called backgammon, backgammon, tavla, and other names. However, few can boast that they know the rules of backgammon.
Like many such things, this Board game appeared in the times of Ancient Egypt. Its ancient analogue is Senet, which belonged to racing type. Besides him, there was a game of Ur in Mesopotamia, and another similar researchers found in Iran.
The most direct predecessor is considered to be Ludus duodecim scriptorum. The name of this game from Ancient Rome can be translated as «game of twelve signs». In it, as in modern backgammon, used the chips, the movement of which was determined by roll of the dice.
Kind of analogues can list quite a long time, but their roots will always be East. Despite this, the modern rules were developed in Europe. They were invented by Edmond Hoyle, who in the mid eighteenth century lived in England.
How to play backgammon?
To date, there are two methods of backgammon. More classical, but also old called «Long backgammon». This method was developed in the East. A more modern version, created by Edmond Hoyle, is called «backgammon».
Despite its age, this game remains quite popular, it holds tournaments on a global scale. The favorites are the players of Azerbajan. They often win the arc de Golden bones. In order to try to reach the heights, it is necessary, first, to understand how to play backgammon.
For this it is necessary to understand the in-game inventory. Outside a wooden playing field, in the folded state that resembles the box from classic chess. However, the game will take place both on the inner side of this field.
- Here, on metal, inscribed elongated isosceles triangles adjacent to the sides of the grounds. Their length can reach half of the Board. These triangles are called points, which are numbered from one to twenty-four.
- To people it was easier to count the item numbers odd and even have different colors.
- Six triangles with one edge of the Board call home. Black and white checkers have every your home.
- The vertical line in the center of the bar. In Short Backgammon to the transfer of embossed checkers of the opponent.
- Both players have fifteen checkers, although sometimes they can be smaller.
- In the game process includes at least one pair of bones, which are called ZAR.
Backgammon rules are different, and not only in the existence of Long and Short option. You should start with the basics, and then, if you wish, moving onto more complex maneuvers.
Backgammon rules for beginners
One of the major differences between Long and Short backgammon is that in short «the enemy» chips, under certain conditions, are removed from the Board. In addition, the color does not affect the direction they move the same way.
The rules of the game in the Long backgammon
The main goal of gameplay is to move all checkers into the house. The one who succeeds first, wins. If a person plays black, then it needs to hold them to the points from first to sixth. If his pieces are white, they should be items from the thirteenth to the eighteenth towards the player black.
The party starts with the fact that the opponents play the first move. This is done by throwing the dice – the winner is the one whose number is larger. After that, all pieces move in the «head» field, that is, twenty-four. With the head you can remove one checker per turn. The only exception is placing the double on the first move. In this case, it allowed the withdrawal of two checkers.
All players will move their pieces in the same manner. This is done in turns, counterclockwise. In result checkers must go full circle to get home. All moves begin with the throw of dice, and the dice must fall on one half of the Board. If they have not been able to go steadily, or one of the dice do not hit the Board, the throw is repeated.
Number, which is indicated by the dice determines how far you will move the sword. Even if the figure is disadvantageous to the player, he is obliged to spend on the unit in each cell. Readings each dice determines the movement of a single checker. Accordingly, the first can be shifted by four cells, and the second – three.
The subtleties of the game in the long backgammon
So, the basic gameplay consists in moving the checkers in a clockwise direction until, until they get home. This means that white must pass from paragraphs 13-18 before 7-12 and black need to go from 1-6 to 19-24.
During the game, it is important to remember several points.
- Each item can be indefinitely checkers.
- Only in the most extreme cases, you can take into consideration the testimony of one cube. In another, even if it is unprofitable, you must complete the full course.
- If the valid combinations, the player loses a turn.
- The opponent should not create figures from a barrier, through which the opponent will not be able to reach. The exception is the situation when ahead of this barrier are the figures of the enemy. As a rule, allowed a block of six checkers, but not fifteen.
A brace that allows you to remove two checkers from the head, it’s only three combinations. The first two sixes, the second two fours, and finally, the third two triples. There are many other intricacies of the game in the Long backgammon, as well as the rules of backgammon, but for someone unfamiliar with the game, enough to start to understand what is described above. | <urn:uuid:11afd484-b9a9-4eed-9e58-f7773632c669> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://manygoodtips.com/learn-everything/backgammon-rules-how-to-play-backgammon.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519784.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119201033-20210119231033-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.952974 | 1,258 | 2.875 | 3 |
Pancreatic cancer has the highest mortality rate of all major cancers, and is currently the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. In fact, for all stages combined, the 5-year relative survival rate of the disease is only 11%. This year alone, an estimated 62,610 Americans will be diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, and nearly 50,000 are pass away from the disease.
In honor of Pancreatic Cancer Awareness Month, we sat down with Dr. Claudius Conrad, Chief of Surgical Oncology at St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center in Brighton, Massachusetts, and a world-renowned expert in minimally-invasive cancer treatment procedures, to explore some of the most common symptoms of pancreatic cancer, the available treatment options, and how we can best support patients coping with this diagnosis. With training at Harvard Medical School and other global centers of expertise, Dr. Conrad specializes in cutting-edge techniques and therapies to treat liver, pancreatic, and biliary tract cancer cases that few others can.
What are the most common warning signs of pancreatic cancer?
The most common side effects of pancreatic cancer are jaundice, or skin turning yellow, severe abdominal pain, or difficulty digesting food. Research studies also suggest that the onset of diabetes may be an early symptom of pancreatic cancer. If the cancer develops on the tail of the pancreas, however, the cancer often presents very few symptoms, making it difficult to catch and treat.
Are there any groups that are at a higher risk of developing pancreatic cancer?
A genetic predisposition to pancreatic cancer and smoking are the two most important risk factors to be aware of when it comes to pancreatic cancer.
What steps can people take to diagnose pancreatic cancer early?
Important research is currently being done to create a sensitive and specific lab test for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, which should be widely available in the near future. For now, if patients present any of the common symptoms of pancreatic cancer– jaundice, digestive problems, onset of diabetes– they should immediately schedule a visit to see their physician and receive the proper testing.
What treatment options are available for pancreatic cancer?
All patients who are planning on undergoing surgery for pancreatic cancer should be considered for what we call neoadjuvant chemotherapy, or pre-operation rounds of chemotherapy. As of now, that is the standard treatment for pancreatic cancer.
Do you have any tips for supporting a loved one with a diagnosis?
When I diagnose patients with pancreatic cancer, their life has just been terribly changed– they feel hopeless and ask, “Why is this happening to me?” or “What did I do wrong?” Patients need to know that they didn’t do anything wrong. Loved ones can support patients by encouraging them not to lose hope and to move forward, get treatment, see a pancreatic cancer expert, and consider surgery.
What is Steward doing to deliver and promote preventive care among the communities it serves?
Steward has a strong focus on helping underprivileged communities access great care. Through our excellent cancer registrar, we are trying to identify patient populations and areas in our system that do need increased awareness. Today, standardized preventive care for pancreatic cancer has not been established. However, we do have a strong smoking cessation program that is strongly correlated with pancreatic cancer development.
We’re also doing research – like this study, for example – that looks at identifying factors associated with disparity in cancer care including pancreatic cancer.
Steward is here to support you along your journey. Start a conversation with your local doctor today by using our DoctorFinder or calling 800-488-5959.
To find a doctor or schedule an appointment, visit Steward DoctorFinder™. | <urn:uuid:cfc73295-1a58-4c75-b3a1-a770b235246a> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.stewardtoday.com/understanding-pancreatic-cancer-a-conversation-with-dr-claudius-conrad/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710902.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202114800-20221202144800-00562.warc.gz | en | 0.947961 | 789 | 2.78125 | 3 |
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Renal biopsy; Biopsy - kidney
A kidney biopsy is the removal of a small piece of kidney tissue for examination.
A kidney biopsy is done in the hospital. The two most common ways to do a kidney biopsy are percutaneous and open. These are described below.
Percutaneous means through the skin. Most kidney biopsies are done this way. The procedure is usually done in the following way:
In some cases, your doctor may recommend a surgical biopsy. This method is used when a larger piece of tissue is needed.
After percutaneous or open biopsy, you will likely stay in the hospital for at least 12 hours. You will receive pain medicines and fluids by mouth or through a vein (IV). Your urine will be checked for heavy bleeding. A small amount of bleeding is normal after a biopsy.
Follow instructions about caring for yourself after the biopsy. This may include not lifting anything heavier than 10 pounds (4.5 kilograms) for 2 weeks after the biopsy.
Tell your health care provider:
Numbing medicine is used, so the pain during the procedure is often slight. The numbing medicine may burn or sting when first injected.
After the procedure, the area may feel tender or sore for a few days.
You may see bright, red blood in the urine during the first 24 hours after the test. If the bleeding lasts longer, tell your provider.
Your doctor may order a kidney biopsy if you have:
A normal result is when the kidney tissue shows normal structure.
An abnormal result means there are changes in the kidney tissue. This may be due to:
Salama AD, Cook HT. The renal biopsy. In: Yu ASL, Chertow GM, Luyckx VA, Marsden PA, Karl S, Philip AM, Taal MW, eds. Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 26.
Topham PS, Chen Y. Renal biopsy. In: Feehally J, Floege J, Tonelli M, Johnson RJ, eds. Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 6.BACK TO TOP
Review Date: 6/30/2019
Reviewed By: John D. Jacobson, MD, Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda Center for Fertility, Loma Linda, CA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- 2020 A.D.A.M., a business unit of Ebix, Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited. | <urn:uuid:aa92e764-50c1-4e14-b88d-40f6be60f272> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.limamemorial.org/health-library/HIE%20Multimedia-TextOnly/1/003907 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704804187.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126233034-20210127023034-00446.warc.gz | en | 0.884127 | 708 | 2.546875 | 3 |
From its highest point at Connecticut Hill to its lowest one a half mile under Cayuga Lake at the Cargill Salt Mine, Tompkins County names the places that makes their Finger Lakes communities unique. County place names come from Native American settlements and people, from families who’ve migrated from other states and countries, and from the natural beauty and resources forged by distinctive geology.
To explore the history and patterns of these place names, a core group of Tompkins County historians and writers has launched Names on the Land-Tompkins County. Throughout 2017, the team will publish place name histories illustrated with maps, photos, and linked content on an interactive website and Facebook page. The History Center will coordinate events to engage residents (both past and present) and visitors and encourage them to share their stories about how each place is distinctive and meaningful to them. Please follow their efforts on the web and on Facebook to find out how you can contribute to the project.
You can contact project coordinator Pat Longoria at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:272c6e19-990f-447b-89a0-4e01a2aabb24> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.lifeinthefingerlakes.com/names-land-tompkins-county-project-launched/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315865.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821085942-20190821111942-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.93057 | 221 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Each year, Muslims from all over the world go on a pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia, known as hajj. A scholar explains its spiritual significance.
Films motivate people to travel to locations previously unknown. In the process, tourists become a lot like spiritual seekers.
Thousands of people, both those within Native American communities and their non-Native allies, felt called to go to Standing Rock. What was the motivation? | <urn:uuid:2eebb271-0d18-45d5-a43e-1e76c50bf715> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://theconversation.com/au/topics/pilgrimage-34016 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646189.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319003616-20180319023616-00525.warc.gz | en | 0.975359 | 90 | 2.734375 | 3 |
A publication of the Archaeological Institute of America
How a new religion and its distinctive pottery brought peace to the Southwest
Around A.D. 1275, during a period of unprecedented political and cultural upheaval, a new pottery style spread across the American Southwest. Called Salado ceramics by archaeologists, these pots were superbly crafted and painted with complex black, red, and white geometric designs as well as stylized creatures such as horned serpents. They were made in all three of the large cultural areas of the ancient Southwest: the Ancestral Puebloan (also known as Anasazi) in the Four Corners region, the Mogollon of southern New Mexico, and the Hohokam in Arizona. Scholars often use pottery to identify and trace specific groups of people through time, but the sudden appearance of this new style across three separate cultures has puzzled archaeologists ever since it was first identified in the 1930s at sites along southeastern Arizona's Salt River (Rio Salado in Spanish).
For decades archaeologists debated the identity of the people who made these ceramics. Were they a single group of people who migrated into the region, or did they belong to a "new" culture formed out of a combination of Hohokam and Ancestral Puebloan traditions? The debate has continued for so long and been so contentious that the question of the pottery's origin and significance is known simply as "the Salado problem," and it remains a major issue in Southwestern archaeology. I became interested in the debate because Salado pottery even appears in Chihuahua, Mexico, where I do most of my research.
Southeastern Arizona's Tonto National Monument was once thought to have been built by the "Salado people," who were distinguished by a distinctive pottery that featured stylized designs of horned serpents. Scholars now believe the ceramics were made by many different cultures.
Archaeologists now agree that Salado pottery does not correspond to a specific ethnic group. Aside from the pottery, the "Salado people" do not share any consistent cultural traits unique to them. Quite the opposite--the area where Salado pottery was made, extending from central Arizona to western New Mexico, was home to tremendous cultural diversity.
Why were so many different groups of people making the same pottery? University of New Mexico archaeologist Patricia Crown has tested several explanations. Among them were the ideas that the ceramics were elite items that powerful people traded to reinforce their status, that the pots played a role in economic alliances maintained through intermarriage, and that they were "copycat" imitations of pottery made by other groups. But Crown rejected all of these, pointing out that Salado pottery is found buried with both elite and non-elite people and that the decorations were too standardized to reflect copycat imitation. Moreover, its complex motifs, such as the horned serpent, resemble sacred symbols that modern Southwestern peoples associate with water control and fertility. Crown concluded that the pottery reflected the rise of a new religion she called the "Southwestern Regional Cult," which began in communities in central Arizona and then spread throughout the surrounding region.
The use of ceramics to communicate religious principles and affiliation is not unique to the people who made Salado pottery; modern people at Zuni pueblo in New Mexico continue to use it in this way. What is different about the Salado pots is that the religion it reflects was not limited to a single cultural tradition, but grew out of several previously existing religious traditions.
Crown concluded the ceramics were made by people participating in an inclusive "poor man's religion" that arose during a period marked by community stress and massive migration. She suggested the Salado tradition may have helped integrate people who were socially and ethnically distinct but found themselves thrown together in the wake of social chaos.
Todd L. VanPool is an assistant professor of archaeology
at the University of Missouri. | <urn:uuid:44287e41-3b3a-437c-ae34-6249936904a9> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://archive.archaeology.org/1003/abstracts/womensw.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543170.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00470-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982924 | 818 | 3.796875 | 4 |
"I'd rather play a funeral than eat a turkey dinner," declared William Pajaud's father, William Pajaud, Sr., referring to the traditional New Orleans jazz funeral. A turkey dinner was big deal to this struggling musician with a gambling habit. In 1960 he died lacing his shoes, preparing to play at a funeral.
The traditional jazz funeral, with its cultural roots in Africa1, is also important to William Pajaud, Jr. "Traditional jazz funerals are becoming obsolete, with few people left who understand it," he says. "The spiritual element has disappeared."
Ellis Marsalis makes the same point in the book titled Rejoice When You Die. The traditional funeral consists of two main elements: the somber march from the church to the gravesite where religious hymns are played by the band without improvisation, and the high-spirited procession from the burial where jazz music is played and a "second line" of cavorting spectators joins the parade. Marsalis points out the changes that separate today's jazz funeral from the tradition: The somber part has been mostly eliminated. The bands are not usually attached to social and pleasure clubs, as were the old bands. And the jazz funeral is no longer exclusively for jazz musicians and club members; now anyone who can pay for the rite can get it.
These changes are one reason Pajaud has created a significant body of work commemorating the tradition. In Eureka Funeral and Second Line we see the entire traditional funeral. In the foreground is the grand marshal holding an umbrella. He leads the funeral procession and sets the tone and tempo of the march.William Pajaud
Above the band are other musicians without any musical instruments who appear somewhat transparent. These ghosts from the past are symbols of the importance of tradition. Pajaud shows both sides of the funeral, sad and happy, by placing the burial in the upper right corner and the second line in the upper left corner.
Another reason Pajaud focuses on the jazz funeral is to honor his father, who was an accomplished cornet player and one of only a few of his contemporaries who could read music. In Requiem Reader William, Sr. is standing in a graveyard holding his cornet. The horn has a holder with sheet music in it, reinforcing the fact that he could read music. His belt buckle has his initials, W.E.P. The grave marker in the upper left portion of the painting has two names, Du Congé, William, Sr.'s wife's maiden name, and Pajaud. Carved on the grave marker in the upper right portion of the painting are the words "The Reader," William Sr.'s nickname, and "Eureka," one of the bands he played with. This seems to suggest that William, Sr. is not a live person in this picture but rather a spirit.William Pajaud
The jazz funeral paintings are also a tribute to the musicians who played, not for commercial reasons, but for the sheer love of playing and the utmost respect for the tradition. They were paid little or no money and yet they poured their souls into their music. Typically, the entire band would get $2.50 plus food and drink. Even in the old days that was not very much money.
The New Orleans jazz funeral was consummate experience because it combined two opposing and intense emotions: grief and ecstasy. In his memoir, jazz pioneer Jelly Roll Morton described the transition from the depths of sorrow to transcendent joy:
(After the burial) the band would get started and you could hear the drums, rolling a deep, slow rhythm. A few bars of that and then the snare drummer would make a hot roll on his drums and the boys in the band would just tear loose, while the second line swung down the street, singing...Didn't he ramble?2
Rambled all around,
In and out the town
Didn't he ramble
He rambled till the butchers cut him down
William Etienne (French for "Steven") Pajaud, Jr. was born August 3, 1925 in New Orleans, Louisiana, the only child of William Etienne Pajaud, Sr. and Audrey Du Congé.
His father played the cornet in various bands in New Orleans including the Tonic Triad Band, the Maple Leaf Orchestra, The Tuxedo Brass Band, The Olympia Brass Band and the Eureka Brass Band. For a time he was the leader of the Eureka and the Olympia bands.
William, Sr. had two nicknames, "Sweet Lips Willie" because he played the cornet so sweet that it sounded like a saxophone and "The Reader" because he was one of a few black musicians at the time who could read music.
During the 1920s he also owned a club called The Music Box on Canal and Prieur Streets in New Orleans. And at another time he co-owned a cigar factory with his father, Sidney. William, Jr. worked in that factory as a small boy stripping and cleaning tobacco and reading newspapers to the illiterate workers.
But William, Sr. also had other pursuits that sometimes got him into financial difficulty, raised the eyebrows of his in-laws, and strained his marriage . He gambled, ran numbers and chased women. Once he promised to take his wife and son to the Mardi Gras parade but had to cancel because he pawned his shoes to pay a gambling debt. William, Jr. recalls being told as a boy by his mother's relatives, "don't be like your father, you must become something." His mother told him, "your daddy wasn't worth a damn."
Pajaud's mother taught social work at the college level and also was a social worker. She earned a bachelor's degree in pharmacy from Xavier University in New Orleans but due to racial discrimination she wasn't able to land a job in the field. So, she went back to school and earned a masters degree in social work from Atlanta University. Pajaud describes her as "a very enlightened woman before the days of women's liberation."
Audrey Pajaud played the piano and three of her brothers, Albert, Adolph and Peter, also played musical instruments and are in the annals of New Orleans jazz history. But jazz wasn't what they were brought up on. European classical music was the preferred musical art form in the Du Congé household. Audrey's mother, Daniska St. Aurin, made sure of that. They were devout Catholics, upright and proper. Pajaud also describes as fiant and defines this Creole word as the attitude of a person who pretends, without justification, to be better than everybody else .
At age seven, Pajaud was bitten by a mosquito. He scratched the bite until it became infected. As a result, he developed osteomyeltis. He was hospitalized for three months and for two of those months he was close to death. He had three operations and four blood transfusions. Seven bones were removed from his foot. Despite all of that it looked as though his leg would have to be amputated. But two things happened that cured him, he says. St. Jude (the saint of the impossible) answered his mother's prayers and a Russian doctor gave him progressively larger doses of iodine over a period of time. As it turned out, though, another miracle of sorts also took place during his stay in the hospital. His path to becoming an artist was set.
The boy's roommate in the hospital, a dying elderly man who was a cartoonist, got him interested in drawing. He gave William materials and instructions and urged him, before he died, not to give up drawing. He told him, "you're the only thing I've got left." Pajaud never forgot that.
Shortly after Pajaud was released from the hospital, his parents divorced. He wouldn't see much of his father until some 40 years later. Audrey and William,Jr. moved to Nashville, Tennessee. When he was 12 he painted his first watercolor, a picture of the windmill that appeared on a Dutch Cleanser can. Watercolor became, and remains, his preferred medium.
After completing the ninth grade William moved with his mother to Chattanooga, Tennessee, where he completed his sophomore year of high school. A year later they moved again, this time to Tyler, Texas where Audrey joined the faculty of Texas College. Pajaud returned to New Orleans to attend Xavier University on a full academic scholarship, and, in 1946, earned a bachelors degree in fine arts with a minor in Romance languages.
A pivotal event in Pajaud's development as artist occurred while he was at Xavier.
Numa Rousseve, an art instructor and chair of the art department, whom Pajaud describes as a surrogate father, observed him creating a watercolor painting. He noticed that Pajaud was drawing images in pencil on the watercolor paper as a guide for how and where to apply the paint. Rousseve took the paper and marked it with a big red X, saying, "now, that's a watercolor". His message was, let go of the fear of making a bad watercolor painting and allow spontaneity to be a part of the work. Otherwise, he told Pajaud, his work is only a rendering or an illustration.
"It was like dawn breaking," Pajaud says of the experience. "I've never been afraid of a piece of watercolor paper since." Now, he describes a watercolor as a sneeze. If it takes longer than 45 minutes to paint, he says, he tears it up.
This freedom of expression is seen in White Gloves . Paint is applied rapidly with a broad brush. No pencil guides are present. Not long ago he even achieved a similar freedom and spontaneity in other media. In Cornet Man (this is not his father) he used a two-inch foam brush, the kind typically found in hardware stores, to apply the paint.William Pajaud, 1989
One day after he turned 21 years old, Pajaud married his first wife, Harriet Craft and moved to her hometown, Chicago. In 1948 they had their first of three children, William III (his other children with Harriet are Ernest and Joseph, both deceased)3, and moved to Los Angeles. They picked Los Angeles because he saw the Rose Parade on television during a typical Chicago winter and became attracted to Los Angeles's warm climate.
William Pajaud's first job in Los Angeles was hand-painting men's neckties and women's lingerie. Later he held various jobs including janitor, sign painter, sewing machine repairman and postal clerk. He always had a job, since he had to support his family, but he never gave up his art.
In the early 1950s Pajaud met Charles T. Coiner, art director at N. W. Ayer, a large advertising agency in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Coiner offered him a job with his agency. He wanted to accept the offer but only after he had a chance to study commercial art. Coiner thought that was a bad idea and warned Pajaud that he could lose his spontaneity and the "charm" he wanted.
Pajaud ignored the warning and in 1952 attempted to enroll as a full-time student at Chouinard Art Institute in Los Angeles but was turned away because he was black. It took threats by Coiner of not hiring any Chouinard graduates to force the school to accept Pajaud. He was the first African American to be admitted in the day school and complete the program. He accomplished this while working full time as a postal clerk. His admission to the school, however, was done grudgingly.
Mrs. Chouinard, the wife of the school's founder, Nelbert, (Note: At the time this article was written, it was not known that Mrs. Chouinard's first name is Nelbert and that she founded the school.) conducted an introductory interview in which she told him, in the presence of his children, not to look up the dresses of the female students. Then she said, referring to Pajaud's children, "It's sure going to be interesting seeing all these little pickannies around here."
Pajaud struck a balance between his study of commercial art and his desire to do fine art by taking some fine arts classes at Chouinard and painting in his spare time. During this time and until the early-to-mid 1960s he painted mostly landscapes, marine scenes, Siamese cats, and so on, in a style that reflected his love of Asian art. The Oriental influence is present in an untitled piece depicting a bull.William Pajaud
Nevertheless, the artist describes these works as "soulless" and "brush exercises". At that time, he says, he was primarily interested in displaying his technical proficiency and developing craftsmanship. Dealing with meaningful subject matter and making statements with his work had not yet entered his consciousness, although the desire to do so existed somewhere inside of him.
Perhaps it was his mother's admonition about never letting anyone know that you're suffering or hungry that prevented him from baring his soul. Hold in your true feelings, she advised, especially if they cast you in a negative light. In opposition to that was his impulse as an artist to "bring it down front." Today, he says that that is the prerequisite to becoming a serious artist. He still believes, however, that an artist must also be technically proficient.
Then, in the late 1950s and early 1960s three things happened that unblocked him and allowed his artistic impulse to triumph over his mother's advice.
First, on May 1,1957 he started working as an art director and artist for Golden State Mutual Insurance Company, an African American-owned company based in Los Angeles. He was thrilled to work for an African American owned company and he took a $50 per month cut in pay to work there. "Oh, I was so happy, I didn't know what to do," he says. "Everywhere you looked , everybody was black." It was a great source of pride.
Pajaud designed advertisements and produced and distributed the company's publications. Later, he became curator of the company's art collection. On a limited budget he organized a body of work that became known as a major collection of African American art. Pajaud rose to vice president of public relations and advertising of the company and retired on August 31, 1987.
Second, in May 1960 Pajaud's father died. Days before he learned of his father's death he finished an almost completely abstract piece that is shown above. But shortly after the death, Pajaud began focusing, for the first time, on the traditional New Orleans jazz funerals and began seeing the positive side to his father's character. He says he became a serious artist at this time. In 1992 he created a painting titled Parade Rest depicting his father's funeral procession.William Pajaud
Third, John Riddle, an artist and the current curator at the California African American Museum, helped to turn his attention to black themes for his art. In the mid-1960s he invited Pajaud to join him on a tour of Watts after the riots. They mined the area for subject matter. In Someday I'll Be a Woman, for example, we see a young girl who wants to be a prostitute when she grows up because that is the role model for success in her community. It is a commentary on the political, economic and social conditions created by racism.William Pajaud
Pajaud, however, felt that superficial treatments of the black subject often resulted in empty rhetoric. "The Huey Newton black fist and all that kind of stuff was never my cup of tea," he says. "It's too damned obvious and it becomes propaganda."
"I've always painted Black subjects and themes," he explains, "even without realizing it, because that was and is me, my experiences." During the 1960s the artist became a serious painter because he began to discover himself and feel more comfortable "bringing it down front."
One of Pajaud's recurring themes is the Black woman.4 Pajaud says that black women have been essential to the survival of the race from slavery to the present, and he admires their timeless beauty. "I'm not talking about the beauty which dictates you need 50,000 braids but the beauty that comes from the people who have virtually kept the black community on course since the time of slavery."
Take Swamp Woman for example. A large, round woman is sitting with her hands inside of a bowl of shrimp. She is preparing a meal. Her size is more symbolic than representational; he's showing her capacity to bear enormous responsibilities. "She's carrying the house and community and still finds time to cook," he says.William Pajaud
But not all of his black women are paragons of strength. He also likes to point out in his work the existence of opposites in virtually everything, like sadness and joy in the traditional New Orleans funerals or good and bad in human nature. Sometimes he uses women to like the Church Sister and the New Concubine to do this.
In Church Sister, the woman is not large and round like the woman in Swamp Woman. Instead, her relatively thin body is dressed for church. The hat recalls Pajaud's mother; she always wore beautiful hats to church. They were so beautiful, in fact, that the minister at her funeral wanted to know if he could auction them.William Pajaud
On the opposite end of the spectrum from the church sisters are the women in New Concubine. The piece shows several nude women plus the "new" woman who still has her bra and panties on. The large man is about to "break her in."
Pajaud also uses The Old Testament as a Black theme in his work. He says, "If you want a feeling of Black life and history, read the Old Testament." One way he connects the Old Testament with Black culture is through Negro spirituals, many of which are based on stories in that part of the bible. In Let Us Gather at the River a black choir is singing some of those spirituals at a communal baptism at the river.William Pajaud
The African locale of many Old Testament stories and Moses's African wife (depicted in Moses and his Cushite Wife; not pictured here) are other reasons why Pajaud makes the connection. Cush or Kush approximately covers the area of present-day Ethiopia.
Pajaud also cites the parallel of Jewish slavery in ancient Egypt and the enslavement of Africans in the Americas as a reason many African Americans, including himself, are attracted to the Old Testament.
Like his father, Pajaud creates his art for humanistic reasons and not for commercial reasons. "I refuse to paint pictures just to sell," he says. "My primary concern is not money." On the contrary, his primary concern is probing the depths of his own experiences and sharing what he finds with the viewing public. No longer under pressure of supporting a family, Pajaud is now able to fully devote his energies to his art. That's why he retired when he did. "I wanted to retire when I was young enough to still effectively produce," he says.
William Pajaud plans to continue exploring the New Orleans jazz funerals as well as new themes. His excitement about what he plans to do is almost without limits: "If I work for another 20 years I won't paint 1/10 of the things I want to paint before I die."
When asked what he wants people to walk away with from his work he says, " I would like to have them stirred, to feel something within themselves, because this is where I paint from. I give you my heart and soul when I paint a picture."
Eric Hanks is director of M. Hanks Gallery at 3008 Main Street in Santa Monica, California.
1. The black secret societies of New Orleans, which helped with burial rites and expenses, had a counterpart in similar groups in West Africa. The Africans believed teh spirit of the departed is still active and must be appeased. This custom, coupled with the belief that people should "rejoice at teh death and cry at the birth," contributed to very powerful, death-related feelings and rites that continued in teh experience of southern African Americans.
Excerpt from Alan Lomax, Mister Jelly Roll, republished in Langston Hughes and Arna Bontemps (eds.), The Book of Negro Folklore (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1958), p. 441.
3. William Pajaud, Jr. has two other children by a former wife, Donlapy Wangcharoensuk--Gayle and Anne.
4. With exception of his work on the traditional jazz funerals, men usually appear in his paintings as animals. Bulls and roosters are typical examples. The rooster, however, is his favorite. He considers it one of the most beautiful forms in nature. He also likes the fact that it can lie as quietly as a hen or be as wild as a bull. It also is a "take-charge" animal. In Good Friday Rooster, the bird is crowing on the day Jesus was crucified. Three crosses appear in the lower right portion of the painting. The cloaked figure to the left is Peter running away in fear after he has denied Jesus. Jesus said, "Before the cock crows twice, thy will deny me thrice."William Pajaud
|Top of page||Home||Articles and Essays by Eric Hanks| | <urn:uuid:df2196df-69f1-4c85-aa22-3e82feb68467> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.mhanksgallery.com/pajart.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886110774.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822123737-20170822143737-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.984686 | 4,494 | 2.75 | 3 |
Genetics and Clinical Characteristics of Bardet-Biedl Syndrome
|The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. Read our disclaimer for details.|
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00078091|
Recruitment Status : Terminated
First Posted : February 19, 2004
Last Update Posted : June 18, 2018
This study will evaluate patients with a rare inherited condition called Bardet-Biedl syndrome . The purpose of the study is to learn more about the genetics and clinical characteristics of this disorder. Patients may have the following problems: polydactyly (extra fingers and toes); retinal dystrophy (changes in the retina that may lead to vision problems, including blindness); obesity and diabetes (overweight and high blood sugar due to failure of body organs to respond to insulin); cognitive dysfunction (difficulties with learning and understanding); hypogenitalism (decreased functioning of the ovaries in women and the testes in men); kidney anomalies (changes in the structure or function of the kidneys); heart disease; and hepatic fibrosis (liver disease).
Patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome may be eligible for this study. First-degree relatives will also be enrolled for certain tests and procedures. Candidates are screened with a review of their medical records, laboratory tests, and x-rays.
Patients in this study undergo the following tests and procedures:
- Medical and family history and physical examination, including body measurements.
- Blood tests to evaluation kidney, liver, heart, and hormonal function, and for genetic studies and other research purposes.
- Dual emission x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan to measure the amount of total body fat. For this test, the subject lies on a table for scanning with low-dose X-rays.
- Computed tomography (in adults) of the abdomen to measure abdominal fat. CT uses a small amount of radiation to obtain images of internal body structures.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (in children) of the abdomen to measure abdominal fat. MRI uses a magnetic field and radio waves to obtain images of internal body structures.
- Oral glucose tolerance tests to measure blood glucose and insulin levels. For this test, the patient drinks a glucose (sugar) solution. Blood samples are drawn through an IV catheter before the test begins and at 1, 2, and 3 hours after drinking the solution.
- Complete eye examination to look for retinal changes and to assess vision, and, if medically needed, an examination of the ear, nose, and throat to check for hearing and breathing abnormalities.
- Tests of learning ability in patients over 5 years of age. For younger patients, a parent is asked about the child's development.
- Ultrasound study of the ovaries and uterus in females and of the testes in males.
- Photographs of the face, hands, feet, body, and genitalia, if the patient agrees.
- Meeting with investigators and a genetic counselor for review of test findings when the studies are completed.
Relatives of patients have a complete medical and family history and physical examination. Blood is drawn for assessment of kidney, liver, heart, and hormonal function and for genetic study and other research purposes. Relatives over 5 years of age may have tests of learning ability and cognition. For younger patients, a parent is asked about the child's development. Relatives meet with investigators and a genetic counselor for review of test findings when the studies are completed.
|Condition or disease|
|Study Type :||Observational|
|Actual Enrollment :||194 participants|
|Official Title:||Bardet-Biedl Syndrome: Phenotype and Metabolic Characteristics|
|Study Start Date :||February 17, 2004|
|Study Completion Date :||February 5, 2016|
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT00078091
|United States, Maryland|
|National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, 9000 Rockville Pike|
|Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892|
|Principal Investigator:||Leslie G Biesecker, M.D.||National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)| | <urn:uuid:cd0f583e-54b2-43e4-a9fa-d0332a544c12> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00078091?amp;order=25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867644.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625092128-20180625112128-00597.warc.gz | en | 0.882966 | 945 | 2.5625 | 3 |
English to English
1. a statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn
on the assumption that he has been injured we can infer that he will not to play
2. A proposition antecedently supposed or proved; something previously stated or assumed as the basis of further argument; a condition; a supposition.
3. set forth beforehand, often as an explanation
He premised these remarks so that his readers might understand
4. furnish with a preface or introduction
She always precedes her lectures with a joke|He prefaced his lecture with a critical remark about the institution
5. take something as preexisting and given
6. To send before the time, or beforehand; hence, to cause to be before something else; to employ previously.
7. To make a premise; to set forth something as a premise. | <urn:uuid:36edba58-e86b-473d-817e-2666572020f6> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.artikata.com/arti-143003-premise.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207924799.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113204-00311-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945145 | 180 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Elizabeth ii elizabeth alexandra mary.
Elizabeth was born in london as the first child of the duke and duchess of york later king george vi and queen elizabeth and she was educated privately at homeher father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother king edward viii in 1936 from which time.
When you hear the term royal wedding prince harry and meghan markle prince william and kate middleton and prince charles and lady diana spencer might be the first couples who spring to mind.
Queen elizabeth ii reportedly opened her jewelry vault to lend meghan markle one of her tiaras for her wedding.
It became one of the most famous dresses in the world and was considered one of the most closely.
Engraved by s reynolds after f lock.
Queen elizabeth opted for a blue sky blue coat and dress by designer stewart parvin and a hat by angela kelly while camilla the duchess of cornwall wore a pale blue dress by bruce oldfield and.
Queen victoria and prince albert on their return from the marriage service at st jamess palace london.
10 hidden details you didnt know about princess dianas wedding dress.
The 2nd answer is mostly rubbish and dates to the mid 20th century.
The first answer is more or less accurate but glosses over centuries of white wedding dresses worn before queen victorias wedding and decades of coloured wedding dresses after her wedding and also doesnt explain why victoria wore a white wedding dress.
Born 21 april 1926 is queen of the united kingdom and the other commonwealth realms.
Elizabeth and philip married at westminster abbey at 1130am on november 20.
Where did queen elizabeth and prince philip get married.
The wedding dress of lady diana spencer was worn by lady diana spencer at her wedding to charles prince of wales on 29 july 1981 at st pauls cathedraldiana wore an ivory silk taffeta and antique lace gown with a 25 foot 762 m train and a 153 yard tulle veil valued then at 151000. | <urn:uuid:fda545dd-9553-4f5b-b3a3-c893e1929fbe> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://theroyalwedding.me/queen-elizabeth-11-wedding-dress.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038084601.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415065312-20210415095312-00322.warc.gz | en | 0.937025 | 454 | 2.546875 | 3 |
When we think of ‘gamers’ a certain stereotype appears in most people’s minds and this stereotype is more often than most a male. Video games have become increasing popular world wide, with a diverse range of games the demographic profile of the typical player or ‘gamer’ is also changing. As more and games are released or readily available consequently there has been an increase in average age and an equalising gender distribution (1)
However, the literature consistently finds that males play video games more frequently than females and play for longer intervals (2). It also states that both genders are equally likely to view video game playing as a masculine pursuit (3).
The gendering of video game play has been linked to low female motivation to play video games because of gender-role stereotyping (4). Particularly a connection has been made to reduced female participation in areas like science, mathematics, and technology, where there is a historical perception of women as ‘inferior’ (5).
Bryce and Rutter (2002) have argued that video game research must challenge the dominant gender stereotypes in gaming and focus on game-play as a “domestic” or leisure practice “in the context of everyday life” (p. 248), especially given the many genres of games, range of places in which to game and the popularity of domestic and online gaming among females.
Thus, context and personal experience become crucial factors in generating an explanatory model of female motivation in gaming. To date, there is no research on female gamers in circumstances where females are the perceived dominant gamers.
Female players are most pronounced in the ‘casual games’ industry (6), where they account for 51% of all players and 74% of the buyers (7).
Casual games have simple rules, allowing players to “get into” game-play quickly, are highly accessible to novice players, and can belong to any game genre (8). Researchers focusing on gender and computer games have suggested that casual games are often overlooked as “real” games because of an “unarticulated aesthetic” in the gaming community that considers mastery of so-called hardcore games as a right of passage to be a true gamer (9). Carr (2005) argues that simply because hard-core gamers appear more committed to their gaming, it does not mean that they are “more representative or more credible” than casual-gamers (p. 468).
As gender stereotypes persist regarding who is an ‘avid’ gamer, actual figures suggest that although males appear to play more than females, such findings are only true for certain countries, gaming platforms, and game genres (10).
Arguably it is possible that research into gaming may have overlooked different genres and platforms where female players are more common than it initially appears. The further in depth the research delves the more evident it becomes that certain studies may have overlooked these factors.
(1) (Entertainment Software Association, 2009).
(2) Williams, Yee, & Caplan, 2008; Ogletree & Drake, 2007; Griffiths, Davies, & Chappell, 2004; Phillips, Rolls, Rouse, & Griffiths, 1995
(4) (Lucas & Sherry, 2004)
(5) see Cassell & Jenkins, 1998
(6) Krotoski, 2004
(7) Casual Games Association, 2007
(8) Juul, 2009
(9) Sweedyk & de Laet, 2005, p. 26
(10) Krotoski, 2004
An excerpt from Lewis, A.M. and Griffiths, M.D. (2011). A qualitative study of the experiences and motivations of female casual-gamers. Aloma: Revista de Psicologia, Ciències de l’Educació ide l’Esport, 28, 245-272. (Spanish and English text).
The complete text is available as a part of the “open journals” system: | <urn:uuid:3612feed-370a-46c4-a4ba-97b8cd092f63> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://blog.adhocglobal.com/femalegamer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863886.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620202232-20180620222232-00406.warc.gz | en | 0.935867 | 839 | 2.890625 | 3 |
OAKLAND, California, August 11, 2008 (ENS) - Some of the largest U.S. cities will report their greenhouse gas emissions for the first time in a program that will demonstrate to companies, investors and the general public how cities are dealing with the risks and opportunities climate change presents.
Twenty-one cities were announced today, with at least nine others expected to take part in the pilot project.
Some of the participating cities are large, such as New York, Las Vegas, New Orleans, Denver, and Portland, Oregon, while others are smaller such as Dubuque, Iowa; St. Paul, Minnesota; West Palm Beach, Florida; and Rohnert Park, California.
Each city will assemble comparable carbon emission data within their jurisdiction's operations - fire department, ambulance and police services, municipal buildings, waste transport and other services the cities provide or activities over which they exercise budgetary control.
The Carbon Disclosure Project and ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability will help the cities to report their greenhouse gas emissions.
An independent not-for-profit organization founded in 2000, the Carbon Disclosure Project represents some 385 global institutional investors, with a combined asset base of more than $57 trillion. CDP collects key climate change data from more than 3,000 major corporations globally and has assembled the largest corporate greenhouse gas emissions database in the world.
Carbon Disclosure Project chief executive Paul Dickinson said, "Over 70 percent of total global emissions are generated from cities and if you don't measure these emissions, you cannot manage them."
"This is a vital step for city councils who wish to gain a better understanding of their own impact and by improving their understanding of risks and opportunities associated with climate change, best prepare their cities for a carbon constrained world," Dickinson said.
Cities will use the local government operations protocol coauthored by ICLEI and the California Climate Action Registry with input from expert stakeholders across the United States. The protocol details the policy framework, calculation methodologies, and reporting guidance for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions from local government operations.
Then the cities will disclose this data to the Carbon Disclosure Project online reporting system.
"ICLEI's partnership with the Carbon Disclosure Project underscores how crucial standards, quantification methods and voluntary reporting are to local climate action," said Michelle Wyman, executive director of ICLEI USA, from her office in Oakland.
"This project provides the opportunity for transparency, and is essential in the emerging national and global policy dialogue as the priorities of local governments to achieve swift and deep reductions are identified and advanced by local government leaders," she said.
ICLEI USA is part of the worldwide ICLEI organization based in Toronto. The organization was founded in 1990 as the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives, ICLEI.
Said New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, "The City of New York joins the world's leading corporations in providing a complete, accurate accounting of its carbon emissions, the strategies it is employing to mitigate those emissions, and the results of its efforts through the Carbon Disclosure Project and ICLEI.
"This partnership between the world's major corporations and, increasingly, its cities, highlights the importance of the cooperative action needed to successfully counter climate change," the New York mayor said. "Working together, and with the best data, we can manage this problem, and leave our children and grandchildren a healthier and more sustainable planet."
In April 2007 Mayor Bloomberg released the first comprehensive inventory of greenhouse gas emissions in New York City's history. The inventory was completed as part of the ICLEI Cities for Climate Protection campaign.
The CDP Cities program is a voluntary disclosure process. Cities will submit their responses to CDP by October 31, 2008.
All responses will be announced and published in the first Carbon Disclosure Project Cities Report and ICLEI Local Action Network Report in January 2009.
Cities will be able to use the project to learn from peers on climate change management and the project will shed light on the level of awareness and preparedness of the cities on this issue.
The first 21 cities are - Albany, New York; Albuquerque, New Mexico; Anchorage, Alaska; Arlington, Virginia; Burlington, Vermont; Denver, Colorado; Dubuque, Iowa; Edina, Minnesota; Fairfield, Iowa; Haverford, Pennsylvania; Las Vegas, Nevada; New Orleans, Louisiana; New York, New York; North Little Rock, Arkansas; Pacific Grove, California; Park City, Utah; Portland, Oregon; Rohnert Park, California; Saint Paul, Minnesota; Washougal, Washington; and West Palm Beach, Florida.
Copyright Environment News Service (ENS) 2008. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:6419ab2d-6715-45d5-ad67-42edc843dc61> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.nbcchicago.com/news/green/21_U_S__Cities_to_Measure_and_Report_Carbon_Emissions.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207925274.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113205-00227-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927194 | 953 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A team of researchers from the RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) in Japan has identified unexpected dynamic properties of a type of light wave called evanescent waves. These surprising findings contrast sharply with previous knowledge about light and photons.
The study carried out in the Quantum Condensed Matter Research Group (CEMS, RIKEN, Japan) led by Dr. Franco Nori is published today in the journal Nature Communications.
Energy, momentum, and angular momentum are the main dynamic characteristics of physical objects. It is well known that light propagating as an electromagnetic wave or photon carries momentum along the direction of the wave's propagation, and that this momentum is independent of polarization. In addition, light can carry an intrinsic angular momentum, called spin, that is proportional to the degree of circular polarization (helicity), and aligned with the propagation direction.
The RIKEN team analysed the momentum and spin of evanescent electromagnetic waves – a type of light waves that travel close to the surface of material objects and whose intensity decreases exponentially, rather than varying sinusoidally, from the interface where they were formed.
Surprisingly, the researchers found that evanescent waves carry momentum and spin components that are orthogonal to the direction of wave propagation. Moreover, the transverse spin turns out to be independent of polarization and helicity, while the transverse momentum is proportional to the wave helicity.
"Such extraordinary properties, revealed in very basic objects, offer a unique opportunity to investigate and observe fundamental physical features, which were previously hidden in usual propagating light and were considered impossible," says Dr. Konstantin Bliokh, first author of the study. "In addition to a detailed theoretical analysis, we propose and simulate numerically four novel experiments for the detection of the unusual momentum and spin properties of evanescent waves via their interaction with small probe particles," he adds.
These results add a new chapter to the physics of momentum and spin of classical and quantum fields, and predict a number of novel light-matter interaction effects involving evanescent waves.
For more information please contact:
Mobile phone: +81-(0)80-8895-2136
Extraordinary momentum and spin in evanescent waves
Konstantin Y. Bliokh, Aleksandr Y. Bekshaev, Franco Nori
Nature Communications, 2014 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4300
RIKEN is Japan's largest research institute for basic and applied research. Over 2500 papers by RIKEN researchers are published every year in leading scientific and technology journals covering a broad spectrum of disciplines including physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, and medical science. RIKEN's research environment and strong emphasis on interdisciplinary collaboration and globalization has earned a worldwide reputation for scientific excellence.
Find us on Twitter at @riken_en
About the Center for Emergent Matter Science
The aim of the research carried out at the Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) is to address humanity's energy problems and contribute to building a sustainable society. Taking a pioneering role in the new field of emergent materials science, scientists at CEMS are developing new, more efficient technologies that will enable us to produce energy without putting a burden on the environment, as well as decrease our energy consumption. They achieve this by combining advanced research in physics, chemistry and electronics in order to produce new technology such as highly efficient energy conversion devices and low-consumption electronics.
Juliette Savin | EurekAlert!
Winds a quarter the speed of light spotted leaving mysterious binary systems
29.04.2016 | University of Cambridge
Possible Extragalactic Source of High-Energy Neutrinos
28.04.2016 | Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
Researchers from the Max Planck Institute Stuttgart have developed self-propelled tiny ‘microbots’ that can remove lead or organic pollution from contaminated water.
Working with colleagues in Barcelona and Singapore, Samuel Sánchez’s group used graphene oxide to make their microscale motors, which are able to adsorb lead...
Neutron scattering and computational modeling have revealed unique and unexpected behavior of water molecules under extreme confinement that is unmatched by any known gas, liquid or solid states.
In a paper published in Physical Review Letters, researchers at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory describe a new tunneling state of...
Honeycomb structures as the basic building block for industrial applications presented using holo pyramid
Researchers of the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) will introduce their latest developments in the field of bionic lightweight design at Hannover Messe from 25...
Polymer solar cells can be even cheaper and more reliable thanks to a breakthrough by scientists at Linköping University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). This work is about avoiding costly and unstable fullerenes.
Polymer solar cells can be even cheaper and more reliable thanks to a breakthrough by scientists at Linköping University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences...
As one of the leading R&D partners in the development of surface technologies and organic electronics, the Fraunhofer Institute for Organic Electronics, Electron Beam and Plasma Technology FEP will be exhibiting its recent achievements in vacuum coating of ultra-thin glass at SVC TechCon 2016 (Booth 846), taking place in Indianapolis / USA from May 9 – 13.
Fraunhofer FEP is an experienced partner for technological developments, known for testing the limits of new materials and for optimization of those materials...
27.04.2016 | Event News
15.04.2016 | Event News
12.04.2016 | Event News
29.04.2016 | Physics and Astronomy
29.04.2016 | Health and Medicine
29.04.2016 | Life Sciences | <urn:uuid:85562820-c8d7-4aab-b7dd-fa6858de7aa4> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/physics-astronomy/extraordinary-momentum-and-spin-discovered-in-evanescent-light-waves.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860116886.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161516-00107-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.886999 | 1,210 | 2.953125 | 3 |
What is The National Fruit of Canada?
Fruit growing is an important part of Canada’s food industry. Most of the fruit species cultivated in Canada belong to the rose family. They include fruits such as apples, pears, peaches, nectarines, plums, prunes, cherries, and apricots, as well as berries such as strawberries, raspberries, cranberries, and blueberries. Other important families are Saxifragaceae (currants and gooseberries) and Vitaceae (grapes). | <urn:uuid:b44d0dc0-706f-4d12-b5e6-21497db82250> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://whatsanswer.com/what-is-the-national-fruit-of-canada/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986655310.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014200522-20191014224022-00218.warc.gz | en | 0.930888 | 111 | 3.4375 | 3 |
You might recognize this mechanism as a pantograph.
By tracing over a shape with a pantograph, it can be scaled different amounts depending on the configuration.
The jig is basically two pantographs back-to-back. Two instead of one, for symmetry and better stability.
The size of the pantograph is precisely controlled with a metal threaded rod. Spinning the rod advances it through the threaded insert in the middle, and that pushes out the block in front. That enlarges the small section, and geometry of the pantograph takes care of the rest.
This rod does double duty because it’s also what spins the wooden dowel around. So basically when you rotate the threaded rod, you rotate the wooden dowel, and as everything is rotating, the pantograph mechanism pushes the dowel across the router bit. That gets you a threaded wooden dowel.
Changing the pantograph scaling factor, you can make a variety of wooden threads that are scalings of the metal rod.
With the six segments cut, I’ll assemble this in a 3:1 ratio. There’s the mechanism assembled.
What the ratio means, in this case 3:1 is that taking the distance here to be one unit, this distance is triple that amount. So any change in the diagonal distance for the small section, will be magnified three times in a large section – for a total end-to-end scale up of 4.
Using a 20 threads-per-inch metal rod, that puts five threads per inch on the wooden dowel.
The screws used to keep this together are regular machine screws, but the nuts (they’re called nylon lock nuts) have a plastic ring inside so they don’t come loose with repeated expanding and folding of the mechanism.
Now putting the skewer together. First, a block with straight through clearance hole, then the threaded insert block, some red pepper, two regular hex nuts – I’ll tighten these against each other so they can’t move, a washer, another block with straight through clearance hole, another washer, and finally a nylon lock nut.
http://toolify.ca/wp-content/uploads/0015-toolify.jpg540960Kriss/wp-content/uploads/logo/toolify_enfold_header_x96.pngKriss2015-06-19 08:00:092016-12-17 08:12:53How to Make a Shelf Pin Hole Drilling Jig | <urn:uuid:b1a644c9-9dfb-4164-92de-bbb4ab90cd11> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://toolify.ca/project/wooden-threads/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806225.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120203833-20171120223833-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.895809 | 528 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Bad Chinese Statistics: Panda Census Edition
New data shows China's panda population to be growing. Can the numbers be trusted?
China has a complicated relationship with statistics. The country has in recent years been widely accused by executives and academics of faking economic statistics. But the phenomenon of massaged data isn’t limited to economics, and now some observers are questioning whether figures showing an increase in China’s panda population are being exaggerated.
On Saturday, Chinese scientists unveiled a long-anticipated survey of the country’s panda population, finding that the number of the adorable bears had increased by 17 percent to 1,864, compared to the last such survey.
Sounds like great news, right? Not so fast, argues Nature in a blistering takedown of China’s official panda statistics. The area surveyed by the Chinese authorities, the journal notes, is some 72 percent larger than the area examined in the last census. A rising panda population would be good news for Chinese authorities, who have in recent years taken steps to try to overhaul its environmental policies. A documentary about pollution that aired over the weekend generated a firestorm of discussion in China and has led many observers to believe that the government will make environmental issues a centerpiece of a series of high-level meetings in Beijing next week. A booming panda population would certainly be good news for officials trying to claim a positive environmental legacy.
For that reason, some scientists see another plot to juke the numbers in the latest panda statistics. “It’s a fine balancing act, so officials can claim the credit for rising panda populations but the number is not too high to diminish conservation funds,” a researcher who works with the Forestry Ministry and requested anonymity when discussing the surprisingly-sensitive issue of panda numbers, told Nature. Chinese state media reported that the rise in the panda population was attributable to “legislation, state-funded protection, and research programs.”
The panda survey can be seen as a microcosm of China’s difficult relationship with statistics. Counting China’s panda population is an enormously difficult task. The population is concentrated in three provinces — Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Gansu — in often very remote, mountainous locations. This has led scientists to develop various sampling methods for counting the bears. According to Nature, the latest panda survey combines two such sampling methods but declines to explain the difference in counts resulting from different methodologies.
Indeed, the problems of counting pandas are similar to the issues found in Chinese economic statistics. Panda researchers can’t reach the bears in their mountainous, remote territory, just as Chinese economists find it difficult to capture data from all parts of the gargantuan Chinese economy. At all levels of the system, there exist incentives for officials and businessmen to fudge their data, even as Chinese economic statistics are much improved since the dark days of the Cultural Revolution.
In both pandas and economics, official Chinese data can’t be completely written off, and it is simplistic to say that the country’s statistics are falsified across the board. Chinese air pollution statistics, for example, are better and more readily available than in years past, even if they remain flawed. A recent report on soil pollution broke ground in acknowledging the problem but provided little information on how the data was collected.
The problem lies in not knowing the degree to which this data deviates from the truth. If Chinese authorities were more transparent, scientists might be able to construct better estimates to fill the gap between official speculation and hard fact. And in the absence of good data, bad numbers are left to inform important policy decisions.
MANDEL NGAN/AFP/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:3ed67c09-65d2-40fe-9214-3a99018592a1> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/03/02/bad_chinese_statistics_panda_census_edition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589179.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716041348-20180716061348-00542.warc.gz | en | 0.942338 | 769 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Outdoor Program Development
Course Description: Methods and techniques in the organization, implementation, and evaluation of recreation programs in outdoor settings. This class will focus on concepts, tasks, and issues specific to outdoor program planning and development.
Objectives: At the end of this course, students should be able to:
- Discuss the evolution of outdoor recreation programming areas and models, and apply appropriate outdoor programming models to a variety of settings and populations.
- Discuss current issues of outdoor programming such as program philosophy, equity in the provision of services, environmental impact and stewardship of resources, leadership competencies and certification, and risk management in outdoor-oriented programs.
- Identify and understand legal concepts, principles, and practices that guide the professional delivery of outdoor recreation services.
- Specific to the context of outdoor recreation, explain and apply the general programming model: assessment, design/ development, implementation, evaluation, and revision.
- Discuss issues unique to outdoor programming: experiential learning, perceptions of risk, group development, and environmental protection.
- Understand and implement outdoor programming leadership strategies. | <urn:uuid:91b146c9-c854-4529-85cc-92f96c012b5a> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://meri.wwu.edu/recr-370 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481624.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217051250-20190217073250-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.897605 | 221 | 2.8125 | 3 |
By Eliyahu Kamisher
In recent weeks the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has reached another boiling point. Three Israeli teens: Gilad Shaar, Naftali Frenkel, and Eyal Yifrach were kidnapped and horrendously murdered, whilst Palestinian teen Muhammad Abu Khadr was slain in a gruesome revenge killing. These killings erupted into this week’s vicious clashes, another round in the seemingly endless string of perpetual viciousness that is the Israeli- Palestinian conflict.
However, this was not always the case. It may seem like a myth or fable, but there was once a time when peace was possible. When Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and the then Palestinian national leader Yasser Arafat shook hands and smiled together on the White House lawn. The Oslo Accords set forth a process to establish a Palestinian state alongside Israel living “in peaceful coexistence and mutual dignity and security.”For a short glimmering moment, cooperation, not conflict, was the norm. Peace was a goal within arm’s reach, not a distant mirage.
This paper will examine a central document of the Oslo Accords, The Protocol on Economic Relations, also known as the Paris Protocol, and explain why the Paris Protocol has failed to engender peace. Signed on 29 April 1994 the Paris Protocol was meant to usher in a new era of economic cooperation, stability, and growth between the nascent Palestinian Authority (PA) and Israel. Many hoped that such economic cooperation would lead both Palestinians and Israelis to form a long and lasting peace. However, over twenty years after the agreement, little has materialized. Gaza remains economically unfeasible with unemployment at 31 per cent in 2013.The West Bank still faces an Israeli military occupation that restricts freedom of movement and economic development. Ultimately, the Israeli policies of rigid labour restrictions, importing foreign workers, and withholding Palestinian tax revenue have disregarded the Paris Protocol when it does not serve immediate Israeli political interests. Nonetheless, the Palestinians also critically failed to sufficiently curb corruption and terrorism creating a vital lack of trust and stability needed for economic cooperation.
Among the Protocol’s touted accomplishments was establishing the independent Palestinian Monetary Authority, allowing Palestinians to self-generate vital tax revenue, securing Palestinian jobs in Israeli labour markets, and opening the Palestinian economy to global import-export markets. In reality Israel still greatly controlled the Palestinian economy and only the “trappings” of economic autonomy was granted to the PA.Palestinians were not allowed to establish their own currency. This was partly because currency would carry a symbol of national sovereignty, something the Israeli government would not allow, but mainly because the PA could not realistically support a stable independent currency.Lacking an independent currency meant that the Israeli Shekel set all meaningful monetary policies such as inflation rates. Furthermore, the Paris Protocol delineated a customs union between Israel and the PA that entails the mutual acceptance of common tariffs and other taxation polices. This union made collabouration essential between the two economies, however, did not require any demarcation of economic borders, and put the majority of policy making in Israeli hands.
In a poll taken in October 1993 Palestinians respondents ranked job availability and standards of living ahead of repression, violence, and corruption as the greatest concern in the transition to self-government.Palestinian negotiators sought to secure Israeli labour market access through the Paris Protocol.This resulted in the labour normality clause, which states:
“Both sides will attempt to maintain the normality of movement of labour between them, subject to each side’s right to determine from time to time the extent and conditions of the labour movement into its area. If either side suspends the normal movement temporarily, it will give the other side immediate notification . . .”
“Normality” essentially means unimpeded flow of Palestinian labourers into Israel. However, Israel still intended to ensure its security interests through the clause “subject to each side’s right to determine . . . the extent and conditions of labour movement.” Although it states “each side’s right to determine” in actuality this only applied to Israel, who was the only party with the potential desire and physical ability to restrict labour flows.
Another key section in the clause states, “If either side suspends the normal movement temporarily . . .” The use of “temporarily” is to ensure the Palestinian interest that if Israel does decide to limit labour, it will be brief. In other words in the case of a closure Israel will do the most it can to ensure Palestinian access to labour, while not endangering itself.
Yet Israeli labour closures have fully undermined the “attempt to maintain the normality of movement of labour” recognized in the Protocol. Following the signing of the Paris Protocol not only did labour fail to remain normal, but it was severely limited causing massive unemployment in Gaza and the West Bank. The total closure of labour flows in 1996 caused unemployment to spike to 66 per cent in the Palestinian territories. The closure was eased in June 1996; however, Palestinian unemployment still remained amongst the highest in the world. This specific closure resulted in a loss of 39.6 per cent of Gaza’s Gross National Product, and 18.2 per cent loss in the West Bank.In 1998 another total closure was implemented resulting in wage loss of $11.4 million for official workers. Following this closure Israel dropped the number of Palestinian worker permits to 27,350, 44 per cent below the previous amount of workers, and only a fraction of the employment levels envisaged by the Paris Protocol.
The economic closures greatly diminished the Palestinian economy’s long-term development. Production capabilities became severely restricted as exports massively declined. The lack of stability discouraged investment and thus a viable private sector has failed to grow. The resulting economic crisis meant 40 per cent of foreign aid allocated to long-term development programs had to be redistributed to emergency budget support and employment generation funnelled through the PA. Accordingly, the public sector – funded heavily by foreign aid – has become the main employer in the Palestinian Territories, however, this does not provide for natural and stable economic growth.
Israel had and still does have legitimate security concerns to close borders as the decade after the signing of the Oslo Accords marked a significant rise in terror activity by terrorist groups such as Hamas and Islamic Jihad. However, the severity and length of the closures by Israel
showed a lack of effort and desire to reasonably maintain labour. In essence the cooperation “to establish a sound economic base” envisaged under the Protocol was thrown out the window.
The severity and length of the closure seems to be caused by two factors. First is the Israeli population’s growing sensitivity to terror, mainly resulting from a string of terrorist attacks including the infamous Jaffa Road Bus Bombings. The Israeli population became more averse to pursuing peace and implementation of the Oslo accords.This combined with the assassination of Yitzchak Rabin in 1995 lead the pro-Oslo Labour party to lose the elections in 1996, 2001, and 2003. With the fall of the Oslo camp, came the fall of the Oslo mentality which replaced economic cooperation in favor of a hardline security mindset.Consequently, Israel allowed for rigid labour restrictions to wreak havoc on the Palestinian economy in line with the emerging Israeli attitude.
Israel’s importation of foreign workers to supplement Palestinian labour is the most blatant rejection of the Protocol’s “normality of labour” clause. Palestinian labour became extremely unreliable due to Israeli closures. Needing dependable workers Israeli domestic producers petitioned for the importation of foreign workers as a stable work force. Subsequently, from 1992-1996 Israel increased foreign work permits from 4,000 to 107,000. The workers, mainly from South East Asia and Eastern Europe occupy the same jobs as Palestinians.
According to the World Bank “Palestinian employment opportunities in Israel have been permanently reduced” due to the importation of foreign workers.With the importation of workers Israel has essentially denied any major resumption of Palestinian labour into Israel because there is no longer the employment opportunities. In this case Israel has completely undermined the labour relations laid out in the Paris Protocol. Labour is no longer suspended “temporarily” but permanently. Thus, even if the Palestinians fully comply with all Israeli security requests, there will never be a return to the labour flows foresaw under the Protocol.
Although Israel has disregarded the labour aspect of the Protocol, much of the Palestinian’s labour problems must also be attributed to problems within the Palestinian Authority. Former chairman of the Palestinian Monetary Authority, George T. Abed stated in 1994:
“I find it ironic that the Palestinian leadership . . . should be pushing for a large share of its labour to seek work in Israel. It ought to be the priority of the leadership to mobilize the Palestinians in an urgent national crusade to implement the development programs as fast as possible so as to create employment for its people at home.”
In many respects the Palestinian leadership was short-sighted in their economic goals, only seeking to cut deals with Israel instead of establishing long-term goals. Furthermore, corrupt politicians under Yasser Arafat squandered much of the foreign aid donated to the Palestinian development program and the Palestinians failed to establish an appropriate legal and regulatory setting to attract foreign investment.However, Palestinian short-sightedness and corruption was unable to debilitate the Palestinian economy as significantly as Israeli policy decisions. This is not to say that a vast amount of Palestinian politicians were not short-sighted and corrupt, yet the majority of the Palestinian economy was inextricably tied to and controlled by Israel. Thus, even though they were corrupt the Palestinian Authority lacked the ability to damage their own economy as drastically as Israeli policies did.
The Palestinian value-added tax (VAT), which was originally promoted as a symbol of cooperation and unity amongst the Israelis and Palestinians, later became an Israeli political pressure tool. The VAT is a sales tax and constitutes around two thirds of the Palestinian Authority’s self-generated revenue. However, the VAT must be no lower than one to two per cent of the Israeli VAT.Furthermore, the Protocol established the VAT to be collected by Israel and transferred monthly to the PA.
In essence the majority of Palestinian self-generated tax income is set by Israel and collected by Israel, but given to the Palestinians.
However, Israeli control of the VAT is not necessarily a bad thing. As George T. Abed states:
“Israel has one of the most efficient and developed VAT systems in the world and if the Palestinians were to run their system as efficient they could cover a substantial portions – perhaps more than half of their current budgetary requirements from the VAT alone.”
Yet, Israeli governments have withheld VAT revenues multiple times, essentially in a punitive function. In December 2012 Israel withheld over $100 million dollars in VAT revenues in response to a unilateral bid by Mahmoud Abbas to upgrade the Palestinian’s status in the United Nations to “observer state.”More recently, the Benjamin Netanyahu government withheld tax revenue in response to the Fatah-Hamas unity government.There may be a legitimate argument for withholding funds from the unity government, due to its affiliation with a terrorist group. Nevertheless, the first case is in direct dismissal of the Protocol, which states:
“Representatives of the two sides will meet once a month, on the twentieth day of the month . . . The clearance claims will be settled within six days from the meeting, through a payment by the side with the net balance of claims against it, to the other side.”
Principally, Israel must pay the Palestinian Authority the taxes it has collected on the 26th of every month. There is no clause that allows for withholding payments. Thus, Israel consistently violates the Protocol to politically pressure and punish the Mahmoud Abbas government.
In response to Israel’s withholding of taxes in 2012 the European Union called for Israel:
“To avoid any step undermining the financial situation of the Palestinian Authority. Any such action by Israel would undermine existing cooperation mechanisms . . . Contractual obligations, notably under the Paris Protocol, regarding full, timely, predictable and transparent transfer of tax and custom revenues have to be respected.”
According to the European Union Israel is deliberately undermining “existing cooperation mechanisms” by violating its “contractual obligations.”
To ensure proper implementation the Paris Protocol created a forum to resolve disputes called the Joint Economic Committee (JEC). The JEC is meant to “follow up the implementation of this Protocol and to decide on problems related to it that may arise from time to time.”This committee is supposed to ensure fair implementation and equal representation. Yet, there is no actual enforcement ability established by the JEC to make sure the meetings are convened or its rulings abided by.
For example, in 2012 protests swept through the West Bank rallying against the high cost of living and unemployment. The Mahmoud Abbas Government consequently requested a review of the Paris Protocol, but it was denied. Danny Alon, Israel’s Deputy Foreign Minister at the time stated, “there is no room to meet the Palestinian request to review the economic accords between [the two] governments.”The Protocol specifically states that each side “may request the review of any issue related to this Agreement by the JEC.”At the end of the day, however, this is only a request and the Palestinians have no leverage to make sure Israel complies.
Although the Paris Protocol is internationally recognized and signed by both parties there is no enforcement mechanism to ensure the obligations of the Protocol are respected. In similar economic agreements enforcement is established by an interdependence of the countries. This allows both nations to provide a mutual economic threat if the other violates. Conversely, in the Israeli-Palestinian agreement there is only a one-sided dependence of the Palestinians. Therefore, although the Protocol provided an outline for economic relations, the lack of enforcement ability suggests that implementation will only occur at Israel’s behest. Thus, Israel can defy the Protocol with few to no repercussions.
Eliyahu Kamisher is a recent graduate of the University of California Santa Barbara. In 2012/13 he studied in Israel and worked as a freelance journalist in Israel and the OPT’s and surrounding countries. He also interned at the Institute for Terrorism Research and Response and the Orfalea Centre for Global and International Studies.
1 Oslo I Accords (1993) http://www.acpr.org.il/publications/books/43-Zerooslo-accord.pdf Accessed 16/07/2014
Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Press Release on the Results of the Labour Force Survey, http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/512/default.aspx?tabID=512&lang=en&ItemID=790&mid=3172&wversion=StagingAccessed
Levin, Jamie (2007) “Accord to Discord: A Political Economy Approach to the Oslo Process” in Palestine Israel Journal Vol. 14, 63.
Elmusa, Sharif and Mahmud El-Jaafari (1995) “Power and trade: The Israeli-Palestinian economic protocol” in Journal of Palestine Studies Vol. 24, No. 2, 20.
Levin, “Accord to Discord,” 67.
Arnon, Arie and Saeb Bamya (2007) “ Back to Negotiating the Final Status – The Economic Dimension: Past, Present, and Future” in PalestineIsrael Journal Vol. 14, No. 3, 71
Government of the state of Israel and the P.L.O, (1994) Protocol on Economic Relations “Paris Protocol” Article VIII <http://www.nad-plo.org/userfiles/file/Document/ParisPro.pdf> Accessed on 17/07/2014.
Roy, Sara (1999) “De-development revisited: Palestinian economy and society since Oslo” in Journal of Palestine Studies Vol. 28, No. 3, 64.
Roy, “De-development,” 70.
Roy, “De-development,” 72.
Leon, Dan (1995) “Israeli Public Opinion Polls on the Peace Process.” Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics, and Culture Vol. 2, No. 1.
Arnon, Arie (2007):“Israeli Policy towards the Occupied Palestinian Territories: The Economic Dimension, 1967-2007.” The Middle EastJournal Vol. 61, No. 4, 587.
Ishac Diwan, and Radwān Alī Shabān (1999), “Development Under Adversity: The Palestinian Economy in Transition: Summary” World Bank Group, 5.
Diwan, and Radwān Alī Shabān “Executive Summary”, 3.
Abed, George T (1994) “Developing the Palestinian Economy. An Interview with George T. Abed” in Journal of Palestine Studies Vol. 23, No. 4, 43.
Roy, “De-development,” 78.
Paris Protocol, Article IV.
Abed, “Developing the Palestinian Economy,” 42.
Reuters, “Israel to Withhold Palestinian Funds” last modified 12/12/2012.
Times of Israel, “Israel to withhold PA tax transfers ahead of unity announcement” 01/06/2014 http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-towithhold-pa-tax-transfers-ahead-of-unity-announcment/ Accessed 17/07/2014
Paris Protocol, Article VI.
Council of The European Union, Council Conclusion on the Middle East Peace Process 3209th Foreign Affairs Council Meeting, Brussels: 10thDecember, 2012.
Paris Protocol, Article III.
Ma’an News, “Israel Deputy FM: No room for review of Paris Protocol,” last modified 11/9/2012, http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=518826 Accessed 17/07/2014.
Paris Protocol, Article II. | <urn:uuid:58db6867-1d2f-4615-8d9d-877cf7a58ca5> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/news-item/the-failure-of-economics-to-foster-israeli-palestinian-peace/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511206.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017174543-20181017200043-00173.warc.gz | en | 0.929607 | 3,778 | 2.671875 | 3 |
1854 Railroad Petition: The Start of a Long and Arduous Journey
On June 27, 2015 an exhibit entitled Arrivals and Departures: The CPR in Grey County opens at Grey Roots Museum & Archives. At its centre is a diorama of the east side of Owen Sound harbour, circa 1910, which took four years and thousands of volunteer hours to build, not unlike the amount of work that went into bringing the railroad to Owen Sound.
Although the first train would not arrive in Owen Sound until June 12, 1873, petitions, by-laws, and reports on the benefits of a railroad from Toronto to Owen Sound began as early as 1850.1 Largely isolated during the winter months, the benefits of a railroad to Owen Sound were numerous: farmers would be able to reach new markets; commerce and industry would boom; and, populations would expand. However, were these benefits worth the exorbitant cost to build the railroad? This was the question on many minds during more than two decades of debate over the railroad.
Owen Sound was first suggested as the northern terminus of the Toronto and Lake Huron Railroad in 1852, but was quickly replaced by Collingwood in January 1853. This decision prompted a flurry of newspaper articles extolling the virtues of Owen Sound and a petition from the Grey County Council to Legislature in April 1852 to extend the Toronto to Guelph railroad into Owen Sound.2 They made another petition in October 1854 (transcribed below).3 However, it was to no avail. Richard Carney, Warden of Grey County, had mistakenly persuaded community leaders that no financial commitments to the railroad companies would be necessary; he believed that the railroad companies would recognise Owen Sound’s superiority and select it on this basis alone. Unfortunately for Owen Sound, the Northern Railroad still selected Collingwood as its northern terminus and the Toronto and Sydenham railroad scheme collapsed.4 In 1857, Carney, now mayor of Owen Sound, requested a report on the practicality and advantages of a railroad into Owen Sound from the Grand Trunk line, but this also fell through.5
Debate over the benefits of a northern railroad extension from Collingwood versus a central railroad line to Toronto, and concerns about the costs of either one, kept the railroad out of Owen Sound for the next fifteen years: “Tempers through the County were easily ignited. Friends became temporary foes. Churches sent prayers to heaven of wide demand. Even farmers, depending on their locality, were divided in their opinions.”6 Finally, a By-law passed on April 20, 1871 in favour of the Toronto Grey and Bruce Railroad. When the first train arrived in Owen Sound in 1873, citizens relieved the tensions of the past two decades with a celebration that lasted until the early hours of the morning: “There were great throngs of spectators…Third and fourth avenues were crowded! The Band of the 31st Battalion played. The engine was tastefully decorated with garlands of flowers and flags. Addresses were given…”7
Transcription of the 1854 Railroad Petition from the Grey County Council to the Legislature
To the Honourable the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada, in Provincial Parliament assembled:
The Petition of the County Council of the County of Grey in session, humbly sheweth—
That Owen Sound Harbour is confessedly the best on Lake Huron; that it is open longer in the season of Navigation than any other; and that it can be approached without danger in any weather, night or day; and that the route from it to the North Western Regions, which are every day being proved to be rich in minerals, is well sheltered nearly the whole distance, which is an advantage not possessed to the same extent by any of the other harbours; and that it will require no more expenditure of money than is absolutely necessary to construct accommodation for vessels to load and unload at (sic) to make it a safe and convenient harbour for a terminus on Lake Huron for a Railroad for the North Western trade; and as the said Harbour also runs a long way into the county, it is accessible to an extensive tract of a fertile agricultural county.
Your Petitioners would bring under the notice of your Honourable House the extent of country enclosed by the undermentioned railroads, in the centre of which Owen Sound Harbour is situated: there is the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Railroad, along the eastern boundary; the Toronto and Guelph Railroad on the southern boundary; and the Great Western, and Buffalo, Brantford and Goderich Railroads on the southern and western boundary, within which circle is the largest quantity of valuable and fertile land, now rapidly settling, in the Province, and that a Railroad running from the south connecting with the Toronto and Guelph Railroad, would pass nearly through the centre of said tract of land, and would have an incalculable influence in settling and demonstrating its resources.
That a Railroad running through such an extensive tract of agricultural country must necessarily have a large amount of way travel and freight; that there can be no doubt of the undertaking being at once a paying concern; besides which Owen Sound is the principal depot for the Lake Huron fisheries, which are only yet in their infancy; and should it become the terminus of a southern Railroad, an immense amount of through travel and freight may be anticipated to the Lake Superior country, to escape the dangers of Lakes Erie and Huron.
Your Petitioners trust that your Honourable House will perceive that it will require a Railroad to enable the settlers to take advantage of the advancing prosperity of the country, and to participate in the increased demand and price for all kinds of produce, of which they cannot now avail themselves, on account of the great expense of talking it to market.
Your Petitioners therefore humbly pray that your Honourable House will be pleased to grant a Charter to a Company to construct a Railroad from some point in communication with the Toronto and Guelph Railroad; or so amend the Charter of the Galt and Guelph Railroad that it may be extended to the Owen Sound Harbour, and
Your Petitioners, as in duty bound, will ever pray.
RICHARD CARNEY, Warden. GEORGE JAMES GALE, Clerk.
COUNCIL ROOM, Sydenham, October 11, 1854.
Scan of the 1854 Railroad Petition [GF1S1F1I89]
- Melba Morris Croft, Fourth Entrance to Huronia (Owen Sound: Brown Printers Ltd., 1980), 50, 128.
- Paul White, Owen Sound: The Port City (Toronto: Natural Heritage Books, 2000), 44–5.
- Proceedings of the Municipal Council of the County of Grey, 10–12 October 1954.
- White, Owen Sound: The Port City, 45–6.
- Croft, Fourth Entrance to Huronia, 72.
- Ibid., 117. Some of the correspondence over the railroad can be seen at the Grey County Archives [PF77, Box 46, Railroads].
- Owen Sound Advertiser, 19 June 1873. Quoted in Croft, Fourth Entrance to Huronia, 128.
With thanks to Archives Volunteers Mollie Wilson, transcription, and Mike MacLean, scanning. | <urn:uuid:4a727dda-51b6-4f14-920c-6703216ada35> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://greyroots.com/story/1854-railroad-petition-start-long-and-arduous-journey | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496901.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330085157-20200330115157-00345.warc.gz | en | 0.962811 | 1,500 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Did you make any New Year’s resolutions?
The concept of a resolution — a firm decision to do or not to do something — has been a New Year’s tradition for 4,000 years now.
The History Behind New Year’s Resolutions
It all started with the Babylonians, who celebrated their New Year with an 11-day festival in March. Their celebrations centered around religious beliefs; they made promises to their gods in order to gain favor for the coming year.
In 46 B.C., Roman emperor Julius Caesar was the first to oversee the New Year as we know it now: on January 1st. The Romans worshipped the god Janus (fittingly, in January), who had two faces. One of them looked to the past, and the other looked to the future and to new beginnings.
However, it wasn’t until 1582 that the Gregorian Calendar — which is the calendar we use today — was introduced. Pope Gregory XIII permanently revived the January 1st New Year.
So if people have been making New Year’s resolutions for four millenniums, why are we so bad at keeping them?
Resolution = intention
Plenty of people intend to achieve the goals that they set for themselves. However, intention isn’t always enough to drive us over the finish line.
Roughly 10% of resolution-makers actually stick to their resolutions.
Pretty poor stats, huh? There’s a number of reasons why people give up on their New Year’s to-do’s (and why one third don’t even make it past January).
1. The resolutions aren’t personal.
The number one resolution people make for the new year is to lose weight. Other variations include: get more exercise, eat better, be healthier, etc.
This resolution, and a slew of others, is rooted in what other people are telling us to do.
The societal ideal for most Americans is to be thin and fit, and successful financially as well as in romantic relationships.
Because resolutions like “losing weight” and “making more money” mirror the expectations placed upon us, they can lack personal motivation, and seem more like unreachable dreams than attainable goals.
2. The resolutions aren’t specific.
If you make the popular resolution to “lose weight” — how much weight are you planning on losing? What is your timeline for losing the weight? And how are you intending to cause this weight loss?
If there’s nothing specific to tie you to your goal, you’re probably going to forget about it or deem it less important than other daily tasks.
January is the busiest month of the year for gyms. But as the motivation of the New Year passes, so can the willingness to stick to your vague resolutions.
3. The resolutions aren’t attainable.
Making a list of lofty goals to accomplish shouldn’t be what you’re aiming for with your resolutions.
In addition to being specific, resolutions should be achievable. If you’re looking to clean up your finances, you could set a goal of saving $500 a month. However, if you only save around $100 now, that gap may be too big for you to bridge without some serious overhaul.
Be practical with your goal setting. Give yourself time to save up for that car you want, and remember that not everyone can get six-pack abs in three months.
4. The resolutions are private.
If you’re writing down all your resolutions for your eyes and your eyes only, you might as well be locking them in a box and throwing away the key.
Accountability is a huge reason why people follow through on their goals. The worker shows up to work every day because the employer would notice if they didn’t. In the same way, it’s easier to keep to your resolutions when your friends and family are in the know and encouraging you.
Consider making resolutions that both you and a friend can complete together. Having a buddy around with the same goal as you will help motivate both of you to work towards achieving it.
The reward feels twice as good when you cross the finish line and someone is waiting there to congratulate you on it!
What’s the benefit?
Goals can be set and attained at any point, but the New Year is an understandably popular and symbolic time to do so.
A new year is often considered a clean slate. It’s a chance to start over from any negative feelings that may be lingering, and move forward with new hopes and aspirations.
Even if you’re skeptical toward the fad of making New Year’s resolutions, the practice of setting and keeping goals is always a good one to get into. It teaches you to have better control over your life, and demonstrates that proper effort can lead to great success.
Make sure to forgive yourself if you slip up on your resolutions; humans are not goal-keeping machines. Setbacks don’t mean you have to give up. Good luck, and happy 2019! | <urn:uuid:1ea4605b-2676-4ba4-83a5-545ff9347cf2> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.ourmilitary.com/new-years-resolutions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671260.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122115908-20191122143908-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.957033 | 1,071 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Sea Turtles are some of Earth’s most ancient and majestic creatures. For over 100 million years, they have traversed the seas, surviving multiple mass extinctions and playing critical roles in maintaining healthy, marine food webs. Not only do these friendly animals captivate us as they peacefully glide through the ocean, but their personal journeys of survival are equally fascinating. These remarkable reptiles will traverse thousands of kilometers of open ocean for as long as 50 years and then, from half a world away, migrate, with mysterious precision, back to the very beach where they were born – to lay eggs that are the foundation of the next generation. With the turtles guiding us, our crews voyaged the same thousands of kilometers to capture the wonders of their habitats. Encountering many kinds of strange and compelling creatures from enormous breaching whales to the coral wonderland of the Great Barrier Reef – all have been filmed in stunning 3D – so that playful sea lions, tiny sea horses and vibrant clown fish will float right out into the theater. Sea turtles remind us just how interconnected we all are in this amazing world and audiences will be moved to cherish them even more. Turtle Odyssey will fit into curriculums worldwide and all materials will meet Next Generation Science Standards. | <urn:uuid:cdd47922-78b6-491a-bc40-7b31a0a283ac> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.tickmarq.com/sites/indyimax/films/ST00000438 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572934.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916200355-20190916222355-00364.warc.gz | en | 0.936989 | 248 | 2.75 | 3 |
When I was in high school, my favorite history teacher would occasionally joke that his efforts to educate the students of South Florida would be for naught, as at some point a tsunami would wipe out the east coast of North America. He also insisted that a similar event would demolish the west coast, leading him to toy with the idea of retiring somewhere in the Alps. The idea of tectonic activity causing a cataclysmic wave sometime in the geologic future had enough prima facie plausibility that I didn’t think about it any further.
Now I have, and as it turns out, it’s bollocks.
For the uninitiated, tsunamis are massive standing waves caused by tectonic activity and similar events on or near the ocean floor. As was amply and tragically demonstrated in 2004, their destructive potential is massive. The coast of Sumatra was so shifted by this explosive energy release that its outline is now visibly different from space. The Pacific and to a lesser extent the Indian Oceans experience numerous tsunamis of varying strength each year, with only a few approaching the size of the 2004 event. Tsunamis also occur in the Atlantic, most famously in the aftermath of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake that is sometimes used to calibrate the Richter scale. Some tsunamis are induced or augmented by underwater landslides that follow the initial earthquake, becoming much more powerful “megatsunamis.”
In 1999 and 2001, two geologists proposed that tectonic activity in one or more of the places on the short list of active sites in the Atlantic—the Azores and the Canary Islands—might induce a megatsunami of concern to the regions bordering the Atlantic.
Naturally, a few games of “science telephone” turned this conclusion into the imminent collapse of Western civilization thanks to a rogue wave from the outlying Spanish or Portuguese islands. From there, the rush of credulous land purchases in Colorado. One can imagine the smug looks on people’s faces, as they snapped up what they probably expected to become prime oceanfront property within a few years in advance of a new incursion from Iberia that probably scares them less than the one that passed through Mexico first.
What one has to wonder is whether the people fleeing the coastlines in pre-emptive terror ever notice that the English word for tectonic waves is of Japanese origin…because this kind of activity is almost unheard of in the Atlantic. Indeed, studies have shown that tectonic activity in the Atlantic can’t produce the kind of continent-scouring wave that made the news in 2004. The Atlantic Ocean’s largely passive continental margins and lack of subduction zones mean it rarely produces tsunamis, and its huge midocean ridge means that tsunamis have difficulty propagating from one side of the ocean to another, a problem they do not face in the Indian and especially the Pacific Oceans. The last tsunami to cross from the eastern to the western Atlantic coasts made the outermost Caribbean island, Barbados…notice some unusual waves.
So, when the La Palma volcano finally erupts and gives these people the event they’ve been waiting for…it won’t be so much a coastline-erasing monster of water and death as a nasty mess for the people of Spain and some enhanced surfing in St. Lucia.
I suppose I should be flattered that some credulous people think so highly of my great-grandfather’s people that damage to one of their islands is enough for them to declare the end of the world. Flattered, but not impressed. | <urn:uuid:98790f53-9633-4c80-b255-01fe5e703e16> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://the-orbit.net/alyssa/2014/11/13/apocalypse-of-the-week-6-the-surf-shop-at-the-end-of-the-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704835901.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210128040619-20210128070619-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.962763 | 752 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Tolo Toys Rolling Ball Shape Sorter
Six shapes, all with separate rattling colours makes it a great toy for increased colour recognition, sound & movement coupled with dexterity skills.
- Colour Recognition
- Hand & Eye Co-ordination
- Sound Recognition
- Problem Solving
- Shape Recall
- Touching & Gripping
12 months +
- Give your baby the different shapes to explore and rattle
- Does your baby discover how to put the shapes in the spaces of the ball? If not, give verbal hints, without directly demonstrating - and see if your little one can figure it out.
- Most babies this age will need some assistance initially. Show your baby how to put the shapes in the correct spaces. Show your infant what happens when you try to put the wrong shape in a hole. Explain that it doesn't fit using encouraging language
- Talk about the colours and challenge your baby to show you the shape that matches the colour.
- Show your baby how to separate the toy to empty the sorter - take out one shape at a time and challenge your baby to fit the shape in - using lots of praise.
- Increase the challenge by removing two shapes at a time - building up to completing the task in one go.
- As your baby develops he or she will be able to sort the puzzle out independently using both shape and colour knowledge.
- Always use encouraging and supportive language and praise successful sorting.
- Show your baby how to roll the shape sorter along a flat surface - encourage your infant to move to retrieve it.
Approx Product Dimensions: 14.5 x 14.5 x 14.5cm
Age Guide: 12 months +
Brand: Tolo Toys | <urn:uuid:cac259c6-ebf3-4c58-9d77-7cea64b1880d> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://thekidsdept.co.nz/products/tolo-toys-rolling-ball-shape-sorter | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669813.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118182116-20191118210116-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.866342 | 355 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Through this research, we are learning more and more about differences between women and men in the origins of drug abuse, the consequences of drug abuse and addiction, and the factors that influence drug abuse relapse and recovery.
In the last 5 years, NIDA has greatly increased scientific knowledge about gender-related differences in almost every aspect of drug abuse and addiction.
Accumulating evidence indicates that drug abuse may begin and progress differently, have different consequences, and require different prevention and treatment approaches for women and men. Therefore, NIDA has strongly supported research to identify gender differences and gender-specific aspects of drug abuse and addiction and to apply these findings toward more effective drug abuse prevention, treatment, and services for both women and men.
Historically, NIDA has supported a broad program of research on the effect of women's drug use on pregnancy, maternal health, and childhood development. A little more than 5 years ago, NIDA broadened the scope of its gender-related research by issuing program announcements calling for research to examine the causes and consequences of drug abuse among women of all ages, regardless of their parental status. In the fall of 1994, NIDA sponsored a landmark national conference on addiction and women's health. This meeting launched our expansion of research on the role of gender in all aspects of drug abuse and addiction. Since then, our Women and Gender Research Group, which is made up of representatives from every NIDA Division and Office, has been working to further develop NIDA's research on women's health and gender differences and to disseminate the findings to professionals in the field and the general
Today, gender-related research is integrated throughout NIDA's entire portfolio. This research extends from basic molecular and cellular studies to clinical and epidemiologic studies and is grouped into four major areas: etiology, consequences, prevention, and treatment and services. Through this research, we are learning more and more about differences between women and men in the origins of drug abuse, the consequences of drug abuse and addiction, and the factors that influence drug abuse relapse and recovery.
Our research on the origins of drug abuse has found gender differences in factors affecting initiation, progression, and maintenance of drug use. For example, basic behavioral and neurochemical research has suggested that women may be more sensitive than men to the rewarding effects of drugs, perhaps due to differences in brain chemistry. Animal studies also have shown that females respond more than males to the stimulating and reinforcing properties of abused drugs. Other studies indicate that the intensity of a drug's effects on women varies during different phases of the menstrual cycle. These physiological differences may help account for data indicating that women may proceed to drug abuse and addiction more rapidly than men do after initial drug use.
Evidence also indicates that psychosocial factors, such as childhood physical and sexual abuse, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder, relationships with a significant other, and partner violence play a more important role for women than for men in beginning and continuing drug use. For example, one research study suggests that women's tobacco use is controlled more by social and sensory factors and less by dependence on nicotine itself, compared to men's tobacco use.
NIDA-supported research also is finding gender differences in the consequences of drug abuse. For example, both animal and human studies indicate that men may be at greater risk than women for strokes and for mental deficits from chronic cocaine abuse. Other research suggests that the female hormone estrogen may play a role in reducing cocaine toxicity in women.
One of the most devastating health consequences of illicit drug
use for both women and men is AIDS, with half of all new HIV infections now linked to injection drug use. Approximately two-thirds of AIDS cases in women and more than half of pediatric AIDS cases in the United States are related to injection drug use by women or their sexual contact with an injecting drug user.
NIDA's comprehensive AIDS initiative is uncovering significant gender-related differences in factors that contribute to and protect from HIV risk. For example, one study of female injecting drug users has found that the family plays a more important role for women than for men in resistance to needle-sharing behaviors.
Other studies in our AIDS research portfolio are identifying gender-specific strategies to decrease injection drug use and high-risk sexual behaviors among women and men. For example, researchers at Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff have found that male drug abusers are more likely to reduce their high-risk sexual behaviors if given HIV risk-reduction information on the street, while female drug abusers respond better if this information is given along with counseling in the more protective environment of an office (see "Researchers Find Gender Differences in How Drug Abusers Respond to HIV Prevention Strategies").
The ultimate goal of our research is to apply our increased understanding of gender-specific drug abuse factors to the development of prevention and treatment interventions that better meet the unique needs of both women and men. For example, a recent NIDA-supported study indicates that treatment interventions need to address differences in psychosocial factors that influence women's and men's relapse to drug use following treatment. In the study, researchers at the University of Pennsylvania found that negative emotions and interpersonal relations are linked to relapse among cocaine-dependent women while men are more likely to experience positive emotions prior to relapse (see "Men and Women in Drug Abuse Treatment Relapse at Different Rates and for Different Reasons").
In the last 5 years, NIDA has greatly increased scientific knowledge about gender-related differences in almost every aspect of drug abuse and addiction. However, we still have tremendous gaps to fill in that knowledge. We need to learn more about how gender relates to the impact of violence and victimization, devise better gender-specific treatment for comorbid mental disorders, and learn how to adequately address gender-related cultural factors in prevention and treatment, to name just a few.
To fill those gaps and build on our current knowledge, we are encouraging research that addresses gender-specific issues and gender differences in such diverse drug abuse areas as origins and pathways, biomedical factors, comorbid mental disorders, epidemiology, medical and health consequences, health services, special populations, HIV/AIDS, prevention, and treatment.
Evidence from NIDA's gender-related research indicates that prevention and treatment strategies that address gender differences can be more effective than one-size-fits-all approaches in preventing drug abuse and relapse following treatment. Through our continued strong emphasis on the role of gender throughout our research portfolio, NIDA is working to speed the day when gender differences are successfully addressed in all areas of drug abuse prevention and treatment.
For More Information
An overview of NIDA's research program on women's health and gender differences, details of research advances and opportunities, program announcements, publications, and research reports can be found under "Women's Health and Gender Differences," on NIDA's home page on the World Wide Web at www.nida.nih.gov. Information about women and drug abuse also is available from Infofax, NIDA's automated information retrieval system, at 1-888-644-6432. In addition, the "Bulletin Board" includes a description and ordering information for a recently released NIDA publication, Drug Addiction Research and the Health of Women. | <urn:uuid:b35c9338-77b9-4db9-9615-7b76ae63061a> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://archives.drugabuse.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol13N4/DirRepVol13N4.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423183.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170720121902-20170720141902-00689.warc.gz | en | 0.938173 | 1,454 | 2.65625 | 3 |
If you are on a network that has MAC addresses hardwired, i.e. you can only access the network if a certain MAC address is plugged into a specific ethernet jack on the wall, you don’t have too many options.
One option I used recently is spoofing the MAC address of your device. Its done by editing the hardware address to match the MAC address of the device that’s allowed on that ethernet jack.
If you are using Linux, make a note of your current IP address in a text file.
sudo ifconfig -a | grep eth0 > ~/Desktop/netaddressbak.txt
Run the same command on the device that’s attached to the network to find its MAC address: Lets say its – 01:82:39:B2:41:30
Before you attach your new device to the ethernet cable, change its MAC address to the one listed above.
sudo ifconfig eth0 down
sudo ifconfig eth0 hw ether 01:82:39:B2:41:30
sudo ifconfig eth0 up
sudo ifconfig eth0 | grep HWaddr
This should now list the address as 01:82:39:B2:41:30.
You can now attach this device on the network to gain full connectivity (unless there are some programs that are supposed to ping every once in a while). | <urn:uuid:40c179af-bd19-4910-9e4c-0fd0b5f43fd7> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://nuclear-imaging.info/site_content/2011/03/15/mac-address-spoofing-on-linux/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164029436/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133349-00033-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912952 | 290 | 2.59375 | 3 |
In English, many things are named after a particular country – but have you ever wondered what those things are called in those countries?
1(nation/person) amante de la paz
- They now have the tools to find peaceable solutions to conflict.
- This clearly acknowledges the possibility that innocent civilians going about their peaceable business may be stopped, hassled, even arrested, merely for resembling someone naughty.
- He is overly gentle and peaceable, perhaps Roman Catholic and perhaps a man with Portuguese blood.
- It'll not modify my parking habits but I'll be a lot less inclined to condemn and far more likely to engage the farmer in a peaceable conversation when the situation arises.
- But because the subordination is inspired at root by anxiety and denial, it is not a peaceable subordination.
- Manners, for her, are one of the ways we show respect for others, mind our own business, and maintain a peaceable and kind society.
- It is a, so far, peaceful place filled with, I think, peaceable people.
- Indeed, he was most peaceable as he accepted the chain of office, though he did remind us of a Hollywood boxer at one point.
- Instead they chose to trap and taunt a group of peaceable people; the only trouble I saw was caused by local kids, not by protestors.
- Others went on to lead normal, peaceable lives.
- The prosecution was quick to show that the Koran is in the main a very peaceable document (at least, no less violent than the Bible).
- On Sunday and Monday, the police fell back to let unpermitted demonstrations proceed to their peaceable conclusions.
- The Shiites, also grateful, are also relatively peaceable.
- The first, which has even been recognised by Canadian law, is that freedom of speech should be subject to such limits so as not to be detrimental to peaceable society.
- Reportedly, the otherwise peaceable crowd pelted him with plastic bottles and bran muffins.
- There's now a way to move forward through entirely peaceable and democratic means.
- There can be no such thing as a peaceable secession.
- And because I am a peaceable citizen, I should easily meet his criterion that no immediate damage would be done by allowing this.
- I found myself in the midst of a huge peaceable army of helpers in a thousand uniforms - military and civilian.
- And though their numbers are small compared to the peaceable majority, they nevertheless constitute a growing hinterland for this militancy.
- Elections happen on time and votes are accurately counted and peaceable changes of government occur as a matter of unremarkable course.
- Okay, but then how would an airline figure out that he's a peaceable fellow except by, well, identifying him?
- For now, the religious factions are facing off in a fairly rarefied and generally peaceable manner.
- The dervishes are renowned for their peaceable and affable disposition, which sets them apart from an awful lot of Turkish menfolk.
- Despite my ferocious exterior, I'm a reasonably peaceable soul.
- The holding of a demonstration or vigil, however peaceable, had nothing to do with the right of passage, and the justices had therefore been right to convict.
- Nor did he attack peaceable Cheyennes in ignorance.
- It points out how neither the left nor the right has been able to resist enacting its moral programs as law, and neither is content to leave peaceable citizens alone.
- The Viking city in 975 AD is a fairly peaceable sort of place.
- At worst, the outcome could be wholesale slaughter on a scale that makes the current level of daily mayhem look like the peaceable kingdom.
- That anger, however, will not lead me into a terrorist response, any more than it will the vast majority of our overwhelmingly peaceable citizens.
- In the Golden Age (which Hesiod says was long before his own time) men were naturally peaceable, and for that reason there was no war.
- While most of the Culture lives in this peaceable way, some spend their life fighting amongst more primitive civilizations.
- But the wisdom from above is first pure, then peaceable, gentle, open to reason, full of mercy and good fruits, impartial and sincere.
- She asked: ‘Why do you seek to destroy this city where there are so many peaceable people?’
- Throughout these poems, the implicit argument is: Why can't the whole world be as peaceable as my little corner of it is?
- As a passenger in other people's vehicles, I have seen how normally peaceable and polite people become aggressive and rude behind the wheel of a car.
- We don't need to look very far to see this: our own, supposedly peaceable country provides enough examples.
English has borrowed many of the following foreign expressions of parting, so you’ve probably encountered some of these ways to say goodbye in other languages.
Many words formed by the addition of the suffix –ster are now obsolete - which ones are due a resurgence?
As their breed names often attest, dogs are a truly international bunch. Let’s take a look at 12 different dog breed names and their backstories. | <urn:uuid:ccec1352-5fdc-4beb-8ff0-265249307395> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://es.oxforddictionaries.com/traducir/ingles-espanol/peaceable | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583700734.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120062400-20190120084400-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.960335 | 1,110 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Contents: History of everyday life during Stalinism - Sovietization of Estonia - Resistance and accommodation - Leisure in Stalin's Estonia - Standard of living - Life on a Stalinist kolkhoz - The private sphere under Stalinism - Moonshining.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)9783631623091 20160612
In Estonia, as in other Eastern European countries, the Stalinist era remains in the center of attention of historians. Politics, repression and resistance dominate the historiography, while everyday life is definitely under-represented. This book attempts to close the gap and focuses on different aspects of everyday life in Stalinist Estonia. (source: Nielsen Book Data)9783631623091 20160612 | <urn:uuid:629e093f-b09b-46b6-9423-f8c84d90eece> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/9953428 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946578.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424080851-20180424100851-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.827146 | 146 | 2.734375 | 3 |
If you have persistent pain in some area of your body, your doctor might order an MRI scan. MRI stands for magnetic resonance imaging and it allows trained medical professionals to see what is going on inside soft tissues like muscles and tendons. There are two options for testing: a closed or an open mri scanner. MRI scanners are becoming very popular and they come in three different types.
This was the first type of MRI developed and it revolutionized medicine. Since the early part of the 20th century, doctors had been able to use x-rays to view the bones inside the body, but that was only of limited use. Most of the body is made up of soft tissues, and those don’t appear clearly on an x-ray. Through the use of strong magnets, computers and radio waves, an MRI machine creates images of the inside of the body. The major downside with this technology, however, is that it is a problem for patients who suffer from claustrophobia.
If you have problems with small, enclosed spaces, an open mri scanner could be the answer for you. Instead of placing a patient’s entire body inside a tube for imaging, open mri scanners move the patient through a smaller loop to create the image. One disadvantage of this is that the results may not be quite as clear as those from a closed scanner, which is larger and can use more powerful magnets.
If your issue is with an arm, leg, hand or foot, an extremity scanner can be used. These machines give good images and are useful for diagnosing arthritis, tumors, tears, infections and other injuries or diseases of soft tissues. This type of scanner doesn’t trigger people’s claustrophobia prevent misdiagnosis because only the extremity is placed inside the machine.
When your doctor suggests that you need an MRI scan to diagnose a problem, ask if an open scanner will work for your issue. It could make all the difference if you have a problem with small spaces. | <urn:uuid:d7a558d6-30ff-4b95-b9d2-75111ee8c7a4> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | http://www.greenteainformation.org/what-kinds-of-mri-scanners-are-there.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506481.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923130827-20230923160827-00864.warc.gz | en | 0.950278 | 420 | 3 | 3 |
I’d like to point you to a website called African Origins. It contains information about the migration history of Africans who were forcibly carried on slave ships. This important site will bring to light the history of millions of Africans captured and sold into slavery during suppression of the transatlantic slave trade during the 19th century.
In case you didn’t see the PRNNewswire aboute the site on April 26, 2011, see below:
“Little is known of the ancestry of Africans pulled into the trans-Atlantic slave trade. A new website, launched at Emory University this week, aims to change that. The African-Origins (http://www.african-origins.org) website provides a rare glimpse of the identities of Africans aboard early nineteenth-century slaving vessels, and through this information, the possibility of tracing the origins of millions of other Africans forcibly transported to the Americas. Public participation will be critical to piecing together this missing history.
Visitors to African-Origins can search an online database of Africans liberated from slaving vessels, with such details as gender, age, African port of departure, and, most importantly, an African name. Because names used within African languages and social groups have remained fairly consistent over the last two centuries, the thousands of names listed in this database are clues to the linguistic and ethnic origins of the Africans on board these vessels.
Scholars are now looking for help in identifying the modern counterparts of these names and the languages and ethnicities with which they are likely associated. Through the African-Origins website, those with knowledge of African languages and cultural naming practices can suggest these links. By taking a few minutes to search and listen for familiar names and contribute a modern counterpart, language, and ethnic group, members of the public can help identify the language, ethnic and geographic origins of people listed in these registers, and subsequently the likely origins of millions of other unnamed Africans enslaved during this period.
With these insights, scholars serving as editors of the database can consider the range of possible languages and groups affiliated with a name alongside historical research of peoples’ locations and movements across Africa. As contributions are received and analyzed, new information will be added to the African-Origins database on the likely language and ethnicity of each individual. Visitors to the site will eventually be able to search for Africans by linguistic group and view maps of the historical locations of people pulled into the trans-Atlantic slave trade.
To find out more about the African Origins project or contact the project team, visit http://www.african-origins.org or email [email protected]. Photos and videos are on the project’s blog, http://africanoriginsproject.wordpress.com, and its Facebook site, http://www.facebook.com/pages/African-Origins-Project/118092162623?ref=ts. | <urn:uuid:557fbd87-2465-42aa-8a0d-ddf4a5ad453c> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://spittalstreet.com/?p=1831 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700984410/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104304-00070-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920455 | 598 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Pain in both hips may begin suddenly, or mildly and slowly in the joints, groin area, or lower back. The pain may occur after falling, accident, or injury causing difficulties in walking, standing, or going up the stairs.
Some activities such as lifting heavy objects may worsen the pain and the pain may persist even after taking over-the-counter prescriptions.
My cousin Sarah is a ballerina and she is very excited to go and audition for a big ballet company in Seattle. Last week she posted how her hips are aching on her Facebook wall.
I commented instructing her to subscribe to this blog and learn more about hip pain and treatment options available. Yesterday, she in boxed me that this blog has really helped her in reducing the hip pain.
Causes of pain in both hips
If you experience persistent pain in the hips, tenderness or redness, contact your doctor for medical assistance. The doctor will conduct a physical examination and order imaging such as x-rays to get the full view of your hip joint. The causes of hip pain include:
Tendons are tissues that connect the muscles to the hipbones and joints. Frequent strenuous activities can cause inflammation of the tendons leading to pain in the hip joints. Most athletes suffer from tendonitis because they overuse their hip muscles during sports activities.
- Trochanteric bursitis
Trochanteric bursitis is the inflammation of the fluid sacs that protect the hip joints after injury. This makes a patient to experience pain when walking, driving, standing, or climbing steps.
This condition occurs when there is insufficient flow of blood to the bones causing destruction of the bone cells. Constant use of medications such as corticosteroid can lead to Osteonecrosis. This condition mostly affects the hips causing pain.
This condition arises after the bone cartilage wears off and the hipbones can no longer glide smoothly. Osteoarthritis is very common among old people above 65 years causing pain in the groin area and the front side of the thighs. This condition causes friction in the hipbones causing pain when walking or twisting your leg. Moreover, it causes the hip joint to swell and stiffen.
- Hip fractures
Older people may break their hips during daily activities especially if they are suffering from osteoporosis. Hip fractures require immediate surgical procedures.
Overusing the hip muscles can cause them to get small tears. However, strains can occur in the lower back after quick turning, twisting or pulling the spinal column muscles. When the abdominal muscles are weak, they offer insufficient support to the hip and lower back muscles causing them to strain.
- Herniated discs
Falling or lifting heavy objects can rapture the shock-absorber discs in the spine. The pain from the injured discs spreads to the legs causing pain in the hip area.
- Septic hip
This condition is very common among children because their immune systems are weak and is unable to fight infections in the hips causing limping and pain. However, it may cause fever, hip redness, and warmth.
When to seek medical care about pain in your hips
Contact your health care provider when you experience the following symptoms:
- Inability to walk due to intense pain
- Pain when bending on your hips
- Frequent hip pain during the week
- Swelling or redness on your upper thighs or hips
- Pain while resting or at night
- Experience fever or other strange symptoms
Pain in Both Hips Treatment
You can relieve most hip pain using conservative measures such as, rest, ice or physical therapy.
When you are suffering from arthritis, bursitis, or tendonitis, get enough rest to avoid overusing the hip joints.
Place ice bags on the hips to reduce pain, swelling, and inflammation.
- Physical therapy
Visit a professional physical therapist to learn exercises and stretches to increase the strength and flexibility in your hips. However, massage techniques and ultrasounds are effective for conditions such as bursitis.
Aerobic exercises such as cycling, aqua therapy, or swimming are very helpful in treating the pain unlike high-impact activities, which aggravate the pain.
The physical therapist will also teach you how to maintain good body postures when sitting, sleeping, standing, walking, and lifting to avoid increasing the hip pain.
Purchase over the counter anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen to help relieve the pain.
Inject steroids in the hip area to reduce the inflammation. However, in severe inflammation draining the fluids from the hips is necessary.
- Surgical options
Conservative measures are not enough to treat your hip pain. If you are suffering from osteoarthritis, the pain will worsen, as you grow older.
Your doctor may recommend surgery because that is your best chance of controlling the pain. The surgical option will involve:
- Hip replacement
Severe cases of osteoarthritis cause constant pain, stiffness, and joint swelling and the patient is unable to move and perform daily activities.
Therefore, hip replacement surgery will work magic on controlling your pain and you will resume to your daily activities after a while. The doctor may recommend hip replacement if you are suffering from Osteonecrosis.
The specialist replaces the damaged hipbone and thighbone with an artificial joint made of plastic and metal. With the high quality technology today, the artificial hips will last for more than 25 years.
The second type of hip replacement requires no muscle cutting where the orthopedic surgeon only makes a small incision. This will ensure that:
- You recover quickly
- Stay in the hospital for a short time
- Experience less pain
After the hip replacement, you may require to use cranes or walkers to assist in walking and reduce the risks of dislocation. You will require starting physical therapy to help in your recovery and you may require assistance when getting in and out of bed.
Normally, younger patients will recover faster than older patients will.
However, after rehabilitation you will be able to perform all your daily activities easily and pain free. You will also enjoy cycling, playing tennis, skiing, and horseback riding. Moreover, you will need to avoid strenuous activities such as jogging and jumping. | <urn:uuid:5aa82274-8359-4ff0-9b61-9a49842d2fa0> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://hippainrelief.org/tag/hip-pain-both-sides/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823350.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019160040-20171019180040-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.928073 | 1,283 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Why is it important to read the classics? Michael Dirda, who won the 1993 Pulitzer Prize for criticism as a staff critic for the Washington Post, responds in his Bound to Please: An Extraordinary One-Volume Literary Education: Essays on Great Writers and Their Books (Norton, 2005):
“People sometimes ask teachers or critics, ‘Which books should I read to become educated?’ The short answer is either ‘As many as you can’ or ‘A small handful that you study to pieces.’ But a better question might be this one: ‘Which books should I read first?’
“The answer to that is ‘The great patterning works of world literature and culture, the poems and stories that have shaped civilization.’
“Without a knowledge of the Greek myths, the Bible, ancient history, the world’s folktales and fairy tales, one can never fully understand the visual arts, most opera, and half the literature of later ages. Homer tells us about Ulysses in The Odyssey; then Dante, Tennyson, James Joyce, Wallace Stevens, and Eudora Welty add to, enrich, and subvert that story in great works of their own. The classics are important not because they are old but because they are always being renewed.”
Michael Dirda’s most recent book is Classics for Pleasure (Harcourt, 2007).
© 2008 Janice Harayda. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:4df57689-c0f3-421b-82b9-1defe65047fe> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://oneminutebookreviews.wordpress.com/2008/04/27/why-read-the-classics-quote-of-the-day-michael-dirda/?like=1&source=post_flair&_wpnonce=04d8dffccf | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999655215/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060735-00010-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928882 | 315 | 2.765625 | 3 |
A fitness programme for your wallet
Money worries can negatively impact a person’s well-being. A study conducted by the School of Management and Law has investigated the topic of financial well-being. The study also shows how you can feel more at ease with your financial situation.
Financial worries can have a negative impact on other aspects of life. They are an important part of our general well-being and thus also our health. In the study “More Income, Fewer Financial Worries? – Findings on Financial Well-Being in Switzerland”, the School of Management and Law looked at this subjective feeling: in spring, it asked around 1,050 people in German-speaking Switzerland how comfortable they felt from a financial standpoint.
After all, “relatively little attention is paid to financial well-being,” says Selina Lehner, study leader and a research associate at the Institute of Wealth & Asset Management. The authors define this financial well-being as a state “in which a person can meet financial obligations and feels secure about their financial future.”
According to the study, well-being depends on factors such as a person’s income, education, housing situation and wealth. People who earn a lot, have accumulated wealth, possess a higher level of education and are homeowners feel financially comfortable or very comfortable.
The authors state that the most important factor is a person’s income, as it also forms a link between the other factors: generally speaking, a high income leads to greater household wealth and a better housing situation. It is also linked to a higher level of education. Some 22 percent of respondents with a monthly income of up to CHF 4,000 describe their level of financial well-being as high or very high. For respondents with incomes of more than CHF 9,000 per month, this figure stands at 72 percent. People's willingness to save has been high for a number of years: 81% of the Swiss population save, and this is especially true among the young generation and full-time employees.
“Money alone does not make you happy – but it doesn't hurt either. However, it certainly helps make everyday life more carefree.”
However, a person can influence their financial well-being: “It turns out that financial well-being can also be achieved by saving and planning in a disciplined manner, as well as by having better financial knowledge,” says study leader Lehner. This is even said to be the case if an individual’s starting position is much more difficult with a low income and less wealth.
The path to achieving financial well-being is described as being similar to a training regime or a diet you might follow to improve your physical condition. Both require perseverance and self control, and you won’t see the fruits of your labour from one day to the next. A financial fitness programme takes a close look at a person’s income, safeguards, wealth accumulation and wealth management:
- Income: Gain an overview of your financial situation, maintain control of your income and spending, reflect on your own consumer behaviour and put together a savings plan. You can increase your income, for example, by undertaking training and continuing education.
- Safeguards: Take account of life risks such as illness or divorce in your planning, for example by taking out insurance, so that a financial shock does not become an existential problem.
- Wealth accumulation: If you have any income left over come month’s end, you can build up your wealth in the form of savings or investments.
- Wealth management: Optimise your wealth and plan your estate with professional financial planning.
Just like exercising regularly can be perceived as strenuous, however, finances are often viewed as a boring and complicated matter. Another of the study’s findings also isn’t helpful: finances remain a taboo subject for the Swiss. People do not like to talk about money.
However, as financial well-being is of great significance for a person’s overall health and is also socially relevant, the authors also recommend measures at an employer and state level: as part of a company’s occupational health management, for example, or by incorporating financial knowledge even more into compulsory school education.
The big question remains: does money make you happy? Selina Lehner opines that “money alone does not make you happy – but it doesn't hurt either. However, it certainly helps reduce financial anxiety and make everyday life more carefree.” | <urn:uuid:6ab2c94c-ac43-4f28-ac64-b194c466f445> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://impact.zhaw.ch/en/article/a-fitness-programme-for-your-wallet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474361.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223053503-20240223083503-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.965655 | 933 | 2.875 | 3 |
Since the Victorian era in which The Legend of Tarzan unfolds, the overall population of elephant species in Africa dropped from 19 million to just 500,000.
So says nonprofit group Stop Ivory, that features the film’s stars, Alexander Skarsgard and Margot Robbie in a new Public Service Announcement video (below). The organization is raising the volume on the plight of endangered African elephants, a magnificent species hunted for their ivory.
In theaters today, the action adventure The Legend of Tarzan is joining the fight, as much of the movie’s backdrop was captured in Gabon, home to many endangered species, including the African forest elephant. The movie is receiving attention for the untapped beauty and diverse landscape of the Gabonese rainforest, home – and last hope – for roughly half of the world’s remaining 100,000 forest elephants.
In the new PSA, launched in partnership with Warner Bros., Skarsgard and Robbie, who play the film’s Tarzan and Jane, are raising awareness about the harsh truths of ivory poaching, revealing that, without immediate action, the remaining forest elephant population could be gone in a decade.
“We’re facing an immediate crisis as the population of forest elephants dwindles to a dangerous level due to the continued threat of poachers,” said Josh Ponte, a Director with Stop Ivory, who also served as the African technical advisor on the film. “Through this partnership, we are providing an international platform for Stop Ivory’s Elephant Protection Initiative, which seeks to stop the illegal trade of ivory.”
The recently announced partnership also aims to promote the successful conservation work being done in the African country of Gabon, where crews spent six weeks shooting scenes for the film – a first for Hollywood.
“Gabon was a founding member of the Elephant Protection Initiative, recognizing the important role the country’s landscape plays in the protection of the majestic forest elephant,” said Lee White Director of Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux (ANPN). “Since its founding, ANPN has continued to support initiatives and enforce wildlife laws that will safeguard Gabon’s environment and wildlife.”
ANPN is comprised of 13 national parks that safeguard more than 5 million acres of forestry, helping to conserve the diverse ecosystems and wildlife of Gabon. ANPN employs 700 – including a wildlife police force known as ecogardes – tasked with overseeing protection of the national parks and its wildlife. Since 2010, Gabon’secogardes have arrested more than 6,000 individuals involved in the illegal trafficking of ivory and other natural resources. | <urn:uuid:0f2d73e3-085c-43df-8e95-e355c70e374a> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://real-leaders.com/legend-tarzan-teams-stop-ivory-end-poaching/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144150.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219122958-20200219152958-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.928442 | 546 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The original Woyane were first Tigrayan farmers who revolted against Haile Sellasie regime in 1943. The literal meaning of “Woyane” in Amharic is ‘revolt, rebel, rebellious’.
Opponents of freedom, justice, and federalism always try to put derogatory tone on the use of the term “Woyane” to associate it with outlaws, instead of the correct meaning and history as one of the true popular uprisings.
Woyane or Weyane (Ge’ez: ወያነ) was a revolt in the Tigray province of Ethiopia in 1943 against the centralization policies of Emperor Haile Sellasie.
The woyanti issued a proclamation to the inhabitants of Mekelle which stated, inter alia: Our governor is Jesus Christ… And our flag that of Ethiopia. Our religion is that of Yohannes IV. People of Tigray, follow the motto of Weyane.
The Objectives of Woyane
Their proclamation after liberating Mekelle had five main points.
1- Autonomous self-administration under Ethiopian flag and unity
2- Administration by Tigrayan Customary laws
3- Appointment of one’s own leaders free of domination by Shoan Imperial elite
4- Eradication of thieves and bandits (shiftas)
5- Objection to payment of excessive taxation and payment to appointee of the Emperor
Leaders of the Woyane rebellion of 1943 in Tigray
H.E. Fitawrari Yeebio Woldai (Wedi Weldai), b. Samre-Enderta, Tigray. Chief leader and commander of the 1943 woyane rebellion in Tigray
H.E. Dejazamtch Negusse Bezabih, b. Da’ Meskel-Mekelle, Enderta, Tigray. Top leader and commander of the 1943 woyane rebellion in Tigray
H.E. Bashay Gugsa Mengesha, b. Adi-seleste, Hintalo-Enderta, Tigray. Top leader and commander of the 1943 woyane rebellion in Tigray.
H.E. Blata Hailemariam Reda, b. Dandera-Enderta, Tigray. Commander of the 1943 woyane rebellion in Tigray. | <urn:uuid:74d55a75-a75b-4874-b1a6-f5879861e6cd> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://tariganter.wordpress.com/2018/07/29/woyane-was-a-true-uprising-and-revolution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657151197.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714181325-20200714211325-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.874562 | 510 | 3.4375 | 3 |
A group of intrepid Israeli researchers recently went back to the dawn of the Stone Age to make lunch.
Using 12,500-year-old conical mortars carved into bedrock, they reconstructed how their ancient ancestors processed wild barley to produce groat meals, as well as a delicacy that might be termed “proto-pita” – small loaves of coal-baked, unleavened bread. In so doing, they re-enacted a critical moment in the rise of civilization: the emergence of wild-grain-based nutrition, some 2,000 to 3,000 years before our hunter-gatherer forebears would establish the sedentary farming communities which were the hallmark of the “Neolithic Revolution”.
The research team, consisting of independent researchers as well as faculty members from Bar-Ilan and Harvard Universities, conducted their study in the Late Natufian site of Huzuq Musa, located in Israel’s Jordan Valley. Their findings were published in the journal Plos Oneon July 31, 2015.
When Did Agriculture Begin?
Most investigators agree that cereal domestication was achieved about 10,500 years ago. The current work demonstrates how groat meals and fine flour were produced from wild barley, two to three millennia before the appearance of domesticated grains.
According to Prof. Mordechai Kislev, an expert in archaeo-botany who is a member of Bar-Ilan University’s Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, the team’s field work resolved a long-standing mystery about thousands of cone-shaped hollows carved into the bedrock throughout the Southern Levant.
“The conical, human-made hollows, found all over Southeast Asia, were noticed by archaeologists decades ago, but there was no agreement about their function,” Prof. Kislev says. “Assuming they were mortars used for the processing of plant food, my colleagues – under the direction of archaeologist Dr. David Eitam – decided to use these ancient stone tools, along with period-appropriate items such wooden pestles, sticks and sieves, to reconstruct how the work was done.”
Along with Eitam and Kislev, additional members of the team were physicist Adiel Karty and Prof. Ofer Bar-Yosef, a member of Harvard University’s Department of Anthropology.
From Field to Food Ingredient
The experiment began by collecting spikelets – the coated grains of a cereal ear – from wild barley, the most common wild cereal in the Levant both in prehistory and today. After ripening on the ground to prevent them from scattering in the wind, the grains were then separated from the stalks, first by beating against the threshing floor with a curved stick, and subsequently, by sifting them through a large-holed sieve.
“At this point, the conical mortars were used to complete the transformation of wild grain into groats and flour that could be used for food,” says team member Adiel Karty, explaining that the different-sized mortars served specific agricultural purposes. “Filled with a measure of the raw grain and beaten with a wooden pestle, the wider cones were used for hummeling – removal of the bristle that extends from the edge of the seed,” he explains. “The narrower cones came into play during the next stage, when the same wooden pestle was used to remove the grain husk; the Natufians invented a peeling-milling machine long before the invention of machinery!”
After de-husking, the grain was scooped out of the conical mortar by hand then placed into a small cup cut in the adjacent bedrock. From there, it was transferred for filtering in a small-gauge sieve.
“We found that de-husking – and the later milling into flour – was significantly aided by the presence of these cup-like depressions, which could be used to deposit material produced in the mortar by repeated hand-scooping from its bottom,” says Dr. Eitam. “This was a kind of labor-saving device, making it easier to transfer the grain and waste material to a sieve or other vessel.”
Evolution and Contribution
Prof. Ofer Bar-Yosef, an emeritus faculty member at Harvard who is a world-renowned expert on the origin of modern humans and early farming societies in the ancient Near East, says that the current study complements nearly 80 years of investigations suggesting that the Natufians – although subsisting as a hunter-gatherer society – used sickles to harvest wild, almost-ripe cereals, and were capable of producing large quantities of groat meals from roasted, “half green” barley grain. Moreover, the technological advance from wide-to narrow-cone mortars represented a major dietary change, because de-husked flour made it possible to produce the fine flour needed for what has become the Western world’s most widespread staple food: bread.
“With the development of a new agro-technological system, including threshing floors, peeling utensils and milling devices, the Natufians bequeathed to their Neolithic successors a technical advancement that contributed to the establishment of agricultural societies,” Prof. Bar-Yosef says.
Bon Appetite! Barley Bread for (Nearly) All
Prof. Kislev points out that the barley-processing “facilities” found at the site indicate that stone-utensil-produced flour could have been a significant part of the local Natufian diet.
“Huzuq Musa is estimated to have had a population of about a hundred people,” he says. “If we assume that the historical 35 liters of grain given to a Roman worker during the winter corresponds to a reasonable level of nutrition, the four large threshing floors discovered near the site – and its accompanying tools – could have produced a sufficient quantity of processed barley for its estimated inhabitants.”
“Producing food from wild barley grain was not easy, but the biggest challenge may have been the challenge of not harvesting all the wild grain in the field, and ensuring that there would be something left to eat the following year,” he says. “This Natufian advance was a bridge to the Neolithic revolution, when sedentary farmers developed the discipline needed to plan for the successful planting – and reaping – of domesticated grains.”
According to Dr. Eitam, the majority of scholars agree that Natufian culture was characterized by the first communities that inhabited permanent settlements. “Our discovery of this sophisticated agro-technological system indicates that Natufian society made the shift from hunting-gathering to an agriculture-based economy, which was possibly extant 3,000 years before the domestication of cereal,” he says. | <urn:uuid:b3762987-aad5-4793-af1b-92bcdad4d974> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.archaeology.wiki/blog/2015/08/27/bread-began/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578528433.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420000959-20190420021745-00042.warc.gz | en | 0.961888 | 1,459 | 3.765625 | 4 |
My daughter is 2 1/2 yrs old. She has rec'd first vaccine for chicken pox. A child in her daycare class is believed to have chicken pox as per the instructors. The incubation period is approx 14 - 16 days from what I understand. Unfortunately, that is when we are on vacation at Disney World. IS there any vaccines / antibiotics that can be provided now prior to our trip??
Hello and thank you for your question. I'm assuming your daughter received her varicella (chickenpox) vaccine around one year of age and not recently. As long as she received the vaccine more than 2 weeks before her exposure she should be considered immune. Some children do still get a 'minor' case that includes fever and maybe even a few skin lesions, but the course is often very short (a couple of days) compared to full blown chicken pox. Most kids show now signs of exposure if they've been properly immunized, so hopefully your daughter will fall into that category.
Unfortunately there's no way to tell whether she will have such an outbreak, and there are not any recommended treatments for prevention in an otherwise healthy child. Antibiotics will not help you since chicken pox is caused by a virus. There are some antiviral medications such as acyclovir which can be taken during an outbreak, but these are generally reserved for people at increased risk of severe infection (the very old or very young) or those people with shingles.
I hope that this answer helps, and please let me know if I can answer any more questions. Have a wonderful time at Disney World!
Pediatric hospitalist at a dedicated children's hospital | <urn:uuid:cd948fe0-388d-446e-b318-510ceac4a5db> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.justanswer.com/pediatrics/2dslx-daughter-1-2-yrs-old-rec-d-first-vaccine.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706631378/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121711-00043-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974243 | 345 | 2.59375 | 3 |
This artfully designed "Initiation in Typography" sets in on a large scale, the proportions in outer space, and ends with the smallest of typographic scales, with typefaces. Skillfully, the authors introduce the reader to the world of visual design and typography, arouse curiosity through an elaborate aesthetics, and disclose the magic of typography page after page. Impressively short and precise texts familiarise the reader with the respective subject matter; difficulties of typography are illustrated through simple geometric shapes. The first chapter deals with the question of proportions: mathematical systems, golden section, paper formats, grid systems, and typographic measuring units. Chapter 2 is concerned with the tension between black and white: design problems, principles of typographical arrangement, and the harmony of black and white. In chapter 3, typographic details are discussed: the origin of character forms, type families and historical typefaces. Through the use of slightly transparent paper, the effect of particular grid systems becomes obvious. This transparency brings about the emergence of a different pattern on every page - a remarkably different book.
Number Of Pages:
- ID: 9783721205978
- Saver Delivery: Yes
- 1st Class Delivery: Yes
- Courier Delivery: Yes
- Store Delivery: Yes
Prices are for internet purchases only. Prices and availability in WHSmith Stores may vary significantly
© Copyright 2013 - 2017 WHSmith and its suppliers.
WHSmith High Street Limited Greenbridge Road, Swindon, Wiltshire, United Kingdom, SN3 3LD, VAT GB238 5548 36 | <urn:uuid:baaf3aa8-f3d8-419c-8696-4b86bbb2334a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.whsmith.co.uk/products/an-initiation-in-typography/9783721205978 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280899.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00124-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.85776 | 323 | 2.625 | 3 |
MAXXI Museum, Italy
The MAXXI Foundation wanted the signage system to provide essential information in a clear, visible, but non-invasive way. Ma:design conceived the signage system to reflect the architectural concepts of using light/shadow, full/empty, and rigid/organic shapes.
The museum exterior needed to be identified without touching the cement skin. An overscaled version of the MAXXI logo was painted on the perimeter gates in black and white, indicating the beginning of a path visitors take from the street to the inner square and then to the entrance.
The building’s perimeter windows, marked for security reasons, became communicative surfaces, decorated with aphorisms and quotes stolen from modern art and architecture. The letters and words are cut in their original silhouette in such a way as to reflect the stark lines of the building and intrigue the visitor.
Modular interior signage elements mark the macro areas (MAXXI Art and MAXXI Architecture), galleries, exhibition halls, and services. The signs feature wave-cut shapes, embossed arrows, and cuts in the structure. Aluminum and MDF, molded into soft and sinuous shapes or into angular structures, were manipulated with clean cuts and overlapping thicknesses. The sign elements, white on white walls, are perceived through shadows and volumes. Placed either distanced from or attached to the wall depending on the specific function, they seem to spring from the wall, becoming one with the building.
The museum’s five exhibition galleries, spread over three “fluid” levels, are identified by three-dimensional maps and by corresponding progressive numbers. On the white enameled-MDF maps, the shape of the corresponding gallery is embossed and painted black. Gallery numbers are simple white volumes in strong overhang, their surfaces ridged with bold, thick lines oriented in the direction of the gallery ceiling tracks. As route indications, the numbers are scaled and accompanied by directional arrows.
See images of the Museum over at Designboom | <urn:uuid:7c738de8-0df5-4a4e-9ee8-869c25365156> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://graphicambient.com/2011/12/16/maxxi-museum-italy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701163512.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193923-00127-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92452 | 415 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Freedom of Speech & Free Rein of Social Media
Freedom of Speech, one of the essential human rights graciously delivered upon us by the United Nations General Assembly in form of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. It’s a principle that supports the freedom of individuals and communities to express themselves without fear of retaliation, censorship or legal sanctions. A core human right put together after one of humanities dark if not the darkest times. It is there to protect everyone’s freedom of expression and it started getting some attention as of late. By many suggestions, major social media players are dancing on the line of this core human right and may even be putting it at risk.
Longing for connection
We were maybe a little bit clueless when all this social media business started to grow. During the summer of 2007. thanks to a random encounter I learned about Facebook. A new social media platform in a time when social media platform wasn’t a term that was regularly used. It was a time when Myspace ruled the internet, at least in our neck of the woods. Facebook was a novelty and a lot of us tech savvy internet oriented individuals flocked to it to try it out. It quickly became a global phenomenon, a site that connects people. We as humans, even if sometimes we refuse to admit it, we are intrinsically wired to long for connection. That feeling of belonging to something, being connected to the community, that is something that began since we were in tribes. A lot of it was lost during the many years, upsets, failures and celebrations of the human race. When Facebook came along, a chance to revive at least a small part of that feeling was brought before us. As the word of this new site got around, more and more people got into it to rekindle that lost feeling.
Facebook’s success brought along others, others who followed the same principle of community oriented platforms which help bring people closer together. As years past by, their appeal and power grew. It grew the companies and it grew us “closer”, closer in this global village of outcasts, trolls, fitness influencers and stowaways who are just along for the ride. In al fairness, it did reignite lost relationships, made it easier for people to stay in contact and helped bring a lot of issues to the public domain. After all social media is such an amazing and exciting phenomenon that it simply cannot be placed in “good or bad” drawers. In our lives today, social media is almost a necessity, it’s part of the everyday life for most. Therefore it is not unusual that it has a crucial role in the world as we know it today.
Increased role in public life
Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, the big three. Societies livescore trackers, mirrors and village squares, places where we go for news, entertainment and mindless scrolling. It should be apparent by now that these products of human ingenuity and evolution play an increased, even crucial role on public life. What isn’t apparent is how their oligopoly made it possible for them to edit, censor or promote content which they see fit, all while being completely free of the responsibility of said content. More and more concerns are being raised by individuals and governments alike. Billions are being spent on political ads, politicians use these platforms to speak directly to the electorate and increasing number of political and social commentators are popping up on various platforms shaping public opinions.
Recent infamous “fact check” annotation slapped on the US presidents tweet stirred a lot of commotion. Questions were raised, questions of responsibility regarding the biggest social media platforms, and potential threat that they present to the freedom of speech. What has to be made clear, social media platforms are not liable for the content that third party users post to their platforms. But still, most of them are not strangers to suspending, banning or censoring users with whom they don’t agree. Which raises some questions, if they are not liable for content posted, why go out of your way to censor it (if the said content itself isn’t putting at risk any of the human rights) and who is responsible for the actions of the big three, who regulates them?
The all so familiar business model
Access to social media is free, anyone can create an account and start scrolling. Since it’s free it has to heavily rely on advertising. The business model isn’t anything new, it follows the traditional media model. But as it does with the traditional media, the question of potential conflict of interest that this model produces is being asked of social media as well. The thing is, since social media players don’t produce content that is on their platforms, they are not invested in it. They have no problem with removing any said content and banning users. Advertisers love that and that’s why they flock to social media more and more away from traditional media.
Traditional media, social media’s bigger brother can’t quite compete with the energy and ambition of it’s little brother. Traditional media has slowly been falling out of grace since the little ambitious brother was born. But big brother isn’t taking it lightly, traditional media was always regulated, it never had the free reign that social media has. And it looks like regulation is in works for social media as well, with a lot of countries and politicians voicing their concerns. Even Mark Zuckerberg went on record and called for regulations.
There is no getting around it, social media platforms are giants that attract a lot of money and power. They really are the new public squares, places where people gather to talk and bring issues to the public forum. Such strong and powerful tools without regulation can be hazardous, without regulations, conflict of interest talks are getting their fair share of spotlight. All sorts of private company lobbies, political influence, activists calling for bans of anyone they disagree with and lack of regulations paint a not so complimentary picture of the social media companies. In this day and age where information stands like a form of currency, virtual public squares and places for people to share their opinion need to be regulated. Banning people takes away their voice, it takes away their ability to be a part of the community which social media was supposed to reintroduce. | <urn:uuid:6595b37a-2616-4ffb-ab10-9a0af9d9c1ab> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.midori.digital/post/freedom-of-speech-free-rein-of-social-media | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679518883.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211210408-20231212000408-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.966786 | 1,291 | 2.578125 | 3 |
In previous posts I documented a financial strategy that allows the average district to afford ubiquitous and/or one-to-one computing. This week I want to broaden the strategy to energy savings. It’s amazing what a significant savings replacing traditional ‘fat clients’ with ‘thin clients’ can be.
The University of Pennsylvania produced the energy graph below which shows the average PC drawing more than 100 watts during moderate use. This doesn’t include the monitor which on average can draw approximately 75 watts. So, for the sake of today’s post, let’s settle on 175 watts for the average energy use of a typical desktop used in our schools.
Below is another chart, from the Mr. Electricity blog, showing ranges of PC energy use.
The chart below, from Steve Greenburg, President of Thin Client Solutions, shows the average energy used by several models of WYSE Thin Clients. The 3630 model uses more energy because it has a built in monitor. The other energy readings are without monitors.
From the same report, notice that the amount of energy consumed by Thin Clients is significantly less compared to the traditional PC.
What kind of savings can we expect by implementing a Thin Client solution? Let’s look at a district with 1,000 computers.
1. 175 watts used by each computer.
2. Each computer in moderate use 6 hours per day; 185 days per year.
3. Computers left on overnight and during the summer use approximately 35 watts.
4. The Thin Client solution uses 6 watts plus 75 watts for the monitor.
5. A utility rate of $.14 per kilowatt hour
Using these assumptions, the total amount spent on energy for our 1,000 computers is $64,680.
Now, let’s do the same calculation with the Thin Client solution
The approximate savings by implementing Thin Clients for our 1,000 computer network is $29,291 per year; a 45% savings in energy costs.
The 5 year savings = $146,455
$146,455 can be used to purchase quite a few new $450 devices.
BTW, it’s not only cost effective; but the right thing to do for our environment
Note: Obviously, energy use can vary based on many equipment and usage factors. The savings shown here are illustrative only. | <urn:uuid:544f0d37-f1a8-4045-8ab0-f7c9db1f8017> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://preilly.wordpress.com/2009/04/12/virtualization-thin-clients-and-energy-consumption/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382764/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00094-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918867 | 494 | 2.8125 | 3 |
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