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New research shows that ex-smokers have fewer and less severe hot flashes than women who continue smoking during menopause.
The study revealed that women who had not smoked for over five years were highly less likely to have severe or even frequent hot flashes compared to women who were still smoking. And women who had never smoked were shown to have even less symptoms than the other two categories of women, according to GMA News.
“While the effect was strongest if women quit at least five years before the onset of menopause, even women quitting later did have a better outcome than women who continued to smoke,” lead author Rebecca Smith, a researcher in epidemiology at the University of Illinois, said. “I hope that this encourages women to quit smoking, the earlier the better.”
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) smoking is the leading cause of avoidable deaths in the U.S. People who smoke have a dramatically increased risk of heart disease, stroke and lung cancer. The CDC also added that smoking may also contribute to other cancers in the body.
Earlier studies have already linked smoking to more intense hot flashes, which is what led Smith and colleagues to pursuing finding a link between hot flashes and women who had quit smoking.
The study followed 761 women ages 45 to 54 for seven years. When the study began, 347 women were already experiencing hot flashes. Data also showed that only 39 percent of the women who had never smoked had hot flashes compared to the 52 percent of ex-smokers and 62 percent of women who were still smoking.
The group of women who were current smokers were most likely to have symptoms on a daily or weekly basis.
Even with the data collected, the author realizes that the study cannon conclude that smoking causes or worsens hot flashes. But they added that their study is in line with previous ones that showed smoking could interfere with hormones, neurotransmitters and other mechanisms linked to hot flashes. | <urn:uuid:7b11e5b4-9fb4-4246-ab92-937edaee3de5> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.morningticker.com/2015/07/quitting-smoking-could-decrease-hot-flashes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662545548.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522125835-20220522155835-00435.warc.gz | en | 0.986742 | 402 | 2.90625 | 3 |
God instructs Moses that the artisans should make the ephod of gold, blue, purple, and scarlet thread along with fine linen. Two edges would be joined by straps and the ephod would have a colorful band.
They were also instructed to take two onyx stones and engrave the names of the sons of Israel on them: six on one and six on the other. They were to be set in gold settings and mounted to the shoulders of the ephod. Aaron would then bear the names of the sons of Israel as a memorial. There would be braided chains between the settings.
What is the significance of this piece of clothing, this uniform for the high priest? First, only the finest materials were to be used in the service of the Lord. Second, a memorial to their ancestors was an important part of the service of the Lord. Finally, they were to use pure items for the service of the Lord. The finest materials (fine linen, fine thread) were the only thing fit for a King and a God. When we give God our best, we honor Him as the best and most excellent being in all the universe. The memorial reminded the Israelites of their heritage, but also of the covenant between God and the Israelites. It is important for us to remember the relationship and the powerful commitment God made to us through the work of Jesus on Calvary. The pure gold and onyx represents the fact that we should live in purity and continually appreciate the purity of God as He imparts it unto us. Just like the ephod represented the great things of God and how we should worship Him, so we should live for God today. May God help us to worship in excellence, covenant, and purity! | <urn:uuid:e63426ae-371d-430b-b79c-6d99f62a3530> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://gregsloop.com/page/141/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267862929.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619115101-20180619135101-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.97399 | 357 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Parent Resources to Help Students with ASD Thrive During Remote Learning
By Michelle Beers
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Do you have a student who is now a full time or part time remote learner? We know parents and caregivers of students with ASD need resources to help create an environment that helps prepare kids to learn, cope and thrive in this new environment. The ICSPS through Illinois State University created this comprehensive resource that provides caregivers across the nation with specific support and strategies to help your family through remote learning during this time.
Parents have one-stop access in this Remote Learning PDF to help students function in a remote environment.
It provides 21 pages of schedules and routines, remote social skills, behavior supports, communication support and more. Don’t overwhelm yourself! You can download it and start with one or two strategies and keep it on hand to build up those skills throughout the school year. Remote education is a challenge for many but supporting your child’s overall well-being and development during remote learning is now very accessible. | <urn:uuid:8795cd8f-0358-4310-a8ca-68bdfd6be2a0> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.thebleurooster.org/resources-for-remote-children-for-a | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178370752.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305091526-20210305121526-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.947187 | 209 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Using a Nitrogen Purging System for Transformers
The risk of fire breakout in a power transformer may be low, but the effects could be severe if it were to occur. If an employee is working close to the transformer when an explosion occurs, the person could suffer varying degree of burns or fatal damage to vital organs.
Knowing the right precautions to take can ensure the safety of personnel and equipment at power installations. In this article, we will discuss the use of a nitrogen purging system for transformers to prevent fire hazards and widespread outages.
The Fire Triangle
To understand how a fire could occur in a transformer, it’s instructive to understand the basic requirements for fires to occur. Before any fire is started, certain conditions must be met.
A fire triangle (or combustion triangle) shows the three essential requirements which must be met for a fire to occur:
- A source of fuel
The source of fuel can be any combustible material – in the case of transformers, the cooling oil. Heat is required to ignite the fuel at its fire temperature, and oxygen provides the necessary chemical oxidative process to keep the fire burning.
Firefighting Techniques Based on the Fire Triangle Model
A basic principle of firefighting is that eliminating or reducing any elements of the fire triangle to a sufficient degree will put out a fire.
Removing the Fuel
Removing the source of fuel (also known as starvation) is one way to douse a fire. For example, an essential step in fighting an electric fire would be to isolate all sources of energy. However, it may not always be possible to remove the source of fuel due to safety concerns, particularly in fires that proliferate rapidly.
Reducing the Heat
Heat reduction lowers the temperature of the burning media sufficiently to extinguish the fire. Water is an effective substance for rapid cooling of fires that burn with combustible organic and inorganic substances such as wood and petrol. However, it is unsuitable for putting out electric fires due to the risk of electrocution.
Reducing the Oxygen
Reducing the oxygen level at the point of a fire is one of the most effective ways to put it out. Oxygen displacement using carbon dioxide (CO2) fire extinguishers is one of the common firefighting techniques. The main downside, however, is in the response time to an incident.
Since fire extinguishers are human-operated, they pose significant safety implications which may include slow response (by the human) to an incident or incorrect operation. A Transformer Explosion Prevention and Fire Extinguishing System, on the other hand, can provide automated safety at power installations.
What Causes a Transformer Fire?
Most transformer fires occur following a rupture of the main oil tank or conservator tank due to short circuit conditions which create an explosive air-oil mixture. The main tank usually contains low-viscosity oil with good dielectric properties which functions as a cooling medium for the windings and keeps the internal components free from dust and moisture. In transformers rated up to 50kV, the main tank is completely filled with oil.
If an explosion were to occur, the high-pressure conditions inside the tank could send large amounts of hot liquid flying at high speeds several yards from the installation. Personnel working close to the installation may suffer from varying degrees of burns (which may or may not be fatal) and the transformer oil spill could have adverse effects on the immediate environment.
Fire Prevention System for Transformers
A nitrogen firefighting system for power transformers uses nitrogen gas to displace oxygen from the fire source, consequently subduing the necessary components of a fire. Due to its inert and lightweight physical properties (both lighter and less dense than air), Nitrogen gas is an excellent choice for use in nitrogen purging system for transformers. Moreover, nitrogen is an eco-friendly gas, unlike CO2 which is known to cause greenhouse emissions.
A Nitrogen Injection Fire Prevention System (NIFPS) is a dual-action fire safety system that uses a series of electromechanical signals to actuate valves that open to drain oil out of the transformer tank in the event of a rupture and simultaneously injects nitrogen gas into the tank to displace oxygen.
To put out the fire in a transformer, were it to occur, we can reduce the oxygen level by displacing it with nitrogen gas. The typical design consists of two systems – an explosion prevention system and a fire extinguisher system.
The explosion prevention consists of a Buchholz (surge) relay and a master relay in parallel with a pressure relief (oil drain) valve. The fire extinguisher system consists of a fire detection device, a Buchholz relay in parallel with a pressure relief valve, and a master relay.
The nitrogen gas for injection is stored in a cylinder having a pressure regulator and safety valve as well as an electric manometer to monitor the injection pressure.
A nitrogen filled transformer will have an oxygen level that is insufficient to kindle a fire. The nitrogen pressure in the transformer also helps to reduce the top oil pressure and temperature which is critical for preventing an explosion.
Looking for Reliable On-site Nitrogen Generation Systems? Think NiGen!
At NiGen, we specialize in the design and fabrication of reliable industrial nitrogen generators. Since 1999, we have provided a robust range of turnkey nitrogen generator rentals, maintenance, and pipeline maintenance services to several oilfield and industrial operators internationally.
Contact us today for more information! | <urn:uuid:1c6509ef-f4c9-4baf-b21f-0a1eb432ceed> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://nigen.com/using-a-nitrogen-purging-system-for-transformers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986693979.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019114429-20191019141929-00559.warc.gz | en | 0.924765 | 1,118 | 3.5625 | 4 |
In today’s modern world, more and more people are complaining of at least one instance of painful ringing in the ears. The truth is: this condition is fast becoming a common problem. Ages of people who suffer from mild to severe ear ringing episodes can range anywhere from newborns to those who have reached their 90th year. This condition, generally called as tinnitus can sometimes be very difficult to detect in mild cases, because the person who has this either disregards the problem entirely or takes steps in “overpowering” the noise by supplanting it with a more “pleasant” aural stimuli. In either case, medical treatment is usually not sought, or even considered by the person.
In the same vein, it is also difficult to detect this condition among patients who are not capable of identifying the problem explicitly, as with the cases of very young children or elderly patients who has no control over their communication facilities. Unfortunately, tinnitus Silencil can already be difficult to treat in people who have moderate to severe cases. This means that properly diagnosing this problem during its earliest stages is something that the experts in the medical field have yet to achieve.
Finding a universal cure for this condition is also an improbability since this so-called experience of “ringing of the ears” is not the same with everyone. This condition is often described as a pervading noise that is heard by the person, but the source cannot be rightfully considered as from any external stimuli. The pervading noise can be anything that is grating to the conscious mind, such as beeping, buzzing, continuous clicking, hissing, humming, roaring, ticking, whining, whistling (like the ones you often hear in old trains or those from pea whistles), or even incessant ringing in ears complete with painful vibrations that last for hours.
There are also cases where the person experiences a muffled sensation or a complete auditory blackout due to the pervading “white noise” or “silence.” However, this is a misnomer because the “silence” in question here is really low frequency noise that overpowers all other auditory stimuli. In other cases, people define the noise as those similar to crickets rubbing their wings; the bass notes or the low vibrations of an indiscernible song; the humming noises made by electrical appliances; the mass humming of locusts; tree frog calls, and even the whooshing sounds created by either the waves of the sea or the sound of strong winds in the trees. | <urn:uuid:e74e497b-824a-4293-936c-d641885313b5> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://elmercadopaseocaribe.com/what-everyone-ought-to-know-about-tinnitus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488517820.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210622124548-20210622154548-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.966487 | 527 | 2.953125 | 3 |
DIABETES – – Key Target Among Health Power’s “Big 4” Targets
There’s no better time than November for a wake-up call about the possible dangers of diabetes, which is one of Health Power’s “Big 4 Targets for Minority Health™ because November is American Diabetes Month. The other three Health Power targets are obesity, hypertension, and heart disease.We call them “the Big 4” because they strike hard and often at minorities/multicultural populations/people of color. That’s why preventing and controlling them is very closely linked to living long and living well.
As of 2012, 29.1 million Americans, or 9.3% of the population, had Type 2 diabetes (diabetes) [i]. That’s about 1 out of every 10 people. And guess what? One (1) out of every four (4) of those 29.1 million Americans, don’t even know that they have diabetes.
People with diabetes have a higher risk of developing:
- Kidney failure
- Heart disease
- Loss of toes, feet, or legs
Native Americans, African Americans, and Hispanic/Latino Americans experience higher rates of diagnosed diabetes than Asian Americans and Whites. neighbors[ii].
It’s also important to be aware of prediabetes, which means that a person’s blood sugar level is higher than normal but not yet high enough to be type 2 diabetes. Without lifestyle changes, people with prediabetes are very likely to develop type 2 diabetes. If a person has prediabetes, the damage of diabetes — especially to the heart, blood vessels and kidneys — may already be starting.
There’s good news, however. Developing prediabetes doesn’t always have to continue to type 2 diabetes. Eating healthy foods, getting good physical activity in your daily routine and maintaining a healthy weight can help bring a person’s blood sugar level back to normal.
Prediabetes affects adults and children.
For more Health Power information about Our Big 4 Targets Click here.
Also, check out our blog post on the “Diabetes and Obesity Partnership – Understand and Act on Them”.
Other key sources of Information on Diabetes:
American Diabetes Association website in English – at http://www.diabetes.org/
American Diabetes Association website in Spanish -at http://www.diabetes.org/es/?loc=util-header_es
Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) – Look for CDC’s infographic on Diabetes on our Blog soon.
Let’s all ‘Get With The Program’ in better preventing and controlling diabetes to live longer and live well, and:
Remember the Health Power motto, or tagline: Knowledge + Action = Power!® | <urn:uuid:127bd50d-ce7b-4ae9-8346-bf15a559b07b> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://healthpowerforminorities.com/diabetes-key-focus-of-health-powers-big-4-targets-h-powers-big-4-targets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948542031.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214074533-20171214094533-00689.warc.gz | en | 0.870148 | 594 | 2.828125 | 3 |
We don’t use mechanical instruments during our praise to God because the New Testament doesn’t authorize it. As we study the pattern of praise as it is recorded in the New Testament, we see no practice of the church using instrumental music, even though instruments can be traced to the time of David (Psalm 150).
Another point is that the Bible demands that men follow the law that they are under and for us in 2010, that would be the New Testament (John 8:31-32; 1 Peter 4:11; Matthew 28:20; 2 Corinthians 3:5-6; 1 Timothy 6:3; 1 Timothy 4:16; 2 Tim. 1:13; 1 Cor. 11:1-2; 2 John 9-11). Nothing in the Old Testament is for the church of Jesus Christ, that is why Jesus built His church in Matthew 16:18 on the Day of Pentecost (Acts 2:1:47) in the city of Jerusalem (Luke 24:45-47; Acts 2:5).
Singing Without Instruments in the New Testament Pattern
Singing With Instruments in the New Testament Pattern
Objections to What the New Testament Has Shown
Question: The Bible didn’t say not to used a piano!
Answer: It didn’t have to say that. It has already told you what to do.
Question: David used instrumental music in the worship (1 Chronicles 15:28-29).
Answer: David lived and died before Jesus built His church and before the establishment of the New Testament.
Question: You have instruments at home.
Answer: A person has many things at home which he cannot use in the church. Men have pets at home, guns at home, video games at home, and go on vacations at home. Can the church have or do these things? Of course not, but that shows that what you may do as a person, is different than what the church may do.
Question: There will be instrumental music in heaven (Revelation 14:1-3).
Answer: First of all, this is a symbolic statement for the happiness and praise of victory by Christ. But even if instruments are in heaven that has nothing to do with what the Bible teaches about what we must have in church today. And by the way, if literal instruments are in heaven; do you think they are the same brands sold on earth, and do they require maintenance service?
Question: The original greek word “psallo” (melody-singing) authorizes instruments (Eph. 5:19).
Answer: No “psallo” doesn’t. It does teach that every person is to pluck the strings of the heart in order to make melody. If we accepted the view saying that instruments are authorized, then the only way it could be obeyed is, every member must pluck an instrument. And if a church has 100 members, that church would have to provide 100 instruments. | <urn:uuid:23492f60-4f6a-4573-8dfb-afbc460bbc56> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.mtairychurchofchrist.org/monthly-musings-2007-2012/instrumental-music-being-used-in-church-services | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221208750.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814081835-20180814101835-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.945837 | 622 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Merits or Uses
- It is easiest to calculate and simplest to understand even for a beginner.
- It is one of those measures which are rigidity defined.
- It gives us the total picture of the problem even with a single glance.
- It is used to check the quality of a product for quality control. Range plays an important role in preparing R- charts, thus quality is maintained.
- The idea about the price of Gold and Shares is also made taking care of the range in which prices have moved for the past some periods.
- Meteorological Department also makes forecasts about the weather by keeping range of temp.
Demerits or Limitations or Drawbacks
- Range is not based on all the terms. Only extreme items reflect its size. Hence range cannot be completely representative of the data as all other middle values are ignored.
- Due to above reason range is not a reliable measure of dispersion.
- Range does not change even the least even if all other, in between, terms and variables are changed.
- Range is too much affected by fluctuation of sampling. Range changes from sample to sample. As the size of sample increases range increases and vice versa.
- It does not tell us anything about the variability of other data.
- For open-end intervals, range is indeterminate because lower and appear limits of first and last interval are not given. | <urn:uuid:8f64a97b-2ac1-4c8b-94e4-8d1bffe45111> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.publishyourarticles.net/knowledge-hub/statistics/merits-and-demerits-of-range.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535922089.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014522-00135-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949759 | 288 | 3.59375 | 4 |
A New Approach to Fighting Disease
Inside each of us lies a vast potential to fight disease. From viral and parasitic to bacterial infections and cancers, the immune system is the primary way the human body combats disease. Due to the immense scale of the human immune system, scientists have never been able to characterize the core parts by which it adapts to and fights disease.
Dramatic technological advances in genomics, bioinformatics, and frontier computing make it now possible to decode the human immune system for the first time. To achieve this goal, our scientific plan focuses on two areas:
- Understanding the rules and components of immunity
- Creating AI-driven models of immunity
In the first 3 years of the Project, we have already:
- Open sourced the first sequencing of the human immune system.
- Used machine learning to predict who will and will not respond to vaccination.
- Established one of the world’s leading scientific consortium across industry, government, and academia.
In the next five years, we aim to accomplish the following:
- Finish the initial genetic sequencing of the human immune system.
- Determine the initial rules by which the immune system fights disease.
- Develop the first AI models of the human immune system
Successfully achieving these objectives will significantly advance our ability to combat disease, and directly enable scientists around the globe to develop potent vaccines and therapeutics against some of humanity’s most devastating diseases.
Understanding the Rules of Immunity
Our scientists conduct some of the most intensive and comprehensive clinical studies ever undertaken to understand principles of human immunity. We seek to understand why some people respond to vaccines and immunotherapies, while others do not, and translate those insights into long-term protection from disease for people across the globe. Our studies include people of varying ages, ethnicities, and backgrounds across the globe to answer key questions:
- Why are some people protected from disease while others remain healthy?
- Why do some people respond to cancer immunotherapy while others do not?
- Why are some vaccines more effective for certain populations than others?
This includes work, led by by Dr. James E. Crowe, Jr., Director of the Vanderbilt University Vaccine Center, to sequence the immunome, which is the underlying genes that make up adaptive receptors on the surface of human B- and T-cells. We also have several studies ongoing, including the most comprehensive study of influenza ever undertaken, led by Dr. C. Buddy Creech of Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Dr. Tobias Kollmann at the Telethon Kids Institute is leading studies to determine the principles of one shot protection from vaccination, while Dr. Shane Crotty at the La Jolla Institute has pioneered new ways to monitor human immune responses within tissues.
Turning Data Into Insights
We are at forefront of applying bioinformatics, frontier supercomputing, and machine learning to this growing body of data to understand the dynamics of the human immune system. The goal is to create AI-driven models of immunity that will transform and accelerate the creation of more effective diagnostics, vaccines, and therapies.
New genomics and molecular biology tools now available are yielding billions of data points on single individuals, providing unparalleled insight into individual mechanisms of immunity.
To manage and analyze this volume of data, we have established a global Bioinformatics and Machine Learning Core, led by Dr. Richard Scheuermann at the J. Craig Venter Institute and Dr. Robert Sinkovits at the University of California, San Diego, making use of the extensive computing resources at the San Diego Supercomputer Center.
Our unique consortium model breaks down traditional barriers between the biological and computer sciences. Leading bioinformatics researchers work with top vaccine scientists to design, implement, and analyze outputs from our scientific studies.
As a global nonprofit, we are committed to open-source access to our data. We are working with leading cloud-based and machine learning platforms to enable access to our data, leveraging the expertise from the global research community.
Study Highlight: Decoding the Immunome
Nature has published the first results of our effort to sequence the human immunome. Led by Dr. James E. Crowe at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, the study shows the potential of our approach in merging cutting-edge biological research with frontier of computing advancements to decode the human immune system.
This work begins to define, for the first time, the genetic underpinnings of our ability to respond and adapt to an immense number of disease threats. Until now, this was considered too large and complex a project to undertake, as the human immune system is billions of times larger than the human genome.
We believe that this foundational data will enable research across a wide range of disease areas, while also facilitating the development of highly targeted and, someday, computationally designed vaccines and immunotherapies. This work complements another paper in Nature from a group at Human Vaccines Project scientific partner Scripps Research, which used different methods to describe the sequencing of the human immune system.
Together, the papers underscore the feasibility of decoding the human immune system by combining cutting-edge biological research with advancements from frontier supercomputing and bioinformatics. Work is ongoing to sequence additional arms of the immune system and to expand to new demographics, including supercentenarians and globally diverse populations. We plan to release those results in subsequent publications throughout the year. Learn more in our press release here. | <urn:uuid:009f31c3-f1e8-45cd-b1fe-cfca2ff9c49c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.humanvaccinesproject.org/science/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571198.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810161541-20220810191541-00719.warc.gz | en | 0.919048 | 1,118 | 3.5 | 4 |
“This Jesus of Nazareth, without money and arms, conquered more millions than Alexander, Caesar and Napoleon. Without science and learning He shed more light on things human and things divine than all philosophers and scholars combined. Without the eloquence of schools, He spoke such Words of Life as were never spoken before or since, and produced effects which lie beyond the reach of orator or poet. Without writing a single line, He set more pens in motion, and furnished themes for more sermons, orations, discussions, learned volumes, works of art and songs of praise than the whole army of great men of ancient and modern times.”–Phillip Schaff, noted historian.
- Do we know that Jesus actually existed as a person?
- What makes Jesus different from the other great religious teachers, prophets or philosophers?
- But why would God send His Son into the World?
- How could Jesus be God, if He lived and walked on the Earth like a man?
- Why does Jesus frequently refer to Himself in the Gospels of the New Testament as “the Son of Man”?
- What does the Bible mean when it calls Jesus “The Word”?
- So Jesus came to give us God’s message, to tell us about God’s Love?
- Why did the religious leaders of His Own people reject Him?
- If all of this amazing past history of Jesus is true, what does it mean? What good is it to me today?
- But aren’t such beliefs rather bigoted and narrow?minded?
- But can’t you just say “God” and speak of “God’s Love”? Why must you insist on using Jesus’ name?
- How can a conscientious person become a Christian, when the history of Christianity is so darkened by the sin, intolerance, wars, excesses and divisions of generations of its adherents?
- How can I know beyond a shadow of a doubt whether or not Jesus Christ really is the Son of God, the way of Salvation?
Do we know that Jesus actually existed as a person?^
Yes! To the unprejudiced historian, the historical facts regarding Jesus are as definite and evident as those of Julius Caesar. Not only do we find an accurate portrait of Him in the documents of the New Testament, but dozens of ancient non-Biblical manuscripts confirm that Jesus was a genuine historical figure who lived in Palestine in the early part of the first century.
Concerning the testimony of the many ancient secular accounts of Jesus, the Encyclopedia Britannica states:
“These independent accounts prove that in ancient times even the opponents of Christianity never doubted the historicity of Jesus, which was disputed for the first time – and on inadequate grounds – by several authors during the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th centuries.”
What makes Jesus different from the other great religious teachers, prophets or philosophers?^
If any adjective were to describe Jesus, it would be “unique”! His message was unique. The claims He made regarding Himself were unique. His miracles were unique. And the influence He has had on the World is unsurpassed by any other.
One very outstanding and undeniably unique aspect of Jesus’ life is that literally hundreds of detailed predictions and prophecies were made by ancient prophets and seers, many centuries before He was born. Specific details regarding His birth, life and death, that no mere mortal man could possibly have fulfilled!
In the first books of the Bible, known as the “Old Testament,” over 300 such predictions about the “Messiah” or “Saviour” can be found. The discovery of hundreds of ancient Old Testament manuscripts by archaeologists during this century has proven without a doubt that these prophecies were indeed written before this man called Jesus was born.
Not one of the great recognized religious leaders – not Moses, not Buddha, not Confucius, not Mohammed – ever claimed to be God. True, some have been deified by their followers after they died, but none ever personally claimed to be Deity. ? That is, with the exception of Jesus Christ. In fact, He not only claimed to be the Son of God, God manifest in human flesh, but He convinced a great portion of the World that He in fact is God’s Son.
This is probably the greatest difference between Jesus and all of the other great philosophers, teachers, prophets and gurus throughout the ages. Although many of them spoke and taught about love and about God, Jesus claimed that He was Love, that He was God’s Love for the World. Thus He really knew what He was talking about! Either He was right, or He was terribly wrong. Either He was good, and spoke the truth, or He was evil, a deceiver and a liar!
The famous intellectual and former professor of Cambridge University, C.S. Lewis, expressed it this way:
“There is a really foolish thing that people often say about Him: `I’m ready to accept Jesus as a great moral teacher, but I don’t accept His claim to be God.’ That is one thing that we must not say. A man who was merely a man and said the sort of things that Jesus said would not be `a great moral teacher’. He would either be a lunatic, on a level with a man who claims he is a poached egg, or else He would be the Devil of Hell! You must make your choice. Either this man was, and is, the Son of God: Or else a mad man or something worse.”
“You can shut Him up for a fool, you can spit at Him and kill him as a demon; or you can fall at His feet and call Him Lord and God. But let us not come up with any patronising nonsense about His being a `great human teacher’. He has not left that option open to us, He did not intend to.”
Another unlikely authority on such matters, the emperor and conqueror of nations, Napoleon Bonaparte, also rightly recognised the absolute uniqueness of Jesus, and expressed it in these words:
“I know men, and I tell you that Jesus Christ is no mere man. Between Him and every other person in the World there is no possible term of comparison. Alexander, Caesar, Charlemagne and I have founded empires. But on what did we rest the creations of our genius? Upon force. Jesus Christ founded His empire upon Love, and at this hour millions of men would die for Him.”
But why would God send His Son into the World?^
God loves us and wanted us to know His Love. But He knows that He, the great Creator of the Universe, is simply too great a concept for us to comprehend or even imagine! He says, “As high as the heavens are above the Earth, so high are My ways above your ways, and My thoughts above your thoughts!” (Isaiah 55:9) He also tells us, “Even the Heaven of heavens cannot contain Me!” (1Kings 8:27) None of us can really grasp just how great God is, how marvellous and wonderful He is, far beyond the minds of men and the wildest stretch of our imaginations!
But because He loves us and wanted us to know His Love and Salvation, He sent His “only begotten Son” – Jesus – into the World to show us what He Himself is like.
Although He was literally the Ruler and King of the Universe, He chose not to be born in a fine palace with the elite and powerful members of the governments of Man in attendance. Instead, He was born in the humblest and most lowly of circumstances, on the dirty floor of a barn amidst the cattle and the asses, wrapped in rags and laid to rest in the animals’ feed trough.
His earthly step-father, Joseph, was a humble carpenter with whom He lived and laboured, conforming to our own human ways of life, custom, language and living. ? Thus He personally experienced life as we know it, and learned to understand and love us better, to communicate with us on the lowly level of our own limited human understanding. ? He learned to love Mankind. He saw our suffering and had great compassion on us, longing not only to heal our sick and broken bodies, but also to save our souls and broken hearts!
When Jesus began His life’s work, He went about everywhere doing good. ? Helping people, loving children, healing heartaches, strengthening tired bodies, and bringing God’s Love to all whom He could. He not only preached His message, but He lived it among us as one of us. He not only ministered to Man’s spiritual needs, but He spent a great deal of time ministering to their physical and material needs, miraculously healing them when they were sick, giving sight to the blind, hearing to the deaf, cleansing lepers, raising the dead. He fed the crowds when they were hungry, and did all He could to share His life and His Love!
How could Jesus be God, if He lived and walked on the Earth like a man?^
Jesus said, “I and my Father are One.” “In the Beginning was the Word (Jesus) and the Word was with God and the Word was God. All things were made by Him, and without Him was not anything made that was made…And the Word (Jesus) was made flesh and lived among us, and we beheld His glory, the glory as of the one and only Son of the Father.” (John 1:1,2,14)
Just before He was arrested and crucified, knowing that He would soon be reunited with His Heavenly Father, Jesus prayed: “And now, Father, glorify Me along with Yourself and restore Me to such majesty and honour in Your presence as I had with You before the World was made…for You loved Me before the foundation of the World.” (John 17:5,24)
Why does Jesus frequently refer to Himself in the Gospels of the New Testament as “the Son of Man”?^
He called Himself the Son of Man because He was human, He was born of a woman just like the rest of us. He had the same kind of body that we have, He had the same feelings that we have, the same human limitations we have, He felt the same kind of weariness and pain.
The Creator of all things willingly stripped Himself of His unlimited power and became a tiny helpless infant. The Source of all wisdom and knowledge had to study and learn to read and write. He left His throne in Heaven where innumerable angels worshipped Him, where all the forces of the Universe were at His command, and He took the place of a servant ? scoffed at, ridiculed, persecuted and ultimately killed by the very ones He came to save.
The Bible tells us that Jesus is “a High Priest Who is touched with the feeling of our weaknesses, for He was in all points tempted the same way we are, yet without sin.” (Hebrews 4:15) Imagine! ? The Son of God literally became a citizen of this World, a member of humanity, a man of flesh, in order to reach us with His Love, prove to us His compassion and concern, and help us to understand His Truth in simple childlike terms that we could grasp.
What does the Bible mean when it calls Jesus “The Word”?^
God has always spoken to people in many ways: through the beauty and wonder of His Creation, through His prophets and messengers, and through His written Word. But the clearest revelation of Himself ? of His character, of His Love ? is found in His Son, Jesus, Whom He calls “the Word.”
Words are the means by which we express ourselves, by which we reveal our thoughts, our feelings, our character. ? And Jesus is the means, by which God expresses Himself to us. God’s most outstanding means of communication with us, the way that He chose to communicate His Love to the World, was by His Own Son, Jesus.
So Jesus came to give us God’s message, to tell us about God’s Love?^
Yes. ? But He not only gave us God’s message and God’s teachings, God’s Love, but He is God’s message, He is God’s Love to us.
Jesus, the living Word, revealed God’s feelings to us in a way that we could understand and relate to. For example, Isaiah 53:3 tells us, “He was a man of sorrows and acquainted with grief.” He wept over the grief of His friends, over the suffering of humanity, and even over Jerusalem, a city that rejected its Saviour and was therefore doomed to destruction.
Jesus was so merciful, so kind and kind?hearted. There were times when He was wearied, worn and virtually exhausted from constantly ministering to the crowds that thronged Him. On one occasion He tried to retire from the busy scene for a little rest and recuperation, but the Bible tells us that when He saw the multitudes who needed His help, He had compassion upon them. He felt so sorry for them that despite the weariness and pain He felt, He went out and healed all that came to Him, and taught them all the wonderful Words of God’s Kingdom of Love. (Matthew 9:36; Mark 6:31?34)
There were also times when God’s anger blazed through Jesus, the Living Word, against pretense and hypocrisy. He told the self?righteous leaders of the ruling religious hierarchy of His day, “If I had not come and spoken unto you, you would not be guilty of sin, but now I have come and exposed you, so you have no covering for your sin!” (John 15:22)
Actually, most of the time He had very little to do with the lofty, rich?robed, powerful and wealthy religious leaders, the Scribes and the Pharisees. ? Except when they insisted on annoying Him and raising critical questions, doubts and accusations among those He was teaching. Then He unleashed scathing rebukes against them, publicly exposing them as the “blind leaders of the blind” that they were (Matthew 15:14), even telling them on occasion that they were like “whitewashed sepulchres, tombs, which, although they appeared beautiful, clean and holy outwardly, were full of rottenness, corruption and stinking dead men’s bones within!” (Matthew 23:27,28) These religious leaders considered themselves to be the most “righteous and holy” people in town, but Jesus exposed them for the hypocrites, liars, robbers and cheaters of the poor that they were, which of course infuriated them.
But most of the time Jesus avoided the self?satisfied religionists, and spent His time helping and loving the poor, the common man, speaking to them, healing them, feeding them and most importantly, giving them the spiritual answers, Love, forgiveness and Truth that they longed for.
The Bible says that He mingled with and preached to the fishermen, drunks, prostitutes, tax collectors and sinners, and “the common people heard Him gladly.” (Mark 12:37) But when He went into the temple and gave His message to the religious leaders, they mobbed Him, threw Him out and finally crucified Him!
Why did the religious leaders of His Own people reject Him?^
Jesus’ message that all that the people had to do was to simply “love God with all their heart, and love their neighbour as themselves” (Matthew 22:37-39), liberated them from the dictatorial stranglehold and control that their religious leaders held over them. His teachings snatched the people out from under the established religion’s control, a development that filled the religious leaders with fear and envy. They reasoned, “If we let Him alone, all men will believe on Him, and the Romans will come and take away both our temple and our influence!” (John 11:47,48)
These bitter religious foes finally had Jesus arrested and brought to trial on false charges of sedition and subversion. Although the Roman governor found Him innocent, he was pressured and persuaded by the influential High Priests to execute Him. When Jesus’ enemies came to arrest Him, He assured His disciples, “They couldn’t even touch Me without My Father’s permission! If I would but raise My little finger, He would send tens of thousands of angels to rescue Me!” (Matthew 26:53) ? But instead, He chose to die. ? For you and me! Nobody took His life from Him, He laid it down, He gave His life of His Own free will and accord. (See John 10:11, 17,18)
But even His death did not satisfy His bitter and vengeful enemies! To ensure that His followers couldn’t steal His body and claim He had risen from the dead ? as He had said He would ? these false religious leaders had a huge stone placed over the entrance to His tomb, and posted a group of Roman soldiers there to guard it. ? A scheme that proved futile, as these same guards became eye?witnesses to the greatest miracle of all. ? Three days after His lifeless body was laid to rest in that cold tomb, He arose from the dead, victoriously conquering death and Hell and the grave!
If all of this amazing past history of Jesus is true, what does it mean? What good is it to me today?^
In the same text of the Bible where we read the story of His life on Earth, we also find many specific, definite claims that Jesus made regarding Himself. ? Claims that you can take at face value and put to the test right now. Here are a few examples in Jesus’ Own Words:
“I am the Light of the World. He that follows Me shall not walk in darkness, but shall have the Light of life.” (John 8:12) All of us have had the experience of being caught in the dark before and wishing we had a light so we could see, so we could make our way safely past any dangers, avoid any falls etc. Well, spiritually speaking, when we do not know God and are out of fellowship with Him, we are in spiritual darkness.
Would you like to get rid of all the darkness in your life? Just like turning a light on immediately chases all of the darkness out of a blackened room, so Jesus will chase all of the spiritual darkness, oppression, fear and evil out of your life if you will just ask Him to come into your heart! Once you have received the “Light of the World” ? Jesus ? into your heart, all of the powers of evil and the dark experiences of life will never be able to quench it!
“All power is given unto Me in Heaven and in Earth!” (Matthew 28:18)
The Devil and all of his evil spirits tremble at even the name of Jesus! All you need to do is ask Jesus to come into your heart, then you’ve got the greatest, most powerful spiritual Force of all with you. ? He is your Friend, He loves you and wants to help you and fill your soul with His Light!
“I am the Door, by Me, if any man enter in, he shall be saved.” (John 10:9)
He is not a closed or locked door that you must try to force open or work hard to enter. ? He’s an open door! All you have to do is walk through Him and thereby freely enter God’s Heavenly Kingdom of Love and Light! If you come to Jesus, He will give you His free gift of Eternal Life, and you will know that you belong to Him and are going to Heaven! There are millions of people alive today who can testify with certainty that this claim of His is true!
“I am the Bread of Life, He that comes to Me shall never hunger, and he that believes on Me shall never thirst.” (John 6:35)
Deep in their hearts, most people know that something is missing in their lives. Outwardly they may seem to have everything ? money, position, friends etc., all the things that are supposed to make them happy ? yet they still have an emptiness, a hunger that nothing really satisfies.
Jesus said that He is the Bread of Life, Who would completely fulfil our heart’s “hunger and thirst.” You can find out if this claim is true by simply asking Him to come into your life. See how quickly His Love can satisfy your hungry heart! ? The loneliness, emptiness and dissatisfaction you may have experienced will be replaced with lasting happiness, peace and joy such as you have never known before!
“I am the Way, the Truth and the Life. ? No man comes unto the Father except by Me.” (John 14:6)
This is an extraordinary claim, and is, in fact, the heart and soul of the writings of the New Testament. ? That Jesus alone is the way to Eternal Life, Salvation and union with God.
But aren’t such beliefs rather bigoted and narrow?minded?^
Quite the contrary, Jesus and His life and teachings are absolutely universal, open to all men, and are anything but “narrow-minded” or “bigoted”! In fact, it was Jesus’ proclamation that “whoever believes in Me shall not perish!”, that so infuriated the closed-minded and racially-prejudiced religious leaders and rabbis of His Own Jewish religion! Jesus frequently helped and mingled with so-called “pagan” Gentiles, those whom His Own Jewish people had been taught by their leaders to despise and look down upon.
The religious leaders and teachers of Jesus’ day were narrow-minded in every sense of the word. They were sour, intolerant and legalistic, and felt that they alone had an absolute monopoly on God and His Kingdom. It was the fact that Jesus told them to their faces that the Kingdom of God would be taken from them and opened up to others ? to nations from the East and from the West, to all people throughout the entire World ? that infuriated them so much that they determined to destroy Him. (Matthew 8:11,12; 21:42,43)
God sent us His Son to show all men, all nations, all people, what He Himself is like, to freely bring us His Own great Love! “For God so loved the World (you and me) that He gave His only begotten Son (Jesus), so that whoever believes in Him should not perish, but have everlasting life.” (John 3:16)
But can’t you just say “God” and speak of “God’s Love”? Why must you insist on using Jesus’ name?^
If Jesus is God’s Son, and God chose Jesus to reveal Himself to the World, then God Himself has insisted on it! These are God’s conditions, not ours: “Love Me, love My Son!” The Bible says, “All men should honour the Son, even as they honour the Father. He who does not honour the Son, does not honour the Father Who sent Him.” (John 5:23)
God is our great, kind and loving Heavenly Father, and He loves each of us very much. And He wants us all to experience and know the wonderful Love, joy and satisfaction that comes from personally knowing and being close friends with Him.
But sad to say, all of us have done wrong at one time or another, and have been selfish, unloving or unkind to others. ? Or even to Him, our Heavenly Father! He tells us in His Word, “All have missed the mark and have fallen short of the perfection of God.” (Romans 3:23.)
God knows that no matter how hard we try to be good, none of us can ever be good enough to come into His perfect presence through our own self-goodness. But Jesus is perfect. And because He was willing to come to Earth and suffer and die on the cross for us, to take the punishment that we deserve for our wrong-doings, we can be forgiven for all our failings and be reunited with our great and loving Heavenly Father if we will simply accept Jesus’ pardon and Gift of Eternal Life!
It doesn’t matter how bad we are, no matter what we’ve done, if we will simply ask Jesus to forgive us and receive Him into our heart, we will be forgiven and saved. ? Which means we will not only know God’s wonderful love and peace here and now, but when we die, we will inherit a never-ending life of Love and happiness in Heaven forever!
No mere mortal man, be he prophet or teacher, sage or guru, could possibly do what Jesus did! ? Only God Himself in the person of His Own Son could pay the price for our failings, and take the punishment that we deserve. Only God could have done that in the person of His Son Jesus. This is why Jesus alone could rightfully proclaim Himself to be “the Way, the Truth and the Life.”
There is simply no other way to make peace with God. He will not accept any other terms, any other deal. In Jesus, the one thing that needed to happen for Mankind happened in such a way that it never needs to happen again! It is for this reason that we can claim with certainty that for the greatest ailment of humanity there is only one specific remedy. ? Jesus!
If many different groups of pathologists were all earnestly seeking to discover the cause and cure of cancer, and one group ? through no brilliance of their own ? were to discover the secret, would it be “narrow-mindedness” or “bigotry” for them to share what they had found with all the other groups, and indeed with the entire World? ? Of course not! In fact, it would be the utmost folly, selfishness, lack of love and dishonesty were they to keep the secret to themselves! ? This is why we who have personally found Jesus, do all we can to share Him with others.
How can a conscientious person become a Christian, when the history of Christianity is so darkened by the sin, intolerance, wars, excesses and divisions of generations of its adherents?^
Millions of individuals through the ages have come to personally know and love Jesus, and have been empowered by Him to lead wonderful lives of love and service to their fellow man. But sad to say, generally speaking, Christianity as an institution has failed miserably in fulfilling the mission that Jesus gave His original Apostles and followers: To share God’s Love with a needy World!
Most so-called “Christian” organisations and denominations have become so preoccupied with their internal squabbles, selfish accumulation of wealth, construction of elaborate and wasteful church buildings etc. that they have, in effect, forgotten and lost sight of Jesus’ original command to “love thy neighbour as thyself!”
Our objective is not to persuade you to become a member of a religious organisation. ? Jesus is not a religion! In fact, Jesus Himself never actually started any denominations or hierarchical organisations! He simply went about doing good, helping people and sharing the Love of God with all whom He could. He never had a synagogue, mosque, church or temple of any kind, nor did He have a congregation whom He met with on a certain “holy day” of the week.
He never put up a sign or advertised, “Come to My church on Holy day! He only said, “Come unto Me! (Matthew 11:28) He absolutely refused to compromise with the powerful and corrupt religious system of His day, but rather worked totally outside of it, reaching and sharing His Love and Truth with the poor and common folk who had long ago abandoned and been abandoned by organised religion.
Once, while speaking to a woman who was arguing with Him over whether God should be worshipped in a certain “holy” mountain in Samaria, or in the Jews’ temple in Jerusalem, He answered her, “The day is coming, and now is, when you shall neither worship God here upon this mountain not yet at Jerusalem. For they that worship God must worship Him in spirit and in truth. ? For the Father seeks such to worship Him!” (John 4:21-23) Jesus made it clear that forms and ceremonies, rituals and religious buildings were in no way necessary to worship God, but that we could simply love and worship Him in spirit, in our hearts and in truth, by following the light of His Word.
How can I know beyond a shadow of a doubt whether or not Jesus Christ really is the Son of God, the way of Salvation?^
We have touched on several features of Jesus’ life that could perhaps assist or inspire your faith. As mentioned earlier, the historical facts regarding Jesus of Nazareth cannot be denied by anyone who seriously and open-mindedly examines the facts.
The fulfillment of over 300 Old Testament prophecies given many centuries before He was born, describing in detail His birth, His life, His work, His death and His resurrection, also cannot be denied by any sincere seeker of truth.
There is also no reason to doubt that after His death, something incredible happened which transformed His tiny band of dejected followers into a company of witnesses whom all the persecution of Imperial Rome could not stop. Downhearted and discouraged, their Lord cruelly crucified by His enemies, it looked to those disciples like their hopes had died and their dreams were shattered.
But three days after Jesus’ death, their faith was rekindled in such a dramatic manner that no force on Earth was ever able to quench it! And that lowly handful of His original followers went on to tell the entire World the Good News! ? That God not only sent His Son into the World to teach us His Truth and show us His Love, but also that Jesus suffered death for our sake, and then rose from the grave! ? So that we who know and believe on Him never need to fear death again, for we are saved and on our way to Heaven, thanks to Jesus!
The New Testament tells us that Jesus personally appeared to over 500 eye-witnesses after His resurrection. (1Corinthians 15:6) This was the resounding message that His first disciples boldly proclaimed throughout the World, “God raised Him from the dead!” (Acts 13:30)
A mere mental, intellectual acceptance of these facts is not enough. For you to be absolutely certain that Jesus is Who He claimed to be, the Son of God, you simply need to personally try Him! Ask Him to come into your heart, forgive you for all the wrong you’ve done, and fill your life with His Love, peace and joy. ? And He will! He says in His Word, “Behold, I stand at the door (of your heart) and knock. If you hear My voice and open the door I will come into you.” (Revelation 3:20.) You don’t have to try to figure Him out, just let Him in! | <urn:uuid:4f09429e-4e00-45c5-a8b3-54c17b04b98a> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://endtimeinfo.com/2011/01/who-is-jesus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886117519.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823020201-20170823040201-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.972324 | 6,655 | 3.25 | 3 |
Vertebrate: refers to animals with a backbone or spinal column. Vertebrates have an endoskeleton (a skeleton inside its body), which is made of bone or cartilage.
Hawaiian Translation: Iwikuamo‘o (when referring to animals the Hawaiian term is- Holoholona iwikuamo‘o)
Uhu or Parrot Fish is an example of a vertebrate because it has a backbone.
The Honu or Hawaiian Green Sea Turtle is also a vertebrate. Their spine is attached to the roof of the inside of their shell. That is why turtles don't shed shells or jump in and out of their shell.
Returning to WebQuest? Close this window to continue | <urn:uuid:ef1b2341-6ebc-4124-a7a4-41869f6cadec> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.webquest.hawaii.edu/kahihi/sciencedictionary/V/vertebrate.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163038799/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131718-00093-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929735 | 151 | 3.453125 | 3 |
The European Research Council has awarded Dr. Bert Janssen a Starting Grant of 1.5 million Euros for his research proposal on the communications between cells. Miscommunication between cells can have serious consequences, including growth and development disorders such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and cancer. However, at the moment scientists lack methods for studying the communications (and miscommunications) between cells in detail. Over the next five years, Janssen hopes to be able to change that.
“My eventual goal is to have such a thorough understanding of cell-to-cell communications that we can have a better idea of how to intervene when something goes wrong”, explains Janssen. “To do so, we need to be able to study in detail how cells bind to one another and then communicate signals. For example the exchange of signals between neurons during the development of the nervous system.”
Developing model methods
The connection and transmission of signals is performed via proteins that are located on the outside of the cell surface. Since his PhD. research, Janssen has worked on elucidating protein structures and their mechanisms of action. His research has focused on the proteins separated from the cells. “Over the past three years, techniques for studying proteins in and on cells have improved dramatically, but this still requires lots of ‘tricks’ . It is especially difficult to quantify and visualise the protein-protein interactions between cells, because model methods are currently lacking. Thanks to recent improvements in electron microscopy and tomography, we can now develop the methods we need.”
Due to the complexity of the protein-protein interactions between cells, Janssen must combine a variety of techniques and methods. These entail crystallography to elucidate protein structures, electron microscopy and tomography to visualize how a protein complex on one cell interacts with a protein on another cell, and Surface Plasmon Resonance to determine the strength of that interaction. This is followed by fluorescent labelling to validate conclusions on interactions based on the other studies. However all of the methods and techniques will have to be further refined by Janssen and his group.
Bert Janssen (1978) studied Molecular Sciences in Wageningen and earned his PhD.cum laude with Prof. Piet Gros at Utrecht University. He was awarded a Human Frontier Science Program Fellowship, allowing him to conduct research for three years at the University of Oxford . Afterwards he returned to Utrecht to work at the Crystal and Structural Chemistry group. In 2012, he was awarded a Vidi grant by NWO to start his own research group. | <urn:uuid:09aced2b-aa18-4100-a1a7-6e3d0c06926d> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.uu.nl/en/news/chemist-bert-janssen-receives-15-million-euros-for-research-into-communications-between-cells | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125881.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00494-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966052 | 538 | 2.625 | 3 |
The six conservation laboratories at HFC offer the most diverse range of specialties in the NPS and can provide treatment for the following materials: textiles, books, paper/parchment, wooden artifacts, metals, mechanical objects, natural history specimens, leather, ceramics, glass, and plastics. Support spaces for the labs include a wood shop, metal shop, air abrasion room, spray booth and a photography studio.
Please Note: HFC's conservation labs are not open to the public on a regular basis, but group tours can be arranged depending on the nature of the request.
Object treatments vary from surface cleaning and completing minor repairs to major conservation efforts. Conservators regularly test media, adhesives, chemical residues, and other materials before treatments begin to ensure proposed treatment steps are safe for the objects. Written reports and digital images document all work. See examples of HFC treatments.
Much of the work that HFC conservators do helps prevent the need for an object to be treated. Preservation strategies are most efficient at the collection level and include proper handling and physical security; controlling temperature, relative humidity, and light; excluding insects, food, and live plants from storage and exhibition areas; good housekeeping practices; and rotating sensitive objects off exhibit. The conservators provide recommendations, training, and on-site help in these areas to NPS staff in the field.
Planning is important for long-term care of collections, identifying needs, and justifying funding to correct deficiencies. HFC conservators often travel to parks to write museum plans such as Collection Condition Surveys, Collection Management Plans, Housekeeping Plans and IPM Plans.
The conservators work with HFC exhibit staff, NPS curators, cultural resource specialists, historians, interpreters, facility staff, and others to develop and upgrade exhibits in park visitor centers and museums. Conservators may treat objects used in exhibits and also ensure the methods and materials used to design and build exhibit cases are appropriate for the objects. They provide standards for temperature, relative humidity, and light levels to protect the objects on display, install objects in the exhibits, and recommend timeframes for exhibition of sensitive objects.
Whether it's a burst pipe, a broken air conditioning system or natural disasters such as hurricanes, floods, fires and tornadoes, the NPS relies on its conservators to save damaged museum collections. HFC's conservators provide advice and on-site response, evaluating the effects of the disaster on collections. They plan for recovery, salvage collections, treat objects, and assist with reestablishing stable storage environments for preservation of the recovered objects. See examples of HFC disaster response.
HFC's conservators provide hands-on training and classroom instruction to NPS and other Department of the Interior museum staff in preventative conservation techniques and when appropriate basic treatment steps. Conservators also present their work at professional meetings and publications and author publications such as NPS Conserve O Grams.
HFC conservators were instrumental in the development and implementation of the NPS Cold Storage Project. This project focused on the storage of the cellulose acetate films in museum collections (slides, 4"x5" negatives, 35mm film strips, motion picture films, etc.) In addition HFC conservators developed Conserve O Grams specific to this topic:
Getting Help for Your Objects
HFC Conservators only work on NPS and other government museum collections. For assistance with these collections or to ask a general conservation question please visit the NPS Museum and Architectural Conservators Common Learning Portal.
Members of the public looking for a conservator to treat private collections or family heirlooms can search for one through the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (AIC) Find a Conservator Program.
Learn more about caring for your objects through the NPS's free Conserve O Gram series.
Learn More About the Museum Conservation Programs
The NPS has conservators at other labs around the country. Learn more by contacting:
- National Center for Preservation Technology and Training (NCPTT) in Natchitoches, Louisiana
- Historic Architecture, Conservation and Engineering (HACE) in Lowell, Massachusetts
- Western Archeological and Conservation Center (WACC) in Tuscon, Arizona
Last updated: December 18, 2019 | <urn:uuid:fcda6794-abce-4f95-9338-a1b0815f249d> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.nps.gov/subjects/hfc/museum-conservation-services.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251796127.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129102701-20200129132701-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.907456 | 878 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Wanted, a Beautiful Barmaid: Women Behind the Bar in New Zealand, 1830-1976
Victoria University Press, $50.00,
Conrad Bollinger famously dubbed New Zealand “Grog’s Own Country”. It was 1957. Bollinger was writing under the dark cloud of six o’clock closing and its ugly swill. A call for evening drinking, throwing off the six o’clock rule in place from 1917, was just the most obvious protest against the many shackles of a licensing system dating from the 1880s which controlled both drinking outlets and hours. It took another edition of Bollinger’s book, and 10 years, to reach the bright light of 10 o’clock closing in 1967. These days, thanks to the liberalising skies of the 1989 Sale of Liquor Act (and its extensions), New Zealanders can legally buy and consume drink almost anywhere, any time.
Into a history often caricatured as a battleground between puritan wowsers and hard drinkers, Susan Upton’s Beautiful Barmaid brings us a less well known chapter: the worker and the banned barmaid. At its core is the 1910 success of the “ban the barmaid” campaign. From that date, barmaids were legally prohibited from working in bars. As some argued, bars were places of moral filth and thus inimical to female respectability. Whether as workers or as drinkers, women had no place in them. Others, equally keen to ban women, underlined their power to attract men to drink: they were dangerous “decoy birds of the liquor traffic”. To save men from themselves, women’s removal from bars was imperative.
As early as 1869, barmaids on the goldfields were prohibited from dancing with their patrons. The idea of a wholesale ban on women working on bars was first mooted in 1874, but took on greater momentum from the 1880s. Controlling “the demon drink” by restricting its production and consumption – through reducing places and hours of sale, and making drinking space as unattractive as possible – was the guiding principle from the late 19th century onwards. It was a strategy which was also premised on separating imagined male consumers from female suppliers. In 1910, that vision was enacted in legislation.
Passing the law was one thing, applying it another. The amendment to the Licensing Act, 1910, banning barmaids, also established a register under which women already working in bars were able to continue. Provision to continue to work was also made for women who were themselves holders of liquor licences, along with those who made up that large and rarely enumerated group of people vital in most small businesses: children, wives and relatives “assisting”. Through the pages of her fine book, Upton introduces us to the working worlds and informal social codes of hotels up and down the country. At Dunedin’s Tattersall’s Hotel, diminutive Ma Blainey demurely dressed in black, but her intimidating manner kept her patrons in check. At Palmerston North’s Princess Hotel in the 1930s and 40s, proprietor Mrs Murphy saw no contradiction in serving her male customers while disapproving vehemently of women drinking in her pub. She simply refused to serve them. The rather more genial Rebecca Tabor of Masterton’s Prince of Wales was held in such warm esteem by her customers they made her an honorary male and vice president of their rugby club. Women continued to be part of the hotel industry after 1910, as they had been before, even if they were increasingly an aging workforce, and one more likely to be licensed proprietors than wage earners. Many were widows.
Drinking establishments were imagined to pose dangerous landscapes for women well into the 1950s. Marge Goodger’s Otago farming parents made her promise never to go out with airline pilots or commercial travellers when she went to work as a receptionist at a decent Dunedin hotel in the mid-1950s.
By then, however, modern tendencies were afoot. Legal restrictions against women working behind the bar were removed in 1961. But the hotel workers’ union, with the support of FOL leader F P Walsh, stood against women’s employment, believing that barmaids would undercut wage rates. Getting a job was not easy. The final legal distinctions (in age) between women and men hotel workers were removed in 1976, while the 1977 Human Rights Act made discrimination on the basis of sex, race or religion unlawful.
The story which Upton’s excellent work tells of attempts to push women out of bars can be read as anachronistic, as a failed history, as simply an account of the quirks and idiosyncrasies of history, of what we once were, long ago. It is more than this.
The question of whether, and how, to regulate alcohol, remains a vexed one. Alcohol use, and abuse, is still with us. Effective forms of control that minimise harmful use remain challenges in the very different circumstances of the market and moral economies of the early 21st century. Localised liquor bans and territorial restrictions within certain hours are currently the tools used by local authorities to contain public drunkenness and its harmful consequences. History does not offer a lesson so much as provide evidence to draw on in knowing ourselves in the present, and thinking about how we act in the time that is ours. Upton’s story provides an important insight into the labour history and gendered values surrounding New Zealand’s culture of drinking. It can be profitably read alongside Paul Christoffel’s 2006 unpublished PhD thesis on the long reach of the 1881 Licensing Act. Christoffel suggests that by far the most effective measure in controlling consumption is economic – the cost of drink, rather than restrictions on availablility.
Ultimately, and enduringly, New Zealand has addressed its drinking through the ballot box. Political control is the target of reformers of all stripes. Prominent prohibitionist Tommy Taylor stirred his Christchurch audiences in the early 20th century with the challenge: “Isn’t your vote as good as the vote of two barmaids?” Upton has given him some good answers.
Charlotte Macdonald is Professor of History at Victoria University of Wellington. | <urn:uuid:8e7095b6-7013-4ab5-b111-5945864cff0e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://nzbooks.org.nz/2014/non-fiction/grogzone-charlotte-macdonald/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153966.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730122926-20210730152926-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.977677 | 1,316 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Their vision is incredibly acute. One moment gliding majestically, they will swoop down like a flash of lightning to attack their prey. It is easy to understand why humans often choose the eagle as a symbol of power and beauty.
CyberDodo and Urban pollution (1-19)
It is basically the collection of pollutants created by cities, the number and dangerousness of these pollutants which would certainly surprise city dwellers everywhere ! Air, water, ground the entire environment is involved
Certainly, the situation is different in western countries versus in poorer countries, in countries with warmer climates as opposed to colder ones, but a global consciousness must definitely be engaged in order to make cities less polluted and hence less dangerous for their inhabitants.
Cities are the source of numerous dangerous gases, particularly vehicles (passenger cars, lorries, buses, etc) which produce, in particular, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrous oxides (Nox), benzyne, ozone, etc. in addition to fine particles emitted by diesel motors which represent a serious threat to human health.
Heating installations use fossil fuels which also pollute the air of our cities. However, in numerous urban agglomerations, the main source of the deterioration of air quality is from industrial facilities which spew out veritable poisons into the air, which is then breathed by riverside residents.
Smog, which so commonly caps our famous megalopolises is a terrifying palpable demonstration of atmospheric pollution.
For more than a century, cities have functioned as super magnets, attracting millions of rural residents to their proverbial shores.
Each of these individuals has needed water to live, that is, to drink, to prepare food, and also to wash up and for other basic needs. Cities under constant development must therefore constantly increase their water resources and their water treatment capacities.
In numerous countries, this has created nearly insurmountable problems and hundreds of millions of human beings are not guaranteed daily access to potable water ; as regards wastewater the lack of effective collection and treatment facilities means that wastewater is often quite simply dumped back into Nature, often into the ocean, which creates serious and lasting pollution problems.
Lest we not forget the cleansing effect of rainwaters which wash numerous pollutants into the ground and other water sources, including lakes and oceans.
See our informational report on groundwater for more information.
All comments ( 0 ) | <urn:uuid:456edbe2-16eb-4e03-9e00-45e3d8f8bce6> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://en.cyberdodo.com/files/cyberdodo-and-urban-pollution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886107487.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821022354-20170821042354-00221.warc.gz | en | 0.95361 | 501 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Voltaire’s Early Life and Works
In the same year that he coined his new name, Voltaire enjoyed his first major literary success when his tragedy Œdipe was staged by the Comédie Française. Meanwhile he was working on an epic poem which had as its protagonist Henri IV, the much-loved French monarch who brought France’s civil wars to a close, and who, in Voltaire’s treatment, becomes a forerunner of religious toleration: La Ligue (later enlarged to become La Henriade) was first published in 1723. His reputation as a poet and dramatist was now comfortably established, and he decided to travel to England to oversee the publishing of the definitive edition of La Henriade. His departure for London was precipitated when he unwisely became involved in a humiliating argument with an aristocrat, who had him briefly interned in the Bastille.
Voltaire arrived in London in the autumn of 1726, and what had begun partly as self-imposed exile became a crucially formative period for him. He learned English and mixed with a number of figures prominent in England’s political and cultural life. An old saw has it that Voltaire ‘came to England a poet and left it a philosopher’. In truth, he was a philosopher before coming to England, and it would be more accurate to say that Voltaire came to England a poet and left it a prose writer. Voltaire thought of himself first and foremost as a poet, and during his long life he would never abandon the writing of verse, for which he had a remarkable facility (many of his letters are sprinkled with seemingly spontaneous passages of verse). In England, however, he came into contact with models of prose unlike those to which he was accustomed in France: Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels, for example, which Voltaire read on first publication, or Addison’s Spectator, a periodical he used in order to learn to read English. It is hardly coincidental, therefore, that before returning to France in 1728, Voltaire began writing his first two major essays in prose: a history, the Histoire de Charles XII, and a book about the English, which is now best known under the title Lettres philosophiques, but was first published in English translation (London 1733) as the Letters Concerning the English Nation.
The furore created by the publication in France in 1734 of the Lettres philosophiques led Voltaire to leave Paris and take refuge in the château of his mistress, Mme du Châtelet, at Cirey-en-Champagne. From 1734 until Mme du Châtelet’s death in 1749, this was his haven from the world. During this period, he studied and wrote intensively in a wide variety of areas, including science (Eléments de la philosophie de Newton, 1738), poetry (Le Mondain, 1736), drama (Mahomet, 1741), and fiction (Zadig, 1747). In the 1740s, Voltaire was briefly on better terms with the court: he was made royal historiographer in 1745, and the following year, after several failed attempts, he was finally elected to the Académie Française. He had turned fifty and was now the leading poet and dramatist of his day; perhaps even Voltaire did not imagine that the works which would make him even more celebrated still lay in the future.
An initially idyllic interlude was provided by Voltaire’s stay at the court of Potsdam (1750-1753), and in 1752 he published both Le Siècle de Louis XIV and Micromégas. Throughout his career, however, Voltaire was prone to involvement in literary quarrels, and his time in Berlin was no exception; his attack on Pierre-Louis de Maupertuis, president of the Berlin Academy, caused Frederick II to lose patience with him. Voltaire left Berlin in a flurry of mutual recriminations, and although these were later forgotten, Voltaire’s dream of having found the ideal enlightened monarch were definitively shattered. His correspondence with Frederick, which had begun in 1736 when the latter was still crown prince, survived, and, after a hiatus, it continued until Voltaire’s death. They corresponded on literary and philosophical matters, and Voltaire sent Frederick many of his works in manuscript. Their exchange of more than seven hundred letters remains as an extraordinary literary achievement in its own right. | <urn:uuid:0ba0ad47-e447-430e-8c5a-6557a5fa5e6b> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.voltaire.ox.ac.uk/www_vf/about_voltaire/early.ssi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172902.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00408-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984056 | 955 | 3.671875 | 4 |
SpaceX will take on board two of the world’s most consumed plants in its business: coffee and cannabis.
Spacial cannabis !
The agrotech company Front Range Biosciences® (FRB) has partnered with SpaceCells USA Inc. to send coffee and hemp tissue cultures. The experiment will be used to study whether plant cells undergo gene expression changes or genetic mutations in space.
The cargo will be loaded on a SpaceX CRS-20 cargo flight, scheduled to take off in March 2020. From there, the equipment will go to the International Space Station (ISS), where the cultures will be conducted under strict conditions by NASA astronauts and designed by BioServe Space Technologies, a research arm of the University of Colorado.
Nearly 500 crops will be grown in the ISS plant incubator. BioServe will monitor growing conditions for about a month from its operations center at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Once the cells return to Earth, FRB will examine how exposure to space radiation and microgravity has affected the expression of plant genes.
“This is one of the first times anyone has studied the effects of microgravity and spaceflight on hemp and coffee cell crops,” said Dr. Jonathan Vaught, co-founder, and CEO of Front Range Biosciences. “There is scientific evidence to support the theory that plants in space undergo mutations. This is an opportunity to see if these changes continue once they are brought back to Earth and if there are new commercial applications. »
These mutations are the reason why it would be difficult today to smoke cannabis in space.
Why send coffee and cannabis into space?
The experiment could help farmers and scientists to see how space affects plant reactions and whether they respond well in space. The purpose is in particular to the challenges posed by climate change on the conditions of cultivation on Earth by drought or high temperature.
“These are great ideas that we are pursuing and there is a huge opportunity to commercialize new chemotypes, as well as plants that can better adapt to drought and cold,” said Peter McCullagh, CEO of Space Cells. “We hope to prove through these and other missions that we can adapt the food supply to climate change. »
“We plan this to be the first of a series of experiments together,” said Louis Stodieck, Chief Scientist of BioServe Space Technologies at the University of Colorado at Boulder. “In the future, we expect the crew to harvest and preserve plants at different times in their growth cycle so that we can analyze the activated and deactivated metabolic pathways. This is a fascinating field of study with considerable potential. »
Another start-up, Space Tango, sent hemp seeds into the ISS via a SpaceX rocket, sent them back to Earth and started growing them. Their results do not yet seem to be published. | <urn:uuid:e60b7096-ed4a-4a82-831d-6ee378f6fcef> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.cbd.ci/cbd-news/spacex-will-deliver-cannabis-to-the-iss/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362952.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204063651-20211204093651-00147.warc.gz | en | 0.938686 | 587 | 3.015625 | 3 |
I know this is probably a really easy question, but my teacher failed to mention how to do it, so here goes.
I'm making a simple program that tells a user if a sequence of given numbers are even or odd. Here's what the program should look like:
Enter a sequence of numbers (0 to quit): 12 4 19 3 0 12 is even 4 is even 19 is odd 3 is odd
I've gotten the program made, except my output stops at "12 is even".
My question is, how do I get my program to loop through all of the numbers and stop at 0?
I tried using a while loop,
while (x != 0)
But, it just looped "12 is even" over and over. | <urn:uuid:792051c4-7fa1-4fae-bb2c-df8e1b1a95bb> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.daniweb.com/programming/software-development/threads/235196/multiple-inputs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320226.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624050312-20170624070312-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.951711 | 156 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Is it true that people with asthma should stay away from fast food like burgers and fries?
What to avoid?
Good question. And the answer is…maybe. One study found that asthma patients who ate foods high in fat had more trouble breathing than patients who ate a low fat meal.
High fat foods are bad news
To be clear, the study doesn’t prove that burgers and fries, specifically, cause or worsen asthma. But it does suggest that high fat foods, like a lot of junk food, may be bad for asthma.
Other studies have found that foods high in fat and salt trigger the immune system, which can lead to swelling in the body, including the airway. And when your airway is swollen, it’s harder to breath.
Also consider that asthma has gotten a lot worse over the past few decades. From 1980 through 1994, asthma rates in developed countries rose by more than sixty percent.
Link to obesity?
There are probably many causes for the increase, but it may not be a coincidence that obesity rates skyrocketed at the same time. Obesity has been linked to the growing availability of high calorie, high fat foods–the same types of food that may also contribute to asthma.
In any case, it’s well known that high fat and high salt junk food is bad for your waistline and for health generally. The idea that fatty foods may harm breathing, too, is one more reason to cut back. | <urn:uuid:b4440d3f-2028-42b4-949f-6a0d2747ce77> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/asthma-and-fast-food/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663739.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00029-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963685 | 301 | 2.5625 | 3 |
A 10-Point Plan for Options (Without Being Overwhelmed)
The 3D printing was devised by Chuck Hill in 1983, and known as ‘stereolithography’ as a method for building solid materials by printing thin films of flammable material over another. This technique laid the cornerstone for modern 3D printing.
The modern definition of 3D printing can be described as an additive tech procedure to yield a physical item from an electronic source or layout. Nowadays, there are assorted 3D engineering and material available on the current market, but follow the specific same design procedure: a good substance from a digital layout with the addition of consecutive layers. A normal 3D printing initiated with a forming of digitalized style file of a physiological thing.
The following step changes with technologies and substance utilized, beginning from app developers to melt the content and place it down on printing platform. The timing is extremely dependent on the print dimensions, and frequently post-processing occasions.
The advancement in technology now leads many individuals to enjoy the simplicity and convenience it brings. Every calendar year, a new scientific notion is introduced to people and one of them leaves one’s dream into a reality, because of a system named 3D Printer. 3D Printing is a process of printing an item that someone can really use.
The procedure begins simple. An individual would create whatever image they need in a computer program and after scanning the picture, it will then be sent to the printer that will publish it outside in 3D format. Though it appears quite straightforward, and rightly so there are unique printers in the marketplace and based on the needs and necessities of the individual with it, can also vary in costs.
There are various software that people may find useful together with the printer. From the healthcare world like, printers are used to create low-cost prosthetics. Since prosthetics are costly, the 3D printed prosthetics aren’t just powerful and found helpful, but additionally it cuts the purchase price of the first prosthetics and might be utilized to aid amputees at home or sent to war-torn nations. 3D printed limbs, ears and other body parts and medical equipment like wheelchairs are now manufactured with 3D printing method.
Researchers will also be ongoing with the possibility of a single day functioning with the gear to publish skins and other tissue substance that could make skin grafting or skin replacement for individuals quicker and simpler. Another group where 3D printers are somewhat popular is with the kids. As kids become increasingly curious and curious about their surrounding and the effort for creative understanding, these gear are valuable in assisting children image and produce their very own toys. 3D printing is simply taking off, so everyone should be paying attention to where it belongs. | <urn:uuid:bcce5ff3-c2a4-40bb-bea9-93e5f0a5e157> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://mtqb.info/a-10-point-plan-for-options-without-being-overwhelmed.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583755653.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121025613-20190121051613-00576.warc.gz | en | 0.94764 | 559 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Images of the Oswego Refugee Camp
Click on this link to view the many images
Sixty-five years ago next month, Oswego was thrust onto the world stage by a decision made by Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
The two world leaders, fighting a World War in Europe and Asia, decided to open havens for Jewish refugees, people in Europe driven from their homes by the Nazi regime.
Britain would open four in the Middle East, France would open two in North Africa, and the United States would open one. The United States haven opened in August 1944 in Oswego, in buildings that housed a former Army training station next to Fort Ontario.
Oswego is marking the 65th anniversary of the opening of the United States haven for Jewish refugees with special events throughout the summer at the Safe Haven Museum and Education Center.
Safe Haven Museum and Education Center
Summer hours: 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Tuesday through Sunday; 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Labor Day.
Fall and winter hours: 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. Wednesday through Sunday
For information: www.oswegohaven.org
While most of the haven’s buildings are long gone, the gatehouse, which served as a brig for drunken soldiers on the Army base, still exists and today houses the museum.
The original idea to create the museum started with a phone call from the Oswego Mayor at the time, John Sullivan, said William C. Schum, a retired professor and dean at the State University College at Oswego and first president of the museum.
“The (city-owned old Army buildings) were empty, unused and disheveled. So the mayor called a group of community leaders to come up with a way to use them,” Schum said. “The mayor said maybe we could have a Holocaust museum and a children’s science museum.”
A long-time history buff, Schum knew the history of the Jewish refugee haven and thought the story needed to be told. He told the mayor he’d be interested in opening the museum.
That refugees’ story begins in the summer of 1944, when American generals complained to Roosevelt that there were too many refugees in Europe for the military to take care of. To solve the problem, Churchill and Roosevelt agreed to open camps for them.
“Roosevelt and the War Refugee Board chose Oswego, because the old Army quarters was available and because Oswego represented American values,” Schum said.
A total of 982 refugees, 89 percent of them Jewish, were recruited in Italy and boarded the U.S.S. Gibbens for the trip to America — away from the terror of war and Hitler.
The voyage was dangerous, as the Gibbons “went through submarine attacks and German aircraft flew overhead,” Schum said.
When these refugees, most from what then was Yugoslavia, rolled into Fort Ontario on a train, they saw a place surrounded by barbed wire fence and a few military men on patrol.
Today and Aug. 16: Admission to the Safe Haven Museum and Education Center is free.
1 p.m. today: Songs of Freedom — Marilyn Smiley presents a program about the music and musicians that were part of the refugee experience. In the Civic Arts Center Building in Fort Ontario Park. Admission $5 for adults; $2 for seniors and students. Free to Safe Haven Museum members.
Through Sept. 6: Through His Own Eyes — images and artifacts from the collection of former refugee Walter Greenberg. At the museum
1 p.m. Aug. 2: Language, Shmanguage — Paul Glasser talks about the transformation of the Yiddish language as immigrants traveled over time and continents. In the Civic Arts Center Building in Fort Ontario Park. Admission is $5 for adults, $2 for seniors and students, free to Safe Haven Museum members.
1 p.m. Sept. 6: Under the Floor Boards — Marc Dennis talks about Jewish art in the concentration camps of Nazi Germany. In the Civic Arts Center Building in Fort Ontario Park. Admission is $5 for adults, $2 for seniors and students and free to Safe Haven Museum members.
“It wasn’t the easiest at the beginning,” said refugee Grace Ash kenazy, of New York City. She was a baby when her family arrived in Oswego and her recollections are from what her parents told her later in life.
“We were behind barbed wire, just like a concentration camp,” she said.
“They thought they were going to a concentration camp. They were very disturbed,” Schum said.
But they soon learned this was a safe haven, a place where they could live free and not be afraid.
Rena Romano Block was nine when the train pulled up at Fort Ontario with her and her family aboard. It was Aug. 3 — 12 days before her 10th birthday.
“I remember being behind the fence and the people from Oswego came to look at us,” she said. “Someone said ‘what do they think we are? Monkeys in a cage?’¤”
“We were looking at them and they were looking at us,” she said. “But then they went away and then came back with all sorts of stuff for us. They were throwing things over the fence. I think even a bicycle was thrown over the fence.”
Block, now 74 and living in Baltimore, caught a doll that came over the fence. She was thrilled because she lost her only doll back in Italy before boarding the ship to America.
The refugee children were able to play and go to school. They were able to worship in a synagogue. They ate foods they hadn’t been able to get for years since the war began. They had clothing, nice shelter, books and toys.
“Coming to Oswego for me was an everlasting party,” Block said. “Everything was wonderful. We had everything we needed. I was happy.” | <urn:uuid:7633feea-d4f6-4c21-8ad9-c3cfda0c501b> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.oswego-history.com/1944-refugee-camp-oswego-ny/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195745.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128184858-20201128214858-00596.warc.gz | en | 0.976313 | 1,292 | 3.265625 | 3 |
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Health: Addictions: Substance Abuse: Alcohol
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- Alcohol In Moderation is an organization promoting a sensible and moderate drinking message. Information from scientific researchers, the beverage alcohol industry and associations, on research, health issues and legislation.
Alcohol Abuse Prevention: Some Serious Problems
- Articles question the honesty and integrity of eight organizations in the field of preventing alcohol abuse. The author is David Hanson, Ph.D., a professor emeritus at State University of New York.
Alcohol and Your College Experience - Facts on Tap
- A national alcohol prevention, intervention, and education program used by universities across the United States.
Alcohol Epidemiology Program at the University of Minnesota
- Research program to discover effective community and policy interventions to reduce alcohol-related social and health problems. Includes findings, and information about effective policies.
- Created by Anheuser-Busch to highlight research and statistics regarding alcohol abuse, drunk driving, and responsible consumption.
APOLNET - Alcohol Policy Network
- Ontario Public Health Association site devoted exclusively to Canadian alcohol policy issues; designed to stimulate informed discussion about various aspects of alcohol policy.
- The flow of alcohol ads and cheap-drink specials aimed at college students may be one factor in high rates of binge drinking.
- College campus alcohol issues speaker that carries a message about health and abuse.
The Century Council
- The American distilling industry's organization fighting drunk driving and illegal underage drinking through alcohol education, law enforcement, legislation and retailer support.
College Drinking: Changing the Culture
- Resources for changing the college drinking culture. Includes research and approaches to prevention, with interactive tools for students and educators.
FACE - Truth and Clarity on Alcohol
- A national non-profit organization that supports sensible alcohol practices through the development of messages, strategies, and training.
History of Alcohol Prohibition
- Summary of policies in the United States from the colonial period through the repeal in 1933 of the Prohibition (21st) Amendment to the Constitution. Includes references.
Intoxication: Its Benefits and Costs
- Intoxication is rewarding for precisely the same reason it produces suffering - it diminishes the influence of remote stimuli.
- A recovery program and national support group network for people who have made the decision to reduce their drinking and make other lifestyle changes.
R U Pissed?
- Includes an online alcohol blood alcohol content calculator.
Training for Intervention Procedures (TIPS)
- Offers programs for training people to responsibly serve, sell and consume alcohol.
- Program by University of Michigan Health System for people with mild to moderate alcohol problems.
The Washington Regional Alcohol Program
- Tackles underage drinking and drunk driving in greater Washington, DC., including providing sober rides.
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You presumably ponder collagen in your skin on the grounds that the word comes up at whatever point anybody is discussing skin maturing. The facts really confirm that this protein assumes a part in the apparent energy of your skin, however there's something else entirely to it. "Collagen is a protein and is one of the primary structure squares of our skin. It's likewise found in our bones, ligaments, and tendons," says Deanne Robinson, MD, a board-ensured dermatologist at Modern Dermatology in Westport, Connecticut.
ime for a great truth: Collagen makes up 75% of skin's help structure. (1) "Consider collagen the edge of your sleeping cushion; it gives [your skin] construction and backing," says Joshua Zeichner, MD, the overseer of restorative and clinical exploration in dermatology at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. To proceed with the bedding similarity, the springs are flexible filaments and the stuffing is hyaluronic corrosive, he says.
What Role Does Complete Collagen Plus Play In The Body?
Complete Collagen Plus is a sort of protein. The word Complete Collagen Plus gets from the Greek word kolla, which means stick. Moreover, reliable with its definition, Complete Collagen Plus genuinely looks like a paste that holds countless the body's tissues together. Skin, tendons, ligaments, bones, and tendon—what are conventionally known as connective tissue—are contained Complete Collagen Plus, says Keith Baar, PhD, teacher of nuclear exercise physiology at the University of California, Davis. Exactly when your body makes more Complete Collagen Plus, these tissues are better, thicker, and spongier, he says, so they're better prepared to help and guarantee your joints. | <urn:uuid:6b8bac98-7d45-491c-a2d4-1e9acb292c33> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.kingsoflegitimacy.com/forum/kok4-scrimmages/everbella-micelle-liposomal-complete-collagen-price-ingredients-benefits | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662573053.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524142617-20220524172617-00769.warc.gz | en | 0.93962 | 369 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The best path to a healthy weight may be a good night’s sleep.
For years researchers have known that adults who sleep less than five or six hours a night are at higher risk of being overweight. Among children, sleeping less than 10 hours a night is associated with weight gain.
Now a fascinating new study suggests that the link may be even more insidious than previously thought. Losing just a few hours of sleep a few nights in a row can lead to almost immediate weight gain.
Sleep researchers from the University of Colorado recruited 16 healthy men and women for a two-week experiment tracking sleep, metabolism and eating habits. Nothing was left to chance: the subjects stayed in a special room that allowed researchers to track their metabolism by measuring the amount of oxygen they used and carbon dioxide they produced. Every bite of food was recorded, and strict sleep schedules were imposed.
The goal was to determine how inadequate sleep over just one week — similar to what might occur when students cram for exams or when office workers stay up late to meet a looming deadline — affects a person’s weight, behavior and physiology.
During the first week of the study, half the people were allowed to sleep nine hours a night while the other half stayed up until about midnight and then could sleep up to five hours. Everyone was given unlimited access to food. In the second week, the nine-hour sleepers were then restricted to five hours of sleep a night, while the sleep-deprived participants were allowed an extra four hours.
Notably, the researchers found that staying up late and getting just five hours of sleep increased a person’s metabolism. Sleep-deprived participants actually burned an extra 111 calories a day, according to the findings published last week in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
But even though we burn more calories when we stay awake, losing sleep is not a good way to lose weight. The light sleepers ended up eating far more than those who got nine hours of sleep, and by the end of the first week the sleep-deprived subjects had gained an average of about two pounds.
During the second week, members of the group that had originally slept nine hours also gained weight when they were restricted to just five hours. And the other group began to lose some (but not all) of the weight gained in that first sleep-deprived week.
Kenneth Wrightdirector of the university’s sleep and chronobiology laboratory, said part of the change was behavioral. Staying up late and skimping on sleep led to not only more eating, but a shift in the type of foods a person consumed.
“We found that when people weren’t getting enough sleep they overate carbohydrates,” he said. “They ate more food, and when they ate food also changed. They ate a smaller breakfast and they ate a lot more after dinner.”
In fact, sleep-deprived eaters ended up eating more calories during after-dinner snacking than in any other meal during the day. Over all, people consumed 6 percent more calories when they got too little sleep. Once they started sleeping more, they began eating more healthfully, consuming fewer carbohydrates and fats. Dr. Wright noted that the effect of sleep deprivation on weight would likely be similar in the real world although it might not be as pronounced as in the controlled environment. The researchers found that insufficient sleep changed the timing of a person’s internal clock, and that in turn appeared to influence the changes in eating habits. “They were awake three hours before their internal nighttime had ended,” Dr. Wright said. “Being awakened during their biological night is probably why they ate smaller breakfasts.”
The effect was similar to the jet lag that occurs when a person travels from California to New York.
Last fall, The Annals of Internal Medicine reported on a study by University of Chicago researchers, who found that lack of sleep alters the biology of fat cells. In the small study — just seven healthy volunteers — the researchers tracked the changes that occurred when subjects moved from 8.5 hours of sleep to just 4.5 hours. After four nights of less sleep, their fat cells were less sensitive to insulin, a metabolic change associated with both diabetes and obesity.
“Metabolically, lack of sleep aged fat cells about 20 years,” said Matthew Brady, an associate professor of medicine at the University of Chicago and the senior author on the study.
“These subjects were in their low 20s but it’s as if they were now middle-aged in terms of their response. We were surprised how profound the effects were.”
Both Drs. Wright and Brady noted that because their studies lasted only days, it was not clear how long-term sleep deprivation affects weight, and whether the body adjusts to less sleep.
Dr. Brady said that while better sleep would not solve the obesity problem, paying more attention to sleep habits could help individuals better manage their weight.
In the future he hopes to study whether a focus on better sleep could improve the health of people in middle age who are overweight or prediabetic.
“Telling someone they need to sleep more as a way to improve their metabolic health, we think would be more palatable,” said Dr. Brady. “We think sleep is very underappreciated.” | <urn:uuid:a2a90948-6811-4af2-b691-5e4712e02a72> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.alphasleeplab.com/blog/2013/8/30/lost-sleep-can-lead-to-weight-gain.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255251.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520001706-20190520023706-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.978054 | 1,110 | 3.125 | 3 |
This paper explores some of these empirical uncertainties surrounding the political dimensions of preemption in the federal courts. More concretely, it presents a statistical study of every preemption decision rendered by the United States Courts of Appeals from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2009, a total of 560 decisions and just over 1,700 judicial votes. And these data tell a story consisting of two distinct parts. The first part is that preemption disputes seem to produce a large measure of judicial consensus. In the full universe of cases, there is only a slight difference between Republican and Democratic appointees: Republican judges voted for outcomes favoring the preemption of state law at a rate exceeding Democratic judges by a margin of roughly 2.6 percent overall, and roughly 5 percent in published decisions. While these differences may not be trivial, they are not statistically significant.
The second part of the story is that, despite this general consensus, there remains an important difference between Republican and Democratic appointees. Specifically, in the most contested preemption cases—those in which at least one Republican and one Democrat served on the panel, and at least one judge dissented—Republican appointees were more than three times as likely as Democratic appointees to vote in favor of preemption (roughly 73 percent versus 21 percent).
Thus, the complete picture of preemption decisions in the Courts of Appeals is intriguing, if somewhat unsurprising. As a general matter, preemption cases do not provoke much fissure among federal circuit judges; the vast majority of cases are decided unanimously, such that a judge’s party affiliation lacks much value in predicting how she will vote in the randomly selected case. But in particular circumstances—especially the small subset of preemption cases where judges disagree on the result—party affiliation appears to be highly predictive of how that disagreement will play out. In these marginal cases—where the accepted sources of legal authority fail to control the outcome, and the norms of consensus and collegiality among circuit judges are insufficient to restrain dissent—the pattern is unmistakable: Republicans are far more likely than Democrats to favor the federal preemption of state law.
- judicial politics,
- constitutional development
Available at: http://works.bepress.com/bradley_joondeph/2/ | <urn:uuid:2fba198e-243d-4b0a-9e1d-df112ddb2286> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://works.bepress.com/bradley_joondeph/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890874.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121195145-20180121215145-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.951178 | 462 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Daisy Lampkin once said that, "nothing is done unless women do it," and throughout her life, she was a woman who did it all. Best known as an NAACP organizer, Lampkin spent decades tirelessly crusading for civil and women's rights through a variety of local and national organizations.
Daisy Elizabeth Adams was born in Washington, D.C., in 1883, and moved to Pittsburgh in 1909.
She married William Lampkin in 1912 and joined the Lucy Stone Women Suffrage League, an organization devoted to women's voting rights. Mrs. Lampkin served as president of the organization from 1915 through 1955, overseeing its transition to the Lucy Stone Civic League after women secured the right to vote in 1920.
Following World War I, Lampkin purchased stock in the Pittsburgh Courier and eventually increased her shares in the African-American newspaper until she became vice president of the Courier Publishing Co. in 1929.
Influential in politics, she was twice chosen as an alternate delegate to the National Republican Convention in the 1920s and was the only woman in a group of African-American leaders invited to meet with President Calvin Coolidge in 1924. She served as vice chair for the Colored Voters Division of the Republican Party and the Negro Voters League of Pennsylvania.
Known as an unparalleled NAACP organizer, Lampkin spearheaded a membership campaign in 1929 that added 2,000 new members to the Pittsburgh branch. Impressed with her drive, the national organization asked Lampkin to serve as a regional secretary from 1930 to 1935. After her promotion to national field secretary for the NAACP in 1935, she traveled the country raising money and recruiting members.
In 1944, she was honored for raising more money for the NAACP than anyone else in the organization's history. The following year, she was named the NAACP's "Woman of the Year."
After health problems forced her to step down from her national secretary position in 1947, Lampkin remained involved with the NAACP by becoming the first woman on the national board of directors, a position she held for 17 years.
While attending an NAACP membership drive in New Jersey in October 1964, Lampkin suffered a stroke and died five months later on March 10, 1965.
In honor of Women's History Month, the History Center will invite local experts to discuss the women's liberation movement as part of a special panel at 6 p.m. Thursday. Admission is $10 for regular visitors and free for History Center members and includes access to the History Center's new "1968: The Year That Rocked America" exhibition. Information: www.heinzhistorycenter.org.lifestyle | <urn:uuid:37e2df3d-99c8-470c-8b1a-5bd544784ed8> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.post-gazette.com/life/lifestyle/2013/03/14/Let-s-Learn-From-the-Past-Daisy-Lampkin/stories/201303140417 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770668.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00082-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975745 | 528 | 2.859375 | 3 |
This brief overview of the topic comes from The Institute of Art and Ideas (IAI).
Big claims are being made for neuroscience. But what results can we realistically expect?Hilary Rose | Feminist sociologist and former Gresham Professor of Physics
The first “Big Science” projects came from physics and astronomy – think the atomic bomb, CERN or the Hubble telescope. No longer; now it is the turn of the biomedical sciences. Although the 1990s was supposed to be the decade of the brain and the 2000s that of the mind, brain science has hitherto lacked a big project and certainly a big budget.
Now, suddenly, it has two. Last year the EU announced that one of the winners in its €1billion “Grand Challenges” competition was the Human Brain Project (HBP) – which recently received a funding boost thanks to a 40% increase in the number of partners in the HBP consortium. Also launched last year, with much fanfare, was President Obama’s $3billion “Brain Action Map” (BAM). Obama cited the Battelle Institute’s claim that every dollar spent on the Human Genome Project (HGP) had yielded $140 to the US economy, though as yet only the first $100 million has been committed to the project.
For both the Europeans and the Americans, “solving” the human brain is “the greatest scientific challenge of the 21st century,” making it possible to prevent or cure diseases from autism to Alzheimer’s, enabling new supercomputers to be constructed, and at long last providing a scientific understanding of self and mind. The projects differ in that the Europeans – a collaboration of some 40 labs – argue that the way forward is to create a silicon “virtual brain” through cloud computing. By contrast the BAM, picked up by Obama from a scheme floated by a group of (mainly) Californian neuroscientists, aims to map the trillions of connections between every nerve cell to create a “connectome.”
Apart from the direct beneficiaries of this public largesse, the neuroscience community has largely reacted with scepticism. After all, even for that most studied of organisms, the worm C elegans, with no more than 302 nerve cells all of whose connections are known, it is still not possible to translate wiring diagrams into behaviour. Furthermore, one of the fundamental properties of the human brain is its plasticity – the way that millisecond by millisecond and decade by decade the brain changes; its connections ever being made, broken and remade in different patterns as the brain’s owner responds to the world around them.
Freezing such dynamism, whether in silicon or in a connectome, is to set aside this understanding. The EU’s failure to consult one of the worlds’ richest biomedical research charities and major neuroscience funder, the Wellcome Trust, based in London, whose huge financial contribution to the HGP rescued it at a very difficult stage in its history, looks like something of an own goal. To promise that these mega projects will solve brain and mental diseases, hyperbolic claims we have heard before, it is hard not to respond with a weary sense of déjà vu.
Those who watch biomedical research policy have by now become used to the launching of such gargantuan programmes claiming to deliver near limitless gains for both health and wealth. It started with the HGP in the 1990s, when molecular biologists claimed that genes’R’us and the editor of Science suggested that sequencing the human genome would solve cancer, schizophrenia and depression and thence homelessness. By the millennium, the promise of stem cells was editorialised in The Guardian as “almost biblical in nature.. would make the blind see.. the deaf hear”. Thus far, the health benefits of both genomics and regenerative medicine have been modest, though several fortunes have been made. In these new “Big Neuro” projects, will wealth trump health yet again?
~ Hilary Rose and Steven Rose’s latest book is Genes, Cells and Brains: the Promethean Promises of the New Biology, published by Verso. | <urn:uuid:3d36c938-3d56-4d9e-867c-f17ab050e2ae> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://integral-options.blogspot.com/2014/04/hilary-rose-problematic-rise-of-big.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00285-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951614 | 866 | 3.421875 | 3 |
AS America's economic expansion roars into its ninth year, inflationary pressures are still notable by their absence. Despite the recent jump in world oil prices, America's consumer price index (CPI) rose by a modest 0.2% in March (and by 1.7% compared with a year ago), the Labour Department reported on April 13th.
The energy component of the price index did jump by 1.6% in March (petrol prices alone rose 3.7%), reflecting part of the rise in international oil prices. Most economists expect an even bigger jump in the energy component of April's CPI. But higher energy costs did not translate into higher overall inflation. That was partly because food prices—the other historically volatile component of the index—actually fell. More important, the core rate of inflation, which excludes both energy and food, barely moved: core consumer prices rose 0.1% in March (2.1% compared with a year ago).
What explains this? The boom goes on; unemployment is hitting record lows. Above-trend growth and abnormally low joblessness used to bring higher inflation. Not today. Economists offer a mixture of explanations.
One argument emphasises the role of temporary inflation-dampening factors, such as a strong dollar and falling commodity prices. Economists at Goldman Sachs calculate that virtually all the 1.4-percentage-point decline in annualised inflation that has occurred since the beginning of 1997 is due to lower commodity prices and lower import prices. Other explanations emphasise that heavy capital investment by firms has brought rising productivity and ample industrial capacity (both of which help to ensure that higher wages do not bring inflationary pressure). For instance, the capacity utilisation rate—a broad measure of the intensity with which industrial capacity is used—fell to 79.5% in February, well below its level of a year earlier.
It may soon become clear which of these explanations counts for most. For oil prices have jumped, and other commodity prices have stopped falling. The dollar, on a trade-weighted basis, is no longer strengthening. This suggests that the temporary anti-inflation props are starting to weaken. But, judging by the March statistics, there is no sign yet of any seriously widespread price pressure.
This article appeared in the United States section of the print edition under the headline "A nice straight line" | <urn:uuid:6e452bf3-7ba9-47f5-98c8-fbae1bc6f24b> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.economist.com/united-states/1999/04/15/a-nice-straight-line | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144027.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219030731-20200219060731-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.9477 | 484 | 2.75 | 3 |
You may or may not remember when the first version of the popular, strategy based video game, Civilization was released back in 1991. Back then it was originally developed to run on a PC, but is now available on a whole variety of systems including Windows, Playstation, and Macintosh. This game appealed to both young and old and was a popular choice for many after school battles.
The game is still available today and has been dubbed as one of the most important strategy games of all time. Sid Meier, the creator of this fantastic game, wanted to bring something else to the table regarding a strategy based platform and took his ideas to the education sector. By manipulating the game already thoroughly enjoyed by millions, developers were able to create a platform that used the game as its foundation to transform it into a learning platform that could be used in high schools nationwide.
By introducing this software in schools, it is providing young people the opportunity to learn in a different manner but still cover the core concepts like technology, politics, and the military. Users would be able to create their own virtual world and make executive decisions based on real life situations. It is how the student learns to handle these situations and think critically that is the important learning factor.
For those of you that still may be a little skeptical about allowing your kids to play video games at school, it is not all about just playing the game Civilization (as good as it is). With CivilisationEDU it will have special features for teachers that will allow them to see their students progress and produce detailed reports. It will also include instructional resources as well as well designed lesson plans.
Sid Meier is a great believer that this will only bring good things for schools. Learning can be made fun and educational at the same time and is all about finding the right balance, and that is what Civilisation EDU aims to do, so hold on to your keyboard, the interactive journey is about to begin.
More News To Read
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- Wireless Charging Could Soon Be Here With the new Mercedes S-Class
- Compact Solar Canopies Designed to Squeeze Onto the Smallest of Roofs
- Scientists Discover That Cats Use Physics To Hunt Their Prey
- Scientists Working Hard With This 4 Newly Discovered Materials | <urn:uuid:200f65ac-6d3a-4981-89bb-94a8472d50d1> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://trendintech.com/2016/07/03/schools-trade-in-books-for-video-games-with-introduction-of-civilizationedu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247500089.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221051342-20190221073342-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.968534 | 472 | 2.78125 | 3 |
FLICKR, CREATIVE COMMONS, JEN DEVERE WARNER
The microbiome of dust from homes with dogs is distinct from that of non-pet homes, and now it appears this unique bacterial assemblage may confer an advantage to the youngest members of the household. Mice fed dog-home dust before being exposed to the common infant infection respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which is associated with a high risk of developing asthma, appear to be immune to the virus compared to mice fed on normal house dust.
The immune mice also had “a distinct gastrointestinal bacterial composition,” Kei Fujimura, part of the team from the University of California that announced its findings at the American Society for Microbiology General Meeting last month (June 19), told Wired Science.
This suggests that certain microbes carried by dogs may take residence in the gastrointestinal tract of the mice and play a role in modulating the immune response to RSV. Identifying exactly which microbial species, or combination of species, is responsible is the next step in the team’s research, which could potentially lead to vaccines for respiratory viruses. | <urn:uuid:ebaaf426-ca45-4a36-978e-a512990498d8> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/32314/title/Dogs-May-Guard-Against-Asthma/flagPost/65131/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189242.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00212-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948918 | 231 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Connecticut's influence on the public trust doctrine
Lay v. King, 5 Day 72, 1811 WL 162, (Conn. 1811)
Established the public’s right to fish in and to take shellfish from common waters; the public has the right to fish and shellfish over submerged private lands; also: Peck v. Lockwood, 5 Day 22 (1811).
Adams v. Pease, 2 Conn. 481 (1818)
The public has the right to pass and re-pass in navigable rivers.
Chapman v. Kimball, 9 Conn. 38, 1831 WL 142, at *3
- “Navigable Waters” defined: “A distinction is always maintained between rivers navigable and those not navigable. –Of the former the public alone has the right; — of the latter, individuals may and generally do own the same right as over other real estate.”
- Rights in “Navigable Waters”: The line between public and private rights is the high-water mark, referred to as the line of ordinary high water. (reaffirmed: Mihalczo v. Borough of Woodmont, 400 A.2d 270, 271-72 (Conn. 1978).
- Definition of activities or uses: …“Public rights include fishing, boating, hunting, bathing, taking shellfish, gathering seaweed, cutting sedge, and of passing and repassing…”
Enfield Toll Bridge Co. v. Hartford N.H. R. Co., 17 Conn. 40, 1845 WL 431, at *5 (Conn. 1845)
In deciding the issue of whether the Connecticut River was to be considered a public river (and thus governed by the trust), the CT Supreme Court adopted the “navigable-in-fact test” and concluded that the CT River is navigable even above tide water influence.
Town of Wethersfield v. Humphrey, 20 Conn. 218, 1850 WL 664, at *7 (Conn. 1850)
Discussing non-tidal influenced navigability, and drawing in the essential element of commerce: “(Navigation) only is such, and those only are navigable waters, where the public (emphasis added) pass and repass upon them, with vessels or boats, in the prosecution of useful occupations. There must be some commerce or navigation which is essentially valuable. A hunter or fisherman, by drawing his boat through the waters of a brook or shallow creek, does not create navigation, or constitute their waters channels of commerce.”
Simons v. French, 25 Conn. 346 (1856)
Ownership by the public specifically extends up to the “high water mark.”
Mather v. Chapman, 40 Conn. 382 (1873)
The title of a riparian (riverbank) proprietor terminates at the ordinary high water mark.
Geer v. Connecticut, 161 U.S. 519 (1896)
Regarding transportation of wild fowl over state lines: the states owned the wild animals within their borders and could strictly regulate their management and “harvest”: “the right to preserve game flows from the undoubted existence in the State of a police power.”
Town of Orange v. Resnick, 109 A. 864, 866 (Conn. 1920)
- Connecticut recognizes both the tidal and “navigable-in-fact” tests. While CT case law had focused on coastal waters, “all tidewater is prima facie navigable . . . .”
- The public had established “rights of fishing, boating, hunting, bathing, taking shellfish, gathering seaweed, cutting sedge. And of passing and repassing . . . .”
- However, all of these rights “are necessarily extinguished, pro tanto, by any exclusive occupation of the soil below the high-water mark by the riparian owner. The only substantial paramount public right is the right to the free and unobstructed use of navigable waters for navigation.” The term “exclusive occupation” is typically interpreted as a structure, such as a dock used to access the water, terminating landward within private property.
Nies v. Bulkey, 132 A. 873, 874-75 (Conn. 1926);
Edward Balf Co. v. Hartford Elec. Light Co., 138 A. 122, 125 (Conn. 1927)
CT applies the federal test of navigability (waters not subject to the ebb and flow of the tide).
State v. Brennan, 3 Conn. Cir. 413 (1965)
“It is settled in Connecticut that the public has the right to boat, hunt, and fish on the navigable waters of the state.”
Bloom v. Water Resources Commission, 254 A.2d 884, 887 (Conn. 1969)
“The state, as representative of the public, is the owner of the soil between the high- and low-water mark upon navigable waters where the tide ebbs and flows.”
Michalczo v. Woodmont, 175 Conn. 535 (1978)
Defined that “High water mark” = “mean high water mark” = “ordinary high water mark”; and that private ownership of submerged lands is possible, only when basins are dredged from upland, or from inland, non-navigable waters.
Leydon v. Town of Greenwich, 777 A.2d 552, 557 n.17 (Conn. 2001)
CT State Supreme Court declares the town's residents-only beach-access policy unconstitutional: “Under the public trust doctrine, members of the public have the right to access the portion of any beach extending from the mean high tide line to the water, although it does not give a member of the public the right to gain access to that portion of the beach by crossing the beach landward of the mean high tide line.”
Leydon claimed that the Town's residents-only access policy violated the First Amendment because it prevented other individuals from gathering in a public place to exercise their guaranteed rights of assembly and free speech.
Ace Equipment Sales, Inc. v. Buccino, 869 A.2d 626, 631 n.7 (Conn. 2005)
The man-made status of waterways doesn’t matter for purposes of the public trust doctrine: only navigability.
Kempner v. Town of Greenwich, 562 F.Supp.2d 242 (2008)
“...the Town (Greenwich, CT) has not put forth argumentation, or evidence, that prior versions of its Beach Policy were constitutional,” and had violated Stamford resident Paul Kempner’s First Amendment rights of speech/association in 2005, when it fined him for trespassing after he rode his bicycle into Greenwich Point.
As a cyclist, Kempner had attempted to avoid the non-resident admission & parking fees developed pursuant to the 2001 (Leydon v. Town of Greenwich) decision. The Town reduced those fees after Kempner filed his complaint in 2006 (Civil Action No. 3-06-CV-1393 (JCH), and as such, asserted that Kempner lacked standing to sue (demonstration to the court sufficient connection to and harm from the law or action challenged that supports the party's participation in the case). That challenge was dismissed, since James P. Schwarz, 50, of Stamford, had been added as a plaintiff.
The court upheld the town's right to collect fees to cover the cost of the running the facility, (which could not, however, be paid at the beach itself: non-residents were required to obtain the passes off-site, in advance). A second claim of discrimination was dismissed, since, as a senior citizen, Kempner was exempt from the individual admission fee implemented pursuant to the Leydon decision.
CONN. GEN. STAT. ANN. § 4-67e:
Requires coordination of water resources policy;
CONN. GEN. STAT. ANN. § 7-151a:
Establishes terminology & defines “state waters”;
CONN. GEN. STAT. ANN. § 7-147:
Regulates obstructions in waterways;
CONN. GEN. STAT. ANN. § 15-12:
Defines terminology and regulates obstructions on
lands bordering navigable waters;
CONN. GEN. STAT. ANN. § 15-140d:
Prohibits obstructions to navigation or public use of waters under
CONN. GEN. STAT. ANN. §§ 22a-16 to 22a-17:
Connecticut Environmental Policy Act;
CONN. GEN. STAT. ANN. §§ 22a-341 to 22a-349a:
Provisions overning channel access and channel lines.
Certain Notable Connecticut Statutes
This essay is written for informational purposes, not as legal scholarship, researched from publicly available sources and government documents. We strive to keep these links current, but occasions may arise wherein upgrades to State of Connecticut sites or editing of other portals by their domain owners may cause the links to mis-direct. If this happens, let us know and we will work to correct. | <urn:uuid:ef2bd834-9200-4904-b86d-c3fdae13b6a1> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.fairfieldbeachaccess.org/notable-connecticut-cases | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513508.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020225938-20181021011438-00184.warc.gz | en | 0.923222 | 1,969 | 2.625 | 3 |
Cryptic comments seem to have an ambiguous, obscure or hidden meaning. In biology, cryptic species are outwardly indistinguishable groups whose differences are hidden inside their genes.
Two University of Michigan marine biologists have identified three cryptic species of tiny clams, long believed to be members of the same species, which have been hiding in plain view along the rocky shores of southern Australia for millions of years.
The unusual convergence of a climate-cooling event and the peculiarities of local geography caused the three cryptic species to split from a common ancestor more than 10 million years ago, the U-M researchers propose in a paper to be published next month in the journal Molecular Ecology.
The U-M scientists conducted a genetic analysis after collecting thousands of the crevice-dwelling, rice grain-sized clams from hundreds of miles of southern Australia coastline over the past decade. Their findings provide insights about the forces that shape evolution and solve a puzzle that has stumped marine biologists for decades.
"This study provides important clues about how marine regional biotas can evolve, including our observation that these processes can involve major global climate change modulated by local geography," Jingchun Li, lead author of the report and a doctoral student in the U-M Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.
Li conducted the research as part of her dissertation with co-author Diarmaid O'Foighil, Li's adviser and director of the U-M Museum of Zoology.
"You cannot tell them apart physically, but their genes indicate that their evolutionary divergence predates that of humans from chimpanzees," O'Foighil said of the three clam groups, which are currently classified as members of the same species, Lasaea australis.
Australia's southern coastline is home to three evolutionarily distinct assemblages of marine species known as biogeographic provinces. Each province contains hundreds of species of invertebrates, fish, algae and other organisms, and there are substantial differences between the species living in each province.
Here's the riddle that has perplexed biologists for decades: How did these three distinct biogeographic provinces evolve along a continuous coastline? The emergence of new species often begins when gene flow between populations is reduced or eliminated. This type of genetic isolation happened routinely throughout evolutionary history when populations became physically separated—when a new physical barrier such as a mountain or a river split the geographic range of a species, for example.
But what force could drive speciation along an unbroken coastline with no obvious barriers to gene flow?
The genetic analysis by Li and O'Foighil, which is backed by evidence from the fossil record, shows that the three cryptic clam species began splitting away from a common ancestor 13 or 14 million years ago.
That's about the same time that a major climate-cooling event called the middle Miocene climate transition permanently lowered sea-surface temperatures in the southwest Pacific Ocean—including the southern coast of Australia—by 10.8 to 12.6 degrees Fahrenheit.
Li and O'Foighil propose that the cooling event partitioned Australia's southern coastline into three zones with a cool region, including the present-day southeastern state of Victoria and the island of Tasmania, flanked on either side by two relatively warm ones.
The emergence of three temperature zones created opportunities for local adaptation that isolated the organisms living within each zone. That isolation led, in turn, to the evolution of the three biogeographic provinces seen today, according to Li and O'Foighil.
In their study, Li and O'Foighil showed that each of the three cryptic clam species is found in only one of the three biogeographic provinces.
"I know of no other case where you start out with one marine biota, then a climate-change event results in the generation of three biotas from that one," O'Foighil said. "A key finding of the study is that relatively ancient climate-change events can shape marine biotas."
Explore further: Drivers of marine biodiversity: Tiny, freeloading clams find the key to evolutionary success | <urn:uuid:a1a4795f-9b6f-4b19-be9d-ec4ec88d6e9a> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://phys.org/news/2013-03-cryptic-clams-biologists-species-plain.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721555.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00552-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943867 | 842 | 4.0625 | 4 |
The double pattern and the sliding scale (see Chapter 1 and Glossary) are terms I have coined to provide a practical focus for the vast and disparate methodologies of linguistics and literary criticism. The following is a brief guide, with examples, to how these concepts can be used in the interpretation of poems. It is effectively a summary of the methods used in the book.
(i) Begin by distinguishing the two elements of the poem's double pattern. The conventional element is the easiest to identify and name (blank verse, free verse, the ode, the couplet, etc.). The cognitive element (syntactic structure, coherence and deviation) should be dealt with in relation to this.
(ii) Consider whether, in the process of understanding (in formal terms naturalising) the poem, the conventional or the cognitive element of the text is its most prominent or problematic feature. For example, in Dylan Thomas's 'When Like a Running Grave' the patterns of metre and rhyme (conventional) are far more regular and prominent than their syntactic or referential counterparts (cognitive), while in Shakespeare's blank verse the cognitive element (syntax and speech pattern) seems to dominate convention (blank verse).
(iii) Examine how the interactions between the two elements of the double pattern affect our broader understanding of the intention of the poet, and our classification of the poem within a particular type or genre. Does the tension between cognitive and conventional elements make it more or less difficult to reconcile our experience of the text with the imagined circumstances of the speech act? In short, is the text easy or difficult to understand? Can we identify a predictable causal relation between the transparent or refractory | <urn:uuid:7f0e9b63-5aff-4ea9-a61f-0dc0b7687ef6> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | https://www.questia.com/read/109106544/a-linguistic-history-of-english-poetry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645366585.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031606-00129-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897095 | 346 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Common name. Spyridiums. Family Rhamnaceae.
Habit and leaf form. Shrubs. ‘Normal’ plants. Leaves well developed. Plants with roots; non-succulent; unarmed; autotrophic. To 4 m high (in Australia). Self supporting. Not heterophyllous. Leaves small, or medium-sized; not fasciculate; alternate; with blades; petiolate; with ‘normal’ orientation; simple; not peltate. Leaf blades entire; flat, or folded (lengthwise); variously shaped; pinnately veined. Mature leaf blades adaxially glabrous, or scabrous; abaxially pubescent (densely and shortly white stellate hairy or sericeous). Leaves with stipules. Stipules scaly; persistent. Leaf blade margins entire; flat, or unknown. Leaf anatomy. Hairs present, or absent; complex hairs present, or absent. Complex hairs stellate.
Reproductive type, pollination. Fertile flowers hermaphrodite. Unisexual flowers absent. Plants hermaphrodite.
Inflorescence and flower features. Flowers aggregated in ‘inflorescences’; in heads, or in corymbs. Inflorescences simple, or compound. The terminal inflorescence unit cymose. Inflorescences terminal, or axillary. Flowers subsessile, or sessile; bracteate; minute; regular; 5 merous; cyclic; tetracyclic. Free hypanthium present. Perianth with distinct calyx and corolla; 10; 2 -whorled; isomerous. Calyx present; 5; 1 -whorled; gamosepalous; lobed; glabrous, or hairy; valvate; regular. Calyx lobes triangular, or ovate. Epicalyx absent. Corolla present (small); 5; 1 -whorled; alternating with the calyx; polypetalous; regular. Petals clawed. Androecium present. Fertile stamens present. Androecial members definite in number. Androecium 5. Androecial members adnate; free of the gynoecium (inserted near the disc); free of one another; 1 -whorled. Stamens 5; all more or less similar in shape; isomerous with the perianth; alternisepalous; filantherous. Anthers separate from one another; dehiscing via longitudinal slits; bilocular; tetrasporangiate. Fertile gynoecium present. Gynoecium 3 carpelled. The pistil 1 celled. Carpels reduced in number relative to the perianth. Gynoecium syncarpous; synstylovarious; inferior. Ovary plurilocular; 3 locular. Ovary summit hairy, the hairs not confined to radiating bands. Gynoecium stylate. Styles 1; apical. Stigmas 3 - lobed. Ovules 1 per locule (in WA); ascending; anatropous.
Fruit and seed features. Fruit aerial; 2–3 mm long; hairy; a schizocarp. Dispersal unit the seed, or the fruit. Seeds 1 per locule. Seeds small; arillate.
Geography, cytology, number of species. Native of Australia. Endemic to Australia. Australian states and territories: Western Australia, South Australia, Northern Territory, New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania. South-West Botanical Province. A genus of ca 30 species; ca 15 species in Western Australia; 2 endemic to Western Australia.
Etymology. From the Greek for "a small basket"; the tiny flower heads are surrounded by leafy bracts.
Wheeler, Judy; Marchant, Neville; Lewington, Margaret; Graham, Lorraine (2002). Flora of the south west, Bunbury, Augusta, Denmark. Volume 2, dicotyledons. Australian Biological Resources Study. Canberra.
Marchant, N. G.; Wheeler, J. R.; Rye, B. L.; Bennett, E. M.; Lander, N. S.; Macfarlane, T. D.; Western Australian Herbarium (1987). Flora of the Perth region. Part one. Western Australian Herbarium. Perth.
Publication or other use of content on this site is unauthorised unless that use conforms with the copyright statement. | <urn:uuid:c0338fa1-03e0-42ee-9023-6c9487a9f6d8> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/21737 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982932823.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200852-00183-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.742774 | 970 | 3.28125 | 3 |
by DaShawn Fleming, CNN
(CNN) The Department of Education held its third annual federal Bullying Prevention Summit in Washington, D.C. Monday and Tuesday. The goal of the event was to spread awareness ofand brainstorm initiatives to combat bullying, an ongoing issue facing many students. Bullying can result in tragic consequences including violent attacks, depression, and even suicide. Several notables attended the summit including Education Secretary Arne Duncan, Senior Adviser to President Obama Valerie Jarrett, actress Marlo Thomas and Lady Gaga’s mom, Cynthia Germanotta.
Secretary Duncan made the keynote closing remarks on Tuesday. He urged the importance of adult involvement in students’ lives, saying “I think that our kids need a lot more time with adults”, and insisting that adults work together to “support individuality and empowerment.”
In recent months, President Obama has endorsed two anti-bullying bills in Congress, the Student Non-Discrimination Act and the Safe Schools Improvement Act—both efforts to protect students and end bullying in schools. Duncansays that the president has often stated that “bullying is not a harmless right of passage or an inevitable part of growing up.”
Although children are the ones who normally face these issues, Duncan has high hopes that a partnership with the Ad Council, a non-profit that distributes public service announcements, will help teach kids to be more than just bystanders. With only one-third of all incidents being reported to adults, the partnership hopes to stress that people of all ages can be part of the solution by speaking up against bullying.
According to stopbullying.gov, bullying can occur both on and off school grounds. A member of the Boys and Girls Clubs of America asked how out-of-school service providers can cooperate with schools to prevent bullying and harassment.
“I would love to see more school buildings open from 9:00 in the morning to 9:00 at night, maybe the traditional school running the school from 9:00 to 3:00 in the afternoon, then bring in the Y and the boys and girls clubs to run the school from 3:00 to 9:00 so there is absolute continuity of staff of resources,” Duncan responded.
Duncan also stressed that while data can be collected to understand the extent of the issue, parents, schools and members of the community have to build relationships with children to see results. “I think that we as adults just don't listen enough and I think so many times there are signals, children are crying out for help,” he said.
Stopbullying.gov states that 49 of the 50 U.S.states have anti-bullying legislation in place. But Duncan says that these laws “lack consistency and enforcement mechanisms.” He hopes more awareness will ultimately make bullying come to an end.
CNN’s Schools of Thought blog is a place for parents, educators and students to learn about and discuss what's happening in education. We're curious about what's happening before kindergarten, through college and beyond. Have a story to tell? Contact us at [email protected] | <urn:uuid:3d1f296e-488b-4605-8e77-24483ffff0b1> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://schoolsofthought.blogs.cnn.com/2012/08/08/education-secretary-duncan-takes-on-bullying/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190236.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00662-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968876 | 648 | 2.53125 | 3 |
These towering tendrils of cosmic dust and gas sit at the heart of M16, or the Eagle Nebula. The aptly named Pillars of Creation, featured in this stunning Hubble image, are part of an active star-forming region within the nebula and hide newborn stars in their wispy columns.
Although this is not Hubble’s first image of this iconic feature of the Eagle Nebula, it is the most detailed. The blue colors in the image represent oxygen, red is sulfur, and green represents both nitrogen and hydrogen. The pillars are bathed in the scorching ultraviolet light from a cluster of young stars located just outside the frame. The winds from these stars are slowly eroding the towers of gas and dust.
Stretching roughly 4 to 5 light-years, the Pillars of Creation are a fascinating but relatively small feature of the entire Eagle Nebula, which spans 70 by 55 light-years. The nebula, discovered in 1745 by the Swiss astronomer Jean-Philippe Loys de Chéseaux, is located 7,000 light-years from Earth in the constellation Serpens. With an apparent magnitude of 6, the Eagle Nebula can be spotted through a small telescope and is best viewed during July. A large telescope and optimal viewing conditions are necessary to resolve the Pillars of Creation.
Date: April 1, 1995. | <urn:uuid:0828efda-62c8-4c23-9bb8-f164d6a3c0b2> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.toucanspace.com/product/postcard-the-pillars-of-creation-flown-to-the-iss-on-toucan-space-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103877410.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630183616-20220630213616-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.932267 | 278 | 3.46875 | 3 |
- To understand how the heart functions, fails and responds to stress, it is important to understand the mechanical activity of the heart.
- Lack of this knowledge also makes it difficult to develop new drugs that specifically target the underlying issue.
- The new I-Wire heart-on-a-chip helps to control the mechanical force applied to cardiac cells allowing the mechanical conditions of the living heart to be reproduced and studied.
A new three-dimensional organ-on-a-chip device has been created by scientists at Vanderbilt University. It can mimic the heart's amazing biomechanical properties.
"We created the I-Wire Heart-on-a-Chip so that we can understand why cardiac cells behave the way they do by asking the cells questions, instead of just watching them," said John Wikswo, who heads up the project.
‘The I-Wire heart-on-a-chip device is small in size which make it suitable for screening drugs and toxins and it can be implemented at low cost.’
"We believe it could prove invaluable in studying cardiac diseases, drug screening and drug development, and, in the future, in personalized medicine by identifying the cells taken from patients that can be used to patch damaged hearts effectively." Wikswo added.
The unique aspect of the new device is that it controls the mechanical force applied to cardiac cells. This allows the mechanical conditions of the living heart to be reproduced, which is continually stretching and contracting, in addition to its electrical and biochemical environment.
The human heart beats more than 2.5 billion times in an average lifetime.
"Heart tissue, along with muscle, skeletal and vascular tissue, represents a special class of mechanically active biomaterials," said Wikswo. "Mechanical activity is an intrinsic property of these tissues so you can't fully understand how they function and how they fail without taking this factor into account."
"Currently, we don't have many models for studying how the heart responds to stress. Without them, it is very difficult to develop new drugs that specifically address what goes wrong in these conditions," commented Charles Hong, associate professor of cardiovascular medicine at Vanderbilt's School of Medicine, who didn't participate in the research but is familiar with it. "This provides us with a really amazing model for studying how hearts fail."
The device consists of a thin thread of human cardiac cells that are 0.014 inches thick and stretched between two perpendicular wire anchors.
Moving the anchors in and out helps vary the tension on the fiber, and the tension is measured with a flexible probe that pushes against the side of the fiber.
The fiber is supported by wires and a frame in an optically clear well that is filled with liquid medium.
The fiber's physical changes is recorded by mounting the apparatus on an optical microscope.
The microscope also acts as a spectroscope that can provide information about the chemical changes taking place in the fiber. A floating microelectrode also measures the cells' electrical activity.
The I-Wire system can be used to:
- understand how cardiac cells respond to electrical stimulation and mechanical loads
- can be implemented at low cost, small size and low fluid volumes, which make it suitable for screening drugs and toxins
The I-Wire allows the growth of cardiac cells under controlled, time-varying tension similar to living hearts. As a result, the heart cells in the fiber align themselves in alternating dark and light bands, called sarcomeres, which are characteristic of human muscle tissue.
The cardiac cells in most other heart-on-a-chip designs do not exhibit this natural organization.
The researchers have determined that the I-Wire heart-on-a-chip obeys the Frank-Starling law of the heart discovered by two physiologists in 1918.
The law describes the relationship between the volume of blood filling the heart and the force with which cardiac cells contract.
Effect of Drugs on I-Wire
The I-Wire helps to determine the response of cardiac cells to two different drugs that affect heart function in humans and
The scientists tested its response with two drugs known to affect heart function in humans: isoproterenol and blebbistatin.
Isoproterenol is a medication used to treat bradycardia (slow heart rate) and heart block (obstruction of the heart's natural pacemaker). Blebbistatin inhibits contractions in all types of muscle tissue, including the heart.
"Cardiac tissue has two basic elements: an active, contractile element and a passive, elastic element," said Veniamin Sidorov, the research assistant professor at the Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education (VIIBRE) who led its development.
"By separating these two elements with blebbistatin, we successfully characterized the elasticity of the artificial tissue. By exposing it to isoproterenol, we tested its response to adrenergic stimulation, which is one of the main systems responsible for regulation of heart contractions. We found that the relationship between these two elements in the cardiac fiber is consistent with that seen in natural tissue. This confirms that our heart-on-a-chip model provides us with a new way to study the elastic response of cardiac muscle, which is extremely complicated and is implicated in heart failure, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy." Sidorov added.
The results are described in an article published in the journal Acta Biomaterialia
- John Wikswo et al. I-Wire Heart-on-a-Chip II: Biomechanical analysis of contractile, three-dimensional cardiomyocyte tissue constructs. Acta Biomaterialia; (2017) doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.010 | <urn:uuid:af29d249-b83c-49ee-94d8-0d4d4102962a> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.medindia.net/news/healthwatch/heart-on-a-chip-helps-understand-mechanics-of-heart-cells-168158-1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947939.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425174229-20180425194229-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.930955 | 1,190 | 3.71875 | 4 |
US 4417912 A
A phosphate glass such as calcium metaphosphate (Ca(PO4)2) is heat-treated in a temperature gradient to obtain a crystallized glass (glass-ceramics) made of oriented fiber like crystals which has high bending strength in an abraded state.
1. A method of producing crystallized glass from meta phosphate glass which comprises fabricating metaphosphate glass in an elongate shape and transferring the glass to a furnace having inside a temperature gradient ranging from the softening point to the glass transformation point of the glass and positioning the glass so that the longitudinal direction of the glass is parallel to the direction of the temperature gradient, and moving the glass so-positioned in the furnace, relative to the furnace, in the direction of the increase of temperature gradient so that a crystallized metaphosphate glass with its crystals oriented in its longitudinal direction is obtained.
2. The method according to claim 1 wherein said metaphosphate glass substantially has a formulation corresponding to CaO.P2 O5, BaO.P2 O5, SrO.P2 O5 and/or BeO.P2 O5.
3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the temperature gradient is from 5° to 100° C./cm.
1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method of producing a crystallized glass (glass-ceramics) from a phosphate glass.
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
The method of producing a calcium phosphate glass especially a calcium phosphate type crystallized glass has been proposed by the inventors in Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 11625/1980. The resulting crystallized glass has been expected to be useful for ceramic materials for living bodies such as false teeth and artificial bones for surgery.
In accordance with the proposed method, the crystallized glass having a crystallinity of 20% or more is produced by melting, forming and heat-treating a glass having a formulation of 28 to 57 wt. % of CaO and 72 to 43 wt. % of P2 O5 if necessary, with Al2 O3, SiO2 and/or B2 O3 at a ratio of 10 wt. % or less to said components. In the crystallized glass obtained by the method, the crystals are grown at random and the crystallized glass has high compressive strength as 3000 to 5000 kg/cm2, but has low bending strength in an order of about 500 kg/cm2. Therefore, the fragility as a characteristic of ceramics is not improved.
It has been found that a crystallized glass made of β-Ca(PO3)2 crystals oriented in an elongated direction is obtained by elongating a rod made of a metaphosphate glass such as Ca(PO3)2 glass at a temperature higher than a glass transformation point by 30° to 40° C. under a tension and then, heat-treating it at a temperature around the glass transformation point or lower. (Nature Vol. 282 No. 5734 pp. 55-56 Nov. 1, 1979).
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of producing a crystallized glass comprising oriented crystals obtained by the aforementioned method without an elongation and a method of producing a phosphate type crystallized glass having high strength in an advantageous industrial process.
The foregoing and other objects of the present invention have been attained by providing a crystallized glass having oriented crystals by producing metaphosphate glass having chain structure under a glassy state and crystalline state and heat-treating the glass in a temperature gradient.
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of one embodiment of electric furnace used for the method of the present invention; and
FIG. 2 is a graph showing temperature distribution in an electric furnace.
In the method of the present invention, the phosphate glass is produced at first. The phosphate glass is preferably made of calcium metaphosphate CaO.P2 O5 which has the chain structure in a glassy state and also the chain structure in a crystalline state. It is possible to use a glass comprising the other alkaline earth metaphosphate such as SrO.P2 O5, BaO.P2 O5 and BeO.P2 O5 instead of calcium metaphosphate. Such glass has the chain structure in a glassy state and crystalline state. The oriented crystals can be grown in the glass by the method of the present invention.
In the preparation of the glass batch, conventional sources such as a mixture of calcium carbonate and phosphoric acid or calcium dihydrogenphosphate Ca(H2 PO4)2.H2 O can be used. In the batch, a molar ratio of CaO to P2 O5 is preferably 1:1, however, it is not critical and either of CaO or P2 O5 can be excess of about 20%. The same condition can be considered in the case using the sources such as the alkaline earth metal source other than the calcium source. It is possible to incorporate a third component in the alkaline earth metal component and the phosphoric acid component so far as the growth of crystals having the chain structure is not prevented.
The glass batch is usually charged in a platinum crucible and is heat-melted at 1200°-1300° C. for 1-2 hours to uniformly vitrify. The molten glass is then cooled and formed into a desired shape such as a rod or plate in a suitable viscosity state.
In the heat-treatment of the formed glass for the crystallization, the glass is heated again in an atmosphere having a desired temperature gradient. The heat-treatment is carried out at a temperature slightly lower than the softening point and higher than the glass transformation point. When it is higher than the glass softening point, crystals are inwardly grown from the surface of the glass in the semi-spherical form to obtain an opaque crystallized glass having crystals oriented at random. The strength of the glass is remarkably low. On the other hand, when it is lower than the glass transformation point, the growth of oriented crystals is obtained, however, the growth velocity is remarkably lower so as not to be practically advantageous. In the case of the calcium phosphate glass, the heat-treatment is preferably carried out in a range of 590° to 500° C. especially 570° to 520° C. In this range of temperature, the temperature gradient is obtained where the glass is heat-treated.
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of an electric furnace for the heat-treatment. The reference (1) designates an electric furnace; (2) designates a heater; (3) designates an inlet of the electric furnace from which a support (4) made of a refractory such as a quartz tube is inserted and a formed glass (5) such as a glass rod being heat-treated is placed on the support and inserted in the electric furnace.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the temperature distribution as one example of the temperature distribution in the electric furnace. The temperature is plotted on the ordinate and the distance from the entrance of the electric furnace is plotted on the abscissa. The temperature is controlled to give the temperature gradient from about 500° C. to 580° C. from about the middle part to the entrance in the longitudinal direction of the electric furnace. The temperature gradient is usually in a range of 5° to 100° C./cm preferably about 20° C. to 40° C./cm. One end of the formed glass (5) being heat-treated is set at the entrance side of the electric furnace at about 560°-570° C. and the other end is set in the lower temperature side. The support (4) is gradually taken out from the entrance whereby crystals crystallized at the high temperature part of the formed glass are grown to the direction of the lower temperature part. When the formed glass is passed through the temperature gradient region, all formed glass is converted into crystallized glass having fiber like crystals oriented in the direction of the temperature gradient as the direction of transferring of the formed glass. The transfer velocity of the formed glass is preferably controlled so that a rise in the temperature is at a rate of 0.1° C. to 10° C. per 1 hour. It is possible to transfer the electric furnace or to shift the temperature gradient region in the furnace instead of transferring the formed glass.
The reason why the oriented crystals are grown by the heat-treatment in the temperature gradient is not clear, however, it is considered that a volumetric contraction of about 10% is caused by a transformation of the glass having the chain structure into the crystals, and certain tensile is applied between the molecular chains of the glass at about the softening point and the molecular chains at lower temperature to crystallize the molecular chains of the glass under the orientation in the temperature gradient direction.
The crystallized glass obtained by the method of the present invention has high bending strength about 3 to 4 times of that of the glassy state and high Young's modulus about 2 times of that of the glassy state. Moreover, the crystallized glass has remarkably small reduction of the bending strength after abrasion to remarkably improve the fragility of ceramics themselves. The reason is considered to be that tenacity of the glass is improved by the oriented crystals and any sharp cracking is not easily formed by breaking even though the abrasion is present.
The present invention will be further illustrated by certain examples and references which are provided for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting the present invention.
In a platinum crucible, a powdery mixture of 33.8 wt. % of CaCO3 and 66.2 wt. % of H3 PO4 (molar ratio of CaO/P2 O5 of 1:1) was heat-melted at 1250°-1300° C. for 2 hours with stirring in the later stage to obtain a uniform glass and the glass was cooled to about 1000° C. A sample glass rod having a diameter of about 2 mm and a length of about 5 cm was fabricated by dipping one end of a quartz rod in the molten glass and taking up the rod with the molten glass.
The sample glass rod was charged in the electric furnace shown in FIG. 1 and heat-treated by transferring it in the temperature gradient region. The temperature gradient region was maintained from 570° C. to 520° C. and was set at a rate of about 30° C. per cm in the longitudinal direction of the furnace. One end of the glass rod was set at the highest temperature (570° C.) of the temperature gradient and the other end of the glass rod was set at the lower temperature side to transfer the glass rod at a velocity of about 5 μ/min whereby the glass rod was heated at a rate of about 1° C. per hour. The crystals formed at the end of the glass rod at the higher temperature side were grown to the lower temperature side. The velocity of the transferring of the glass rod was controlled to keep the end of the growing oriented crystals in the temperature gradient region. The resulting crystallized glass rod had white translucent appearance and had oriented fiber like crystals of β-Ca(PO3 )2 having a diameter of about 1μ in the longitudinal direction inside and had crystallinity of higher than 99%.
As a reference, the sample glass rod was heat-treated in the electric furnace having uniform temperature distribution at 550° C. for 100 hours. The resulting crystallized glass rod had white opaque appearance and had semispherical crystals grown from the surface at random.
Each Young's modulus and each bending strength of the oriented crystallized glass of the present invention; the randomly crystallized glass and the untreated glass were measured.
The bending strength was shown as an average of data of 3 samples.
The abraded bending strength was measured for each sample glass rod abraded by a sand paper of No. 100 at the central part.
The results are shown in Table.
______________________________________ Oriented Randomly Untreated crystallized crystallized glass glass glass______________________________________Young's modulus 5.0 × 105 10.2 × 105 can not be(kg/cm2) measuredBending strength 900 3850 510(kg/cm2)Abraded bending 360 2990 450strength (kg/cm2)______________________________________
The crystallized glass produced by the method of the present invention had characteristics having remarkably small reduction of the bending strength after abrasion and are preferably used as ceramic materials for living bodies such as artificial bones and for engineering.
Citas de patentes | <urn:uuid:17ca85dd-a4af-49ee-96e9-bf26f198563d> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.google.es/patents/US4417912?hl=es&dq=flatulence | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422118973352.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124170253-00115-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93622 | 2,608 | 2.75 | 3 |
Back in the early days of the pandemic, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a flurry of warnings about the many steps Americans needed to be taking to prevent the spread of the novel coronavirus and “flatten the curve.” The travel restrictions and face masks, along with the shutdown of the economy, drew most of the media attention. But there was also a keen focus on all of the extra cleaning we would need to be doing. Studies were launched to determine how long the virus could survive on various surfaces and what measures would be required to prevent us from catching the frightening disease by touching everything from doorknobs to paper money. Grocery store shelves holding Purell and other sanitizers were quickly emptied. It was yet another aspect of our daily lives that had been completely disrupted.
Now, more than a year later, the CDC has “revised” their estimates on this subject and altered their guidelines accordingly. As it turns out, the chances of catching COVID by touching a potentially infected surface are “low.” How low? We’ll get to that in a moment. Oh, and the steps required to keep surfaces free of the virus aren’t what we were originally told either. (NY Post)
There is not a significant risk of catching the coronavirus from an infected surface or object, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said in a coronavirus guidance update on Monday.
People generally catch COVID-19 through direct contact with a sick person or droplet or airborne transmission, the nation’s top health agency said.
“It is possible for people to be infected through contact with contaminated surfaces or objects (fomites), but the risk is generally considered to be low,” the revised guidance states.
You can read the updated guidance at the CDC website.
While noting that it’s still “possible” to catch COVID by touching a surface that was recently sneezed or coughed on by an infected person and then quickly touching your mouth, nose, or eyes, they consider it unlikely. How unlikely? They rate the chances at 1 in 10,000. I don’t know about you, but those sound like fairly long odds to me.
Oh, and we should also talk about all of that sanitizer we’ve been using to wipe down surfaces and wash our hands. The new CDC guidelines inform us that “simple cleaning agents appear to be effective against the virus, and disinfectants aren’t necessary for most situations.” The guidelines now state that there is “little scientific support for routine use of disinfectants in community settings.” Cleaning with normal soap or detergent is considered effective.
The impact that the original guidelines had on the country was quite significant. A large number of distilleries shut down their operations entirely and switched over to producing sanitizer in a heroic effort to answer the call of duty. People were hoarding Purell and trying to sell it on the black market for a profit.
The misguided belief that all of this was necessary led to business opportunities for some people. I still recall an interview I watched on our local news channel with two women who had set up a home cleaning company last spring. They began running clever advertisements showing them coming into people’s homes wearing masks and gloves. People were shown touching various surfaces such as keyboards, doorknobs, and light switches, which would begin glowing with a sickly green light. The cleaners would then wipe the surfaces down with their seemingly magical disinfectants and the CGI contagion would disappear. Within a few weeks they reported having so many new customers that they had to hire more help. Many were people who would never have considered hiring someone to do their housecleaning for them prior to the arrival of the plague. When a reporter asked the women about their background in disease control and related subjects, they admitted that they had no training and were just using “common sense.”
And now, barely a year later, we learn that we could all have just kept on with the same cleaning routines nearly everyone had been using for ages. I’m not saying it’s a bad idea to clean your home and office regularly, but that was true before the pandemic started. The same common-sense cleaning procedures and products we’d all been using would have been fine. Better late than never, I suppose, but it certainly sounds like a lot of time, money and effort were poured into a process that hadn’t been subjected to serious, scientific scrutiny before the nation was sent stampeding into a panic. | <urn:uuid:8210248d-f667-4012-b8b8-70a2a4c1d472> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://hotair.com/jazz-shaw/2021/04/07/cdc-chance-surface-transmission-virus-not-thought-n381715 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039568689.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423070953-20210423100953-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.97834 | 965 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Hepatitis A and Typhoid vaccination
About the vaccine
- When to get vaccinated: At least two weeks before travel.
- Course: One dose.
- Boosters: You will need a booster for hepatitis A after one year to remain protected. Thereafter, you are protected for 25 years. You will need a booster for typhoid after three years to stay.
- How it is given: An injection in the upper arm.
- Side effects: You may notice some soreness or rednes at the injection site. Other possible side effects include headache, nausea and fever.
- Children: We provide this vaccine for children over the age of 16.
- Additional precautions: You need to practise food and water safety as well as hand hygiene while in an area where hepatitis A or typhoid are endemic.
- Risk if you contract hepatitis A or typhoid: Hepatitis A can cause mild to severe symptoms, including fever and digestive issues. It can cause complications such as liver failure. Typhoid usually starts with symptoms such as fever, feeling sick, constipation or diarrhoea. If left untreated, it can cause serious complications including organ failure and death.
|Doses per course||1|
|Price per course||£85|
How it Works
Attend your consultation
Get your treatment
Frequently Asked Question
What is hepatitis A?
Hepatitis A is a viral infection, which affects the human liver. The hepatitis A virus is usually ingested via contaminated food or water and is endemic to countries with an insufficient sanitation system. It can spread rapidly and is known to cause sudden epidemics. After an incubation period of 2 – 4 weeks, patients usually develop hepatitis A symptoms such as fever, digestive problems and jaundice. The severity of the symptoms varies in different people and can range from mild to very severe. In rare cases, hepatitis A can lead to complications such as cholestasis and liver failure. According to the World Health Organisation, every year there are about 1.4 million cases of hepatitis A worldwide.
What is typhoid?
Typhoid fever is caused by a bacterium called Salmonella typhi. It is a highly contagious and potentially lethal disease, which spreads via contaminated foods and water. As typhoid bacteria are primarily found in faeces, the infection is particularly common in regions with poor sanitation. Common symptoms of typhoid fever include a high temperature, headaches, nausea, muscle pain, digestion problems such as constipation or diarrhoea, tiredness and confusion. Some patients also experience a rash.
The vaccination consists of one dose to be given at least two weeks before travel
You will need a booster for hepatitis A after one year to remain protected. After receiving this booster, you are protected for 25 years. You will need a booster for typhoid after three years to stay protected.
Who needs it?
Recommended when visiting risk countries.
We provide this vaccine for children over the age of 16. | <urn:uuid:ce30b701-b7c5-41a0-8dd0-a9c40a7f5820> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://healthclinics.superdrug.com/services/hepatitis-a-and-typhoid/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945323.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325095252-20230325125252-00791.warc.gz | en | 0.918059 | 638 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Besides being a great touristic attraction and money makers cruise ships also have their bad sides one of them being pollution. Tourists are often unaware of how serious the pollution is. Environmentalists are trying to fight it with all means.
The environmental impact of shipping includes greenhouse gas emissions and oil pollution. Carbon dioxide emissions from shipping is currently estimated at 4 to 5 percent of the global total, and estimated by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) to rise by up to 72 percent by 2020 if no action is taken.
The cruise ship industry is a significant and growing contributor to the United States economy, providing more than $32 billion in benefits annually and generating more than 330,000 U.S. jobs, but also making the environmental impacts of its activities an issue to many. Although cruise ships represent a small fraction of the entire shipping industry worldwide, public attention to their environmental impacts comes in part from the fact that cruise ships are highly visible and in part because of the industry’s desire to promote a positive image.
Cruise tourism continues to be a major international growth area. In terms of achieving sustainable tourism it is, therefore, a sub-sector within which socio-economic, cultural and environmental considerations need to be continually analysed, addressed and monitored. The environmental impacts of cruise tourism are categorised in this paper and potential strategies that can be employed by both cruise line operators and cruise tourism destinations are explored. Secondary evidence of action by both parties suggests that the industry is taking a number of belated positive steps. However, decision-makers in cruise tourism destinations, particularly those outside North America, need to work closely with operators to facilitate both integrated waste management and intergenerational and intra-societal equity rather than merely accept the prospect of short-term economic gain.
Bulk metal analyses of surficial sediments collected around the Norwegian Crown cruise ship grounding site in Bermuda indicated significant but localized contamination of reef sediments by copper and zinc, caused by the stripping of the tri-butyltin (TBT)-free antifouling (AF) paint (Intersmooth 460) from the underside of the hull. Highest copper and zinc values were found in heavily compacted and red-pigmented sediments inside the impact scar and were comparable to levels found close to slip ways of local boat yards where AF paints from hull stripping and cleaning processes are washed into the sea. The re-distribution of AF contaminated sediments by storms and deposition on nearby reefs constitutes a significant ecological risk that could delay recovery processes and reduce the effectiveness of remediation efforts. Whilst the ecotoxicological effects of AF paint particles interspersed with sediment is unknown, and in need of further study, it is argued that the significance of AF paint contamination of grounding sites has been overlooked.
Cruise ships represent less than 1% of the global merchant fleet yet it has been estimated that they are responsible for 25% of all waste generated by merchant vessels. This volume of waste produces pressures on the environment, particularly with respect to ship-generated waste disposal at home ports and ports of call. Southampton, home port for both Cunard and P&O, and a port of call for Royal Caribbean Cruises, is the focus of this study. This paper investigates current waste management and disposal options for cruise ship generated waste and the associated impacts of this waste for ports. It is concluded that all cruise vessels should vigorously pursue a waste reduction strategy and for ports to provide adequate recycling, reduction and re-use facilities for cruise ship generated waste, optimising use of local facilities whenever possible.
Cruise ship pollution ranges from chemical contamination to ship-generated waste. In recent times the big ships have their own recycling facilities but that is not enough to lower the effects of all cruise ship pollution. This is the topic that should be dealt with more seriously and as soon as possible.
‘Environmentally sustainable cruise tourism: a reality check’ by David Johnson
‘Chemical contamination of a coral reef by the grounding of a cruise ship in Bermuda’ by Ross J Jones
‘The impact of cruise ship generated waste on home ports and ports of call: A study of Southampton’ by Nickie Butt | <urn:uuid:52645ae7-afaf-458d-a9f9-8202a1413891> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.australianscience.com.au/environmental-science/cruise-ship-pollution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812259.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218192636-20180218212636-00614.warc.gz | en | 0.947425 | 851 | 3.375 | 3 |
Insomnia and Sleep Problems
It seems like life is getting more and more stressful all the time, with demands for work, school, family and home responsibilities. As a result, we often cut back on the very things that are the most important, like getting enough sleep…
Getting enough sleep is essential. Studies show that getting enough sleep is essential for maintaining proper health. Furthermore, lack of sleep can cause numerous health and related problems. It is a risk factor for mental health problems such as depression, and can also contribute to cardiovascular and other conditions. Being sleep deprived also significantly increases your risk of being in a motor vehicle accident.
How much sleep should someone get? Every person is unique, and there is a wide range of what is considered “normal” sleep. The usual range is that some need as little as 6 hrs, whereas others need 10 or more. The average person needs about 8 hrs of sleep per night (Kryger, 2005).
Insomnia, or troubles sleeping are quite common. About 30% of adults report troubles falling asleep, staying asleep or having unrefreshing (nonrestorative) sleep. About 10% of the population have sleep problems so severe that it causes problems or distress during the daytime.
Many factors can contribute to poor sleep:
- Poor sleep hygiene including too much blue light in the evening: During most of human evolution, it would get dark at night, and that was the signal that it was time to sleep. But in our modern society, we have disrupted our regular cycles of light and darkness through artificial lighting, and activities such as shift work. When it is bedtime, we end up sitting in front of electronic screens (e.g. TVs, computer screens, tablets and smartphones), which has blue light that tricks our brains into thinking it’s daytime, which thus impairs our sleep.
- Lack of exercise: Being physically active is another signal for sleep at bedtime, but in our modern society, instead of regular physical activity, we sit for hours at school, the office or at home.
- Stress: We live in a stressful society, which leads many people to worry at bedtime, either stressing about the day that just passed, or about the next day.
- Normal aging: People tend to sleep less and sleep lighter as they grow older. As we age, our ability to sleep diminishes, but our need for sleep stays the same. Furthermore, as people get older, they tend to need to go use the washroom in the middle of the night, which an impair sleep.
- Medical problems: Many different medical conditions can affect our sleep, and in particular there are sleep disorders such as restless legs syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea.
The “Stimulus Control” Method is a simple, yet very powerful technique that has been shown effective for helping with sleep (Morin, 1987). Because there are only five steps in this method this is a good basic strategy to start with.
There are five steps;
- Go to bed only when you feel sleepy, no matter how late the hour.
- Use your bed only for sleeping.
- If you don't fall asleep in 10 to 20 minutes, get up and go to another room.
- Use your alarm clock to get up at the same time every morning, regardless of how little sleep you got the night before.
- Don't nap during the day.
During the first night of the stimulus-control procedure you may need to get out of bed several times or more. You may not sleep at all, and you may feel tired the next day. At this point you might think that the solution is worse than the original problem. But keep at it -- by the 2nd, 3rd, or 4th night, sleep deprivation will cause your body to fall asleep more quickly. Most people need about two weeks to undo the negative sleep pattern that they have gotten into.
In case the Stimulus Control method is not enough, then here are some more strategies:
What To Do In the Daytime
Wake up the same time every day, whether its weekdays or weekends.
Eat a healthy, nutritious diet. Have regular, consistent mealtimes which helps set your body’s internal clock. Some people find it helpful to avoid large meals at night.
Get lots of sunlight during the daytime, especially in the mornings ideally by being outside (with sunscreen). During daylight hours, get at least an hour outside a day. Being indoors in modern buildings is not enough light unfortunately, as modern buildings block too much of the light that we need. Even being beside windows will limit light exposure, so it is important to actually be outside.
Keep a regular schedule and routine. Stick to the same sleep schedule as much as possible both on schooldays, workdays and days off (i.e. weekdays and weekends)
Napping. Avoid or limit daytime napping that might interfere with nighttime sleep. Generally, limit naps to between 10-45 minutes in length, as longer naps may cause deep sleep that will disrupt nighttime sleep. Best times for napping about between 2-6 PM; naps after 6 PM may also result in deep sleep which may affect nighttime sleep.
Exercise. Regular, moderate-intensity exercise is known to improve sleep quality. Take a brisk walk, do some gardening, or join an exercise class. Avoid exercise in the late evening before bedtime because it may over-stimulate the body.
If you live in the northern hemisphere (e.g. Canada), consider a seasonal affective disorder (SAD) light during winter months. Make sure that you sit near it for 30 minutes in the morning before work/school.
What To Do In the Evening
Dim and/or limit light in the evening. If you are having sleep problems, the best thing would be to not have any artificial light or technology in your home. Then, as it gets dark, you are exposed to natural darkness and you’d sleep. (Such as might happen if you went camping…)
The next best option is that you can try to turn off unnecessary lights, and ideally, have dimmers on your lighting. Then, you can simulate the normal darkness that happens as the sun starts to set.
Low blue sunglasses. Consider wearing orange (i.e. low blue light) sunglasses about 1-2 hrs before bedtime, in order to block the blue light that makes it hard to sleep.
Low blue light lightbulbs. Use orange / red lightbulbs about 1-2 hrs before bedtime. These can be easily purchased online or in most lighting stores.
Turn off all electronics and stop looking into any electronic screens at least 1-2 hrs before bedtime.
If you absolutely must use a computer screen in the evening, explore ‘low blue light’ apps such as Flux.io for Mac/PC. These apps will change the hue of the computer to a orange/red light, so the computer will block less of your body’s melatonin.
Figure out what activities help your body feel soothed and relaxed, in order to "wind down" your body for sleep, so that you can do those as part of your bedtime routine. If you are having sleep problems, then try to give yourself at least 1-hr or so of wind down time.
Avoid stimulating activities at bedtime. For many people, even watching TV can be stimulating, because it tricks the eyes into thinking that its daytime, and thus making it harder to sleep.
Consistency and routine. Your body’s internal clock likes routines. Have the same, regular bedtime routine every night. Keep the same routine on weekdays and weekends.
Have a regular bedtime routine. It is important to have a regular bedtime routine or ritual that lets you get ready for sleep. E.g. Putting on pajamas, brushing your teeth, reading a relaxing book, prayer, etc.
Regular exercise: Exercise may deepen sleep, but avoid exercising too close to bedtime as this can be overstimulating. Some find that exercising 4-6 hours before bedtime is ideal.
Warm bath: Taking a warm bath to relax 1-2 hours before bedtime. In general, people find warm baths soothing, whereas hot, cool or cold baths are stimulating.
Problems with worries? If you have too many worries that make it hard to sleep, try:
Writing down thingsto take care of the next day
Setting aside “worry time” earlier in the evening to deal with the worries. At that fixed time, perhaps for 30 minutes, write down the problems you are thinking about. Then write down what you would like to see different or better for your problem. Then tell yourself, “Okay, I won't focus on this tonight, because there is nothing else I can do about it tonight. I've written these things down, and I'll focus on it tomorrow, when I'll be fresh and more effective at dealing with it."
Reading: Read a nice, relaxing book. Avoid reading anything that is too exciting, interesting or stimulating! If reading an exciting mystery thriller gets you too excited, then consider instead reading something non-fiction, like a book of facts, or even a dictionary...
Do you get thirsty at night? Have a glass of water by your bedside so you don’t have to wake up and get out of bed. But don’t drink excessively to avoid bathroom trips in the middle of the night.
Be aware of your sensory needs. Every person has a certain need for a certain amount of sensory input (e.g. sound, touch, sight, smells, etc).
Hearing / Sound
- Some people are sensitive to sound, so they need to keep their bedroom quiet. Strategies include getting earplugs.
- Other people may need some sound stimulation, so they need to have sound, e.g. background noise from a fan, radio or television turned to a “static” setting, or a white noise generator, or a relaxation CD (e.g. those that have water, wind or rain sounds). Play quiet, relaxing music. Make your own CD of soothing, relaxing music.
Seeing / Visual:
- Some people find it helpful to keep things darker in the evening, and in their bedroom. Strategies include getting lights with dimmers in the evening to dim the lights before bedtime. While sleeping, some find it helpful to wear eyeshades, or blindfold. Others find it helpful to have good blinds to keep the sunlight out.
- Consider decreasing visual stimulation in the bedroom. This might mean cleaning up and tidying your bedroom so that it doesn’t have an overwhelming amount of distractions. For example, if you have stimulating things such as a television or computer, consider removing them. Use “natural lighting” fixtures when possible. When it’s bedtime, dim the lights in your room.
Touch / Temperature
- Avoid extreme room temperature or humidity; keep it moderate. Some find that humidifiers help. In general, cooler temperatures help facilitate sleep, but individual preferences vary widely.
Olfactory or smell strategies
- Try aromatherapy strategies such as a drop of lavender oil on a pillow
- Rocking rhythmically in a rocking chair with the lights dimmed and listening to quiet music (combines movement, visual and auditory strategies)
Avoid vigorous exercise before bedtime, because it may get your adrenaline running which then keeps you from being sleepy.
- Hearing / Sound
Warm drink at bedtime. This raises the body temperature slightly and later, when the body temperature falls, this may be helpful for sleep. This is also believed to be the reason why (mild) exercise can help with sleep. (Note that in the past it used to be believed that drinks such as milk have tryptophan which helps with sleep, but this is longer the case. The amount of tryptophan in a glass of milk is felt to be too low for sleep; in fact, it is felt you’d probably have to eat the equivalent of ten turkeys in order to have enough tryptophan to help you sleep! Note that eating a turkey dinner does may one sleepy, but this is felt to be on the basis of all the blood going to your digestive system to help digest the turkey!)
Don’ts for Sleep
Don’t sit too long in front of television or computer screens: Watching television or using the computer is used by some people. However, be careful because this can make many people more stimulated, as the brightness of the TV or monitor can trick the body into thinking its daytime. New studies show that blue light is particularly potent at tricking our biological clock, making the computer a particularly powerful at sabotaging our sleep, because of the common blue background. If you are having troubles with sleep, try to avoid exposure to television or computer before bedtime.
Avoid stimulants before bedtime: Stimulants, such as 1) Nicotine, and 2) Caffeine (coffee, tea, and cola) should be avoided at least 5 hours before bed time. Studies have shown that one or two small cups of coffee consumed in the morning can affect the quality of sleep that same night. Replace caffeinated beverages with caffeine-free or decaffeinated beverages such as herbal tea, mineral water, fruit and vegetable juice, or decaf coffee. On the other hand, some people actually do find caffeine is soothing. Many of these individuals tend to be those with attention-deficit disorder (ADD), or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Don’t drink too much before bedtime: Don’t drink too much in the evening, because then you might have to wakeup in the middle of the night to go to the washroom.
Don’t drink alcohol: Don’t drink alcohol 4-hrs before bedtime – although it is a depressant and may help you fall asleep, it tends to cause poor quality of sleep by impairing our ability to make it to deep sleep, leaving us feeling more tired the next day. If you are suffering from insomnia, it is probably best to avoid alcohol completely.
Don’t be a clock watcher. If you need an alarm clock, put it where it can be heard, but not seen.
Don’t try to sleep: In other words, if you are lying in bed trying to sleep, then get up and do something else until you are feeling sleepy.
If you try various basic strategies, but are still having troubles with your sleep, then see your doctor. Your family physician, who can take a closer look and help figure out what is causing your sleep problems.
There could be medical conditions contributing to your sleep problems, such as:
- Sleep apnea (aka obstructive sleep apnea or sleep-disordered breathing), a condition where individuals have trouble with breathing while asleep, and where they often (but not always) have snoring and periods where they stop breathing in the middle of the night and/or snort themselves awake.
- Restless legs syndrome, a condition where individuals report needing to move their legs before going to sleep, which impairs our ability to initiate and maintain sleep
- Narcolepsy, a condition where individuals have “sleep attacks”, which are episodes where a person just falls asleep suddenly, or have extreme, overwhelming fatigue and tiredness.
- Stress and conditions such as major depression, or an anxiety disorder.
See a doctor if you have the following symptoms:
- You feel drowsy during the daytime (i.e. daytime somnolence), which is where you find it hard to stay awake during the daytime, e.g. where you may doze off in boring situations.
- You usually take more than 30-minutes each night to fall asleep
- You have troubles falling asleep, troubles waking up in the middle of the night, or you wake up too early in the morning
- You partner says that you snore loudly, snort, gasp, make choking sounds, or stop breathing at night (i.e. possible obstructive sleep apnea)
- You have troubles initiating sleep because of an irresistible urge to move your legs (i.e. possible restless legs syndrome)
- You have been told that your legs or arms jerk often during sleep (i.e. possible periodic limb movement disorder).
- You have episodes of sudden muscle weakness when you are angry or fearful, or when you laugh (i.e. narcolepsy).
Children can have sleep conditions too, though their symptoms are usually not as obvious. Note that children may not appear to have excessive daytime sleepiness, but rather than may appear distractible and hyperactive with sleep deprivation or sleep fragmentation. It is estimated that up to 30% of children with ADHD may be misdiagnosed and may actually have obstructive sleep apnea. If discovered, this can often be addressed with a simple surgical procedure.
- Say Good Night to Insomnia: The Six-Week, Drug-Free Program Developed at Harvard Medical School, Gregg Jacobs
- No More Sleepless Nights, Peter Hauri
- American Academy of Pediatrics Guide to Your Child's Sleep: Birth Through Adolescence, American Academy of Pediatrics
- Sleep/Wake Disorders Canada, 1-800-387-9253, http://www.swdca.org
- Canadian Sleep Society (more for professionals), http://www.css.to/about
- National Sleep Foundation (NSF)
- National Library of Medicine, http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nlhhome.html
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute http://starsleep.nhlbi.nih.gov
- Talk about Sleep, http://www.talkaboutsleep.com
- Sleepquest, http://www.sleepquest.com
- Caring for Kid by the Canadian Paediatric Society, http://www.caringforkids.cps.ca/teenhealth/TeensSleep.htm
- Morin CM, Azrin NH: Stimulus Control and Imagery Training in Treating Sleep-Maintenance Insomnia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, v55 n2 p260-62 Apr 1987
- Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 4th ed.2005.
- The Use of Melatonin in Children With Sleep Disturbances, Marcia L. Buck, Pharm.D., FCCP
- Pediatr Pharm 9(11), 2003. © 2003 Children's Medical Center, University of Virginia. Retrieved in Jan 2004 from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/464854
Written by members of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Ottawa, including:
- Dr. Michael Cheng, psychiatrist, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario; Associate Professor, University of Ottawa
- Dr. Elliot Lee, psychiatrist, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, Ottawa; Assistant Professor, University of Ottawa
Information in this pamphlet is offered ‘as is' and is meant only to provide general information that supplements, but does not replace the information from your health provider. Always contact a qualified health professional for further information in your specific situation or circumstance.
You are free to copy and distribute this material in its entirety as long as 1) this material is not used in any way that suggests we endorse you or your use of the material, 2) this material is not used for commercial purposes (non-commercial), 3) this material is not altered in any way (no derivative works). View full license at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ca/
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Apple lately has been increasingly expanding coverage of the three-dimensional view of its mapping service. Just earlier this month, 3D Flyover coverage extended to include the east side of the San Francisco Bay Area, including the city of Berkeley and its University of California, the birthplace of the flavor of Unix used in OS X and iOS.
But what if you could take a 3D topographic tour of the ancient monument? Well, now you can as Flyover coverage now includes areas of Wiltshire, England, about two miles west of Amesbury and eight miles north of Salisbury where this mysterious prehistoric monument is located…
To browse the structure in 3D Flyover, just type ‘Stonehenge’ into the search box of Maps application on your Mac, iPhone, iPod touch or iPad, select satellite view from options and hit the little 3D icon.
The historic site dates back to about 3100 BC and there are plenty of conspiracy theories flying around as to why the ancient people had created it.
The site and its surroundings in 1986 became one of UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites. Owned by the Crown and managed by English Heritage, Stonehenge is also a national legally and a Scheduled Ancient Monument.
Last month, Flyover coverage was refreshed with 3D data of Australia’s Perth, Spain’s Cordoba and France’s Saint Tropez. An improved version of Maps in iOS 8 is said could a new car-finding feature, built-in public transit directions and more. | <urn:uuid:a17d8bdf-ccc8-4329-a037-93eefd17e5ef> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.idownloadblog.com/2014/04/28/apple-maps-stonehenge-flyover/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201882.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319012213-20190319034213-00420.warc.gz | en | 0.944077 | 313 | 2.953125 | 3 |
TORONTO, April 25, 2014—Almost half of all homeless men who took part in a study by St. Michael's Hospital had suffered at least one traumatic brain injury in their life and 87 per cent of those injuries occurred before the men lost their homes.
While assaults were a major cause of those traumatic brain injuries, or TBIs, (60 per cent) many were caused by potentially non-violent mechanisms such as sports and recreation (44 per cent) and motor vehicle collisions and falls (42 per cent).
The study, led by Dr. Jane Topolovec-Vranic, a clinical researcher in the hospital's Neuroscience Research Program, was published today in the journal CMAJ Open.
Dr. Topolovec-Vranic said it's important for health care providers and others who work with homeless people to be aware of any history of TBI because of the links between such injuries and mental health issues, substance abuse, seizures and general poorer physical health.
The fact that so many homeless men suffered a TBI before losing their home suggests such injuries could be a risk factor for becoming homeless, she said. That makes it even more important to monitor young people who suffer TBIs such as concussions for health and behavioural changes, she said.
Dr. Topolovec-Vranic looked at data on 111 homeless men aged 27 to 81 years old who were recruited from a downtown Toronto men's shelter. She found that 45 per cent of these men had experienced a traumatic brain injury, and of these, 70 per cent were injured during childhood or teenage years and 87 per cent experienced an injury before becoming homeless.
In men under age 40, falls from drug/alcohol blackouts were the most common cause of traumatic brain injury while assault was the most common in men over 40 years old.
Recognition that a TBI sustained in childhood or early teenage years could predispose someone to homelessness may challenge some assumptions that homelessness is a conscious choice made by these individuals, or just the result of their addictions or mental illness, said Dr. Topolovec-Vranic.
This study received funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation.
Separately, a recent study by Dr. Stephen Hwang of the hospital's Centre for Research on Inner City Health, found the number of people who are homeless or vulnerably housed and who have also suffered a TBI may be as high as 61 per cent—seven times higher than the general population.
Dr. Hwang's study, published in the Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, is one of the largest studies to date investigating TBI in homeless populations. The findings come from the Health and Housing in Transition Study, which tracks the health and housing status of homeless and vulnerably housed people in Toronto, Vancouver and Ottawa.
About St. Michael's Hospital
St Michael's Hospital provides compassionate care to all who enter its doors. The hospital also provides outstanding medical education to future health care professionals in 27 academic disciplines. Critical care and trauma, heart disease, neurosurgery, diabetes, cancer care, care of the homeless and global health are among the hospital's recognized areas of expertise. Through the Keenan Research Centre and the Li Ka Shing International Healthcare Education Centre, which make up the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, research and education at St. Michael's Hospital are recognized and make an impact around the world. Founded in 1892, the hospital is fully affiliated with the University of Toronto.
For more information, or to arrange an interview with Dr. Topolovec-Vranic, contact:
Manager, Media Strategy
St. Michael's Hospital
Inspired Care. Inspiring Science.
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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system. | <urn:uuid:c7904ed0-506f-4148-9f44-589a6216626d> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-04/smh-sfa042514.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510259834.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011739-00376-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956501 | 828 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Do you suspect a loved one has an eating disorder like anorexia?
Eating disorders can take a huge toll on people’s wellbeing and sometimes even lead to death. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that affects up to 4.2% of women in their lifetime.
Although it doesn’t seem like a high percentage, anorexia affects nearly 6.28 million women, some of which are teenagers.
However, men and boys can develop anorexia, too. If you know what to look for, you can help prevent the dangerous side effects of anorexia and help your loved one seek treatment to overcome it.
Signs of Anorexia
Knowing the signs of anorexia can help get your friend or loved one help as soon as possible.
The most common sign of someone developing anorexia is not eating. They may use the excuse that they are not hungry or claim they have already eaten.
When they do eat, they may refuse to eat certain foods, such as those high in simple carbohydrates. People with this disorder will also seem obsessively interested in the number of calories or fat grams in their food.
People who are anorexic or developing the disorder may be obsessive about exercising. Since they see themselves as fat and want to lose weight, they may frequently go running or go to the gym and workout to an extreme degree. After eating, they may talk of needing to burn off those calories.
Dresses in Layers
Many women who are developing anorexia will dress in layers to disguise their weight loss and to keep warm. Losing an extreme amount of weight can result in someone with this disorder always feeling cold because they have an intolerance to cold.
When the body is deprived of nutrients, its functions are affected. As a result, a person’s thought processes will slow down and they may have difficulty with memory or concentrating.
Many women may also become depressed, stop doing the activities they loved and withdraw from family and friends. However, to try to hide what they are doing, they may claim to feel great and not admit to having any difficulties.
Obsessive About Appearance
Someone who is developing anorexia will obsess over their appearance and how much they weigh. They may constantly check their appearance in the mirror to try to find flaws or weigh themselves several times a day.
If you are concerned about someone who may be developing anorexia, you can measure their body mass index, or BMI, by calculating it with the OkCalculator. All you need to do is input their height and weight to get their BMI. Anorexia is usually diagnosed if a patient has a BMI of 17.5 or less.
Anorexia is a dangerous eating disorder because it can result in death. However, if the signs of it are spotted early, then treatment is available to help people overcome their perceived body image problems.
With treatment from trained mental health professionals, they can overcome their eating disorder and live a healthy life. | <urn:uuid:b6a9243f-ac4c-4498-bb61-b98bf02242eb> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.findhealthtips.com/5-warning-signs-anorexia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585209.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018190451-20211018220451-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.973691 | 619 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The Museum of the Rockies, with its strong education and outreach programs in astronomy and space science, its educational links with NASA, and its mission and long-term exhibit plan including strong science objectives, is uniquely positioned to make an important contribution to aerospace education. This project proposes to use these assets to develop a prototype educational exhibit to advance stated Montana Space Grant Consortium goals, using the staff and facility resources of the museum and expertise in the science education and aerospace fields.
The proposal seeks to crate a prototype exhibit on astronomy and space incorporating current theory and satellite and spacecraft observations. Elements will include a mural on the evolution of the universe, a telescope display, interactive computer stations covering space topics, and take-away elements. NASA and related materials keying on the exhibit will be adapted for use by school and public visitors, and will be included in the museum's Starlab and Traveling Telescopes programs for state-wide distribution. The exhibit will be tested by student and public visitors and in teacher workshops. Following assessment and revision, these elements will become the basis of a long-term space exhibit called "The Big Sky" developed as part of the museum's permanent exhibit plan.
|Mail:||Mr. James G. Manning, Planetarium Director|
|Museum of the Rockies|
|Montana State University|
|Bozeman, MT 59717| | <urn:uuid:ca327b37-a6e5-4776-929b-98e4043b6d4b> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.spacegrant.montana.edu/Text/SpaceExhibit.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042991019.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002311-00340-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911774 | 277 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Elizabeth Thomas, DOTransplant
Gregory Abrahamian, MDTransplant
Patrick Snyder, MDGastroenterology
Decide to register as an organ donor to save lives in Texas. Registering means you’ll be leaving behind the gift of life to someone who needs a transplant.
What Is Organ Donation?
When you register as an organ donor, you agree to allow a highly skilled surgeon to remove organs and/or tissue from your body after you die. Then your organ(s) are transplanted to a person who needs them.
How Your Donation Helps
Transplantation provides hope to thousands of adults and children with organ failure. It gives them a second chance at a healthy life. Lifesaving transplants rely on organ, eye and tissue donors. Every 10 minutes, a man, woman or child is added to the national transplant waiting list.
If you register as an organ donor, you take the burden of decision off your family and loved ones when you die. They will know your wishes.
Who Can Be a Donor?
You or anyone else in Texas can register to be an organ donor, regardless of your age, gender, ethnic background or current health status.
Organ Donation Facts
- All major religions support donation.
- Donation does not prevent an open-casket funeral.
- Organ donation is considered only after all efforts to save your life have failed and death is declared.
- The need for organ donors is much greater than the number of people who donate.
- There is no cost to donate.
- One person’s organ, eye, and tissue donation can improve the lives of more than 50 people.
More Organ Donor Information
Visit the U.S. Government Information on Organ Donation and Transplantation website to learn more about organ donation.
Share Your Story
Spread awareness of the need for organ donors by sharing your story with others. Encourage them to become a life‑saving donor. | <urn:uuid:c3361c29-cd61-4409-a244-8fe6bbe2eb8a> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.universityhealthsystem.com/services/transplant-care/organ-donor-registration | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303747.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122043216-20220122073216-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.917575 | 412 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Structuring the historical heritage
Medieval and Baroque city
The Erbdrostenhof on the Salzstrasse, one of Münster's pedestrian zones, is regarded as a masterpiece by baroque architect Johann Conrad Schlaun (built 1753 to 1757).
(Source: Press Office, Münster City Council)
Münster is a baroque city to a large extent. Important constructions of this age are now still a feature of the cityscape. The Münster Schloss (palace), the Adelshof Erbdrostenhof, the Clemenskirche as well as the Rüschhaus are masterpieces of the Baroque architect Johann Conrad Schlaun.
As early as the 18th century Münster laid down the foundation stone for a far-sighted and careful form of urban development, which paid particular attention to the city’s historical and cultural heritage. The most important milestone was the razing of the medieval city fortifications and the wise decision to landscape this former fortification ring. Münster has preserved its historical city ground plan due to the laying of the Promenade and has nevertheless met the demands of the age for a new design.
Now the promenade that is 4.5 kilometres long is an outstanding garden, construction and soil monument due to its green and water spaces and forms the heart of our green system with a direct link to the Aasee, the largest recreation area in the city. | <urn:uuid:146d8599-2b33-40d3-8744-d3a2981755dc> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.muenster.de/stadt/livcom/index248.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769867.110/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00024-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919443 | 308 | 2.765625 | 3 |
This article is from the Caymanian Compass
By: Norma Connolly
A team of British scientists has set out for the Cayman Trough to explore the world’s deepest volcanic rift.
In November last year, a team from the United States discovered scientifically important deep sea vents in the three-mile deep Cayman Trough and now a British team is going to investigate that discovery further.
The expedition left Trinidad on board the Royal Research Ship James Cook at 3am on Friday morning to start its 1,300 mile journey to the Cayman Trough. They hoped to get to their destination some time on Tuesday. The expedition will end in Jamaica on 24 April.
They will be looking for the deepest “black smoker” vents detected so far on the ocean floor and the marine life that exists around them.
“Studying the species that thrive in such unlikely havens gives us insights into patterns of marine life around the world, and even the possibility of life on other planets,” said Jon Copley, a marine biologist at the University of Southampton and leader of the research programme.
People can track the team’s explorations and adventures on a website that the researchers will update daily.
In an email to the Caymanian Compass on Monday, Mr. Copley said: “We left Trinidad on Thursday last week, and we should arrive at the Cayman Trough early tomorrow morning [Tuesday].
“The first few days will involve surveying the seafloor from the ship, to hunt for deep-sea volcanic vents. When we’ve pinpointed those, we’ll dive with our undersea vehicle to hopefully get a first look at them, and the marine life around them – possibly by this weekend or early next week,” he said.
Other researchers in the expedition are Doug Connelly, Bramley Murton, Kate Stansfield and Paul Tyler, all from the National Oceanography Centre in Southampton.
Also on board the RSS James Cook is a robot submarine called Autosub6000 that can dive 3.73 miles and a remotely-controlled deep-sea vehicle called HyBIS, which the team will use to find features and inhabitants of the world’s undersea volcanoes for the first time.
Deep-sea vents are undersea volcanic springs that erupt mineral-rich water hot enough to melt lead. They were discovered in the Pacific three decades ago, but most are found one to two miles deep, dotted along chains of undersea volcanoes around the world.
Scientists have been fascinated by these vents because they support lush colonies of deep-sea creatures that thrive in the otherwise sparsely-populated abyss.
Deep sea vent creatures feed on microbes that are nourished by minerals in the superheated water, creating an ecosystem that is not reliant on sunlight as its energy source.
The robot submarine on board the ship was developed by engineers at the National Oceanography Centre in Southampton, UK. It can map the ocean floor in detail, survey the currents and chemistry of deep waters, and take photographs.
The HyBIS, built by engineering company Hydro-Lek Ltd in Berkshire, UK, can be remotely-controlled from the ship to film the ocean floor and collect samples of rocks and deep-sea creatures.
The researchers hope to compare the marine life at the bottom of the Cayman Trough with that known from other deep-sea vents.
The team will also investigate the geology of the area and the hot water that gushes from deep-sea vents.
“Because deep-sea vents get hotter at greater depths, we expect these vents to be the hottest yet,” said geochemist Mr. Connelly, who will be the principal scientist aboard the ship. The world-record temperature for a deep-sea vent is 403ºC, at a vent 2.67 miles deep in the middle of the Atlantic.
The expedition will also leave instruments on the ocean floor to monitor the little-known deep-sea currents of the Cayman Trough, and deploy experiments to investigate how deep-sea creatures colonise new habitats.
During the voyage, the scientists will be posting updates about their progress live from the ship at www.thesearethevoyages.net
“We look forward to sharing the excitement of our expedition with people around the world”, said Mr. Copley. | <urn:uuid:906c5d86-59eb-46be-8081-3aaf6f23266b> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://www.markd60.com/sub-heads-for-cayman-trough/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039594808.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423131042-20210423161042-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.930295 | 907 | 3.140625 | 3 |
By Roy Benaroch, MD
A study published this week in the journal Pediatrics is good news for dog lovers everywhere. Babies growing up in homes with dogs get sick less often
Finnish researchers studied the families of about 400 babies over the first year of life, tracking their health status with weekly questionnaires. They found that babies growing up with dogs in the home were sick less often, needed fewer courses of antibiotics, and had fewer ear infections. Overall, babies with no dogs were reported as healthy about 65% of the time, compared to 73% for those living with one or more dogs. The presence of cats, on the other hand, made little difference.
The authors speculate that the protective effect of dogs could be because families in dog-oriented households tend to spend more time outdoors. Also, dogs tend to track around some dirt and bacteria, which may provide some protective effects. Other research has confirmed that early animal exposures can reduce the risk of allergic disorders in addition to the infectious illnesses studied in this report.
Healthy dog ownership does require some care from parents. As toddlers explore, they need to be taught how to approach a dog safety. Kids should know not to bother a dog that is sleeping or eating, and not to approach strange dogs outside without asking an adult first.
So give your dog an extra treat. In addition to chasing mice and barking at strangers, your family pooch can help keep your children healthy. That’s something to wag about! | <urn:uuid:6fc9fc34-520a-42d2-be18-10a1c44b5dba> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://blogs.webmd.com/childrens-health/2012/07/dogs-can-be-babys-best-friend-too.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510280868.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011800-00201-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971283 | 303 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Solid-State Electronics, Vol.81, 8-12, 2013
The effect of different dicing methods on the leakage currents of n-type silicon diodes and strip sensors
All silicon wafers are singulated into individual chips after device processing (front-end) and before packaging. Silicon wafer singulation is dominated by blade- and laser-dicing techniques, both leave some damage. We are using scribing and cleaving to singulate silicon radiation detectors. Scribing and cleaving is known to leave almost damage free sidewalls when applied to III-V compound semiconductors. The technique is not well developed for dicing silicon devices. We used silicon sensors working in a full depletion mode to determine the damage from different scribing techniques (laser-, diamond, and etch-scribing). Etch-scribing shows very low leakage currents and enables cuts at the edge of the active area of the sensor/die. Furthermore, the leakage currents for laser- and diamond-scribed devices can be reduced by a gaseous sidewall etch step. Published by Elsevier Ltd. | <urn:uuid:5fe71c80-7d97-4a4a-ae88-2d708a3e752e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.cheric.org/research/tech/periodicals/view.php?seq=1275001 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00313.warc.gz | en | 0.908751 | 226 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Notes on Culture & Antique Art, Ethnic Decor & Vintage Fashion | Wovensouls Art Gallery
The Batak Calendar system has 12 months and follows the phases of the moon and the sighting of the constellations.
Some basic facts
The purpose of the calendar, seen in Pustaha and bone inscriptions is to determine auspicious and inauspicious days for conducting life events rather than for calculating time.
Even though the Batak script existed, the main medium was oral literature and so the knowledge transmission is vulnerable to corruption and endangered.
Pustahas or books written on the bast of the Alim tree after preparing it with rice paste. The books cover – among other subjects – the art of fortune telling based on the Batak calendars.
The same system is also used to inscribe fortune telling texts on bone.
In my personal exploration, the complete blank slate – the absence of all prior knowledge – with respect to this culture – makes it all the more interesting and attractive. And then to read about headhunting / cannibalism – and the pecking order wherein the royalty got to eat the prime body parts like ears and nose – makes the culture so “outside my imagination” that I want to learn more!
* See more Pustahas and the bone calendar on WOVENSOULS.COM | <urn:uuid:9cacf6ee-06fb-4acf-b6f4-3602ffef319e> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://wovensouls.org/2017/05/17/astrological-calendars-6-batak-calendar/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875142323.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217115308-20200217145308-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.872611 | 277 | 2.640625 | 3 |
WAIST-TO-HEIGHT RATIO INDEX OR THE PREDICTION OF OVERWEIGHT IN CHILDREN
ABSTRACT Objective: To identify a low-cost abdominal adiposity index that has a higher accuracy in predicting excess weight in children aged four to seven years old. Methods: A cross-sectional study with a sample of 257 children aged 4 to 7 years old. Indicators of abdominal adiposity assessed were: waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHR) and central fat percentage (measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry - DEXA). Overweight children were classified using body mass index by age (BMI/age). In the analysis, the prevalence ratio (PR) using Poisson regression with a robust variance was estimated, and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was built, with a statistical significance of p<0.05. Results: The prevalence of overweight children was 24.9% and a higher median of all abdominal adiposity indicators was observed in the overweight group. Children with increased values of WC (PR=4.1; 95%CI 2.86-5.86), WHR (PR=5.76; 95%CI 4.14-8.02) and a central fat percentage (PR=2.48; 95%CI 1.65-3.73) had a higher prevalence of being overweight. Using the ROC curve analysis, the WHR index showed a higher area under the curve, when compared to the WC and to the central fat percentage estimated by DEXA for predicting the classification of being overweight. Conclusions: Given the results, WHR is suggested for the screening of overweight children. | <urn:uuid:f603c82b-6f57-4c60-941a-c3e135b09698> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://figshare.com/articles/WAIST-TO-HEIGHT_RATIO_INDEX_OR_THE_PREDICTION_OF_OVERWEIGHT_IN_CHILDREN/5644666/1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986673538.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017095726-20191017123226-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.919424 | 354 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Jul 31, 2009
Burying Beetle Mom: Conscientious Cannibal?
Mother’s Day honors the bond between mom and child, but many animal mothers are more Mommie Dearest than Mom of the Year–at least at first glance. Take the burying beetle …
She’s a “bad” mom because … she eats her young in a deadly game of musical chairs.
Burying beetle larvae typically move into a mouse carcass their mother and father have buried. The mother feeds her young by eating the carcass and regurgitating the mouse meat.
“The little larvae wave back and forth, begging to mom,” said Scott Forbes, University of Winnipeg biologist and author of A Natural History of Families.
“The first ones get fed, but the very last one sitting there begging [after the portion runs out] gets eaten by the mother.”
Give Mom a break, because … burying beetle mothers are likely culling their brood to match the food supply. The beetles typically produce broods bigger than the carcass can support. A bit of strategic cannibalism boosts overall survival chances for the larvae left “standing” when the music stops.
Giant Panda Mom: Playing Favorites, Fatally?
She’s a “bad” mom because … panda mothers sometimes have two babies–but they rarely raise more than one.
“Pandas have good press, but they [can be] bad moms,” Forbes said. Pandas’ second offspring, helpless and about the size of a stick of butter, are typically left to their fate in the wild.
Give Mom a break, because … As the “favored” offspring gets bigger, he or she takes a lot of attention and eats a lot of bamboo. Mothers probably wouldn’t be able to provide for two offspring during the eight to nine months until they are fully weaned, Forbes said.
“One robust offspring is probably better than two weak ones later on,” he said, “so the quality control occurs early on when it’s cheap—before you’ve invested lots of resources.”
Hamster Mom: Again With the Cannibalism?
She’s a “bad” mom because … despite their cuddly appearance, hamster moms can be cold-blooded killers—they often eat their own young.
Give Mom a break, because … she was planning for the best, and now she’s just dealing with the rest.
Forbes believes hamster moms practice “parental optimism” by creating broods bigger than they may be able to rear.
“They don’t know how much food is going to be out there,” he said. “They create a litter with a few spare offspring to ensure high-quality young even if [food is scarce] or there are developmental defects in others.”
Black Eagle Mom: Can’t Be Bothered
She’s a “bad” mom because … she won’t stop sibling squabbles–even though they often turn deadly.
Black eagle nest mates have violent battles, Forbes said, “and the parents just stand by as the oldest sibling murders the youngest.
“It’s infanticide by proxy–a cooperative arrangement between the older sibling and the mother, who is perfectly happy to watch.”
Give Mom a break, because … though their indifference seems unconscionable, the eagles are practicing something seen in many bird species. The deadly sibling squabbles likely help to allocate food resources and ensure the survival of the fittest offspring.
As is often the case with apparent neglect among animals, Mom may not be minding the kids, but she does seem to be looking out for the species.
Mama Rabbit: Absentee Parent
She’s a “bad” mom because … rabbit mothers abandon their young in burrows immediately after birth and return to feed them for only about two minutes daily during their first 25 days. After this brief bout of “drive-by” parenting, young rabbits are left to fend for themselves.
Give Mom a break, because … rabbits are tasty, and predators especially enjoy feasting on helpless newborns. Mothers likely avoid their young to keep their underground locations secret–and their precious progeny alive.
Though mother-child “quality time” is limited, increased odds of survival are the greatest gift of all–a little something to remember this Mother’s Day 2009. | <urn:uuid:52491c82-4b9a-430e-b7a5-5ba799577136> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://amazingdata.com/5-worst-animal-moms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121985.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00162-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942988 | 959 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Chalk up another mark of chimpanzee intelligence–they not only use tools for gathering food, but also to improve their sex lives.
The chimps don’t have to duck into a sex shop to gather their erotic implements—the tools they use literally grow on trees. Researchers have documented chimps in a Tanzanian colony using brittle leaves in their mating rituals.
In a botanical bit of foreplay, the male chimps grab dry leaves and break them apart with their hands or mouths, creating a distinctive raspy sound that signals their sexual readiness. Think of it as the chimp equivalent of putting “Let’s Get It On” on the stereo.
As researcher William McGrew explains (slightly graphically) to The New York Times:
“The male will pluck a leaf, or a set of leaves, and sit so the female can see him. He spreads his legs so the female sees the erection, and he tears the leaf bit by bit down the midvein of the leaf, dropping the pieces as he detaches them. Sometimes he’ll do half a dozen leaves until she notices.”
Eventually, McGrew continues, the female notices the male’s aroused state and “puts two and two together.” If she’s interested, the mating can commence.
And while this device may seem rather rudimentary compared to the sex toys that humans have come up with, McGrew says the leaves fit the definition of a tool, as the chimps are using a portable object in pursuit of a goal–in this case, hot chimp action.
Discoblog: For Chimps, a Rear End Is Worth a Thousand Faces
80beats: Chimps Don’t Run From Fire—They Dance With It
80beats: Chimp Gathers Stones for “Premeditated” Attacks on Zoo Visitors
80beats: Chimps Invent Improved Stick Technology to Catch More Termites
DISCOVER: Aping Culture—what’s left to separate chimps from us?
Image: flickr / Graham Racher | <urn:uuid:08b7a1be-5a08-4a61-94f4-7102354e192a> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/discoblog/2010/05/04/chimps-use-tools-to-improve-their-sex-lives/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736682947.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215802-00195-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915301 | 443 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Old-fashioned ways of teaching like reciting times-tables and verb
conjugations are better than trendy new teaching methods, say
Researchers believe that reciting facts shortly after learning
them is better than many new-style educational methods.
The "simple recall" seems to cement the knowledge "in memory" so
it is more permanently embedded for use later, the Telegraph
reported, citing a study in the journal Science.
Many modern teachers rely heavily on learning techniques like
concept or mind mapping to help students retain the most from the
texts they read, the study said.
This involves drawing elaborate diagrams to represent relationship
between words, ideas and tasks.
But two experiments, carried out by Jeffrey Karpicke at Purdue
University, Indiana, US, concluded that this was less effective
than constant informal testing and reciting.
Karpicke asked around 100 college students to recall in writing,
in no particular order, as much as they could from what they had
just read from science material.
Although most students expected to learn more from the mapping
approach, the retrieval exercise actually worked much better to
strengthen both short-term and long-term memory, the study said. | <urn:uuid:22934bc7-19f3-4171-b1d8-e6e6867b304a> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.ummid.com/news/2011/January/21.01.2011/old_teaching_methods.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704820894.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127024104-20210127054104-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.945756 | 254 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Your kids can use paper and tape to design breath-powered rockets in minutes. See whose rocket can fly the farthest! This activity has your child exploring physics, space, and things that fly while also helping them develop important skills like:
- fine motor skills (cutting, taping)
- making observations and predictions (Does how hard you blow into the straw affect how far the rocket goes? How does the angle you launch your rocket affect the distance it travels? Does it make a difference if you are outside instead of inside?)
- perseverance (completing the project, making multiple attempts at “firing” the rocket)
- measurement (how far did the rocket launch)
- Plastic Pipettes
- Rocket template
- Have your child color the rockets and then cut them out.
- Attach the pipette to the back of the rocket using tape.
- Slip a straw into your pipette, and you are ready to launch!
- Have your child put the straw in their mouth with the rocket pointed up. Have them draw in a big puff of air, and then exhale! Watch their rocket take off!
Extend the Learning: Measure how far the rockets go using different things to measure the distance. For example, how many spoon lengths did it go? How many toy cars (or legos, blocks, whatever you want to use!). Compare the numbers (see chart below for an example).
|What I Used to Measure||How Many|
|Ruler||2 (for older children, use the actual inches measured)|
More Extending the Learning: Make up a story about where the rocket will go in space. Where will it land? What will be there? Write down the story so you can retell it later – and maybe change the ending!
Books about rockets and space:
Goodnight Spaceman by Michelle Robinson
A,B,Cs of Space by Chris Ferrie
Sun Up, Sun Down by Gail Gibbons
Roaring Rockets by Tony Mitton
On the Launch Pad (A Counting Book About Rockets) by Michael Dahl | <urn:uuid:93f488dc-590b-46ae-aa86-4b875eb84be5> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://discoverystation.org/paper-straw-rockets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198887.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200921014923-20200921044923-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.901211 | 433 | 3.90625 | 4 |
The last major speech Dr. King delivered, four days before his assassination, was on poverty at the National Cathedral, Washington, D.C., on March 31, 1968. . The full text of Dr. King´s sermon entitled “Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution” containing the quotes below can be read here:
“There is another thing closely related to racism that I would like to mention as another challenge. We are challenged to rid our nation and the world of poverty. Like a monstrous octopus, poverty spreads its nagging, prehensile tentacles into hamlets and villages all over our world. Two-thirds of the people of the world go to bed hungry tonight. They are ill-housed; they are ill-nourished; they are shabbily clad. I’ve seen it in Latin America; I’ve seen it in Africa; I’ve seen this poverty in Asia.
I remember some years ago Mrs. King and I journeyed to that great country known as India. And I never will forget the experience. It was a marvelous experience to meet and talk with the great leaders of India, to meet and talk with and to speak to thousands and thousands of people all over that vast country. These experiences will remain dear to me as long as the cords of memory shall lengthen.
But I say to you this morning, my friends, there were those depressing moments. How can one avoid being depressed when he sees with his own eyes evidences of millions of people going to bed hungry at night? How can one avoid being depressed when he sees with his own eyes God’s children sleeping on the sidewalks at night? In Bombay more than a million people sleep on the sidewalks every night. In Calcutta more than six hundred thousand sleep on the sidewalks every night. They have no beds to sleep in; they have no houses to go in. How can one avoid being depressed when he discovers that out of India’s population of more than five hundred million people, some four hundred and eighty million make an annual income of less than ninety dollars a year. And most of them have never seen a doctor or a dentist.
As I noticed these things, something within me cried out, “Can we in America stand idly by and not be concerned?” And an answer came: “Oh no!” Because the destiny of the United States is tied up with the destiny of India and every other nation. And I started thinking of the fact that we spend in America millions of dollars a day to store surplus food, and I said to myself, “I know where we can store that food free of charge-in the wrinkled stomachs of millions of God’s children all over the world who go to bed hungry at night.” And maybe we spend far too much of our national budget establishing military bases around the world rather than bases of genuine concern and understanding.
Not only do we see poverty abroad, I would remind you that in our own nation there are about forty million people who are poverty-stricken. I have seen them here and there. I have seen them in the ghettos of the North; I have seen them in the rural areas of the South; I have seen them in Appalachia. I have just been in the process of touring many areas of our country and I must confess that in some situations I have literally found myself crying.
I was in Marks, Mississippi, the other day, which is in Whitman County, the poorest county in the United States. I tell you, I saw hundreds of little black boys and black girls walking the streets with no shoes to wear. I saw their mothers and fathers trying to carry on a little Head Start program, but they had no money. The federal government hadn’t funded them, but they were trying to carry on. They raised a little money here and there; trying to get a little food to feed the children; trying to teach them a little something.
And I saw mothers and fathers who said to me not only were they unemployed, they didn’t get any kind of income-no old-age pension, no welfare check, no anything. I said, “How do you live?” And they say, “Well, we go around, go around to the neighbors and ask them for a little something. When the berry season comes, we pick berries. When the rabbit season comes, we hunt and catch a few rabbits. And that’s about it.”
And I was in Newark and Harlem just this week. And I walked into the homes of welfare mothers. I saw them in conditions-no, not with wall-to-wall carpet, but wall-to-wall rats and roaches. I stood in an apartment and this welfare mother said to me, “The landlord will not repair this place. I’ve been here two years and he hasn’t made a single repair.” She pointed out the walls with all the ceiling falling through. She showed me the holes where the rats came in. She said night after night we have to stay awake to keep the rats and roaches from getting to the children. I said, “How much do you pay for this apartment?” She said, “a hundred and twenty-five dollars.” I looked, and I thought, and said to myself, “It isn’t worth sixty dollars.” Poor people are forced to pay more for less. Living in conditions day in and day out where the whole area is constantly drained without being replenished. It becomes a kind of domestic colony. And the tragedy is, so often these forty million people are invisible because America is so affluent, so rich. Because our expressways carry us from the ghetto, we don’t see the poor.
Read Full Post » | <urn:uuid:ce09f416-eb46-437c-831a-f41225d909c4> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://homelessalliance.wordpress.com/category/racism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500830721.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021350-00350-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971097 | 1,217 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The nebuliser - a user's guide
It sounds like a monster from Doctor Who, but the nebuliser is a key part of the lives of many people. Hook yourself up to this little machine and breathe deeply...
What is it?
A nebuliser is an important device for people with certain lung conditions. It dissolves drugs into a mist which is inhaled through a mouthpiece, allowing it to reach the affected areas quickly and directly.
Is it big?
Nebulisers have been around since 1981. Originally the machines were all fairly large and noisy. Users had to stick pipes out of the window (like a tumble dryer vent) so that others in the same room weren't also medicated. These days they're small handheld devices and have snazzy names like I-neb and the eFlow.
Who uses them?
People with cystic fibrosis (CF) are the main users of nebulisers - they need the machines several times a day to manage their condition. CF sufferers will often have one or more machines at home.
CF is a life-limiting genetic condition which stops movement of salt and water around the body. This doesn't sound like it should cause much harm (a bit of salt and water?) but in reality it means that mucus in the lungs doesn't get broken down - it becomes sticky and hard to shift with damage resulting. The condition also stops food being digested properly.
Among other things, a nebuliser can enable CF sufferers to inhale saline solutions which thin the sticky mucus and deliver antibiotics, ensuring bacteria doesn't grow in what would otherwise become a warm and welcoming environment.
Does it take long to nebulise?
It's all about the time. 28-year-old Gemma Gleave lives in West Yorkshire with her husband. She has cystic fibrosis and estimates that she must spend up to two hours on her machines daily.
"I neb about nine times a day - each session takes five to 15 minutes," she says. The old-style nebulisers took two or three times longer. "They were really noisy, you couldn't even watch television while on them because you couldn't hear it."
Gleave spends around five hours each day managing her condition and just looking after herself. This involves taking medication (including insulin for a related diabetes condition), physiotherapy, IV treatments, taking exercise, using the nebuliser plus cleaning and sterilising its mouthpieces, tubes and chambers around the clock - a task she patiently describes as "repetitive". She gave up work five years ago to concentrate on her health.
Sorry, did you just say some people with CF spend five hours a day looking after themselves?
Yes. It depends how well you are on a given day but it all takes time. Louise Banks at the Cystic Fibrosis Trust says that if you're in good health you can slot nebulising into your routine.
"People with CF have been doing this for their whole life, like you brushing your teeth. Often we do hear of people struggling against it during their teenage years - they lose interest and decide not to bother."
Who else uses them?
Nebulisers are also used by people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, those with respiratory problems like chronic bronchitis, emphysema or asthma are now advised that a standard blue relief inhaler is the go-to solution in an attack, and that nebulisers are only for acute difficulty.
These groups are only likely to use a nebuliser at their doctor's surgery or in A&E and are generally advised against having one at home. Asthma UK say that having to use one could mean you aren't managing your condition well. They say you should be assessed if you have an acute attack, rather than self-medicating with a nebuliser. | <urn:uuid:96d7ac34-7193-49a5-b2c2-531449d35b90> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-ouch-23796832?postId=117185618 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814002.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222041853-20180222061853-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.973662 | 804 | 2.8125 | 3 |
To secure the distribution and storage of goods they get packaged. Some brands use the appearance of the wrapping to identify the product while others only use it as protection against damage. The main materials used are plastic, glass, paper, wood and metal. Some are single usage, while others can be used multiple times.
By setting recycling goals and deadlines the Directive of the European Union EUROPEN aims to ensure the recycling of used packaging and minimizing the impact on the environment. In the requirements on reusable wrapping it is defined that the volume and weight have to be limited to a minimum and it has to be produced in such a way to decrease packaging waste.
FOUNDATIONAL EFFECTS OF PLASTIC
Plastic does not biodegrade which means it stays in the environment for a really long time. Today plastic can be found anywhere we look. In rivers, oceans, littering up parks and on the sides of roads.
By finding its ways into the oceans it either tends to build huge islands floating around in the middle of the sea or gets washed up on the beaches. When researchers visited to Henderson Island, they were surprised to find an estimated number of 38 million pieces washed up on shore. The marine animals mistake plastic bags for jelly fish or simply swallow them like fish and that way plastic finds its ways into the food chain and ultimately into our body. It can also lead to starvation by making animals feel full or they might get entangled in bottles, nets and other things. Besides starvation due to a lack of nutrition, it can also result in intestinal blockage and poisoning. Researchers have found bits of plastic in more than 90% of the world’s sea birds, in wales and half of all the sea turtles. They have predicted that by 2050 the mass of plastic in our oceans will be higher than the one of all the fish.
Plastic is made from fossil fuels which are gained by a process called fracking. This process is used to recover natural gas from underneath the earth by fracturing the soil with water, sand and chemicals. Nevertheless, this method has been used for a long time but due to the exhaustion of many other natural gas sources it has been used more often. The risks of fracking are contamination of our drinking water, soil and air due to chemicals. It raises pressure to underground rock formations and creates cavities which may collapse. Fossil fuels are then turned into resin pellets to create plastic which can be easily discarded, so mostly single use plastic.
The manufacture of plastic can have other side effects as well. The British chemical industry giant has 75 factories in more than 22 countries and they regularly report fires, explosions and chemical leaks.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical found in plastic which can have severe effects on our hormone system. The most common effects it can have are on our metabolism, heart rate, digestion and fertility. Through packaging and kitchen utensils BPA can find its way into our body very easily. It gets metabolised in the liver and exits through our urine.
2018 the World Health Organisation found microplastic in 90% of our bottled water and the concern researchers are having about the effect of microplastic are increasing.
Plastic is an efficient material and can be used in many different ways. The main problems about plastic in our society is that it often gets disposed in a wrong way which leads to polluting our environment and the amount of it. Even if it gets disposed properly wind can play a role as well and carry it away. I am not saying don’t ever use plastic again, because I know how practical it can be used and how difficult it would be to avoid it. All I am saying is PLEASE be more intentional about the amount of plastic, especially single use plastic you allow into your life. | <urn:uuid:2440fdb6-3ca4-4420-a061-bef001850803> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://theshiningself.info/why-go-plastic-free/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988923.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210508181551-20210508211551-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.960254 | 773 | 3.671875 | 4 |
September 20th, 2012, 10:06 PM
Do you have any idea about this question:
What key which if used to encrypt the ciphertext again would give back the plaintext (key is a weak key)? Define a formula for identifying weak keys for the cipher below (assume |K1| = |K2| = |K3|)
October 3rd, 2012, 12:13 PM
It would be any key where every plaintext letter is shifted by a degree of half the alphabet, namely k = 'nnn...nnnn' where the period t = n. If you have a plaintext m ='agp', key k = 'nnn' and ciphertext c = 'ntc' then applying Enc_k(c) = 'agp' = c' = m because we shift all of the letters by the same degree forward to get the plaintext. | <urn:uuid:4b42576d-a268-4452-97eb-eaa6dc697558> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://forums.devshed.com/security-cryptography-17/vigenere-cipher-931011.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500824970.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021344-00223-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.871005 | 188 | 3.359375 | 3 |
HIV: Are You Hopeful or Hopeless?
HIV and AIDS stand for Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome respectively. As soon as we listen to the names of HIV and AIDS or feel the HIV symptoms, we feel dead.
In the world, there are few diseases for which our humans are yet to come up with medication and treatment to cure it. HIV and AIDS fall under that category. In this article, we will take you around the world of HIV and provide you with HIV symptoms and HIV treatment.
How People Are Affected By HIV Or AIDS?
Many people who are uneducated as well as educated have a very wrong opinion on HIV or AIDS. One should remember that HIV is caused only for having a sexual relationship with the one who is already infected with HIV or AIDs virus.
It is totally caused due to sexual contact and has nothing to do with shaking hands or being friends with them.
If you are confused and want to know whether you are affected by HIV or not, then no other platform in this world can give a good look at than our website. Some of the HIV symptoms are:
About 30 to 90% of people will have flu-like symptoms within 2 to 4 weeks of getting affected with HIV. Some of the early symptoms of HIV are:
- Night Sweats
- Sore throat
- Muscle aches
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Mouth ulcers
If you feel that there are high chances of you getting affected with HIV, it is highly recommended you to consult a doctor and explain to him about you having the HIV symptoms. The doctor will help you to go through the HIV treatment
“Prevention is better than cure”. It is advised that whenever you are interested in having a sexual relationship with some random people or call girls, to use safety. By using the same, it helps you to protect yourself from all physically or sexually transmitted diseases.
As of now, there is no cure for HIV or AIDS, but on following the doctor’s prescription and the HIV treatment advances, one can slow down the HIV progression.
For the persons affected with HIV or having the HIV symptoms, there is both hope and the hopeless. The hope is that by with growing technology, there is a chance for developing the medication. So never lose your hope and lets all fight and win over HIV. | <urn:uuid:586dc953-e79d-4d1e-abab-8fa4df667fae> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://www.humanhealthfitness.com/hiv-are-you-hopeful-or-hopeless/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670731.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121050543-20191121074543-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.967891 | 489 | 2.9375 | 3 |
A major new study from the UC Davis Alzheimer’s Center has uncovered dramatic differences in the brains of Hispanics with a dementia diagnosis compared with those of non-Hispanic whites and of African Americans.
The first-of-its-kind study, based on extensive analyses of autopsied brains, found that Hispanics diagnosed with dementia were much more likely to have cerebrovascular disease than either non-Hispanic whites or African Americans. Researchers also found that Hispanics and African Americans were more likely to have mixed pathologies, that is, a combination of Alzheimer’s disease and cerebrovascular disease, than non-Hispanic whites. And non-Hispanic whites were shown to have more pure Alzheimer’s disease than either Hispanics or African Americans.
Published today in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, the findings may help explain the higher rates of dementia among blacks and Hispanics, and point to the importance of treating each patient based on their individual risk factors. | <urn:uuid:0815a122-122f-4f3d-8149-5e8609263dd3> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://blog.careceus.com/dementia-looks-different-in-brains-of-hispanics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255837.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520081942-20190520103942-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.946405 | 195 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Structure essay outline
Organizational structure outline team team member names hcs 325 due date instructor name organizational structure outline i introduction a communication. Structure and organization are integral components of an effective persuasive essay no matter how intelligent the ideas, a paper lacking a strong introduction, well. Essay form and structure: how to write an essay updated on september 23, 2016 the structure of an essay is basically the same: outline, topic, thesis statement. Literary research paper structure (a loose outline to follow) minimizes the range of ideas that you will explore in the essay c) sets the boundaries.
· how to write an essay outline essay outlines provide structure and guidance for writers as they begin the drafting process an outline should briefly. Bccc tutoring center outline for a five-paragraph essay paragraph 1: introduction the introductory paragraph should include the following elements. Descriptive essay outline structure of descriptive essay: introduction, body, conclusion paragraphs. 1 outline structure for literary analysis essay i catchy title ii paragraph 1: introduction (use hatmat) a hook b author c title d main characters. Glass effect, time lines help the child structure of an essay outline is comfortable with a stained increasingly, learning scientists productive engagement among.
Structure essay outline
· structure an outline for your paper with this free video on how to write a college paper whether it's for your thesis, an essay, or a story, you can learn. Created 7/07 structure of a general expository essay the following maps a commonly used structure for many academic essays use this outline to guide you. Persuasive essay outline explanation structure of a five paragraph persuasive essay introduction (3-5 sentences) hook: grab the reader’s attention with a quote. Simply superb this step by step elaboration is very helpful for everyone to create an effective essay outline template many thanks for more unique techniques visit.
Essay writing can be a piece of cake hard to believe then try our essay writing service and see yourself samedayessayorg writers can master any assignment in any. How can the answer be improved. How to write an essay here is an example of an essay outline: our experts have mastered the structure and style of all custom essays and will craft your.
How to write an essay outline for college students in college may have to write essays for their assignments every now and then in order to write a great essay, it. Trying to devise a structure for your essay can be one of the most difficult parts of the writing process making a detailed outline before you begin writing is a. Classic model for an argument no one structure fits all written arguments below is a basic outline for an argumentative or persuasive essay. Outline templates can be used to be the structure and framework for your essay it is used to help the writer’s thoughts to be arranged and well thought out most templates include: the first sentence of the introduction should grab readers and not let them go.
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- For exploratory essays a forecast will effectively outline the structure of your paper so your readers can more easily follow your ideas.
Essay outline i introduction: general info about topic, reason for reader to be interested, context, etc thesis statement: ii topic sentence 1. Essay outline structure with strong presence of over 15 years in the custom-writing industry, superior papers is one of the most reliable services on this market. A descriptive essay creates the atmosphere in your essay paper, it is considered to be extremely powerful in its sole purpose. Narrative essay structure just like with other types of essays, a functional outline is essential stuck on your outline for narrative essay. | <urn:uuid:de0de90b-fe63-4ec7-bae3-c3733855c366> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://gfessaygpkz.bodyalchemy.info/structure-essay-outline.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937161.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420061851-20180420081851-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.874743 | 802 | 3 | 3 |
A recent a piece of research published by Viren Swami and colleagues has uncovered a link between feeling stressed and belief in conspiracy theories.
Swami and colleagues gathered responses from over 400 people, where the responders completed various measures, such as indicating their perceived stress (over the last month), stressful life events (over last 6 months) and belief in conspiracy theories. They found that more stressful life events and greater perceived stress predicted belief in conspiracy theories.
There are a couple of reasons proposed why this may be the case. For example, when people experience stress (say a stressful life event), they may start thinking in a particular way such as seeing patterns when they do not exist, which may lead on to prompting a conspiratorial mind set. Once this worldview has begun to develop therefore, belief in conspiracy theories are more easily reinforced.
Alternatively, the researchers suggest stress may not be the central driving force, but rather, the findings may be caused by a threat to a sense of control. When an event happens; the death of JFK as an example, this causes people to feel a sense powerlessness, thus people may seek out conspiracy theories as a way to reinstall a sense of control. The next step in the research is to examine the complex relationships between stress, control and belief in conspiracy theories in order to tease apart the mechanisms.
Investigating the associations between beliefs in conspiracy theories and factors such as stress is an important avenue of research. From my own work, we have highlighted the potential negative consequences of belief in, and exposure to, conspiracy theories. It is therefore paramount that we strive to learn more about the psychology of conspiracy theories.
Of course conspiracy theories may offer several benefits. They can be a way to gain a sense of control as suggested and can be said to promote transparency within authorities. Conspiracy theories can also reduce the likelihood of people voting, taking action against climate change, and having a fictional child vaccinated. In some of my most recent work, conspiracy theories can be used as a way to express negativity, alongside changing how we perceive other social groups.
As highlighted by Swami and colleagues therefore, examining belief in conspiracy theories remains an urgent issue for researchers and policy-makers. | <urn:uuid:30383123-32b6-4571-b185-2279a6d1e530> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://conspiracypsychology.com/2016/05/13/stress-and-belief-in-conspiracy-theories/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103556871.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628142305-20220628172305-00766.warc.gz | en | 0.947169 | 443 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Ed. Note: This is part two of a two part Sowell column. Part one is available here.
If there were a contest for the most misleading words used in politics, "poverty" should be one of the leading contenders for that title.
Each of us may have his own idea of what poverty means -- especially those of us who grew up in poverty. But what poverty means politically and in the media is whatever the people who collect statistics choose to define as poverty.
This is not just a question of semantics. The whole future of the welfare state depends on how poverty is defined. "The poor" are the human shields behind whom advocates of ever bigger spending for ever bigger government advance toward their goal.
If poverty meant what most people think of as poverty -- people "ill-clad, ill-housed, and ill-nourished," in Franklin D. Roosevelt's phrase -- there would not be nearly enough people in poverty today to justify the vastly expanded powers and runaway spending of the federal government.
Robert Rector of the Heritage Foundation has for years examined what "the poor" of today actually have -- and the economic facts completely undermine the political rhetoric.
Official data cited by Rector show that 80 percent of "poor" households have air-conditioning today, which less than half the population of America had in 1970. Nearly three-quarters of households in poverty own a motor vehicle, and nearly one-third own more than one motor vehicle.
Virtually everyone living in "poverty," as defined by the government, has color television, and most have cable TV or satellite TV. More than three-quarters have either a VCR or a DVD player, and nearly nine-tenths have a microwave oven.
As for being "ill-housed," the average poor American has more living space than the general population -- not just the poor population -- of London, Paris and other cities in Europe.
Various attempts have been made over the years to depict Americans in poverty as "ill-fed" but the "hunger in America" campaigns that have enjoyed such political and media popularity have usually used some pretty creative methods and definitions.
Actual studies of "the poor" have found their intake of the necessary nutrients to be no less than that of others. In fact, obesity is slightly more prevalent among low-income people.
The real triumph of words over reality, however, is in expensive government programs for "the elderly," including Medicare. The image often invoked is the person who is both ill and elderly, and who has to choose between food and medications. | <urn:uuid:537af363-a6ae-431f-a881-808174ba008e> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://townhall.com/columnists/thomassowell/2011/08/03/misleading_words_part_ii | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164018912/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133338-00043-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974468 | 531 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Hydrogen. from the greek words "hydro" and "genes" meaning "Water-generator"
Hydrogen is the lightest element. It is by far the most abundant element in the universe and makes up about about 90% of the universe by weight. Hydrogen as water (H2O) is absolutely essential to life and it is present in all organic compounds. Hydrogen gas was used in lighter-than-air balloons for transport but is far too dangerous because of the fire risk (Hindenburg).
Deuterium, also called heavy hydrogen, is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen with a natural abundance in Earth's oceans of about one atom in 6,400 of hydrogen (~156.25 ppm). Deuterium accounts for approximately 0.0156% (or on a mass basis: 0.0312%) of all naturally occurring hydrogen in Earth's oceans, while the most common isotope (hydrogen-1 or protium) accounts for more than 99.98%. The abundance of deuterium changes slightly from one kind of natural water to another.
The nucleus of deuterium, called a deuteron, contains one proton and one neutron, whereas the far more common hydrogen isotope, protium, has no neutron in the nucleus. The deuterium isotope's name is formed from the Greek deuteros meaning "second", to denote the two particles composing the nucleus.
Tritium is an isotope of hydrogen which has one proton and two neutrons . It emits beta particles only and has a half-life of 12.3 years. The maximum beta energy is 18 keV, and the mean beta energy is 6 keV. A beta particle with energy of less than 70 keV will not penetrate the dead outer layer of the skin. Therefore, tritium is not an external radiation hazard , but when taken into the body it becomes an internal hazard . | <urn:uuid:b0f9bcf8-376d-4353-8377-53984a59b85c> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.smart-elements.com/?arg=detail&element=H&newitems=1&limit=1&art=03536&totalRows_Recordset1=&out=1&PHPSESSID=162d7828784c61dbd1e23e3e32860498 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189884.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00464-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918673 | 397 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Solar cell degradation observed directly for the first time
X-ray examination shows structural changes in "plastics" solar cells
Schematic representation of the internal structure of the active layer of the polymer solar cell: The orange areas represent the active domains, where light is absorbed and charge carriers are released. Illustration: TU München (please credit)
Hamburg, 9 December 2013. With the help of DESY’s X-ray light source PETRA III, researchers of Technische Universität München have, for the first time, watched organic solar cells degrade in real time. This work could open new approaches to increasing the stability of this highly promising type of solar cell. The team headed by Prof. Peter Müller-Buschbaum from the Technische Universität München (Technical University of Munich) present their observations in this week's issue of the scientific journal Advanced Materials (Nr. 46, 10 December).
Organic solar cells, especially those based on polymers are inexpensive to produce on a large scale. Thanks to their physical flexibility, they can open up new applications of photovoltaics not possible today. Moreover, they can convert light into electricity at an efficiency of more than ten per cent and could contribute significantly to a large-scale power supply based on renewable sources. However, the efficiency of organic cells still rapidly declines and they have a shorter service life than conventional silicon cells.
At the P03 measuring station of DESY’s light source PETRA III, scientists have made the first live observations of the degradation of organic solar cells in operation. To do this, they lit a sample polymer solar cell using a solar simulator, which emits light that matches the spectrum and intensity of sunlight and recorded the electrical characteristics of the cell over time. At intervals ranging from several minutes to as much as one hour, the researchers also looked inside the solar cell using the sharply focused X-ray beam from PETRA III. In this way they were able to watch how the interior structure of the active layer of the solar cell changed in the course of seven hours, while the efficiency of the cell decreased by around 25 per cent.
Electricity is generated in the active layer at what is known as active domains in these solar cells. Here, light is absorbed and charge carriers are released. The diameter of these active domains increased by 17 per cent during the study, from about 70 to more than 80 nanometres (millionths of a millimeter). At the same time, the mean distance between them increased by 19 per cent from 310 nanometres to around 370 nanometres, as the X-ray measurements showed.
“This suggests that during operation small sites disappear permanently in favour of larger ones,” explains first author Christoph Schaffer, who is a PhD student in Müller-Buschbaum's group. "Although the domains grow, they also recede from each other, this means that their total active area shrinks. This can precisely explain the observed decline in efficiency."
“The examination explained the mechanism of degradation for the first time. It’s a first step,” says co-author Dr. Stephan Roth, the DESY scientist with responsibility for measuring station P03. “The next step involves attempting to reduce or control this growth in a targeted manner, for example, through the addition of appropriate substances. Polymer solar cells could conceivably be produced with an internal structure in which the active sites grow to their optimal size during the first hours of operation,” adds Müller-Buschbaum. “The consequence of such measures could be that industrially produced cells finally cross the economically crucial efficiency threshold also for long-term operation,” emphasises Roth.
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY is the leading German accelerator centre and one of the leading in the world. DESY is a member of the Helmholtz Association and receives its funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (90 percent) and the German federal states of Hamburg and Brandenburg (10 percent). At its locations in Hamburg and Zeuthen near Berlin, DESY develops, builds and operates large particle accelerators, and uses them to investigate the structure of matter. DESY’s combination of photon science and particle physics is unique in Europe.
“A Direct Evidence of Morphological Degradation on a Nanometer Scale in Polymer Solar Cells”; Christoph J. Schaffer, Claudia M. Palumbiny, Martin A. Niedermeier, Christian Jendrzejewski, Gonzalo Santoro, Stephan V. Roth, Peter Müller-Buschbaum; Advanced Materials, Vol. 25, Nr. 46, S. 6760-6764, 10 December 2013; DOI: 110.1002/adma.201302854
Prof. Peter Müller-Buschbaum, TU München, +49 89 289-12451, [email protected]
Dr. Stephan Roth, DESY, +49 40 8998-2934, [email protected]
DESY press officer Thomas Zoufal, +49 8998-1666, [email protected]
Internal structure of the active layer of the polymer solar cell at the beginning of the study. The blue/yellow areas represent the active domains, where light is absorbed and charge carriers are released. Illustration: TU München (please credit)
Morphology of the active layer of the solar cell sample after one hour operation. The edges length is 2.5 microns (thousands of a millimetre). Illustration: TU München (please credit)
Morphology of the active layer of the solar cell sample after seven hours of operation. The combined active area of the blue-yellow active domains has shrunken markedly, many smaller domains have vanished. Illustration: TU München (please credit)
The polymer solar cell sample had an edge length of 10 millimetres. Photo: TU München (please credit)
Schematic representation of the experimental setup: The solar cell sample (centre) was illuminated by a solar simulator (bottom), the electrical charakteristics were recorded throughout the experiment. The X-ray beam (red) creates a characteristic diffraction pattern in the detector (right) from which the inner structure of the active layer can be deduced. Illustration: TU München (please credit) | <urn:uuid:e499603e-1476-430a-9998-5f8bf3f0690c> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.desy.de/information__services/press/pressreleases/2013/pr_91213/index_eng.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510271654.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011751-00362-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906736 | 1,360 | 2.9375 | 3 |
One in five kids overweight when they start school
A new study of Australian children has found that almost 20 percent of kids are overweight or obese by the time they start school.
The study of more than 1200 children aged up to five conducted by the University of Sydney found that the biggest factor contributing to children's shocking weight gain was their home environment.
The study found that screen-time was a huge contributor to childhood obesity almost a third of overweight children were found to have a television in their room, and nearly half ate dinner in front of the TV more than three times a week.
Dr Louise Hardy who led the study recommended cutting down screen time and not rewarding children's good behaviour with sweets among steps parents could take to reduce childhood obesity.
More than 60 percent of both healthy and overweight children were rewarded with unhealthy snacks, with overweight girls the most likely to receive sweet treats in return for good behaviour.
"Kids are being rewarded for good behaviour with sweet food. They are drinking sugar in soft drinks and fruit juices and once these negative health behaviours are established, they're very difficult to change," Dr Hardy said.
"It may sound draconian, but why are we rewarding children for good behaviour at all?"
Dr Hardy also highlighted concerns for parents who were introducing bad habits so young without even realising their children were unhealthy.
"We asked parents whether they perceived their child to be overweight, healthy or underweight and found 70 percent of parents of overweight kindergarten children thought their kid was the right weight," she said.
"Thirty percent of the parents of obese children thought their child was the right weight."
The study also found that more than one-fifth of overweight and obese children did not eat breakfast, one of many lifestyle behaviours already established by the time children started school.
The researchers stressed the importance of getting these messages out to parents so that they would change routines in the home, such as eating breakfast and limiting screen-time, would give children the potential to start school in optimum health.
"The challenge for policy-makers would be to promote better health to parents of young children and influence household behaviour without being seen as promoting a 'nanny-state'," Dr Hardy said.
"It's a very difficult situation, but this is happening before children enter school and we need to get the message across while also not offending parents." | <urn:uuid:7548d502-0c67-453c-b4be-41de733b8743> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.aww.com.au/diet-health/health-news/2012/11/one-in-five-kids-overweight-when-they-start-school/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500835844.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021355-00180-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984452 | 476 | 3.03125 | 3 |
What does hack mean slang?If you call someone a hack, you mean they’re not great at what they do — especially writing . A mediocre writer is called a hack. Once upon a time hack was short for “an ordinary horse,” and now it’s an insult for writers. No one wants to be a hack! Definitions of hack.
What does hack mean in social media?Social hacking describes the act of attempting to manipulate outcomes of social behaviour through orchestrated actions . The general function of social hacking is to gain access to restricted information or to a physical space without proper permission.
What is hack simple English?1. verb. If you hack something or hack at it, you cut it with strong, rough strokes using a sharp tool such as an axe or knife . An armed gang barged onto the train and began hacking and shooting anyone in sight. [ VERB noun]
Why is it called a hack?The word « hack » is derived from the British term « hackneyed », meaning « overused and thus cheapened, or trite » . One proposed amelioration to hackneyed material is an essay by George Orwell, Politics and the English Language: The Six Rules.
What is the synonym of hack?hack (slang), abide, put up with (informal)
Why is everything called a hack now?The word ‘hack’ used to mean something, and hackers were known for their technical brilliance and creativity. Now, literally anything is a hack — anything — to the point where the term is meaningless, and should be retired . The most egregious abuse of the term “hack” comes from the BBC’s Dougal Shaw.
What does life hack mean?Definition of life hack
informal. : a usually simple and clever tip or technique for accomplishing some familiar task more easily and efficiently « Life hacks, » as they are known, are all about eliminating life’s manifold frustrations in simple and deliciously clever ways.
What does food hack mean?A kitchen hack, also known as a food hack, is a technique used by home cooks and professionals to make food preparation tasks easier, faster, or more efficient . It may also be called a food hack, and is a type of life hack, although the concept of a kitchen hack predates the coinage of either term.
Why do you get hacked?There are two big reasons why people get hacked. Flaws in software and flaws in human behavior . While there’s not much you can do about coding vulnerabilities, you can change your own behavior and bad habits.
What does good hack mean?Good-hack definition
A creative hack that causes onlookers to say (in a positive sense), “How in the heck did they do that?”
Can’t hack it meaning?infml to be no longer able to deal with a difficult situation : I guess I’m burned out, and I just can’t hack it anymore.
What does work hack mean?Definition of hackwork
: literary, artistic, or professional work done on order usually according to formula and in conformity with commercial standards . | <urn:uuid:08d91521-486c-45e1-ab0f-d678cd1fa07e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.vidaatlanta.com/hack-meaning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679101779.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210092457-20231210122457-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.933604 | 659 | 2.625 | 3 |
Whether you are simply just beginning to study sustainability or perhaps you are a expert eco-friendly buyer, you’ll find plenty of resources on earth saving sites. There are sites that give attention to green beauty items, planet-friendly technology, and lasting living. These blogs provide you with actionable information for cutting your carbon impact and endorsing a more lasting lifestyle. They http://www.our-homeplanet.com/tips-for-saving-our-home-planet-for-everyone/ can be quite a great way to educate yourself and the like on durability.
EcoWatch can be described as sustainability blog page that features articles or blog posts on every day sustainability issues and tips for earth-friendly living. The team includes editors, writers, and researchers who content articles daily about environmental problems and ways to fix them. Your blog is split up into different subcategories, including Off-Grid, Preparedness, Slip on, Eat, Live Grow, Science and Technology, and Progress. You can also read more about the EcoWatch website, that has podcasts and sustainable goods.
Treehugger is the world’s top rated mainstream durability blog, and has an audience of thirty-one million readers per year. Your blog is a non-self-righteous website, concentrating on practical approaches for daily living. It was founded by eco-advocate Graham Hill in 2005, and was sold to Discovery in 2007. If you are new to Treehugger, you’ll find loads of information to get started on. The blog embraces new visitors and has got plenty of useful everyday guidelines.
The Sustainable Living Blog is a webpage that is targeted on green living, eco-friendly style, and sustainable charm. The blog features articles and tips on waste reduction, sustainability, and the round economy. The site also features a newsletter with green reports. | <urn:uuid:7874b0b0-7301-4efd-a6dc-ccb65233bb37> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.giuseppegrazzini.it/globe-saving-websites/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511220.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003192425-20231003222425-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.935146 | 379 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The Inventory of Gambling Situations (IGS) is a 63-item self-report questionnaire developed by researchers at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH). The tool is designed to identify situations that put clients at risk of excessive gambling or returning to gambling. The information it generates can be used to develop a plan to treat the problem gambling and prevent relapses.1
This webpage gives a brief overview of the evidence supporting the use of the IGS and outlines recommended approaches to using it in clinical practice. This information for providers of mental health and addiction services is based on a review of the literature and was reviewed by an expert in the field. Where not otherwise referenced, the content in this section was adapted from
Inventory of Gambling Situations: User’s Guide.1
About the Inventory of Gambling Situations
The IGS is an assessment tool that was developed based on research on relapse prevention and addiction behaviours, and was adapted based on research about people who gamble.
You can use it with clients that you’ve identified as having a gambling problem to determine which situations led them to gamble excessively in the last 12 months. The goal is to understand your client’s gambling behaviour so that you can develop a treatment and relapse prevention plan that is tailored to their specific situation.
The IGS includes 10 subscales that look at gambling patterns and triggers in the following areas:
- Negative emotions
- Conflict with others
- Urges and temptations
- Testing personal control
- Pleasant emotions
- Social pressure
- Need for excitement
- Worried about debts
- Winning and chasing
- Confidence in skill
The IGS generates a printable client profile that allows you and your client to review their gambling risk in 10 different types of situations. The profile ranks their areas of risk from highest to lowest and suggests ways to cope with their top four triggers. This makes it easy to identify and address the most troublesome areas in the relapse-prevention plan.
What does the evidence say?
Research shows that the IGS has internal validity, meaning that it is consistently effective for identifying areas of high risk in clients with gambling problems.2 Researchers have also validated this tool for use with clients who have co-occurring substance use problems.3
Research suggests that people with symptoms of depression or anxiety may be more likely to gamble when they face gambling triggers.2 Therefore, it is important to assess people with gambling problems for co-occurring mental health problems, as well as assessing people with mental health problems for co-occurring problem gambling, as this will provide important information that will be useful for treatment and relapse prevention planning.2
Putting the evidence into practice
Once you have determined that your client may have a gambling problem, you can administer the IGS (or the client can self-administer it) to understand their gambling behaviours and what situations may trigger them to gamble excessively.
You can use the paper-based, online, or mobile app versions (see the
list of resources below). The full, 63-item version of the questionnaire takes about 20 minutes to complete. If there are time constraints, consider using the validated
The questionnaire includes instructions on how to complete it, so most clients will be able to fill it out on their own. Let your client know you are available to help if they have any difficulties.
Do not give the questionnaire to someone who is under the influence of alcohol or another substance, or who is experiencing withdrawal, as the results may not accurately reflect their gambling behaviour and experiences.
To interpret the results, you can either calculate the problem index score using the instructions in the user’s guide or review the client profile generated by the online or mobile app versions (see the list of resources below).
If your client uses the paper format, you will need to enter their answers into the online IGS to generate a client profile. If you calculate the problem index score manually, you and your client will be able to compare their scores across subscales.
When reviewing the results, ask your client if they reflect their gambling experiences and behaviour. Listen to this audio clip for an example.
Encourage them to discuss the triggers and situations that put them at greatest risk of excessive gambling. Listen to this audio clip for an example.
If the client has already addressed the areas of highest risk, you can examine the next-highest areas of risk, as they might not be aware that these situations could be leading them to gamble.
After you have reviewed the high-risk situations and triggers, examine the suggested coping strategies and discuss how they can adapt them to their daily life, needs, and goals. This discussion will help you develop a treatment and relapse prevention plan that is tailored to your client’s specific situation. Listen to this audio clip for an example.
For more information about the IGS, read
the user’s guide. | <urn:uuid:39a576ab-4594-4a3b-a3db-9583b3a2d42f> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://learn.problemgambling.ca/eip/inventory-of-gambling-situations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400228998.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200925213517-20200926003517-00584.warc.gz | en | 0.944304 | 1,005 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Long ago, the Ancestors emerged from eternity into a cold, dead world. In the first days they broke through the crust of the earth to wake the sleeping things below. The sun rose, and revealed the Ancestors to be chimera—human and creature and plant. Traveling across the earth, they created the mountains, rivers, trees and plains, and shaped the ants, eagles, possums, lizards, and snakes. They created humans, and the quandong and yam and edible plants to sustain them. This was the beginning.
When the Ancestors grew tired, they sank into the earth or sheathed themselves in the form of a tree or stone, and these places became sacred. Human tribes emerged, each with stories and songlines between sacred places, but they were all tied to the land, the plants, animals and each other. This sacred totality, all things bound to the land then, now, and in the future, has been called different things by different people groups—Jukurrpa by the Warlpiri, Tjukurpa by the Pitjantjatjara people, Aldjerinya by the Arrernte, and Nguthuna by the Adnyamathanhaand.
The English language has no word to adequately describe a worldview that blends mythological history with contemporary reality, unifying kinship structures, morality and ethics—so we refer to it as the Dreaming. As described by Jeannie Herbert Nungarrayi, a Warlpiri teacher:
“[The Dreaming] is an all-embracing concept that provides rules for living, a moral code, as well as rules for interacting with the natural environment.The philosophy behind it is holistic – the Jukurrpa provides for a total, integrated way of life. It is important to understand that, for Warlpiri and other Aboriginal people living in remote Aboriginal settlements, The Dreaming isn’t something that has been consigned to the past but is a lived daily reality.”
When approaching contemporary indigenous Australian art, you must begin with the Dreaming, because without it, the creative explosion that emerged from Australia in the 1980s looks a lot like abstract art. Swirling patterns, layers of colored dots and hints of iconography look right at home in polished New York galleries alongside the inescapable repetition of abstract expressionism and non-figurative color paintings. But Australia’s indigenous artists are not rehashing modernism, they are mapping the Dreaming.
The beautiful and complex cosmology of the people indigenous to Australia is the oldest continuously practiced culture in the world, dating back an estimated 50,000 years, kept alive for 50 millennia through an extraordinarily rigorous transfer of knowledge. Seasonal rituals, dance, body painting, sand drawings and the creation of baskets tools and food all are part of the Dreaming practice, supported by an oral history spanning the more than 250 languages that existed before colonization. These cultural art forms were sacred and secret, until 1971.
The movement called Western Desert Art, or Contemporary Indigenous Australian Art emerged in the bitter aftermath of colonization in Australia. Beginning in 1788 with the arrival of the British ‘first fleet’ of penal ships, Australia’s indigenous population was devastated by European diseases, massacred by the tens of thousands by white ‘hunting’ parties and the Native Police, and the rest displaced from their ancestral land and herded into state-run reservations.
In 1971, while working on the Papunya reservation, white schoolteacher Geoffrey Bardon encouraged the local children to paint a mural on the school wall in the swirling dot pattern style of the Dreaming rituals. The local elders discovered the project and took the reins, transforming the mural into a depiction of Papunya’s location in the Dreaming—a convergence of songlines called the Honey Ant Dreaming. The same year, Papunya’s troublemaker-artist-thief, Kaapa Tjampitjinpa, won the Caltex Art Award for his painting Men’s Ceremony for the Kangaroo, Gulgardi. Soon, more than 20 Papunya men were transcribing the Dreaming onto wood and canvas.
It took a decade before the Papunya artists gained large-scale recognition, but in the 1980s the burgeoning movement exploded, with art communities appearing in the towns of Yuendumu, Lajamanu and Balgo, and the Utopia and Ikuntji regions. In an art world monopolized by the western ideal of the independent artist toiling alone in their studio, the indigenous artists worked together, sharing techniques, supplies, and the profits from sales.
In 1994, Emily Kngwarreye, one of the leaders of the Utopia Women’s Art Collective, became the first indigenous artist to sell an artwork for more than 1 million Australian dollars. The blooming international market drove the movement forward, through Western and central Australia through the 1990s and 2000s. By 2010, the Association of Northern, Kimberley and Arnhem Aboriginal Artists (ANKAAA) registered 5000 members across 43 centers, meaning that in many indigenous settlements, 25-50% of the population was involved in making art.
As always, the success of an art movement, especially one expressing the worldview of a profoundly oppressed culture, is complicated. With success came exploitation. Kngwarreye described hiding from “carloads of ‘wannabe’ art dealers.” A 2002 a Rupert Myer report for the Australian Government estimated the value of the Australian Indigenous Art Market to be $200 million a year, with just a quarter of that finding its way back to the artists. In 2003 The Age reported ‘recruitment’ drives, where artists were offered cash or alcohol for canvases, or asked to trade canvasses for basic medical care. The same year a Melbourne gallery was discovered to have brought four indigenous artists to Melbourne, isolated them without money or transport, and then asked them to accept 1/5th the value of the artwork they created.
Today, exploitation is still a concern and the impact of commercializing an ancient tradition remains a haunting and understudied prospect, and many of the first generation Australian indigenous painters have died. But the movement continues, offering a window into the world’s oldest art practice, and a new generation of artists are looking back, planning forward, and finding their place in the Dreaming.
Got questions, comments or corrections about Contemporary Indigenous Australian Art? Join the conversation in our Discord, and if you enjoy content like this, consider becoming a member for exclusive essays, downloadables, and discounts in the Obelisk Store.
Reed Enger, "Contemporary Indigenous Australian Art, Mapping the Dreaming," in Obelisk Art History, Published January 15, 2020; last modified November 06, 2022, http://arthistoryproject.com/timeline/contemporary-art/contemporary-indigenous-australian-art/. | <urn:uuid:94b6a920-cb30-415a-a191-adbc32e98d9c> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.arthistoryproject.com/timeline/contemporary-art/contemporary-indigenous-australian-art/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499744.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129144110-20230129174110-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.94966 | 1,455 | 2.765625 | 3 |
MEXICO CITY — Slowly and steadily, this sprawling city is cleaning up its air.
Joggers trot through parks in the morning, and cyclists increasingly take to the streets. On many days, residents can gaze southeast at the snowy 17,802-foot volcano with the hard-to-pronounce name — Popocatepetl.
A haze still covers Mexico City, and ozone levels are often unhealthy. But the capital is no longer the smog-choked city of two decades ago, when birds were said to fall from the sky dead. It's been years since teachers kept kids off playgrounds to prevent respiratory illness.
Mexico City's air pollution reached its nadir in 1991, when the city chalked up only eight days with air quality below hazardous levels.
In contrast, this year is setting a record — 193 days with adequate to good air quality through Thursday.
"For many years, we were considered the city with the most contaminated air in Latin America. Today, we aren't even the most polluted city in Mexico," said Martha Delgado, the city's secretary of the environment. "There's a clear trend toward a dramatic decline in air pollution."
Delgado said the capital is reaping the rewards of two decades of pollution-fighting policies. Private cars, which must pass emissions tests every six months, are kept off city roads at least one day a week. Authorities have mandated a reduction of lead and sulfur in fuels. And the heaviest polluting of the city's 50,000 factories have been relocated.
The clean up of the capital gives Mexico cachet as thousands of global climate change negotiators haggle in the resort of Cancun through Dec. 10. The summit is aimed at slashing the greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to warming and extreme weather.
"The improvement is definitely visible," said Luisa T. Molina, an air quality expert who is president of Molina Center for Strategic Studies in Energy and the Environment in La Jolla, Calif. "Mexico City has become cleaner. But it's not over. . . . You can see the haze from time to time."
The emissions from some 4.5 million vehicles are the primary source of air pollution — and a minority of those vehicles are major culprits.
"A surprisingly high amount of total pollution comes from a strikingly small amount of cars — super emitters," said Lucas W. Davis, an economist at the University of California at Berkeley who has studied air quality in Mexico City.
Mexico's capital, which sits in a dried lakebed 7,350 feet above sea level, faces particular problems from vehicle exhaust. Intense solar radiation at such altitude worsens air pollution, which includes a noxious mix of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone and tiny suspended particulates.
When air pollution grew acute in the late 1980s, both the city and federal governments imposed measures, including the removal of lead from gasoline, obligatory use of catalytic converters, and substitution of fuel oil in factories and power plants with natural gas.
The boldest move may have been a 1989 measure, titled Hoy No Circula, or "No Driving Today," that bans most drivers from using their vehicles one day per week.
The policy was copied and imitated in cities elsewhere in Latin America, most notably the capitals of Chile and Colombia, and in Sao Paulo, Brazil, even as experts said some commuters bought second cars to get around the plan, limiting its effectiveness.
As the capital's population swelled beyond 20 million people, new measures included expansion of the city's subway system, one of the world's largest. It now has a 12th line under construction. A system of low-emission articulated buses along special corridors began in 2005 and is slated to have six lines by the end of 2012.
Recent projects have burnished the environmental credentials of Mayor Marcelo Ebrard, who says Mexico City's climate action program is the first of its kind in Latin America. Ebrard is expected to run for president in 2012.
Ebrard earlier this year placed bikes-for-hire stations in central areas of the city with more than 1,000 red two-wheelers and has announced that 500 Nissan Leaf electric taxis will be on city roads next year, a step toward getting gas-guzzling vehicles off the roads. Electric buses are also in the works.
The high-profile push for electric vehicles brings scorn from one of Mexico's top air quality experts, Humberto Bravo Alvarez of the Atmospheric Sciences Center at the National Autonomous University.
"Marcelo wants to use electric taxis. Maybe they haven't explained to him how much electricity these taxis will use," said Bravo. "Mexico's power generating capacity isn't enough."
Bravo says cultural factors also impede anti-smog policies: Corruption among employees at emissions testing stations allows some exhaust-spewing older vehicles to stay on roads.
Some municipal policies are contradictory. City Hall is building second levels to highways to ease traffic congestion but that also have the potential to pull more cars onto roads, said Sandra Guzman of the Mexican Center for Environmental Law.
"There are no incentives for people to get out of their autos," Guzman said.
Instead, city planners should spend more on aggressive extension of the rapid-transit Metrobus articulated vehicles, she added.
While skies are clearing, the presence of colorless ozone is still harmful, giving rise to bronchial complaints, eye irritation and fatigue. Last year, ozone exceeded healthy levels on 180 days, only a 2 percent improvement from the previous year.
"When it is high, you feel tired. Children get more allergies," Bravo said.
Armando Retama, director of atmospheric monitoring for the city, took a visitor to the roof of his office and gazed at the city horizon. "We can see a light haze today caused by tiny particulates that limit visibility," he said.
The remaining pollution still affects the health of residents, he said.
"We have chronic symptoms that we aren't aware of. Our bodies adapt," he said. When he leaves the capital for a week or more, "I can breathe better. I'm not all dry. My eyes aren't irritated. My skin doesn't crack."
A few floors below, engineers watch large screens giving readouts from 34 air-quality monitoring stations scattered about the metropolitan area.
"The city has one of the best monitoring systems in the world — comparable to London or Los Angeles," said Delgado, the city environmental chief. "We are in the lead in Latin America and on a par with any megacity in the world."
MORE FROM MCCLATCHY | <urn:uuid:567db773-8f0f-4d87-9777-0451802737e1> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/national/article24602659.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121561.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00184-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95883 | 1,372 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Essentials of Biostatistics in Public Health, Second Edition provides a fundamental and engaging background for students learning to apply and appropriately interpret biostatistics applications in the field of public health. Many examples are drawn directly from the author's remarkable clinical experiences with the renowned Framingham Heart Study, making this text practical, interesting, and accessible for those with little mathematical background. The examples are real, relevant, and manageable in size so that students can easily focus on applications rather than become overwhelmed by computations. The text is accompanied by an online workbook: Statistical Computing Using Microsoft Excel (for Mac or PC). New Features of the Second Edition: * Learning objectives and more practice problems for every chapter * A new chapter on survival analysis * A new chapter on nonparametric statistics * Coverage of sensitivity, specificity, and performance of screening tests connecting probability to real and important applications * An expansion of the chapter on multivariable methods with more emphasis on interpretation of multivariable regression * A bank of questions for the audience response system ("clickers") for instructors Looking for more real-life evidence? Check out Case 4 in Essential Case Studies in Public Health, Putting Public Health into Practice. | <urn:uuid:e7294beb-4ae4-461a-81fb-f14348bd4566> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.zookal.com/essentials-of-biostatistics-in-public-health-9781449623944/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121000.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00070-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.879892 | 238 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Many cities still have green areas in various forms, despite the fragmentation of their ecosystems. The call for integration of built form with nature is now more explicit and can be discerned from the Sustainable Development Goals of 2015 as well as the New Urban Agenda of 2016.
There is motivation both from global goals and local needs for cities in different ecologies to make progress in enhancing ecosystems within their territorial extents, as well as beyond. This impetus becomes even more compelling when a city comparatively exhibits more opportunities for ecosystem enhancement because of the existing building blocks it contains. As noted by Myers (2016), many cities in developing countries have been seen and described as sites of problems—poverty; deficiency in infrastructure; and places of high risk to climate-induced, as well as other types, of perils . But not so much literature or practice views these cities as sites of opportunities for enhancing ecological processes that have local as well as regional and global benefits.
Kampala city fits this categorization as a site of perils characterized by inherent development problems. But Kampala city also exhibits opportunities which need to be harnessed. In this article, I present five reasons why Kampala’s nature, if conserved, can enhance ecosystem services—and why the city should conserve these resources.
- A disjointed mosaic of green patches needs connectivity
Kampala city has recently become characterized by sporadic development, where plots of differing sizes are opened up for construction of housing, infrastructure, or industrial development. This development represents a transformation of natural areas with vegetative cover to grey-red impervious surfaces . The reasons for these transformations notwithstanding, the form in which the seemingly unsystematic opening of land for development occurs is the concern here. The resulting pattern in some areas can be described as unconnected, with isolated patches of green having either been left intact or having regenerated with time as development slows down. These green patches may be viewed as problematic because open land areas are associated with flood risk and reduced water quality.
But, as Myers mentions, opportunity lies in spatially linking up the small patches of green along the wetland in Kampala, joining hilltops and valleys to create corridors for plant and animal life. This outcome of planning requires a move from micro-level planning to meso-scale and city-regional levels of planning, so that the spatial linkages of the patches can deliberately create a mosaic that enables nature to thrive in the city. As noted in my earlier articles for TNOC, everything from primates and small- to medium-sized mammals, from aquatic animals and plants to trees, can thrive in a mosaic that is more spatially linked. Corridors would enable migration and temporal movement of wildlife.
In this way, Kampala can formulate a deliberate plan for conservation through planning for ecological mosaics. But more importantly, Kampala should actually create this green-patched mosaic because of its co-benefits to residents and commuters in the city. With industrialization increasing and energy originating mainly with fossil fuels in the city, coupled with the regional climatic influences of westerly air mass systems that blow sand from the Sahara desert, air quality in Kampala is likely to worsen . For example, from August 2016 to December 2016, the daily average temperatures in Kampala have been above the average of 28 degrees C . A mosaic of connected green patches would increase ecosystem services of moderated micro temperatures, improved air quality, and improved water quality for people in this cityscape. Thus, planning for local, specific ecosystem enhancement is a must for a city such as Kampala.
- Nature on hilltops is critical for the city
Kampala is characterized by a geography and geology of rolling plateaus with wide valleys in which a lining of wetlands exists. This geological nature dictates that care must be given to the interlinkages between hilltops and valleys, which influence several ecosystem services, including drainage of the city. If vegetated, they play the vital role of protecting soil from erosion; if erosion proceeds, it can have various harmful consequences. The ecology of Kampala in this respect can be described as a remnant of a rainforest terrestrial system which, in its current form, is interspersed with built forms. The weaving in of built forms has greatly altered the ecosystem, and many hilltops are patched with built-up or bare land areas. Indeed, hilltops are preferred by high-income people for housing developments, so these areas are on the high end of the land value gradient. This valuation triggers a competition between nature and urban built forms on hilltops. Establishing a minimum vegetation threshold for these landscape elements would have benefits to the ecosystem and to the residents or users of the city.
Trees, in particular, are critical for many ecological reasons. First, patches with trees provide a service of wind breaks and regulated storm flow as excessive precipitation patterns increase. This will become important in the context of a changing climate pattern. Secondly, trees provide habitat for various animals that are needed in the city for continued ecosystem functioning. Thirdly, trees can reduce the effects of intense storms that detach soil particles which, when the land is cleared of trees, accumulates as runoff and erode soils. Such erosion, which drains silts (whether natural or channelized) can be costly for maintenance. For these reasons, hilltops should be conserved with tree vegetation cover, even if this means the City Council must buy off this land, which is prime on market, or through other means of incentivizing developers to keep the built surfaces on the developed plots to a minimum, and the rest of the land area planted with trees.
This is not to say that trees are not needed on lower slopes and valleys. Trees, as mentioned previously, are important in the ecosystem of the city and are needed everywhere that it is possible to have them. Still, Kampala should endeavor to protect the hilltops in particular, because the ecosystem services derived from green patches on hilltops is invaluable. By providing windbreaks, reducing the accumulation of runoff, reducing soil erosion, and providing habitat for animals to moderating microclimates and enhancing air quality, these hilltops are critical to the city and its people.
- Vegetation reduces heat
In the last year, temperatures have been at their highest on record both globally and locally in Kampala. These high temperatures have also been associated with below average rainfall recorded in the region around Kampala, which has been attributed to La Niña. One consequence of high temperatures and below average rainfall has been an increasing number of hot days and hot nights in the city. This has implications for health and livability in areas of high urban heat island intensity. Although there has not been a record of health challenges associated with the increasing number of hot days specifically in Kampala, there are indications that excessive heat stresses people, systems, and the availability of water in cities generally.
From a study on urban agriculture and forestry as a mediator of local climates, we know the rate at which different types of vegetation, and particularly trees, moderate the local ambient temperature . Thus, one reason that nature should be conserved and increased in Kampala is the undoubted role vegetation plays in lowering temperatures. During months and nights of excessive heat, trees and plants critically reduce the temperature. This is a natural way of adapting to a warming climate compared to other possible ways. Thus, if future climatic scenarios involve an increasing number of hot days and hot nights, it is important that nature should be conserved in the city. That conservation should proceed because of its role in regulating microclimates that directly impact people at a local scale.
- Vegetation is key for stormwater management
Rainfall in Kampala is characterized by intense storms, delivering a total average amount of rainfall ranging from 10 to 45 mm in short periods. This intensity of rainfall, coupled with inadequate systems of storm management, today results in flooding even in places that previously were not experiencing flooding in Kampala. In the long rains of March to May 2016, there were several storms that led to widespread flooding in the city and high runoff that affected middle slopes as well as high slopes in some locations of the plateaus.
These recent excessive storms are just one facet of the story. If the storms increase in the future, then Kampala must be prepared for the consequences of increased flooding. The important economic reason why intensive rainfall should be a reason for conservation of nature is that these storms affect businesses and livelihoods, as well as damaging infrastructure, which is costly to construct in the midst of Kampala’s very minimal maintenance culture. It is economically reasonable that investing in nature will directly reduce costs associated with flood-related damages and losses. Nature-based green infrastructure is one of the strategies that the city needs to consider as a move towards reducing grey infrastructure. This should be taken seriously because allowing intense storms to chronically produce this damage slows the economic progress of people and households in the city.
- The space between buildings is an opportunity for embedding ecosystem restoration and enhancement
There is also a pattern of redeveloping areas and infilling some empty plots and tracts of land with developments at various scales in the city. Redevelopments and infilling offer an opportunity for the enhancement of ecosystem services if nature is weaved in with the redevelopments—an additional reason to pursue the conservation of nature in Kampala. Redevelopments and infilling allow plot-level restoration, while infrastructure to city-regional interventions such as retentions, green mosaics, and corridors, can integrate natural infrastructure into the city. These interventions would have to rely on revised planning and development procedures, with adjusted, appropriate standards and requirements. Many of these would be at no cost to the municipality, while several incentives could be incorporated for developers.
But there are contradictions related to redevelopment and infilling, which also need to be dealt with. For example, whereas the city council and government could offer exemplars for the recommended green infrastructure interventions, these institutions are also leading the destruction of the existing green infrastructure by allowing infrastructure projects in wetlands, as well as clearing hilltops, with the justification that they are being laid bare for development. This trend has to be stopped and more comprehensive processes put in place in order to check the destruction of natural assets of the city. In areas open for development and where possible, nature should take precedent. Where this is not possible, the strategies of plot-level greening can be applied to ensure a path of creating green mosaics that then become weaved into the built urban form.
There are many evidence-based reasons that nature should and can be conserved in cities, including Kampala. In this article, I have given five reasons that illustrate both the urgency and possibility for attaining “low-hanging fruit” in enhancing the ecosystem of the city. As already documented, technological solutions will not provide all the answers to many of the intertwined problems that we are experiencing now.
We need to move away from the trend of handling urban development as separate from disaster risk reduction and climate action. Although this is the pattern, experience shows that these problems, just like their solutions, are very much interrelated. A comprehensive framework that provides a suite of solutions is the starting point that builds on existing practices. These general solutions would be appropriate in many African cities, though they would have to be adapted to the different ecologies. Starting small and building big is a more proactive approach to enhancing cityscapes’ abilities to address the challenges they face. Good development is good for well-being, economy, risk reduction, and nature, and existing cities need to check their development patterns and adjust their planning systems to incorporate nature into their development.
References G. Myers, Urban environments in Africa: A critical analysis of environmental politics, Policy Press, 2016. K. Vermeiren, A. Van Rompaey, M. Loopmans, E. Serwajja, P. Mukwaya, Urban growth of Kampala, Uganda: Pattern analysis and scenario development, Landsc. Urban Plan. 106 (2012) 199–206. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.03.006. R. Timmermans, H.D. van der Gon, J. Kuenen, A. Segers, C. Honoré, O. Perrussel, P. Builtjes, M. Schaap, Quantification of the urban air pollution increment and its dependency on the use of down-scaled and bottom-up city emission inventories, Urban Clim. 6 (2013) 44–62. Seasonal Performance – UNMA – Uganda National Meteorological Authority, (n.d.). https://www.unma.go.ug/index.php/climate/seasonal-performance (accessed December 12, 2016). S. Lwasa, F. Mugagga, B. Wahab, D. Simon, J.P. Connors, C. Griffith, A meta-analysis of urban and peri-urban agriculture and forestry in mediating climate change, Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 13 (2015) 68–73. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2015.02.003. | <urn:uuid:21a6301d-8179-42e2-895d-c40037005c87> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.thenatureofcities.com/2017/02/05/five-reasons-conserve-nature-kampala-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247492825.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219203410-20190219225410-00015.warc.gz | en | 0.94916 | 2,697 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The Comte de St. Germain, by Isabel Cooper-Oakley, , at sacred-texts.com
THE earliest definite hint of any political work on the part of the Comte de St. Germain is from the pen of Madame d’Adhémar. 1
When sketching the portraits of those who were received into intimacy by Louis XV. at Versailles, she says: "The King was also much attached to the Duchesse de Choiseul, née Crozat; her simplicity, her frankness, more virtues than were necessary to make a success at Versailles, had triumphed over the drawback of her birth, and she was frequently present at the suppers in the smaller apartments. One man also had long enjoyed this favour, the celebrated and mysterious Comte de St. Germain, my friend who has not been rightly known, and to whom I shall devote some pages when I have to speak of Cagliostro. From 1749, the King employed him on diplomatic missions and he acquitted himself honourably in them."
This passage would remain incomprehensible, unless we glance briefly at the history of the
period. Dark and stormy is the scene on which we enter; difficult indeed is it to disentangle the knotted web of European politics which enmeshed the various nations. Austria and France had signed in 1756 an offensive and defensive alliance, especially directed against England and Prussia; Russia was with them; during the Seven Years' War the throne of Prussia tottered more than once, until the Austrians were defeated at Torgau in 1760. Poland, that "Niobe of Nations," was watching the clouds gather slowly on her horizon; racked within by strife stirred up by Russia, she struggled vainly against the stronger Powers; her day was slowly ending. England, at war in America and with France, striving also to conquer India, was also a centre of discord. All Europe was in dissension.
Into this arena of combat the Comte de St. Germain was asked to step by the King of France, in order to make that peace which his Ministers--involved in their own plans--could not, or would not, make.
Louis XV. was practically the originator of the whole system of secret diplomacy, which in the eighteenth century seems to stand out as a new departure in the diplomatic political world. The Gordian knot which could not be disentangled, Louis XV. tried to cut; hence we find the King of France employing secret agents, men
who could be trusted with delicate missions, men foredoomed to bear the blame of failure, fated never to be crowned with the palm of success.
Outside the various Foreign Offices, or beyond the pale of their secret archives, it is very little known that the Comte de St. Germain had any diplomatic mission whatsoever. In many histories and memoirs there is no mention of this phase of his life; therefore it is necessary to cite such writers as are available to bear their testimony on this point.
Not least amongst these stands Voltaire, the sceptic, who in his voluminous correspondence with Frederick of Prussia says, April 15th, 1758: "Your ministers are doubtless likely to have a better outlook at Breda than I; M. le Duc de Choiseul, M. de Kaunitz, and M. Pitt do not tell me their secret. It is said to be only known by a M. de St. Germain, who supped formerly at Trent with the Council Fathers, and who will probably have the honour of seeing your Majesty in the course of fifty years. He is a man who never dies, and who knows everything." 1
The allusion "supped at Trent" is a reference to the gossip which originated from Lord Gower's impersonation and misrepresentation of M. de St. Germain, of which mention has already been
made. The important point in this letter is that Voltaire refers to a political connection of M. de St. Germain with the Prime Ministers of England, France and Austria, as if he were in the intimate council of these leaders. The Baron de Gleichen gives some details in his memoirs, and as he became later deeply interested in the mystical work of the Comte de St. Germain, his version is of much value, giving as it does an insight into some of the complications in France. He writes: "The Marshal [de Belle-Isle] was incessantly intriguing to get a special treaty of peace made with Prussia, and to break up the alliance between France and Austria, on which rested the credit of the Duc de Choiseul. Louis XV. and Madame de Pompadour wished for this special treaty of peace. . . . The Marshal drew up the instructions; the King delivered them himself with a cipher to M. de St. Germain." 1
Thus, then, is the mission duly signed and sealed by the King himself, but, as we shall see, even the royal protection could not avert the suspicion and distrust which so unpleasant a position naturally incurred, and when M. de St. Germain arrived at the Hague he came into collision with M. d’Affry, 2 the accredited Ambassador from France.
Before entering on the ambassadorial despatches there are a few words from Herr Barthold to be noticed, giving an interesting account of this diplomatic mission; he--after criticising somewhat severely, and with good reason, the unreliable statements about our philosopher made by the Marquise de Créqui and the Markgräfin von Anspach--goes on: "But of this mysterious mission of the Adept, as financier to the crown and diplomatic Agent, to which he was initiated, not at the ministerial desk, but in the laboratory of Chambord, she makes no mention. Nor has this point--so essential to the understanding of the way business was conducted in France, both in Cabinet and State, at this period--ever been much commented on. About this time we find St. Germain at the Hague, evidently on a private mission, where the Comte d’Affry was French Ambassador, but the two had no relations with each other. Voltaire, who is generally a good reporter, ascribes the Comte's appearance to the Secret Treaty of Peace." 1 The date mentioned by this author is not quite accurate, as we shall see.
That the Duc de Choiseul was profoundly
annoyed when this information reached him, is to be understood; his pet schemes were in jeopardy, his intrigues against England were on the eve of failure; it appears that M. d’Affry "bitterly reproached M. de Choiseul for having sacrificed an old friend of his father, and the dignity of an Ambassador, to the ambition of making a Treaty of Peace under his very eyes without informing him of it, through an obscure foreigner. M. de Choiseul immediately sent back the courier, ordering M. d’Affry to make a peremptory demand to the States-General to deliver up M. de St. Germain and, that being done, to send him bound hand and foot to the Bastille. The next day M. de Choiseul produced in Council the despatch of M. d’Affry; he then read his own reply; then, casting his eyes haughtily on his colleagues, and fixing them alternatively round on King and on M. de Belle-Isle, he added: 'If I did not give myself time to take the orders of the King, it is because I am convinced that no one here would be bold enough to desire to negotiate a Treaty of Peace without the knowledge of Your Majesty's Minister for Foreign Affairs!' He knew that this Prince had established, and always maintained, the principle, that the Minister of one department should not meddle with the affairs of another. It turned out as he had foreseen. The King cast down his eyes like
a guilty person, the Marshal dared not say a word, and M. de Choiseul’s action was approved; but M. de St. Germain escaped him. Their Highnesses, having made good their assent, despatched a large body of guards to arrest M. de St. Germain, who, having been privately warned, fled to England. I have some grounds for believing that he soon left it again to go to St. Petersburg." 1
No better account could be given than this, by one present at the French Cabinet Council, of the way in which Louis XV., weak and irresolute, allowed his arrangements to be cancelled without a word. Passing, however, rapidly on to follow the events at the Hague, we next have some interesting despatches from M. de Kauderbach, Minister from the Saxon Court at the Hague, wherein he recounts much that has already been given in these pages in praise of the Comte de St. Germain, of his powers and knowledge and then goes on to say: "I had a long conversation with him on the causes of the troubles of France, and on the changes in the choice of Minister in this kingdom. This, Monseigneur, is what he said to me on the subject: 'The radical evil is the monarch's want of firmness. Those who surround him, knowing his extreme good nature, abuse it, and he is surrounded only by
creatures placed by the Brothers Pâris, 1 who alone cause all the trouble of France. It is they who corrupt everything, and thwarted the plans of the best citizen in France, the Marshal de Belle-Isle. Hence the disunion and jealousy amongst the Ministers, who seem all to serve a different monarch. All is corrupted by the Brothers Paris; perish France, provided they may attain their object of gaining eight hundred millions! Unhappily the King has not so much sagacity as good nature; he is not, therefore, aware of the malice of the people around him who, knowing his lack of firmness, are solely occupied in flattering his foible, and through it are ever preferably listened to. The same defect as to firmness is found in the mistress. She knows the evil and has not courage to remedy it.' It is he then, M. de St. Germain, who will undertake to cure it radically; he takes upon himself to put down by his influence and operations in Holland the two names so prejudicial to the State, which have hitherto been regarded as indispensably necessary. Hearing him speak with so much freedom, one must look upon him either as a man sure of his ground, or else as the greatest fool in the world. I could entertain your Excellency much longer with this singular man and with his knowledge of physics,
did I not fear to weary you with tales which must seem rather romantic than real." 1
The Saxon diplomatist, from whose despatches these extracts are gathered, very shortly changed his friendly tone, on finding that the Duc de Choiseul did not favour the plans of Louis XV.; the self-respecting diplomat then began to disparage the man whom so lately he had lauded as a prodigy, hence the next despatch is amusingly different in tone, and runs as follows:
"April 24th, 1760. I have this moment heard that the courier whom the Comte d’Affry received last Monday brought him an order to demand from the State the arrest and extradition of the famous St. Germain as a dangerous character, and one with whom his most Christian Majesty has reason to be dissatisfied. M. d’Affry, having communicated this order to the Pensionnaire, this Minister of State reported it to the Council of Deputy Commissioners for the province of Holland, an assembly of which the Comte de Bentinck is President. The latter gave the man warning, and made him start for England. The day before his departure, St. Germain was four hours with the English Minister. He boasted of being authorised to make peace."
Later on, in another despatch, this wary diplomatist
returns once more to the attack. "The adventurer gave himself here the airs of a secret negotiator, selected by the Marshal de Belle-Isle, from whom he showed letters in which there were in fact some traces of confidence. He wished it to be understood that the principles of the Marshal, differing from those of M. de Choiseul, and more in accordance with the inclination of Mme. de Pompadour, were warmly in favour of peace; he darkened the picture, painting in the strongest colours the cabals, the difficulties and the dissension that he declared reigned in France, and by these flatteries he thought to gain the confidence of the English party. On the other hand he had written to the Marshal de Belle-Isle, that M. d’Affry knew not how to appreciate or carry out the plans of the Comte de Bentinck-Rhoon, who was a man of the best intentions in the world, and desired only to make himself useful to France in order to promote the success of her negotiations with England. These letters were sent back to M. d’Affry, with a command to forbid St. Germain to meddle with any transactions, on pain of expiating his rashness for the rest of his days in a dungeon on his return to France." 1
Truly ludicrous is the difference in the tone of these documents; M. de St. Germain was endeavouring
to carry out the wishes of the King, and trying to help an exhausted country; these efforts for peace were frustrated by de Choiseul, who had his own schemes to forward with Austria. Nothing more natural could have occurred than that the new helper should be attacked by the opposite party.
It is evident, from the paper cited, that M. de St. Germain was in the confidence of the Marshal de Belle-Isle--who also wanted peace--for the Saxon Ambassador uses the phrase "some traces of confidence," when speaking of the correspondence he had seen and the evidence of confidence he was forced to admit. From this distance of time we can see that the picture of France sketched by M. de St. Germain was by no means too dark: France impoverished, rushing wildly on to greater ruin, the end of which was to be a scene of blood and butchery. He who had the power of seeing the evil days that were drawing so steadily nigh, could he paint that picture too darkly, when endeavouring to stay the ruin of fair France?
But we must take up some other threads of this tangled skein. The King of Prussia was, at this period, in Freyberg, and his own agent, M. d’Edelsheim, had just arrived in London to confer with the English Ministers; the following account is given later by Frederick II. of the
condition of affairs: "On his arrival in that city [London], another political phenomenon appeared there, a man whom no one has been able to understand. He was known under the name of the Comte de St. Germain. He had been employed by France, and was even so high in favour with Louis XV., that this Prince had thought of giving him the Palace of Chambord" (De l’hiver de 1759 à 1760). 1
The mission of M. d’Edelsheim is not clearly stated, but we find that not only did M. de St. Germain have to leave London, failing to bring about the peace so sorely desired, but that the Prussian agent fared even worse; the details are given by Herr Barthold 2: "The Prussian negotiator . . . returning from London viâ Holland to fetch his luggage from Paris, was induced to remain a few days with the Bailly de Froulay, and then, receiving a Lettre de Cachet, he was put into the Bastille. Choiseul assured the prisoner that it was only by these means that he could silence the suspicions of the Imperial Minister, Stahremberg, but this 'scene indécente' was simply a trap to get hold of the Baron's papers. Choiseul, however, found nothing and told him to decamp, advising him on his leaving Turin
not to re-enter the kingdom. Frederick takes care not to find fault with his agent, who through over-zeal had drawn discredit on himself in Paris; on the other hand, one may conclude that it was he who, through an article in the London Chronicle, succeeded in frustrating St. Germain's project."
In this extraordinary maze of secret negotiations it is difficult to find the truth, for in the work just cited we hear that St. Germain was seen in the Bois de Boulogne in May, 1761. When the Marquise d’Urfé informed the Duc de Choiseul of his presence in Paris that Prime Minister replied: "Je n’en suis pas surpris, puisqu’il a passé la nuit dans mon cabinet." 1 This informant proceeds: "Casanova is therefore satisfied that de Choiseul had only pretended to be annoyed with M. de St. Germain, so as to make it easier for him to be sent to London as agent; Lord Halifax however saw through the plan."
This would indeed be one method of cutting the political entanglement of France!--an intrigue of a pronounced sort arranged by the King, apparently without the knowledge of his chief Minister, in order to arrive at a peace for which the whole country pined. In this difficult situation the Marshal de Belle-Isle selected the Comte de
[paragraph continues] St. Germain as the messenger of peace. Alas! missions of peace rarely result in anything but discomfort and slander for the bearer of the message, and the history of the world recorded one more failure, a failure caused by the ambitions of the political leaders.
Leaving now the condition of affairs in France and passing on to England, we find some very interesting correspondence between General Yorke, the English representative at the Hague, and Lord Holdernesse in London. By especial permission from the Foreign Office we have been kindly permitted to make use of these extracts. The full correspondence is too lengthy to print in the limited space permissible in these pages. The first despatch is from General Yorke to the Earl of Holdernesse; it is dated March 14th, 1760, and gives the full account of a long interview between the Comte de St. Germain and himself. The former claims, he says, to have been sent by France to negotiate concerning the Peace, but says that Mons. d’Affry is not in the secret. The answer to this document comes from "Whitehall, March 21st, 1760," and is from Lord Holdernesse to General Yorke; in this he directs the latter "to tell M. de St. Germain that by the King's orders he cannot discuss the subject with him unless he produces some authentic proof of his being employed with the consent and knowledge
of the French King." In the next despatch, dated Whitehall, March 28th, 1760, "the King directs that the same answer should be returned to Mons. d’Affry as has already been given to M de St. Germain. The King thinks it probable that M. de St. Germain was authorised to talk to General Yorke in the manner he did, and that his commission is unknown to the Duc de Choiseul."
The insight of George III. in this case is remarkable, unless in his private correspondence with Louis XV. some hint as to the real condition of things may have been given by one king to the other. In any case the fact remains that owing to M. de Choiseul the Treaty of Peace was not arranged; and, as we have seen, M. de St. Germain passed on from England to Russia. Turning now to some other witnesses, we find
M. Thiébault in his memoirs saying: "While this singular man was at Berlin, I ventured one day to speak of him to the French envoy, the Marquis de Pons Saint-Maurice; I privately expressed to him my great surprise that this man should have held private and intimate relations with persons of high rank, such as the Cardinal de Bernis, from whom he had, it was said, confidential letters, written at the time when the Cardinal held the portfolio for Foreign Affairs, etc.; on this last point the envoy made me no
reply." 1 This passage implies other diplomatic missions, of which no details are to be found.
Another writer, who has also been quoted, makes an important statement to the effect that when M. de St. Germain was in Leipzig the Graf Marcolini offered him a high public position at Dresden. Our philosopher was at Leipzig in 1776, under the name of Chevalier Weldon, and did not at all conceal the fact that he was a Prince Ragotzy. This informant says: "The Lord High Chamberlain, Graf Marcolini, came from Dresden to Leipzig and made to the Comte--in the name of the Court--certain promises; M. de St. Germain refused them, but he came in 1777 to Dresden, where he had much intercourse with the Prussian Ambassador, von Alvensleben." 2 This statement can be corroborated by the writer of the life of Graf Marcolini, which has been carefully compiled from the secret archives of the Saxon Court (with especial permission) by the Freiherr O'Byrn.
The Graf Marcolini was a man renowned for his integrity and upright character; his biographer says: "Considering the strong opposition shown by the Graf Marcolini to the swindling in the Schröpfer affair, the sympathy he extended
to the Comte de St. Germain on his arrival in Saxony is all the more wonderful. . . . Graf Marcolini repaired to Leipzig with the intention of interviewing St. Germain on hearing of his arrival under the name of Welldoun, October 1776 . . . the meeting resulted in the Graf offering St. Germain an important post in Dresden if he would render a great service to the State; the 'Wonder Man' however refused these offers." 1
Nowhere are to be found the details of any of these diplomatic missions; we can only gather the fragments and, piecing them together, the fact stands clearly proved, that from Court to Court, among kings, princes, and ambassadors, the Comte de St. Germain was received and known, was trusted as friend, and by none feared as enemy.
94:1 Souvenirs sur Marie-Antoinette, i., p. 8
96:1 VOLTAIRE, Œuvres. Lettre cxviii., ed. Beuchot, lviii., p. 360.
97:1 GLEICHEN (C. H. Baron de) Mémoires. Paris, 1868, xi., p. 130.
97:2 Ludwig Augustin d’Affry, a Swiss, born 1715 at Versailles, p. 98 Ambassador at the Hague in 1755, became in 1780 Colonel of the Swiss Guard, died in 1793 at his castle Barthelemy in Waadt.
98:1 BARTHOLD, Die Geschichtlichen Persönlichkeiten. Berlin, 1846, ii., p. 81.
100:1 GLEICHEN (C. H. Baron de) Mémoires, xi., pp. 131, 132.
101:1 The Brothers Pâris-Duverney were the great financiers, the bank monarchs, in the time of Louis XV.
102:1 TAILLANDIER, SAINT-RENÉ, Un Prince Allemand du XVIII. Siècle. Revue des deux Mondes, lxi., pp. 896, 897.
103:1 TAILLANDIER, op. cit., p. 897.
105:1 FREDERIC II., Roi de Prusse, Œuvres Posthumes. Berlin, 1788, iii., p. 73.
105:2 BARTHOLD, op. cit., pp. 93. 94.
106:1 BARTHOLD, Op. cit., p. 94.
109:1 THIÉBAULT, D., op. cit., iv., p. 84; 3rd ed.
109:2 HEZEKIEL, G., Abenteuerliche Gesellen, i., p. 46. Berlin, 1862.
110:1 O'BYRN, F. A., Camillo, Graf Marcolini: Eine Biographische Skizze. Dresden, 1877. | <urn:uuid:27f5a66f-08c8-4812-82d1-e19a23f2f463> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.sacred-texts.com/sro/csg/csg06.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469258918071.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723072838-00044-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968743 | 5,221 | 2.515625 | 3 |
When NASA returns to the Moon sometime in 2024, it wants to have an efficient and reliable way for its astronauts to communicate with one another, and it’s turning to mobile pioneer Nokia for help. This week, the space agency said it will provide Nokia with 14.1 million in funding to build out a 4G LTE cellular network on the lunar surface.
NASA Associate Administrator James Reuter told United Press International cellular service on the Moon could enable communication between lunar habitats and the astronauts out exploring its surface. It could also provide a way for the agency to communicate with spacecraft. “With NASA funding, Nokia will look at how terrestrial technology could be modified for the lunar environment to support reliable, high-rate communications," he said.
This isn’t Nokia’s first attempt to bring LTE to the Moon. Back in 2018, the company partnered with German space firm PTScientists and UK carrier Vodafone on a mission to return to the site of the Apollo 17 landing. As part of the project, Nokia and Vodafone had planned to build a Moon-based LTE network that would have sent high-definition video from the Moon to those of us back here on Earth, but the mission never got off the ground. | <urn:uuid:3c8a0e5b-ba1c-4108-b734-f7a672546413> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/nasa-nokia-lte-moon-211628751.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107900860.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028191655-20201028221655-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.936716 | 254 | 2.796875 | 3 |
With summer only just around the corner, it’s really important that we get geared up for it. One of the most valuable commodities on the planet is perhaps the most valuable commodity to us as humans. Water. Without it, we wouldn’t survive more than a few days, and it is fundamental in transporting all the nutrients and oxygen around our bodies in order for us to remain healthy. So with some hot weather just over the horizon, it’s even more crucial that we all stay hydrated.
82% of our blood is made up of water, and 90% of our lungs. Our brains are a huge 95% water, so if we don’t take on enough water throughout the day to keep these levels topped up, then we can rapidly begin to feel unwell; our brains can shrink causing headaches and fatigue.
The Health Benefit
As well as general health for the mind and body, water is essential for absorbing nutrients as well as certain chemical reactions; brain function and memory performance to name a couple.
Water helps keep our joints healthy, as the synovial fluid that protects them contains water, so if our hydration levels are depleted there will be less synovial fluid to give that all important protection, thus resulting in greater stress around our joints.
Drinking more water will help to keep our skin clear by flushing out all manner of nasty toxins, and this will see an overall improvement in our skin’s appearance; fewer blemishes and wrinkles!
Eliminating Water Retention
If you are prone to water retention, then drinking water will help combat this. It’s due to dehydration that our bodies cling on to every drop of water possible as a kind of survival reaction, and the first visual signs of this are swollen hands, feet and ankles. By drinking more water our bodies won’t feel under threat of dehydration, and will maintain their usual processes, and therefore eradicate the need to retain extra fluid.
Be kind to Yourself, and to Others
Most employers worth their salt know that it’s important to maintain the well-being of their employees, and what a knock on effect a healthy workforce will have on productivity in the workplace. By installing a water cooler in the office, workers can have a steady supply of water on hand and are easily able to stay hydrated, particularly in the hot summer months. There will be a decrease in fatigue and lethargy, and hopefully an increase in performance!
We all strive to be as healthy as possible. By drinking more water we’ll be well on our way! | <urn:uuid:34de6997-b47e-4416-9306-0bfad6e37ea6> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://cooleraid.co.uk/cooleraid_blog/hydrate-your-body-and-your-mind/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141171077.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124025131-20201124055131-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.952201 | 533 | 2.65625 | 3 |
(also deinothere /ˈdʌɪnə(ʊ)θɪə/)
noun (plural deinotheria or deinotheriums)
- A fossil elephant-like mammal found mainly in the Pliocene epoch, that had tusks in the lower jaw that curved downwards and backwards.
More example sentences
- Genus Deinotherium, suborder Deinotherioidea, order Proboscidea
- Imagine a landscape inhabited by several kinds of elephantoids, deinotheres, three species of rhino, two species of hippo, and two species of giraffe.
- These ancient species were lying side by side with more advanced forms called deinotheres and gomphotheres, which were not previously known to exist until 20 million years ago.
- By the Early Miocene, deinotheres had grown to the size of a small elephant, and had migrated to Eurasia.
modern Latin, from Greek deinos 'terrible' + thērion 'wild beast'.
More definitions of deinotheriumDefinition of deinotherium in:
- The US English dictionary | <urn:uuid:aa83d7e2-b75d-4804-a6ee-18fab26d3a98> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/deinotherium | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609526252.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005206-00037-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928602 | 250 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Britain risks “sleepwalking into a world where inequality becomes so entrenched that our children grow up in a state of social apartheid,” a leading charity is expected to show in a report set to be published next week.
According to The Guardian, the report from the National Children’s Bureau compares aspects of children’s lives today with data collected during a seminal study of 11-year-olds conducted in 1969 called “Born to Fail?” Today’s research finds that significantly more children are growing up in relative poverty—3.6 million now compared with 2 million decades ago. These children are said to suffer “devastating consequences throughout their lives.”
“Today, although there have been some improvements,” the study adds, “overall the situation appears to be no better, and in some respects has got worse.”
Dr. Hilary Emery, the bureau’s chief executive, finds that “There is a real risk that our society is sleepwalking into a world where children grow up in a state of social apartheid, with poor children destined to experience hardship and disadvantage just by accident of birth, and their more affluent peers unaware of their existence.”
—Posted by Alexander Reed Kelly.
The report finds that:
A child from a disadvantaged background is still far less likely to achieve a good level of development at four than a child from a more privileged home.
Children living in deprived areas are much more likely to be the victim of an unintentional injury or accident in the home.
Children from the poorest areas are nine times less likely than those living in affluent areas to have access to green space, places to play and to live in environments with better air quality.
Boys living in deprived areas are three times more likely to be obese than boys growing up in affluent areas, and girls are twice as likely.
Mickey van der Stap (CC BY 2.0) | <urn:uuid:b77509f0-42ba-4025-b68f-84217669259b> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.truthdig.com/eartotheground/print/britain_produces_generations_of_impoverished_children_20130826 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163052909/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131732-00063-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963003 | 403 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Today's finalist is "Still Clean" by Sherry Work. Here's our Q&A with the author:
The characters and setting of this poem feel believably ancient at the same time the themes feel very timely. When and how did you decide you wanted to write this poem?
I wrote this poem after preparing to teach an Old Testament class about David and Bathsheba, and wanting to research to see what might really have happened. Multiple depictions in art show Bathsheba as somewhat wantonly bathing on the roof of her house which exposed her naked body to David, leading to adultery (perhaps we would now call it rape) and murder. Centuries of patriarchy in the Christian church have shifted the blame at least partly to Bathsheba for her supposed immodest actions in tempting David. As I read the chapters following this initial incident I saw no blame attached to Bathsheba for her part in the story. Just has Eve has been exonerated from committing sin, I felt that Bathsheba should also be seen as a righteous daughter of God.
We loved your presentation of the bath as a mikveh. What's the value for you of imagining scriptural events from a perspective or voice we don't usually spend as much time with?
Here are the verses from 2 Samuel 11 depicted at the beginning of the poem. Bathsheba is not bathing on her rooftop as she is usually painted. It is important to note that verse 4 indicates that she may have been performing a mikveh, a cleansing ritual or washing required by the Mosaic Law after the end of menstruation. The water had to be "living water" from a natural spring which would flow over the body. It was very important to me to read more about Jewish ritual in order to be accurate about this story, and that in turn helped me to see much symbolism and types of Christ within it. The compelling part of the poem for me is to give Bathsheba her voice, as she is silent in the entire story, except to tell David that she is with child. She loved her husband, she was a righteous woman, but she was powerless to refuse David. My heart ached for her from the beginning of her story to the death of her child.
2 And it came to pass in an eveningtide, that David arose from off his bed, and walked upon the roof of the king's house: and from the roof he saw a woman washing herself; and the woman was very beautiful to look upon.
3 And David sent and enquired after the woman. And one said, Is not this Bathsheba, the daughter of Eliam, the wife of Uriah the Hittite?
4 And David sent messengers, and took her; and she came in unto him, and he lay with her; for she was purified from her uncleanness: and she returned unto her house.
What would you like to see more of in Mormon Literature?
I would love to read novels where the protagonist has to make hard choices, or where making the "correct" choice does not necessarily lead to what we might hope for. I think that it is important to read less simplistic works which better reflect the decisions that we have to make on a regular basis. It would be wonderful if Mormons everywhere could find a book where they see themselves represented.
Where can we read more of your work?
This question made me smile because the short answer is that you can't. My most prolific work is my 40 years of journals which would be a little tedious even for my own children, except for the very few pages where I remember that my opinions and experiences are far more important than what I did that day. I much prefer to read than write. | <urn:uuid:6e68967f-8c3d-4ba6-bed2-1ecdfcb98ad9> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://mormonmidrashim.blogspot.com/2018/06/sherry-work-q_5.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195530246.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723235815-20190724021815-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.985339 | 765 | 2.578125 | 3 |
What is the most important factor to be considered when creating the physical environment for the interview?
1 Answer | Add Yours
This question is an important one for anyone who will need to interrogate suspects for information. An interrogation is different than an interview as in an interrogation, only one person asks questions and the other answers while in an interview there is more give and take with each side asking or answering questions. For an interrogation, the most important factor to be considered when creating the physical environment is that it be comfortable but free from any distractions at all. The cell phone, any windows, any other furniture, every distraction must be removed to keep the suspect focused on the current question. The interrogator must be able to observe body language and listen closely to what is said and what is implied when the suspect says anything. Because a complete record of the interrogation will be needed, whatever means used such as a recorder must also be set up ahead of time.
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes | <urn:uuid:64f2aa33-fc5e-407a-95aa-0d8de745635f> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-most-important-factor-considered-when-432053 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663467.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00472-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947015 | 213 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Older trees require pruning to get rid of dying and dead branches. This helps the tree remain healthy and safe for the owners. We generally refer to this type of pruning as cleaning. Over the years we have seen, and research supports, that pruning offers several important benefits:
- - Reduces the density of the tree
- - Decreases the wind resistances
- - Diminishes storm damage
Our well trained arborists have the experiences to evaluate your trees to know if they have gotten too dense and would benefit from proper pruning.
Pruning your trees should focus on the outer branches of the tree’s canopy. However, there are circumstances where we evaluate inner branches and determine that they need to be pruned as well. In these cases we will shorten inner branches to help the overall shape of the tree remain healthy. Further, this may be important to protect other structures like houses, barns and parking areas from being damaged by a falling tree.
Another option our arborists consider is a process we call raising. This is where we prune lower branches. This helps provide natural sunlight to grasses and ground covers under the canopy of the tree.
Ultimately our arborists are trained to assess the goals for your property and how to balance those goals with keeps your trees healthy and safe.
Cabling & Bracing
We use brace rods and cables to as additional supports for the structure of a tree. This is to help diminish the risk of weaker stems and branches from falling from the tree and damaging your property and further hurting the tree itself. We will use a bolting system in the higher parts of the tree and attach steel cables to the weakened branches. The primary purpose is to restrict the movement of the branches so they are not as susceptible to failure in strong winds and storms.
Braces are a fitted to bundles of weak branches and stems. We use thread rods to give the give the tree and branches support from more volatile winds and storms that may violently shake the tree. Our trained arborists fully understand how all of the seasons of weather in Central Arkansas can impact your trees and over the years of experience we have developed a system that we believe sets the standard for cabling and bracing trees in this area.
Since support systems from trees can be fairly complex we only install them after a complete inspection of the tree. The American National Standards Institute A-300 Standards has published standards for the industry to follow concerning the materials and techniques that arborists should follow.
Lastly, due to the complexity of cabling and bracing trees appropriately, we recommend having all supported trees checked for maintenance and safety at least once per year and also following major weather events.
Different seasons bring about different challenges for managing tree damage during storms. Obviously, most property damage to homes, cars and other structures comes branches falling or even whole trees coming down. During the spring and summer this can be caused by high winds and also from the ground being saturated causing root systems to fail to support the tree. Since these issues can be catastrophic for property owners we fully recommend our clients have their trees evaluated before a storm hits. Taking preemptive action allows us to identify the potentially dangerous conditions on your property and start reducing the risk before an emergency strikes.
Frequently our clients call us because they have identified a hazard but we always caution that untrained eyes rarely see all of the issues that lead to a dangerous situation. Further, rectifying these issues can be significantly more risky than they initially appear. We would like to note that many properties cannot be fully protected from tree damage during violent storms. But our processes often greatly diminish a property owner’s potential liability to tree damage from storms.
We Can Use A Variety Of Methods To Help Your Trees Endure Severe Weather; Primarily:
- - Cabling and bracing
- - Pruning
- - Lightning Protection
As mentioned above, cabling and bracing can help prepare a tree to endure strong violent winds and snow and ice. Pruning can simply remove branches that could pose a threat for property damage. We often use lightning protection for valuable trees that are close to homes and other structures.
We always caution against working with any arborist that recommends topping trees to prevent storm damage. Topping trees can lead to issues later in the life of the tree and is not endorsed by our industry standards. Further, we caution clients against working with arborists that use spikes for maintenance work. Climbing spikes frequently hurt trees and the even the small holes can be invitation for insects and diseases.
All of our recommendations are made keeping in mind that we truly love and appreciate trees and believe that they are a beautiful part of our world. Further, trees can add significant value to a property. With this in mind, we always work to protect trees unless there are dangerous conditions that cannot be managed through appropriate care and maintenance.
Lastly, after each significant weather event it is always a good idea to have a trained arborist examine your trees and make sure they are still healthy and strong.
Fertilization & Soil Care
The truth, that is often overlooked, is that good soil is the foundation for all tree health. The first step for soil health is fertilization. Two elements we examine closely and manage for soil health is the pH and the organic matter. With our soil management processes we are able to simulate the natural conditions that trees grow in. This is often very helpful for trees in cities and suburbs that have been planted in suboptimum conditions so they can provide shade and beauty.
Our arborists follow some of the most sophisticated soil management processes in the tree service and landscaping industry. Each year we take thousands of soil samples from around Central Arkansas. This helps ups develop our soil management strategy for specific areas.
We use a variety of fertilizer blends that release nitrogen and other nutrients into the ground throughout the growing season. And throughout the process we work in a way that maximizes conservation and environmental protection.
Plant Analysis & Diagnostics
Trees can suffer from a variety of problems. It is best to call a professional arborist for an assessment once you spot any of the following on your trees:
- - Caterpillars
- - Discolored leaves
- - Developing fungus
- - Malformations
- - Dying branches
Our arborists are trained to analyze and diagnosis critical tree healthcare issues. Further, we keep all of our arborists well trained with current trends and treatment methods. And in many circumstances we partner with laboratories for more in depth testing. Each year we analyze thousands of tree and soil samples to make sure that our clients’ tree remain safe and healthy. So no matter what your trees’ issues are, from diseases to infestations, we are prepared to give you the most accurate answers for managing them going forward.
Our diagnostic services include but are not limited to:
- - Identifying plans
- - Identifying insects
- - Plant assessments
- - Tree tissue analysis
- - Tree disease analysis
- - Tree structural and density
- - Soil nutrition analysis
- - Drainage assessment
- - Soil density analysis
Insect & Disease Management
As much as we love trees we love to protect them from the pests that destroy them. We are experts and managing insects and diseases that attack the health of your trees. It is important that we do this in a holistic manner that protects the health of your trees and the environment. During our scheduled visit we look for infestation issues before they reach levels that put the health of your tree at risk. At the same time, tree owners need to be aware that some insects are very healthy for their trees and we work to protect them as well. When needed we use organic and natural materials as much as possible to protect your trees and suppress the pests that attack them.
Common insects that we encounter and treat for include:
We are proud to serve the following areas in Central Arkansas:
- - Canker worms
- - Moths
- - Flathead borers
- - Weevils
- - Ambrosia beetles
- - Aphids | <urn:uuid:53bb147f-232e-484b-b267-69953f77ecd4> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.yourlittlerocktreeservice.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267865438.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623225824-20180624005824-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.953856 | 1,669 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Industrial Television and Closed Circuit TV (CCTV)
Based on the knowledge of its Broadcast Camera Technology Pye developed miniature camera systems for Industrial Television Applications.
Main Areas of Activity
• Nuclear Power Stations
• Underwater Television
• Remote Industrial Processes Monitoring and Control
• Air to Ground Television
• Medical Applications
B.J. Edwards appointed Harry McGhee and Ian Waters to design a small camera for Industrial Television applications using information he had obtained from visiting America.
After developing a MKI Prototype the MKII was introduced in 1954.
Nuclear Power Station Applications
A special radiation proof inspection camera was designed to go into the space occupied by a fuel rod when the reactor was shut down and the rod removed.
The camera was able to show any problems inside the fuel element enclosure.
The camera was subjected to a high temperature and high level gamma radiation.
The in-pile inspection camera
The first Nuclear Installation was at Calder Hall in its Magnox Reactor
The camera was cooled by feeding Carbon Dioxide gas down the cable.
It was equipped with a rotating mirror and headlight to view all round the inside of the fuel rod space.
Special winding gear was installed.
Eventually Pye Installed Systems in eight UK Nuclear Power Stations and one each in Italy and Japan.
The winding gear, camera control unit and picture monitor
In this year the MKIII Camera was introduced with a compact camera head and a control unit connected by a cable.
The small head enabled the camera to get into spaces not possible with earlier cameras.
Remote Pan and Tilt heads as well as waterproof housings were available to protect the camera head from adverse conditions.
MKIII Camera head
MKIII Camera operating in a radiation protected enclosure for stripping out used fuel rods
This year the MKIV Camera was introduced.
It was cylindrical in shape as many applications required it to be inserted through a circular hole.
As well as featuring the latest components it was capable of automatically controlling the video signal when the light level on the scene changed.
One interesting application of CCTV was in conjunction with the UK ICBM named Blue Streak.
Prior to going to the launch site in Australia the rocket motors were tested at Spadeadam in the UK.
A special shock proof housing enclosed the MKIV which monitored the engine performance from a safe distance.
A standard industrial television camera was built into a pressure resistant housing to enable it to work underwater.
The idea was that a free swimming frogman could operate the camera in relatively shallow water.
Because of its unique shape it was called ‘The Football’ camera.
Basing the design on the existing Image Orthicon Studio camera an Underwater camera was developed for use by the Admiralty.
A major problem was to enclose the electronics in a pressure resistant container capable of working at considerable depth in sea water.
The design team consisted of Bert Horlock, Ben Coleman, Cy Babbs and Doug Allanson.
In the 1950’s two major achievements were obtained using an improved design.
The first was when the camera was used by the navy aboard HMS Reclaim to recover the wreckage of a Comet 1 jet aircraft which crashed off Elba. The successful recovery of the Comet wreckage led to the ground breaking discovery of the phenomenon called Metal Fatigue.
The second being the recovery of the wreckage of a crashed Dakota aircraft which crashed into Lake Constance.
Another use of the modified broadcast camera involved attaching it to an optical telescope.
This arrangement gave an improvement in sensitivity over film as well as enabling more than one person to view the scene.
Successful tests were carried out at an observatory in South Africa.
Television in Astronomy In 1956
Experiments were carried out using a camera fitted into a helicopter at Pye. The aim was to see how well the system operated when surveying activity on the ground. The aircraft was a Bristol Sycamore and the radio link was at 250MHz.
This was the forerunner of police surveillance
Camera mounted in helicopter
Aerial view of Pye factory | <urn:uuid:933e6d5a-81b7-42c9-bd97-272816c3b0cb> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.pye-story.org/companies/pye-tvt-story/industrial-television | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522309.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518183254-20220518213254-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.954684 | 877 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The neurological regularity affects all accommodation and functions of the matter through resolution stimulation. Nerves as-well-behaved administer the apprehension and sight of asceticism. While asceticism can be picturesquely in a diversity of ways, it is essentially labeled according to its prolongation and cause. As an recent habit comfort evaluating a resigned, you deficiency to opine the forthcoming interrogations: Does the asceticism at-once conclude and go, or is it permanent and ongoing? Does the asceticism inaugurate at the cause of waste or in another dregs? In this Discussion, you assimilate three vulgar types of asceticism—acute, continuous, and referred.
Review this week’s instrument gift on the neurological regularity, as well-behaved-behaved as Chapter 14 in the Huether and McCance quotation.
Identify the pathophysiology of quick, continuous, and referred asceticism. Opine the similarities and differences among these three types of asceticism.
Select two of the forthcoming resigned factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or conduct. Reflect on how the factors you selected authority contact the pathophysiology, individuality, and custom of matter for quick, continuous, and referred asceticism.
Post a designation of the pathophysiology of quick, continuous, and referred asceticism, including similarities and differences among them. Then, interpret how the factors you selected authority contact the pathophysiology, individuality, and custom of matter for quick, continuous, and referred asceticism.
Response to the dispassage interrogation is insensible delay ticklish decomposition and collocation symbolical of conversance gained from the passage readings for the module and running likely causes | <urn:uuid:d9a478ba-f7e1-427b-8778-0fe203b57180> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://scholarspapers.com/free-sample/discussion-pain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178374686.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306100836-20210306130836-00464.warc.gz | en | 0.91048 | 355 | 2.796875 | 3 |
A 64-bit word contains four 16-bit signed fixed-point values. This is the fixed 16-bit data format.
A 64-bit word contains two 8-bit signed fixed-point values. This is the fixed 32-bit data format.
Enough precision and dynamic range (for filtering and simple image computations on pixel values) can be provided by an intermediate format of fixed data values. Pixel multiplication is used to convert from pixel data to fixed data. Pack instructions are used to convert from fixed data to pixel data (clip and truncate to an 8-bit unsigned value). The FPACKFIX instruction supports conversion from 32-bit fixed to 16-bit fixed. Rounding is done by adding one to the rounding bit position. You should use floating-point data to perform complex calculations needing more precision or dynamic range. | <urn:uuid:db1d0f86-3fee-40a2-897d-dc18999c399d> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19253-01/816-1681/sparcv9-24/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042987775.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002307-00203-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.845643 | 170 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Eye burning with discharge is burning, itching, or drainage from the eye of any substance other than tears. Sometimes burning and itching eyes are due to environmental pollutants. If secondhand cigarette smoke is annoying, say so.
- Allergies, including seasonal allergies or hay fever
- Bacterial infections
- Chemical irritants (such as chlorine in a swimming pool or makeup)
- Conjunctivitis or pink eye
- Dry eyes
- Irritants in the air (cigarette smoke or smog)
Apply cool compresses to soothe itching.
If the eyelids have crusts, gently soften them with warm compresses. Gently washing the eyelids with baby shampoo on a cotton applicator can help remove crusts.
Artificial tears used four to six times a day can also relieve symptoms. Avoid other types of eye drops because they will can make symptoms worse.
Itching and burning due to allergy or chemicals can be very uncomfortable. Try to determine the cause of the allergy, such as a pet, seasonal pollen, or irritating cosmetics.
Refrigerated artificial tears can be very soothing. Antihistamine drops, available from your health care provider, can be helpful.
Pink eye or viral conjunctivitis causes a red or bloodshot eye and excessive tearing. If you suspect pink eye, remember to wash your hands often, and avoid touching the unaffected eye. The infection will run its course in about 10 days.
Bacterial conjunctivitis is not common, but if you have eye discharge that is white, yellow, or greenish, contact your health care provider.
When to call your health care provider
Contact your health care provider if:
- The discharge is thick, greenish, or resembles pus
- You have excessive eye pain or sensitivity to light
- Your vision is decreased
Your health care provider may prescribe antihistamines in the form of eye drops or ointments. Bacterial conjunctivitis will be treated with antibiotic eye drops. Cortisone-like eye ointments are usually avoided, because they can cause long-term problems.
After seeing your health care provider
If your symptoms do not improve or they worsen in one to two weeks, contact your health care professional. You might need additional treatments. | <urn:uuid:e8e07e51-96bb-4795-b07b-290c2245b894> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://wmich.edu/healthcenter/clinic/self-care/eye-itch | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927767.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00171-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901585 | 467 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Youme Landowne's Sélavi, That is Life: A Haitian Story of Hope
Ages 8- 11
Restoring Hope Through Radio Waves
It is a sad day when children witness violence and expect that to be a normal part of life. It is even sadder when violence takes down families and leaves young children to roam the streets. But sélavi, that’s life in Haiti.
In the beginning of Sélavi: A Haitian Story of Hope, we are immediately confronted with the traumatized memories experienced by a young boy who suddenly finds himself homeless.
Youme Landowne’s ghostly illustrations open a window into the world of this young victim of violence as he wanders the streets of Haiti in search of food and shelter.
Again, she captures how overwhelmed he must feel after traveling many days on foot: amid a large map of Haiti is the very small detail of this young boy who has just arrived at its capital, Port-au-Prince. It is where he meets TiFré, who offers him food and asks where he is from.
No doubt, the young boy is scared: his hands cover his face with just a sheepish glance at the new boy who is trying to befriend him.
Without giving him a chance to reply, TiFré continues by saying that he could choose a name, like “Hungry, Sleepy, or Little Traveler…” The boy replies, “I am all those things, and that’s life!” And from then on, he is given the name “Sélavi,” which is Kreyòl for “that’s life.”
Sélavi learns from TiFré that there are more children living on their own, and TiFré takes Sélavi to their home in a banyan tree.
There is a sense of peace and familiarity in this colorful scene as Sélavi is introduced to other children in his same situation. These other children graciously take Sélavi in, tell him their hardship stories (again, portrayed with ghostly images that are used to express their personal struggles), and share the food that they have collected throughout the day.
Now a part of this small family, Sélavi learns the daily routine of looking for work, or begging food or money from people. However, it is only a matter of time before officers (whose violence is captured in the ghostly reflections off their sunglasses) find where they are living and scatter them.
Once again, Sélavi is alone.
Afraid of what may come next, Sélavi runs to the nearest building for safety. It is a church, and the people gathered inside are in a meeting. Sélavi hears the meeting leader say,
“Alone we may be a single drop of water, but together we can be a mighty river. We must help each other to become strong!”
Without hesitation, Sélavi responds, “I need help!” Sélavi tells them that there are others like him, and at once, the members plan to build an orphanage for Sélavi and his friends. Once completed, they name it Lafami Sélavi, (Kreyòl for “Sélavi’s Family”), and together – community and children – they make food, wash clothes, teach, and learn.
Sélavi and his friends want to do their part by working to buy food, but work is hard to find and food scarce.
They decide to paint murals with messages to raise awareness, such as “if children are sleeping in the streets, what are we doing for them? – but to no effect.
The murals were painted over and, worse yet, their house was burned down, leaving them once again homeless. Another traumatizing moment in the lives of Sélavi and his friends; however, Youme cleverly ties this horrendous loss with a ray of hope by creating a quilting scene, where each pattern describes the children’s longing to learn, coupled with the community’s plans to rebuild their home.
This time, though, the community will make a way for the children to be heard by finding materials to create their own radio station. Naming the station Radyo Timoun, which is Kreyòl for “children’s radio,” they are determined that this time, “We will write our messages in the air where they cannot be painted out.”
Review - Sélavi, That is Life: A Haitian Story of Hope
Though this true story of Sélavi tells of a time in Haitian history that took place over twenty-five years ago, poverty and violence still exist.
Each day is still a sad day as some children revert to violence while others choose to make their voices heard through Radyo Timoun, which lives on today.
Included at the completion of the story is historical information that is well worth the read. To make this book a reality as well as bring life to her wonderful illustrations, Youme went to Haiti to meet and interview the young activists of Radyo Timoun. And for that reason, Selavi, That is Life: A Haitian Story of Hope, is a work of love for all the homeless children of Haiti. To all readers of all ages, this book is an eye-opener and a “must have” for your book collection.
Best Children's Books - Find, Read or Write home page. | <urn:uuid:fa156fb3-6ea6-448c-8526-44b5c6d3081b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.best-childrens-books.com/selavi.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282932.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00267-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97064 | 1,177 | 2.59375 | 3 |
As the 60 watt bulb follows its 100 watt cousin into European illegality it's time to say a fond farewell to a light bulb that has kept our houses lit for over120 years. Admittedly the filament went from being carbon to tungsten, but this was a matter of tweaking and subtlety, not a huge change in the design.
If you ask the famous man in the street (that one, standing on the corner) who invented the electric light bulb, he would probably say Thomas Edison, as would many pub quizmasters. But they would be wrong. It's certainly true that in 1879 Edison produced an electric light bulb after much fiddling around with different filaments. And he did claim to be first on the scene, but English scientist Sir Joseph William Swan had demonstrated a bulb, like Edison’s based on a carbon filament, nearly eight months earlier.
Swan, much less of a businessman, hadn’t bothered with the level of patent applications that Edison had. Nor had he the same cutthroat commercial sense. Edison’s reaction to the news of Swan’s invention was to launch a patent infringement prosecution.
Patent law often seems to favor the commercially strong rather than the most original thinker, but in this case Swan’s earlier invention was recognized by the court and Edison failed. As part of the court settlement, Edison was obliged to recognize Swan’s independent and earlier invention and to set up a joint company, the Edison and Swan United Electric Light Company, to exploit the incandescent bulb.
Rumbunctious beginnings, then for the humble incandescent light bulb. But still an invention who passing we can mark with a certain sadness.
Picture from Wikipedia | <urn:uuid:d3711b1e-718c-49a3-881e-5d0c481d8e24> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://brianclegg.blogspot.com/2011/09/farewell-incandescent-light-bulb-we.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279248.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00209-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97 | 353 | 2.953125 | 3 |
There are more after school activity options than ever before for middle school students, including clubs, tutoring and sports participation. If your middle schooler participates in sports, you must consider the potential benefits as well as the risk of injury and the demands on the time and energy of young athletes. The good news is that participation in sports has many benefits for young adolescents, both on and off the playing field.
The positive effects of participation in interscholastic sports at the middle school level has been reported in multiple studies over the last several decades. Students participating in one or more interscholastic sports had an average grade point average of 3.151, while non-athletes had an average of 2.4, according to a study of interscholastic sports participation published in the NASSP Bulletin, the journal of the National Association of Secondary School Principals. Athletes have higher grades than non-athletes even when socioeconomic status, gender, age and family composition are taken into account.
Social and Emotional
Participation in sports requires middle school students to work as a team and be persistent in order to succeed. It also gives students access to positive role models, such as coaches and older players who can set positive examples. Middle school students tend to be sensitive to criticism, self-conscious, loyal to peers and more motivated by social factors than by academic concerns. As a result, they benefit from sports programs that foster team work and skill-building through "no-cut" policies rather than highly competitive programs similar to those found at high school and adult levels.
Sports participation can improve motor skills and fitness in adolescents, who grow rapidly and might be physically awkward as a result. The National Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend that adolescents engage in moderate physical activity, such as 30 minutes of jogging, or shorter, more intense bursts of activity to promote healthy joints, bones and muscles and to control weight. The CDC also notes that more intense and frequent activity can be even more beneficial, although excessive activity can result in injuries or weakened bones.
Sports also help adolescents to develop lifelong habits of physical activity that will benefit them throughout their lives. The long-term effects of inadequate physical activity can include obesity, diabetes and high blood pressure, so it is important that middle schoolers build active habits instead of spending their free time watching television, playing video games or using a computer. According to the United States Department of Health and Human Services, youth sports participation also reduces the likelihood that teens will eventually drop out of school and increases their chances of attending college. | <urn:uuid:4cc992aa-16cc-4718-8928-141f18f6cddb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.livestrong.com/article/535600-the-impact-of-sports-on-middle-school-students/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00349-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957628 | 521 | 3.65625 | 4 |
5 Written questions
5 Multiple choice questions
- become active and ejct lava or ashes or gases.
- used for emphasis, to express anger.
- to express anger or annoyance.
- Consider someone or something unworthy
- to cause someone to reacte in an emotional way.
4 True/False questions
arbitrary → become active and ejct lava or ashes or gases.
scuffle → a short, confused fight.
resentment → upset st having been treated unfairly.
Clasped → to hold together tightly; grasped | <urn:uuid:66873a54-0325-4aaa-bc74-e00b33e45b40> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | https://quizlet.com/5559962/test | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929978.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00254-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.863865 | 115 | 3.296875 | 3 |
William Howard Taft (1909-1913)
Distinguished jurist, effective administrator, but poor politician, William Howard Taft spent four uncomfortable years in the White House. Large, jovial, conscientious, he was caught in the intense battles between Progressives and conservatives, and got scant credit for the achievements of his administration.
Born in 1857, the son of a distinguished judge, he graduated from Yale, and returned to Cincinnati to study and practice law. He rose in politics through Republican judiciary appointments, through his own competence and availability, and because, as he once wrote facetiously, he always had his "plate the right side up when offices were falling."
But Taft much preferred law to politics. He was appointed a Federal circuit judge at 34. He aspired to be a member of the Supreme Court, but his wife, Helen Herron Taft, held other ambitions for him.
His route to the White House was via administrative posts. President McKinley sent him to the Philippines in 1900 as chief civil administrator. Sympathetic toward the Filipinos, he improved the economy, built roads and schools, and gave the people at least some participation in government.
President Roosevelt made him Secretary of War, and by 1907 had decided that Taft should be his successor. The Republican Convention nominated him the next year.
Taft disliked the campaign--"one of the most uncomfortable four months of my life." But he pledged his loyalty to the Roosevelt program, popular in the West, while his brother Charles reassured eastern Republicans. William Jennings Bryan, running on the Democratic ticket for a third time, complained that he was having to oppose two candidates, a western progressive Taft and an eastern conservative Taft.
Progressives were pleased with Taft's election. "Roosevelt has cut enough hay," they said; "Taft is the man to put it into the barn." Conservatives were delighted to be rid of Roosevelt--the "mad messiah."
Taft recognized that his techniques would differ from those of his predecessor. Unlike Roosevelt, Taft did not believe in the stretching of Presidential powers. He once commented that Roosevelt "ought more often to have admitted the legal way of reaching the same ends."
Taft alienated many liberal Republicans who later formed the Progressive Party, by defending the Payne-Aldrich Act which unexpectedly continued high tariff rates. A trade agreement with Canada, which Taft pushed through Congress, would have pleased eastern advocates of a low tariff, but the Canadians rejected it. He further antagonized Progressives by upholding his Secretary of the Interior, accused of failing to carry out Roosevelt's conservation policies.
In the angry Progressive onslaught against him, little attention was paid to the fact that his administration initiated 80 antitrust suits and that Congress submitted to the states amendments for a Federal income tax and the direct election of Senators. A postal savings system was established, and the Interstate Commerce Commission was directed to set railroad rates.
In 1912, when the Republicans renominated Taft, Roosevelt bolted the party to lead the Progressives, thus guaranteeing the election of Woodrow Wilson.
Taft, free of the Presidency, served as Professor of Law at Yale until President Harding made him Chief Justice of the United States, a position he held until just before his death in 1930. To Taft, the appointment was his greatest honor; he wrote: "I don't remember that I ever was President."
William Howard Taft Trivia | <urn:uuid:2c19507c-c2a1-4a60-be41-4d8a5a5ca835> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://tafths.enschool.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=274398&type=d | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540527620.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210123634-20191210151634-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.984678 | 702 | 3.515625 | 4 |
(PORTLAND, Ore.) — Nothing sparks consumer demand like the word “free,” and politicians in some states have proposed the idea of providing that incentive to get young people to attend community college.
Amid worries that U.S. youth are losing a global skills race, supporters of a no-tuition policy see expanding access to community college as way to boost educational attainment so the emerging workforces in their states look good to employers.
Of course, such plans aren’t free for taxpayers, and legislators in Oregon and Tennessee are deciding whether free tuition regardless of family income is the best use of public money. A Mississippi bill passed the state House, but then failed in the Senate.
The debate comes in a midterm election year in which income inequality and the burdens of student debt are likely going to be significant issues.
“I think everybody agrees that with a high school education by itself, there is no path to the middle class,” said State Sen. Mark Hass, who is leading the no-tuition effort in Oregon. “There is only one path, and it leads to poverty. And poverty is very expensive.”
Hass said free community college and increasing the number of students who earn college credit while in high school are keys to addressing a “crisis” in education debt. Taxpayers will ultimately benefit, he said, because it’s cheaper to send someone to community college than to have him or her in the social safety net.
Research from the Oregon University System shows Oregonians with only a high school degree make less money than those with a degree and thus contribute fewer tax dollars. They are also more likely to use food stamps and less likely to do volunteer work.
A Gallup poll released in late February found 94 percent of Americans believe it’s somewhat or very important to have a degree beyond high school, yet only 23 percent of respondents said higher education is affordable to everyone who needs it.
As at four-year universities, the price of attending a community college has risen sharply because of reduced state support and higher costs for health care and other expenses. The average annual cost of tuition nationally is about $3,300, and books and fees add to the bill.
It’s cheaper than university, but expensive enough to dissuade someone who’s unsure whether to pursue higher education.
In Tennessee, Republican Gov. Bill Haslam wants to use lottery money to create a free community college program for high school graduates. It’s central to the Republican’s goal of making the state more attractive to potential employers by increasing the percentage of Tennesseans with a college degree to 55 percent by 2025 from 32 percent now.
If approved by the Legislature, the “Tennessee Promise” would provide a full ride for any high school graduate, at a cost of $34 million per year.
Meanwhile, Oregon Gov. John Kitzhaber signed a bill March 11 ordering a state commission to examine whether free tuition is feasible. Among other things, the study will determine how much money the program will cost, whether the existing campus buildings can accommodate extra students and whether to limit free tuition to recent graduates.
The commission will also look at California, which offered no-cost community college until the mid-1980s, when a state fiscal crisis contributed to its demise.
The findings are due later this year and will help lawmakers decide whether to pursue the idea in 2015.
“What is exciting to us about the idea is that it signals that the state understands there needs to be significant reinvestment in community colleges in some way, shape or form,” said Mary Spilde, the president of Lane Community College in Eugene, Ore., where in-state students pay $93 per credit hour. Back in 1969-70, baby boomers paid $6 per credit hour — about $37 in today’s money, adjusted for inflation.
Tennessee and Oregon are looking at the “last-dollar in” model, where the state picks up the tuition not covered by other forms of aid. Because students from poor families often get their tuition covered by Pell Grants and other programs, the state money would disproportionately help those from more comfortable backgrounds.
“If you’re paying for two years for everybody, then you’re paying for students whose families can afford to do it,” said Kay McClenney, director of the Center for Community College Student Engagement at the University of Texas. “And is that your best use of dollars within the public interest?”
There are other concerns. Molly Corbett Broad, president of the American Council on Education, generally praised the bills, but said students are more likely to be successful if they have “skin in the game” and pay something toward their education.
Patricia Schechter, a Portland State University professor active in the faculty union, worries that students will be induced into taking the community college route — “arguably against their interests” — and about the effect on public universities, whose students won’t get a tuition break.
“We start competing for first-year students in a way that seems a little unfair if they can go somewhere for free,” she said. “It doesn’t address the creeping costs of higher ed. It just diverts them.”
Hass, the Oregon state senator, countered that the university presidents he’s spoken with, including Portland State’s, support the idea.
“There’s an old saying,” he said of the criticism. “You can marshal an army to preserve the status quo.”
AP / Steven DuBois | <urn:uuid:998a8b03-d195-4d57-9e18-f68b8f66c273> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://georgiaschoolwatch.com/2014/03/18/states-looking-at-0-community-college-tuition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591578.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720100114-20180720120114-00106.warc.gz | en | 0.960003 | 1,180 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Screen printing is a process though which ink is mechanically applied to a substrate via the use of a screen and squeegee.
In its basic form, screen-printing is a very simple process. Over time rather sophisticated software, machines and techniques where developed and we now use those to produce our product. Screen-printing can be used to "decorate" many different substrates from ancient eastern wall hangings to Andy Warhol's fine art to signs, billboards, computer circuit boards and more. At Graphic FX, we print, almost exclusively, custom designed t-shirts. The questions and answers in this FAQ are, therefore, slanted in the t-shirt direction.
In our process, we start with the artwork. Each color of the design requires an individual screen so we must separate the design into its component colors. This is done on the computer and each color separation is printed to a transparent sheet.
Next we must prepare the screens. The screen is a rigid frame of wood or aluminum that has a fine monofilament nylon mesh stretched over it. This mesh is much stonger, more durable and more consistent then the silk mesh used in the early days of screen printing. (The silk is what gave the process the name "silk screening" that is still sometimes used today.) This mesh is then coated with a light sensitive emulsion that will become the stencil through which the ink will pass when printed.
The screen is then mounted, with the separation, in an exposure unit. This machine exposes the screen to high intensity UV light.
Exposing the Screen
When the UV light hits the emulsion a chemical reaction hardens the emulsion making it water and solvent resistant.
The separation acts as a shield to block the light in certain areas of the screen. These soft areas are then rinsed away with water to create the open area of the stencil.
The screens are then mounted in the press and registered,or aligned, so that each color prints in
the proper location relative to the other colors. Ink is loaded into the screens and squeegees are installed.
The actual printing is accomplished by pushing ink through the screen and onto the shirt with the squeegees.
As the squeegee scrapes across the screen it fills the stencil with ink while simultaneously bending the mesh down to transfer the ink to the shirt.
To create the composite image on the shirt, individual colors are printed then the shirt is moved to the next color. After test prints are run to check alignment, shirts are loaded one by one and printed.
Colors Print In Sequence
Once all the colors have been applied to the shirt it is removed from the press. The ink on the shirts is still "wet" at this point and needs to be "dried".
The ink we use for t-shirts is the variety called "Plastisol" and is not actually"dried" but cured with heat. Plastisol is made up of polyvinyl chloride resins (PVC), plasticizer and pigments. When plastisol ink is heated the PVC resin particles swell and absorb the liquid plasticizer and these swelled particles merge with each other and form a solid film.
Curing of plastisol ink is accomplished by rapidly bringing the ink up to curing temperature ( ~330° F ) with electric or gas infrared heaters.
To cure the shirts we run them through a "drier" that utilizes a conveyor belt to pass the shirts under infrared heating panels. The shirts spend between 30 seconds to 1 minute in the dryer, and when they come off the belt they are done and ready to be folded and packed. | <urn:uuid:ed75f22d-dcc8-45e1-9e0b-813cf32e0acd> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.gfxsp.com/faq_sp.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065828.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00291-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929377 | 752 | 2.828125 | 3 |
- Education and Science
The Reason We are Seeing 100-year Rain, Wind and Seismic Events
What is a 50-year Rain Storm? What is a 100-year Storm?
California Civil Engineer here. When a 50-year storm hits, it means there is a 2% chance of that event in any given year. There is a 1% chance for a 100-year event to occur this year.
These events are predicted based upon records of past events. All large cities and counties have their own records of rain fall. Some cities have 50 years worth of data. Some of the longest record keeping goes back more than 100 years. These rainfall levels are usually recorded at airports and public engineering departments. It is possible for two 50-year rain events to dump water on the same city in the same year. Statistically, it is a reasonable series of events; it is not statistically improbable.
Each city keeps its own data and produces its own tables to predict rainfall. Most cities’ new underground storm water systems are designed to move a 50-year rain event. Other municipalities have some common problems: older cities have very old pipes underground. Many of these are too small. Another common problem is lack of elevation available to create slope to move water quickly. Increased velocity moves more water.
If two large events arrive together, more flooding results. The first downpour soaks the soil. The second event, with reduced ground absorption, produces more runoff.
For example, the annual rainfall, and the maximum event that has a 2% chance of occurring in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, is much smaller than for Seattle, Washington. A 100-year event in Riyadh is likely a 10-year event in Seattle. Is this beginning to make sense?
When someone says there is a "record" rain storm, or "the biggest in 20 years", it doesn't really mean much without knowing other factors.
Rains in Excess of Natural and Man-made Systems Create Floods
Wind is Measured and Predicted Same as Rain
Wind predictions, similarly, are predicted based upon historical events. Airports famously have excellent wind data. Additionally, a wind design may be based upon locally collected wind data, and not on national tables provided by professional organizations such as the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and the International Building Code (IBC).
The phrase, “a fifty year event” is professional engineering jargon. To have major events occur suddenly together is nothing to alarm the people.
Why are Recent Rain and Wind Events Different than in Past Decades?
This is what should receive attention: These events are only infrequent in the places where they are happening. Rain events in the proportions being reported in news channels as 100-year events in New York are much more common in other regions and other latitudes. Events change according to geography. For example, mountains cause clouds to rise as they pass over. This condenses the moisture and creates rain and snow. This is why California is green and Nevada is desert chaparral. Clouds moving in from the ocean dump on the western side, and carry very little to the east of the Sierra Nevadas. A common rain storm in a California foothill town might be very rare in a Nevada city east of the mountain range.
Rainfall levels also change according to the latitude & longitude of a location such as a city. Today, the earth is tilting off the axis it has been on for thousands of years. The latitude and longitude of locations is changing. Because of this relocation of cities within the lat-long matrix, weather events are going to change.
What is the Engineering Community Doing?
Within the engineering community, this natural phenomenon is largely going unnoticed. However, there are some engineers who recognize that seismic, wind, and rain/flood events are becoming slightly less predictable. I think the major organizations will begin to discuss this in the next decade. However, it is unlikely that the ASCE or the IBC will address this before then. For these leading design procedure codifiers to institute new processes of design, some substantial data, theory, and remedies will need to be proposed in the engineering community. | <urn:uuid:60ee684b-f3c2-45fa-a438-fc5b1164fdec> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://hubpages.com/education/The-Reason-We-are-Seeing-100-year-Rain-Wind-and-Seismic-Events | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690029.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924134120-20170924154120-00034.warc.gz | en | 0.957509 | 856 | 3.09375 | 3 |
The aim of an Strategic Early Warning System
(SEWS) is to assist organizations in dealing with discontinuities or strategic “surprises”. By detecting “weak signals
” (Igor Ansoff
, 1975), which can be perceived as important discontinuities in an organizational environment, SEWS allows organizations to react strategically
ahead of time.
The underlying assumption of SEWS is that discontinuities do not emerge without warning. These warning signs can be described as “weak signals”. The concept of “weak signals” (Ansoff, 1975) aims at early detection of those signals which could lead to strategic surprises and to an event which has the potential to jeopardise an organization’s strategy. Furthermore, the concept of a SEWS is intended to constitute an important part of a strategic management
system, operating real-time in an organization, and assisting in identifying the new, which emerges as “weak signals”.
Detecting “weak signals” is achieved by scanning the organizational environment. The concept of environmental scanning
(Aguilar,1967) describes a process whereby the environment in which an organization operates is systematically scanned for relevant information. The purpose is to identify early signals of possible environmental change and to detect environmental change already underway.
The need for a formal strategic early warning process in organizations is based in large part on the existence of blindspots
at their top, which... Read More | <urn:uuid:e6e984ea-54ca-4b94-a17b-903c7e774a7d> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://pages.rediff.com/strategic-early-warning-system/984896 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542714.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00303-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946436 | 306 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Cat feeding is easy, right? Or it was for centuries, before the science kicked in and began to tell us what is good and bad for cats to eat. Here is a list of the 11 most common mistakes when choosing cat food. See if you are sinning with any of these.
- Overfeeding. This is the most common feeding mistake made by cat owners. A study of more than 8 thousand cats in US veterinary practices showed that 35% of them were obese. So what? Obesity is not only about looks. It also has a huge impact on your cat’s health and quality of life. The best way to prevent overfeeding a cat is to provide his food in separate meals and never exceed the manufacturer’s recommended feeding guidelines.
- Providing a vegetarian diet. It’s a good thing for people to choose a vegetarian or vegan diet for themselves, regardless of what motives they have. On the other hand, if one tries to go further and force their cat to eat vegetarian cat food, it may be considered animal cruelty—something this person may be trying to avoid in the first place. Cats are obligate carnivores, and their body craves only animal-based products to survive. Besides, a cat’s body is not able to digest plant materials well. You can see here why cats would make bad vegetarians.
- Feeding dog food to cats and vice versa. The main ingredients of cat and dog foods are similar, and nothing bad will happen if you run out of cat food in the middle of the night and decide to give a bowl of dog food to your cat. However, cats and dogs have different nutritional requirements for specific ingredients (for example, amino acids, minerals, and vitamins), and keeping your cat on a dog food can create a serious nutritional deficiency within a very short time frame. There are debates that dogs on a cat food can last longer than cats can last on a dog food, but this is still not something to try at home.
- Saving money on cat food. First, it’s okay to try and save a little money on bulk discounts, and, no, you don’t have to be rich to feed a cat. Besides, “premium” labeled, top-shelf cat food does not guarantee that it indeed will be good. Likewise, “all natural” and “organic” foods are often overpriced and don’t guarantee quality. But one thing is for sure: cheap cat food will be crap 100% of the time. Why? Because the main ingredient of cat food should be meat and organs, which, obviously, costs more than a mush of grain and a tiny bit of a meal-like substance. The best you can do is learn what to look for in a good cat food and make an educated choice, not fall into a marketing trap.
- Valuating cat food by taste. No, we don’t mean that people should taste cat food themselves. What happens is that owners see how their pets enjoy a certain food and assume that it must be good. You can easily make a tasty junk food by adding some flavor enhancers, which, by the way, are usually chemical substances that are toxic to our pets. We, too, love chicken nuggets and potato chips, but that does not make them good food, right?
- Switching foods too rapidly. We say that it’s okay to have some variety in your cat’s daily food choices, but rushing things may lead you to believe it’s not. If a new food is introduced too quickly, without letting your cat’s digestive system adapt to the new ingredients, there is a high risk of developing gastrointestinal upset, which causes either diarrhea or vomiting. In such cases, the owners usually falsely assume that the food is bad when all they had to do was introduce the new cat food gradually.
- Feeding dry food. Cats naturally have a very low thirst drive, and they intake most of their water with food. Dry cat food has a moisture content of only 10%; most cats should drink about a cup of water per day if fed dry food, which rarely happens. The second thing about dry foods is that they usually contain tons of grain or potato to maintain their structure.
- Sticking to a single cat food brand/recipe. Whether you buy your cat’s food or make it at home, being dedicated to a single brand or single cat food recipe is unwise. Why? Because balancing a cat’s diet is an extremely complex process, and if anyone claims that their diet is “balanced,” it’s more like they think it’s close to being balanced. There have been many cases in the history of the pet food industry where new scientific research has made pet food makers modify their recipes—the loudest of them being about taurine deficiency in cats. Keeping your cat on a single recipe for a prolonged time can develop a deficiency of a single nutrient, which you won’t know until it’s too late. It’s best to have at least several recipes and feed them alternately in separate meals, which has other benefits as well.
- Feeding milk to a cat. Milk causes diarrhea and gastrointestinal upset in cats and dogs. Even though cats love the taste of milk, it contains lactose—a milk sugar that a cat’s body is not able to digest completely.
- Feeding raw fish. It’s okay to give some fish to a cat, but it should not form a significant part of your cat’s diet. Raw fish and other sea creatures contain an ingredient that destroys vitamin B1. Deficiency of this vitamin can cause anorexia, depression, and neurological symptoms, including seizures, as well as death. Also, some fish have larger bones, which increases a cat’s risk of choking, and most fish do not provide enough calcium, sodium, and other minerals that cats need. Find more information about feeding fish to your cat here.
- Feeding only meat. Meat is good for cats, and it should account for most of a cat’s diet. But many cat owners may go too far with their good intentions and feed fillet to their cat exclusively, believing that they are providing their pet the best. Unfortunately, a diet that consists only of pure meat is as bad for a cat as a diet that contains absolutely no meat. That’s because cats also need bones, blood, and internal organs and other meat by-products.
Sometimes, you may feel that avoiding all of these pet food mistakes is hard, and you are right. We, too, are responsible for making two of the above mistakes, but that does not mean it should be taken lightly. We do promise to become better, but how about you? | <urn:uuid:1923a3af-7a17-4fc5-a19c-51369bc9c35d> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.pet-happy.com/see-if-you-are-making-some-of-these-common-cat-feeding-mistakes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320264.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624152159-20170624172159-00534.warc.gz | en | 0.960567 | 1,415 | 2.515625 | 3 |
|- Akim (mayor)
|722 km² (278.8 sq mi)
|347 m (1,138 ft)
|Population (August 1, 2010)
|958/km² (2,481.2/sq mi)
Astana (Kazakh: Астана; former names include Akmola, Akmolinsk, Tselinograd, and Aqmola), has been the capital city of Kazakhstan since 1997 and is its second largest city after Almaty, the former capital. The city is in an isolated location in the center of the Kazakh Steppe and sports a forbidding winter climate - it is the second coldest capital in the world, behind Ulaanbataar, Mongolia.
Made a provincial center in 1939, many Russian-Germans were resettled there after being deported under Stalin at the beginning of World War II when Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union. Just outside the city was the Akmolinskii Camp for Wives of Traitors of the Motherland, one of the most notorious concentration camps in the Gulag archipelago, which was reserved for the wives of men Stalin considered "enemies of the people."
Kazakhstan’s oil wealth has fueled intense building activity in the city since the capital was transferred there. The population more than doubled in the 14 years immediately following the capital designation. Unfortunately, in Kazakhstan’s urban areas, robberies and theft are common, while murder, suicide, and violent crimes are increasing. The drug trade from Afghanistan has given rise to organized crime. Embezzlement, tax fraud, and abuse of power and privilege are tacitly accepted. All are issues that a successful city needs to be addressed.
The word Astana in Kazakh language literally means capital city. In Kazakh and Russian, it is pronounced "As-ta-na," while in English and many other languages, the common pronunciation is "As-ta-na." In June 2008, a parliamentary proposal was put forward to change the city's name to "Nursultan," in honor of the then president, Nursultan Nazarbayev - an idea rejected by the president himself.
The city is located in the north-central portion of Kazakhstan on the Ishim River in a flat, semi-desert steppe region which covers most of the country's territory. The elevation of Astana is 1138 feet (347 meters) above sea level. Astana is in a spacious steppe landscape, in the transient area between the north of Kazakhstan and the extremely thinly settled national center. The older boroughs lie north of the river, while the new boroughs were located south of the Ishim.
Climatically Astana is the second coldest capital in the world (behind Ulaanbataar, Mongolia). The city is known to freeze for around six months every year. The arid city has a continental climate, with cold winters and moderately hot summers. January is the coldest month with an average temperature of 3.2°F (-16°C), while July is the hottest month with an average temperature of 68°F (20°C). Annual precipitation totals 18.9 inches (32.7mm).
North of the railway line, which crosses Astana in an east-west direction, are industrial and poorer residential areas. Between the railway line and the river Ishim is the city center, where in 2008 intense building activity was under way. The Avenue of the Republic in the center of town has numerous stores, coffee houses, restaurants, discotheques, and some casinos. To the west and east are more elevated residential areas with parks. A new government administration area is located to the south of the Ishim. The city's land area totaled 274.2 square miles (710.2 square kilometers) in 2008.
A unit of Siberian Cossacks from Omsk founded a huge fortress on the upper Ishim River in 1824. This became the town of "Akmolinsk," which became an administrative center in 1868. During the early 20th century, the town became a railway junction, causing an economic boom that lasted until the Russian Civil War (1917-1923).
Astana was made a provincial center in 1939, at which time its population reached 33,000. Outside Astana, there stood the Akmolinskii Camp for Wives of Traitors of the Motherland, one of the most notorious in the Gulag archipelago, which was reserved for the wives of men Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin (1878-1953) considered "enemies of the people."
The city was at the center of the Virgin Lands Campaign led by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971) in the 1950s, in order to turn the state into a second grain producer for the Soviet Union. In 1961, it was renamed "Tselinograd," meaning “City of the Virgin Lands,” and made capital of the Soviet Virgin Lands Territory (Tselinny Krai).
At that time, considerable building construction took place, and research and higher educational institutions were set up. The high portion of Russian immigrants in this area, which later led to ethnic tension, can be traced to the influx of agricultural workers at this time.
After Kazakhstan gained its independence in 1991, the city and the region were renamed "Aqmola." The name was often translated as "White Tombstone," but actually means "Holy Place" or "Holy Shrine." The "White Tombstone" literal translation was too appropriate for many visitors to escape notice in almost all guide books and travel accounts.
Despite the isolated location of the new capital in the center of the Kazakh Steppe, and the forbidding winter climate, Kazakhstan needed a more central location than its former location of Almaty, which lies on the far southeastern border with Kyrgyzstan. The official reasons for the move were a lack of space for expansion in Almaty, and its location in an earthquake zone. In 1994 the government began to transfer the national capital from Almaty to Aqmola (named Astana since 1998). The transfer was completed in 1997.
To some Kazakhs, the move remains controversial. Critics resent the massive expenditure of public funds to build the new government complexes, as well as the continuing cost of airfare and hotel expenses for the many government workers who still live in Almaty. Lucrative development contracts handed out to companies owned by President Nazarbayev's family members have been questioned.
The politics of Kazakhstan take place in the framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Kazakhstan is head of state and nominates the head of government. The nature of government is authoritarian presidential rule, with little power outside the executive branch. Kazakhstan is divided into 14 provinces (oblys) and three municipal districts (qala). Each is headed by an akim (provincial governor) appointed by the president. Municipal akims are appointed by oblast akims.
Astana is located within Akmola Province, although it is politically separate from the rest of the province, which has its own capital. Imangali Tasmagambetov, former mayor of Almaty, was appointed mayor of Astana in April 2008.
In urban areas, robberies and theft are common. Murder, suicide, and other violent crimes are increasing. The drug trade from Afghanistan has given rise to organized crime. Embezzlement, tax fraud, and abuse of power and privilege are tacitly accepted.
Politics and government are the main economic activity in the capital, which also forms a Special Economic Zone. Since Astana has been the capital, it has been the focus of one of the world's greatest building projects, as oil money has been spent on government buildings, a massive home for the president, a diplomat quarter, a mosque, and numerous parks and monuments.
The building project is designed to not only make the town the center of Kazakhstan, but of all Central Asia. The original plans for the new Astana were drawn up by the late Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa. Astana's chief planner in 2008, Vladimir Laptev, said he wanted to build a Berlin in a Eurasian style. The total floor area commissioned in 2005 was more than one million square meters, which is 112 percent more than that of 2004.
From 2001 to 2005, Astana's tourism has increased from 13,339 to 31,441 visitors. The city has become a location for business conferences and forums, thus boosting business tourism.
Many inhabitants work for the railways. Industry in the city produces agricultural machinery. Per capita GDP of Kazakhstan was $8318 in 2005, and per capita rank was 70th on a list of 194 countries.
Astana International Airport, located nine miles (14km) outside of the capital was, like the plan for the whole new city, designed by Kurokawa. Astana's first airfield was built in 1931. In 2005, the airport underwent a major upgrade. It handled 834,299 passengers and 2587 metric tons of cargo in 2006.
The Astana Metro is a planned underground construction in Astana.
Astana’s population has more than doubled since the capital was relocated there, to about 600,200 by 2007. The population is expected to top one million by 2030. Migrant workers – legal and illegal – have been attracted from across Kazakhstan and neighboring states such as Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, and the city is a magnet for young professionals seeking to build a career. This has changed the city’s demographics, bringing more ethnic Kazakhs to a city that formerly had a Slav majority. Astana’s ethnic Kazakh population has risen to some 60 percent, up from 17 percent in 1989.
Russian, which is the official language, is used in everyday business, and is designated the "language of inter-ethnic communication," was used by 95 percent of the population in 1991. Kazakh was used by 64.4 percent.
Kazakhstan, which is home to over 130 ethnicities practicing over 40 religions, is aware of the need for peaceful co-existence. Astana hosted summits of world traditional religions, which brought together the main monotheistic religions, in 2003 and 2006. A Palace of Peace and Consent, a stone and glass pyramid, 62 meters high, was planned for the second summit, according to the city of Astana official website. Broadly speaking, Muslims made up 47 percent of the Kazakhstan population, Russian Orthodox 44 percent, Protestants two percent, and others seven percent.
Astana's tertiary institutes include the Eurasian National University, the Kazakh National Academy of Music, the Kazakh Agro-Technical University, the Kazakh Humanitarian and Law University, the Institute of Management, and the Kazakhstan University of Economy, Finance, and International Trade, among others.
"Bayterek," from the Kazakh for "tall poplar tree," was a new monument in Astana in 2006. It has become a popular tourist attraction, symbolizing the new status of the young capital. The top of the structure is a gilt sphere crowning a mythological tree of 97 meters. "Bayterek" embodies a legend of a magic bird of happiness, named Samruk, which laid its egg in the crevice between two branches of a poplar tree. From the top, it is possible to see much of the newly built city.
In December 2006, President Nazarbayev unveiled plans to build Khan Shatyry, a "giant, transparent tent" 150 meters high, over an area of the city. The tent, designed by British architect Norman Foster, was expected to take approximately a year to build.
Museums include: The presidential center of culture, the Kabanbay Batyr mausoleum, the Ethnic Memorial Complex, the S.Seifullin Museum, the Modern Art Museum, and the Museum of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
- 2010 жыл басынан 1 тамызға дейінгі Қазақстан Республикасы халық санының өзгеруі туралы.
- Almaly district akim, Code of Access Retrieved March 8, 2012.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Coish, Summer, and Lucy Kelaart. A hedonist's guide to Almaty and Astana. London: Filmer, 2007. ISBN 9781905428212
- Solovyov, Dmitry and Reuters News Service. Pope Pays Tribute to Victims of Soviet Atrocities Embassy of Kazakhstan to the USA & Canada, September 24, 2001. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
- Wilson, E. "Astana's Love-In With Beijing." FAR EASTERN ECONOMIC REVIEW 170(5) (2007): 42-45. OCLC 208853460
All links retrieved August 18, 2023.
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Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. | <urn:uuid:d891f558-2b35-446a-9a83-71ee7fd211fb> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Astana | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474697.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228044414-20240228074414-00875.warc.gz | en | 0.951186 | 2,895 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Candelaria de los Patos is a historical town and neighborhood centered around the Candelaria Purificación de Nuestra Señora Church in today’s Venustiano Carranza. A church has been recorded on the site since 1580, and while a simple structure, the statue of Christ inside has moveable arms in order to confer blessings on those who visit. The exterior of the church was extensively remodeled in 1924.
Prior to the Spanish conquest, the area had been an island and wetland, prone to epidemics, and widely considered not the best place to live. As Lake Texcoco slowly gave way to dry land and city, it was for some long time a popular duck hunting area. As chronicler José María Marroqui put it :
“Women were the people who engaged in the nightly traffic [in ducks]. They went into the city at about 7 p.m., crying out about their merchandise with a special shout for all to hear. Almost always, they all sold all their ducks and then to return to their homes, they’d go not individually, but all together to a previously determined place to avoid assaults, which they sometimes suffered, and for greater security some male relations would come to meet them.
Marroqui noted that by the end of the 19th century the trade of ducks had concluded and the boats were moved to the neighborhood then called Tultenco Resurrección, today’s colonia Paulino Novarro.
The area surrounding the church was greatly expanded to serve as a cemetary during the “Matlazahatl Epidemic” of 1737. This was because it was far from the city and the number of deceased was said to exceed available burial sites in the city.
Another chronicler, one Ignacio Manuel Altamirano, related in detail the neighborhood’s overcrowding and misery when he visited in 1869.
After crossing the Soledad de Santa Cruz bridge, one is lost in a labyrinth of dirty and infected alleys. Everything announces that one has entered a region of fever and hunger. The great neighborhood houses are old and dilapidated. In the many, narrow and dark houses, entire generations of miserable people are crammed. The streets are not only deserted but unclean, the atmosphere is suffocating, great holes paved in stone during the time of the viceroys are now filled with a muddy water and the black exhales the deadly miasmas. Nearby, between the dumps and the filth, in small meadows insubstantial quelites [herbs] grow with exuberance. These are cooked with simple water, and with some tortillas, provide the daily meal of these hungry tribes.
It was to remain largely unchanged for nearly 100 years.
In 1963, the City Regent, Ernesto P. Uruchurtu visited Candelaria de los Patos. He ordered the closure of the pulquerías and announced that the old neighborhood would be replaced with apartment buildings. The demolition began in 1966 and nearly the entirety of the neighborhood soon disappeared.
Just outside the neighborhood, the former and daunting Lecumberri Prison became the General National Archive in 1980. | <urn:uuid:a8c11e8b-61a5-48f9-a928-be4c04f5b6cc> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://mexicocity.cdmx.gob.mx/venues/candelaria-de-los-patos/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511170.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003160453-20231003190453-00879.warc.gz | en | 0.96835 | 671 | 2.65625 | 3 |
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